A VEDIC GRAMMAR FOR STUDENTS
BY
ARTHUR ANTHONY MACDONELL
M.A., Ph.D.
BODEN PKOFESSOK OF yAXSKRIT IN THE
UMVEUSITT OF OXFORD
FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE ; FELLOW OF THE BHITISU ACADEMY ;
FELLOW OF THE KOYAL DANI.SH ACADEMY
INCLUDING A CHAPTER ON SYNTAX AND THKEE APPENDIXES: LIST OF VEKBS, METEE, ACCENT
OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1916
ERSITY PRESS
RGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY HUMPHREY MILFORD
I'UliLISHER TO THE UNIVERhlTV
PK
M3
PJ^EFACE
A PRACTICAL Vedic grammar has long been a desideratum. It is one of the chief aids to the study of the hymns of the Veda called for forty-three years ago in the preface to his edition of the Rigveda by Max Miiller, who adds, ' I doubt not that the time will come when no one in India will call himself a Sanskrit scholar who cannot construe the hymns of the ancient Rishis of his country'. It is mainly due to the lack of such a work that the study of Vedic literature, despite its great linguistic and religious importance, has never taken its proper place by the side of the study of Classical Sanskrit either in England or India. Whitney's excellent Sansl-rit Grammar, indeed, treats the earlier lan- guage in its historical connexion with the later, but for this very reason students are, as I have often been assured, unable to acquire from it a clear knowledge of either the one or the other, because beginners cannot keep the two dialects apart in the process of learning. Till the publica- tion of my large Vedic Grammar in 1910, no single work comprehensively presented the early language by itself. That work is, however, too extensive and detailed for the needs of the student, being intended rather as a book of reference for the scholar. Hence I have often been urged to bring out a short practical grammar which would do for the Vedic language what my SansJcrit Grammar for Beginners does for the Classical language. In the second edition (1911) of the latter work I therefore pledged myself to
iv PREFACE
meet this deinand as soon as 1 could. The present volume redeems that pledge.
When planning the book I resolved, after much reflection, to make it correspond paragraph by paragnxph to the SansJcrit Grammar' this being the best way to enable students to comijare and contrast every phenomenon of the earlier and the later language. To this extent the present book presupposes the other ; but it can quite well be used inde- pendently. The exjierience of many years' teaching, however, leads me to dissuade beginners from starting the study of Sanskrit by means of the present grammar. Students should, in my opinion, always commence with classical Sanskrit, wliich is more regular and definite, as well as much more restricted in the number of its inflexional forms. A good working knowledge of the later language should therefore be acquired before taking up Vedic grammar, which can then be rapidly learned.
In carrying out the parallelism of this grammar with the other I have experienced a good deal of difficulty in numbering the corresponding paragraphs satisfactorily, because certain groups of matter are found exclusively in the Vedic language, as the numerous subjunctive forms, or much more fully, as the dozen types of infinitive compared with only one in Sanskrit ; while some Sanskrit formations, as the periphrastic • future, are non-exi-jtent in the earlier language. Nevertheless, I have, I think, succeeded in arranging the figures in such a way that the corresponding paragraphs of the two grammars can always be easily compared. The only exception is the first chapter, con- sisting of fifteen paragra^^hs, which in the Sanslirit Grammar deals with the Nagarl alphabet. As the present work throughout uses transliteration only, it seemed superfluous to repeat the description of the letters given in the earlier work. I have accordingly substituted a general phonetic
PREFACE V
survey of Vedic sounds as enabling the student to understand clearly the linguistic history of Sanskrit. The employment of transliteration has been necessary because by this means alone could analysis by hyphens and accentuation be adequately indicated. Duplication with Nagarl characters, as in the Sanskrit Crrammar, would have increased the size and the cost of the book without any compensating advan- tage. An account of the accent, as of vital importance in Vedic grammar, would naturally have found a place in the body of the book, but owing to the entire absence of this subject in the Sansltit Grammar and to the fulness which its treatment requires, its introduction there was impossible. The accent is accordingly dealt with in Appendix III as a substitute for the ' Chief Peculiarities of Vedic Grammar ' appearing at the end of the Sanskrit Grammar.
The term Vedic is here used to comprehend not only the metrical language of the hymns, but also the prose of the Brahmanas and of the Bjahmana-like portions of the Atharvaveda and of various recensions of the Yajurveda. The grammatical material from the later period is mainly given in small type, and is .in any case regularly indicated by the addition of the letter B (for Brahmana). Otherwise the phase of the earlier language presented is that of the Rigveda, as being both the oldest and furnishing the most abundant material. But forms from the other Vedas are often also supplied without any distinguishing mark as long as they conform to the standard of the Eigveda. If, how- ever, such forms are in any way abnormal, or if it seemed advisable to point out that they do not come from the Rigveda, this is indicated by an added abbreviation in bi'ackets, as ' (AV.) ' for ' (Atharvaveda).' On the other hand '(RV.)' is sometimes added in order to indicate, for some reason or other, that a form is restricted to the Rigveda. It is, of course, impossible to go much into detail thus in
vi PREFACE
a practical work ; IduI the exact source of any particular form can always be ascertained by reference to the large Vcdic Grammar. The grammatical usage of the other Vedas, when it differs from that of the Eigveda, is regularly ex- plained. The reference is given with precise figures when syntactical examples are taken from the Rigveda, but with abbreviations only (as TS. for Taittirlya Samhita or SB. for Satapatha Brfihmana) when they come from elsewhere. Syntactical citations are not always metrically intact because words that are unnecessary to illustrate the usage in question are often omitted. The accent in verbal forms that happen to occur in Vedic texts without it, is nevertheless given if its position is undoubted, but when there is any uncer- tainty it is left out. In the list of verbs (Appendix I) the third pex'son singular is often given as the typical form even when only other persons actually occur. Otherwise only forms that have been positively noted are enumerated.
I ought to mention that in inflected words final s, r, and d of endings are given in their historical form, not according to the law of allowable finals (§ 27) ; e.g. dutas, not dutah ; tasmad, not tasmat ; pitur, not pituh ; but when used syntactically they appear in accordance with the rules of Sandhi ; e. g. devanam dutah ; vrtrasya vadhat.
The present book is to a great extent based on my large Vedic Grammar. It is, howevei-, by no means simply an abridgement of that work. For besides being differently arranged, so as to agree with the scheme of the Sanskrit Grammar, it contains much matter excluded from the Vedic Grammar by the limitations imposed on the latter work as one of the volumes of Biihler's Enc//cloj)aedia of Indo- Aryan Besearch. Thus it adds a full treatment of Vedic Syntax and an account of the Vedic metres. Appendix I, aiioreover, contains a list of Vedic verbs (similar to that in the Sanslrit Grammar), which though all their forms appear in their
PKEFACE vii
appropriate place within the body of the Vedic Grammar, are not again presented there in the form of an alphabetical list, as is done here for the benefit of the learner. Having subjected all the verbal forms to a revision, I have classified some doubtful or ambiguous ones more satisfactorily, and added some others which were inadvertently omitted in the large work. Moreover, a full alphabetical list of conjunctive and adverbial particles embracing forty pages and describing the syntactical uses of these words has been added in order to correspond to § 180 of the Sanskrit Grammar. The present work therefore constitutes a supplement to, as well as an abridgement of, the Vedic Grammar, thus in reality setting forth the subject with moi'e completeness as a whole, though in a comparatively brief form, than the larger work. I may add that this grammar is shortly to be followed by a Vedic Header consisting of selected hymns of the Eigveda and supplying microscopic explanations of every point on which the elementary learner requires information. These two books will, I hope, enable him in a short time to become an independent student of the sacred literature of ancient India.
For the purposes of this book I have chiefly exploited my own Vedic Grammar (1910), but I have also utilized Delbriick's Altindisclie Syntax (1888) for syntactical material, and Whitney's Boots (1885) for the verbal forms of the Brahmana literature. In describing the metres (Appen- dix II) I have found Oldenberg's Die Hymnen des Bigveda (1888), and Arnold's Vedic Metre (1905) very useful.
I am indebted to Dr. James Morison and to my former pupil, Professor A. B. Keith, for reading all the first proofs with great care, and thus saving me from many misprints that would have escaped ni)^ own notice. Professor Keith has also suggested important modifications of some of my grammatical statements. Lastly, I must congratulate
viii PREFACE
Mr. J. C. Pembiey, Hon. M.A. , Oriental Reader at the Clarendon Press, on having completed the task of reading the final proofs of this grammar, now all but seventy years after correcting Professor H. H. Wilson's Sanskrit Crrammar in 1847. This is a record in the histoi'y of Oriental, and most probably of any, professional proof reading for the press.
A. A. MAC DON ELL.
6 Chadiington Road, Oxtord. March 30, 1916.
CONTENTS
PAGES
Preface iii-viii
List of Abbkeviations . xi
Corrections xii
CHAPTER I: PHONETIC INTKODUCTION
Kelation of Veclic to Sanskrit— Oral tradition and Writing— Sounds of the Vedic Language — Tiie Vowels-^ Vowel Gradation —The Consonants— Ancient Pronuncia- tion 1-19
CHAPTER II: EUPHONIC COMBINATION
External Sandhi : Combination of Vowels and of Con- sonants—Internal Sandhi : Combination of Vowels and of Consonants 20-47
CHAPTER III: DECLENSION
Nouns : Consonant Stems— unchangeable — changeable : with Two Stems; with Three Stems— Vowel Stems — Degrees of Comparison — Numerals : Cardinals ; Ordinals ; Numeral Derivatives— Pronouns: Personal — Demonstra- tive — Interrogative — Relative — Reflexive — Possessive — Compound — Derivative — Indefinite — Pronominal Adjec- tives 47-117
CHAPTER IV: CONJUGATION
Introductory— The Present System— First Conjugation — Second Conjugation— The Augment— Reduplication- Terminations — Paradigms — Irregularities ^ The Perfect —The Pluperfect -The Aorist : First Aorist ; Second Aorist—Benedictive— The Future: Simple; Periphrastic
X CONTENTS
PAGE — Conditional— The Passive — Participles — Gerund — In- finitive—Derivative Verbs: Causative — Desiderative — Intensive — Denominative 117-207
CHAPTER V: INDECLINABLE WORDS
Prepositions — Adverbial Case-forms — Adverbs formed with Suffixes— Conjunctive and Adverbial Particles— In- terjections 208-253
CHAPTER VI: NOMINAL STEM FORMATION AND COMPOUNDS
Primary Suffixes — Secondary Suffixes — Gender — Verbal Compounds— Nominal Compounds : Co-ordinatives — Deter- minatives : Dependent and Descriptive — Possessives — Governing Compounds— Syntactical Compounds — Itera- tive Compounds ......... 254-282
CHAPTER VII: SYNTAX
Introductory— Order of Words - Number Concord — Pronouns — Use of the Cases— Locative and Genitive Absolute — Participles — Gerund — Infinitive — Use of the Tenses— Use of the Moods: Imperative — Injunctive— Sub- junctive— Optative — Precative — Conditional
Appendix 1. List of Verbs
Appendix II. Vedic Metre Appendix III. The Vedic Accent Vedic Index .... Genekal Index
283-368 369-435 436-447 448-469 471-498 499-508
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
A. = accusative case.
A. = Atmanepada, middle voice.
AA. = Aitareya Aranyaka.
AB. = Aitareya Brahmana. Ab. = ablative case.
act. = active voice.
AV. = Atharvaveda.
Av. = Avesta.
B. = Brahmana.
C. = Classical Sanskrit.
D. = dative case, du. = dual number, f. = feminine.
G. = genitive case.
Gk. = Greek.
I. = instrumental case.
IE. = Indo-European.
I-Ir. = Indo-Iranian.
ind. = indicative mood.
K. = Kathaka Samhita.
KB. = Kausitaki Brahmana.
L. = locative case.
Lat. = Latin.
ni. = masculine.
mid. = middle voice.
MS. = Maitrayani Samhita.
N. = nominative case.
P. = Parasmaipada, active voice.
PB. = Pancavirn^a (= Tandya) Brahmana.
pi. = plural number.
RV. = Rigveda.
6b. = !§atapatha Brahmana.
s. = singular number.
SV. = Samaveda.
TA. = Taittiriya Aranyaka.
TB. = Taittiriya Bi-ahmana.
TS. = Taittiriya Samhita.
V. = Vedic (in the narrow sense as opposed to B. = Brahmana).
VS. = Vajasaneyi Samhita.
YV. = Yajurveda.
N.B. — Other abbreviations will be found at the beginning of Appendix I and of the Vedic Index.
COREECTIONS
p. 25, line 24, fur ami iti read ami iti. I
P. 27, line 29, lust word, read d-srat.
P. 133, line 5, for bibhrm^he read bibhrm^he.
P. Hi, line 31, for stride read strike.
P. 156, lines 6 and 10. for ei-ket-a-t and ci-ket-a-thas read of-ket-a-t
and ci-ket-a-thas. P. 158, line 21, for (vas desire) read (vas bellow). P. 174, lines 30 and 31, delete cucyuvimihi and cucyavirdta (cp.
p. 382 under cyu). P. 188, footnote, for 'gerundive' read 'gerund'. P. 200, line 6, for ' f yaj ' read ' of yaj '. P. 215, line 32, for tSvan read tavara ; similarly, pp. 220, line 15,
221, line 4, 222, line 4, 238, line 9, 242, line 30, for n read m. P. 273, footnote, last line but one, for ' licietly ' read ' chiefly '. P. 286, line 15, for 'follows' read 'precedes'. P. 340, line 17, for tani read tyani. P. 347, at the end of line 10, add (i. SP).
,, ,, line 17, for va load va.
,, ,, line 21, for duscarma read duscfirma. P. 348, line 28, for vettu read vettu. P. 350, line 20, after Kisdoin add (i. 42^). P. 351, line 28, for abhi read abhl. • 352, line 31, for vayum read vayum.
,, „ line 34, for (v. 69i) read (vi. 59').
CHAPTEE I PHONETIC INTRODUCTION
1. Vedic, or the langiiage of the literature of the Vedas,
is represented by two main linguistic strata, in each of
which, again, earlier and later phases may be distinguished.
The older period is that of the Mantras, the hymns and
spells addressed to the gods, which are contained in the
various Samhitas. Of these the Rigveda, which is the most
important, represents the earliest stage. The later period
is that of the prose theological treatises called Brahmanas.
Linguistically even the oldest of them are posterior to most
of the latest parts of the Samhitas, approximating to the
stage of Classical Sanskrit. But they still retain the use
of the subjunctive and employ many different types of the
infinitive, while Sanskrit has lost the former and preserves
only one single type of the latter. The prose of these
works, however, to some extent represents better than the
language of the Mantras the normal features of Vedic
syntax, which in the latter is somewhat interfered with by
the exigences of metre.
The language of the works forming appendices to the Brahmanas, that is, of the Aranyakas and Upanisads, forms a transition to that of the Sutras, which is practically identical with Classical Sanskrit.
The linguistic material of the Rigveda, being more ancient, extensive, and authentic than that of the other Samhitas, all of which borrow largely from it, is taken as the basis of this grammar. It is, however, considerably supplemented from the other Samhitas. The grammatical forms of the Brahmanas, where they differ from those of Classical Sanskrit, have been indicated in notes, while their syntax
1819 B
2 PHONETIC INTRODUCTION [1-3
is fully dealt with, because it illustrates the construction of sentences better than the metrical hymns of the Vedas.
2. The hymns of the Vedas were composed many centuries before the introduction of writing into India, which can hardly have taken place much earlier than 600 b. c. They were handed down till probably long after that event by oi'al tradition, which has lasted down to the present day. Apart from such tradition, the text of the Sanihitas has been preserved in manuscripts, the earliest of which, owing to the adverse climatic conditions of India, ai*e scarcely five centuries old. How soon they were first committed to writing, and whether the hymns of the Rigveda were edited in the form of the Sainhita and Pada texts with the aid of writing, there seems insufficient evidence to decide ; but it is almost inconceivable that voluminous prose works such as the Brahmanas, in particular the Satapatha Brahmana, could have been composed and preserved without such aid.^
3. The sounds of the Vedic language. There are altogether fifty-two sounds, thirteen of which are vocalic and thirty-nine consonantal. They are the following : —
a. Nine simple vowels: aaiiuurfl; four diphthongs : e o ai au.
I). Twenty-two mutes divided into five classes, each of which has its nasal, making a group of twenty-seven :
(a) five gutturals (velars) : k kh g gh n ; *
(/?) five palatals : e ch j jh ° n ;
^ The text of the Vedas, with the exception of Aufrecht's and Weber's transliterated editions of the RV. and theTS., is always printed in the Devanagari character. The latter having been fully described in my Sanskrit Grammar for Beginners (§§ 4-14), it is unnecessary to repeat what is there stated. It will suffice here to give a summary account of all the sounds of the Vedic language.
- This sound is very rare, occurring only once in the RV. and not at all in the AV.
3-4] THE VOWELS 3
(y) seven cerebrals' : t th, d Jind 1,^ dh and Ih,^ n ; {$) five dentals : t th d dh n ; (e) five labials : p ph b bh m ;
c. Four semivowels : y (palatal), r (cerebral), 1 (dental), V (labial) ;
d. Three sibilants : s (palatal), s (cerebral), s (dental) ;
e. One aspiration : h ;
/ One pure nasal : m (m) called Anusvara {after-sound), g. Three voiceless spirants: h (Visarjantya), h (Jihva- midlya), h (Upadhrnaniya).
4. a. The simple vowels :
a ordinarily represents an original short vowel (IE. a e 6) ; but it also often replaces an original sonant nasal, represent- ing the reduced form of the unaccented syllables an and am, as sat-a beside sant-am being ; ga-ta gone beside a-gam-at has gone.
a represents both a simple long vowel (IE. a e 6) and a contraction ; e. g. matar (Lat. mater) mother ; asam = d-as-am I ivas. It frequently also represents the unaccented syllable an ; e. g. kha-ta dug from khan dig.
i is ordinarily an original vowel ; e, g. div-i (Gk. Sifi) in heaven. It is also frequently the low grade of e and ya ; e. g. vid-ma {i'Sfieu) ive Icnotv beside v6d-a (oiSa) I Jcnoiv ; nav-istha newest beside nav-yas nciver. It also represents the low grade of radical a ; e. g. ^is-ta taught beside sas-ti teaches.
i is an original vowel ; e. g. jiv-a living. But it also often represents the low grade of ya ; e. g. as-i-mahi ive ivoidd attain beside as-yam I ivould attain ; or a contraction ; e. g. isvir they have sped (= i-is-ur 3. pi. pf. of is) ; mati Tjy thought {= matia).
1 This is much the rarest class of mutes, being scarcely half as common as even the palatals.
2 These two sounds take the place of d dh respectively between vowels in the RV. texts ; e. g. ile (but idya), milhuse (but midhvan).
e2
4 PHONETIC INTRODUCTION [4
u is an original vowel ; e. g. madhu (Gk. fi^dv) honey. It is also the low grade of o and va ; e. g. yug-a n. yoJx beside y6g-a m. yoldng ; sup-ta asleep beside svap-na ni. sleep.
u is an original vowel ; e. g. bhru {6-^pv-s:) f. hroio. It is also the low grade of au and va ; e. g. dhu-ta shalccn Ijeside dhau-tari f. slialdng ; stid stvccten beside svad enjoy ; and often represents a contraction; e.g. uc-iir = u -uc-iir they have spoken (3. pi. pf. of vac) ; bahu the two arms = bahu-a.
r is a vocalic r, being the low grade of ar and ra ; e. g. kr-ta done beside ca-kar-a I hare done ; grbh-i-ta seised beside grabh-a m. seizure.
T occurs only in the ace. and gen. pi. m. and f. of ar stems (in which it is the lengthened low grade) ; e. g. pitfn, matrh ; pitrnam, svasrnam.
1 is a vocalic 1, being the low grade of al, occurring only in a few forms or derivatives of the verb kip (kalp) he in order : caklpr6 3. j)!. pf. ; ciklpati 3. s. aor. subj. ; klpti (VS.) f. arrangement beside kalpasva 2. s. impv. mid., kalp-a m. pious worTc.
b. The diphthongs.
e and 6 stand for the original genuine diphthongs at au. They represent (1) the high grade corresponding to the weak grade vowels i and u ; e. g. s6c-ati pours beside Bik-ta. poicred ; bhoj-am beside bhiij-am aor. of bhuj enjoy ; (2) the result of the coalescence of a with i and u in external and internal Sandhi ; e. g. 6ndra = a indra ; 6 cit = a u cit ; pad6 = pada i du. n. two steps ; bhaveta = bhava ita 3. s, opt. might he; maghon (= magha tm) weak stem of maghavan hountiful ; T^j e = az in a few words before d, dh, h ; e.g. e-dhi he 2. s. impv. of as beside as-ti ; o = az before bh of case-endings, and before y and v of secondary suffixes ; e. g. dv6so-bhis inst. pi. of dvdsas n. hatred ;
4-5] VOWEL GRADATION 5
duvo-yu loisliing to give (beside duvas-yu) ; saho-vau mighty beside sahas-vant.
ai and au etymologically represent ai and au, as is indicated by the fact that they become ay and av in Sandhi ; e. g. gav-as coivs beside gau-s ; and that the Sandhi of a with e (= ai) and o (= au) is ai and au respectively.
5. Vowel gradation. Simple vowels are found to inter- change in derivation as well as in verbal and nominal in- flexion with fuller syllables, or if short also with long vowels. This change is dependent on shift of accent : the fuller or long syllable remains unchanged while it bears the accent, but is reduced to a simple or short vowel when left by the accent. This interchange is termed vowel gradation. Five different series of such gradation may be distinguished.
a. The Guna series. Here the accented high grade syllables e, o, ar, al, constituting the fundamental stage and called Guna (cp. 17 a) by the native grammarians, inter- change with the unaccented low grade syllables i, u, r, 1 respectively. Beside the Guna syllables appear, but much less frequently, the syllables ai, au, ar (al does not occur), which are called Vrddhi by the same authorities and may be regarded as a lengthened variety of the Guna syllables. Examples are : did6s-a has pointed out : dis-ta pointed out ; 6-mi I go : i-mas ive go ; ap-no-mi I obtain : ap-nu-mas we obtain; vdrdhaya to further: vrdhaya, id.
a. The low grade of both Guna and Vrddhi may be i, u, ir, ur ; as bibhay-a I liave feared ixnd hibhAy -a, has feared : hhl-ta. frightened ; juhav-a has invoked : hu-td invoked ; tatar-a has crossed : tir-ate crosses and tir-nd crossed.
b. The Samprasarana series. Here the accented high grade syllables ya, va, ra (corresponding to the Guna stage e, o, ar) interchange with the unaccented low grade vowels i, u, r ; e. g. i-yaj-a I have sacrificed : is-ta sacrificed ; vas-ti desires : us-masi ive desire ; ja-grah-a //iave seised : ja-grh-iir theg have seised.
6 PHONETIC INTRODUCTION [5
a. Similarly the long syllabhs 5'a, va, ra are reduced toi, u, ir ; e. g, jya f. mUjlit : ji-yd-t8 is overcoine ; bru-ya-t ivould say : bruv-i-td id. ; svad-ii stveei : sud-aya-ti sweetens ; dragh-lyas lo)) get- : dirgh-i, long.
c. The a series.
1. In its low grade stage a would noriiially disappear, but as a rule it remains because its loss would in most cases lead to unpronounceable or obscure forms ; e. g. as-ti is : s-anti the>/ are ; ja-gam-a I have gone : ja-gm-iir tlmj have gone ; pad-ya-.te goes : pi-bd-ana standing firm ; han-ti slays : ghn-anti theg slay.
2. The low grade of the Vrddhi vowel a is either a or total loss; e. g. pad m.. foot: 'pad-a, tvith the foot ; dadha-ti puts : dadh-masi tve put ; pu-na-ti purifies : pu-n-anti they purify ; da-da-ti gives : deva-t-ta given hy the gods.
3. When a represents the Guna stage its low grade is normally i ; e. g. stha-s thou hast stood : sthi-ta stood.
a. Sometimes it is i owing to analogy ; e. g. pu-na-ti purifies : pu-ni-hi purify. Sometimes, especially wheia the low grade syllable has a secondary accent, it is a ; e. g. gah-ate plunges : gdh-ana n. depth.
d. The at and au series.
The low grade of at (which appears as ay before vowels and a before consonants) is i ; e. g. gay-ati sings, ga-tha m. song : gi-ta sung.
The low grade of au (which is parallel to va : 5 ?> a) is u ; e. g. dhav-ati washes : dhu-ta tcashed ; dhau-tari f. shalcing : dhu-ti m. shaJcer, dhu-ma m. smoJce.
e. Secondary shortening of i, u, r. The low grade syllables i, u, ir and ur (= r) are further reduced to 1, u, r, owing to shift of accent from its normal position in a word to its beginning, in compounds, reduplicated forms, and vocatives; e.g.a-hutif, invocation: -hiiti call; didi-vi shining: di-paya hindle ; ear-kr-se tliou commemoratest : kir-ti f. praise (from root kr) ; pi-pr-tam 3. du, : pur-ta full (root pr) ; d6vi voc. : devi nom. goddess ; svasru voc. : sva-sru-s nom. mother-in-laiv.
6-7] THE CONSONANTS 7
The Consonants.
6. The guttural mutes represent the Inclo-Euvoiiean velars (that is, q-sounds). In the combination k-s the guttural is the regular phonetic modification of a palatal before s ; e.g. drs see : aor. adrk-sata ; vac speak : fut. vak-syati.
7. The palatals form two series, the earlier and the later. a. Original palatals are represented by ch and s, and to
some extent by j and h.
1. The aspirate ch is derived from an IE. double sound, s+ aspirated palatal mute; e.g. chid cut off=Gk. cr)(^t§. But in the inchoative suffix cha it seems to represent s + unasj^irated palatal mute ; e. g. gaeha-mi = Gk. (Sda-Koi.
2. The sibilant s represents an IE. palatal (which seems to have been pronounced dialectically either as a spirant or a mute) ; e. g. satam 100 = Lat. centum, Gk. k-Karov.
3. The old palatal j (originally the media of s = I-Ir. z, French j) is recognizable by appearing as a cerebral when final or before mutes ; e. g. yaj-ati sacrifices beside aor. a-yat has sacrificed, yas-tr sacrificer, is-td sacrificed.
4. The breathing h represents the old palatal aspirate I-Ir. zh. It is recognizable as an old palatal when, either as final or before t, it is replaced by a cerebral ; e. g. vah-ati carries beside a-vat has carried.
h. The new palatals are e and to some extent j and h. They are derived from gutturals (velars), being int^n-change- able, in most roots and formatives, with gutturals ; e. g. s6c-ati shines beside s6k-a m. flame, suk-Yan flaming, suk-ra hriUiant ; yuj-e I^/oJce beside yug-a n. poJce, yc3g-a m. yoldng, yuk-ta yohed, -yug-van yoking ; du-droh-a has injured beside drogh-a injurious.
a. The original gutturals were changed to palatals by the palatal sounds i, i, y immediately following; e. g. eit-t^ noticed beside k6t-a m. will from cit perceive ; 6j-iyas stronger beside ug-rd, strong ; druh-yu, a proper name, beside drdgh-a injurious.
8 PHONETIC INTKODUCTION [s-io
8. The cerebrals are entirely secondary, being a specifically Indian product and unknown in the Indo-Iranian period. They are prohaljly due to aboriginal, especially Dravidian, influence. They are still rare in the EV., where they never occur initially, but only medially and finally. They have as a rule arisen from dentals immediately following the cerebral s (= original s, s, j, h) or r-sounds (r, r, r) ; e.g. dtis-tara (= dus-tara) mvincihle; vas-ti (= vas-ti) ivishcs; mrs-ta (= mrj-ta) deansecl ; nida (= nizda)^ tiest; dii-dhi (= duz-dhi) ill- disposed ] drdha - (= drh-ta) /nji ; nr-nam (= nr-nam) of men.
Final cerebral mutes represent the old palatals j, s, h ; e. g. rat (= raj) m. rider nom. s. ; vipat (= vi-pas) f. a river ; sat (= sah) overcoming ; a-vat (= a-vah-t) has conveyed (3. s. aor. of vah).
9. a. The dentals are original sounds, representing the corresponding IE. dentals. The mutes t and d, however, sometimes take the place of original s before s and bh respectively ; e. g. a- vat-sis (AV.) aor. of vas dwell ; mad-bhis inst. pi. of mas month.
h. The labials as a rule represent the corresponding IE. sounds. But b is very rarely inherited ; the numljer of words containing this sound has, however, been greatly increased in various Avays. Thus it often replaces p or bh in Sandhi and bh in reduplication ; e. g. pi-bd-ana firm beside pad-a n. place ; rab-dha taken beside rabhante they take ; ba-bhiiva has heen from bhu he. There are also many words containing b which seem to have a foreign origin.
10. The nasals. Of the five nasals belonging to the corresponding five classes of mutes, only the dental n and the labial m appear independently and in any part of a word,
' z ( = s or old palatal zh), the soft form of s, lias always disa2:)peai'ed after cerebraliziiig d or dh and lengthening the preceding vowel. ^ Though written as a short vowel the r is j^rosodically long.
10] NASALS 9
initiallj', medially, and finally ; e. g. matr f. mother, naman n. name. The remaining three are always dependent on a contiguous sound. The guttural n, the palatal ft, and the cerebral n are never initial, and the last two are never final. The guttural n appears finally only when a following k or g has been dropped, as in stems ending in fie or nj and in those compounded with drs ; e. g. pratyan nom. s. of pratyanc /(<cm^ ; ki-drn nom. s. of ki-drs ofivhat hind?
a. Medially n appears regularly only before gutturals ;
e. g. anka m. Iioolc ; ankhaya embrace ; anga n. limh ; jangha
f. leg. Before other consonants it appears only when k or g has been dropped ; e.g. yun-dhi for yung-dhi (=yufij-dhi)
2. s. impv. of yuj join.
b. The palatal nasal occurs only before or after c or j, and before eh ; e. g. panea five ; yaj-na m. sacrifice ; vafichantu let them desire.
c. The cerebral n appears within a word only, either before cerebral mutes or replacing dental n after r, r, or s (either immediately preceding or separated from it by certain intervening letters); e.g. danda m. staff; nr-nam of men; varna m. colour ; usna hot ; kramana n. step.
d. The dental n is the commonest of the nasals ; it is more frequent than m, and about three times as frequent as the other three taken together. As a rule it represents IE. n ; but it also appears in place of the dental d or t, and of labial m before certain suffixes. It is substituted for d before the suffix -na ; and for d or t before the m of secondary suffixes ; e. g. an-na n. food (from ad eat) ; vidyiin-mant gleaming (vidyiit f. lightning) ; mrn-maya earthen (mrd f. earth). It is substituted for m before t ; before suffixal m or v ; and before suffixal s or t that have been dropped as final ; e. g. yan-tra n. rein (yam restrain) ; a-gan-ma, gan-vahi (aor. of gam go) ; a-gan (— a-gam-s, a-gana-t) 2. 3. s. aor. of gam go ; a-yan (— a-yam-s-t)
3. s. aor. of yam restrain ; dan gen. of dam house (=dani-s).
10 PHONETIC INTRODUCTION [lo-ll
e. The labial m as a rule represents IE. m ; e. g. naman, Lat. nomen. It is by far the commonest labial sound, being more frequent than the four labial mutes taken together.
/ The pure nasal. Distinct from the five class nasals is the pure nasal, variously called Anusvara and Anunasika, which always follows a vowel and is formed by the breath passing through the nose unmodilied by the influence of any consonant. The former is usually written with a dot before consonants, the latter as «* before vowels. The proper use of Anusvara is not before mutes, but before sibilants and h (which have no class nasal). When final, Anusvara usually represents m, sometimes n (66 A 2). Medially Anusvara regularly appears before sibilants and h ; e. g. vamsa m. reed ; havimsi ojfer'mgs ; mainsa n. flesh ; simha m. lion. It usually appears before s, where it always represents m or n ; e. g. mamsate 3. s. subj. aor. of man tlmik ; pimsanti beside pinasti from pis crush ; kramsyate fut. of kram stride. When Anusvara appears before s or h (= IE. guttural or palatal) it represents the corresponding class nasal.
H. The semivowels. The semivowels y, r, 1, v are peculiar in having each a vowel corresponding to it, viz. i, r, 1, u respectively. They are called anta(h.)stha in the Pratisakhyas, or ' intermediate ', as standing midway between vowels and consonants.
a. The semivowel y is constantly written for i before other voAvels within the Veda itself. It also sometimes appears without etymological justification, especially after roots in -a, before vowel suffixes ; e. g. da-y-i 3. s. aor. pass, of da give. Otherwise it is based either on IE. i (= Gk. spiritus asper) or voiced palatal spirant y {= Gk. () ; e.g. ya-s iclio (Gk. o-y), yaj sacrifice (Gk. dy-Lo^) ; but yas loil (Gk. (eco), yuj yoke (Gk. ^vy-). It is probably due to this difiference of origin that yas hoil and yam restrain reduplicate Avith ya in the perfect, but yaj sacrifice with i.
11] SEMIVOWELS 11
b. The semivowel v is constantly written for u before other vowels within the Veda itself. Otherwise it seems always to be based on IE. u, that is, on a v interchangeable with u, but never on an IE. spirant v not interchangeable with u.
c. The semivowel r generally corresponds to IE. r, but also often to IE. 1. As Old Iranian invariably has r for both, it seems as if there had been a tendency to rhotacism in the Indo-Iranian period. In order to account for the Vedic relation of r to 1, it appears necessary to assume a mixture of three dialects : one in which the IE. r and 1 were kept apart ; another in which IE. 1 became r (the Vedic dialect) ; and a third in which IE. r became 1 throughout (the later Magadhi).
r is secondary when it takes the place of phonetic d (= z) as the final of stems in is and us before endings beginning with bh ; e. g. havir-bhis and vapur-bhis. This substitution is due to the influence of external Sandhi, where is and us would become ir and ur.
a. Metathesis of r takes place when ar would be followed by s or h + consonant. It appears in forms of drs see and srj send forth; e.g. drfctum to see, sdmsrastr one 2vho engages in battle ; also in brahmdn m. priest, brdhman n. devotion beside barhfs n. sacrificial Utter (from brh or barh make big) ; and in a few other words.
d. The semivowel 1 represents IE. 1 and in a few instances IE. r. It is rarer than in any cognate language except Old Iranian, in which it does not occur at all. It is much rarer than r, which is seven times as frequent. A gradual increase of 1 is apparent in the KV. ; thus in the tenth book are found the verbs mluc and labh, and the nouns 16man, lohita, which in the earlier books appear as mruc sink, rabh seize, rdman n. hair, rohita ixd. This letter occurs eight times as often in the latest parts of the EV. as in the oldest ; and it is seven times as common in the AV. as in the RV. It seems likely tliat the recorded Vedic dialect
12_ PHONETIC INTRODUCTION [11-12
was descended from an Indo-Iranian one in which rhotacism had removed every 1 ; but that there must have been another Vedic dialect in which IE. r and 1 were kept distinct, and a third in which IE. r became 1 throughout ; from the latter two 1 must have found its way into the literary language to an increasing extent. In the oldest parts of the RV. there are no verbal forms preserving IE. 1, and only a few nouns : (u)loka m. free space, sloka m. call, and -misla mixed.
a. In the later Samhitas 1 occasionally occurs both medially and finally for d ; e. g. ile (VS. Kanva) = ide (RV, ile) ; bal iti (AV.), of. RV. bal ittha. In a good many words 1 is probably of foreign origin.
12. The sibilants are all voiceless, but there are various traces of the earlier existence of voiced sibilants (cp. 7 a 3 ; 8 ; 15, 2 A:). There is a considerable interchange between the sibilants, chiefly as a result of assimilation.
a. The palatal sibilant s represents an IE. palatal (mute or spirant). Besides being the regular substitute for dental s in external Sand hi before voiceless palatals (e. g. indras ca), it occasionally rej^resents that sibilant within words by assimilation ; e. g. svasura (Lat. socer) father- in-Um ; sasa (IE. Tiaso) m. hare. Sometimes this substitution takes place, without assimilation, under the influence of allied words, as in k6sa m. hair beside k^sara (Lat. caesarks). It is also to some extent confused with the other two sibilants in the Samhitas, but here it interchanges much oftener with s than with s. Before s the palatal s becomes k, regularly when medial, sometimes when final ; e. g. drk-s-a-se 2. s. aor. subj. mid., and -drk[sj nom. s. from drs see.
h. The cerebral s is, like the cerebral mutes, altogether secondary, always representing either an original palatal or an original dental sibilant. Medially it represents the palatals s {= I-Ir. s) and j (=: I-Ir. z) and the combination ks before the cerebral tenues t th (themselves produced from dental tonnes by this s) ; e. g. nas-ta from nas he lost ; mrs-ta 3. s. impf., from mrj ioi])e ; tas-ta from taks liew.
12-14] BREATHING H— SPIRANTS 13
Medially it is regularly, and initially very frequently, substituted for dental s after vowels other than a and after the consonants k, r, s ; e. g. tisthati from stha stand ; su-sup-ur 3. pi. pf. from svap sleep] rsabha m. hull) uksan m. ox ; varsa n. rain ; havis-su in oblations ; anu spxva,nt\ tliey praise ; go-sa.ni tvinning cattle ; divi san being -in heaven.
Occasionally s represents dental s as a i-esult of assimila- tion ; e. g. sas six (Lat. sex) ; sat victorious nom. s. from sah overcoming.
c. The dental s as a rule represents IE. s ; e. g. asva-s horse, Lat. equo-s ; as-ti, Gk. ea-ri. In Sandhi it is often replaced by the palatal s and still oftener by the cere- bral s.
13. The breathing h is a secondaiy sound repi'esenting as a rule the second half of an original guttural or palatal aspirate, but occasionally of the dental dh and the labial bh. It usually stands for palatalized gh, this origin being recognizable by the appearance of the guttural in cognate forms ; e. g. hdn-ti strihes beside ghn-anti, jaghana ; dudroha has injured beside drogha injurious. It sometimes represents an old palatal aspirate (= I-Ir. zh), as is recognizable by its being replaced as final or before t by a cerebral ; e. g. vah-ati carries beside a-vat has carried, udha (= uz-dha) for vah-ta. It stands for dh e. g. in gah-ate plunges beside gadha n. ford ; hi-ta placed beside dhi-ta from dha put. It represents bh in the verb grah seise beside grabh. The various origins of h led to a certain amount of confusion in the groups of forms from roots containing that sound. Thus beside mugdha, the phonetic past participle of muh be confused, appears mudha (AV.) bewildered.
14. Voiceless spirants. There are three such represent- ing original final s or r. Visarjanlya has its proper place in pausa. Jihvamuliya [formed at the root of the tongue) is the guttural spirant and is appropriate before initial voiceless
14 PHONETIC INTRODUCTION [14-15
gutturals (k, kh). UpadhmFintya {on-hrcathing) is the bi-labial spirant f and appears before voiceless labials (p, ph). Visarjanlya may take the place of the latter two, and always does so in the printed texts of the Samhitas.
15. Ancient pronunciation. As regards the pronuncia- tion prevailing about 500 b. c. we have a sufficiently exact knowledge derived from the transcription of Sanskrit words in foreign languages, especially Greek ; from the information contained in the old grammarians, Panini and his school ; and especially from the detailed statements of the Pratisakhyas, the ancient phonetic works dealing with the Samhitas. The internal evidence supplied by the phonetic changes occurring in the language of the texts themselves and the external evidence of comparative philology justify us in concluding that the pronunciation in the period of the Samhitas was practically the same as in Panini's time. The only possible exceptions are a very few doubtful points. The following few remarks will therefore suffice on the subject of pronunciation :
1. a. The vowels. The simple vowels i, u and a were pronounced as in Italian. But a in the time of the Pratisakhyas was already sounded as a very short close neutral vowel like the u in English liut. It is, however, probable from the fact that the metre hardly ever admits of S, being elided after e and o in the RV., though the written text drojjs it in about 75 percent, of the occurrences, that at the time when the hymns were composed the pronunciation of a was still open, but that, at the time when the Samhita text was constituted, the close pronun- ciation was already becoming general.
The vowel r, now usually sounded as ri (an early pro- nunciation as shown by the confusion of r and ri in ancient inscriptions and MSS.), was in the Samhitas pronounced as a vocalic r, somewhat like the sound in the final syllable of the French chumhre. It is described in the RV. Pratisakhya
J
15] PKONUNCIATION 16
as containing an r in the middle. This agrees with ere, the equivalent of r in Old Iranian.
The very rare vowel 1, now usually pronounced as Iri, was in the Samhitas a vocalic 1, descril^ed in the RV. Pratisakhya as corresponding to 1 representing an original r.
h. The diphthongs e and o were already pronounced as the simple long vowels e and 6 in the time of the Pratisakhyas ; and that this was even the case in the Samhitas is shown bj' the fact that their Sandhi before a was no longer ay and av, and that the a was beginning to be elided after e and o. But that they represent the original genuine diphthongs ai and au is shown by the fact that they are produced in Sandhi by the coalescence of a with i and u.
The diphthongs ai and au are at the present day pro- nounced as ai and au, and were so pronounced even at the time of the Pratisakhyas. But that they etymologically represent ai and au is shown by their Sandhi.
c. Lengthened vowels. The vowels i and u were often pronounced long before suffixal y ; e. g. su-ya-te is pressed (\/su) ; jani-yant desiring a tvifc (jani) ; also before r when a consonant follows; e.g. gir-bhis (but gir-as) ; a, i, u often become long before v ; e. g. a-vidh-yat he ivounded (a is augment) ; ji-gi-vams having conquered {Vji) ; rta-van observing order (rta) ; ya-vant how great ; as compensation for the loss of a following consonant ; e. g. gu-dha for guh-ta (15, 2 h) ; they are also often pronounced long for metrical reasons ; e. g. srudhi havam hear our prayer.
d. Svarabhakti.' When a consonant is in conjunction with r or a nasal, the metre shows that a very short vowel ^ must often be pronounced between them ; e. g. indra = ind^ra ; yajna = yaj'^na sacrifice ; gna = g"na tvoman.
^ A term used in the Pratisakhyas and meaning ' vowel-part '. ^ Described by the PriitiSakliyas as equ and generally as equivalent to a in sound
"^ Described by the PriitiSakliyas as equal to g-, ^, or | mora in length
16 PHONETIC INTRODUCTION [15
c. Loss of vowels. With very few exceptions the only vowel lost is initial a which, in one per cent, of its occurrences in the RV. and about 20 per cent, in the AV. and the metrical portions of the YV., is dropped in Sandhi after e and o. In a few words the disaj^pearance of initial a is prehistoric ; e. g. vi bird (Lat. avis) ; santi the>/ are (Lat. sunt).
f. Hiatus. In the written text of the Samhitas hiatus, though as a rule tolerated in dij^hthongs only, appears in Sandhi when a final s, y, v has been dropped before a following vowel ; when final i, u, e of dual endings are followed by vowels ; and when a remains after final e and o.
Though not written, hiatus is common elsewhere also in the Samhitas : y and v must often be pronounced as i and u, and a long vowel or diphthong as two vowels, the original vowels of contractions having often to be restored both within a word and in Sandhi ; e. g. jy^stha mightiest as jya-istha (= jya-istha from jya he miglity).
2. Consonants, a. The aspirates were double sounds, consisting of mutes followed by a breathing ; thus k-h is pronounced as in ' ink-horn ' ; t-h as in ' pot-house ' ; p-h as in ' top-heavy ' ; g-h as in ' log-house " ; d-h as in ' mad-house '; b-h as in ' Hob-house '.
h. The gutturals were no doubt velars or sounds pro- duced by the back of the tongue against the soft palate. They are described by the Pratisakhyas as formed at the ' root of the tongue ' and at the ' root of the jaw '.
c. The palatals c, j, ch are pronounced like ch in ' church ', j in 'join', and ch in the second part of .' Churchill'.
d. The cerebrals were pronounced somewhat like the so-called dentals t, d, n in English, but with the tip of the tongue turned farther back against the roof of the mouth. They include the cerebral 1 and Ih which in Rigvedic texts take the place of d and dh between vowels. The latter occurs medially only ; the former finally also.
15] PKONUNCIATION 17
Examples are: ila refreshment; tura-sal abhi-bhuty6jah ; a-salha invincible.
e. The dentals in the time of the PiTitisakhyas were post-dentals, being produced by the tongue, according to their description, at the ' root of the teeth ' (danta-mula),
/. The class nasals are produced with organs of speech in the same position as for the formation of the correspond ing mutes while the breath passes through the nose The pure nasal, when called Anunasika, combines with the preceding vowel to form a single sound, a nasalized vowel as in the French 'bon'; when called Anusvara {after sound), it forms in combination with the preceding vowel two successive sounds, a pure vowel immediately followed by the pure nasal, though seeming to form a single sound, as in the English 'bang' (where, however, the nasal is guttural, not pure).
g. The semivowel y is the voiced palatal spirant produced in the same place as the palatal vowel i. The semivowel v is described by the Pratisakhyas as a voiced labio -dental spirant. It is like the English v or the German w. The semivowel r must originally have been a cerebral, as is shown by its phonetic effect on a following dental n. By the time of the Pratisakhj^as it was pronounced in other positions also. Thus the RV. Pratisalihya speaks of it as either post-dental or produced farther back (but not as cerebral).
The semivowel 1 is described in the Pratisakhyas as pronounced in the same position as the dentals, which means that it was a post-dental.
h. The sibilants are all voiceless. The dental s sounds like s in ' sin ' ; the cerebral s like sh in ' shun ' (but with the tip of the tongue farther back) ; while the palatal is produced midway between the two, being the sibilant pro- nounced in the same place as the spirant in the Grerman ich. Though the voiced sibilants z, z (palatal = French j),
1819 C
18 PHONETIC INTRODUCTION [16
7., zh (cerebral) have entirely disappeared, they have generally left traces of their foi'mer existence in the phonetic changes they have produced.
i. The sound h was undoubtedly pronounced as a voiced breathing in the Samhitas. The Pratisakhyas describe it as voiced and as identical with the second element of voiced aspirates (g-h, d-h, b-h). This is corroborated by the spelling ^ 1-h (= dh) beside 36 1 (= d).
j. There are three voiceless spirants appearing only as finals. The usual one, called Visarjanlya in the Pratisakhyas, is according to the Taittirlya Pratisakhya articulated in the same place as the end of the preceding vowels. Its place may be taken by Jihvamullya before the voiceless initial gutturals k, kh ; and by Upadhmanlya before the voiceless initial labials p, ph. These two are regarded by the EV. Pratisakhya as forming the second half of the voiceless aspirates kh and ph respectively (just as h forms the second half of gli, bh, &c.). They are therefore the guttural spirant (Greek) x ^^^^ ^^^ bilabial spirant f respectively.
7c. Loss of consonants. This is almost entirely confined to groups of consonants. When the group is final, all but the first element, as a rule, is dropped in pausa and in Sandhi (28). In initial consonant groups a sibilant is often lost before a mute ; e. g. candra shining beside scandra ; stanayitnu m. beside tanayitnii thunder; tayii m. beside stayii thief; tr beside str m. star ; pasyati sees beside spas m. S2)y, -spas-ta seen. In a medial group the sibilants s and s regularly disappear between mutes ; e. g. a-bhak-ta, 3. s. aor. for a-bhak-s-ta beside a-bhak-s-i. A mute may disappear between a nasal and a mute ; e. g. yun-dhi for yung-dhi.
tt. Medially, voiced sibilants, the dental z, the cerebral z, and the palatal z, have disappeared before the voiced dentals d, dh, and h, but nearly always leaving a trace of their former existence. Only in the two roots containing a,
i
15] PEONUNCIATION 19
as sit, sas oidcr, the sibihmt has disappeared without a trace : a-dhvam, sa-sa-dhi. But when a preceded the z the loss of the sibilant is indicated by e taking the place of az ; e. g. e-dhi (for az-dhi) from as he ; sed, perfect stem of sad sit for sazd ; similarly in de-hi give (for daz-dhi) beside dad-dhi. When other vowels than a preceded, the z was cerebralized and disappeared after cerebralizing the follow- ing dental and lengthening the preceding vowel ; thus a-sto-dhvam (= a-stoz-dhvam for a-sto-s-dhvam) 2. pi. aor. beside a-sto-s-ta ; similarly midha n. retvanl (Gk. /xto-^o-s). Similarly the old voiced palatal z disappeared after cerebralizing a following d or dh and lengthening the preceding vowel ; e. g. ta-dhi for taz-dhi (= tak-s-dhi) from taks fashion] so-dha for sas-dha (= sak-s-dha) beside sas-tha sixtlt. Still commoner is the loss of the old aspirated palatal zh represented by h, which was dropped after cerebralizing and aspirating a following t and lengthening the preceding vowel ; e. g. sa-dhr for sah-tr conqueror from sah ; giidha concealed for guh-ta (from guzh-ta).
I. Haplology. When two identical or similar syllables are in juxtaposition, one of them is sometimes dropped ; e. g. tuvi-ra[va]-van roaring miglitily beside tuvi-rava ; ir[adh]adhyai inf. of iradh sceTi to win ; ma-dugha m. a plant yielding honey, beside madhu-dilgha shedding sweet- ness; sirsa-[sajkti f. headache.
0-2
20
CHAPTER II
RULES OF SANDHI OR EUPHONIC COMBINATION
OF SOUNDS
16. Though the sentence is naturally the nnit of speech, which forms an unbroken chain of syllables euphonically combined, it is strictly so only in the prose portions of the AV. and the YV. But as the great bulk of the Vedas is metrical, the editors of the Samhita text treat the hemistich (generall}'^ consisting of two Padas or verses) as the euphonic unit, being specially strict in applying the rules of Sandhi between the verses forming the hemistich. But the evidence of metre supported by that of accent shows that the Pada is the true euphonic unit. The form which the final of a word shows varies according as it appears in pausa at the end of a Pada, or in combination with a following word within the Pada. With the former is concerned the law of finals in pausa, with the latter the rules of Sandhi. Avoidance of hiatus and assimilation are the leading principles on which the rules of Sandhi are based.
Though both are in general founded on the same phonetic laws, it is necessary, owing to certain differences, to dis- tinguish external Sandhi, which determines the changes of final and initial letters of words, from internal Sandhi, which applies to the final letters of verbal roots and nominal stems when followed by certain suffixes and terminations.
a. The rules of external Sandhi apply with few exceptions (which are survivals from an earlier stage of external Sandhi) to words forming compounds, and to final letters of nominal stems before the case-endings beginning with consonants {-bhyam -bhis, -bhyas, -su) or before secondary (182, 2) suffixes beginning with any consonant except y.
i
17-18] EXTEENAL SANDHI 21
A. Extei'nal Sandhi. Classification of Vowels.
17. Vowels are divided into
A. 1. Simple vowels: aa;ii;uu;rr; 1.
2. Guna vowels : a a ; e o ar al.
3. Vrdd hi vowels: a ; ai ; au ; ar.^
a. Guna {secondary quality) has the appearance of Ijeing the simple vowel strengthened by combination with a pre- ceding a according to the rule (19 «) of external Sandhi (except that a itself remains unchanged) ; Vrddhi {increase), of being the Guna vowel strengthened by combination with another a.^
B.- 1. Vowels liable to be changed into semivowels : i, i ; u, u ; r^ and the diphthongs e, ai, o, au (the latter half of which is i or u) : consonantal vowels.
2. Vowels not liable to be changed into semivowels (and only capable of coalescence) : a, a : unconsonantal vowels.
Combination of Pinal and Initial Vowels.
18. If the same simple vowel (short or long) occurs at the end of one word and the beginning of the next, contraction resulting in the long vowel ^ is the rule in the written text of the Samhitas. Thus ihasti = iha asti ; indra = indra a ; tvagne = tva agne ; vidam = vi idam ; siiktani = su uktam.
^ The Vrddhi form of 1 (vvliich would be al) does not occur.
- In this vowel gradation, as Comparative Philology shows, the Guna vowel rejjresents the normal stage, from which the simple vowel was reduced by loss of accent, while Vrddhi is a lengthened variety of Guna (5 a). The reduction of the syllables ya, va, ra (which are parallel with the Guna stage) to the corresponding vowels i, u, r (5 h) is termed Samprasarana (distnicUon).
^ r never appears under conditions rendering it liable to be changed into r (cp. 4 a, p. 4).
^ r does not occur because rr never meet in the Samhitas, and final r does not even occur in the RV.
^2 EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDHI [I8-10
a. The contraction of a + a and of u + u occasionally does not take place, even in the written text of the RV., both between the Padas of a hemistich and within a Pada ; thus manisa I agnih. ; manisa abhi ; vilu uta ; su urdhvah ; and in a compound, su-utayah.
h. On the other hand, the metre requires the contracted vowels of the written text to be restored in pronunciation. In such cases the restored initial is long by nature or position, while the preceding final, if long, must be shortened.^ Thus casat is pronounced as ca asat ; carcata as ca areata ; map^h as ma ap6h (for ma ap61i) ; mrlatidrse as mrlati idrse ; yantindavah as yanti indavah ; bhavantuksanah as bhavantu uksanah. When the first word is a mono- syllable (especially vi or hi), the written contractions i and u are usually to be pronounced with hiatus ; thus hindra as hi indra.
19. a and a
a. coalesce with the simple vowels 1 '^ and u to the Guna vowels e and o ^ respectively ; e. g. ihoha = iha iha ; pit6va = pita iva ; 6m = a im ; 6bha = a ubha.* They are never contracted to ar in the written text of the RV. or VS. ; ^ but the metre shows that the combination is sometimes to be pronounced as ar, for instance in the compound sapta-rsayah the seven seers = saptarsayah.
^ Because of tlio prosodical rule that a long vowel is always shortened before another vowel. Cf. note 5.
2 Occasionally a -f i remain uncontracted in the written text of the RV., as jya iyam, piba imam, ranaya ih^.
' This contraction is a survival because e and o arc simijle long vowels, but they were originally = ai, au.
* But in many instances where the contraction is written, the original simple vowels must be restored with hiatus ; thus subhdgosah = subhaga usah.
s a is always shortened or nasalized before r in the written text ; e. g. td.tha rtuh (for tatha) ; vipanyam rtfisya (for vipanya).
19-21] EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDIII 23
h. coalesce with Guna vowels to Vrcldhi ; e. g. aibhih = a ebhih.^
c. are absorbed by Vrddhi vowels ; e. g. somasyaii^ijah = sdmasya ausijah.
20. The simple consonantal vowels i and u before dis- similar vowels or before diphthongs are regularly changed to the semivowels y and v respectively in the written text of the Samhitas ; e. g. praty ayam = prati ayam ; jdnitry ajijanat = janitri ajijanat ; a tv 6ta, = a tii 6ta. But the evidence of the metre shows that this y or v nearly always has the syllabic value of i or u.^ Thus vy usah must be read as vi usah ; vidathesv anjan as vidathesu anjan.
a. Final r (which does not occur in the RV.) becomes r before a dissimilar vowel ; an example is vijnatr etat = vijnatr etat (SB.).
21. The Guna vowels e and o
a. remain unchanged before a,^ which is generally ^ elided in the written text of the Samhitas, biit according to the evidence of the metre, must almost invariably in the RV., and generally in the AV. and YV., be pronounced,^ whether written or not." In devaso apturah (i. 3^) the a is both
^ a instead of contracting with e is sometimes nasalized befoi-e it : aminantam 6vaih. (for a e) ; updstham eka (for a e). Again a is sometimes elided before e and o ; as up'esatu (for a e), yath'ohise (for a o).
2 Because i and u are prosodically shortened before a following vowel (p. 22, note 1).
^ The exceptional treatment of e in stdtava ambyam for stotavs ambyam is a survival showing that the Sandhi of e and o before a was originally the same as before other vowels.
* In the RV. it is elided in about 75 per cent., in the AV. in about 66 per cent, of its occurrences.
^ In the RV. it must be pronounced in 99 per cent., in the AV. and the metrical parts of the YV. in about 80 per cent, of its occurrences.
^ The frequent elision of the a in the written text compared with its almost invariable retention in the original text of the RV., indicates a period of transition between the latter and the total elision of the post-Vedic period.
24 EXTERNAL VOWEL SANDHI [21-23
written and pronounced ; in sunav6 'gne (i. 1") it must be restored as sunave I agne.
h. before every other vowel (or diphthong) would naturally' become ay and av (the form they assume within a word), but the former drops the semivowel throughout, while the latter does so only before a ; e. g. agna iha (for agnay) ; vaya ukth^bhih (for vayav) ; but vayav a yahi.
22. The Vrddlii vowels at and au are treated before every vowel (including a) or diphthong exactly in the same way as e and o before vowels other than a. Thus ai becomes a (through ay) throughout, but au only before u ^ (through av) ; e. g. tasma aksi (for tasmay), tasma indraya ; sujihva lipa (for sujihvav), but tav a, tav indragni.
a. The (secondary) hiatus caused by the dropping of y and v in the above cases {21 h and 22) as a rule remains. But further contraction is sometimes actually written in the Samhitas ; e. g. sartavajau for sartava ajau (through sartavay for sartavai) ; vasau for va asau (through vay for vai). Sometimes, again, the contraction, though not written, is required by the metre. Thus ta indra must be pronounced as tendra, and gostha lipa (AV.) for gosth^ lipa (through gosthay) as gosthopa.
Irregular Vowel Sandhi.
23. Vrddhi instead of Guna results from the contraction of a. the preposition a (in the AV. and VS.) with initial r
in arti = a rti and in archatu = a rchatu. In the case of the latter verb, the TS. extends this contraction to prei^ositions ending in a : liparchati = upa rehati and avarchati = ava rehati.
1 Because e and o were originally = ai and au.
2 Tliis is also the Sandhi of the AB. and KB.
23-25] ABSENCE OF VOWEL SANDHI 25
h. The preposition pra (in the EV.) with initial i in praisayur = pra isayui*.
c. The augment a with the initial vowels i, u, r ;' e. g. aichas 2. s. imj^f. of is wish ; aunat 3. s. impf. of ud tvet ; arta 3, s. aor. of r go.
Absence of Vowel Sandhi.
24. The particle u is unchangeable- in pronunciation before vowels, though as a rule written as v after a con- sonant ;' e. g. bha u amsave, but av6d v indra. When it combines with the final a of a particle to o, in 6 = a u, atho = atha u, uto = uta u, mo = ma u, it remains unchanged even in the written text ; e, g. atho indraya.
25. a. The i and u of the dual (nom. ace.) never change to y and v. This dual i is never to be pronounced short, but the u sometimes is ; e. g. hari (v^ -) rtasya, but sadhu (- w) asmai. This i may remain before i, as in hari iva, but in several instances the contraction is written, as in r6dasim6 = rodasi im6, while in several others, though not written, it must be pronounced.
h. The rare locatives singular in i and u are also regularly written unchanged in the EV.,'' but they seem always to be treated as prosodically short.
c. The i of the nom. plur. m. (of the pronoun asau) ami is always given as unchangeable in the Pada text (ami iti), but it never happens to occur before a vowel in the EV.
* This is perhaps a survival of a prehistoric contraction of a (the original form of the augment) witli i, u, r to ai, au, ar.
^ The term applied by the native phoneticians to uncliangeable vowels is pragrhya separated. Such vowels are indicated in the Pada text by an appended iti. u is always there written in its lengthened and nasalized form as iim iti.
2 It is occasionally written unchanged in its lengthened form even after a consonant, as tdm vi akrnvan.
* Except vedy asyam, to be pronounced vedi asyam.
26 CONSONANT SANDHI [25-27
a. Tho i of the nora. s. in prthivi, prthu-jrdyi, samrajiii rarely, of the instr. su^ami once, and of the instr. uti often, remains unchanged before vowels ;^ o. g. sanirajni ^dhi, susfimi abhuvan.
26. The diphthong e is unchangeable in various nominal and verbal forms.
a. The e of the nom. ace. dual {■= a + i), fern, and neut. of a stems, is not liable to Sandhi ; ^ e. g. rodasi ubh6 rghayamanam.
h. The verbal dual e^ of the 2. 3. pres. and perf. mid. never combines, though it is nearly always prosodically shortened ; e. g. parimamnathe asman.
c. The e of the locative of the pronominal forms tv6 in thee, asni6 ^ in us, yusm6 in you are unchangeable ; ^ e. g. tv6 it ; asm6 ayuh ; yusm6 ittha.
Combination of Final and Initial Consonants.
27. The external Sandhi of consonants is primarily and almost exclusively concerned with the assimilation of a final to a following initial sound. Since the Sandhi of final consonants generally speaking starts from the form they assume in pausa," it is necessary to state the law of allowable finals at the outset. That law may be formulated as follows : only unaspirated hard mutes, nasals, and Visarjanlya are tolerated, and palatals are excluded, as finals. By this law the thirty-nine consonants classified in § 3 are reduced to
* The unchangeableness of the vowel here being only occasional is not indicated with iti in the Pada text.
* Except dhisnyeme for dhisnye im6, as it is also probably to bo pronounced.
^ Under the influence of the nominal dual e ; for there was origin- ally no difference between this dual e and any other e in middle forms, such as the dual vahe, sing, te, aiad the plur. ante.
* Also used as dat. in the RV.
^ They are always written with iti in the Piida text. ® Final n and r are, however, to a considerable extent treated not on the basis of their pausal form, but of etymology.
27-28] EXTERNAL SANDHI OF CONSONANTS 27
the following eight as permissible in pausa : — k, n ; t ; t, n ; p, m ; Visarjaniya.
The aspirate and soft mutes (3 b) are eliminated, leaving only hard unaspirated mutes to represent them. The palatals (3 h /3), including s (3 d), and h (3 e), are replaced by k or t (n by n).
s (3 d) is replaced by t, s (3 (7) and r (3 c) by Visarjaniya. The nasal n (Shy) and the three semivowels y, 1, v (3 c) do not occur.
28. The rule is that only a single consonant may be final. Hence all but the first of a group of consonants must be dropi^ed ; e. g. abhavan 3. pi. impf. were (for abhavant) ; tan ace. pi. those (for tans) ; tudan striking (for tudants) ; pran fonvard (through prank for pranc-s) ; aehan 3. s. aor. has pleased (for achantst).
a. k, t, or t, when they follow an r and belong to the root, are allowed to remain ; ' e. g. vark 3. s. aor. of vrj hend (for vark-t) ; urk nom. s. of urj strength; a-mart 3. s. impf. of mrj wipe ; a-vart 3. s. aor. of vrt turn ; su-hart nom. s. of suhard friend.
a. There are seven instances in the Sanihitas in which a siiffixal s or t is retained instead of the preceding radical consonant. (1) s tlius api^eara in the following four nominatives sing. : sadha-mas beside sadha-mat (for sadha-mad-s) companio7i of the feast ; ava-yas (for ava- yaj-s) f. sacrificial share ; avayas (for avayaj-s) ni. a kind of priest ; puro-das sacrificial cake (for piiro-das-s).^ (2) s or t similarly ajipears in the following four singular verbal preterite forms : a-ya-s (for d-yaj-s) beside a-yat 2 s. aor. of yaj sacrifice ; a-sras (for d-sraj-s) 2. s. aor. of srj emit ; a-bhanas (for a-bhanak-s) 2. s. impf. of bhanj break ; and a-sra^ (for a-sras-t)3 3. s. aor. of sras fall.
1 The only instance of a suffix remaining after r is in dar-t 3. s. aor. of dr cleave beside d,-dar 2. s. (for d-dar-s).
- The s is probably due to the analogy of nominatives, like mas moon, dravino-da-s wealth-giver, &c.
3 The appearance of s or t here is due to the beginnings of the
28 EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHl [29
Classification of Consonants.
29. The assimilation, of which the application of the rules of consonant Sandhi consists, is of two kinds. It is concerned either with a shift of the phonetic position in which a consonant is articulated, or with a change of the quality of the consonant. Hence it is necessary to understand fully the classification of consonants from these two aspects. In §Sh c d (cp. 15, 2b-h) an arrangement according to the place of articulation is given of all the consonants except four, the breathing h and the three voiceless spirants, which are phonetically described in § 15, 2 ij.
a. Contact of the tongue with the throat produces the gutturals, with the palate the palatals, with the roof of th« mouth the cerebrals, with the teeth the dentals, while contact between the lips produces the labials.
b. In forming the nasals of the five classes, the breath partially passes through the nose while the tongue or the lips are in the position for articulating the corresponding tenuis. The real Anusvara is formed in the nose only, while the tongue is in the position for forming the particular vowel which the Anusvara accompanies.
c. The semivowels y, r, 1, v are palatal, cerebral, dental, and labial respectively, pronounced in the same position as the corresponding vowels i, r, 1, u, the tongue being in partial contact with the place of articulation in the first three, and the lips in partial contact in the fourth.
d. The three sibilants are hard spirants produced by partial contact of the tongue with the palate, roof, and teeth respectively. There are no corresponding soft sibilants (English z, French j), but their prehistoric existence may be infei-red from various phenomena of Sandhi (cp. 15, 2 Jca).
tendency to normalize the terminations so as to have s in the 2. s. and t in the 3. s. Some half-dozen examples of this have been found in the Brahmanas ; e. g. a-ves 2. s. impf. (= a-ved-s) from vid knoiv.
29-32] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 29
e. h and h are respectively soft and hard spirants produced without any contact, and articulated in the position of the vowel that precedes or follows, h occurs only before soft letters, h only after vowels and before certain hard letters.
30. Quality of consonants. Consonants are
1. either hard (surd, voiceless) : k kh, c ch, t th, t th, p ph ; s s s ; h h h (3) ;
or soft (sonant, voiced) : all the rest (3) (besides all the vowels and diphthongs).
2. either aspirated : kh gh, eh jh, th dh Ih, th dh, ph bh, h h h h, s s s ;
or unaspirated : all the rest.
Hence the change of c to k is a change of the position of articulation (palatal to guttural), and that of e to j is a change of quality (hard to soft) ; while the change of c to g (hard palatal to soft guttural) or of t to j (hard dental to soft palatal) is one of both position and quality.
31. It is essential to remember that consonant Sandhi cannot be applied till finals have been reduced to one of the eight allowable sounds (27). The latter are then modified without reference to their etymological value (except partially in the case of n and Visarjaniya). Only six of these allowable finals occur at all frequently, viz. k, t, n, p, m, and Visarjaniya, while the cerebral t and the guttural n are rare.
I. Changes of Quality.
32. A final consonant (that is, a mute or Visarjaniya) is assimilated in quality to the following initial, becoming soft before soft initials, and remaining hard before hard initials (consonants).
Hence final k, t, t, p before vowels and soft consonants become g, d, d, b respectively ; e. g. arvag radhah (through arvak for arvae) ; havyavad jtihvasyah (through -vat for -vah) ; sal urvih (through sat for sas : cp. 3 6 y) ; gamad
30 EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI [32-37
vajebhih (for gdmat) ; agnid rtayatah (through agnit for agnidh) ; tristiib gayatrl (through tristiip for tristubh) ; abja (for ap-ja).
33. Final k, t, t, p before n or m may, and in practice regularly do, become the nasal of their own class ; e. g. pranan martyasya (through pranag for pranak) ; viran mitravarunayoh (through virad for virat) ; san-navati (TS.) (through sat-) for sas-navati ; asin nd (through asid for asit) ; tan mitrasya (for tad) ; trikakum nivartat (through trikakub for trikakiip from trikakiibh).
34. Final t becomes 1 through d ; e. g. angal lomnah (for an gat).
35. Since the nasals have no corresponding hard sounds, they remain unchanged in quality before initial hard sounds. The guttural n,^ which is rare, remains otherwise unmodified also (cp. 52) ; but it may before sibilants insert a transitional k, e. g. pratyank sa beside pratydn sa. Final m is liable to change of position before all consonants (42). Final dental n is liable to change before vowels (42, 52), palatals, dentals, the semivowel 1, and sometimes p (40).
36. The dental nasal n remains unchanged before (1) the gutturals k, kh, g, gh; (2) the labials p,^ ph, b, bh, m ; (3) the soft dentals d, dh, n; generally also before t (40, 2) ; (4) the semivowels y, r, v, and the breathing h ; (5) the cerebral and the dental sibilants s and s.
a. Before s and s a transitional t may be inserted, e.g. ahan-t sahasa ; tan-t sam.
II. Changes of Position.
37. The only four final consonants (27) liable to change of position are the dental t and n, the labial m, and Visar- janiya.
^ The palatal and cerebral nasals, as has already been stated, do not occur as finals. ^ Before p it sometimes becomes mh ; cp. 40, 5.
37-40] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHl 31
a. The two dentals become palatal before palatals.' h. Visarjanlya and m adapt themselves to the phonetic position of the following consonant.
1. Final t.
38. Final t before palatals (c, j, ch, s) is changed to a palatal (e or j) ; e.g. tac eaksuh for tat caksuh; yatayaj- jaaa for yatayat-jana; rohic chyava for rohit syava.-
2. Final n.
39. Final n before vowels is changed, after a long vowel, to Anusvara : if the preceding vowel is a, to m, if it is i, u, f, to mr ;" e. g. sargam iva for sargan ; vidvam agne for vidvan ; paridhimr ati for paridhm ; abhisumr iva for abhisiin : nrmr* abhi for nrn.
40. 1. Final n before all palatals that occur becomes palatal fi ; e.g. urdhvan carathaya for urdhvan ; tafi jusetham for tan ; vajrin snathihi for vajrin ; but since before s a transitional t may be inserted, vajrnt snathihi may (through vajrinc ■' snathihi) become vajrn chnathihi.''
a. Before c the palatal sibilant is sometimes inserted '^ in the EV., the preceding n then becoming Anusvara. This
' Final dentals never come into contact with initial cerebrals in the Sainhitas. No initial cerebral mutes occur in the RV., and even the cerebral sibilant s occurs only in sds six and its compounds, and once in sat for sat from sah.
2 On the change of s to eh after c see 53.
^ Both m and mr here represent original ns through mh, the Sandhi of h being here the same as that of ah ih uh rh before vowels, an in Tin remain unchanged at the end of a Pada (as being in pausa) before a vowel ; e. g. devayanan ' atandrah (i. 72'').
* fmr occurs only once, otherwise remaining unchanged as fn, because two r sounds are avoided in the same syllable (cf. Vedic Orammar, § 79).
5 That is, t before s becomes c (38).
« That is, after c initial s may become ch (53).
' There are no examples of the inserted sibilant before ch in the Samhitas.
32 EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI [40-41
insertion takes place, only when the sibilant is etymologically justified/ almost exclusively (though not without exception even here ^) before ca and cid ; e. g. anuyajams ca, amenams eit. In the later Samhitas the inserted sibilant becomes commoner, occurring even where not etymologi- cally justified.^
2. Final n usually remains unchanged before dental t,'' e. g. tvavan tmana ; but the dental sibilant is sometimes inserted in the RV., the preceding n then becoming Anusvara. This insertion takes place, only when the sibilant is historically justified;^ e.g. avadarns tvam (for avadan). In the later Samhitas the inserted sibilant becomes commoner, occurring even where not etymo- logically justified.^
3. Final n before initial 1 always becomes nazalized 1; e. g. jigival laksam.
4. Though final n generally remains unchanged before y, r, V, h (36, 4), an, in, tin sometimes become am, imr, urar as before vowels (39) ; e. g, devan havamahe ; Ijut svavam yatu (for svavan) ; dadvam va (for dadvan) ; pivo-annam rayivrdhah (for annan) ; panimr hatam (for panin) ; das- 5ru.mr yonau (for dasyun).
5. Final n when etymologically representing ns sometimes becomes mh before p (36, 2) ; thus nrmh pahi (for nrn) ; nfmh patram ; svatavamh payiih (for svatavan).
3. Final m.
41. Final m remains unchanged before vowels ; e.g. agnim ile I praise Agni.
^ That is, in the nom. s. and ace. pi. m., whicli originally ended in ns.
^ E.g. pa^un ca sthatrn car^tham (i. 72^).
^ As in the 3. pi. impf., e. g. dbhavan (originally abhavan-t' and the voc. and loc. of n stems, e. g. rajan (which never ended in s).
* No initial th occurs in the RV.
41-42] EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI . 33
a. In a very few instances the m is dropped and the vowels there- upon contract. This Sandhi is mostly indicated by the metre only : thus rastram ihil must be pronounced rastr6ha. It is very rarely written, as in durgahait^t for diirg^hani etat. The Pada text, however, neither here (durg^ha etat) nor elsewhere analyses a contraction in this way.
42. Final m before consonants is changed
1. before the semivowel r, the three sibilants s, s, s and the breathing h to Anusvara ; e. g. hotaram ratnadha- tamam (for hotaram) ; vardhamanam sve (for vardha- manam) ; mitram huve (for mitram).^
2. before y, 1, v it becomes nasalized y, 1, v ; but the printed texts regularly use Anusvara - instead ; e. g. sam yudhi ; yajnam vastu.'
3. before mutes it becomes the class nasal, ^ and n before n '^ ; e.g. bhadraii karisyasi ; tyan camasam ; navan tvastuh. ; bhadran nah. Most MSS. and the printed texts, however, represent this assimilated m by Anusvara ^ ; e. g. bhadram karisyasi ; tyam camasam ; navam tvastuh ; bhadram nah.
a. This Sandhi is identical with that of u befoi-e the palatals c,j, ch (40) and the soft dentals d, dh, u (36, 3), and of t before n (33).
' Anusvara seems to have been used originally before the sibilants and h only. Compounds like saiu-raj show that m originally remained unchnnged before r (49 h).
2 The Taittiriya Prati^akhya allows the optional use of Anusvara before these semivowels.
^ Forms with internal m like yam-y^mana and Spa-mlukta show that m originally remained unchanged in extei'nal Sandhi before y and 1 ; and forms like jagan-van (from gam go) point to its having at one time become n before v in Sandhi.
* Before labials it of course remains.
^ This assimilation befoi'e n being identical with that of d, led to ambiguity in some instances and consequent wrong analysis by the Padapatha.
" Max Miiller in his editions prints Anusvara throughout, even befoi'e labials ; Aufrecht has Anusvara except before labials, where he retains m.
1819 D
34 EXTEKNAL CONSONANT SANDHI [43
4. Final Visarjaniya.
43. Visarjaniya is the spirant to which the hard s and the corresponding soft r are reduced in pausa. If followed by a hard sound,
1. a palatal (c, ch) or a dental (t) mute, it becomes the corresponding sibilant ; e. g. devas eakrma (through devah for devas) ; pus ca (through puh ca for piir ca,) ; ' yas te (for yah) ; anvibhis tana (for -bhih).
a. Visarjaniya, if preceded by i and u, before dental t often becomes cerebral s, which cerebralizes the following initial t to t. In the RV. this occurs chiefly, and in the later Vedas only, before pronouns ; e. g. agnis te ; kratus tarn ; also n^kis tanusu. In compounds this change takes place in all the Sanihitas ; e. g. dus-tara hard to pass.^
2. a guttural (k, kh) or labial (p, ph) mute, it either remains or becomes Jihvamullya (h) before the gutturals and UpadhmanTya (h) before the labials ; e. g. visnoh karmani (for visnos) ; indrah. panca (for indras) ; punah- punah (for punar) ; dyauh prthivl.
a. After a it often, in the RV., becomes s, and s after i, u, r ;^ e. g. divds pari ; pdtnivatas krdhi ; dyaus pita. In compounds this change takes place regularly in all the Samhitas ; e. g. -pareis-pa, far-proiectitig ; havis-pa drinking the offering ; dus-krt evil-doing, dus-p£d evil-footed.
3. a simple sibilant, it either remains or is assimilated ; e. g. vah sivatamah. or vas sivatamah ; d6vih sat or d6vis sat ; nah sapatnah or nas sapatnah ; piinah, sam or punas sam.^ Assimilation is undoubtedly the original Sandhi ;
^ This combination (in which Visarjaniya i-ejiresents original r) is contrary to etymology, but is universal in sentence Sandhi and is subject to only two exceptions in compounds : svar-caksas and svar- canas.
~ The only exception in the RV. is catus-trimsat thirty-four.
2 This treatment before gutturals and labials corresponds to that before t (1 a), and was doubtless the original one in sentence Sandhi.
* This combination (in which Visarjaniya represents original r), though contrary to etymology, is universal in external Sandhi ; but
43-46] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 35
but the MSS. usually employ Visarjaniya and European editions regularly do so.
a. Before a sibilant immediately followed by a hard mute, a final Visarjaniya is dropped ; e. g. mandibhi stomebhih (through mandi- bhih for mandibhis) ; du-stuti f. ill-praise (for dus-stuti). The dropping is i>rescribed by the Prati^akhyas of the RV., the VS., and the TS., and is applied by Aufrecht in his edition of the RV.
b. Before a sibilant immediately followed by a nasal or semivowel, a final Visarjaniya is optionally dropped ; e g. krta sravah (for krtah) ; ni-svarani (through nih- foi- uis-).
44. Visarjaniya (except after a or a) before a soft sound (vowel or consonant) is changed to r; e.g. rsibhir idyah (through rsibhih for rslbhis) ; agnir h6ta (through agnih for agnis) ; paribhur asi (through -bhuh for -bhus).
45. 1. The final syllable ah (= as) drops its Visarjaniya before vowels or soft consonants ; e. g. suta ini6 (through sutah for sutas) ; visva vi (through visvah for visvas).
2. The final syllable ah (= as)
a. drops its Visarjaniya before vowels except a ; e. g. khya a (through khyah for khyas).
h. before soft consonants and before a, is changed to o, after which a may be elided (21 a) ; e. g. indavo vara (through indavah for indavas) ; no ati (through nah for nas) or no 'ti.
46. The final syllables ah (= ar) and ah (= ar), in the comparatively few instances ' in which the Visarjaniya represents an etymological r, do not form an exception (45) to the general rule (44) ; e. g. pratar agnih ; piinar nah ; svar druhah ; var avayati.
in compounds the original r frequently remains ; e. g. vanar-sad, dhur-sdd, &c. This survival shows that r originally remained before sibilants in sentence Sandhi,
1 r is original in dvar door, var protector, var water ; ahar day, us^r daini, udhar udder, vadhar weapon, vanar icood, svar light ; ant^r within, avdr down, piinar again, pratar early ; the voc, of r stems, e.g. bhratar ; the 2. 3. s. of past tenses from roots in r, e. g. avar, from vr cover.
D 2
36 EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI [47-49
47. r followed by r is always dropped, a preceding short vowel being lengthened ; e. g. puna rupani for punar.^
48. The three pronouns (nom. m. s.) sah that, syah that, esah this, drop the Visarjanlya before all consonants ; '^ e. g. sa vanani, sya dutali, esa tarn. The Visarjaniya is here otherwise treated regularly ; ■* at the end of a Pada, e. g. padista sah i cakra esah i , and before vowels, e. g. s6 apah, eso asura, eso 'manclan (for amandan) ; sd osadhih, esd indrah.
a. sd, however, generally combines in the EV. with a following vowel ; e. g. sasmai for sk asmai ; sed for sd id ; s^usadhih for sa osadhih.
Sandhi in Compounds.
49. The euphonic combination at the junction of the members of compounds is on the whole subject to the rules prevailing in external Sandhi. Thus the evidence of metre shows that contracted vowels are often to be pronounced with hiatus when the initial vowel of the second member is prosodically long (cp. 18 h) ; e. g. yukta-asva (for yuktasva) having yoked horses, deva-iddha Jcindled htj the gods (for dev6ddha), aeha-ukti (for aehokti) invitation.
Compounds have, however, preserved many archaisms of Sandhi which have disappeared from Sandhi in the sentence.
a. In vis-pati lord of the house and vis-pd.tni mistress of the house s remains instead of the i* required by external Sandhi.
b. In sam-raj sovereign ruler m appears instead of the Anusvara required befoi'e r (42, 1), as in sam-rajantam.
' In a few instances o appears instead of a (= ar) under the influence of ah as the pausal form of neuters in as ; e. g. iidho romasfim (for iadha = iidhar) ; also in the comioound aho-ratra for aha-.
2 sdh, however, twice retains it in the RV. ; si,h. paliknih (v. 2*) and sds tava (viii. 33^^) for sah.
^ sydh never occurs in the RV. before a vowel or at the end uf a Padn.
■' vis-pati has in post-Vedic Sanskrit become vitpati.
49-50] EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 37
c. A group of compounds formed with dus ill ;is first meml)er com- bine that adverb with a following d and n to du-d (= duz-d) and du-n ( = duz-n) instead of dur-d and dur-n ;! du-dabha (for dus-dd.bha) liard to deceive, du-das not worshipping (for dus-das), du-dhi malevolent (for dus-dhi); dii-ndsa hard to attain (for dur-n^sa), du-nasa (for dus-nasa) hard to attain and hard to destroy,
d. Final (etymological) r in the first member is preserved in the RV. before hard sounds where the rules of external Sandhi require Visaj-janiya or a sibilant (43): -v&v-^&VYi. producing water ; svd,r-caksas brilliant as light; pur-pati lord of the stronghold, svar-pati lord of lieaven; vanar-sad and vanar-s^d sitting in the loood, dhur-sad hdng on the yoke ; svar-sa winning light; sv&,r-sati acquisition oflight.^ The VS. also has ahar-pdti lord of day, and dhur-sah. bearing the yoke.^
e. Radical stems in ir, ur mostly lengthen their vowel before con sonants (as they do within the simple word); 2 e.g. dhiir-sad being on the yoke, pur-yana leading to the fort.*
50. Compounds further often contain archaisms which though still existing in external Sandhi are obsolescent and disappear entirely in later periods of the language.
a. In six compounds scandra bright retains its old initial sibilant in the second member ; e. g. asva-scandra brilliant with horses, puru-scandra veri/ brilliant. As an independent word it is, excepting three occurrences in the RV., invariably candra.^
b. A final s of the first meml^er or an initial s of the second member is cerebralized ; e. g. dus-tara hard to cross, duh-saha hard to resist.^
1 But dvLT' the form required by the later external Sandhi is already commoner in the RV. ; e. g. dur-dfsika, dur-naman.
2 Nouns ending in radical r retain the r before the ending su of the loc. pi. ; gir-sii, dhiir-su, pur-sii.
3 External Sandhi gradually encroaches here in the later Samhitas j e. g. svah-pati in the SV.
* But glr retains its short vowel in gir-vanas fond of praise and gfr- vahas praised in song.
^ How nearly extinct scandr^ is as an independent word is indicated by the fact that in the analysis of its six compounds it always appears as candra in the Padapatha.
In post-Vedic Sanskrit only dustara, duhsaha.
G
38 EXTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI [50-51
c. A dental n in the second member is cerebralized after r, r, s in the first member :
a. almost invariably, whether initial, medial, or final in a root, when a vcrlial derivative is compounded with a preposition that contains r ; e. g. nir-nij f. bright garment, p^ri-hnuta denied, pran-d m. breedh ; and even in suffixes, as pra-yana n. advance (from ya go).
0. predominantly in other comi^ounds wlien the second member is a verbal noun; e.g. grama-ni chief of a village, dur-gani dangers, pitr- yana trodden by the fathers, rakso-han demon-slaying ; but puro-yavan beside pratar-yavan going out early. Cerebralization never takes place in -ghn the weak form of -han killing; nor in aksa-nah tied to the axle, kravya-vahana conveying corpses, carma-mna tanner, yusma-nita led by you.
y. less regularly when tlie second member is an ordinary (non- verbal) noun ; e. g. uru-nasa broad-nosed, prS-napat great-grandson ; but candra-nirnij having a brilliant garment, piinar-nava again renewed.
d. The final vowel of the first member is often lengthened, especially before v ; e. g. anna-vrdh prospering hi/ food. This is often due to an old rhythmical tendency (also appearing in the sentence) to lengthen a vowel before a single consonant between two short syllables ; e. g. ratha-sah able to draw the ear.
e. Final a or i of the first member is often shortened before a group of consonants or a long syllable ; e. g. lirna- mradas soft as wool (urna) ; prthivi-stha standing on the earth (prthivi) ; am.iva-catana driving away disease (amiva).
Doubling of Consonants. 51. The palatal ch etymologically represents a double sound and metrically lengthens a preceding short vowel. For the latter reason the RV. Pratisakhya prescribes the doubling of ch (in the form of cch) after a short vowel, and, as regards long vowels, after a only, when a vowel follows.' This rule is followed by Max Muller in his editions of the RV. ; e. g. uta echadih, a-cchad-vidhana, but me chantsat.
1 The Vedic MSS. almost invariably write the simple ch, and this practice is followed by Aufrecht in his edition of the Rigveda and L. v. Schrocder in his edition of the MS. It is also followed in the present work.
52-56] EXTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI 39
52. Before vowels final n and n, if preceded ])y a short vowel, are doubled ; e. g, kidrnn indrah ; ahann indrah. Though the nasal is always written double, the metre shows that this rule is only partially applied as regards pronun- ciation in the RV.
a. Tlie compound vrsan-asvd loitJt stallions as steeds (n = n) is an exception.
Initial Aspiration.
53. After a final c, initial s regularly becomes eh ; e. g. yae chaknavama for yad saknavama.
a. The same change occasionally takes place after t ; thus vipat ehutudri (for sutudri) ; turasat chusmi (for susmi).
54. Initial h, after softening a preceding k, t, t, p, is changed to the soft aspirate of that mute ; e, g. sadhryag ghita for hita ; avad dhavyani for avat havyani ; sidad dhota for sidat hota.
55. If gh, dh, bh, or h are at the end of a (radical) S5'llable beginning with g, d, or b, and lose their aspiration as final or otherwise, the initial consonants are aspirated by way of compensation ; ^ e. g. from dagh reach the 3. s, injunctive is dhak (for dagh-t) ; -budh icahing becomes -bhut ; duh milking becomes dhiik.
B. Internal Sandhi.
56. The rules of internal Sandhi apply to the finals of roots and nominal and verbal stems before all endings of de- clension (except those beginning with consonants of the middle stem : 73 a) and conjugation, before primary suffixes (182, 1) and before secondary suffixes (182, 2) beginning with a vowel or y. Many of these rules agree with those of external Sandhi. The most important of those which differ fi-om external Sandhi are the following :
' This is not really compensation but the survival of the original initial aspiration of such roots, which was lost owing to the avoidance of an aspirate at the beginning and end of the same syllable. Hence when the final aspirate disappeared, the initial returned.
40 INTERNAL .SANDHI [57-61
Final Vowels.
57. In many cases before a vowel i is changed to iy ; u and u to uv ; e. g. dhi + e = dhiy-6 dat. s. for thought ; bhu + i = bhuv-i on earth ; yu-joiv-^ has joined (-/yu).
58. Final r before y becomes ri (154, 3) ; e. g. kr rnahc : kri-yate 3. s. pres. pass, is done. Final r before consonant terminations is changed to ir, after labials to iir ; e. g, gr siuallow : gir-yate is swallowed, gir-na swallowed ; pr Jill : pur-yate is filled, pur-na filled.
59. e, ai, o, au are changed before suffixes beginning with vowels or y to ay, ay, av, av respectively ; e. g. se + u = say-ii lying ; rai + e = ray-6 for wealth ; go + e = gav-e for a cow; nau + i = nav-i in a boat; go + ya = gav-ya relating to cows.
Final Consonants.
60. The most notable divergence from external Sandhi is the unchangeableness of the final consonants (cp. 32) of roots and verbal or nominal stems before suffixes and terminations beginning with vowels, semivowels and nasals (while before other letters they usually follow the rules of external Sandhi); e.g. vac-ya to he spoken, duras-yu worshipping, yasas-vat glorious ; vac-mi I speak (but vakti speaks) ; voc-am I will speak, paprc-yat would mix ; prane- ah nom. pi. forward.
a. Before the primaiy suffix na, d is assimilated ; e. g. an-na n. food (for ad-na), ehin-nd cut off (for chid-na) ; and before the secondary suffixes mant and niaya, t and d ; e.g. vidyun-mant accompanied by lightning (yidyut) and mrn-niaya consisting o/chiy (mfd). In the nominal case-form san-nam (for sat-nam) of six (sds) the final t is assimilated.
61. Nominal or verbal stems ending in consonants and followed by terminations consisting of a single consonant, drop the termination altogether, two consonants not being tolerated at the end of a word (28). The final consonant that remains is then treated according to the rules of external
G1-G3] INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI 41
Sandhi. Thus pranc + s nom. s. forward becomes pran (the s being first dropped, the palatals being changed to gutturals by 27, and the k being then dropped by 28) ; similarly a-doh + 1 = a-dhok he milked (55).
62. Aspirates followed by any sounds except vowels, semivowels or nasals (60) lose their aspiration ; e. g. randh + dhi = rand-dhi ' 2. s. aor. impv. subject; labh + sya-te = lap-syate (B.) 3. s. fut, tvill take ; but yudh-i in battle ; a-rabh-ya seising.
a. A lost soft aspirate is, if possible, thrown back before dhv, bh, s (55) ; e. g. ind-dhvam 2. pi. impv. of indh Jcindle ; bhud-bhis inst. pi., bhut-sii loc. pi. But before s this rule applies only partially ; thus from dabh harm : des. dip-sa-ti desires to injure, dip-su intending to hurt ; bhas chciv : baps-a-ti chews ; guh hide : des, ju-guk-sa-tas beside aghuksat ; dah hum : part, daksat beside dhaksant ; duh milk : aor. a-duksat beside a-dhuksat.
h. But it is thrown forward on a following t and th/ which are softened ; e. g. rabh + ta = rab-dha seized ; runadh + ti = runad-dhi ; rundh + tam = rund-dham 3. s. impv. let him obstruct.
63. Palatals, a. While c regularly becomes guttural before consonants (cf. 61 ; 27 ; 7 b), j in some cases (the majority) becomes guttural (k, g),^ in others cerebral (t, d, s) ;
' For the Vedic language tolerates two aspirates neither at the beginning and the end of the same syllable, nor at the end of one and the beginning of the next. On the other hand, there is no loss of aspiration in the root if an aspirate (after a vowel) which belongs to a suffix or a second member of a compound follows ; e. g. vibhu-bhis with the Vibhus ; garbha-dhi m. breeding-place. (The two imperatives bo- dhi be for bho-dhi, and ja-hi strike for jha-hi, follow the general rule.)
'^ Except in the case of the root dha 2)Z«ce, the weak stem of which dadli (following the analogy of 62«) becomes dhat before t and th (cf. 134 B b).
* j always becomes k before a conjugational s (cp. 144, 4) ; e. g. mrk- sva 2. s. impv. of rarj wipe.
42 TNTEENAL CONSONANT SANDHI [63-65
e. g. uk-ta spoken (-/vac) ; yuk-ta joined ('/yiij) ; rug-na broken (\/ruj: cp. 65); but rat nom. s. king (for raj + s); mrd-dhi 2. s. impv. wipe (for mrj-dhi) ; ras-tra kingdom (for raj-tra: cp. 64).
b. The palatal s before bh (73 a) normally becomes d ; ^ k before s ; - always s before t and th (cp. 64) ; e. g. pad- bhis with looks (pas), vid-bhis ivith tribes (vis) ; vek-syasi fut. of vis enter ; vik-su loc. pi. (vis) ; dik nom. s. of dis direction ; nak nom. s. of nas night ; vis-ta entered (-/vis).
c. c and j (not s) palatalize a following n ; e. g. yaj + na = yaj-na sacrifice, but pras-na question.
d. The ch of the root prach ask is treated like s : a-prak-sit 3. s. sis- aor., a-prat 3. s. s- aor. (= a-prach-s-t) ; prs-ta asked, pras-tum inf. to ask.
64. Cerebrals change following dentals to cerebrals (39); e. g. is + ta := is-ta ; av-is + dhi = avid-dhi 2. s. impv. is- aor. of av ; san + nam (for sat-nam) = san-nam (cp. 33, 60 a).
a. While the cerebral sibilant s seems always' to be- come a cerebral mute (t or d) in declension and becomes d in conjugation, it regularly becomes k before s in conju- gation (cp. 63 b and 67) ; e. g, dvis + s = dvit nom. s. hating, vi-prxis + s = vi-priit droj), vi-prud-bhis inst. pi. ; av-is + dhi = avid-dhi 2. s.impv. is- aor. of av favour ; dvis + sa-t = dvik-sat 3. s. inj. sa- aor. of dvis hate.
65. Change of dental n to cerebral n.
A preceding cerebral r, f, r, s (even though vowels, gut- tural or labial mutes or nasals, y, v, or h intervene) changes a dental n (followed by a vowel or n, m, y, v) to cerebral n ; e. g. nr + nam = nrnam of men ; pit? + nam = pitrnam of fathers ; var + na = varna m. colour-, us + na = usna hot ;
^ g in cases of dis and dfs : dig-bhyas, drg-bhis.
^ But in the nom. vit (vis), vi-pat (vi-pas) and spfit spy (spds) the cerebral lias taken the place of the phonetic k owing to the influence of other forms in which the cerebral is phonetic.
s No example occurs of this sound before the su of the loc. plur.
65]
CEREBEALTZATION OF DENTAL N
43
kramana n, step (vowels and labial nasal intervene), ark6na (guttural and vowel) ; grbhnati seizes (labial mute) ; brah- manya devotion (vowel, h, labial nasal, vowel ; n followed by y).^
This rule is followed throughout within a word even when a s which it contains is jDroduced by Sandhi; e.g. usuvanah. (for u suvanah).
a. The ccrebi-alization of n takes place almost as regularly in verbs compounded with the prepositions pra lie/ore, para moan, pari round, nir (for nis) out, as well as in nominal derivatives of these combina- tions ; e.g. para-nude {hxlA thrust) , -pva-netv guide {■m lead); pari-hnuta denied ; praniti breathes (a/ an) ; nir hanyat (ban strike), but not in forms with ghn (e. g. abhi-pra-ghnanti) ; pra hinonii, but pari-hiu6mi (hi impel).
b. In nominal compounds n is usually cerebralized when it is the initial of the second member in the RV. ; e.g. dur-naman ill-named, pra-napat great-grandson ; but tri-nak^ n. third heaven. It is less fre- quent medially ; e. g. piirvahna/o?*enoow, vfsa-manas manly-spirited, but fsi-manas of far-seeing mind ; nr-pana giving drink to men, but pari-pana n. drink (ep. 50 c iS).
t. Cerebralization is even extended to external Sandhi in a closely connected fullowing word, most often initially in the enclitic nas us, I'arely in other monosyllables such as mi now, na like, occasionally in other Avords also ; ^ e. g. saho sii nah ; pdri neta . . . visat. It some- times occurs mediallj', oftenest in the enclitic pronoun ena this ; e. g. indra enam. It occasionally apj^ears in accented words also after final r ; e. g. gor ohena.
Table showing when n changes to n.
r r r
s
in spite of intervening vowels, gutturals (including h), labials (including v), and y
change n to n
if followed by vowels, n, m, y, V.
^ There ai'e two exceptions to this rule in the RV., the gen. plur. ustranam and rastranam.
^ After the final cerebral t of sdt (for sds six), assimilated to the following n (33), initial dental n is cerebralized in san-navati ninety-six (TS.) and in san niramimita (B.).
44 INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI [6o
66 A. The dental n
1. remains unchanged before y and v ; e. g. han-yate is slain ; tan-v-ana stretching/, indhan-van possessed of fuel (indhana), asan-vant having a mouth.
2. as final of a root becomes Anusvara before s ; e.g. ji- gham-sa-ti wishes to hill (V^han) ; also when it is inserted before final s or s in the neuter plural (71c; 83); e.g. 6nams-i n. pi. of 6nas sin : havims-i n. pi. of havis ohlation (83).
B. The dental s
1. becomes dental t as the final of roots or nominal stems
a. before the s of verbal suffixes (future, aorist, desiderative) in the three verbs vas divell, vas shine, and ghas eat : thus a- vat-sis thou, hast dwelt ; vat-syati ivill shine ; ji-ghat-sati wishes to cat (171, 5) and jighat-su hungri/.^
h. before case-endings with initial bh in the reduplicated perf. participle and in four other words : thus jagrvad-bhis inst. pi. having aivdkened ; usad-bhis from usas f. dawn ; mad-bhis, mad-bhyas from mas m..month; svatavad-bhyas from sva-tavas self-strong. This change was extended without phonetic justification " to the nom. ace. s. n. in the RV., as tatau-vat extending far.
2. disappears
a. between mutes ; e. g. a-bhak-ta 3. s. s- aor., for a-bhak-s-ta beside a-bhak-s-i, of bhaj share ; cas-te for caks-te (= original eas-s-te) 3. s. pres. of caks speak; a-gdha uneaten for a-ghs-ta from ghas eat.
A similar loss occurs in verbal compounds formed with
1 The change of s to t before the t of the 3. s. of a past tense, as in vy-avat has shone forth from vi-vas, is probably not a phonetic change, but is rather due to the influence of the 3. s. of other pi-eterites with t ; *^-vas-t having thus become a-vat instead of *dvas,
2 There having been no case-ending s here. No example occurs in the RV. and AV. of a loc. pi. in vat-su.
66-67] CEREBRALTZATION OF S 45
the i^reposition ud and the roots stha stand and stambh support ; e. g. ut-thita and ilt-tabhita raised up.
h. before dh ; e. g. sa-dhi for sas-dhi 2. s, impv. of sas order; a-dhvam 2 pi. mid. impv. of as sit; also after becoming s and cerebralizing the following dental ; e. g. a-sto-dhvam (for a-sto-s-dh.vam) 2. pi. aor. of stu praise.
67. Change of dental s to cerebral s.
A preceding vowel except a (even though Anusvara^ intervenes) as well as k, r, s change dental s (followed by a vowel, s, t, th, n, m, y, v) to cerebral s ;^ e. g. from havis oblation: havis-a inst. s., havims-i nom. pi. ; eaksus n. eye: caksus-a inst. s., caksiiins-i nom. pi.; havis-su loc. pi. ; sraj f. wreath : srak-sii loc. pi. ; gir f. so)ig : gir-su loc. pi. ; ti-sthati stands from stha stand ; caksus-mant possessing eyes ; bhavi-syati xvill be from bhli he ; su-svapa has slept from svap sleej). But sarpih (final) ; manaa-a (a precedes) ; us-ra ^ matutinal.
a. The cerebralizatiou of s regularly takes place in the RV. initially in verbal compounds after prepositions ending in 1 and u, as well as in nominal derivatives from such compound verbs ; also after the preposi- tion nis out; e. g. ni sida sil down, dnu stuvanti tliey ■praise ; nih-sd.ha- manah conquering.*
b. In nominal compounds, s is more usually cerebralized than not, when the initial s of the second member is preceded by vowels other than a ; e. g. su-s6ma having abundant Soma. But s is often retained in the RV., not only when r or r follows, as in hrdi-spfs touching the heart, rsi-svara sung by seers, but also when there is no such cause to prevent
1 The s, however, remains in forms of hims injure, nims kiss, and pums man, probably under the iufluence of the strong forms hiuasti, pumamsam, &c.
2 Words in which s otherwise follows r or any vowel but a must be of foreign origin, as bfsaya a demon, bisa n. root fibre, bus^ n. vapour.
3 s remains when immediately followed by r or r, o. g. tisrSs, tisf- bhis, tisfnam f. of tri three; usras gen., usri and usram loc, beside usar voc. dawn.
* The s remains unchanged when followed by r (even when t in- tervenes) or r (even though a intervenes, with additional m or v in smav remember aTid svar sound\.
46
INTERNAL CONSONANT SANDHI
[67-69
the change ;■ e. g. go-sakhi beside go-sakhi possessbuj cattle. After r the s becomes s in svar-sa light winning, svar-satl f. oUainment of light.
c. Cerebralization is even extended to external Sandhi in initial s after a final i and u in the RV. when the two words are syntactically closely connected. This change chiefly takes place in monosyllabic pronouns and particles, such as sa, sya, sim, sma, svid, and particu- lai-ly su ; e. g. u su. It also occurs in numerous verbal forms and participles ; e.g. yuyam M stha /or ye are, divi siin being in heaven. In other words the change is rare ; e. g. tri .sadhdstha.^ In the later Samhitas this form of external Sandhi is very rare except in the combination u sii.
Table showing when s changes to s.
Vowels except a (in spite of inter- vening Anusvara), k, r, s
change
s
to
s
if followed by vowels, t, th, n, m, y, V.
68. The labial m remains unchanged before y, r, 1 (cp, 60 and 42 B 1) ; e, g. yam-yamana being guided, vam-ra m. ant, apa-mlukta concealed. But before suffixes beginning with V it becomes n; e.g. jagan-van having gone (from gam go).
69. a. The breathing h becomes k in all roots before s ; e. g. dhak-si 2. s. pros, from dah hum ; sak-si 2. s. pres. from saJa prevail. .
h. In roots beginning with d it is treated like gh before t, th, dh ; e. g. dah + ta = dag-dha burnt (62 b), dnh + tam = dug-dham 3. du. pres. Similarly treated is the oldest form of the perf. pass, participle of the root muh : miig-dha beivildered.
c. h in all other roots is treated like an aspirate cerebral, which after changing a following t, th, dh to dh and
1 In tlie EV. occurs the Sandhi y^juh skanndm (for skanndm) with- out cerebralization of the nn (cp. 65).
69-70] DECLENSION 47
lengthening a preceding short vowel, is dropped ; e. g. sah + ta = sa-dha ' overcome ; rih + ta = ri-dha liclced ; muh + ta = mu-dha (AV.) hetvildered ; vah + ta = u-dha ;" vah + dhvam = vo-dhvam (VS.).^
d. An exception to c is the root nah hind, in which h is treated as dh : nad-dha hound. An exception to both h and c is the root drh : dr-dha firm (begins with d and has a short vowel). ^
CHAPTER III DECLENSION
70. Declension, or the inflexion of nominal stems by means of endings that express the various syntactical rela- tions represented by the cases, is most conveniently treated, owing to characteristic difference of form, meaning, and use, under (1) nouns (including adjectives) ; (2) numerals; (3) pro- nouns.
In Vedic there are
a. three genders : masculine, feminine, and neuter ;
h. three numbers : singular, dual, and plural ;
c. eight cases : nominative, vocative, accusative, instru- mental, dative, ablative, genitive, locative.^
1 In all these past participles the dh is in the RV. written as Ih.
^ With Samprasarana.
^ Through vazh-dhvam : azh here becoming o just as original as (through az) becomes o (cp. 45 b).
* Before this dh the vowel r never appears lengthened, but it is prosodically long (cp. 8, note 2).
^ This is the order of the eases in the Hindu Sanskrit grammarians, excepting the vocative, which is not regarded by them as a case. It is convenient as the only arrangement by which such cases as are identical in form, either in the singular, the dual, or the plural, may be grouped together.
48 DECLENSION [71-72
71. The normal case-endings added to the stem are the following : —
Singular. Dual. Plural.
m. f. n. m. f. n. m. p. n.
N. S — 1' ) )
V. — ^ — I au i I as ic
A. am — j j
I. a ) .
D. e bhyam I b^Lis
Ab.l __ I ' bhyas
am
L* i
OS
su
a. The vocative is the same (apart from the accent) as the nominative in all numbers except the masc. and fern, sing, of vowel stems generally and the masc. sing, of con- sonant stems in -an, -man, -van ; -mant, -vant ; -in ; -as ; -yams, -vams ; -tar.
h. The noni. ace. sing, has the bare stem excepting the words in -a, which add m.
c. The nom. voc. ace. plur. neut. before the ending i insert n after a vowel stem and before a single final mute or sibilant of a consonant stem (modifying the n according to the character of the consonant : op. 66 A 2).
72. An important distinction in declension is that between the strong and the weak stem. It is fully developed only in derivative consonant stems formed with the suffixes -anc, -an, -man, -van ; -ant, -mant, -vant ; -tar ; -yams, -vams. In the first four and in the last the weak stem is further reduced before vowel endings. The stem here has three forms, which may be distinguished as strong, middle, and weakest.
a. Shift of accent was the cause of the distinction. The stem, having been accented in the strong cases, here naturally preserved its full form ; but it was shortened in the weak cases by the accent falling on the endings. For a similar reason the last vowel of the strong stem, if long, is regularly
of masc. nouns. ^
72-74] DECLENSION 49
shortened in the vocative, because the accent always shifts to the first syllable in that case.
73. The strong stem appears in the following cases :
Nom. voc. ace. sing.
Nom. voc. ace. dual
Nom. voc. (not ace.) plur.
Nom voc. ace. plural only of neuters.
a. When the stem has three forms, the middle stem appears before terminations beginning with a consonant^ (bhyam, bhis, bhyas, su) ; the weakest before terminations beginning with a vowel in the remaining weak cases ; e. g. pratyanc-au nom. du. ; pratyag-bhis inst. pi. ; pratic-6s gen. du. (93).
h. In neuters with three stems, the nom. voc. ace. sing, are middle, the nom. voc. ace. du. weakest ; e. g. pratyak sing. ; pratic-i du. ; pratyanc-i pi. (93). The other cases are as in the masc.
NOUNS.
74. Nominal stems are, owing to divergences of inflexion, best classified under the main divisions of consonant and vowel declension.
I. Stems ending in consonants ^ may be subdivided into
A. unchangeable ; B. changeable.
II. Stems ending in vowels into those in A. a and a ; B. i
and u; C. i and u.
' Excepting names of relationship in -tar (101), nearly all nouns with changeable stems form their feminine with the suffix -i (100).
2 Changeable stems are named in this grammar in their strong and original form, though the middle form would be more practical, inas- much as that is the form in which changeable stems ajjpear as prior member in compounds.
^ Some Sanskrit grammars begin with the vowel declension in a (11. A) since this contains the majority of all the declined stems in the language. But it appears preferable to begin with the consonant decleiTsion which adds the normal endings (71) without modification.
181Q E
50
DECLENSION
[75-77
I, A. Unchangeable Stems.
75. These stems are for the most part primary or radical, but also include some secondary or derivative words. They end in consonants of all classes except gutturals (these having always become palatals, which however revert to the original sound in certain cases). They are liable to such changes only as are i-equired by the rules of Sandhi before the consonant terminations (cp. 16 a). Masculines and feminines ending in the same consonant are inflected exactly alike ; and the neuters differ only in the ace. s. and nom. voc. ace. du. and pi.
76. The final consonants of the stem retain their original sound before vowel terminations (71) ; but when there is no ending (i.e. in the nom. sing., in which the s of the m. and f. is dropped), and before the ending su of the loc. pi., they must be reduced to one of the letters k, t, t, p or Visarjanlya (27) which respectively become g, d, d, b or r before the terminations beginning with bh.
a. The voc. sing. m. f. is the same as the nom. except in stems in (derivative) as (83).
h. Forms of the nom. voc. ace. pi. n. seem not to occur in the Samhitas ' except in the dez'ivative as, is, us stems where they are common ; e.g. apamsi, arcimsi, caksumsi.
Stems in Dentals.
77. Paradigm tri-vrt m. f. n. threefold.
Sing. Dual. Plur.
N. m. f. trivrt n. trivrt N.A.) ftrivrt-a, N. m. f. trivrt-ai^
A. m. f. trivrt-am n. trivrt m.f. ) (trivrt-au A. m. f. triv^t-as I. trivrt-a I. ] '
G. [trivrt-os] G. trivrt-a
L. trivrt-os L. trivrt-s
m. f. V. trivrt-a
^ But in the Bi-ahmanas are found from -bhrt bearing, -vrt turning, -hu-t sacrificing the N. pi. n. forms -bhrnti, -vrnti, -hunti.
D.
Ab. G. L.
trivrt-e
trivrt-as
trivft-i
77] STEMS IN DENTALS 51
1. Of the stems in t most are radica], nearl)' thirty of them being formed with a determinative t added to roots ending in the short vowels i, u, r; e.g. ji-t conquering, srii-t hearing, ki'-t mahing. Nearly all of them, however, appear as the last member of compounds, except cit f. thought ; dyu-t f. brilliance ; nrt f. dancing ; vr-t f. 7^05^. From sarva- hu-t offering cornpletehj occurs in N. pi. n. the form sarva- hunti in the AB. There are also a few derivative stems formed with the suffixes -vat, -tat, -it, -ut, and secondary -t; e.g. pra-vat f. height, deva-tat f. divine service-, sar-it f. stream ; mar-vit m. storm-god ; yakr-t n. liver, sakr-t n. excrement.
2. There are only three stems in th : kaprth, n. penis, path m. path, abhi-snath adj. piercing.
3. a. About 100 stems end in radical d, all but a few being roots used as the final member of compounds ; e. g. nom. adri-bhid mountain-cleaving. Only eight occur as monosyllabic substantives : nid f. contempt, bhid f. destroyer, vid f. knowledge, ud f. u-ave, mud f. jog, mrd f. dag, hrd n. heart (used in weak eases only) ; and pad m. foot. The latter lengthens its vowel in the strong cases :
Sing. N. pat. A. pad-am. I. pad-a. D. pad-6. Ab.G.
pad-as. L. pad-i. Du. N.A. pad-a. I. Ab. pad-bhyam. G.L. pad-6s. PL N, pad-as. A. pad-as. I. pad-bhis. D. pad-bhyas.
G. pad-am. L. pat-su.
h. There are also six stems formed with derivative d (suffixal -ad -ud), seemingly all feminine: drs-adand dhrs-ad nether millstone, bhas-ad hind quarters, van-ad longing, sar-ad autumn, kak-iid summit, kak-ud palate.
4. There are about fifty radical stems in dh, simple or compound. They are almost restricted to m. and f., no distinctively n. forms (N. A. du. pi.) occurring and only four forms being used as n. in the G. L. s. Seven stems appear
e2
52 DECLENSION [77-78
as monosyllabic nouns : vrdh strengthening as a masc. adj ., the rest as fern, substantives : nadh bond ; sridh foe ; ksiidh Jmnger ; yiidh fight ; mrdh conflict ; vrdh prosperity ; sprdh hattle.
5. Eadical stems in n are formed from half a dozen roots. Four of these are monosyllabic substantives : tan f. succession ; ran m. jog ; van m. wood ; svan adj. sounding.^ There are also the compound adjectives tuvi-svan roaring cdoud and go-san ivinning coivs. Han staging occurs as the final member of at least thirty-five compounds, but as it follows for the most part the analogy of the an stems, it will be treated under these (92).
Stems in Labials.
78. These stems, which end in p, bh, and m only, are not numerous. No neuters occur in the first two and only one or two in the last.
1. All the monosyllabic stems in p are fem. substantives. They are: ap ivater, krp heautg, ksap night, ksip finger, rip deceit, riip earth, vip rod. There are also about a dozen compounds, all adjectives except vi-stap f. summit. Three of the adjectives occur as f., the rest as m. ; e. g. pasu-trp m. delighting in cattle.
a. ap lengthens the stem in the N.V. pi. ap-as, a form sometimes used for the A. also. The forms occurring are : Sing. I. ap-a. Ab.G. ap-as. Du.N. ap-a. Pl.N.V. ap-as. A. ap-as. I. ad-bhis. D.Ab. ad-bhyas. G. ap-am, L. ap-sii.
2. The six uncompounded stems in bh are all f. substan- tives : ksubh push, grbh seising, nabh destroyer, subh splendour, stubh ^;ra/se (also adj. praising), and kakilbh^eaA;. There ai'e also more than a dozen compounds : the substan- tives are all f., the rest being m. or f. adjectives ; there are
^ The accent of these stems is irregular in remaining on the radical syllable (App. III. 11, 1), except tana (beside tana) and vanam.
78-79] STEMS IN PALATALS 53
no neuters. The cases of tri-stubh f. triple praise (a metre) are : Sing. N. tristup. A. tristiibh-am. I. tristiibh-a. D. tristiibh-e. Ab. ti'istiibh-as. L. tristubh-i ; PI. A.
• ■ • • • • 7
tristubh-as.
a. nabh lengthens its vowel in the N. pi. nabh-as. A. nabh-as.
3. There are five or six monosyllabic stems in m, and one compound : sam n. happiness, dam n. (?) house, ksam, gam, jam f. earth, him m. (?) cold ; sam-nam f. favour.
a. Gam and jam syncopate in the s. LAb.G. : gm-a, jm-a ; gm-as, jm-as ; ksam syncopates in the Ab. G. s. and lengthens its vowel in N. du.pl. : ksm-as; ksam-a; ksam-as. Dam has the G. s. dan (for dam-s) in the expressions patir dan and pati dan = dam-patis and dam-pati lord of the house and lord and lady of the house.
Stems in Palatals.
79. The palatals (c, j, s) undergo a change of organ when final and before consonant terminations (cp. 63). c always becomes guttural (k or g), j and s nearly always become guttural, but sometimes cerebral (t or d).
1. The unchangeable stems in c ' when uncompounded are monosyllabic and almost exclusively f. substantives. Tvac s¥m, however, twice occurs as a m., and krunc curlew is m. Compounds, as adjectives, are often m., but only one form occurs as a n., in the adv. a-prk in a mixed manner. Vac speech would be declined as follows :
Sing. N.V. vak. A. vac-am (Lat. voc-em). I. vac-a.
D. vac-6. Ab.G. vac-as. L. vac-i. Dual. N.A.V. vac-a, vac-au. I. vag-bhyam. Plur. N. V. vac-as. A. vac-as (rarely vac-as). I. vag-bhis.
D.Ab. vag-bhyas. G. vac-am.
^ Stems in derivative anc are changeable (93).
54 DECLENSION [79
Similarly declined are : — tvac slcin^ ; sic hem ; rue lustre, sue flame, srue ladle ; re stanza, mrc injur); ; ni-mriic sunset and other compounds. Krunc forms its N. s. krun, du. kruucau.
2. There is only one stem in eh, formed from the root prch asJc : N. du. m. bandhu-preh-a ashing after kinsmen ; also the D. and A. infinitive foi'ms prch-e to asl; sam-preh-e to greet ; vi-preh-am and sam-prch-am to ask.
3. a. Uncompounded radical stems in j are mostly f. substantives ; but aj driver, vij stake at play are m., and yiii,'^ raj, bhraj are m. as well as f. Neut. forms occur in compound adjectives, but never the distinctively n. endings of the N.A.V. du. and pi.''
When the j is derived from a guttural, it becomes a guttural in the N. s. and before consonant endings ; when derived from an old palatal, it becomes a cerebral in the N. s.^ and before consonants, but k before the su of the L. pi.
Thus in the N. urk (urj) vigour ; nir-nik (nir-nij) bright garment ; but bhrat m. shining (bhraj), rat m, king, f. mistress ; L. pi. srak-su garlands (sraj), pra-yak-su offerings (pra-yaj).
a. Tlie N. of ava-yaj f. share of the sacrificial oblation and of avayaj m. priest who offers the oblation is anomalous in dropping the j and adding the s of the nom. : ava-yas, avayas (cp. 28 a .
h. There are seven m. and f. adj. or subst. formed with the suffixes -aj and -ij : a-svapn-aj sleepless, trsn-aj thirstij,
^ From vyac extend occurs the strong form uru-vyancam/ar extend- iwj, and from sac accompany only the strong forms A. -sac-am, and N. pi. -sae-as.
2 This word meaning companion also has a nasalized form in N.A. s. du. : yiin (for yunk), yuiaj-am, yiinj-a.
2 But in a Brahmana -bhaj sharing forms the N. pi. n. form -bhanji.
* Except in rtv-ik from rtu-ij m. sacrificing in due season, priest (from yaj sacrifice).
79] STEMS TN PALATALS AND S 55
dhrs-aj hold, san-aj old ; us-ij desiring, bhur-ij f. ann, van-ij m. trader. There is also the n. asrj ' blood.
usij m.f. would be declined as follows :
Sing. N. usik. A. usij-am. I. usij-a. D. usij-e.
G. usij -as. Du.N. usij-a. G.L. usij-os. PI.N. usij-as. A. usij-as. I. usig-bhis. D. usig-bhyas.
G. usij-am.
4. There are about sixty monosyllabic and compound stems in s formed from about a dozen roots. Nine mono- syllabic stems are f. : das worship, dis direction, drs look, nas nigJit, pas sight, pis ornament, pras dispute, vis settlement, vris finger. Two are m. : is lord and spas spg. All the rest are compounds (about twenty of them formed from -drs). Some half-dozen cases of the latter are used as neuter, but no distinctively n. forms (N.A. du. pi.) occur.
The s, as it represents an old palatal, normally becomes cerebral d before bh, but in dis and drs a guttural. Before the su of the L. pi. it phonetically and regularly becomes k. It usually also becomes k in the N. s. (which originally ended in s), as dik, nak ; but cerebral t in spas and vi-spas spij, vis and vi-pas a river.
The normal forms, if made from vis settlement, would be : N.V. vit. A. vis-am. I. vis-a. D. vis-6. Ab.G. vis-as.
L. vis-i. Du. N.A. vis-a, vis-au.
PI. N.A. vis-as. I vid-bhis. D. vid-bhyas. G. vis-am. L. vik-su.
a. The N. of some compounds of dra is nasalized, as ki-dfn (for ki-dfnk) of what kind?, but ta-dfk suck.
The N. s irregularly represents the final palatal (28 a) in purodas m. sacrificial cake : N. purodas, A. purodasam.
1 This word is of obscure origin, but the j probably represents a reduced suffix.
56 DECLENSION [80-81
Stems in Cerebrals.
80. The only cerebral stems that occur end in d and s. Of the former there are only two : id f. praise (only found in s. I. id-a) and id f. refreshment (only in s. I. id-a and G. id-as).
There are a number of stems from about a dozen roots ending in s preceded by i, u, r, or k. Seven of these are uncompounded : is f. refreshment, tvis f. excitement, dvis f. hatred, ris f. injury ; us f. dawn ; prks f. satiation ; dadhrs hold. The rest are compounds of the above or of mis ivinh, sris lean, uks sprinJcle, mus steal, prus drip, dhrs dare, vrs rain ; aks em. The s becomes t in the N., and d before bh, but is of course dropped when k precedes ; e. g. N. dvit, vi-priit f. drop, an-ak eyeless, Uind ; I. pi. vi-prud-bhis.
o. The final becomes k in the adverbial neuter form dadhrk boldly.
Stems in h.
81. There are some eighty stems formed from about a dozen roots. All three genders are found in their inflexion, but the neuter is rare, occurring in two stems only, and never in the plural. Of monosyllabic stems nih destroyer, mih mist, giih hiding-place, riih sprout are f.,. druh fiend is m. or f., sah conqueror is m., mah (jreat, m. and n. All the rest are compounds, more than fifty being formed from the three roots druh hate, vah carry, sah overcome ; over thirty of them from the last.' The two stems usnih f. a metre, and sarah hec are obscure in origin.
a. As h represents both the old guttural gh and the old palatal jh it should phonetically become g or d before bh, but the cerebral represents both in the only two forms that occur with a bh ending. In the only L. pi. that occurs,
^ upa-ndh f. shoe occurs only in the L. s. upa-nah-i. Judging by the inflexion of the word in classical Sanskrit the h would become a dental in the N. s. and before consonant endings.
81-82] STEMS IN H AND R 57
anadiit-su (from anad-vah), the h imphonetically became t, which has been dissimilated to t. In the N. the phonetic k aj^peai's in the six forms -dhak, -dhuk, -dhruk, -I'uk, -sprk, usnik, and the unphonetic t in the three forms -vat,
Sat)* S^P^La
• • 7 a
h. Stems formed from vah ^ and sah lengthen the radical vowel in the strong cases, the former always, the latter generally.
The forms actually occurring if made from sah victorious would be :
Sing. N.V. m. f. sat.- A. m. f. sah-am. I. sah-a. D. sah-6.
Ab.G. sah-as. L. sah-i. Du. N.A.V. m. f. sah-a and sah-au. N.A. n. sah-i. PI. N.A.V. m. f. sah-as. A. m. sah-as and sah-as ;
f. sah-as. D. sad-bhyas. G. m. sah-am. L. m.
sat-sii.
Stems in r.'^
82. There are over fifty stems in radical r.^ The preceding vowel is nearly always i or u, only two stems containing a and three a. Twelve stems are monosyllabic (seven f.,^ three m.," two n.^), the rest being compounds. The r remains before the su of the L. pi., and the radical vowel
^ anad-vdh being a changeable stem with three forms is ti-eated under the irregular changeable stems (96).
^ When h becomes t the initial s is cerebralized.
3 There are no stems in 1 ; while the five which may be regarded as ending in the semivowels y or v are treated below (102) as ai, o, or au stems.
* The stems in which the r is derivative (and preceded by a), in the suffixes -ar and -tar, are treated below (101) as r stems.
^ gir praise, dvar door, dhiir burden, piir stronghold, t^r star, psiir victuals, st^r star.
^ gir praising, var protector, miir destroyer.
^ var loater, svar light.
58 DECLENSION [82-83
is lengthened in the N. s. and before consonant endings. The forms occurring, if made from pur, would be :
Sing. N. pur. A. pur-am. D. pur-6. Ab.G. pur-as.
L. pur-i. Du. N.A. pur-a, pur-au. PI. N.V. pur-as. A. pur-as. I. pur-bhis. D. pur-bhyas.
G. pur-am. L. pur-su.
a. dvar has the weakened A. pi. form duras (also once duras and once dvaras), the only weak case occuri-ing.
b. tdr occurs in one (strong) form only, N. pi. tar-as, and star in one (weak) form only, I. pi. stfbhis.^
c. svar n. light has the two contracted forms D. sur-6, 6. sur-as.'^ It drops the case-ending in the L. s.^ siiar.
Stems in s.
83. 1. The radical s stems number about forty. A dozen are monosyllabic, five being m. : jnas relative, mas month, vas^ abode, pums niale,^ sas ruler ; two f. : kas cough, nas nose ; five n. : as face, bhas light, mas flesh, dos arm, yos tvelfare. The rest are compounds, e.g. su-das giving tvell, liberal.
a. Before bh the s becomes d in the two forms I. mad-bhis and D. mad-bhyas, and r in the only other one that occurs : dor-bhyam.
h. The A. pi. has the accentuation of weak cases in mas-as and jnas-as.
2. The derivative stems in s are formed with the suffixes -as, -is, -us, and are, with few exceptions, neuter substan- tives. All of them lengthen their final vowel in the N.V. A. pi. n., e.g. manamsi, jy6timsi, caksumsi. The m. and f. are mostly compounds with these stems as their final member.
a. The as stems consist almost entirely of neuters, which
^ With irregular accent. - With the accent of a disyllabic.
3 Like the an stems (90, 2). * This word might be a feminine.
^ This woixl will be treated later (96, 3) as an irregular changeable stem.
83] STEMS IN AS 59
are accented on the root, as man-as mind, but these as final members of adjective compounds may be inflected in all three genders. There are also a few primary masculines, which ai-e accented on the suffix, being either substantives, as raks-as m. demon, or adjectives (some of which occur also in the f. as well as n.), as ap-as active ; and one primary f., us-as dmvn.
The N. s. m. f. lengthens the vowel of the suffix : e. g. angiras m., usas' f., su-manas m. f. In about a dozen compounds the long vowel appears (owing to the influence of the m.) in the n. also ; e. g. urna-mradas soft as ivool.
Before endings with initial bh the suffix as becomes o (45 h). The forms actually occurring, if made from ap-as, n. (Lat. opus) worJc and ap-as m. f, aetive would be as follows :
Sing. N. apas ; apas. A. apas ; apas-am. I. apas-a ;
apas-a. D. apas-e ; apas-e. Ab. apas-as ; apas-as.
L. apas-i ; apas-i. V. apas. Du. N.A.V. apas-i ; apas-a, apas-au.- D. apo-bhyam.
G. apas- OS. PI. apams-i; apas-as. I. apo-bhis; apo-bhis. D. apo-
bhyas ; apo-bhyas. G. apas-am ; apas-am. L.
apas-su; apas-su.
Similarly N. n. yasas glory, m. f. yasas glorious ; f. apsaras nymph.
a. A number of forms have the appearance of being contractions in the A. s. and N.A. pi. m. f. : am = asam and as = asas ; thus maham great, vedham ordaincr, usam dawn, jaram old age, medham wisdom, vayam vigour, an-agam sinless, apsaram. PI. N. ni. angiras, an-agas, na-vedas cognisant, sa-j6sas united; f. medhas, a-josas insati- able, na-vedas, su-radhas bountiful. A. m. au-agas, su-medhas (?) intelligent; f. usas.
1 The vowel of tliis word is optionally lengthened in the A. s., N. A. du., N. V. pi. : usas-am beside usas-ara, &c.
^ The ending au is here very rare and occurs chiefly in the later Samhitas.
60 DECLENSION ' [83
h. The is stems, numbering about a dozen, consist primarily of neuters only. When they form final members of compounds, they are secondarily inflected as m. ; only one single such form, N. s. sva-soeis self-radiant, occurs as a f.
The final s becomes s before vowel-endings and the L. pi. su, and r before bli. The inflexion of the n. differs from that of the m. in the A. s., N.A. du. and pi. The actual forms occurring, if made from socis glow in the n. and from -socis m. (when it differs from the n.), would be :
Sing. N. socis ; A. socis ; m. -socis-am. I. socis-a.
D. socis-e. Ab.G. socis-as. L. socis-i. V. socis. PI. N.A. socims-i, m. -socis-as. I. socir-bhis. D. socir-
bhyas. G. socis-am. L. socis-su (67).
a. asis f. praxjer, which is not really an is stem, being derived from a + sis (the reduced form of the root sas\ is inflected thus: N. asis. A. asis-am. I. asis-a. PI. N. A. asis-as.
c. The US stems, numbering at least sixteen exclusive of comjiounds, comprise several primary masculines as well as neuters ; three of the latter when compounded are also inflected as f. Eleven of the us stems are n. substantives, all but one ( janiis hirth) accented on the radical syllable ; four of these (arus, caksus, tapus, vapus) are also used as m. adjectives. Three of the exclusively m. us stems are adjectives accented on the suffix, while two (nahus, manus) are substantives accented on the root.
The final s becomes s before vowel endings, and r before bh. The inflexion of the n. is the same as that of the m. except in the A. s. and N.A. du. pi. The only f. forms (about half a dozen) occur in the N. and A. : e. g. N. caksus seeing, A. du. tapus-a hot.
The actual forms occurring, if made from caksus eye as n. and seeing as m. would be :
83-85] CHANGEABLE STEMS 61
Sing. N. caksus. A. caksus ; m. caksus-am. I. caksus-a.
D. caksus-e. Ab.G. caksus-as. L. caksus-i. Du. N. A. caksus-i ; m. caksus-a. D. caksur-bhyana. PI. N.A. caksums-i ; m. caksus-as. I. caksur-bhis.
D. caksur-bhyas. G. caksus-am.
I. B. Changeable Stems.
84. Kegular changeable stems are found only among derivative nouns formed with suffixes ending in the dentals t, n, s, or the palatal c. Those in t are formed with the suffixes -ant, -mant, -vant ; those in n with -an, -man, -van, and -in, -min, -vin ; those in s with -yams and -vams ; those in c with -anc (properly a root meaning to hencl). The stems in -ant (85-86), -in (87), -yams (88) have two forms, strong and weak ; those in -an (90-92), -vams (89), and -anc (93) have three, strong, middle, and weakest (73).
Nouns with Two Stems.
85. Stems in -ant comprise present,^ future, and aorist participles (156) active (m. and n.).- The strong stem is in -ant, the weak in -at'*; e.g. ad-ant and ad-at ea^m^ from ad eat. These participles are inflected in the m. and n. only, the f. having a special stem in i.- The n. inflexion differs from the m. in the N.V.A. s. du. pi. only. The accent, if resting on the suffix, shifts in weak cases to the endings that begin with vowels.
' Excepting those of the reduplicating verbs and a few others that follow their analogy (85 h).
- On the formation of the f. stems see 95.
' In Latin and Greek the distinction was lost by normalization :
G. edentis, idovTo^.
62
SINGULAR.
DECLENSION
Masculine.
DUAL.
[85
PLURAL.
t
N. adan^(GU. t^coj') adant-a -au adant-as (Gk. e^orre?)
V. adan adant-a -au adantas
A. adant-am (Lat. edentem) adant-a -au
adat-as
I. adat-a D. adat-6 Ab.G. adat-as L. adat-i
N.A. adat
I. adad-bhis D. adad-bhyam D.Ab. adad-bhyas G. adat-6s G. adat-am
L. adat-su
Neuter. adat-i
adant-i
Other examples are : arc-ant singing, sid-ant (sad sit), ghn-ant (ban sJaij), y-ant (i go), s-ant (as U) ; pasy-ant seeing) ich-smt wishing ; ^rnv-a.nt doing ; suny-ant 2ircssing ; bhanj-ant hreaJcing ; jan-ant knowing ; janay-ant begetting ; yuyuts-ant wishing to fight ; fut. karisy-ant about to do ; aor. saks-ant (sab overcome).
a. The analogy of these participles is followed by a few adjectives that have lost their old participial meaning: rbant ioeah, prsant spotted, brbant great, riisant brilliant; also the substantive dant^ tooth. The adj. mabant great, also originally a participle,^ deviates from the participial declension in lengthening the vowel of the suffix in the strong forms :
Sing. N. m. mahan ; n. mabat. A. mabant-am. I. mabat-a. Du. N.A. mabant-a, -au. D. mabad-bbyam. PI. N. mabant-as. A. mabat-as. I. mabad-bbis. L. mabat-su.
' For original addnt-s, cp. Lat. edens.
2 Probably an old participle of ad eat witli prehistoric loss of the initial a like s-dnt being from as he.
3 From the root mail (originally magh). Cp. Lat. mag-nu-s.
A
85-8G] PEESENT PARTICIPLES 63
J). The participles of verbs with a reduplicating present base, i. e. those of the third class (127, 2) and intensives (172), do not distinguish a strong stem,' in other words, have at throughout ; e, g. bibhyat fearing, ghanighn-at repeatedly hilling (\/han). The analogy of these participles is followed by a few others formed from unreduplicated bases: das-at w or shipping, sas-at instructing; also daks-at and dhaks-at aor. part, of dah hum. A few others, again, originally participles, have come to be used as substantives with a shift of accent to the suffix. Three of these are f. and two m. : vahat,'^ sravat ^ f. stream ; vehat ^ f. barren cow ; vaghat m. sacrificer ; sascat ' m. pursuer. Besides the first three substantives just mentioned there are no feminines except the adjective a-sascat unequalled '' when used as a f. Hardly any n. forms occur except from the old reduplicated participle jag-at going, living (from ga go), used chiefly as a substantive meaning tlie animate ivorld. The inflexion of these reduplicated stems in at is like that of the compounded radical t stems (77), the accent never shifting to the endings.
The forms occurring if made from dadat giving (-/da) would be:
Sing. N. m. n. dadat. A. m. dadat-am. I. dadat-a. D.
dadat-e. G. dadat-as. L. dadat-i. Plur. N.A. dadat-as. I. dadad-bhis. G. dadat-am.
86. The adjective stems formed with the suffixes -mant and -vant, which both mean possessing, are inflected exactly alike and differ from the stems in -ant solely in lengthening the vowel of the suffix in the N. s. m.^ The V. of these stems
1 Which ]ias been weakened because here the accent is regularly on the reduplicative syllable,
"^ But vah-ant carrying as a participle.
3 But ST&v-&-nt flowing. * The derivation of this word is uncertain.
^ But s^sc-at as a participle (from sac accompany).
* Lit. having no equal ; but ^-saseaut-i as tlie f. of the participle sascat.
■^ The f. is formed with i from the weak stem : mat-i, vat-i (95).
64 DECLENSION [86-87
is regularly^ formed with mas and vas ■ ; e.g. ha vis-mas from havis-m.ant ; bhaga-vas from bhaga-vant.
From go-mant 2)ossessed ofcoivs would be formed :
Sing. N. m. g6man ; n. gomat. A. m. gomant-am. L. go-
mat-i. V. m. gomas. PI. N. m. gomant-as ; n. gomant-i.^ A. m. gomat-as.
L. gomat-su.
87. Adjective stems are formed with the suffixes -in, -min, -vin, which mean iiossessing. Those in -in are very common, those in -vin number nearly twenty, but there is only one in -min : rg-min praising. They are declined in the m. and n. only ; * but the n. forms are very rare, occurring in the s. N. I. G. only. These stems sometimes come to be used as m. substantives ; e. g. gath-in singer. As in all derivative stems ending in n, the vowel of the suffix is lengthened in the N. s. m., and the n disappears in that case (in the n. also) and before consonant endings.
The forms actually occurring, if made from hast-in having hands, would be as follows :
Sing. m. N, hasti. A. hastin-am. I. hastin-a. D. hastin-e.
Ab.G. hastin-as. L. hastin-i. V. hastin. Du. m. N.A. hastin-a, -au. I.D. hasti-bhyam. G.L.
hastin-os. PI. m. N. hastin-as. I. hasti-bhis. D. hasti-bhyas. G.
hastin-am. L. hasti-su. Sing. n. N. hasti. I. hastin-a. G. hastin-as.
1 There are sixteen in the KV. in vas and only three in the later van (of which there are eight more in the AV.). There are six vocatives in mas in the EV., but no example of tlie form in man.
2 There are also vocatives in vas from stems in van and vams (cp. the V. in yas from stems in yams).
* The only two forms that occur are ghrt&vanti and pasumanti. The Padapatha reads vanti and manti in these forms, and the lengthening of the vowel seems metrical.
4 The f. stem is formed with i : asvin possessing horses ; f. a^vin-i.
88-89]
COMPARATIVE STEMS IN YAMS
65
88. 3, Comparative stems are formed with the suffix yams, which is nearly always added with the connecting vowel i to the accented root. Only two stems are formed with yams exclusively : jya-yams greater and san-yams older ; six others are formed with yams as well as i-yams ; e.g. bhu-yams and bhav-iyams more. The strong stem is reduced in the weak cases, by dropping the nasal and shortening the vowel, to yas. These stems are declined in the m, and n. only.^ No forms of the du. occur, and in the pi. only the N. A. G. are found. The V. s. ends in yas.^ The forms actually occurring, if made from kan- iyams younger, would be as follows :
Masculine.
SINGULAR.
PLUKAL.
N. kaniyan
A. kaniyarns-am
I. kaniyas-a D. kaniyas-e Ab. G. kaniyas-as L. kaniyas-i V. kaniyas
kaniyamsas
kaniyas-as
G. kaniyas-am
Neuter.
N.A. kaniyas
kaniyams-i
The I.D.Ab.G. sing, n., identical with the m., also occur.
Nouns with Three Stems.
89. 1. The stem of the perf. part, active is formed with the suffix vams. This is reduced in the weak cases in two ways : before consonant terminations (by dropping the nasal
' The f. is formed by adding i to the weak stem, e.g. pr^yas-i dearer. "^ Cp. the mant, vant (86), and the vams (89) stems
1819 -p
66
DECLENSION
[89
and shortening the vowel) to vas which becomes vat ^ ; and before vowel terminations (by loss of the nasal accom- panied by Samprasarana) to us which becomes us. There are thus three stems : vams, vat, and us. The accent always rests on the suffix in uncompounded forms. The inflexion is restricted to the m. and n.- The only specifically n. form occurring is the A. s. The V. s. is regularly formed with vas,^ The forms actually occurring, if made from cakrvams having done, would be as follows :
SINGULAR.
Masculine.
DUAL.
PLURAL.
|
N. cakrvan A. cakrvams-am |
cakrvams-a • • cakrvams- a • • |
-, • 1 cakrvams-as |
|
oakrus-as |
I. cakriis-a D. cakrus-e Ab.G. cakr-As-as
I. cakrvad-bhis
G. cakrus-am
V. eakr-vas
Neuter.
N.A. cakr-vat
a. In about a dozen of these participles the suffix vams is preceded by i {either as a reduced form of final radical a or as a connecting vowel) :
jajni-van (from jna Jcnoiv), tasthi-van (stha stand), papi- van (pa drinJc), yayi-van (ya go), rari-van (ra give) ; ly-i-van {i go), jagm-i-van (beside jagan- van ^ : gam. go), papt-i-van {'j&tflp), pros-i-vau (pra-|- vas dwell), vivis-i-van (vis enter) ;
' Oil the change of s to t cp. 66 B 1 ?).
^ The f. is formed with i from the weakest stem : e. g. caki-ua-i.
' Cp. the mant, vant (86), and the yams stems (88).
*- On the change of m to n see 68.
89-90] STEMS IN AN, MAN, VAN G7
ok-i-van ' (uc be ivoni). This i is dropped before us ; e. g. tasth-us-a, iy-us-as, jagm-iis-e.
90. 2. Nouns in an, man, van include a large number of words, those in van being by far the commonest, those in an the least frequent. These stems are almost restricted to m. and n. ; '" but some forms of adjective stems serve as f., and there is one specifically f. stem yos-an tvomnn.
In the strong cases the a of the suffix is visually lengthened, e. g. adiivan-am ; but in half a dozen an and man stems it remains unchanged, e. g. arya-man-am. In the weak cases the a is often syncopated before vowel endings, though never when man and van are preceded by a consonant, e. g. I. s. gravna from gravan pressing stone (but as-man-a stone), while before consonant endings the final n disappears,^ e.g. raja-bhis. In the RV. syncopation never takes place in the N.A. du. n., nor with one exception (sata-davni) in the L. s.
As in all other n stems, the nasal is dropped in the N. s., e. g. m. adhva, n. karma. But there are two peculiarities of inflexion which, being common to these three groups, do not appear elsewhere in the consonant declension. The ending of the L. s. is in the EV. dropped more often than not ; e. g. miirdhan beside murdhan-i on the head. In the N.A. pi. n. both the final n of the stem and the termination i are, in the RV., dropped in nineteen stems, e.g. karma;* while they are retained in eighteen, e. g. karmani.
1. The an stems, which are both m. and n.," besides the
1 With reversion to guttural, lack of reduplication, and strengthened radical vowel.
2 The stems in an and man form their f. with i added to their weakest form ; those in van substitute vari.
° That is, the a represents an original sonant nasal.
* Seven of these appear with a in the Samhita text, but with a, like the rest, in the Pada text. The evidence of the Avesta indicates that the a form of the Samhita is the older.
^ Six or seven adjectival forms ai-e used as f.
f2
68
DECLENSION
[90
one f. yosan, .ire not numerous. In the strong forms
rbhu-ksan chief of the Rhhus, pus-an, a god, and y6s-an
ivoman retain short a ; tiks-an ox and vfs-an hull fluctuate
between a and a. In the inflexion of these stems (unlike
those in man and van) the concurrence of three consonants
is not avoided ; e. g. sirsn-a, I. of sirs-an.
o. Six stems belong etymologically to this group though seeming to belong to one of the other two. They are : yu-v-an ' m, youth, sv-dn ^ m. dog, rjf-svan^ m. a man, matari-s van ^ m. a demi-god, vi-bhv-an^/ar- reaching, pari-jm-an* going round, sirs-dn n. is an extended form of siras head = sir(a)s-din.
The normal forms, if made from rajan Mng, would be :
|
SINGULAR. |
DUAL. |
PLURAL. |
|||
|
N. raja A. rajan-am V. rajan ^ |
N.A. |
rajan-a, |
-au |
N. |
rajan-as |
|
A. |
rajn-as |
I.D. raja-bhyam
I. raja-bhis D. raja-bhyas G. raj n- am
L. raja-su
I. rajn-a D. rajn-e Ab.G. rajn-as G. rajn-os
L. rajan-i rajan
The n. differs in the N.A. only. No example of the s. N.A. occurs (p. 70, n. 1). But the du. of ahan dai/ is ahan-i, pi. ahan-i.
2. The stems in man are about equally divided between m. and n., the former being mostly agenii nouns, the latter verbal abstracts. About a dozen forms from these stems as final members of compounds are used as feminines.*' In
1 See below, 91. 3, 4. " Probably from su^)o?w.
3 From bhu be. * Fj-om gam go.
^ The V. of matari-svan is matari-svas as if from a stem in van.
^ No certain examples of f. formed with i from man stems are found in the RV., though the AV. has five sucli at the end of compounds.
90] STEMS IN MAN 69
the strong forms arya-man ra. a god, t-man ni. self, j6-man victorious retain the short vowel in the suffix. In the weak forms, even when the suffix is preceded by a vowel, about a dozen forms do not syncopate the a, e. g. bhu-man-a, da-man-e. In the I. s. seven stems not only syncopate, but drop either the m or the n as well : prathi-n-a, pre-n-a, bhu-n-a, mahi-n-a, vari-n-a; draghm-a, rasm-a.
The normal forms, if made from as-man (Gk. dKfj.coi/) m. stone, would be: —
Sing. N. asma. A. asman-am. I. asman-a.' D. asman-e.' Ab.G. asman-as. L. asman-i and asman. V. asman.
Du. N.A.V. asman-a. L. asman-os.
Plur. N.V. asman-as. A. asman-as. I. asma-bhis. D. asma-bhyas. Gr. asman-am. L. asma-su.
The n. differs in the N.A. only. These cases from karman act are :
Sing, karma. Du. karman-i. PL karman-i, karma, karma.
3. The stems in van are chiefly verbal adjectives and are almost exclusively declined in the m. Hardly a dozen of them make n. forms, and only five or six forms are used as f.^ In the strong cases there is only one example of the a remaining short : anarvan-am. In the weak cases, when the suffix is preceded by a vowel, the a is always syncopated in the Samhita text except in the forms da-van-e, vasu-van-e, and rta-van-i. The V. is usually formed in van, but there are four in vas : rta-vas, eva-ya-vas, pratar-it-vas, vi-bha-vas.^
1 When the suffix is preceded by a voXvel, the a is generally synco- pated, as mahi-mn-a, also mahi-n-a, &c.
2 The f. of these stems is otherwise formed with i, which is, how- ever, never added to van, but regularly to a collateral suffix vara. Twenty-five such stems in vari are found in the RV.
^ Cp. the mant, vant, yams, vams stems.
70
DECLENSION
[90-91
The normal forms occurring, if made from gra-van m. pressing-stone, would be :
Sing. N. grava, A. gravan-am. I. gravn-a. D. gravn-e.
Ab.G. gravn-as. L. gravan-i and gravan. V. gravan. Du. N.A.V. gravan-a, -au. I. grava-bhyam. G. gravn-os. PL N.V. gravan-as. A. gravn-as. I. grava- bhis. D.
grava-bhyas. G. gravn-am. L. grava-su.
The n. differs in the N.A. only. These cases (the du. does not occur) formed from dhanvan hoiv are : Sing. dhanva. PI. dhanvani, dhanva, dhanva.
Irregular Stems in an.
91. 1. Pdnth-an m. path, forming the strong stem panthan, is best treated under the irregular stems in radical a (97 A. 2 a).
2. ah-an n. day, otherwise regular, supplements the N. s. with ah-ar.'
3. sv-an m. dog, otherwise inflected lilie rajau, takes Samprasarana in its weakest stem sun,^ which, as represent- ing an originally disyllabic stem,^ retains the accent :
|
SINGULAR. |
DUAL. |
PLURAL. |
|
N. sva [kvoov) A. svan-am |
svan-a, -au svan-a, -au |
svan-a.s |
|
sun-as |
I. sun-a
G. sun-as [kvvos)
I. sva-bhis D. sva-bhyas
G. siin-am
^ The normal N. in a appears to have been avoided in an stems, collatei-al stems always being substituted in this case, as dksi for aksdn eye, &c.
2 So also in Greek : kvvus = sun-as.
* Cp. Greek kvuv.
91-02] .
IKREGULAE STEMS IN AN
71
4, yii-v-an, m. youth, otherwise regular, forms its weakest stem, yun, by Samprasarana and contraction ^ (yii-un) :
SINGULAR.
DUAL.
PLURAL.
N. yuva V. yuvan A. yuvan-am
N.A. yiivan-a N.V. yuvan-
as
D. yiin-e^ G. yxin-as
A. yun-as
I. yuva-bhis D. yuva-bhyas
5. magha-van ^ hounti/ul, an epithet of Indra, also forms its weakest stem, maghon, by Samprasarana and contraction (magha-un) :
SINGULAR.
DUAL.
PLURAL.
N. magha-va V. magha-van A. magha-van-am
magha-van-a
magha-van-as
G. maghon-as
maghon-os
maghon-as maghon-am
6. udhan n. udder supplements the N. s. with udhar and udhas ; before consonant endings, the latter stem also occurs : pi. L. udhas-su,
92. The root han, which forms the final member of thirty-five compounds in the RV., follows, for the most part, the analogy of derivative stems in an. The strong stem is
' Cp. Lat. juven-is and jun-ior.
2 The stem retains the accent because it represents a disyllable ; cp. sv^n.
* The supplementary stem magh^-vant is also used in the following cases : N. raaghivan. PI. I. maghavad-bhis. D. magh^vad-bhyas. L. maghfivat-su.
72
DECLENSION
[92-93
-ban (with a long vowel in the N. s. only), the middle is -ha, and the weakest -ghn.^ The cases that occur would in the compound vrtra-han Vrtra-slaying be :
SINGULAR.
DUAL.
PLURAL.
|
N. vrtra-ha N.A. vrtra-han-a, v. vrtra-han A. vrtra-hanam |
-au |
N. vrtra-han-as |
|
A. vrtra-ghn-as |
I. vrtra-ghn-a D. vrtra-ghn-6 G. vrtra-ghn-as L. vrtra-ghn-i
I. vrtra-ha-bhis
3. Adjectives in anc.
93. These words, the suffix " of which generally expresses the meaning of -ivarcl, form the strong stem in anc, the middle in Tc or uc ^ (according as ac is preceded by y or v). About fourteen stems have a weakest form in ie, and about six in uc, which, if they are the contractions of accented syllables, shift the accent to the endings.^ They are inflected in the m. and n. only, the f. being formed with i from the weakest stem. The only cases occurring in the pi. are the N.A. and in the du. N.A.L.
The forms actually found, if made from praty-anc turned totvards, would be :
^ Here the li reverts to the original guttural aspirate ; the n in this combination is never cerebralized.
- Properly the root anc bend, which has, however, practically acquired the character of a suffix.
^ Here ya and va irregularly contract to i and u, instead of i and u.
* This is the general rule of the RV., but not of the AV. Thus A. pi. pratic-as RV., pratic-as AV.
93]
ADJECTIVES IN ANC
73
SINGULAR.
Masculine.
DUAL.
PLURAL.
N. pratyan (61) N.A. pratyafic-a, -au N. pratyanc-as A. pratyanc-am
A. pratic-as
I. pratic-a D. pratic-6 Ab.G. pratie-as L. pratic-i
N.A. pratyak
L. pratic-6s
Neuter. pratic-i
a. Other words similarly declined are Strong Stem.
Middle
Stem.
ny-aSc downward ny-ak
sam-y-anc ^ united sam-y-ak
tir-y-anc ^ transverse tir-y-ak
lid-anc upivard ud-ak
anv-anc follotving anv-ak
visv-afic all-pervading visv-ak
Weakest Stem,
nic^
sam-ic
tiras-c
lid-ic '
anuc
visuc
b. About a dozen stems, in which the anc is preceded by a word ending in a, have no weakest form. Such are apanc backward, arvane Jdtherward, avafic dowmvard, devanc godivard, paranc turned atvay, pranc forward. The only
^ The stem nic seems to have retained the accent ; for the f. is nic-i (not nic-i), and the I. nica being used adverbially probably has an adverbial shift of accent, devadrydnc godward also retains the accent on the suffix : I. devadrica.
^ The y is here inserted by analogy.
^ Here tiri takes the place of tiras across, from which the weakest stem tirasc (= tirds + ae) is formed.
i i
i, though no y precedes the a of the suffix, by analogy.
74 DECLENSION [93-95
cases occurring in the clu. and pi. aie the N.A. m. The inflexion of these words may be illustrated by apanc : Sing. m. N. apan (61). A. apanc-am. I. apac-a.
L. apae-i. Du. N.A. apanc-a, apanc-au. PI. N. apanc-as. A. apac-as.
The only distinctively n. form is N.A. s. prak.^ The f. is formed from the weak stem with i : prac-i.
94. The points to be noted about changeable stems are :
1. The vowel of the suffix is lengthened in the N. s. m. except in ant and anc stems : g6-man, agni-van ; kaniyan ; cakr-van; raja; asma, grava, yiiv-a; hasti, rg-mi, taras-vi ; but ad-an, pratyan.
2. The N. sing, ends in a nasal in all changeable stems except those in n, which drop it.
3. All changeable stems that lengthen the vowel in the N. s. m. shorten it in the V. Those that drop the n in the N., retain it in the V., while those that have n (after a) in the N. drop it in the V., and add s :
thus rajan (N. raja)," asman (N. asma), gravan (N. grava), yuvan (N. yiiva);^ hastin (N. hasti); havismas (N. havisman), marutvas ^ (N. marutvan) ; kaniyas (N. kaniyan) ; cakrvas (N. cakrvan).
a. The only changeable stems in which the V. does not differ in form (though it does in accent) from the N. are the ant and anc stems : ddan (N. adan) ; pratyan (N. pratydn).
95. The feminines of nouns with changeable stems are
1 In B. some half-dozen N.A. plur. n. forms occur : pranci, praty- aiici, arvafici, samyanci, sadhryanci, anvanci.
^ One an stem has a V. in as : matari-sv-as (p. 68, n. 5).
^ Four van stems form their V. in vas : rta-vas, eva-ya-vas, pratar- it-vas, vi-bha-vas.
* The RV. has three vocatives in van : arvan, i§atavan, ^avasavan. The AV. has five others, but none in vas.
95-9(5] FEMININES OF CHANGEABLE STEMS 75
formed by adding i to the weak stem (when there are two stems) or the weakest (when there are three) ; e. g. adat-i (m. adant); dhenumat-i (m. dhenumant), amavat-i (m. amavant) ; arkin-i (m. arkin) ; navyas-i (m. naviyams) ; jagmus-i(m.jagm-i-vams); sam-rajn-i(m.rajan), maghon-i (m. maghavan), -ghn-i (rn. -han) ; pratic-i (m. pratyanc) ; avitr-i (m. avitar).
a. The f. of the present participle active of the first conjugation (125) is made from the strong m. stem in ant (cp. 156); that of the second conjugation from the weak stem in at ; e. g. bhavant-i being, uchant-i ' shining, pusyant-i obtaining abundantly, coddyant-i urging ; but ghnat-i (m. ghnant) slaying, -pipvaX-l furthering (m, piprat), krnvafr-i (m. krnv^nt), yunjat-i (m. ynnjdnt) yoking, puriat-i (m. pundnt) purifying.
b. The f. of the simple future participle is foi'med like the present participle of the first conjugation : sii-syant-i about to bring forth, san- isy^nt-i going to obtain.
c. Adjectives in van form their f. in var-i ; e. g. pi-van (iriajv) fat, f. pi-var-i {nUtpa — niffpia). The f. of the irregular yii-v-an young (91. 4) is yuva-ti.
Irregular Nouns with Changeable Stems.
96. 1. ap f. water lengthens its vowel in the strong cases du. and pi. and substitutes t for p before bh. The forms occurring are :
Sing. I. ap-a. Ab.G. ap-as. Du. N. apa.- Pi. N.V. ap-as. A. ap-as. I. ad-bhis. D. ad-bhyas. G. ap-am. L. ap-sii.
2. anad-vah m. ox (lit. cart- drawer, from anas + vah) has three stems: the last syllable is lengthened in the strong stem anad-vah ; and shortened by Samprasarana in the weakest anad-uh and in the middle anad-ud (dissimilated
^ Tlie weak stem appears once in sinc-at-i sprinkling beside the gular sine-din t-i. ^ In a compound.
76
DECLENSION
[96-97
for anad-ud). The N. is irregularly formed as if from a stem in vant. The forms occurring are :
SINGULAR.
DUAL.
PLURAL.
|
N. anad-van A. anad-vah-am |
N. anad-vah-au A. anad-vah-au |
N. anad-vah-as |
|
A. anad-uh-as |
G. anad-uh-as L. anad-iih-i
D. anad-tid-bhis L. anad-ut-su
3. pu-mams^ m. man has three forms : its a is lengthened in the strong stem, and syncopated in the weakest to pums, in the middle to pum.^ The forms occurring are :
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N. puman (89. 1)
V. pumas
A. pumams-am
Ab.Gr. pums-as L. pums-i
pumams-as
pums-as Gr. pums-am
L. pum-su
II. Stems ending in Vowels.
97. A. 1. The stems in derivative a (m. n.)' and a (f.)^ constitute the most important declensions because the former embraces more than one half of all nominal stems, and the latter includes more feminines than any other declension.
1 Probably an old compound, with the second part of which the Lat. mas ' male ' may be allied.
2 With necessary loss of the s between consonants : cp. 28 and 16 a. * N. -as, -am = Gk. -os, -ov ; Lat. -us, -urn.
4 .5
Gk. -a, -T] ; Lat.
97]
STEMS IN A AND A
i I
These two declensions ' are also the most endings diverge from the normal ones elsewhere. The a declension is the only N.A. n. has an ending in the singular, Ab. s. is distinguished from the G. The differs from that of the m. in the N.A.V. s, The forms actually occurring, if made would be :
irregular since the here more than
one in which the and in which the inflexion of the n. . du., and pi. only.
from priya dear,
|
Singular. |
Plural. |
||||
|
MASC. |
FEM. |
MASC. |
FEM. |
||
|
N. |
priya-s |
priya |
N.- |
priyas priyasas^ |
priyas priyasas '^ |
|
A. |
priya-m |
priya-m |
A. priyan^ |
priyas |
|
|
I. |
priy^na - priya ^ |
( priyaya - I priya |
I. fpriyais® Ipriy^bhis |
priyabhis |
|
|
D. Ab. G. L. V. |
priyaya priyat ^ priyasya \ priy6 priya |
priya-yai •' priya-yas^ priya-yam ° priye ® |
D.Ab. priyabhyas G. priya-n-am " L. priyasu" V. ( priyas |
priyabhyas priya-n-am priyasu '' priyas |
|
|
priyasas |
Dual. N.A. m. priya,^^ priyau ; f. priy6. I. D.Ab. m. f. n. priyabhyam. G.L. m.f n. priya-y-os.
* Certain adjectives in -as -a -am follow the pronominal declension (110).
2 These terminations originally came from the pronominal declen- sion (110). The final of ana is often lengthened (ena).
3 This form, made with the normal I. ending a, is rare.
* This ending is preserved in the Lat. o for od (e.g. Gnaivocl in inscriptions) and in the Greek (Cretic) adverb rai-Se hence.
5 The terminations yai ( = ya-e), yas (= ya-as), yam are due to the influence of tlie feminines in i (originally ya), e.g. devydi, devyas, devyam (ep. 100 .
(For notes "^'^ see next page.)
78 DECLENSION [97
a. The N. A. neuter forms are : Sing, priya-m. Du. priy6.
PI. priya" and priya-n-i.'^
a. In the Brahmanas and Sutras the D. s. f. ending ai is used instead of the Ab.G. ending as both in tliis declension and elsewhere (98. 3 a) ; e. g. jirnayai tvacah of dead skin.
2. Eadical a stems, m. and f./'' are common in the RV., being formed from about thirty roots. Most of them appear only as the final member of compounds, but four are used as monosyllables in the m. : ja child, tra protector, da giver, stha standing; and seven in the f . : ksa abode, 'kh.a. ivell, gna divine woman, ja child, jya bowstring, ma measure, vra troop^'' The forms occurring in the oblique cases are so
6 The form amba, occurring thrice in the RV., may have a V. meaning, 0 mother ! The VS. and TS. have the V. ambe as from a stem d.niba mother.
'^ This form seems to consist of a double ending : as-as. The form in as is about twice in the RV. and twenty-four times in the AV. as frequent as that in asas.
8 That the ending was originally -ns is shown by the Sandhi (40. 2) ; ep. Gothic -cms, Gk. inscr. -ors.
3 This ending is preserved in such Greek datives as imrois. It is slightly commoner in the RV. than priy^bhis, but in the AV. it is five times as common. It is almost always used in the Brahmanas.
10 The n seems to have been due to the iniluence of the n stems.
11 The u of su is almost invariably to be read with hiatus, even
before u.
12 This form is rare in the RV., being probably due to the influence
of the maiiy masculines.
13 The du. in a is more than seven times as common as that in au
in the RV.
1* The form in a is commoner in the RV. than that in ani in the proportion of three to two. In the AV. the proportion is reversed.
'5 This form is due to the influence of the an stems, which form their n. pi. in both a and ani, e. g. nama and namani.
16 There are no distinctively n. forms, as the radical vowel in that "■ender is always shortened to a, and the stem is tlien inflected according to the derivative declension.
1'' These stems become less common in the later Sarnhitas, where they often shorten the final vowel to a, and^ are then inflected like derivative a stems.
97-98] EADICAL A STEMS 79
rare that some endings, such as those of the L. s., the G.L. du., and the Gr. pi. are not represented at all. The ni. always takes s in the N. s., but the f. often drops it, doubtless owing to the influence of the derivative a stems. The radical vowel is dropped before the endings e' and as of tlie D. and G. s. The forms actually occurring, if made from j a child m. f., would be: Sing. N. ja-s, f. also ja. A. jam. I. ja. D. j-6, G. j-as.
V. ja-s. Dual. N.A.V. ja and jau. I. ja-bhyam.- Plur. N. jas. A. jas. I. ja-bhis. D. ja-bhyas. Ab.
ja-bhyas. L. ja-su.
a. Five anomalously formed m. derivative stems in a follow the analogy of the radical a stems.
Tlie strong stem of pathi m. path is in the RV. pfetha only : Sing. N. pdntha-s. A. p^ntlia-m. PI. N. pduthas. The AV. has besides the stem pdnthan : Sing. N. pdntha. A. panthanam. PI. N. panthau-as.
From the adverb tatha thus is formed the sing. N. a-tatha-s not say- ing ' yes '.
usana m., a seer, has a N. like a f. : usana. A. usana-m. D. usan-e.
mantha churning stick and maha great form the A. m^ntha-m and maha-rn.
8. Radical a stems, m. n., numbering about twenty, consist almost entirely of stems in radical a that has been shortened to a. Excepting kha n, a^erfure they appear as final members of compounds only; e.g. prathaDaa-jay^rs^ horn, -ha slaying is a reduced form of han ; e. g. satru-ha slaying enemies.
98. B. Stems in i and u (m.f.n.).
Both declensions embrace a large number of nouns of all genders. But the i declension contains comparatively few n. stems, and, excepting the N.A. s. and pi., n. forms are
^ Not, however, in most of the dative infinitives ; e. g. para-dai to give up, pra-khyai to see, prati-mai imitate (cp. 167).
^ Contrary to the rule generally ajiplicable to monosyllabic stems, the accent remains on thfe radical syllable tliroughout.
80
DECLENSION
[98
rare in it, not occurring at .ill in several cases. In the u declension the masculines greatly preponderate, being about four times as numerous as the f. and n. stems taken together, while the neuters here greatly outnumber the feminines. The inflexion, which is closely parallel in both groups, is practically the same in all genders except that the N.A. s. and pi. n. differ from the m. and f., and the A. pi. m. and f. differ from each other. The final vowel of the stem shows Guna in three of the weak cases of the s. (D.Ab.G.), as well as in the V. s. and the N. pL m. f., while it is abnormally strengthened in the L. s. The normal ending as of the Ab.G. s. is reduced to s, while that of the L. s. is always dropped in the i declension and usually in the u declension. The inflexion of the n stems has influenced the i declension in the I. s. only, but the u declension in the G.Ab. and L. also. Oxytone stems, when i and u are changed to y and v, throw the accent on a following vowel, not as Svarita, but as Udatta, and even on the nam of the G. pi., though the stem vowel in that case does not lose its syllabic value.
The adjectives siic-i IrUjlit and madh-u sweet may be used to illustrate the forms actually occurring :
Singular.
m.
N. stici-s A. suci-m -J- jsucy-a jo.^v.j I suci-n-a j siici [suci
suci-s suci-m ' siicy-a '^
n.
suci suci
suci-n-a
m.
madhu-s madhu-m madhv-a ^ madhu-n-a
f. n.
madhu-s madhu madhu-m madhu madhv-a
madhu-n-
1 Five Btems in the EV. form their I. like siicya, but twenty-five (under the influence of the n declension) like siicina.
2 This is the normal formation, but the contracted form in i is more than twice as common in the EV. The latter is in the EV. further shortened to i in about a dozen words.
3 The normally formed I. in a is made in the m. by only four stems, but that with na by thirty in the EV. ; in the n. the na form is used almost exclusively.
m. f. n. m.
D. ^ucay-e siicay-e^ siicaye madhav-e'^
G. i5uce-s suce-s° suce-s jmadho-s^
Imadhv-as siica j madhav-i ^ sucau 1 madhau
suca '"'
tr (suca
sucau sucau
V. suce
98]
DERIVATIVE STEMS IN I AND U
81
n.
madhav-e f madhav-e " ,madhu-n-e
b. suce-s^ siice-s [suce-s] raadho-s madho-s
suce
[suci] madho Dual.
madho-s " Imadhu-n-as
madho-s f madho-s ^^ 1 ra.adhu-n-as [ madhav-i '^
madhau \ madhau
[madhu-n-i
madho madhu
[.A.V. suci^ Slid
suci
D.Ab. suci-bhyam
r.L. siiey-os
madhu ^ madhu madhv-i " madhv-os madhv-os madhu-n-os''
i-n-a
^ ari m.f. deroitt and fivi m. sheep have ary-Ss and ^vy-as. 2 The form in au is more than twice as common as that in a in m. and f.
^ The derivative 1, u and i stems are the only ones that do not take a or an in the dual.
* uti with aid is often used as a D. The RV. has seven datives in ai, e.g. bhrty-di /or sustenance, following the analogy of the i declension. ® The RV. has six forms according to the i declension, e. g. yuvaty-as. •^ The form vidi on the altar, occurring twice, is the only L. from an i stem with the normal ending i ( = vedi-i).
' This type occurs from over sixty stems, the normal formation (m^dhv-e) from only three stems in the RV.
^ The normally formed type m^dhv-as is followed by six stems, the prevailing type madho-s by over seventy in the RV.
■' Seven stems follow this type, while nineteen follow madhau in the RV. '" Prom one stem also madhv-e. '^ Once also mddhv-as. ^^ Also madhv-as, vdsv-as. ^^ Only in the form sanav-i.
'■* Tlie only example in RV. is urv-i the two earths. The VS. has janu-n-i two knees. '^ The only example is janu-n-os (AV.).
1819 Q
82
DECLENSION
[98
Plural.
m.
n.
N.V. sucay-as^ sucay-as^jsiici*
A. siici-n ^ suci-s ) suci-n-i madhu-n
m. f.
madhav-as' madhav-as
I.
D.Ab.
G.
L.
suci-bhis suci-bhyas suei-n-am suci-su
madhu-s
madhu-bhis madhu-bhyas madhu-n-am madhxi-su
n.
madhu madhu madhu-
a. Twenty-seven i stems in the RV. show forms according to the derivative i declension in the D.Ab.G.L. s. f. : e.g. bhrti f. sustenance: D. bhrty-ai ; bhiimi f. earth: Ab.G. bhumy-as, L. bhiimy-ani. Such forms in ai, as, am are much commoner in the AV. In B. ai is regularly used instead of as (cp. 97 a a). Besides the numerous I. s. forms in na the EV. has half a dozen i stems showing the influence of the n declension in the incipient use of the endings ni in the N.A.V. du. n. and ni in the N.A. pi. n.
In the u declension the RV. has only three forms following the analogy of the derivative i declension : isu f. arrow : D. isv-ai, G. isv- as, su-vastv-as of the (river) Suvastu (all in late passages).^ There are
1
1 The only stem not taking Guna is ari devout which has the N. pi. ary-^s m. f.
2 The original ending ns is in both ^liein and m£dhiin preserved in the Sandhi forms of ms or mr (39, 40).
^ About ten stems in i in the RV. have N. pi, forms according to the derivative i declension ; e. g. avanis streams beside avdnayas.
* The normal type siici ( = suci-i) is of about the same frequency as its shortened form sdci, both together occurring about fifty times in the RV. The secondary type sucini occurs about fourteen times.
" There is only one example of the N. pi. m. without Guna : mMhv-as itself occurring four times.
« There are two examples of the N. pi. f. without Guna : md,dhv-as and satd-kratv-as having a hundred powers.
"^ The typo without ending is made from twelve stems, the form with shortened vowel being nearly twice as common as that with u. The secondary type m&dhuni is more frequent than m^dhu.
8 In B. the D. s. f. ending ai is here regularly used instead of the Ab.G. as.
98-99] IRREGULAR I STEMS 83
also some forms following the analogy of the u declension : A. d-bhirv- am from &-hh.im fearless and N. du. and pi. in yuv-a and yuv-as fi'om several stems derived with the suffix yu. Besides the numerous I. singulars m. and n., there are many alternative n. forms, in the remaining cases of the s. and N. A. pi., following the n declension : D. madhu-ne, kasipu-ne ; Ab. mMhu-nas, sanu-nas ; Q. caru-nas, daru-nas, drii-nas, mddhu-nas, vd.su-nas ; L. ayu-ni, sanu-ni ; daru- ni ; N.A. pi, darQ-ni, &c.
h. There is no example of a V. s. n. from an i stem, and the only one from an u stem is giiggulu (AV.). This seems to indicate that the V. s. in these stems was identical with the N.
c. Adjectives in u often use this stem for the f. also ; e. g. caru dear ; otherwise they form the f. in ii, as tanu m., tanu f. thin (Lat. ienu-is); or in i, as uru m., urv-i f. wide.
d. There are about a dozen stems in which final i seems to be radical in a secondary sense as representing a reduced form of roots ending in a. They are mostly m. compounds formed with -dhi ; e.g. ni-dhi treasury. There are also about eight stems formed from roots in u, all of which except dyii day are final mepabers of compounds ; e. g. raghu- drvi running sioiftly ; besides some twelve stems in which u is radical in a secondary sense, as representing the shortened form of the vowel of three roots in u ; e.g. su-pu clarifying well (from t^xx. purify), pari-bhii surrounding (from bhui he).
The inflexion of these radical i and u stems is exactly the same as that of the derivative i and u stems given above.
Irregularities.
99. 1. pati (Gk. Troo-^-y) m. Jmshancl is irregular in the D.G.L. s. : paty-e, paty--ur,i paty-au; while the I. in this sense has the normal form paty-a. When it means lord, either as a simple word or as final member of a compound, it is regular : D. patay-e, brhas-patay-e, G. pate-s, praja- pate-s, L. go-patau ; while the I. in this sense is formed with na: pati-na, brhas-patina. The f. is patni (Gk. TroTVLo) toife and lady.
^ The anomalous ending appears to be due to the influence of the Ab.G. in the names of relationship (101) in r like pitiii', G. of pitf father.
g2
84 DECLENSION [99
a. The f. jd.ni mfe takes the anomalous ending ur in the G. : jdny-ui'.' It has the further anomaly of forming its N. j£ni like the derivative i declension.
2. sakh-i m. friend, besides having irregularities like pati in the weak cases of the s., has a strong stem formed with Vrddhi : N. sakha, A. sakhay-am, I. sakhy-a, D. sakhy-e, Ab.G. sakhy-ur,' V. sakhe.^ Du. sakhay-a and sakhay-au ; PL N. sakhay-as, A. sakhi-n, 1. sakhi-bhis, D. sakhi-bhyas, G. sakhi-n-am.
ft. In the RV. sikhi occurs as the final member of eight compoiinds in which it is inflected in the same way and is also used as a f. ; e. g. marut-sakha. N. m. f. having the Maruts as friends.
3. ari devout is irregular in forming several cases like the radical i stems (except in accentuation) : sing. A. ary-am (beside ari-m) m., G. ary-as m. ; j^l. N. ary-as m. f., A. ary-as m. f,
a. The VS. lias also the N. s. ari-s, beside the regular ari-s of the RV. d.vi s]iee2) (Lat. ovi-s) also takes the normal ending as in the G. s. : avy-as. vi m. bird has in the RV. the N. s. ve-s beside vi-s.
4. The neuters aksi ci/e, asthi hone, dadhi curds, sakthi thigh, form their weakest cases from stems in an ; e. g. L dadhn-a, sakthn-a ; G. aksn-as, asthn-as, dadhn-as. Du.N. aksi-ni (AV.), I. sakthi-bhyam, G. aksn-6s, but sakthy-os (VS.). In the pi. the an stems are used in the N.A. also : aksan-i (beside aksi-ni, AV.), asthan-i (beside asthi-ni, AV.), sakthan-i ; I. aksa-bhis, astha-bhis ; D. astha-bhyas.
5. dyu m. f. ski/ (originally diu, weak grade of dyo, 102, 3) retains this stem before consonant terminations (taking Vrddhi in the N.V. s.), but changes it to div before vowels :
^ Influenced, like pdtyur, by the names of relationship in r (101). 2 Formed regularly like siice from ^dci.
99-100] STEMS IN I AND U 85
Sing. N. dyau-s {Zev9 = zljeu?). A. div-am.^ I. div-a.
D. div-6. Ab.G. div-as (JiFos). L. div-i {AiFt)- V.
dyau-s'- [Z^v). Pl.N. diy-as.^ A. m. dyun/ f. div-as. I. dyii-bhis.^
100. C. Stems in i and u are mostly f. when substan- tives, but a great many as final members of compounds are adjectives used in the m. as well as f.
I. The 1 stems are very differently inflected according as they are radical (a) or derivative {b). The analogy of the primary radical group (1) is closely followed both in inflexion and accentuation by a secondary group (2) of about eighty polysyllabic stems which, though formed with derivative i, are for the sake of clearness best treated as a division of the radical group.
a. The normal endings as they appear in the inflexion of consonant stems are taken throughout this declension. The G. pi., however, preserves the normal ending am in one single form only (dhiy-am), nam being otherwise always added. The N. s. always adds s. Accentuation on the final syllable of the stem is characteristic of this declension, and, except in monosyllabic stems, the acute remains on that syllable throughout. Before vowel endings the i is split to iy in monosyllabic nouns, even when they are final members of compounds,'' as A. dhiy-am, pi. N. nana-dhiy-as having diverse intentions ; but in roots as final members of
^ The stem div, the Samprasarana form of dyav, has made its way into the strong cases, A. s. and N. pi., owing to the very frequent weak cases div-as, &c., which taken together occur more than 350 times in the KV.
^ i.e. diau-s to be pronounced as a disylhible. The s of tlie N. is retained in this form.
3 These two forms, which occur only in the RV. or passages borrowed from it, always mean daijs.
* Except accented -dhf, as a-dhiam (but su-dhi follows the general rule, as su-dhiy-as).
86 DECLENSION [100
compounds only when two consonants precede/ as yajna- priy-am sacrifice-loving, but yajna-nyam (= yajna-niam) leading the sacrifice. Otherwise i is always written as y, but is invariably to be pronounced as i, as nady-am pro- nounced nadiam - stream.
The monosyllabic stems belonging to the radical class are the feminines dht thought, hhifear, sri glory, and the m. vi receiver (occurring only once in the N. s.). The compounds of the first three, being mostly Bahuvrlhis (189), and the compounds formed from the roots kri huy, ni lead, pri love, mi diminish, vi move, si lie, sri mix, being mostly accusative Tatpurusas (187), are both m. and f.
The secondary group consists of more than eighty poly- syllabic stems accented on the final syllable and probably for this reason following the analogy of the radical com- pounds. Excepting about half a dozen they are substantives, nearly all f. The masculines are ahi serpent, rathi charioteer, and about eight compounds.
&. The declension in derivative i embraces a large number of stems formed by means of the suffix i (originally ya) largely to supply a f. to m. words, and not normally accenting the suffix.'' It also includes a large number of miscellaneous f. stems of an independent character having no corresponding m., as sac-i might. It includes seven m. stems, five of
1 In the secondary radical group (a 2, p. 87) the i is split only in samudxi and partly in cakri.
2 The resolved forms given below are spelt with i (not iy as they may have been pronounced) so as to avoid confusion with the written forms of the Samhita text that are spelt with iy. Again the resolved vowel is given as i (not i) because long vowels are regularly shortened in pronunciation before vowels (p. 22, notes 1 and 5).
2 The exceptions are mostly stems in whicli the preceding syllable, having been reduced, throws the accent forward, e.g. uru, f. urv-i, ivide ; or in which, as proper names, the accent has shifted to indicate a change of moaning^ e. g. asikni a river, but ^sikni black.
100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE I STEMS 87
which are proper names: Tirasci, Nami, Prthi, Matali, Sobhari, besides rastri ruler, siri iveaver.
The inflexion of these sterns^ differs from that of the radical i stems in three respects : — (1) no s is added in the N. s. m. or f. ; (2) the endings diverge considerably from the normal ones, the s. A. taking m, the D. ai, the Ab.G. as, the L. am, the pi. N.V.A. s ; (3) stems accented on the final vowel shift the acute to the ending in the weak cases of the s., in the G.L. du., and in the G. pi.
a. Radical Stems. h. Derivative Stems.
1. dhi f. tJtaugM. 2. rathi m. f. devi f. goddess.
charioteer.
|
Singular. |
||||
|
N. |
dhi-s |
rathi-s |
devi |
|
|
A. |
dhiy-am |
rathi- am |
devi-m |
|
|
I. D. |
dhiy-a dhiy-e |
rathi-a rathi-e |
devy-a devy-ai |
|
|
G. |
dhiy-as |
rathi-as |
Ab.G. |
devy-as |
|
V. |
rathi Dual. |
L. V. |
devy-am d6vi |
|
|
N.A. |
dhiy-a, -au |
rathi-a |
N.A. V. |
devi d6vi |
|
I. G.L. |
dhi-bhyam dhiy-6s |
rathi-bhyam rathi-os |
D.Ab. |
devi-bhyam devy-6s |
1 In the later language the derivative group (h) absorbs the second- ary radical group (a 2), while borrowing from the latter the N.A.V. du. and the N.V. pi. forms.
|
N. |
dhiy-as |
rathi-as |
|
|
A. |
dhiy-as |
rathi-as |
|
|
I. |
dhi-bhis |
rathi-bhis |
|
|
D. |
rathi-bhyas |
||
|
G. |
dJii-n-am ^ |
G. |
rathi-n-am |
|
L. |
dhi-su |
L. |
ratM-su |
88 DECLENSION [lOO
Plural.
devi-s devi-s devi-bhis devi-bhyas devi-n-am devi-su V. d6vi-s
a. Other words belonging to the secondary radicial class (a 2) are : kumari girl (A. kumariam), tandri weariness (N. tandris), duti mes- senger (N. dutis), nadi siream (A. nadiam), laksmi mark (N. laksmis, A. laksmiam), simhi lio7iess (N. simhis, A. simUam).
B. stri woman, originally a disyllable, is inflected as a radical monosyllabic stem in the sing. A. and pi. N.A.I. : striy-am ; striy-as, stri-bhis (accent); but retains traces of its derivative origin in the s. N. stri (no s), D, striy-di" (AV.), G- striy-as, L. striy-am (AV.).
II. The u declension, which comprises both radical and derivative stems, is much more homogeneous than the i declension. The inflexion of these two classes corresponds exactly to that of the two divisions of the radical i declension. Practically all the .stems in this declension are oxytones (including both the compound radical and the derivative stems).
a. In the radical class there are seven monosyllabic stems, five of which are f. : du gift, bhu earth, bru hroiv, syu thread, sru stream ; one m. and f. : su begetter and mother ; one m. : ju speeding, steed. There are further two reduplicated f. substantives and one adjective : juhu tongue, juhvL sacrificial spoon ; jogu singing aloud. Finally, there are about sixty compounds, almost exclusively formed from about eleven roots, e. g. pari-bhu surrounding.
» dW-n-am occurs seven times in the RV., dhiy-am only once, the latter being the only example of the normal ending.
2 In B. this form is used for the G. ; e. g. striyai payah woman's
milk.
100] RADICAL AND DERIVATIVE U STEMS 89
h. The derivative class comprises two divisions : the one
consists of about eighteen oxytone f. substantives, several
of which correspond to ni, or n. stems in u accented on the
first syllable, e. g. a-grii (m. a-gru) maid ; the other and
more numerous division consists of oxytone f. adjectives
corresponding to m, oxytones, e. g. babhrii (m. babhrti)
hroivn.
a. The normal endings as they appear in the inflexion of consonant stems are taken throughout this declension (radical and derivative).^ The Gr. p]., however, takes the normal am in uncompounded radical stems only,^ but nam in all others. The N. s. always adds s. Before vowel endings the u is split into uv in monosyllabic nouns and generally in compounds with roots as final member (even when pre- ceded by a single consonant). In the minority of such compounds (some nine in the RV.) and in all derivative stems,* it is written as v, but pronounced as u.* Thus A. bhuv-am, a-bhuv-am present ; but vi-bhii-am eminent, tanu-am.
The forms occurring if made from bhu earth and tanu hocly would be the following :
Singular.
radical. derivative.
N. bhu-s tanu-s
A. bhuv-am tanu-am
I. bhuv-a tanu-a
D. tanu-e Ab.G. bhuv-as Ab.G. tanu-as
L. bhuv-i /tanu-i
■ I tanu V. tanu
1 The derivative stems show an incipient tendency to be influenced by the inflexion of the derivative i declension. The RV. has only one such form : svasruam ; the AV. has at least ten such ; the VS. has A. pumscalu-m courtesan, D. tanv-di, G. tanv-as. In B. the D. s. f. ending ai is used for as ; e. g. dhenvd,i retah the seed of the coiv.
- Judging by the only two forms that occur, bhuvam and joguvam.
2 It is, however, split in the derivative stems a-grii, kadrd Soma vessel, in adjectives when u is preceded by y, and in bibhatsii loathiwj,
* Hence in such forms it is given below as u (short because a vowel is shortened before another in pronunciation ; cp. p. 22, note 1).
90
DECLENSION
[100-101
Dual.
N.A. bhuv-a I. bhii-bhyam L. bhuv-6s
N.A. tanii-a D, tanu-bhyam L. tanu-os
Plural.
N. bhuv-as A. bhuv-as
G. bhuv-am
N. tanu-as A. tanu-as I. tanu-bhis D. tanu-bhyas G. tanu-n-am
101. D. Stems in r (m. and f.), which in origin are consonant stems in derivative ar or tar, closely resemble an stems (90) in their declension. Derivative stems in r consist of two groups, the one formed with the original suffix ar, the other with tar. The former is a small group of only eight stems, the latter a very large one of more than 150. Both groups agree in distinguishing strong and weak cases. The strong stem ends in ar or ar, which in the weak forms is reduced to r before vowels and r before consonants. Both groups further agree in dropping the final of the stem in the N. s. m. f., which case always ends in a. They resemble the vowel declension in adding the ending n in the A. pi. m. and s in the A. j)l. f.,^ and in inserting n before the am of the G. pl.'^ They have the peculiar ending ur in the G. s.^
1. The stems in ar are: m. dev-r husband's brother,
nr '
man
sister ; n. ah-ar cla/j, udh-ar udder, vadh-ar iveapon, which
1 Except usr-d,s.
^ Except sv^sr-am and n^r-am.
■• Except n^r-as and usr-ds.
* This word is probably derived with the suffix ar.
^ In this word the r is probably radical : svd-sar.
f. us-f dmvn, nanandr husband's sister, svasr^ |
101] STEMS IN Tl AND Til '91
occur in the N.A, s. only.^ The forms that occur of the first five stems are :
a. Sing. A. devar-am. PI. N. devar-as. L. devr-su.
&. Sing. A. nar-am {d-vep-a). D. nar-e. G. nar-as. L. nar-i (Ep. Gk. d-vep-L). Du. N.A. nar-a. V. nar-a and nar-au. PI. N.V. nar-as (Ep. Gk. d-vep-es). A. nr-n. I. nr-bhis. D.A. nr-bhyas. G. nar-am and nr-n-am.^ L. nf-su.
c. Sing. G. usr-as. L. usr-i and usr-am.^ V. usar. PI. A. usr-as.
d. Sing. G. nanandur. L. nanandari.
e. Sing. N. svasa. A. svasar-am. I. svasr-a. D. svasr-e. Ab.G. svas-ur. Du. svasar-a, -au. L. svasr-os. PI. N. svasar-as. A. svasr-s. I. svasr-bhis. G. svasr-am* and svasf-n-am.
2. This group includes two subdivisions, the one forming its strong stem in tar, the other in tar (Gk. -rrjp, -rcop, Lat. -tor). The former consists of a small class of five names of relationship : three m., pi-tar father, bhra-tar brother, nap-tar grandson, and two f., duh-i-tar daughter and ma-tar mother, together with the m. and f. compounds formed from them. The second division consists of more than 150 stems (including compounds) which are either agent nouns accented chiefly on the suffix, or participles accented chiefly on the root. These stems are never f., and only four are n.
In the tr declension three stems are to be distinguished : the strong, tar or tar ; the middle, tr ; and the weakest, tr. The names of rela- tionship take the Guna form,^ agent nouns the Vrddhi form of the
1 d,h-ar and udh-ar form their other cases from the an stems ah-an and udh-an. Cp. 91. 6. ^ often to be pronounced nfnam.
^ Following the analogy of the derivative i declension.
* svdsr-am and nar-am are the only two forms of the r declension in which am is added direct to the stem.
5 The strong stem n^p-tar does not occur in the RV., napat taking its place.
92
DECLENSION
[101
strong stem. The inflexion of the m. and f. differs in the A. pi. only. The sing. G. is formed in ur, the L. in ari, the V. in ar ; the pi. A. m. in tf n, f. tfs, Ct. in tfnam.
The inflexion of the thi*ee stems da-t^ m. giver [Soy-T-qp, da-tor), pi-tr ni. father {ira-Trjp, pd-ter), ma-tr f. mother {jirj-Tr^p, ma-ter) is as follows :
Singular.
N. data
A. datar-am
I. datr-a D. datr-6 Ab.G. datur L. datar-i V. datar [ScoTep]
pita pitar-am
pitr-a
pitiir
pitar-i {Trarep-i)
pitar {Ju-jjiter)
Dual.
mata matar-am
matr-a inatr-6 matur matar-i matar {fifJTep)
N.A. datar-a, -au
G.L. datr-6s
|
N. |
datar- as i |
|
A. |
datrn |
|
I. D.Ab. |
datr-bhis datr-bhyas |
|
G. |
datr-n-am |
|
i ^' |
datr-su |
V. datar-as
pitar-a, -au
I.D. datf-bhyam pitf-bhyam
pitr-6s Plural.
pitar-as
pitfn
pitr-bhis pitr-bhyas
pitf-n-am
pitr-su
pitar-as
matar-a, -au
matr-bhyam
matr-6s
matar-as
matr-s
matr-n-am
matf-su
matar-as
matr-bhis matr-bhyas
101-102] STEMS IN DIPHTHONGS 93
a. nfip-tr in the RV. occurs in the weak stem only : Sing. I. ndptr-a, D. n£ptr-e, G. ndpt-ur. PI. I. n^ptr-bhis. It is sup23lemented in tho strong forms by n£pat (Lat. nepot-): Sing. N.V. n^pat. A. napat-am. — Du. N.A. nd.pat-a. — PI. N.V. n^pat-as. In the TS. occurs nSptar-am (like svdsar-am among the r stems).
b. The only n. stems occurring are dhar-tf prop, dhma-tf smithy, stha-tf staiionarij, vi-dhar-tf meting out, and of these only about half a dozen forms occur. The only oblique cases met with are the Gr. sthatiir and the L. dhmatd,ri. The N.A. s. owing to its rarity seems never to have acquired fixity in the Veda, but sthatfir represents the normal form. In B. the N.A. form in r begins to be used in an adjectival sense : bhartf sitpporting, janayitf creative.
c. The f. of agent nouns in tr is foi-med with I from the weak stem of the m,, e. g. janitr-i mother (inflected like devf),
102. E. Stems in ai, o, au. The only stems in diphthongs are: rai m. and (rarely) f. tvealtli, go m. hull, f. coio, dyo m. f. sky, nau f. ship, glau m. f. lump. They form a transition from the consonant to the vowel declension ; for while they take the normal endings like the ordinary consonant declension, they add s in the N. s. m. f. and have a vowel before the endings with initial consonant. There are no neuter forms.
1. rai appears as ray before vowels and ra before con- sonants. The forms occurring are : Sing. A. ra-m (Lat. re-m). I. ray-a. D. ray-6 (Lat. rc-l). Ab.G. ray-as. — PI. N. ray-as. A. ray-as.^ G. ray-am.
2. go has as its strong form gau which appears as ga in the A. s. and pi. The Ab.G. are irregular in adding s onlj^ instead of as.^ The forms occurring are : Sing. N. gau-s {^ov-s). A. ga-m (/Sco-i^j. I. gav-a. D. gav-e. Ab.G. go-s. L. gav-i. — Du. gav-a, -au. — PI. N. gav-as. A. ga-s. I, go-bhis. D. go-bhyas. G. gav-am and go-n-am.'' L. go-su. V. gav-as.
1 Rarely ray-as ; once ra-s (SV.).
2 As regards accentuation this word is not treated as a monosyllabic stem, never shifting the accent to the endings.
3 This form, which follows the vowel declension and is much less common than gdv-am, occurs at the end of a Pada only.
94 DECLENSION [102-103
3. dyo m. f. sJcp (cp. 99. 5) is declined like go. The forms occurring are : Sing. N. dyau-s ^ {Zev^)- A. dyam (Lat. diem). Ab.G. dyo-s. L. dyav-i. V. dyau-s and dyau-s- (Zev). — Du. N.A. dyav-a. — PI. N.V. dyav-as.
4. nau is inflected quite regularly as far as can be judged by the fesv forms occurring : Sing. N. nau-s (i/aC-?). N. nav-am {vfjFa). I. nav-a. G. nav-as [vrjf-6'i). L. nav-i {vrjf-i). — PI. N. nav-as {vrjf-e^, ndv-es). A. nav-as {yr]f-as). I. nau-bhis {vav-^i).
5. glau occurs in two forms only: Sing. N. glau-s and PI. I. glau-bhis.^
Degrees of Comparison.
103. 1. The secondary suffixes of the comparative tara^ (Gk. -repo) and the superlative tama (Lat. -timo) are regularly added to nominal stems (both simple and com- pound), substantives as well as adjectives, generally to the weak or middle stem ; e. g. priya-tara dearer, tavas-tara stronger, vapus-tara more wonderful, bhagavat-tara more bounteous ; vrtra-tara a worse Vrtra ; bhuri-davat-tara giving more abundantly ; sasvat-tama most constant ; ratna- dha-tama best bestower of treasure ; hiranya-vasi-mat-tama best wielder of the golden axe ; rathi-tama best cJiarioteer.
a. The final n of the stem is i-etained before these sufiSxes ; e. g. madin-tara more gladdening, vrsan-tama most manly. An n is some- times even inserted ; e. g. surabhi-n-tara more fragrant ; rayin-tama veri/ rich.
1 The same as the N. of dyu (99. 5).
2 That is, diau-s with the proper V. accent, but with anomalous retention of the N. s.
^ The N. pi. glav-as also occurs in the AB.
* These secondary comparatives and superlatives are commoner than the primary in the j^roportion of thi*ee to two.
103] COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE 95
h. In a few instances the strong stem of a present participle is used ; e. g. vradhan-tama being most mighUj, sahan-tama most victorious ; and the weakest stem of a perfect participle : vidiis-tara mser ; milhus- tama most gracious.
c. These secondary suffixes are occasionally found added to the primary comparatives and superlatives, e. g. sr6stha-tania most beautiful.
d. They also form a comparative and superlative from the preposi- tion ud up : ut-tara higher, ut-tamd,i highest.
e. These suffixes ^ form their f. in a ; e. g. matf-tama most motherly.
2. The primary suffix of the comparative iyams (Gk. -lo^v, Lat. -ior) and that of the superlative istha (Gk. -laro) are added directly to the root, which is regularly accented ' and gunates i and u, but leaves a unchanged apart from nasalization in a few instances. Final radical a combines with the initial of the suffix to e, which is, however, usually to be read as two syllal)les. Examples are : t6j-iyams sJiarper, t6j-istha veri/ sliarp (tij he sharp) ; jav-iyams quieher, jav-istha qiikJcest (ju he sioift) ; yaj-iyams sacrificing hctter, yaj -istha sacrificing hest ; mamh-istha most liberal (mah bestow ahundantly) ; jy^stha greatest and jyestha eldest (jya overcome).
a. In many instances these superlatives attach themselves in mean- ing to derivative adjectives, being formed from the root which the latter contain ; e. g. to-iyams smaller, to-istha smallest beside an-u minute ; dav-iyams/a/Z/icr beside dii-ra/a?- ; dragh-iyams longer, dragh- istha longest beside dirgh-d long ; lagh-iyams lighter beside lagh-ii light; var-iyams wider, var-istha loidest beside ur-ii loide ; ^ds-iyams more fre- quent beside sas-vant constant ; 6s-istha very quick beside 6s-am quickly ; bSrh-istha very lofty beside brh-dnt great; y^v -istha youngest beside ydv-an youth ; v^r-istha most excellent beside var-a choice ; sadh-istha siraightest beside sadh-ii straight.
1 With the accent of the ordinal suffix tamfi.
2 When used as an ordinal suffix tama forms its f. in accented i (cp. 107j.
^ Except jyestha meaning eldest and kanistha meaning youngest.
9.6 DECLENSION [103
13. In a few examples the suffix is added to tlie derivative form of the root which appears in the adjective ; thus as-istha (ui/f-iffTo-s) beside as-u (wK-v-s) sioift (from as reach) ; tiksn-iyams sharper beside tiksna sharp (from tij he sharp) ; n^v-iyams neicer, nav-istha netvest beside u^va neui ; svad-Iyams {tjS'lwv, suuv-ior) sweeter, svad-istha (t^S-io-to-s) beside svad-li {rjh-v-s, suav-i-s) sweet (from svad be sweet).''-
a. Beside the usual forms in iyams there occur about half a dozen alternative comparatives made with the shorter form of the suffix, yams : tav-yams (tav-iyams) stronger ; nav-yams (nav-iyam-s) newer ; pan-yams (pan-iyams) more tvonderful, bhu-yams^ (bhav-iyams) becoming more, greater; rabh-yams (rabh-iyams) more violent; sah-yams (sah-iyams) stronger. Some half-dozen more have no alternative form beside them: jya-yams greater, older; pre-yams dearer, pr^-stha dearest (priya dear) ; vas-yams better, vas-istha best (vasu good) ; sr6-yams {Kpdcov) Utter, sr6-stha best (sri be bright), san-yams (Lat. sen-ior) older (sana old), sthe-yams most steadfast (sthi-ra firm).
h. Some comparatives and superlatives belong to their positives in sense only; e.g. kan-iyams " lesser, tjounger, kan-istha smallest * and kan-istha youngest (alpa small) ; n6d-iyams (Av. nazd-yali) nearer, n6d-istha (Av. nazd- ista) nearest (antika near), vars-iyams higher, vars-istha^ highest (vrddha groivn up).
1 From the adj. pap^ had,i\\e radical element of which is uncertain, is formed direct the comparative pap-iyams in the TS.
2 Here the vowel remains unchanged. This is also the case in the corresponding superlative bhu-y-istha, which moreover adds the suffix with an intervening y.
^ Cp, kan-ya girl{= kania), Gk. /catvo-y (= Kavio-s).
* Appears in this sense in the TS.
^ Cp. vars-man n., vars-mdn m. height.
|
104] CARDINALS |
97 |
|
|
Numerals. |
||
|
104. Cardinals. |
||
|
1. 6-ka. |
19. |
nava-dasa. |
|
2. dva {Svo, Lat. duo). |
20. |
vimsati ^ (Lat. |
|
3. ti'i {rpi, Lat. tri). |
viginti). |
|
|
4. catur (Lat. quatuor). |
30. |
trim-sat. |
|
5. panca (Trerre). |
40. |
catvarim-sat.^ |
|
6. sas (e^, Lat. sex). |
50. |
panea-sat {rrev- |
|
7. sapta {iiTTd). |
rrj-KOVTo). |
|
|
8. asta' (6/crc6, Lat. odd, |
60. |
sas-ti.i° • • • |
|
Gothic ahtaii). |
70. |
sapta-ti. |
|
9. nava (Lat. novem). |
80. |
asi-ti." |
|
10. dasa2(5e/ca). |
90. |
nava-ti. |
|
11. 6ka-dasa.^ |
100. |
satam [k-Karov, |
|
12. dva-dasa^ {Sa>-SeKa). |
Lat. centum). |
|
|
13. trayo-dasa.^ |
1,000. |
sahasra n. |
|
14. catur-dasa.® |
10,000. |
a-yiita n. |
|
15. panca-dasa. |
100,000. |
ni-yiita n. |
|
16. s6-dasa.^ • • |
1,000,000. |
pra-yiita n. |
|
17. sapta-dasa. |
10,000,000. |
arbuda n. |
|
18. asta-dasa.^ |
100,000,000. |
nyarbuda n. |
^ asta is an old dual form.
2 The cardinals between 10 and 20 are Dvandya compounds formed by prefixing the accented unit to da^a ten.
^ Here 6ka stands for 6ka under the influence of dva-dasa.
* Here the N. du. is retained instead of the stem form dva.
s tr^o, for trfiyas (45. 2), is the N. pi. (105).
•5 catur as first member of a compound is regularly accented cStur-.
"^ For sas-daiia through saz-dasa (cp. 69 c, note 3).
^ This and the remaining cardinals are substantives. Those from tioenty to ninehj are either old compounds (adj. and substantive : two decades, &c.) or derivatives formed with -ti.
^ catvarim for catvari, n. pi. (105), like vim^ati and trimsSt. 1" Sixtij to ninety are abstract f. nouns derived from the simple cardinals (except asi-ti) meaning hexad of tens, &c.
^^ ail- is radically cognate to as-ta. 1819 n
98 DECLENSION [104-105
a. The numbers intermediate between the decades 20-100 are Dvandva compounds formed by prefixing the accented unit to the decade ; e. g. asta-vimsati 28 ; 6ka-trimsat 31 ; trayas-trimsat 33 ; nava-catvarimsat 49 ; nava-sasti 69 ; navasiti 89 ; panca-navati 95, san-navati 96, asta-navati 98 ; 6ka-satani 101, catuh-satam 104, trimsac-chatam 130.
a. Intermediate numbers may also be expressed by adding together unit and decade with or without ca ; e.g. nava ea navatim ea nineiy and nine, navatim nava ninety-nine.
P. In the TS. the number preceding a decade is also expressed by §kan nd, by one not = minus one ; thus ekan na vim^ati twenty less one = 19 ; ekan n^ catvarimsat 39 ; ekau ni. sasti 59 ; 6kan nasiti 79 ; 6kan ni, sat^m 99.
h. There are two ways of forming multiples. The larger number in the du. or pi. may be multiplied by the smaller used as an adjective ; e. g. dv6 sat6 200 ; sastim sahasra 60,000 ; trini sata tri sahasrani trimsac ca nava ca 3,339. Otherwise the multiplier prefixed to the larger number foi'ms with it a possessive (adjective) compound accented on the last syllable ; e. g. trayastrimsat tri-satah sat-sahasrah 6,338.
a. Multiples of numbers below 100 are sometimes formed in these two ways ; e.g. navatir nava nine nineties = 810 ; tri-saptd 21, tri-nav^ 27.
Declension of Cardinals.
105 . Only the first four cardinals, like other adjectives, distinguish the genders. 6ka one, while inflected chiefly in the s., forms a pl.^ also in the sense of some ; dva two is of course inflected in the dual only.
1. 6ka is declined like the pronominal adjectives visva
* A N. f. du, form of 6ka in the sense of a certain appears in 6ke yuvati (AV.) a cei'tain pair of maidens.
105] CARDINALS 99
and sarva ' (120 b). The forms occurring in the Samhitas are :
m. s. N. 6kas. A. 6kam. I. 6kena. G. 6kasya. L.
6kasmin. PI. N. 6ke. D. 6kebhyas. f. s. N. 6ka. A. 6kam. I. 6kaya. G. 6kasyas. PI. N.
6kas. n. s. N. 6kam. PI. N. eka.
2. dva tivo is declined quite regularly as a dual, like priya (97 A. 1). The forms occurring are :
m. N. dva,^ dvau. I, dvabhyam. G. dvayos. L. dvayos. f. N. dv6. I. dvabhyam. n. N. dv6. L. dvayos.
3. tri three is declined in the m. n. pi. quite regularly, like suci (98 B). The f. stem is tisr,^ the inflexion of which differs in the N.A. from other r stems* by adding the normal ending as to the unmodified stem. The forms occurring are :
m. PI. trayas. A. trin. I. tribhis. D. tribhyas. G.
trinam. L. trisu. f. N. tisras. A. tisras. I. tisi'bhis. D. tisrbhyas. G.
tisfnam.^ n. N.A. tri, trini.
4. catiir four in the m. n. has the strong stem catvar (cp. Lat. quatiior). In the G. pi., though the stem ends in
1 The only form of the Ab. s. occurring, 6kat, follows the nominal declension ; it is used in forming compound numerals, 6kan na trim- sat 29, &c. (TS.); 6kasmat, used in the same way, occurs in a B. jias- sage of the TS.
2 The dual form is retained in the numeral compound dva-dasa 12. Otherwise dvi is used as the stem in compounds, as dvi-p^d hq^ed, and in derivation, as dvf-dha in two ways, Sic.
' Probably for tri-sf, formed like sva-sr (101. 1, note 5).
* Except nar-ds (101. 1 c).
^ Once written tisrnam, though the r is actually long metrically.
h2 '
100 DECLENSION [105-106
a consonant, n is inserted before the case-ending.^ The f. stem is catasr, which is inflected exactly like tisr and shifts its accent like panca. The forms occurring are :
m. N. catvar-as. A. catur-as. I. catur-bhis. D. catur-
bhyas. G. catur-nam.^ f. N. A. catasr-as. I. catasr-bhis. D. catasr-bhyas. G.
catasrnam. n. N.A. catvar-i.
106. The cardinals from five to nineteen, though used adjectivally, do not distinguish gender and take no ending in the N.A.' They also have in common the peculiarity of accenting a before the consonant terminations * and the final syllable in the G.
a. The forms of sas six occurring in the Sanihitas are : N.A. sat (27). I. sad-bhis. D. sad-bhyas. L. sat-sii.
6. The forms of asta eiglit indicate that it was an old dual.^ The forms that occur are :
N.A. asta/' astau. I. asta-bhis. D. asta-bhyas. L. asta-su.
c. panca five as well as sapta seven and the cardinals from nine to nineteen are declined like neuters in an (90. 2) except in the G., which follows priya (97). The forms occurring are :
N.A. panca. I. paiica-bhis. D. panea-bhyas. G. pan- canam. L. panca-su.
1 Like san-nam, the G. of sds, which, however, does not seem to occur in any of the Samhitas.
2 With accent on the final syllable like the G. of pdnca, &c. ^ Except asta and ast&u which are N. A. dual forms.
■* Except asta, which accents the terminations.
^ Meaning probably the two tetrads (perhaps with reference to the fingers of the two hands).
*> asta is the stem used as the first member of compounds in the RV., but asta begins to be used in the AV.
106-107] SYNTAX OF CARDINALS. ORDINALS 101
N.A. sapta, I. sapta-bhis. D.Ab. sapta-bhyas. G.
saptanam. N.A. nava. I. nava-bhis. D. nava-bhyas. G. navanam. N.A. dasa. I. dasa-bhis. D. dasa-bhyas. G. dasanam.
L. dasa-su. N.A. ekadasa. D. ekadasa-bhyas. N. dvadasa. D. dva-
dasa-bhyas. N. trayodasa. I. trayodasa-bhis. D.
trayodasa-bhyas. N. pancadasa. D. paficadasa-
bhyas. N. sodasa. D. sodasa-bhyas. N. saptadasa.
D.saptadasa-bhyas. N. astadasa. D. astadasa-bhyas.
N. navadasa. I. navadasa-bhis. D. 6kan na vim-
satyai (TS.).
d. The cardinals for the decades from hvcnty to ninety with their compounds are f. substantives, nearly always inflected in the sing, and according to the declension of the stem final ; e. g. N. vimsati-s. A. virnsati-m. I. vim- saty-a. N. trimsat. A. trimsat-am. I. trimsat-a. L. trimsat-i. If the sense requires it these numerals may be used in the pi. ; e. g. nava navatis nine nineties ; navanam navatinam of nine nineties.
sata hundred and sahasra tJioitsand are neuters, which may be declined in all numbers ; e. g. dv6 sat6 two hundred ; sapta satani seven hundred ; tri sahasrani three thousand.
a. In the group five to nineteen the bare stem may be used in the oblique cases agreeing with substantives; e.g. sapta. hotrbhih with seven priests (cp. 194 B a).
Ordinals.
107. The ordinals, being all adjectives ending in a, are declined in the m. and n. like priya. The f. is formed with i (declined like devi) except in the first four, which take a.
The ordinals from first to tenth are formed with various suffixes, viz. (t)iya, tha, thama, ma. The formation
102
DECLENSION
[107
of the first four is somewhat irregular. The stems of the ordinals from eleventh to nineteenth differ from those of the corresponding cardinals only in being accented on the final syllable ; their inflexion diff^ers from that of the latter in following priya. Thus ekadasa eleventh forms the cases : m. s. A. ekadasa-m. PI. N. ekadasasas. A. eka- dasan. I. ekadasais.
The ordinals from twentieth to ninetieth (including their compounds), which also end in accented a, seem to be abbreviated forms of the corresponding cardinals ; e. g. catvarimsa fortieth.^
The ordinals for hundredth and thousandth are formed with the superlative suffix tama accented on the final syllable : sata-tama, sahasra-tama."
|
1st pra-thama,^ f. a.^ |
5th |
panca-ma, f. i. |
|
|
2nd dvi-t-iya,'^ f. a. |
6th |
sas-tha (Lat. sex- |
tu-s). |
|
3rd trt-iya,'' f. a (Lat. tert- |
sapta-tha. |
||
|
iu-s). |
7th H |
sapta-ma (Lat. |
septi- |
|
tur-iya,' f. a (for catur- |
mu-s). |
||
|
iya through k-tur- |
8th |
asta-ma. |
|
|
4th iya). |
9th |
nava-ma. |
|
|
catur-tha, f. i {rirap- |
10th |
dasa-ma (Lat. |
deci- |
|
To-s, Lat. guartu-s). |
mu-s). |
^ Only about three examples of this formation have been noted in the Samhitas, and four in the Brahmanas.
2 Sahasra-tama has been noted in B. only.
' Probably for pra-tam^ /oremosf, the th being due to the influence of catur-thd, &c.
^ Both prathama and trtiya have one case-form each according to the pronominal declension in the AV. : G. pratham£syas and L. trti- yasyam.
' From an older dvi-t^ second.
<> From an older tr-td Oiird.
"^ When used in the fractional sense of one-fourth accented on the iirst syllable : tiiriya (AV.) ; similarly in B. cdturtha one-fourth, trtiya one-third.
107-109] OEDINALS. NUMEEAL DEKIVATIVES 103
11th eka-dasa.
21st eka-vimsa.
34th catus-trimsa (B.).
40fch catvarimsa.
48th asta-catvarimsa.
52nd dva-pancasa (B.).
61st eka-sas-ta (B.).
100th sata-tama.
1000th sahasra-tama (B.).
Numeral Derivatives.
108. A number of derivatives, chiefly adverbs, are formed from the cardinals.
a. Multiplicative adverbs : sa-krt wice (lit. one maTcing) ; dvi-s ttvice (Gk. Sl-9, Lat. bis) ; tri-s thrice (Gk. rpc-9, Lat. fri-s) ; catiis four times (for catur-s). Others are expressed by the cardinal and the form krtv-as times (probably makings A. pi. of krtu) which is used as a separate word except in asta-krtvas (AV.) eigJit times ; e. g. dasa krtvas (AV.) ten times, bhuri krtvas many times.
h. Adverbs of manner formed with the suffix dha : dvi-dha in two ivays or jyarts, tri-dha and tre-dha, catur- dha, panca-dha, so-dha, sapta-dha, asta-dha, nava-dha, sahasra-dha.
c. A few multiplicative adjectives derived with the suffixes a, taya, vaya meaning -fold : tray-a threefold, dvay-a twofold ; dasa-taya tenfold ; catur-vaya fourfold.
PRONOUNS
109. Pronouns differ from nouns both in origin and declension. They are derived from a small class of roots with a demonstrative sense, and they have several distinct peculiarities of inflexion. These peculiarities have in varying degrees been extended to several groups of adjec- tives.
104 DECLENSION [109
A. Personal Pronouns.
This class displays the greatest number of peculiarities : they are for each person derived from several roots or combinations of roots ; they are specially irregular in inflexion : they do not distinguish gender, nor to some ^ extent even number. Some resemble neuters in form ; a few have no apparent case-ending ; in two of them the A. pi. m. does duty as f. also.
Singular. Plural.
N. ah-am I tv-am thou vay-am ive yu-y-am " ye
A. mam me ^^'" tv-am thee asman ^ us [ ynsman ^ you
I. ma-y-a hy me j tva asma-bhis hy i
Itva-y-a us
D. ma-hyam ' ] . tu-bhyam ^ to ( asma-bhyam yusma-bhyam
ma-hya 1 thee I for us for you
Ab. mad from me tvsid from thee asmad from yusmad from
us you
G. ma-ma of me tava of thee asmaka-m ' yusmaka-m*
of us of you
L. m.a-Y-i in me itve^ . ^^ fasma-su'' in yusm6 in you '' , . m thee
(tva-y-i 1 us
lasm6®
' Cp. Lat. mihi and tibi.
* Only this, the normal form ( = tva-i), is found in the EV. The irregular tvdyi appears in the later Samhitas.
^ asman and yusman ai'e new formations according to the nominal declension. The stems are compounds of the pronominal elements a + sma and yu + sma. The VS. twice has the distinctly f. new forma- tion yusmas.
* asmakam and yusmakam are properly the A. n. s. of the posses- sives asmaka our, yusmaka your.
^ asmasu is a new formation following the analogy of asmabhis.
6 asme is also used as D.
■^ Changed from original yus-am by the influence of vay-am.
109-110] PERSONAL PRONOUNS 105
Dual. N. vam ' and avam (SB.) tve two. A. avam " (^B.) us two. Ab. ava-bhyam (K.) and avad (TS.)/rom us two. G. avay-os (SB.) of us two.
N. yuvam ye two. A. yuvam you two. I. yuva-bhyam and yuva-bhyam hy you two. Ab. yuvad from you two. G. yuv-6s ' and yuvay-os of you two.
a. The following unaccented forms, inadmissible at the beginning of a sentence, are also used : Sing. A. ma, tva. D.G. me * (Gk. fioC), te * (Gk. rot). Du. A.D.G. nau (Gk, vwi), vam. PI. A.D.G. nas (Lat. nos), vas (Lat. vos).
b. The usual stems of these pronouns used in derivation or as first member of compounds are : ma, asma ; tva, yuva, yusma ; thus asma-druh hating us ; tva-yata presented by thee ; yuva-yii desiring you two ; yusma-yd.nt desiring yon. But the forms mad, asmad, tvad occur a few times as first member of compounds ; thus mat-krta done bj me ; asmit-sakhi having us as companions ; tv^d-yoni derived from thee.
B. Demonstrative Pronouns.
110. The inflexion of these pronouns, as compared with the nominal a declension, has the following peculiarities :
1. in the sing, d is added instead of m in the N.A. n. ; the element sma apjDears between the root and the ending in the D.Ab.L. m. n., and sya in the D.Ab.G.L. f. ; in (instead of i) is the ending in the L. m. n. 2. in the pi. the N. m. ends in e instead of as ; the G. has s instead of n before the ending am.
The stem ta that (also he, she, it) may be taken as the type for the inflexion of adjectival pronouns :
1 vam (probably abbreviated for avam), occurring once in the RV., seems to be the only N. du. form found in the Sarnhitas.
^ The N. avam (SB.) and A. avam (K. SB.) .seem to have been the normal forms judging by yuvdm and yuvam.
^ yuv-6s occurs in the RV., yuvay-os in the TS.
* me and te, originally L., have come to be used as D. and G.
106
DECLENSION
[110
|
Singular. |
Plural |
|||
|
MASC. NEUT. |
FEM. |
MASC. NEUT. |
FEM. |
|
|
N. |
sa-s ^ ta-d |
sa |
t6 (rot) vta^ and tan tani t6-bhis, tais |
ta-s |
|
A. |
ta-m 2 ta-d |
ta-m ta-y-a |
ta-s |
|
|
I. |
t6na' |
ta-bhis |
||
|
(roT?) |
||||
|
D. |
ta-smai * |
ta-syai * |
t6-bhyas |
ta-bhyas |
|
Ab. |
ta-smad ^ |
ta-syas |
||
|
G. |
ta-sya " |
ta-syas |
t6-s-am * |
ta-s-am " |
|
L. |
ta-smin sa-smin ^ |
ta-syam |
t6-su |
ta-su |
Dual.
G.Ii.
N.A. m. 'ta, tau, f. t6, n. t6. I.Ab. m. f, ta-bhyam. m. n. tay-os.
a. The stem ti is frequently used in derivation, especially that of adverbs, as t4-tha thus ; the n. form tdd often appears as first member of a compound ; e. g. tdd-apas accustomed to that ivork.
a. There are three other demonstratives derived from ta : 1. e-ta^° this here is inflected exactly like ta. The forms that occur are :
^ On the Sandhi of s£s cp. 48 ; s£, sa, td-d = Gk. 6, tj, to ; Gothic sa, so, tliat-a (Eng. that, Lat. is-tud).
2 t^-m, ta-m, td-d = Gk. t6-v, ttj-v, to.
3 Sometimes t§na,
* These forms have the normal ending e : = t^sma-e, tisya-e. In B. td,syai is substituted for the G. t^syas.
° The Chandogya Upanisad once has sasmad.
^ Homeric Gk. toio (for tosio).
'' sasmin occurs nine times in the RV,, tasmin twenty-two times.
* Cp. Lat. is-torum.
' Gk. Taojv (for rdaaiv), cp. Lat. is-tdrum.
^^ The stem used in derivation and composition is eta ; e.g. eta-vant so great, eta-dfs such. In B. etad is sometimes thus used : etad-da giving this, etan-miya consisting of this.
iio-iuj DEMONSTEATIVE PKONOUNS 107
m. Sing. N. esa-s (67, 48). A. etam. I, et6na. D. eta- smai. Ab. etasmad. G. etasya. — Du. N. eta, etau. — PI. N. et6. A. etan. I. et^bhis, etais. D. et6bhyas.
f. Sing. N. esa. A. etam. I. etaya. L. etasyam. — Du. N. et6. PI. etas. A. etas. I. etabhis. L. etasu.
n. Sing. N. etad. PI. N. eta, etani.
2. tya is derived from ta with the suffix ya and means that. It is common in the KV., but rare in the later Samhitas.' Unlike ta it is used adjectivally only, hardly ever occurring without its substantive. It never begins a sentence except when followed by the particles u, cid, nil, or su.
The forms occurring are :
m. Sing. N. sya,^ A. tyam. G. tyasya. — Du. N. tya. —
PI. N. ty6. A. tyan. I. ty6bhis. f. Sing. N. sya. A. tyam. I. tya. G. tyasyas. — Du. N.
tj6. — PI. N. tyas. A. tyas. n. Sing. tyad. PI. tya, tyani.
3, A very rare derivative is ta-ka this little, which occurs only twice in the EV. in the two A. sing, forms m. taka-m, n. taka-d.
a. sima seems to have the sense of an emphatic demonstrative.* The forms occurring are: Sing. N. sim^s. V. sima. D. simdsmai (n.). Ab. simdsmad. PI. simi.
111. In the inflexion of the demonstrative which in the N. s. ni. appears as ayam this Jiere the two pronominal
* It is also found a few times in B. ^ See 48, note 3.
* It is generally given the meaning of every, all, but the above is the more probable sense.
108
DECLENSION
[111
roots i (which nearly always has a double ending) and a^ are employed, the former in the N. (except the m. s.) and A., the latter in all the other cases. The A. s. m. f. starts from i-m (the A. of i), which appears in the du. and pi. also, so that all these cases have the appearance of being formed from a stem ima."
SlNaULAR. MASC. NEUT.
N. a-y-am i-d-am A. im-am' i-d-am
I.
D.
Ab.
G.
L.
e-na^ a-smai a-smad '^ a-sya ^ a-smin
FEM.
i-y-am i-m-am
a-y-a ' a-syai a-syas a-syas a-syam
MASC.
i-m-6 i-m-an
Plural.
NEUT.
i-m-a i-m-ani
e-bhis e-bhyas
e-s-am e-su
FEM.
i-m-as i-m-as
a-bhis a-bhyas
a-s-am a-sii
N.A. m. im-a, -au. m. G.L. a-y-6s.
Dual. f. im-6. n. im-6. m. D.Ab. a-bhyam.
1 These two roots are frequently used in derivation ; e. g. a-tra here, a-tha then ; i-da noxo, i-hd here, i-tara other,
2 From this stem is formed the adverb ima-tha thus.
s Here i-m is the A. of i, from which is also formed the A. f. i-m and the n. i-d, both used as particles.
* Also twice ana. ena and the remaining oblique cases, when used as nouns and unemphatic, may lose their accent.
s The Ab., according to the nominal declension, ad is used as a conjunction.
6 Both asya and asmai may be accented dsya and asmai when emphatic at the beginning of a Pada. The form imdsya occurs once in the RV. instead of asya ; and imasmai in the AA. for asmai.
■^ Instead of aya the form andya occurs twice in the KV. : it is the only form from ana found in the Samhitas.
112] DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 109
112. The demonstrative corresponding to ayam employed to express remoteness in the sense of that there, you, and having in the N. s. the curious forms m. f. a-s-au, n. a-d-as, uses throughout its inflexion the root a, but always in an extended form. The fundamental stem used in every case (except the N. s.) is a-m A. m. of a. This is extended by the addition of the particle u to amu,' which appears throughout the sing, (with u in A. f.) except the N. In the pi. amu is the f. and ami the m. stem (except the A.).
The forms occurring are :
m. Sing. N. a-sau." A. a-m-u-m, I, amu-n-a. D. amu- smai. Ab. amii-smad. G. amii-sya. ' L. amu-smin. — PI. ami. A. amun. D. ami-bhyas. G. ami-sam.
f. Sing. N. a-sau.- A. a-m-ifi-m. I. amu-y-a.* D. amu- syai. G. amu-syas. — Du. N. amu. — PI. N. amu-s. A. amu-s.
n. Sing. N. a-d-as.'' PL N. amu.
a. The unaccented defective pronoun of the third person e-na" [he, she, it) is declined in the A. of all numbers, besides the I. s. and the G. du.
A. sing. m. ena-m, f. ena-m, n. ena-d. — Du. m. enau,
f. ene. — PI. m. enan, f. ena-s. I. sing, enena, G. du. en-os (RV.), enay-os (AV.).
a. Another unaccented demonstrative pronoun restricted to the RV. (excepting one form in the AV. and the TS.) is tva meaning one, many
1 This stem is used in derivation ; e.g. amu-tas thence, amu-tra there, amii-tha thus (B.).
^ Here the pronominal root a seems to be compounded with sa extended by tlie particle a : a-sa-u and a-sa-u.
" This is the only example of sya being added to any but an a stem.
* Used adverbially, with shifted accent.
''Here the neuter a-d of tlie pronominal root a is extended with the suffix as.
" Here we have the same e (L. of a) as in 6-ka one, e-vd, thvs.
110 DECLENSION [112-]13
a one, generally repeated in the sense of one another. The n. tvad meaning parily is also found in B. The forms occurring are :
Sing. N. m. tvas, f. tva, n. tvad. A. m. tvam. I. m. tvena. D. m. tvasmai, f. tvasyai. — PI. m. tve.
p. The pronoun av^ this occurs only in the G. du. form av63 in combination with vam meaning of you tivo being such (used like sa in s6, tv4m thou as such).
y. The pronoun dma ^ this occurs only once in the AV. (also in the AB.) in the formula dmo 'h^m asmi this am I.
C. Interrogative Pronoun.
113. The interrogative ka who ? which ? ivhat ? used as both substantive and adjective, is inflected exactly like ta, excepting the alternative neuter form ki-m," which instead of the pronominal d has the nominal m (never elsewhere attached to a stem in i). The forms occurring are : m. Sing. ka-s. A. ka-m. I. k6na. D. ka-smai. Ah.
ka-smad. G. ka-sya. L. ka-smin. — Du. N. kau. —
PI. k6. I. k6-bhis. L. k6-su. f. Sing. N. ka. A. ka-m. I. ka-y-a. G. ka-syas. — PI. N.
ka-s. A. ka-s. L. ka-su. n. Sing. N.A. ka-d and ki-m.^ — PI. N. ka and kani.
a. In derivation the stems ki and ku as well as ka are used ; e. g. ki-y-ant how great ? ku-ha ichere ? ka-ti hoic many ?
As first member of a compound kad occurs twice : kat-paya greatly swelling, k^d-artha having what purpose? kim is similarly used a few times in the later Samhitas and the Brahmanas ; e. g. kim-kard servant.
b. k&-ya, an extended form of kfi, occurring in the G. only, is found in combination with cid : kdyasya cid of whomsoever.
1 From this pronoun are derived the I. and Ab. adverbs (with shifted accent) ama at home and amad/rom 7iear.
* The N. s.m. is preserved as a petrified form in nS-ki-s and ma-ki-s no one, nothing.
2 The relative frequency of kA-d and ki-m is in tlie RV. as two to three.
11-115] RELATIVE AND REFLEXIVE PEONOUNS 111
D. Relative Pronoun.
114. The relative pronoun ya who, which, what is declined exactly like ta. The forms occurring are :
m. Sing. N. ya-s. A, ya-m. I. y6na ^ and y^na. D. ya-
smai. Ab. ya-smad.'' G. ya-sya. L. ya-smin. Du, N. ya, yau. D. ya-bhyam. G. ya-y-os. L. ya-y-os
and y-6s.^ PI. N. j6. A. yan. I. y6-bhis and yais. D. y6-bhyas.
G. y6-s-am. L. y6-su. f. Sing. N. ya. A. ya-m. I. ya-y-a. G. ya-syas.
L. ya-syam. Du. N. y6. G.L. ya-y-os. PI. N. ya-s. A. ya-s. I. ya-bhis. D. ya-bhyas. G. ya-
s-am. L. ya-su. n. N.A. Sing. ya-d. Du. j6. PI. ya, yani.
a. The stem of yi, is used to form derivatives ; e. g. ya-tha, as. It also appears as first member of a compound in ya-dfs which like. The neuter ydd is also once used thus in the EV. : ydt-kama desiring ivhat ; and a few times later, as yad-devatya having ivhat deity (K.), yat-karin doing what (SB.).
h. A form of the relative extended with the diminutive suffix ka, ya-kd who, occurs only in the sing. N. m. ya-kd-s, f. ya-ka, and the pi. IN", m. ya-k6.
E. Reflexive Pronouns.
115. a. The reflexive indeclinable substantive sva-y-am ** self is properly used as a N. referring to all three persons. Sometimes, however, its N. nature being forgotten, it is
^ y^na is twice as common in the RV. as y6na, but the Pada text always reads y^na.
'^ The Ab., formed according to the nominal declension, yad is used as a conjunction.
^ y-6s for yd-y-os like yuv-6s for yuvd-y-os (p. 105, note 3).
* Derived from svfi with suffix am and interposed y (like a-y-am from a).
112 DECLENSION [115-116
used as an A. ; e. g. ayuji svayam dhuri I have yoked myself to the pole ; or as agreeing in sense ^yith another case. It occasionally means spontaneously.
h. tanu body is used in the EV. to express self in other cases than the N. and in all numbers. The reflexive pronoun sva and a possessive G. may be added ; e. g. yajasva tanvam ivorship thyself a,iid yajasva tanvam tava svam worship thine own self. The reflexive sense of tanu has disappeared in B.
a. There are one or two instances in the RV. of the incipient use of atman soul in a reflexive sense ; e. g. balam dadhana atmani putting force into himself. The A. atmanam is frequently thus used in the later Sarnhitas (though never in the RV.) and in B.
c. sva own is a reflexive adjective referring to all three persons and numbers. It is inflected like an ordinary adjective (priya) in the RV. (except the two isolated pronominal forms svasmin and svasyas). The forms occurring are : m. Sing. N, svas (Lat. suits). A. svam. I. sv6na and
sv6na. D. svaya. Ab. svad. G. svasya. L. sv6
and svasmin (RV.). PI. N. svas. A. svan. I. sv6bhis and svais. D. sv6-
bhyas. G. svanam. L. svesu. f. Sing. N. sva (Lat. sua). A. svam. I. svaya. D.
svayai. Ab. svayas. G. svasyas (RV.). L. svayam, PI. N. svas. A. svas. I. svabhis. L. svasu. n. Sing. N.A. svam (Lat. suum). PI. A. sva (Lat. sua).
o. As first member of compounds svd. several times appears in the substantive (as well as the adj.) sense; e.g. sva-yukta self-yoked. svayam is similarly used in the Sarnhitas ; e.g. svayam-ja self-lorn.
F. Possessive Pronouns.
116. Possessive pronouns are rare because the G. of the personal pronoun is generally used to express the sense which they convey.
116-117] PKONOMINAL COMPOUNDS 113
a. The possessives of the first person are mama-ka and mama-ka ^ my and asma-ka our. Tlie forms occurring are :
Sing. D. mamakaya. G. mamakasya.
Sing. N. m. mamaka-s. n. mamaka-m. PI. G. mamaka-
nam. Sing. N.A. n. asmaka-m.'^ I. asmakena. PI. N. m.
asmakasas. I. asmake-bhis.
The n. s. asmakara, by fai- the commonest of these forms, is used as the G. pi. of the personal pronoun = of us (109).
h. The possessives of the second person are tava-ka^ thy (only D. pi. tavak6bhyas), tva tliy (only I. pi. f. tva-bhis), and yusma-ka your. Of the latter, three forms occur: I. s. m. yusmakena, pi. f. yusmaka-bhis, and the N.A. n. yusmakam used as the G. pi. of the second personal pronoun = of you.
e. Besides being used reflexively sva is fairly often employed as a simple possessive, generally of the third person (like Lat. suus), his, her, their, but also of the second, thy, your, and of the first, my, our. The inflexion (115 c) is the same in both senses.
G. Pronominal Compounds and Derivatives.
117. With -drs^ in the EV. and other Samhitas, and with -drksa in the VS. are formed the following pronominal compounds : i-drs, ta-drs, eta-drs such, ki-drs ' what liJce ? ya-drs '"' what like ; i-drksa, eta-drksa such.
^ Both formed from the G. of the personal pronoun mdina. There also occurs once in the RV. the derivative ma-k-ina my.
^ The VS. has once the N. s. asmakd-s our formed like mamaka beside mdimaka.
^ Formed from the G. tava.
* In the Brahmanas (SB.) -drsa begins to appear : i-ifsa, ta-dfsa, ya-drsa.
5 N. s. m. ki-drn.
^ With the very anomalous L. s. yadfsmin.
1819 I
114 DECLENSION [117-119
a. With the suffix -ka, conveying a diminutive or contemptuous meaning, very rarely used derivatives are formed from the pronouns ti, ya, sa, and asd,u: ta-kd tliaf little (110. 3), yd-ka 7vko, which (114 &), sa-kfi (only N. s. f. sa-ka), asakau N. s. f. that little (VS.).
h. With the comparative suffix -tara derivatives are formed from i, kd, yd., and with the superlative suffix -tama from the latter two (op. 120) : i-tara other, ka-tara lohich of two? ya-tarfi, %cho or which oftivo ; ka-tam& tvho or which of many? ya-tama who orivhich of many,
118. a. With ti derivatives with a numerical sense are formed from ka, ta, and ya : ka-ti liow many 1 (Lat. quot) ; td-ti so many (Lat. toti-dem) ; ya-ti as many. No inflected forms of these M'ords occur. They appear in the sense of the N.A. pi. only.
b. With yant expressing the quantitative meaning of much derivatives are formed from i and ki : 1-yant so much : n. s. N. iyat, pi. iyanti ; f. s. D. iyatyai ; ki-yant how much ? : sing. N. n. kiyat ; f. kiyati. D. m. kiyate. L. kiyati (for kiyati).
c. With vant are formed derivatives from personal pro- nouns with the sense of liJ\e, attached to ; and from others in the quantitative sense of great ; thus tva-vant like thee, ma-vant like vie, yuva-vant devoted to you ttvo (only D. yuvavate) ; yusma-vant belonging to ymt (only L. pi. yusmavatsu) ; eta-vant and ta-vant so great ; ya-vant as great; i-vant so great (s. N. n. ivat. D. m. n. ivate. G. ivatas : pi. A. m. ivatas) ; ki-vant lioic far? (G. s. kivatas).
Indefinite Pronouns.
119. a. The only simple pronoun which has an un- doubtedly indefinite sense is sama (unaccented) any, every. The six forms that occur are : m. s. A. samam. D. samas- mai. Ab. samasmad. G. samasya. L. samasmin. PI. N. same.
119-120] PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES 115
b. Compound indefinite pronouns are foi'med by combining the particles ca, cana, or cid with the interrogative ka ; thus kas ca an^/, any one ; kas cana any one soever, every ; kas cid any, some ; any one, some one.
Pronominal Adjectives.
120. Several adjectives derived from or allied in mean- ing to pronouns, follow the pronominal declension (110) altogether or in part.
a. The adjectives that strictly adhere to the pronominal type of inflexion are anya other and the derivatives formed with tara and tama from ka and ya. The specifically pronominal cases of the latter that have been met with are : Sing. N. n. katara-d, yatara-d; katama-d, yatama-d. D. katama-smai. G. f. katama-syas. L. f. yatama-syam. PI. N. m. katam^, yatam6, yatar6 (K.). From itara occur in the Kathaka Samhita m. D. s. itarasmai and N. pi. itare. The forms of anya that occur are :
m. Sing. N. anya-s. A. anya-m, I. any^na. D. anya-
smai. G. anya-sya. L. anya-smln. — PL N. anye.
A. anyan. I. any6-bhis and anyais. D. any^-bhyas.
G. any6-sam. L. any6-su. f. Sing. N. anya. A. anyam. I, anya-y-a. D. anya-syai.
G. anya-syas. L. anya-syam. — Du. N. any6. — PI. N.
anya-s. A. anya-s. I. anya-bhis. G. anya-sam.
L. anya-su. n. Sing. N. anya-d. — Du. I. anya-bhyam. — PI. N. anya.
h. visva all, sarva whole, 6ka one are partially pronom- inal, differing only in taking m instead of d in the N. A. s. n. Thus: Sing. D. visvasmai.' Ab. visvasmad.^ L. visvasmin.^
^ The RV. has tlie nominal forms D. visvaya, Ab. vfsvat, L. vi'ilve, once each.
i2
IIG DECLENSION [120
PI. N. visve. G. m. visvesam, f. visvasam ; but
sing. N. n. visvam. Sing. D. m. sarvasmai. f. sarvasyai. Ab. m. sarvasmad.
PI. m. N. sarve. G, sarvesam. f. sarvasam ; but
sing. N. n. sarvam. Sing. G. f. 6kasyas. L. m. 6kasmin.^ PI. N. m. 6ke ;
but sing. N. n. 6kani. c. More than a dozen other adjectives, having pronominal affinities in form or meaning, occasionally have pronominal case-forms (but always m instead of d in the N.A. s. n.) :
1. Eight adjectives formed witli the comparative suffixes -tara and -ra, and the superlative suffix -ma : ut-tara hiffher, later :
Sing. Ab. L. aittarasmad and littarasmin beside littarad and littare. L. f. uttarasyam. PI. N. uttare. G. uttare- sam (K.).
apa-ra, ava-ra, upa-ra loiver: sing. L. aparasmin (K.). PI. N. m. apare, avare, lipare beside aparasas, avarasas, uparasas and uparas.
ava-ma loirest : L. s. f. avamasyam.
upa-ma highest : L. s. f. upamasyam.
para-ma farthest: sing. f. G. paramasyas. L. para- masyam. PI. m. N. paramd (K.).
madhya-ma middlemost : sing. f. L. madhyamasyam.
2. Five other adjectives with a comparative or pronominal sense :
para ulterior : sing. D. m. parasmai. Ab. m. parasmad. li. m. parasmin beside pare. G. f. parasyas. PI. m. N. pare beside parasas. G. paresam.
piirva prior: sing. D. purvasmai. Ab. purvasmad. L. purvasmin (K.), f. purvasyam. PI. N. m. purve (very common) beside piirvasas (very i*are). G. m. ptirvesam, f. piirvasam.
' The AV. once has §ke as L. sing.
120-121] CONJUGATION 117
nema ' other : sing. L. m. n^masmin. PI. N. iii. neme, but G. nema- nam (unaccented).
sva own (116c), othei"\vise following the nominal declension, has once sing. G. f. svasyas and once L. n. svasmin,
samana similar, common has once sing. Ab. n. samanasmad beside samanad.
3. Four adjectives, numerical in form or meaning, have occasional pronominal endings : prathama first has the sing. G. f. prathamasyas ; - trtiya third has sing. L. f. trtiyasyam ; - libhaya of both Jdnds has pi. m. G. ubhayesam and N. ubhaye beside ubhayasas and libhayas ; ^ kevala exclusive has once pi. N. m. k^vale.
CHAPTER IV CONJUGATION
121. Vedic verbs are inflected in two voices, active and middle. The middle forms may be employed in a passive sense, except in the present system, which has a special passive stem inflected with the middle endings. Some verbs are conjugated in both active and middle, e. g. krno-ti and krnu-t6 makes ; others in one voice only, e. g. as-ti is ; others partly in one, partly in the other ; e. g. varta-te turns, but perfect va-vart-a has turned.
a. The Vedic verb has in each tense and mood three numbers, Singular, Dual, and Plural, all in regular use,
^ Perhaps from na + ima not this.
2 Cp. 107, note 4.
3 ubha both is declined in the Du. only : N.A. m. ubha, f. ubhe. I. ubhabhyam. G. ubhayos.
118 CONJUGATION [121-122
with three persons in each (except the imperative in which the first persons are wanting).
122. There are five tenses in ordinary use, the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the aorist, and the future. The terms imperfect, perfect, aorist are here used in a purely formal sense, that is, as corresponding in formation to the Greek tenses Ijearing those names. No Vedic tense has an imperfect meaning, while the perfect sense is generally expressed by the aorist.
a. Besides the indicative there are four moods, the subjunctive, the injunctive, the optative, and the imj)erative, all of which are formed from the stems of the present, the perfect, and the aorist. The imperfect has no moods ; and the only modal form occurring in the future is the unique subjunctive karisyas from kr make.
a. The subjunctive, very common in the RV. and the AV., is three or four times as frequent as the optative ; the hitter, comparatively rare in the Samhitas, occurs far oftener than the former in the Brahmanas. Both form stems with a special modal affix.
The subj. adda a to the indicative stem : when the latter distin- guishes a strong and a weak stem, the a is attached to the former, while it coalesces to a with the final of a stems. Thus the pr. subj. stem of duh '»nlk is doh-a, of joij jom yundj-a, but of bhu he bhava.
The opt. adds ya or i, which when strong and weak stems are dis- tinguished are attached to the latter. Stems in a take i throughout ; others take i in the mid., ya in the act. ; thus the pr. opt. stem of bhii is bhave ( = bhdva-i) ; of duh and yuj, act. duh-ya, yuiij-ya, mid. duh-i, yuiij-i.
The inj. is identical in form with an unaugmented j^ast tense (impf., aor., plup.). It is very common in the RV., but has almost disappeared from the Brahmanas, except when used with the prohibi- tive particle ma.
The impv. has no modal affix, adding its endings direct to the tense stem ; e. g. 2. s.pr. vid-dhi hioiv, pf. mumug-dhi release, aor. ^ru-dhl hear. In the 2. 3. du. and 2. pi. act. and mid. (ending in tam, tam; atham, atam ; ta : dhvam) it is identical with the inj.
h. Participles, active and middle, are formed from the tense stem of the present, future, aorist, and perfect. There
122-124] THE PKESENT SYSTEM 119
are also passive particii^les, present, perfect, and future ; the first being formed from the passive stem in ya, the other two from the root.
c. There are also gerunds, which are stereotyped cases (chiefly instrumentals) of verbal nouns and having the value of indeclinable active participles with a prevailingly past sense ; e. g. gatvi and gatvaya having gone.
d. There are about a dozen differently formed types of infinitives, which are cases of verbal nouns made directly or with a suffix from the root, and hardly ever connected with a tense stem ; e. g. idh-am to kindle ; gan-tavai to go.
The Present System.
123. While the perfect, aorist, and future tenses add the endings directly (or after inserting a sibilant) to the root, the present group (that is, the present with its moods and participles, and the imperfect) forms a special stem, which is made in eight different ways by primary verbs.
The Eight Classes.
124. These eight classes are divided into two conjuga- tions. In the first, which comprises the first, fourth, and sixth classes, the present stem ends in a and remains unchanged throughout (like the a declension). The secondary conjugations in a (desideratives, intensives, causatives, denominatives) as well as the future follow this conjugation in their inflexion. The second or graded conjugation is characterized by shift of accent between stem and ending, accompanied by vowel gradation. It comprises the remain- ing five classes, in which the terminations are added directly to the final of the root or to the (graded) suffixes no or na, and the stem is changeable, being either strong or weak.
120 CONJUGATION [1-25-127
A. First Conjugation.
125. 1. The first or Bhu class adds a to the last letter of the root, which being accented takes Guna of a final vowel (short or long) and of a short medial vowel followed by one consonant ; e. g. ji conquer : jay-a ; bhu Jje : bhav-a ; budh aicake: bodh-a.
2. The sixth or Tud class adds an accented a to the root, which being unaccented has no Guna. Before this a final f is changed to ir.
3. The fourth or Div class adds ya to the last letter of the root, which is accented;^ e.g. nah hind: nah-ya ; div 'play: div-ya (cp. 15, 1 c).
B. Second Conjugation.
126. The strong forms are :
1. The singular present and imperfect active ;
2. The whole subjunctive ;
3. The third person singular imperative active.
In these forms the vowel of the root or of the affix, being- accented, is strengthened ; while in the weak forms it is reduced because the terminations are accented.
a. In the ninth class the accented form of the affix is na, the unac- cented ni or n ; in the seventh they are respectively nd and n.
127. 1. The second or root class adds the terminations directly to the root (in the subjunctive and optative with the intervening modal suffix). The radical vowel in the strong forms is accented - and takes Guna if possible (125, 1) ;
^ The weak form in some instances assumed by the root points to the ya having originally been accented (cp. 133 B 1).
2 Except in the augmented (128 c) imperfect singular because the augment is invariably accented.
127] FOEMATION OF PKESENT STEM 121
e. g. from i go : sing. 1. 6-nii, 6-si, 6-ti ; dvis hate : dv^s-mi, dv6k-si, dv6s-ti.
2. The third or reduplicating class acids the terminations directly to the reduplicated root, which in the strong forms takes Guna if possible. Contrary to analogy, the accent is not, in the majority of verbs belonging to this class, on the root in the strong forms, but on the reduplicative syllable (which is also accented in the 3. pi. act. and mid.).^ Thus hxi sacrifice : Sing. 1. ju-ho-mi, pi. l.ju-hu-mas; bhr &car: Sing. 1. bi-bhar-mi, pi. 1. bibhr-mas, 3. bi-bhr-ati.^
3. The seventh or infixing nasal class adds the termina- tions directly to the final consonant, before which na is inserted in the strong and n in the weak forms ; e. g. yuj join : yu-na-j-mi. yu.nj-mas.
4. The fifth or nu class adds in the strong forms the accented syllable no, which in the weak forms is reduced to nu ; e. g. kr mahe : kr-no-mi, krn-mas.^
a. Four roots ending in n liave the appearance of being formed with a sutfix u, but this is probably due to the an. of the root being reduced to the sonant nasal ; thus from tan stretch ta-nu (for tn-nu). In the tenth Mandala of the RV. the anomalous weak stem kur-u appears three times (beside the normal kr-nu) and the strong stem karo in the AV. These stems gave rise to the eighth or u class of Sanskrit grammar.
5. The ninth or na class adds to the root in the strong forms the accented syllable na, which in the weak forms is reduced to ni before consonants and n before vowels. The root shows a tendency to be weakened. Thus grabh seize: grbh-na-mi, pi. 1. grbh-ni-masi and grbh-ni-mas, 3. grbh- n-anti.
* It is doubtless as a result of this accentuation that these verbs lose the n of the endings in these two forms : bibhr-ati, bibhr-ate.
2 The intensives conjugated in the active (172) follow this class.
3 The u is dropped before the m of the 1. pi. ind. act. and mid.
122 CONJUGATION [128-129
The Augment.
128. The imperfect, pluperfect, aorist, and conditional generally prefix to the stem the accented syllable a which gives to those forms the sense of past time.
a. This augment sometimes appears lengthened, before the n, y, r, v of seven or eight roots : aor. a-nat (nas attain) ; impf. a-yunak, aor. a-yukta, a-yuksatam (yuj join) ; impf. a-rinak and aor. a-raik (ric leave) ; aor. a-var (vr cover) ; impf. a-vrni (vr choose) ; impf. a-vrnak (vrj turn), impf. a-vidhyat (vyadh ivound).
1). The augment contracts with the initial vowels i, u, r to the Vrddhi vowels ai, au, ar ; e. g. aichat impf. of is wish ; aunat impf. of ud wet ; ar-ta (Gk. S)p-To) 3. s. aor. mid. of r go.
c. The augment is very often dropped : this is doubtless a survival from the time when it was an independent particle that could be dispensed with if the past sense was clear from the context. In the KV. the unaugmented forms of past tenses are much more than half as numerous as the augmented ones. In sense the forms that drop the augment are either indicative or injunctive, these being about equal in number in the EV. About one-third of the injunctives in the EV. are used with the prohibitive particle ma (Gk. firj). In the AV. nearly all the unaugmented forms are injunctives, of which four-fifths are used with ma.
Reduplication.
129. Five verbal formations take reduplication : the present stem of the third conjugational class, the perfect (with the pluperfect), one kind of aorist, the desiderative, and the intensive. Each of these has certain peculiarities, which must be treated separately under the special rules of reduplication (130, 135, 149, 170, 173). Common to all are the following :
1-29-130] KEDU PLICATION 123
General Rules of Reduplication.
1. The lirst syllable of a root (i.e. that portion of it which ends with a vowel) ^ is reduplicated ; e. g. budh jyerce'we : bu-budh.
2. Aspirated letters are represented by the corresponding unaspirated ; ■ e. g. bhi fear : bi-bhi ; dha put : da-dha.
3. Gutturals are represented by the corresponding palatals,'^ h by j ; e. g. gam go : ja-gam ; khan dig : ca-khan ; han smite : ja-ghan.
4. If the root begins with more than one consonant, the lirst only is reduplicated ; e. g. kram stride : ca-kram.
5. If a root begins with a sibilant followed by a hard consonant, the latter is reduplicated ; e. g. stha stand : ta-stha ; skand leap : ca-skand. But svaj embrace : sa-svaj (v is soft) ; smi smile : si-smi (m is soft).
6. If the radical vowel, whether final or medial, is long, it is shortened in the reduplicative syllable;^ e.g. da give: da-da ; radh succeed : ra-radh.
Special Rule of Reduplication for the Third Class.
130. r and r are represented in reduplication by i ; e. g. bhr hear : bi-bhar-ti ; pr fill : pi-par-ti. The root vrt turn is the only exception : va-vart(t)-i.
a. Thirteen roots also reduplicate a with i,* while nine do so with a.
1 This is not always the case in the reduplication of intensives (173 6).
"^ There are some exceptions to this rule in the reduplication of intensives (173, 3).
^ This rule does not apply to intensives (173), nor for the most part to the reduplicated aorist (149, 2), and in the reduplicated perfect it is subject to numerous exceptions (13i), 9).
* Three of these, pa drink, stha stand, han slay, have permanently gone over to the a conjugation, while ghra smell is beginning to do so.
124 CONJUGATION [131
Terminations.
131. The following table gives the terminations, which are on the whole the same for all verbs, of the present system. The chief difference is in the optative which is characterized by e ^ in the first, and ya and i ' in the second conjugation. The present indicative has the primary (mi, si, ti, &c.), and the imperfect, the optative, and (with some modifications) the imperative have the secondary terminations (m, s, t, &c.), while the subjunctive fluctuates between the two. Of the other tenses the future takes the primary, and the pluperfect and the aorist, with the benedictive and the conditional, take the secondary termina- tions ; while the perfect has in the active (with many variations) the secondary, and in the middle the primary endings.
The following distinctions between the two conjugations should be noted. In the first or a conjugation (as in the a declension) the accent is never on the terminations, but always on the same syllable of the stem (the root in the first and fourth, the affix in the sixth class), which therefore remains unchanged. On the other hand, in the second conjugation (as in the declension of changeable stems) the accent falls on the strong stem, which is reduced in the weak forms by the shifting of the accent to the endings. In the second conjugation therefore the endings are accented except in the strong forms (126). The same applies to the unaugmented imperfect (128).
1 That is, i coalescing with the final a of the stem ; e. g. bbav-e — bhava-i.
2 That is, the modal affix shows vowel gradation (5 b).
131]
CONJUGATIONAL ENDINGS
Active.
125
|
PRESENT. IMPERFECT. |
OPTATIVE, |
SUB.T. |
IMPV. |
||
|
1st conj. |
2nd conj. |
||||
|
1. mil |
(a)-m^ |
iyam " |
yam |
ani, a |
|
|
2. si |
s |
is |
yas |
a-si, a-s |
— , tat^l dhi, hi J |
|
3. ti |
t |
it |
yat |
a-ti, a-t |
tu |
|
1. vas' |
va^ |
iva |
yava |
a-va |
|
|
2. thas |
tam |
itam |
yatam |
a-thas |
tam |
|
3. tas |
tarn |
itam |
yatam |
a-tas |
tam |
|
1, masi,'^ mas ^ |
ma^ |
ima |
yama |
a-ma |
|
|
2. tha, thana^ |
ta, tana'' |
ita |
yata |
a-tha |
ta, tana ^ |
|
3. (a)-nti^ |
(a)-n, ur " |
iyur |
yiir |
a-n |
(a)-ntu * |
* The final a of the stem in the first conjugation is lengtliened before m or V : bhdva-mi, bhdva-vas.
^ In the RV. masi is more than five times as common as mas, but in the AV. mas is rather commoner than masi.
^ The only example of the ending thana in the a conjugation is vMa-thana.
* Reduplicated verbs and others treated as such drop the n in the 3. pi. ind. pr. and impv. act. In the whole second conj. the n is dropped in the 3. pi. pres. impf, imjJv. mid.
^ m in the first (d-bhava-m), am in the second (5.-dves-am).
" There are no examples of this ending in the a conjugation.
"^ The ending ur is taken by nearly all the verbs of the redupli- cating class and by several of the root class.
^ These endings coalesce with the final a of the stem to eyam, es, et, &c.
" Verbs of the a conjugation have normally no ending in the 2. s. impv. ; but they not infrequently add tat, which occurs in B. also. In the graded conjugation dhi, hi, tat are added to the weak stem, and ana in some verbs of the ninth class : e. g. ad-dhi, ^rnu- dhi ; srnu-hi, puni-hi ; as- ana ; vit-tat, krnu-tat.
'0 Only two examples occur in the a conjugation : bhdja-tana and n^hya-tana.
126
CONJUGATION
[131
Middle.
PRESENT.
1. e
2. se
3. te
1. vahe'
2. ethe^(l),
athe (2)
3. ete'(l),
ate (2)
1. mahe'
2. dhve
3. iite(l),
ate (2)
IMPF.
thas ta
vahi^
etham ' (1), atham (2)
etam^ (1), atam (2)
mahi^
dhvam
nta (1), ata (2)
OPTATIVE.
iya*
i-thas
i-ta
i-vahi i-y-atham
i-y-atam
i-mahi
i-dhvam i-r-an
SUBJUNCTIVE.
I a-se, a-sai ^ a-te, a-tai*'
a-vahai aithe
aite
a-mahai) a-mahe )
a-dhvai
a-ntaij^ a-nta^ J
IMPERATI
sva
tain am
etham ^ (1 atham I
etam^ (1) atam (I
dhvam
ntam (1) atam (2)
^ The final a of the first conjugation is lengthened before m and v.
'^ This i combines with the final a of the first conjugation to e : bhdve.
^ In these forms e takes the place of the final a of the a conjugation.
* This modal i combines with the final a of the first conjugation to e : bhdveya, &c.
^ The RV. has a-se only, the AV. and the Brahmanas a-sai only.
" The form a-te is almost exclusively used in the RV., while a-tai is the prevailing one in the AV., and the only one later.
■^ The ending a-ntai occurs in B. only.
^ The form in a-nta in the a conjugation, where it is very common, e. g. bhava-nta, is an injunctive; but in the graded conjugation a subj., e.g. krnav-a-nta (inj. krnvata).
132] CONJUGATIONAL ENDINGS 127
t
Paradigms.
132. Since the three classes of the first conjugation, as well as all the secondary verbs the stems of which end in a, are inflected exactly alike,' one paradigm will suffice for all of them. The injunctive is not given here because its forms ^ are identical with the unaugmented imperfect. Forms of which no examples are found in the Samhitas are added in square brackets.
' All other conjugational stems ending in a, the passive (154), the 8 futui-e (151), the a (141 a), the sa (147), and the reduplicated (149) aor. are similarly inflected.
128
CONJUGATION
[132
FIRST CONJUGATION.
SINGULAR.
1. bhava-mi
2. bhava-si
3. bhava-ti
First Class : bhu he
Present.
Active.
DUAL.
bhava-vas
bhava-thas bhava-tas
PLURAL.
fbhava-masi
(bhava-mas
bhava-tha
bhava-nti
1. a-bhava-m
2. a-bhava-s
3. a-bhava-t
2. bhava ) bhava-tat)
3. bhava-tu
Imperfect.
fa-bhava-va] a-bhava-tam a-bhava-tam
Imperative.
bhava-tam bhava-tam
a-bhava-ma
a-bhava-ta
a-bhava-n
bhava-ta bhava-ntu
1. bhava-ni bhava
2. bhava-si \ bhava-s )
3. j bhava-ti (bhava-t
1. bhav-eyam
2. bhav-es
o
bhav-et.
Subjunctive.
bhava-va
bhava-thas bhava-tas
Optative.
[bhav-eva] [ bhav-etam] bhav-etam
Participle, bhav-ant, f. -i
bhava-ma
bhava-tha bhava-n
bhav-ema
[bhav-eta | bhav-eyur
132]
FIRST CLASS
129
FIRST CONJUGATION.
Present stem bhav-a.
Middle. Present.
|
SINGULAR. |
DUAL. |
PLURAL. |
|
bhav-e |
bhava-vahe |
bhava-mahe |
|
bhava-se bhava-te |
bhav-ethe bhav-ete Imperfect. |
bhava-dhve bhava-nte |
|
a-bhav-e a-bhava-thas a-bhava-ta |
a-bhava-vahi a-bhav-etham a-bhav-etam Imperative. |
a-bhava-mahi a-bhava-dhvam a-bhava-nta |
|
bhava-sva bhava-tam |
bhav-etham bhav-etam |
bhava-dhvam bhava-ntam |
bhav-ai I bhava-se
Ibhava-sai (AV.)
(bhava-te
|bhava-tai
Subjunctive.^/^ 0/7 6At bhava-vahai bhava-mahai
bhav-aithe [bhava-dhve]
bhav-aite [bhava-nte]
bhdv-eya
[bhav-ethas] bhdv-eta
Optative.
bhav-e vahi [bhav-eyatham j [bhav-eyatam]
bhav-emahi fbhav-edhvamj [bhav-eran]
1S19
Participle, bhava-mana, f. a
K
180
|
SINGULAR |
||
|
1. |
6-mi |
|
|
2. |
6-si |
|
|
n. |
6-ti |
|
|
1. |
ay-am |
|
|
2. |
ai-s |
CONJUGATION [132
SECOND CONJUGATION.
Second Class '. i go: Present stem e, i. Active. Present.
DUAL. PLURAL.
[i-vas] i-thas i-tas
3. ai-t
ji-hi ti-ta
tat
3. 6-tu
oil,? ^-fr-vVT-.-*^
1.
2. 3.
Imperfect.
[ai-va] ai-tam
ai-tam
Imperative, i-tam
i-tam Subjunctive.
Optative.
\i
i-masi mas i-tha i-thana y-anti
ai-ma ai-ta ai-tana ay- an
A.0?;^
y-dntu
|
I ay-ani lay-a |
dy-a-va |
ay-a-ma |
|
|
jay-a-si lay-a-s |
dy-a-thas |
dy-a-tha |
|
|
fay-a-ti |
dy-a-tas |
ay-a-n |
|
|
jay-a-t |
|
1. i-yam |
i-ya-va |
i-ya-ma |
|
2. i-ya-s |
i-ya-tam |
i-ya-ta |
|
3. i-ya-t |
i-ya-tam Participle. y-ant, f. y-at-i |
i-yur |
13-2]
SECOND CLASS
181
|
SECOND CONJUGATION. |
||
|
bru speah : Present stem brav, bru. |
||
|
Middle. |
||
|
Present. |
||
|
SINGULAR. |
DUAL. |
PLURAL. |
|
bruv-6 |
bru-vahe] |
bru-mahe |
|
bru-s6 |
bruv-athe |
bru-dhv6 |
|
jbru-t6 ( bruv-6 |
bruv-ate Imperfect. |
bruv-ate |
|
a-bruv-i a-brii-thas |
a-bru-vahi a-bruv-atham |
|a-bru-mahi a-bru-dhvam |
|
a-bru-ta |
a-bruv-atam Imperative. |
a-bruv-ata |
|
bru-sva |
bruv-atham |
bru-dhvam |
|
bru-tam |
bruv-atam Subjunctive. |
bruv-atam |
|
brav-ai |
brav-a-vahai |
brav-a-mahai |
|
brav-a-se |
brav-aithe |
brav-a-dhve] |
|
brav-a-te |
brav-aite |
brav-a-nta |
|
Optative. |
||
|
bruv-i-ya [bruv-i-thas bruv-i-ta |
"bruv-i-vahi bruv-i-yatham bruv-i-yatam' Participle. bi*uv-ana, i'. a |
bruv-i-mahi [bruv-i-dhvam bruv-i-ran |
K
132
CONJUGATION
[132
Third Class : bhr hear
2. 3.
SINGULAR.
bibhar-mi
bibhar-si bibhar-ti
a-bibhar-am a-bibhar (28)
a-bibhar (28)
2. jbibhr-hi Ibibhr-tat
bibhar-tu
Active. Present.
DUAL.
[bibhr-vas]
bibhr-thas bibhr-tas
Imperfect.
[a-bibhr-va] a-bibhr-tam
a-bibhr-tam
Imperative, bibhr-tam
bibhr-tam
Subjunctive.
PLURAL.
jbibhr-masi ( bibhr-mas bibhr-tha bibhr-ati
a-bibhr-ma ja-bibhr-ta (a-bibhr-tana a-bibhr-an a-bibhar-ur
f bibhr-ta 1 bibhr-tana
bibhr-atu
1. 2. 8.
bibhar-ani bibhar-a-s bibhar-a-t
[bibhar-a-va] bibhar-a-thas [bibhar-a-tas]
bibhar-a-ma [bibhar-a-thaj bibhar-a-n
1. bibhr-yam
2. bibhr-ya-s 8. bibhr-ya-t
Optative.
[bibhr-ya-va] [bibhr-ya-tam] bibhr-ya-tam
Participle, bibhr-at, f. bibhr-at-i
bibhr-ya-ma [bibhr-ya-ta] bibhr-yiir
132J THIRD CLASS
Present stem bibhar, bibhr.
Middle. Present.
DUAL.
bibhr-valie
133
SINGULAR.
bibhr-e
bibhr-se bibhr-te
bibhr-athe bibhr-ate
PLURAL.
bibhr-mahe
bibhr-dhve bibhr-ate
[a-bibhr-i] a-bibhr-thas
a-bibhr-ta
Imperfect.
a-bibhr-vahi] [a-bibhr-atham]
[a-bibhr-mahi] [a-bibhr-dhvam]
[a-bibhr-atamj a-bibhr-ata
bibhr- sva
Imperative.
bibhr-atham
bibhr-dhvara
bibhr-tam
[bibhr-atamj
bibhr-atam
Subjunctive.
rbibhar-ai] bibhar-a-se bibhar-a-te
bibhar-a-vahai [bibhar-aithe] [bibhar-aite]
bibhar- a-mahai [bibhar-a-dhve] bibhar-a-nta
bibhr-iya [bibhr-i-thas] bibhr-i-ta
Optative.
[bibhr-i-vahij [bibhr-i-yatham ] [bibhr-i-yatam]
Participle.
bibhr-ana, f. a
bibhr-i-mahi [bibhr-i-dhvamj bibhi'-i-ran
134
CONJUGATION
[132
Fifth Class : kr make :
SINGULAR,
1.
2. 3.
kr-n6-mi
kr-no-si kr-no-ti
|
1. |
a-krnav-am |
|
2. |
a-krno-s |
|
3. |
a-krno-t |
I krnu-hi
2. i krnii
* • -i krnu-tat
* • •
3. [krno-tu]
1. krnu-yam
2. [krnu-ya-s]
3. krnu-y a-t
Active. Present.
DUAL.
[krn-vas]
krnu-thas krnu-tas
Imperfect.
[a-krn-va] a-krnu-tam a-krnu-tam
Imperative, krmi-tam
krnu-tam Subjunctive.
PLURAL.
krn-masi krn-mas krnu-tha krnv-anti
[a-krn-ma] a-krnu-ta a-krnv-an
I krnu-ta \ krno-ta ( krno-tana krnv-antu
|
1. |
1 krnav-a krnav-ani |
krnav-a-va |
krnav-a-ma |
|
2. |
krnav-a-s |
krnav-a-thas |
krnav-a-tha |
|
3. |
krnav-a-t |
krnav-a-tas _ • • |
krnav-a-n |
Optative.
[krnu-ya-va]
[krnu-ya-tam]
[krnu-ya-tam]
Participle.
krnu-ya-ma [krnu-ya-ta] [krnu-yur]
krnv-ant, f. krnv-at-i
13-2]
FIFTH CLASS
135
Present stem kr-no, kr-nu.
Middle.
SINGULAR.
krnv-6
krnu-s6 j krnu-t6 ikrnv-6
[a-krnv-i] a-kmu-thas a-krnii-ta
krnu-sva
Present.
DUAL.
[krn-vahej
krnv-athe [krnv-ate ]
Imperfect.
fa-krn-vahij a-lirnv-atham] a-krnv-atam.]
Imperative.
krnv-atham
PLURAL.
krn-mahe
krnu-dhv6j krnv-ate
a-krn-mahi I
a-krnvi-dhvam
a-krnv-ata
krnu-dhvam
krnu-tam
rkrnv-atam 1
krnv-atam
Subjunctive.
krnav-ai
krnav-a-se krnav-a-te
krnav-a-vahai
krnav-aithe krnav-aite
krnav-a-mahai
[krnav-a-dhve] krnav-a-nta
[krnv-iya] [krnv-i-thas] krnv-i-ta
Optative.
[krnv-i-vahij
[krnv-i-yathamj
[krnv-i-yatam]
Participle.
[krnv-i-mahi]
[krnv-i-dhvam]
[krnv-i-ran]
krnv-ana, f. a
KiG
CONJUGATION
[132
1. 2. 3.
SINGULAR.
yu-na-j-mi yu-na-k-si (63, 67) yu-na-k-ti (63)
Seventh Class : yuj join :
Active. Present.
DUAL.
[yunj-vas] I yunk-thas] [yunk-tas]
PLURAL.
yunj-mas
[yunk-tha]
yufij-anti
|
1. 2. 8. |
a-yunaj-am] a-yunak (63, 61) a-yunak (63, 61) |
Imperfect.
[a-yiinj-va] a-yunk-tam [a-yunk-tam]
[a-yunj-ma
[a-yunk-ta
a-yunj-an
2. yun-dhi (10 ft) 3.
yunak-tu
Imperative.
yun-tam(10(?) (yun-ta
(yunak-ta,-taua
yun-tam
yunj-antu
Subjunctive.
1. 2. 8.
[yunaj-ani] yunaj-a-s yunaj-a-t
yunaj-a-va yunaj-a-ma
[yunaj-a-thas] [yunaj-a-tha] yunaj-a-tas yunaj-a-n
1. [yuSj-yam]
2. [yunj-ya-s] 8. yunj-ya-t
Optative.
[yunj-ya-va] [yunj-ya-ma] [yunj-ya-tam] [yunj-ya-ta] [yunj-ya-tam] [yunj-yiir]
Participle.
yuflj-aut, f. yunj-at-i
132]
Present stem :
SINGULAR.
yunj-6
yunk-se
yunk-t6
SEVENTH CLASS
yu-na-j, yu-n-j.
Middle. Present.
DUAL.
[yunj-yahe] yunj-athe yuSj-ate
137
PLURAL.
[yunj-mahe] yung-dhv6 yunj-ate
a-yunj-i]
a-yunk-thas]
a-yunk-ta]
Imperfect.
a-yunj-vahi]
a-yunj-atham]
a-yunj-atam]
Imperative.
yunk-sva (63, 67) yunj-atham
yun-tam
[yuJQj-atam]
[a-yufij-mahi] [ a-yiing-dhvam] a-yunj-ata
yung-dhvam yunj-atam
Subjunctive.
[yunaj-ai] [yunaj-a-se] yunaj-a-te
[yunaj-a-vahai]
[yunaj-aithe]
[yunaj-aite]
yunaj-a-mahai [yunaj-a-dhve] [yunaj-a-nta]
fyunj-iya] [yunj-i-thas] yunj-i-ta
Optative.
[yvinj-i-vahi]
[yunj-i-yatham]
[yunj-i-yatam]
Participle.
yunj-ana, f. a
[yiinj-i-mahi]
[yunj-i-dhvam]
[yunj-i-ran]
\ - 0
138
,)c(^
CONJUGATION [132
Ninth Class : grabh seise : Active.
SINGULAR.
Present.
DUAL.
PLURAL.
|
1. 2. 3. |
grbh-na-mi grbh-na-si grbh-na-ti |
"grbh-ni-vas grbh-ni-thas grbh-ni-tas |
grbh-ni-masi grbh-ni-mas j grbh-ni-tha ( grbh-ni-thana grbh-n-anti |
|
Imperfect. |
|||
|
1. 2. 3. |
a-grbh-na-m a-grbh-na-s a-grbh-na-t |
[a-grbh-ni-va" a-grbh-ni-tam [a-grbh-ni-tam |
a-grbh-ni-ma a-grbh-ni-ta a-grbh-n-an |
|
2. |
grbh-ni-hi - grbh-ni-tat grbh-ana |
Imperative, grbh-ni-tam |
f grbh-ni-ta [ grbh-ni-tana |
|
.1 o. |
grbh-na-tu |
grbh-ni-tam |
grbh-n-antu |
1. grbh-n-ani
2. grbh-na-s
3. fgrbh-na-t 1 grbh-na-ti
1. grbh-ni-yam
2. grbh-ni-ya-s
3. grbh-ni-ya-t
Subjunctive.
[grbh-na-va]
[grbh-na-thas]
[grbh-na-tas]
grbh-na-ma grbh-na-tha grbh-na-n
Optative.
[grbh-ni-ya-va] [grbh-ni-ya-ma]
[ grbh-ni-ya-tam] [grbh-ni-ya-taj
[grbh-ni-ya-tam] [grbh-ni-yiirj
Participle.
grbh-n-ant. f. grbh-n-at-i.
132] NINTH CLASS
Present stem grbh-na, grbh-ni, grbh-n.
Middle. Present.
DUAL.
[grbh-ni-vahe]
[grbh-n-athe]
[grbh-n-ate]
139
SINGULAR.
grbh-n-6
grbh-ni-se
grbh-ni-te
PLUEAL.
grbh-ni-mahe [grbh-ni-dhv6] grbh-n-ate
a-grbh-n-i [a-grbh-ni-thas] a-grbh-ni-ta
Imperfect.
a- grbh- ni- vahi]
a-grbh-n-atham]
a-grbh-n-atamj
a-grbh-ni-mahi [a-grbh-nx-dh.vam a-grbh-n-ata
grbh-ni-sva
Imperative.
[grbh-n-atham]
grbh-ni-dhvam
grbh-ni-tam [grbh-n-atam] grbh-n-atam
I grbh-n-ai]
[grbh-na-se]
[grbh-na-te]
Subjunctive.
grbh-na- vahai
[grbh-n-aithe] [grbh-n-aite]
grbh-na-mahai
[ grbh-na-dhve] [grbh-na-nta]
[grbh-n-iya] [grbh-n-ithas] grbh-n-ita
Optative.
[grbh-n-i-vahi] [grbh-n-i-mahi] [grbh-n-i-yatham] [grbh-n-i-dhvam] grbh-n-i-yatam] [grbh-n-i-ran]
Participle.
grbh-n-ana, f. a
140 CONJUGATION [133
Irregularities of the Present Stem.
First Conjugation.
133. A. First or Bhu Class. 1. The radical vowel is lengthened in guh hide and in kram sfride (in the act. only) : gxiha,' krama-ti (but mid. krama-te) ; uh consider takes Guna: 6h-a;- krp lament does not take Guna: krp-a.^
2. gam go, yam restrain, yu separate form their present stems with cha (Gk. cr/c) : ga-cha (Gk. /3a-o-/c&)), ya-eha, yu-eha.
3. a. The four roots pa drinl; stha stand, sac accompany, sad sit form present stems that originally belonged to the reduplicating class : piba (Lat. hiho) ; tistha {icrTr]-/xL, Lat. sisto); sasca^ (for sa-s(a)c-a); sida (for si-s(a)cl-a ; Lat sldo).
h. Four stems are transfers from the fifth or nu class, being either used beside or having entirely superseded the simpler original stems : i-nv-a-ti (from i send) beside i-no-ti ; ji-nv-a-ti (from ji quicJcen) beside ji-no-si ; hi-nv-a-ti (from hi impel] beside hi-no-ti ; pi-nv-a fatten, doubtless originally pi-nu (-/pi).
4. dams bite and sanj hang lose their nasal : das-a, saj-a.
5. The ending tat (besides being regularly used in the
2. s. impv. by twelve verbs) is exceptionally used for the
3. s. in gaeha-tat and smara-tat. Only one example occurs, in this class, of the 2. pi. impv. act. ending tana: bhaja- tana ; and one of dhva (for dhvam) in the 2. pi, mid. : yaja-dhva.
^ Instead of taking Guna. '^ But uh remove remains unchanged (125, 1). 3 Against 125, 1.
* A reminiscence of the reduplicative origin of tliis stem is the loss of the nasal in tlie 3. ]il. prcs. sasc-ati and 3. \>\. Inj. mid. sasc-ata.
133-134] IREEGULAEITIES OF PRESENT SYSTEM 141
B. Fourth or Ya Class. 1. The radical syllable is reduced in seven verbs: spas sec loses its initial: pas-ya ; vyadh pierce takes Samprasarana : vidh-ya ; a is shortened in dha suck : dha-ya ; ma exchange : ma-ya ; va weave : va-ya ; vya envelope : vya-ya ; hva call : hva-ya.
2. Final r sometimes becomes both ir and ur : jr waste away: jur-ya and jir-ya(AV.) ; tv cross: tilr-ya and tir-ya ; pr fill becomes piir-ya only (because of its initial labial).
3. sram lie weary lengthens its vowel : sram-ya ; in B. tarn faint and mad he exhilarated do the same : tam-ya, mad-ya.
C. Sixth Class. 1. The radical vowel is nasalized in eight verbs : krt cut : krnt-a ; trp he pleased : trmp-a ; pis adorn : pims-a ; muc release : munc-a ; lip smear : limp-a ; Iw^hreal:: lump-a ; Yxdifind: vind-a ; sic sprinMe : sinc-a. Three other roots, tud thrust, drh malce firm, subh shine have occasional nasalized forms.
2. Four roots form their present stem with the suffix cha {cp. A 2) : is tvish : i-cha : v go: r-cha ; pras ash : pr-eha ; ^ vas shine : u-cha. The root vrasc cut, which seems to be formed with c,' takes Samprasarana : vrsc-a.
3. Three roots in r, kr scatter, gr swallow, tr cross, form the present stems kir-a, gir-a, tir-a (beside tar-a).
a. Beside the normal use of the imperative suffix tat for the 2. s. in mrdd-tat, visa-tat, vrha-tat, suva-tat, it also appears for the 3. s. in vis^-tat.
134. A. Second or Root Class.
1. The root is irregularly strengthened in the following verbs :
a. ksnu irhet, yu unite, nu and stu praise take Vrddhi instead of Guna in the strong forms before terminations
^ With Samprasarana and loss of s. Cp. Lat. prec-or and po{rc)-sco, and Old German/ragf-en ' ask ' and for-scon {forschen).
'^ Cp. -vras-ka culling, past participle vrk-nft cut, and vfk-a wolf.
142 CONJUGATION [134
beginning with consonants ; ^ e, g. stau-mi, a-stau-t, but a-stav-am.
h. mrj ivipe takes Vrddhi in the strong forms : marj-mi, mars-ti, but mrj-mas, mrj-anti.
c. si lie mid. takes Guna and accents the radical syllable throughout its weak forms : e. g. s. 1. 3. say-e, 2. s6-se {KH-a-ai). It has the additional irregularity of inserting r before the endings in the 3. pi. pr., impv., impf. : s6-r-ate, s6-r-atam, a-se-r-an.
a. i go, bru siKak, stu j^raise, han slaij before the ending of the 2. pi. impv. act. have the alternative forms 6-ta and 6-tana, bravi-tana,st6-ta, hdn-tana. Bru has the same irregularity in the 2. pi. impf. abravi-ta and ^bravi-tana.
2. The root is irregularly weakened in the following verbs :
a. vas desire takes Samprasarana in the weak forms : 1. pi. us-masi, part, us-ana, but 1. s. vas-mi.
h. as be drops its initial a in the optative and all the weak forms of the pr. and impv. ; e. g. opt. s-yat would be ; pr. s-mas we are, s-anti (Lat. sunt) they are ; impv. du. 2. s-tam, pi. 2. s-ta, 3. s-antu. The 2. s. impv. preserves the vowel (in an altered form) in e-dhi (for az-dhi, Av. zdi). In the impf. it inserts i before the endings of the 2. 3. s, : as-i-s, as-i-t (beside as — as-t).
c. han slay in weak forms loses its n before terminations beginning with consonants (except m, y, v), as ha-tha, but han-ti. In the 3. pi. pr., impv., impf., and part., the a is syncopated and h reverts to the original guttural gh: ghn-anti, ghn-antu, a-ghn-an ; ghn-ant. The 2. s. impv. is ja-hi (for jha-hi), with palatalized initial instead of gha-hi.
1 In B. ru cry, su impel, sku tear, snu distil liave the same peculiarity : rau-ti, sau-ti, skaii-ti, snau-ti.
134] IRREGULARITIES OF THE SECOND STEM 143
3. A vowel or semivowel is irregularly inserted in the following verbs :
a. The roots an breatJie, rud weep, vam vomit, svas blow, svap sleejJ insert i before all terminations beginning with a consonant, except in the 2. 3. s. impf., where they insert i ; e. g. an-i-ti, an-i-t ; a-vam-i-t ; svas-i-ti.
b. The roots id praise and is rule add i in some forms of the 2. s. and pi, mid. : id-i-sva ; is-i-se (beside ik-se), Isi-dhve. Occasional forms (2. s. inipv.) with connecting i from other roots also occur : jan-i-sva he born, vas-i-sva clothe, snath-i-hi pierce, stan-i-hi thunder.
c. The root bru S2)eaJi inserts i in the strong forms before terminations beginning with consonants: brav-i-mi, a-brav-i-t ; am injure inserts i before consonants ; thus am-i-ti, am-i-sva, am-i-t (TS.).
4. With regard to the endings :
a. The root sas order loses the n in the 3. pi. act. and mid., and in the part. : sas-ate, sas-atu, sas-at.
b. The root duh niilk is very anomalous in its endings. The irregular forms are the following: act. impf. 3. s. a-duh-a-t beside a-dhok, 3. pi. a-duh-ran beside a-duh-an and duh-iir ; opt. 3. s. duh-iyat (for duh-yat), 3. pi. duh-i-yan (for duh-yiir). Mid. pr. ind. 3. pi. duh-r6 and duh-rate beside the regular duh-at6 ; ^ impv. 3. s. duh-am,^ 3. pi. dnh-ram and duh-ratam ; part, dugh-ana.
e. Roots ending in a take ur instead of an in the 3. pi. impf. Uct. ; e.g. ^Bb protect : a-p-ur. A few roots ending in consonants show the same irregularity ; e. g. tvis be stirred: a-tvis-ur.
a. The vei'bs is 7-ule, duh milk, vid ,find, si lie frequently, and cit observe, brii speak rarely, take e instead of te^ in the 3. s. pr. mid. : is-e, duh-6, vid-6, iiy-e ; cit-6, bruv-6.
p. In the AV. and B. subj. forms with a instead of a are r.ot un- common ; e. g. £y-a-s, fis-a-t,* brd.v-a-thaR, h4n-a-tha, dd-a-n.
^ But with irregular accent, as also rih-al6 they lick.
2 In the AV. the 3. s. impv. mid. is similarly formed in ^ay-am.
^ This irregularity occurs in B. also.
* In B. subj. forms with primary endings are very rai'e.
144 CONJUGATION [134
B. Third or Reduplicating Class.
1. Roots ending in a drop the radical vowel before terminations beginning with vowels ; e. g. ma measure :
1. s. mim-e, 3. pi. mim-ate.
a. The a of ma measure, ma helloir, ra give, sa sharpen, ha go away is in weak forms usually changed to i before con- sonants (cp. 5 c) : mimi-te ; rari-thas ; ^ sisi-masi ; jihi-te.
6. da give, dha place, the two commonest verbs in this class, use dad and dadh as their stems in all weak forms : dad-mahe, dadh-masi. When the aspiration of dadh is lost before t, th, s it is thrown back on the initial : dhat-te, dhat-tha, dhat-sva. The 2. s. impv. act. is de-hi (for daz-dhi) beside dad-dhi and dat-tat ; and dhe-hi (for dhaz-dhi) beside dhat-tat.
2. The root vyac takes Samprasarana, e. g. 3. du. pr. vivik-tas ; hvar he crooked makes some forms with Samprasarana and then reduplicates with u : e.g. ju-hur-thas,
2. s. inj. mid.
3. bhas chew, sac accompany, has laugh syncopate the radical vowel in weak forms ; thus ba-ps-ati 3 pi. ind. pr. (but ba-bhas-a-t 3. s. subj.) ; sa-sc-ati 3. pi. ind. pr., sa-sc-ata 3. pi. inj. ; ja-ks-at (for 3a-gh(a)s-at) pr. part.
a. The roots r go, da give, dha put, pr cross, yu separate, sa sharpen, hu sacrifice have sevei-al forms with a strong vowel in the 2. impv. act. s. yu-yo-dhi, si-sa-dhi (beside si-;§i-hi); du. yu-yo-tam (beside yu-yu- t&m); pi. i-y-ar-ta, dd.-da-ta and d^-da-tana, dd,-dha-ta and dd,-dha- tana, pi-par-tana, yu-yo-ta and yu-yo-tana, ju-ho-ta and ju-ho-tana, da, dha, ha leave, have similar strong forms in the 2. pi. impf. : a-da- da-ta, S-dadha-ta, a-jaha-tana.
p. There are numerous transfers from this to other classes. The roots pa drink, stha stand, han stride form such stems according to the a conjugation exclusively, piba, tistha, jfghna (cp. 133 A. 3 a) ; while ghra smell, bhas cliexo, ma helloiv, ra give, sac accowpany occasionally use the a stems jighra, b^psa, mima, rd.ra, sdsca. The roots da give and dha put also make some forms from their weak stems according to the
' But 2. s. imjw. act. rara-sva (AV.).
1:34] IRREGULARITIES OF PRESENT SYSTEM 145
a conjugation, as 3. s. pr. mid. diid-a-te, 3. pi. act, dd.dh-a-nti, 3. pi. impv. d^dh-a-ntu. The former, dad, has even an incipient tendency to become a root ; thus it forms the past part. pass, dat-td given.
C. Fifth or Nu Class. 1. The u of the suffix is dropped before the m of the 1. pi. ind. act. and raid., as krn-mas, krn-mahe.
2. When nu is preceded by a consonant its u becomes uv before vowel ^endings ; e. g. 3. pi. pr. as-nuv-anti (but sii-nv-anti).
3. sru hear forms (by dissimilation) the stem sr-nu, and vr cover (with interchange of vowel and semivowel) iir-nu beside the regular vr-nu,
4. Beside the regular and very frequent present stem kr-nu ^ (from kr maA'e) there begins to appear in the tenth Mandala of the RV. the very anomalous kuru.^ The strong form of this stem, karo, which has the fui-ther anomaly of Gruna in the root, first aj^pears in the AV.^
a. The four roots ending in n, tan stretch, man think, van win, san gain, have the appearance of forming their stem with the suffix u, as tan-vi. These (with three later roots) form a separate (eighth) class according to the Hindu grammarians. But the a of these present stems in reality probably represents the sonant nasal, = tn-nu. This group was joined by kur-u, the late and anomalous present stem of kr make (cp. C 4).
j8. Five stems of this class, i-nu, r-nu, ji-nu, pi-nu, hi-nu, have come to be used frequently as secondaiy roots forming present stems according to the a conjugation : inv-a, rnv-a, jfnv-a, pfnv-a, hinv-a.
7. In the 3. pi. pr. mid. six verbs of this class take the ending re* with connecting vowel i : iiav-i-r^, rnv-i-r6, pinv-i-re, srnv-i-r§, sunv-i-r6, hinv-i-r6.
1 After the preposition pari around this stem prefixes an unoriginal s : pari-s-krnv-dnti theij adorn.
2 Twice in the 2. s. impv. kuru and once in the 1. pi. pr. ind. kur-mas.
■' But the forms made from krnu are still six times as common in the AV. as those from karo, kuru, which are the only stems used in B. * Like duh-re in the root class.
181U L
146 CONJUGATION [m-i35
5. In the impv. the 2. s. act, has the ending hi, as srnvi-M, three times as often in the RV. as the form without ending, as iSrnu ; in the AV. it occui-s only about one-sixth as often as the latter ; in B. it has almost disappeared. In the RV. the ending dhl also occurs in ^rnu- dhl. The ending tat occurs in krnu-tat, hinu-tat, kuru-tat. In the 2. du. are found the strong forms krno-tam, hino-tam ; and in the 2. pi. krno-ta and krn6-tana, iSrn6-ta and srn6-tana, sun6-ta and suno-tana, hin6-ta and hino-tana ; tan6-ti and kar6-ta.
D. Infixing Nasal Class. 1. anj anoint, bhanj hreal', hims injure drop their nasal before inserting na : as a-nd-k-ti, bha-na-k-ti, hi-na-s-ti.
2. trh crush infixes n6 in the strong forms ; e. g. tr-n6-dhi (69 c).
E. Ninth or Na Class. 1. The three roots ji overpower, ju hasten, pii jnirifi/ shorten their vowel before the affix : ji-na-mi, ju-na-si, pu-na-ti.
2. grabh seize and its later form grab take Samprasarana : grbh-na-mi, grh-na-mi (AV.).
3. jna know and the four roots which in forms outside the present system appear with a nasal, bandh hind, manth shake, skambh make firm, stambh prop, drop their nasal : ja-na-ti, badh-na-ti, math-na-ti, skabh-na-ti, stabh-na-ti.
4. Four roots ending in consonants, as eat, grab seize, bandh hind, st&mhh prop, liave the peculiar ending ana in the 2. s. impv. act. : as-ana, grh-ana, badh-ana, stabh-ana.
o. pr fill and mr crush make, beside the regular stems prna and mrna, the transfer stems, according to the a conjugation, prnfi and mrnd, from which several forms occur.
The Perfect Tense.
135. Tliis tense is formed by reduplication. Like the present, it has, besides an indicative, the subjunctive, injunctive, optative, and imperative moods, as well as participles, and an augmented form, the pluperfect. It is very common, ])eing formed by nearly 300 verbs in the Samhitas.
in5-i36]
TPTE PEKFECT
147
Special Rules of Reduplication.
1. r and r {= ar) and 1 (= al) always reduplicate with a (cp. 139, 9); e.g. kr do: ca-kr ; tr cross: ta-tr ; kip he adapted: ca-klp ; v go: ar (= a-ar).
2. Initial a or a l)ecomes a ; e. g. an breathe : an ; ap obtain : ap. The long vowels i and u remain unchanged { = i-i and u-ii) ; e. g. is move : 1 . s. is-6 ; uh consider : 3. s. iih-6.
3. Roots beginning with i and u contract i + i to i and u + u to u except in the sing, act., where the reduplicative syllable is separated from the strong radical syllable by its own semivowel : e. g. i po : 2. s. i-y-6-tha ; ue be pleased : 2. s. mid. uc-i-s6, but 8. s. act, u-v-6c-a.
4. Roots containing ya or va and liable to Samprasarana in other forms (such as the past part, pass.) reduplicate with i and u respectively'. There are four such with ya : tyaj forsaJce, yaj sacrifice, vyac extend, syand move on : ti-tyaj, i-yaj, vi-vyac, si-syand ; and five with va : vac ^ speak, vad spealc, vap streio, vah carri/, svap sleep: u-vac, u-vad, u-vap, u-vah, su-svap. On the other hand the three roots yam stretch, van n-i)i, vas irear have the full reduplication ya or va throughout : ya-yam, va-van, va-vas.
136. The singular perfect active is strong (like the sing. pr. and impf. act.), the root being accented ; the remaining forms are weak, the terminations being accented. The endings are the following :
Active. Middle.
SING.
DUAL
PLUR.
SIKG.
DUAL
PLUR.
|
1. |
a |
[va' |
ma |
6 |
vahe' |
mahe |
|
2. |
tha |
athur |
a |
s6 |
athe |
dhv6 |
|
3. |
a |
atur |
ur |
6 |
ate |
r6 |
* vac lias two forms with the full reduplication : B. s. act. va-vac-a and 2. s. mid. va-vak-s6.
l2
148 CONJUGATION [13G
a. Terminations beginning with initial consonants are as a rule added directly to the stem ; mahe is invariably so added. The endings tha, ma, se, re are nearly always added direct to stems ending in vowels ; thus from da r/ive : dada-tha ; ji conquer: ji-g6-tha ; ni lead: nin6-tha ; su jvess : susu-ma ; hu call : juhii-r6 ; kr malr : cakar-tha, cakr-ma, cakr-s6, but eakr-i-r^/ The same endings tha, ma, se, re are added directly to I'oots ending in consonants, if the final syllable of the stem is prosodically short, but with connecting i^ if it is long ; * e. g. tatan-tha ; jagan-ma, jagrbh-ma, yuyuj-ma ; vivit-s6 ; ca-klp-r6, tatas-re, yuyuj-r6, vivid-r6 ; but uv6c-i-tha, uc-i-ma, papt-i-ma ; ij-i-r6.
h. Before terminations beginning with vowels (cp. 137, 1 a)
1 . 1 preceded by one consonant become y , if preceded by more than one, iy ; e, g. bhi fear : bibhy-atur ; sri resort : sisriy-6.
2. u ordinarily become uv ; e. g. yu join : yuyuv-6 ; sru hear : susruv-6 ; su sicell : susuv-6/
3. r becomes r, r becomes ir ; e. g. kr mahr : cakr-6, cakr-a ; tr cross : titir-iir ; str strew : tistir-6.
The Strong Stem.
1. Short vowels followed by a single consonant take Guna throughout the singular active ; e. g. dis 2^oi7it : di-d6s-a ; no he iront : uv-6c-a ; krt cut : ca-kart-a ; but jinv qukliev : ji-jinv-athur.
1 Roots in r always add re with connecting i.
- The final radical vowel a in weak forms is reduced to i, e.g. from dha puf, dadhi-dhve. This reduced vowel in the very common verbs da and dha was probably the starting-point for the use of i as a con- necting vowel in other verbs.
^ This is due to the rhythmic rule that the stem may not have two prosodically short voAvels in .successive syllables. Cp. p. 155, note 2.
* "Bwi h.\i call : juhv-6 ; bhu 6e : babhuv-a; six bring forth: sa-suv-a.
136-137] THE STEONG STEM 149
2. Final vowels take Vixldhi in the 3. s. ; ' e. g. ui lead : ni-nay-a ; sru hear : su-srav-a ; kr make : ca-kar-a.
3. Medial a followed by a single consonant takes Vrddhi in the 3. s. ; ' e. g. han strike : ja-ghan-a, but taks fashion
4. Eoots ending in a take the anomalous ending au in the 1. and 3. s. act. ; e. g. dha put : da-dhau. The only exception is the root pra fill, which once forms the 3. s. pa-pra beside the regular pa-prau.
The Weak Stem.
137. 1. In roots containing the vowels i, u, r the radical syllable remains unchanged except by Sandhi ; e. g. yuj join : yu-yuj-ma ; vid find : vi-vid-6 ; kr ?nake : ca-kr-ma.
a. Before terminations beginning with vowels, i and r, if preceded by one consonant become y and r, if by more than one, iy and ar ; while u and r regularly become uv and ir ; e. g. ji conquer : ji-gy-iir ; bhi fear : bi-bhy-ur ; kr make : cakr-ur ; sri resort : si-sriy-6 ; yu join : yu-yuv-e ; sru hear: su-sruv-6; su sivell: su-suv-6 ; tr cross: ti-tir-ur ; str strew : ti-stir-6.
2. In roots containing a medial a or final a the radical syllable is weakened.
a. About a dozen roots in which a is preceded and followed by a single consonant (e. g. pat) and which reduplicate the initial consonant unchanged (this excludes roots beginning with aspirates, gutturals, and for the most part v) contract the two syllables to one containing the diphthong e (cp. Lat. fac-io, fec-i).^ They are the following:
' The 1. slug, never takes Vrddhi in the RV. and AV. In an Upanisad and a Sutra eakara occurs as 1. sing, and in a Sutra jigaya (Vji) also.
- This vowel spread from contracted forms like sa-zd (Av. ha.:d) weak perfect stem of sad sit (az becoming e ; cp. 134, 2 b and 133 A 1).
150 CONJUGATION [137
tap heut, dabh harm, nam bend, pac couk, pat flj, yat ' stretch, yam' extend, rabh r/msp, labh ^a/rc, sak fee tt^^t', sap curse, sap seri'g. Examples are : pat : pet-atur ; sak : sek-iir.
The two roots tan stretch and i>,2LG follow join this class in the AV.
h. Four roots with medial a but initial guttural, syncopate their vowel: khan dig: ca-khn ; gam yo: ja-gm ; ghas eat : ja-ks ; ban smite : ja-ghn.
Six other roots, though conforming to the conditions described above (2 a), syncopate the a instead of contracting : jan beget: ja-jn; tan stretch: ta-tn ; pan admire: pa-pn ; man think: ma-mn; van ivin: va-vn ; sac folloic: sa-sc.
a. pat fly both contracts and syncopates in the RV. : pet and pa-pt.
c. Eight roots containing the syllables ya, va, ra take Samprasarana : yaj " sacrifice, vac and vad s^jeak, vap stretv, vas chvell, vah carry, svap sleej^), grabh and grab seise; e. g. sii-sup, ja-grbh and ja-grh. In the first six, as they reduplicate with i or u, the result is a contraction to i and u. Thus yaj : ij (= i-ij) ; vac : uc (= u-uc).
d. A few roots with medial a and penultimate nasal, drop the latter: krand cry out: ca-krad ; tarns shake: ta-tas ; sk.ambh. prop : ca-skabh (AV.) ; stambh ^rqp: ta-stabh.
c. Boots ending in a reduce it to i before consonants and drop it before vowels ; e. g. dha place : dadhi-ma ; dadh-ur.
' In the wk. perfect of yat and yam the contraction is based on the combination of the full reduplicative syllable and the radical syllable with Samprasarana : yet = ya-it, yem = ya-im.
^ From yaj occurs one form according to the contracting class (2 o) : yej-e.
i;JSj
PARADIGMtt OF THE PERFECT
151
Paradigms of the Reduplicated Perfect.
138. 1. tud strike : strong stem tu-tod ; weak tu-tud.
Active, singulak. dual. plural.
[tu-tud-va] tii-tud-ma
tu-tud-athur tu-tud-a tu-tud-atur tii-tud-ur
|
1. •> |
tu-t6d-a tu-t6d-i-tha tu-tod-a |
|
1. 2. 3. |
tu-tud-e ' tu-tut-se tu-tud- 6 |
Middle.
[tu-tud- vahej tu-tud-athe tu-tud-ate
tu-tud-mahe [tu-tud-dhv6] - tu-tud-r6
2. kr do: strong stem ca-kar, ca-kar ; weak cakr, cakr.
Active.
|
1. 2. -> o. |
ca-kar-a ca-kar-tha ca-kar-a |
[ca-ky-va ca-kr-athur ca-kr-atur Middle. |
ca-kr-ma ca-kr-a ca-kr-iir |
|
1. -J* 3. |
ca-kr-e ca-kr-se ca-kr-6 |
[ca-kr-yahe ca-kr-athe ca-kr-ate |
ca-kr-mahe ca-kr-dhv6 ca-kr-i-re |
3. 6ha, place : strong stem da-dha ; weak da-dh, da-dhi.
[da-dhau] da-dha-tha da-dhau
1. da-dh-6
2. da-dhi-s6
3. da-dh-6"
Active.
[da-dhi-va] da-dh-athur da-dh-atvir
Middle.
[da-dhi- vahe] da-dh-athe da-dh-ate
da-dhi-ma
da-dh-a
da-dh-iir
da-dhi-mahe da-dhi-dhv6 da-dhi-re
^ Lat. iu-tud-i.
The only example of this form is dadhi-dhve.
152
CONJUGATION
[138
4, ni lead : strong stem ni-n6, ni-nai ; weak ni-ni.
Active, singular. dual. plural.
|
1. |
ni-nay-a |
[ni-ni-va |
ni-ni-ma |
|
2. |
ni-ne-tha |
ni-ny-athur |
ni-ny-a |
|
8. |
ni-nay-a |
ni-ny-atur Middle. |
ni-ny-ur |
|
1. |
ni-ny-6 |
ni-ni-vahe! |
ni-ni-mahe |
|
2. |
ni-ni-s6 |
ni-ny-athe |
ni-ni-dhv6 |
|
3. |
ni-ny-6 |
ni-ny-ate |
ni-ni-r6 |
5. stii p)-aise : strong stem tu-sto, tu-stau ; weak tu-stu.
Active.
|
1. 2. 3. |
tu-stav-a tu-sto-tha tu-stav-a |
[tu-stu-va tu-stuv-athur tu-stuv-atur Middle. tu-stu-vahe] tu-stuv-athe tu-stuv-ate |
tu-stu-ma tu-stuv-a tu-stuv-iir |
|
1. 2. 3. |
tu-stuv-6 tu-stu-s6 • • • tu-stuv-6 |
tu-stu-mahe tu-stu-dhve tu-stuv-i-re |
6. tap heat : strong stem ta-tap, ta-tap ; weak tap.
Active.
1. 2. 3.
ta-tap-a
ta-tap-tha
ta-tap-a
1. tep-6
2. tep-i-s6
3. tep-6 '
[tep-i-va] tep-athur tep-atur
Middle.
[tep-i-vahe] tep-athe tep-ate
tep-i-ma
tep-a
tep-ur
[tep-i-mahe] [tep-i-dhvej tep-i-r6
138-13!)] PARADIGMS OF THE PEKFECT 158
7. gam go : strong stem ja-gam, ja-gam ; weak ja-gm.
Active, singulak. dual. plural.
1.
2. 3.
ja-gam-a
ja-gan-tha
ja-gama
1. ja-gm-6
2. ja-gm-i-se o. ja-gm-6
[ja-gan-va]
ja-gm-athur
ja-gm-atur
Middle.
[ja-gan-vahe] ja-gm-athe ja-gm-ate
ja-gan-ma
ja-gm-a
ja-gm-ur
ja-gan-mahe
ia-gm.-i-dhv6
ja-gm-i-r6
8. vac speali : strong stem u-vac, u-vac ; weak uc.
Active.
|
1. 3. |
u-vac-a u-vak-tha u-vac-a |
[uc-i-va uc-athur uc-atur Middle. uc-i-vahe vic-athe lic-ate |
uc-i-ma iic-a uc-ur |
|
1. O -J* 3. |
uc-6 uc-i-se ue-6 |
uc-i-mahe uc-i-dhv6 uc-i-re |
139.
Irregularities. 1. bhaj share, though beginning with an aspirate,
follows the analogy of the contracting perfects with e (137, 2 a); e. g. ba-bhaj-a : bhej-e. bandh hind, after dropping its nasal, does the same ; e. g. ba-bandh-a : bedh-iir (AV.).
2. yam guide, van ivin, vas ivear have the full reduplica- tion throughout (135, 4) ; yam takes Samprasarana of the radical syllable: ya-yama : yem-6 (= ya-im-e) ; van syn- cof)ates its a : va-van-a, va-vn-e ; vas retains its radical syllable unweakened throughout: va-vas-e (cjt. 139, 9).
154 CONJUGATION [139
o. vid know ionns au unreduplicated perfect with present meaning : 1. v6d.-a / know {oiSa, German weiss), 2. vet-tha {oJ<T-9a ; weiss-t), 3. v6d-a [oiSe ; weiss) ; pi. 1. vid-ma [iS-fxev; wissen), 2. vid- a, 3. vid-iir.
a, A few isolated unreduplicated foi'ms from about six other roots oucur : taks-Sthur; skambh-dthur and skambh-ur ; cet-atur; yam- atur and yam-ur ; nind-i-ma ; arli-i-re.
4. The initial of ci gather, ci observe, cit perceive, ji conquer, han kill reverts to the original guttural in the radical syllable : 3. s. act. ci-kay-a, ci-k6t-a, ji-gay-a, ja-ghan-a. bhr bear almost invariably reduplicates with j in the RV. : ja-bhar-tha, ja-bhara, ja-bhr-ur; ja-bhr-6, ja-bhr-i-s6, ja-bhr-i-r6 ; but only once with b : ba-bhr-6.
5. all say is defective, forming only the 3. s. and pi. : ah-a and ali-ur. The two additional forms 2. s. at-tha, 3. du. ah-atiir occur in the Brahmanas.
6. Five roots beginning with a prosodically long a re- duplicate with an: Q.vas attain, anj anoint, ardh thrive, arc praise, arh deserve. Only the first two make several forms. Here the radical nasal is repeated with the initial vowel : s. 3. an-ams-a (Gk. ^V-ey/c-a) ; pi. 1. an-as-ma, 2. an-as-a, 3. an-as-ur ; mid. s. 3. an-as-e ; ' s. 3. an-afija, mid. s. 1. an-aj-6, pi. 3. an-aj-r6. The analogy spread from these to the roots which have no nasal : pi. 3. an-rc-ur, an-rdh-ur, an-rh-vir ; mid. s. 3. an-rc-6, an-rdh-6.
7. bhu be has the double irregularity of reduplicating with a and retaining its u throughout (cp. Gk. 7re-(f>v-a,<Ti) : sing. 1. ba-bhu-v-a (Gk. 7ri-(f>v-Ka). 2. ba-bhu-tha and ba-bhu-v-i-tha. 3. ba-bhu-v-a. Du. 2. ba-bhu-v-athur. 3. ba-bhii-v-atur. PI. 1. ba-bhu-v-i-ma. 2. ba-bhu-v-a. 3. ba-bhu-v-ur.
1 In a Sutra occurs the 2. pi. mid. an-as-a-dhve.
I
I3y-i40j lEREGULAEITIES OF THE PERFECT 155
su briny forth lias the same peculiarities ' in sa-su-v-a, the only perfect form of this root occurring.
8. cyu stir reduplicates ci-cyu (beside cu-cyu) and dyut shim similarly di-dyut. This was due to the vocalic pronunciation of the y : ciu, diut.
9. The reduplicative vowel is lengthened in more than thirty perfect stems ; e. g. kan be pleased : ca-kan ; gr tvake : ja-gr; kip he adapted: ca-klp ; dhi thinJc: di-dhi ; tu be strong: tu-tu; su sicell: su-su.-'
a. Ill the Mantra portion of the Samhitas there once occurs a peri- phrastic perfect form with the reduplicated perfect of kr make govern- ing the ace. of a fern, substantive in a derived from a secondary (causative) verbal stem. This form is gamayani cakara (AV.) he caused to go (lit. wutrfe a causing to go). In the Brahmana parts of the later iSamhitas (TS., MS., K.) such i:)eriphrastic forms are occasionally met with, and they become more frequent in the regular Brahnianas.
Moods of the Perfect.
140. Modal forms of the perfect are of rare occurrence in the Sainhitas except the RV.
1. The subjunctive is normally foimed by adding a to the strong perfect stem accented on the radical syllable. In the active the secondary endings are the more usual ; when the primary endings are used the reduplicative syllable is in several forms accented.^ In about a dozen forms the weak stem is used. Middle forms, of which only seven or
1 The root si lie also redujjlicates w^ith a in the part, sa-say-anfi. These three, bhvi, sii, si, are the only roots with an i or u vowel that reduplicate with a.
^ Here the radical vowel itself is shortened. The quantitative form of the stem is subject to the rule that it may not contain two prosodi- cally short vowels (except in the 1. s. act.). Hence sah reduplicates either as sa-sah or sa-sah (in a weak form).
^ Cp. the accentuation of the reduplicating class in the 2'i'eseiit system.
156 CONJUGATION [m
eight occur, are almost restricted to the 3. sing. Examples are :
Act. s. 1. an-aj-a ' (afij anoint) ; 2. ta-tan-a-s (tan stretch), bu-bodh-a-s (biidh ivake), pi-pray-a-s {-pvi jilease) ; ju-jos- a-si (jus enjou) ; ci-kit-a-s (cit observe), mu-muc-a-s (muc release). 3. ci-ket-a-t, ja-ghan-a-t (han smite), ta-tan-a-t, tu-stav-a-t (v/stu x^raise), pi-pray-a-t ; di-des-a-ti (dis point), bu-bodh-a-ti, mu-moc-a-ti ; mu-muc-a-t, vi-vid-a-t (vid find).
Du. 2. ei-ket-a-thas, ju-jos-a-thas. PI. 1. ta-tan-a-ma. 2. ju-jos-a-tha. 3. ta-tan-a-n.
Mid. s. 8. ta-tap-a-te, ju-jos-a-te. PI. 1. an-as-a- mahai.'
2. The injunctive - occui's in hardly a dozen forms, a few in the sing, act., the rest in the 3. pl. mid. ; e.g. s. 2. sa-sas (=sa-sas-s: sas on/er). 3. dii-dho-t (dhu s7<aA;e), su-sro-t {sv\ifl,ow); mid. pl. 3. ta-tan-a-nta (cp. 140, 6).
3. The optative is formed by adding the accented modal suffix combined with the endings to the weak perfect stem. The active forms are much commoner than the middle. Examples are :
Act. s. 1. an-as-yam/ ja-gam-yam, ri-ric-yam, va- vrt-yam. 2. ba-bhu-yas, va-vrt-yas. 3. an-aj-yat,' ja~ gam-yat, va-vrt-yat, ba-bhu-yat.
Du. 2. ja-gam-yatam. Pl, 1. va-vrt-ya-ma. 3. ja-gam- yiii', va-vrt-yur.
Mid. s. 1. va-vrt-iya. 2. va-vrdh-i-thas. 3. va-vrt-i-ta. Pl. 1. va-vrt-i-mahi.
a. Tliere also occurs one mid. precative form sa-sah-i-s-thas (sah
overcome).
^ In these three forms the a of the reduplicative syllable an is shortened as if the indicative contained an augment.
2 Identical in form with the unaugmented plujierfect (140, 6).
3 From ams attain, with the long reduplicative vowel retained. Cp. 139, 6. '
140] PEEFECT OPTATIVE 157
4. The impei'ative perfect is formed like that of the present reduplicating class, the radical syllable being weak except in the 3. s. act., where it is strong. Nearly all the forms occurring, which number about twenty, are active. Examples are :
Act. s. 2. ci-kid-dhi (v^cit), di-did-dhi (/dis), mu- mug-dhi (Vmuc), sa-sa-dhi (\/sas).^ 3. ba-bhu-tu,= mu-mok-tu.
Du. 2. mu-muk-tam, va-vrk-tam (vrj twist). PI. 2. di-dis-tana (\/dis), va-vrt-tana.
Mid. s. 2. va-vrt-sva. PI. 2. va-vrd-dhvam.
Participle.
5. Both active and middle forms of the perfect participle are common. It is formed from the weak perfect stem, with the accent on the suffix, as cakr-vams, cakr-ana. If, in the active form, the stem is reduced to a monosyllable, the suffix is nearly always added with the connecting vowel i, but not when the stem is unreduplicated ; e. g. papt-i-vams (Gk. TreTTT-co?), but vid-vams (Crk. elS-cos). Examples are :
Act. ja-gan-vams (\/gam), ja-grbh-vams (Vgrabh), ji-gi-vams ( v/ji), ju-ju-vams'^ (a^Ju), ta-sthi-vams (V'stlia), ba-bhu-vams (Gk. Tre-cpv-co^). ri-rik-vams (Vric), va-vrt- vams, va-vrdh-vams,^ sa-sah-vams,^su-sup-vams ( / svap) ; iy-i-vams (Vi), us-i-vams (vas dwell); das-vams (das ivorship), sah-vams (v^sah).
Mid. an-aj-ana ( v^afij), an-as-ana ( V'aras), ij-ana ( Vyaj), uc-ana(v'vac), ja-gm-ana(\/gam), ti-stir-ana(v'str), tep- ana (^tap), pa-spas-ana (Vspas), bhej-ana (\/bhaj),
1 Cp. Gk. Ki-K\v-0i, 2. pi. Kt-KXv-re {k\v = sru hem-).
- With u unchanged as in strong forms elsewhere (139, 7).
" With long reduplicative vowol.
158 CONJUGATION [i40-ui
yem-ana (^^yam), va-vrdh-ana, sa-say-ana (a/si), si-sriy- ana (-/sri), si-smly-ana (-/smi), su-sup-ana (\^svap), seh-ana (\/sah).
Pluperfect.
6. Corresponduig to the imperfect there is an augmented form of the perfect called the pluijerfect. The strong stem is used in the singular active, the weak elsewhere. The secondary endings only are used ; in the 3. pi. ur always appears in the active and iran ^ in tlie middle. The s and t of the 2. and 3. s. are in some forms preserved by an interposed i. There are also several forms made with thematic a in this tense. The augment is often dropped, as in other past tenses. The total nimiber of pluperfect forms occurring is about sixty. Examples are :
Act. s. 1. a-cacaks-am, a-jagrabh-am, a-tustav-am; cakar-am, eiket-am (\/cit). 2. a-jagan (= a-jagam-s) ; na-nam-a-s; a-vives-i-s(\/vis). 3. a-jagan ( = a-jagam-t), a-ciket (\/cit) ; ra-ran {= raran-t : ran rejoice) ; a-ja- grabh-i-t ; a-cikit-a-t and a-ciket-a-t ; tastambh-a-t.
Du. 2. a-mu-muk-tam ; mu-muk-tam. 3. a-vavas-i- tam (vas desire).
PI. 2. a-jagan-ta ; a-cucyav-i-tana. 3. a-cucyav-ur.
Mid. s. 1. a-susrav-i. 3. didis-ta (Vdis). PI. 3. a-eakr- iran, a-jagm-iran, a-pec-iran; a-vavrt-ran, a-sasrg-ram (A/srj).'- There are also several transfer forms as from a stems ; e. g. a-titvis-a-nta, cakrp-a-nta, da-dhrs-a-nta.
Aorist.
141. This tense is of very common occurrence in the Vedas, being formed from more that 450 roots. It is an
1 Two forms take ran only instead of iran. There are a]>;o several transfer forms in anta.
2 Witli reversion of the palatal to original guttural, and ending ram for ran.
141] AOETST 159
augmented tense, taking the secondaiy endings and forming- moods and participles. It is distinguished from the imperfect by having no corresponding present and by difference of meaning. There are two types of aorist. The first or sigmatic aorist is formed by inserting s, with or without an added a, between the root and the endings. It is taken by more than 200 roots. The second aorist adds the endings to the simple or the reduplicated root either directly or with the connecting vowel a. It is taken by over 250 roots. There are four forms of the first Aorist, and three of the second. Upwards of 50 roots take more than one form. One verb, budh ^valie, has forms from five varieties of this tense.
First Aorist.
a. The stem of the first form is made by adding to the augmented root the suffix sa. It is inflected like an imperfect of the sixth or a class of the first conjugation, the sa being accented in unaugmented forms. It is taken in the Samhitas by only ten roots ' containing one of the vowels 1, u, r, and ending in one of the consonants j, s, s, or h, all of which phonetically become k before s." These roots are : mrj nnjie, yaj sacrifice, vrj tivist ', krus cry oid, mrs and sprs touch ; dvis hate ; guh hide, duh milk, ruh ascend. In the indicative no dual forms are found ; and in the mid. only the 3. s. and pi. are met with. The only moods occurring are the injunctive and the imperative, with altogether fewer than a dozen forms. This form of the aorist corresponds to the Greek First Aorist (e.g. '4-Sei^e, Lat. dixi-t). The augment, as in other past tenses, is sometimes dropped.
' In B. nine additional roots take the sa aorist : krs drag, dia point, dih mnear, drs see, druh he hostile, pis crush, mih viingere, vis enter, vrh tear ; and in S. lih lick.
2 The stem of this aorist therefore always ends in ksa.
160 CONJUGATION [141-143
Indicative. Act. s. 1. avrksain. 2. adruksas (B.), adhuksas. 3. akruksat, aghuksat, aduksat ^ and adhuk- sat, amrksat (v^mrs), aruksat, asprksat. PI. 1. amrksa- ma (v^mrj), aruksama. 3. adhuksan ; dtiksan^ and dhuksan.
Mid. s. 3. adhuksata ; duksata ' and dhuksata. PI. 3. amrksanta (\/mrj).
In the injunctive only the following forms occur :
Act. s. 2. duksas,^ mrksas (v^mrs). 3. dviksat. PI. 2. mrksata (-/mrs).
Mid. s. 8. duksata' and dhuksata, dviksata. PI. 3. dhuksanta.
In the imperative only three forms occur :
Act. du. 2. mrksatam (\/m.rj). 3. yaksatam.
Mid. s. 2. dhuksasva.
142. The other three forms of the First Aorist are made by adding to the augmented root the suffixes s, is, s-is respectively. They are inflected like imperfects of the second or graded conjugation. The sis form is used in the act. only (excepting three optative forms) and is taken by not more than six roots. The other two are very common, being formed from nearly 300 roots in V. and B. taken together.
Second or s form.
148. This form of the aorist is taken l^y at least 135 roots in V. and B. In addition to the indicative it forms all the moods and a participle.
Indicative.
1. The radical vowel as a rule takes Vrddhi (a being lengthened) in the active. In the middle, excepting final i and u (which take Guna) the radical vowel remains un-
' On these forms without initial aspiration ep. 02 a.
143]
FIRST AORIST
161
changed. The only point in which the inflexion differs from that of the imperfect of the graded conjugation is that the 3. pi. act. invariably ends in iir. In the active, the endings s and t of the 2. 3. s. disappear and the tense sign also, unless the root ends in a vowel ; e. g. a-har = a-har-s-t, but a-ha-s — a-ha-s-t. The AV. and TS., however, less often than not, insert a connecting i before these endings,^ thus preserving both the latter and the s of the tense stem ; e.g. a-naik-s-i-t (nij wasli). The forms of the indicative actually occurring would, if made from bhr hear in the active, and from budh walx in the middle, be as follows :
SINGULAR.
1. a-bhar-s-am
2. a-bhar
3. a-bhar
Active.
DUAL.
[a-bhars-va] a-bhars-tam a-bhars-tam
PLURAL.
a-bhars-ma
a-bhars-ta
a-bhar-s-ur
SINGULAR.
1. a-bhut-s-i (62 a)
2. d-bud-dhas (62 h)
3. a-bud-dha (62 h)
Middle.
DUAL.
[a-bhut-s-vahij a-bhut-s-atham a-bhut-s-atam
plural.
a-bhut-s-mahi a-bhud-dhvam (62 a) a-bhut-s-ata
The middle voice, as exemplified by a root ending in ti, stu 'praise, is inflected as follows :
Sing. 1. a-sto-s-i. 2. a-sto-s-thas. 3. a-sto-s-ta. Du. 1.
o • • • • •
[a-sto-s-vahi]. 2. [a-sto-s-atham]. 3. a-sto-s-atam. PI. 1. a-sto-s-mahi. 2. a-sto-dhvam (66 B 2 Zj). 3. a-sto- s-ata.
1 The KV. and K. have no forms with the inserted i ; while in B. the chief forms without it are adrak (drs see) and ay at (yaj sacrifice) ; also bhais (Vbhi) = bhais-s, which while losing the s ending pre- serves the appearance of a 2. sing.
1819
M
162 CONJUGATION [i43
2. The subjunctive is common in the KV/ in active forms, but not in the middle. The root regularly takes Guna throughout (active and middle). The primary endings are frequent. The forms occurring, if made from stu praise, would be :
Act. sing. 1. sto-s-ani. 2. sto-s-a-si, sto-s-a-s. 3. st6- s-a-ti, sto-s-a-t. Du. 2. sto-s-a-thas. 3. st6-s-a-tas. PL 1. st6-s-a-ma. 2. sto-s-a-tha. 3. sto-s-a-n.
Mid. sing. 1. sto-s-ai. 2. sto-s-a-se. 3. sto-s-a-te. Du. 2. sto-s-athe (for sto-s-aithe). PI. 3. sto-s-a-nte,
3. Injunctive forms are fairly common. When normal they are of course identical with the unaugmented indicative. But the sing. 1. act. is irregular in never taking Vrddhi : all the forms of it that occur either have Guna, as sto-s-am, je-s-am (Vji) ; or lengthen the radical vowel, as yu-s-am (yu separate) ; or substitute e for a in roots ending in a, as ye-s-am (ya go), ge-s-am (ga go), sthe-s-am (stha stand). The latter irregularity also appears in pi. 1 : je-s-ma, ge-s-ma, de-s-ma (da give), beside the normal yau-s-ma (yu separate).
4. The optative occurs in the middle only, the 2. 3. s. always having the precative s (with one exception). The forms actually occurring are.:
Sing. 1. di-s-iya" (da ciii), bhak-s-iya (bhaj divide), ma-s-iya' (man tlnnli), muk-s-iya (muc release), ra-s-iya {vdigive), sak-s-iya* (AV.), str-s-iya (str streiv). 2. mam- s-i-s-thas= (man tlmik). 3. dar-s-i-s-ta (dr tear), bhak-s- ita ^ (SV.), mam-s-i-s-ta, mrk-s-i-s-ta (mrc injure). Du. 2.
1 Subjunctives of this aor. are very rare in B. except yaks-a-t (-/yaj) and vaks-a-t (-/vah).
2 With radical a reduced to i : cp. 5 c. Similarly dhi-s-iya (Vdha)
inB. s With an reduced to a (= sonant nasal). * From sah overcome, with radical vowel lengthened, s Anusvara for n (66 A 2). ^ c Without the precative s.
U3-144] MOODS OF THE S AORTST 163
tra-s-i-tham^ (tra protect). PI. 1. bhak-s-i-mahi, mam-s-i- mahi,- vam-s-i-mahi and va-s-i-mahi ' (van win), sak-s-i- mahi (sac folloiv), dhuk-s-i-mahi (duh milJi). 3. mam- s-ii'ata.
5. Only six imperative forms occur, and four of these are transfers (with thematic a). They are : Act. s. 2. ne-s-a (ni lead) and par-s-a (pr take across). Mid. s. 2. sak-sva (Vsah). 3. ra-s-a-tam. Du. 2. ra-s-atham. PI. 3. ra-s-a-ntam.
6. Only two or three forms of the active participle occur : dak-s-at^ and dhak-s-at (dah hum), sak-s-at (-/sah).
About a dozen stems, irregularly formed by adding s to the root with an intermediate a and taking the regular ending ana, may be accounted middle s aorist participles ; e. g. mand-a-s-ana rejoicing, yam-a-s-ana being driven.
Irregularities of the s form.
144. 1. Before the suffix s, (a) final radical n (as well as m) becomes Anusvara (66 A 2), as a-mam-s-ata ('/man), vam-s-i-mahi (Vvan) ; (&) s becomes t in the verb vas divell and possibly also in vas shine : a-vat-s-i-s ^ (AV.) thou hast dtvelt and a- vat (= a-vas-s-t) has shone (AV.).
2. The KV. has one example of an incipient tendency to preserve the s and t of the 2. 3. s. in 2. s. a-ya-s (=a-yaj-s-s) beside the phonetically regular form of the 3. s. a-yat (= a-yaj-s-t). The AV. has three or four examples of this : s. 2. sra-s (=sraj-s-s: Vsvj); 3. a-srai-t (= a-srai-s-t :
1 For tra-s-iyatham. '■^ With Anusvara for n (66 A 2). ^ With an reduced to a (= sonant nasal). * Without initial aspiration : cp. 62 a and 156 a. ^ See 66 B 1. In an Upanisad the 2. du. appears as d,-vas-tam, the aor. suffix s having been lost without affecting the radical s.
M 2
164 CONJUGATION [144
-/sri); a-hai-t (= a-hai-s-t : v^hi); a-va-t ' (= a-vas-s-t : vas sJdne). The later Samliitas here frequently preserve these endings by inserting i before them : s. 2. a-rat-s-i-s (v^radh), a-vat-s-x-s (vas dtvell); 3. a-tam-s-i-t (v'tan), a-naik-s-i-t (\/nij), tap-s-i-t (Vtap), bhai-s-i-t (\/bhi), vak-s-i-t (-/vah), ha-s-i-t, hvar-s-i-t (v^hvar).
a. The ending dhvam (before which the s of the aor. is lost) becomes dhvam when the s would have been cerebralized (66 B 2) : d-sto- dhvam ( = a-sto-z-dhvam) is the only example.
3. The roots da give and da cut reduce the radical vowel to i in a-di-s-i, di-s-iya ; gam, man, van lose their nasal in a-ga-smalii, ma-s-iya, va-s-i-mahi (beside vam-s-i-mahi) ; while sah lengthens its vowel in a-sak-s-i, sak-s-i ; sak-s- ama ; sak-s-iya ; sak-sva.
4. The roots srj emit and pre mix take metathesis in the act.: s. 2. sra-s (= srak). 3. a-srak ; a-prak. Du. 2. a-sras-tam.
5. The following are the forms occurring in the 3. s. ind. act. in which (a) the ending t is lost : a-jai-s ( V}i), a-pra-s, a-ha-s ; (h) both the tense-sign s and the ending t are lost :^ a-kran (krand crij out), a-ksar (ksar flow), a-cait (cit Xjerceive), a-chan (chand seem), a-tan (tan stretch), a-tsar (tsar approach stealthily), a-dyaut (dyut shine), a-dhak (dah hum), a-prak (pre mix), a-prat (prach asTi), a-bhar (bhr), a-yat (yaj sacrifice), a-yan (yam guide), a-raut (rudh obstruct), a-vat (vah couve//), a-vat^ (vas shine), a-svait (svit he hright), a-syan (syand move on), a-srak (srj emit), a-svar (svar sound), a-har (hr tahe), a-raik (rie leave).
6. After a consonant other than n, m, r the tense sign s is dropped before t, th, and dh ; e. g. a-bhak-ta (beside a-bhak-s-i) ; a-muk-thas (beside a-muk-s-i).
1 But the t may in this instance represent the changed final radical s : 144, 1 (b). There are a few additional examples in B. : ajait (beside ajais and ajaisit : Vji) ; acait (^ci); nait (\/ni).
2 And even the final consonant of the root when there are two (28).
145] IS AOKIST 165
Third or is form.
145. About 145 roots take this aorist in V. and B. It differs from the s aorist merely in adding the s with the connecting vowel i, which changes it to s (67).
Indicative.
1. The radical vowel as a rule takes Guna throughout ; but in the active a final vowel takes Vrddhi and a medial vowel is sometimes lengthened. The endings are the same as those of the s aorist except that the 2. 3. s. end in is (= is-s) and it (= is-t). This aorist has all the moods, but no participle. Middle forms are not common and very few occur except in the 2. 3. sing.
The normal forms occurring, if made from kram stride, would be :
Act. sing. 1. a-kram-is-am. 2. a-kram-is. 3. a-kram-it. Du. 3. a-kram-is-tam. PI. 1. a-kram-is-ma, 3. a-kram-
• • •
is-ur.
Mid. sing. 1. a-kram-is-i. 2. a-kram-is-thas. 3. a-kram- is-ta. Du. 3. a-kram-is-atam. PI. 3. a-kram-is-ata.
• • • •
2. Subjunctive forms are rare except in the 2. 3. s. act. Examples are :
Act. sing. 1. dav-is-ani. 2. av-is-a-s, kan-is-a-s. 3. kar- is-a-t, bodh-is-a-t. PI. 3. san-is-a-n.
Mid. pi. 1. yac-is-a-malie. 3. san-is-a-nta.
3. Injunctive are commoner than subjunctive forms. They occur most frequently in the 2. 3. s. and plur. Examples are :
Act. sing. 1. sams-is-am (sams praise). 2. av-is (av favour), tar-is (tr cross), yodh-is (yudh fight), sav-is (su generate). 3. as-it (as eat), tai'-it. Du. 2. taris-tam, mardh- is-tam (mrdh neglect). Pi. 1. sram-is-ma. 2. vadh-is-ta and vadh-is-tana. 3. jai'-is-ur (jr waste away).
Mid. sing. 1. radh-is-i (radh succeed). 2. mars-is-thas
166 CONJUGATION [Ii5-146
(mra not heed). 3. pav-is-ta (pu j;Mr(/2/), PL 1. vyath-is- mahi (vyath waver).
4. Optative forms are rare, occurring in the middle only. The 2. 3. s. take the precative s. Examples are :
Sing. 1. edh-is-ija, {edh tJmve). 2. mod-is-i-s-thas (mud rejoice). 3. jan-is-i-s-ta. Du. 1. sah-is-i-vahi. PI. tar-is- i-mahi.
5. Imperative forms are rare, occurring in the active only. Sing. 2. av-id-dhi. 3. av-is-tu. Du. 2. av-is-tam. 3. av- is-tam. PL 2. av-is-tana.
a. The I'adical medial a is lengthened in kan enjoy, car move, das waste, mad exhilarafc, stan fhnnder, svan sound, and optionally in vad speak, ran rejoice, san gain, sah prevail ; while the radical syllable appears in a reduced or unstrengthened form in the opt. s. 1. mid. of gam and rue shine : gm-is-iya and ruc-is-iyd.
6. The root grabh seize takes the connecting vowel i (as it does in other verbal forms) instead of i, as d,-grabh-is-ma.
c. In s. 1. ind. act. the ending im appears instead of is-am in the three forms a-kram-im, d,-grabh-im, and vadh-im, doubtless owing to the analogy of the 2. 3. s. in is, it. In B. is also found a-grah-ais-am (-/grab).
Fourth or sis form.
146. This form differs from the preceding one simply in prefixing an additional s to the suffix. Only seven verbs ending in a, n, or m, ga slug, jna Inow,^ pya Jill up, ya go, ha leave, van ^oin, ram rejoice, take this aorist. The total number of forms occurring is under twenty ; and middle forms are found in the optative only. The forms occurring are :
1. Indicative. Sing. 1. a-ya-sis-am. Du. 3. a-ya-sis- tam. PL 2. a-ya-sis-ta. 3. a-ga-sis-ur, a-ya-sis-ur.
2. Subjunctive. Sing. 3. ga-sis-a-t, ya-sis-a-t.
^ In B. also occurs dhya ildnk, besides forms in s-it from dra sleep, va Uoio, hva call.
116-147] SIS FOEM OF THE FIKST AORIST 167
3. Optative. Sing. 1. vam-sis-iya. 2. ya-sis-i-s-thas,^ PI. 1. pya-sis-i-mahi.
4. Injunctive. Sing. 1. ram-sis-am. Du. 2. ha-sis-tam. 3. ha-sis-tam. PI. 2, ha-sis-ta. 3. ha-sis-ur.
• • • • •
5. Imperative. Du. 2. ya-sis-tam. PI. 2. ya-sis-ta."
Seeond Aorist. (^ '<z^'^-^y
147. This aorist resembles an imperfect formed directly from the root, the terminations being added with or without the connecting vowel a.
The first form is like an imperfect of the accented a class (125, 2), the stem being formed by adding a to the un- modified root." It corresponds to the second aorist of the first conjugation in Greek. It is taken, in V. and B. together, by nearly eighty roots, chiefly with a medial vowel. Middle forms are rai'e.
1. Indicative. The forms actually occurring would, if made from vid find, be as follows :
Act. sing. 1. avidam. 2. avidas. 3. avidat. Du. 1. avidava. PI. 1. avidama. 2. avidata. 3. avidan.
Mid. sing. 1. avide. 2. avidathas. 3. avidata. Du. 1. avidavahi. 3. avidetam. PI. 1 . avidamahi. 3. avidanta.
2. The subjunctive forms from the same root would be : Act. sing. 2. vidasi, vidas. 3. vidati, vidat. Du. 1.
vidava. 2. vidathas. 3. vidatas. PI. 1. vidama. 2. vid- atha, vidathana.
Mid. sing. 3. vidate. PI. 1. vidamahe.
3. The injunctive forms from vid would be :
Act. sing. 1. vidam. 2. vidas. 3. vidat. PI. 3. vidan. Mid. sing. 3. vidata. PI. 1. vidamahi. 3. vidanta.
4. The optative is rare in V., but not infrequent in B.
^ With precative s.
2 With i for i.
' Three roots witJi r, however, show forms with Guna (147 o 2 and c).
168 CONJUGATION [W-US
It is almost restricted to the active. The forms from vid would be :
Act. sing. 1. videyam. 2. vid6s. 3. vid6t. PI. 1. vid6ma.
Mid. sing. 1. vid6ya. PI. 1. vid6mahi. There also occurs one precative form, s. 3. vid^sta (AV.).
5. Imperative forms are rare and almost restricted to the active. Those made by sad sit are :
Sing. 2. sada. 3, sadatu. Du. 2. sadatam. 3. sadatam. PI. 2. sadata, sadatana. 3. sadantu. Mid. pl. 2. sadadhvam. 3. sadantam.
6. Eather more than a dozen examples of the participle, taking active and middle together, occur : e. g. trp-ant, sucant; guhamana, sucamana.
Irregularities.
a. Several roots form transfer stems according to this instead of the root form, chiefly by reducing the radical syllable.
1. khya see, vya envelope, hva ccdl shorten their a to a : a-khya-t, d-vya-t, d-hva-t ; da (jive, dha put, stha stand occasionally do the same, in tlie forms a-da-t ; a-dha-t (SV.) and dha-t ; a-stha-t (AV.) ; sas order shortens a to i ; e. g. 3. s. inj. sisat, part, sisant.
2. kr make and gam go form a few transfers from the root class in the AV., retaining the strong radical vowel : ^-kar-a-t, a-gam-a-t, 5-gam-a-n.
b. Tlie root is reduced by the loss of its nasal in krand cry out, tarns shake, d h vams scai^er, bhrams /aZi, randh wia&e swft/eci, .srains /aZZ ; e.g. 3. sing, dtasat ; pl. dhvasdn ; subj. ]A. 1. radhama ; inj. sing. 1. radham ; 2. kradas ; 3. bhrasat.
c. The root takes Guna in r go, drs see, st flow ; e.g. dr-anta (unaug- mented 3. pl. ind. mid.); ddrs-am (s. 1. inj., but pl. 3. inj. drs^n, opt. 1. s. drs6yam, pl. drs^ma) ; sdrat (unaugmented 3. s.).
Second Form : Root Aorist.
148. This form of the simple aorist is taken by about 100 roots in V., and about 25 others in B., the commonest being those with medial a (about 30). It corresponds to
148] KOOT AORIST 169
the second aorist of the second conjugation in Greek. It is inflected in both active and middle.
Indicative.
1. Tlie root is strong in the sing, act., but weak elsewhere. Roots ending in vowels, however, tend to retain the strong vowel throughout the active except the 3. pi. Those en ding- in a regularly retain that vowel throughout the ind. act. except in 3. pi. where it is dropped before ur, which is always the ending in these verbs. In the 3. pi. mid. the ending ran is more than twice as common as ata ; ram as well as ran is taken by three roots.
a. The forms occurring from roots ending in a, if made from stha, would be :
Act. sing. 1. a-stha-m i^i-a-T-q-v). 2. a-stha-s. 3. a-stha-t (e-o-TT;). Du. 2. a-stha-tam. 3. a-stha-tam. PI. 1. a-stha-ma (i-arrj- fxiiv). 2. a-stha-ta. 3. a-sth-ur.
Mid. sing. 2. a-sthi-thas {k-ard-Or^s). 3. a-sthi-ta. PI. 1. a-sthi-mahi. 3. a-sthi-ran.
h. Roots in r take Guna throughout the ind. act. except the 3. pi. The forms from kr would be :
Act. sing. 1. a-kar-am. 2. a-kar. 3. a-kar. Du. 2. a-kai'-tam. 3. a-kar-tam. PI. 1. a-kar-ma. 2. a-kar-ta. 3. a-kr-an.
Mid. sing. 1. a-kr-i. 2. a-kr-thas. 3. a-kr-ta. Du. 1. a-kr-vahi. 3. a-kr-tam. PI. 1. a-kr-mahi. 2. a-kr- dhvam. 3. a-kr-ata.
c. bhu he retains its ii throughout (as in the perfect), interposing v between it and a following a :
Act. 1. a-bhuv-am.^ 2. a-bhu-s. 3. a-bhii-t (e-^u). Du. 2, a-bhu-tam. 3. a-bhu-tam. PI. 1. a-bhu-ma (e-^y-ziei/). 2. a-bhii-ta and a-bhu-tana. 3. a-bhii-v-an.
d. The following are forms of the 2. 3. s. act. in which
^ With split u ; in the later language a-bhuv-aui.
170 CONJUGATION [us
the endings s and t are lost: 2. a-kar, a-gan (= a-gam-s), a-ghas, a-var (vr cover), a-spar (spr tvin) ; with lengthened augment: a-nat' (nas attain), a-var (vr cover), a-vas^ (vas shine). 3. a-kar, a-kran' (kram stride), a-gan,' a-ghas, a-cet (cit observe), a-tan, a-dar (dr pierce), a-bhet (bhid pierce), a-bhrat (bhraj shine), a-mok (muc release), a-myak (myaks be situated), a-vart (vrt ^wm), a-star; with lengthened augment: a-nat,* a-var (vr cove)-), a- vas- (vas shine) ; without augment : vark ° (vrj twist), skan ^ (skand Icaj)).
e. In the 3. pi. act. and mid. roots with medial a are syncopated: a-ks-an (=a-ghas-an), a-gm-au (=a-gam-an); a-gm-ata (= a-gam-ata), a-tn-ata ( := a-tan-ata) ; but in the 2. 3. s. mid. they lose their nasal : a-ga-thas, a-ga-ta, a-ma-ta (but 1. du. gan-vahi, pi. a-gan-mahi).
/ Final a is in the mid. ind. reduced to i, and before m also to i ; e. g. 2. a-di-thas, a-sthi-thas. 3. a-dhi-ta (e-^e-To). PL 1. a-dhi-mahi (TS.) and a-di-mahi (VS.), a-dhi-mahi.
g. In the 3, s. ind. ghas is reduced to g : gdha (=:ghas-ta) '; while r go takes Guna: ar-ta (unaugmented) and ar-ta (wp-To), 3. pi. ar-ata.
/*. The forms taking ran in 3. pi. mid. are : a-krp-ran, a-grbh-ran, a-jus-ran, a-drs-ran, a-pad-ran, a-budh-ran, a-yuj-ran, a-vas-ran (vas shine), a- vis-ran, a-vrt-ran, a-srg-ran,* a-sthi-ran, a-sprdh-ran ; with ram : a-drs-ram, a-budh-ram, a-srg-ram.*
^ For a-nas-s, the phonetic result of which should have been a-nak (63 6).
" For a-vas-s, a-vas-t. These forms have by an oversight been omitted in § 499 of my Vedic Grammar.
' For d-kram-t, £-gam-t.
* For a-nas-t. ' For varj-t. ^ For skand-t.
'' By syncopation gh-s-ta ; loss of s between consonants (66 B 2 a) gh-ta, and loss of aspiration, which is thrown forward on the t and renders it sonant (62 b).
* With reversion to the original guttural.
14S] MOODS OF THE KOOT AORIST 171
2. The subjunctive is common, nearly 100 forms being met with. The forms occurring, if made from kr, would be :
Act. sing. 1. kara and kar-ani. 2. kar-a-si and kar-a-s. o. kar-a-ti and kar-a-t.^ Du. 2. kar-a-thas. 3. kar-a-tas. PI. 1. kar-a-ma. 3. kar-anti, kar-a-n.
Mid. sing. 2. kar-a-se. 3. kar-a-te,^ PI. 1. kar-a-mahe and kar-a-mahai. 3. kar-anta.
3. The injunctive is fairly frequent, nearly sixty forms of it being met with. Examples are :
Act. sing. 1. kar-am, dars-am,^ bhuv-am, bhoj-am.
2. je-s, bhu-s, bhe-s (bhi /car), dhak^ (dagh reach), bhet (bhid split), rok (ruj break). 3. bhu-t, sre-t (Vsri), nak and nat (nas attain). PI. 1. dagh-ma, bhu-ma ; ched-ma/ ho-ma ^ (hu call). 3. bhuv-an, vr-an (vr cover) ; kram-ur, dur (da give), dh-iir (dha put).
Mid. sing. 1. nams-i (nams = nas attain). 2. nut-tlias \
(nud push), mr-thas (mr die), mrs-thas (mrs neglect), rik- thas (ric leave). 3. ar-ta (r go), as-ta (as attain), vik-ta (vij tremble), vr-ta (vr choose). PI. 1. dhi-mahl {dhQ,put).
4. Morethanforty optative forms are met with. Examples are :
Act. sing. 1. as-yam (as obtain), vrj-yam, de-yam (da give). 2. as-yas, rdh-yas, gam-yas, jne-yas, bhii-yas.
3. bhu-yat^ (AV.). PI. 1. as-yama, rdh-yama, kri-yama, bhu-yama, sthe-yama. 3. as-yiir (as attain), dhe-yur.
Mid. sing. 1. as-iya. 3. ar-I-ta [v go). PI. 1. as-i-mahi, idh-i-mahi (idh Mndle), nas-i-mahi (nas reach).
^ The root is weak in the isolated forms fdh-a-t, bhiiv-a-t, sriiv-a-t.
^ The weak root appears once in the form idh-a-t^. The weak root also appears once in the 2. du. form rdh-athe.
' This may, however, be an irregular a aorist : cp. 147 c.
* For dagh-s.
5 With strong radical vowel.
s The RV. has no forms of the 3. s. in yat, but only precatives in yas (= yas-t).
172 CONJUGATION [us
a. There are also about thirty precative forms (made from about twenty roots in the Samhitas), all of which except two are active. Examples are :
Act. sing. 1. bhu-yasam. 8. as-yas {=. as-yas-t), gam- yas, dagh-yas, pe-yas (pa dnnli\ bhu-yas. Du. 2. bhu-yastam. PI. 1. kri-yasma. 2. bhu-yasta.
Mid. s. 3. pad-i-s-ta, muc-i-s-ta.
5. Over ninety forms of the imperative occur, all but about twelve being active. Several forms in the 2. persons act. have a strong root, which is then usually accented. Examples are:
Act. s. 2. kr-dhi, ga-dhi (gam), pur-dhi {^'i fill), bo-dhi,' yo-dhi" {jndh fight), sag-dhi (sak he able) ; ga-hi (gam go), ma-hi (ma measure), sa-hi (sa hind). 3. gan-tu (gam go), dha-tu, bhu-tu, sro-tu.
Du. 2. kr-tam and kar-tam (AV.), ga-tam and gan-tam, da-tam, dhak-tam (dagh reach), bhu-tam, var-tam (vr cover), vo-lham (vah carr//), sru-tam. 3. gan-tam, pa-tam, vo-lham. PI. 2. kr-ta and kar-ta, ga-ta and gan-ta, bhii-ta, yan-ta, sru-ta and sro-ta ; kar-tana, gan-tana, dha-tana, bhu-tana. 3. gam-antu, dhantu, sruv-antu.
Mid. s. 2. kr-sva, dhi-sva (dha put), yuk-sva (yuj join) ; accented on the root : mat-sva, yak-sva (yaj sacrifice), ra-sva, vam-sva (van ivin), sak-sva (sac follow). PI. 2. kr-dhvam, vo-dhvam.
6. Of the participle only seven or eight examples occur in the active, but nearly forty in the middle. Examples are :
Act. rdh-ant, kr-ant, gm-ant, sthant.
Mid. ar-ana, idh-ana, kr-aiia, drs-ana and drs-ana, budh-ana, bhiy-ana, vr-ana (vr cover), subh-ana and sum-bhana, suv-ana (always to be pronounced svana) and sv-ana (SV.).
1 Formed from both bhu be (for bhu-dhi) and budh awake (for bod-dhi instead of bud-dhi). " For yud-dhi (through yod-dhi).
14ft] EEDUPLICATED FORM 173
Third or Reduplicated Form.
149. This aorist is formed from nearly ninety verbs in the Samhitas and from nearly thirty more in the Brahmanas. Though (with a few slight exceptions) unconnected in form with the causative, it has come to be connected with the causative in sense, having a causative meaning when the corresponding verb in aya has that meaning. The character- istic feature of this aorist is the almost invariable quantitative sequence of a long reduplicative and a short radical vowel (- w). In order to bring about this rhythm, the reduplicative vowel (unless it becomes long by position) is lengthened, if the radical vowel is (or is made) prosodically short. With this view the radical vowel is shortened in vas hello/v, sadh succeed, hid he JiostUe and, by dropping the nasal, in krand cry out, jambh crush, randh subject, syand flow, srams fall. The stem of the great majority of forms is made with a thematic a. But about a dozen roots ending in vowels (a, i, u, r) and svap sleep make occasional forms from stems without thematic a, the inflexion then being like that of an imperfect of the reduj^licating class (127, 2). A medial radical vowel remains unchanged or is weakened, but a final vowel takes Guna. All the moods occur, but no participle.
Special Rules of Reduplication.
a. The vowels a, f, 1 are represented in the reduplicative syllable by i.
Tj. The vowel of the reduplicative syllable, unless already long by position, is lengthened.
1. The forms of the indicative actually occurring would, if made from jan heget, be as follows :
Act. s. 1. ajijanam. 2. ajijanas. o. ajijanat. Du. 2. ajijanatam. PI. 1, ajijanama. 2. ajijanata. 3. ajijanan.
Mid. s. 3. ajijanata. Pi. 2. ajijanadhvam. 3. ajijananta.
174 CONJUGATION [149
The following are examples :
Act. s. 1. aninasam (nas he lost), acikrsam (krs drag), apiplavam (B.), apiparam (pr pass). 2. aei-krad-as, abubhuvas ; sisvapas ; without thematic a : a-jigar (gr stvallow and gr waken) ; sisvap. 3. aciklpat, acucyavat (K.), ajihidat (Vhid), adidyutat, abubudhat, avivasat (Vvas), avi-vrdhat, asisyadat( %/syand); bibhayat, sisnathat (snath pierce); without thematic a: a-sisre-t (\/sri), a-sisnat. PI. 3. avivasan (\/vas), asisrasan (Vsrams), asisadan ( -/sad) ; abibhajur (B.).
Mid. s. 3. avivarata (vr cover). PI. 2. avivrdhadhvam. 3. abibhayanta, avivasanta (\^vas), asisyadanta.
2. The subjunctive is rare, only about a dozen forms occurring, all active except one. Examples are :
Act. s. 1. raradha. 2. titapasi. 3. eiklpati, pisprsati,^ sisadhati (Vsadh). PI. 1, riramama, sisadhama.
3. Injunctive forms are fairly common, more than fifty occurring in the active, but only five in the middle. Examples are :
Act. s. 1. eukrudham, didharam(dhr/?o/(;). 2. ciksipas, pisprsas, riradhas, sisadhas. 3. cucyavat, didharat, mimayat (ma heUoiv), sisvadat (svad sweeten).
Du. 2. jihvaratam. PI. 2. riradhata. 3. riraman, susucan (sue shine). 3. sisapanta (sap serve).
4. The optative forms number hardly a dozen, being made from only three roots, mostly from vac speaJc, the rest from cyu stir and ris hurt. They are :
Act. s. 1. voc6yam. 2. ririses, voc6s. 3. voc6t.
Du. 2. voc^tam. PI. 1. voc6ma. 3. voceyur.
Mid. s. 1. voc6ya. PI. 1. cucyuv-i-mahi, ^ voc^mahi. 3. cucyav-i-rata.^ There is also the 3. s. mid. precative form riris-i-s-ta.
• • •
' Without thematic a.
149-150] MOODS OF THE REDUPLICATED AORIST 175
5. Hai'dly more than a dozen imperative forms occur, all of them active. These are :
Sing. 2. vocatat. 3. vocatu.
Du. 2. jigrtam ^ (gr ivakcn), didhrtam,^ vocatam. PI. 2. jigr-ta,^ didhrta, ^ paptata, vocata, susiidata (AV.). 3. pupurantu (pr fill), sisrathantu.
Irregularities.
a. 1. The reduplicative syllable of dyut shine has i * : fi-didyutat ; that of am injure repeats the whole root ^ : am-am-at ( = d-am-am-at) ; while it is left short in jigrtam, jigrt& (beside d-jigar), didhrt^m, didhrtfi (beside d,-didharat), and in the isolated inj. didipas for didipas (dip shine).
2. The radical syllable suffers contraction or syncopation (as in the weak forms of the perfect) in the three verbs nas be lost, vac speak, and pat fall; thus a-nes-at (= 6-nanas-at), a-voc-at (= ^-va-uc-at : cp. Gk. i-un-o-v) and d-papt-at. Having all had the reduplicative vowel of the perfect (while the regular aorist reduplicative i appears in the alternative forms d-ninas-at and d,-pipat-at), they were probably pluperfects in origin. But they have come to be aorists as is shown by their meaning and by the occurrence of modal forms (as vocatu, &c., and paptata).
3, The initial of the suffix is retained from the causative stems jna-paya, stha-paya, ha-paya, bhi-saya, ar-paya, ja-paya (Vji)- The radical vowel is reduced to i in the first four, while the redupli- cative vowel comes after instead of before the radical vowel in the fifth : thus d,-ji-jmp-at ; fi-ti-sthip-at ; ji-hip-as ; bi-bhis-as, bi-bhia- athas ; arp-ip-am*; i-ji-jap-a-ta^ (VS.).
Benedictive or Precative. «
150. This is a form of the optative which adds an s after the modal suffix and which is made almost exclusively from aorist stems. In the RV. it occurs in the 1. 3. s, and
1 Without thematic a. - Cp. its perfect reduplication : 139, 8.
3 Cp. the perfect reduplication of roots with a + nasal (139, 6). * Here the p of the suffix is not only retained, but reduplicated. ^ The causative of ji conquer from which this aor. is formed, would normally have been jay-aya. In B. also occurs the form d-ji-jip-ata.
176 CONJUGATION [150-151
1. pi. active, and in the 2. 3. s. mid. The endings together with the modal suffix are :
Act. s. 1. ya-s-am. 3, ya-s {= yas-s) ; pi. 1. ya-s-ma.
Mid. s. 2. i-s-thas. 3. i-s-ta.
a. The only perfect precative occurring is the 2. s. mid. : sa-sah-i-s-thas.
h. Of the root aorist nearly thirty precatives are met with in the Samhitas. They occur in the act. 1. 3. s., 2. du., 1. 2. pi. ; mid. 3. s. (see 148, 4 a). The a aorist and the reduplicated aor. have one precative form each in the 3. s. mid. (147, 4 and 149, 4). In the s aorist four precative forms occur in the 2. and 3. s. mid. (see 143, 4).
Simple Future.
151. The stem is formed by adding the suffix sya or (rather less frequently with connecting i) i-sya to the root. As the future sense is often expressed by the subjunctive and sometimes also by the indicative, the future tense is not common in the EV. , being formed from only sixteen roots, while the AV. makes it from about thirty-two others, and the TS. forms it from over sixty roots. In V. and B. taken together over one hundred form the future in sya and over eighty that in isya. The only derivative verbs that form the future (always with isya) are causatives, of which four stems appear, two in the EV. and two in the AV. Eoots ending in r always take isya, whereas those ending in other vowels generally take sya.
a. Final vowels and prosodically short medial vowels take Guna, final a and medial a remaining unchanged ; e. g. ji conquer: je-sya ; m lead: ne-sya ; da give: da-sya ; mih sJied ivater : mek-sya ; yuj join : yok-sya ; krt cut : kart-sya ; dah hum : dhak-sya ; bandh hind : bhant-sya ; bhu he : bhav-isya ; sr ^flotv : sar-isya ; vrt turn : vart- isya.
151-152] SIMPLE FUTURE 177
a. Causatives, which always take isya, retain the present stem, dropping only the final a ; thus dharay-isyS (dhr support); vasay-iayfi (vas wear) ; dus-ay-isyd, (dus spoil) ; varay-isyfi (vr cover).
b. The inflexion of the future is like that of the present of the first conjugation (bhavami). Middle forms occur in the sing. only. The forms met with, if made from kr do, would be :
Act. s. 1. kar-isyami. 2. kar-isyasi. 3. kar-isyati. Du. 2. kar-isyathas. 3. kar-isyatas. PI. 1. kar-isya- mas, -masi. 2. kar-isyatha. 3. kar-isyanti.
Mid. s. 1. kar-isy6. 2. kar-isyase. 3. kar-isyate.
1. Only one subjunctive, the 2. s, act. kar-isyas, has been met with in V., and one other, 1. du. mid., not-syava- hai (nud imsli) in B.
2. More than twenty participles occur, of which only four are mid. Examples are :
Act. kar-isy-ant, dhak-sy-ant (-/dah) ; mid. yak-sya- mana (Vyaj), stavisya-mana (-/stu).
Irregularities.
c. In su bring forth the future stem is formed with unchanged final vowel, which is moreover accented : su-sya ; while the medial a of sah is lengthened : sak-syd.
Periphrastic Future.
152. There is no certain example of this form of the future in the Samhitas. But such a phrase as anv-aganta yajnapatir vo atra (TS., VS.) the sacrifice)' is folloiving after you here may be an example of its incipient use.^
In B. this future is taken by nearly thirty roots. It is made by using the N. s. of an agent noun in tr (ISO), to which the present of the verb as be is added in the 1. 2. persons, while in the 3. persons du. and pi. the N. du. and pi. appear. The use of this tense-form is
1 The forerunners in V. of this new tense-formation in B. are the agent nouns in tr which, generally accented on the root, are used partieipially governing an ace. and may be employed predicatively with or without the copula ; e. g. data yo v^nita magh^m (iii. 13') who gives and wins bounty.
1819 N
178 CONJUGATION [152-154
almost limited to the active, only a few isolated examples being found in the middle. Forms occurring, if made from bhii be, would 1)6: Act. sing. 1. bhavitasmi ; 3. bhavita. PI. 1. bhavitasmas ; 3. bhavitaras. Mid. sing. 1. 2. bhavitase. PI. 1. bhavitasmahe.
Conditional.
153. This is a past tense of the future meaning would have. Only one example occurs in the Samhitas : a-bhar- isya-t (RV. ii. 30") was going io hear off. This form is very rare in B. also, except in the SB. where it is found more than fifty times.
Passive.
154. The passive, which takes the terminations of the middle, differs from the latter only in the forms made from the present stem and in the 3. s. aor. From the middle of verbs of the fourth class it differs in accent only : nah-ya-te hinds : nah-ya-te is hound.
The stem is formed by adding accented ya to the root, which appears in its weak form.
1. Final a mostly becomes i ; e. g. da give : di-ya ; but it also remains ; e. g. jna Icnow : jna-ya.
2. Final i and u are lengthened ; e.g. ji conquer: ji-ya-te ; sru hear: sru-ya-te.
3. Final r becomes ri ; e. g. kr malce : kri-ya-te.^
4. Final r becomes ir ; e. g. sr crush : sir-ya-te.^
5. Roots ending in a consonant preceded by a nasal, lose the nasal; e.g. anj anoint: aj-ya-te; bandh hind: badh- ya-te ; bhaiij hreaJc : bhaj-ya-te ; vane move croohedly : vac- ya-te ; sams praise : sas-ya-te.
1 The only two roots in which r is preceded by two consonants and which form a passive are str sfretv and smr rememher. Their passives do not occur in the Sainhitas, but in B are found stri-ya-te and smar-yd-te.
2 The passive oi-pfflll does not occur in the Samhitas, but in B. it is pur-ya-te (the f being preceded by a labial).
154-155] PASSIVE 179
6. Boots liable to Samprasarana (17 note 1) take it ; e. g. vac spcalc : uc-ya-te ; vad si^eaJc : ud-ya-te ; vah carry : uh-ya-te ; grab seize : grh-ya-te.
a. Derivative verbs in aya (causatives) drop the suffix while retain- ing the strong radical vowel. Only one such stem has been noted in the Samhitfis : bhaj-ya-te is caused to share (from bhaj-dya causative of bhaj share).
a. The forms of the present indicative passive occurring, if made from hu. call, would be :
Sing. 1. hu-y6. 2. hu-ya-se. o. hii-ya-te. Du. 3. hu-y6-te. PL 1. hu-ya-mahe. 3. hu-ya-nte.
h. As regards the moods only two certain subjunctive forms (s. 3. uh-ya-te, bhri-ya-te) and one injunctive (s. 3. su-ya-ta : su hring forth) occur. No optative forms occur in the RV. or AV.^ There are, however, nearly thirty imperative forms occurring in the 2. 3. s. pi. These forms, illustrated by hu call, are : s. 2. hu-ya-sva. 3, hu-ya-tam. PI, 2. hu-ya-dhvam. 3. hu-ya-ntam.
c. Of the participle over forty examples occur ; e. g. hu- ya-mana being called. Of the imperfect only about eight forms have been noted, occurring only in the 3. s. and pi. : a-hu-ya-ta and a-hu-yanta.
Irregularities.
(7. tan stretch forms its passive from ta : ta-yd.-te'^. Similarly jan beget becomes ja-ya-te is born, which, however, in foi-m belongs to the radically accented fourth class, mri-ya-te dies (Vmr) and dhri-y£-te (v^dhr) is steadfast, while passive in form, are intransitive in sense.
Aorist Passive.
155. Outside the present system the passive has no special finite form except in the 3. sing. aor. This is a peculiar middle form (made from about forty-five roots in
^ But they are met with in the Brahmanas. 2 In B. kha-yfi-te is formed from khan dig.
N 2
180 CONJUGATION [ir,5-i56
the Samhitas) ' which is used with a predominantly passive meaning. When it is formed from verbs with a neuter sense, like gam go, that sense remains unchanged (as in the past passive participle). It is a 3. s. ind. in which the augmented root takes the ending i. The characteristic feature of this form is the strengthening of the root as compared with other middle forms; e.g. a-kar-i beside a-kr-i (1. s. mid.). Prosodically short medial i, u, r take Guna, and medial a is normally lengthened : final i, u, r take Vrddhi, while final a interposes a y before the ending. The accent of unaug- mented forms is always on the root. Examples are: a-ved-i {vid find), a-bodh-i (budh wake), a-dars-i (drs scr), a-vac-i (vac speak) ; a-sray-i (sri resort), a-stav-i (stu praise), a-kar-i (kr do), a-dha-y-i (dha put).
More than twenty unaugmented forms are also used injunctively ; e. g. srav-i let he heard.
Irregularities.
a. 1. The medial a is not lengthened in fi-jan-i, the unaugmented jdn-i (beside jan-i), and S-vah.-i.
2. From the denominative stem jarayai^Za?/ tfte lover the unique form jaraya-y-i let him he embraced is formed.
PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, AND INFINITIVE.
I. Active Participles.
156. The stem of the present (except the reduplicating class), the future, and the aorist active participle is formed with the suffix ant.^ The strong stem may be obtained by dro2^ping the i of the 3. pi. ind. act. ; e. g. bhav-ant, ksip- ant, as-yant; duh-ant, krnv-ant, bliind-ant, pri-nant.
1 About a dozen more are found in B.
2 On the declension of participles in ant see 85 ; nn the formation of their fern, stems, 95 a.
156-157] PARTICIPLES 181
Stems of the reduplicating class do not distinguish strong forms because they drop the n : e. g. juhv-at (3. pi. juhv-ati).
The strong stem of the future participle may similarly be obtained by dropping the i of the 3. pi. act, : bhavisyant, karisyant.
The active participle is formed by the root aorist, the a aorist, and the s aorist, from the unaugmented tense stem in the latter two ; e. g. vida-nt, sak-s-ant (sah premil) ; and from the weakened or unmodified root in the former ; e. g. rdh-ant, kr-ant (kr make), gm-ant (gam go), pant (pa drinh).
a. Irregularities. — In the pi-es. part, the initial a of as he and the medial a of han slaij are lost : sant (3. pi. santi), ghn-ant (3. pi. ghn- dnti); while the n of the suffix is lost in das-at worshipping and sas-at ' (3. pi. sas-ati). The n is also lost in the s aor. part, of dah ham : dfiks-at and dhdks-at. Whether it was also lost in s^ks-at, the part, of the same aor. from sah prevail, is uncertain because it is only met with in a weak case.
157. The reduplicated perfect participle is formed from the weak (but uucontracted or unsyncopated) stem to which the suffix vams is directly added. There are more than fifty such stems. Examples are : cakr-vams, jagan- vams (gam go), tastabh-vams (stambh prop), tasthi-vams (stha stand), dadrs-vains, dad-vams (da give), ba-bhu-vams, vavrt-vams, sasa-varns (san gain), susup-vams (svap sleep).
a. Some half-dozen of these participles are formed by adding the suffix with connecting i to the reduplicated stem contracted to a single syllable : i-y-i-varns (i go) ; iis-i-vams (vas dwell) ; ok-i-vams " (uc &e pleased) ; papt-i-vams (pat fall) ; sasc-i-vams (sac follow) ; in the later Sainhitas also
' Both da^ and sas belong to the root, and not the reduplicating class. 2 With strong radical vowel and reversion to the original guttural.
182 CONJUGATION [157-158
jaks-i-vams (ghas eaf).^ The only certain example of a perf. part, adding the suffix with connecting i to the fully reduplicated stem is vivis-i-vams (TS.).^
h. A few perfect participles are formed by attaching vams to the unreduplicated stem : das-vams ivorshipping, vid-vams knoiving, sah-vams prevailing, and perhaps khid-vams^ oppressing. Similarly formed is midh-vams bountiful, though the root does not occur in independent use. Three un- reduplicated roots take connecting i in the later Samhitas : das-i-vams (SV.) worshipping, vis-i-vams (AV.) entering, vai'j-i-vams '' (AV.) having twisted.
a. Irregularities. — In seven steins the palatal reverts to the original guttural : cikit-vams (\/cit), jigi-vams (\/ji), ririk-vams (Vric), ruruk-vams (Vruc), vivik-vams vVvic), susuk-vams (Vsuc), ok-i- vams (v/uc). The radical vowel is strong in dada-vams (AV.), ok-i- vams, sah-vams ; while the reduplicative vowel is long in sasah- vams and susu-vams (Vsu).
II. Middle and Passive Participles.
158. The participles of the future middle, of the present passive, and the present middle of the a conjugation are formed by adding the suffix mana to the stem (which always ends in a); e.g. fut. mid. yaksya-mana (Vyaj); pres. pass, kriya-mana (-/kr); pros. mid. yaja-mana.
a. Verbs of the second conjugation add the suffix ana to the weak stem in the j)res. mid. ; e.g. bruv-ana {Vhvu), juhv-ana (-/hu), rundh-ana (Vrudh), krnv-ana (v^kr), pun-ana (Vpu).
«. There are several irregularities in the formation of the middle pai'ticiples of the root class. 1. The root as sit optionally takes the anomalous suffix ina : as-ina beside as-ana. 2. The final of the root
1 jaks syncopated for jagh(a)s.
- In B. are also found dadrs-i-vams and cichid-i-vams.
2 Occurring only in the voc. khidvas. * Presupposed by the fern, varjusi.
158-160] PERFECT PARTICIPLES 183
duh milk optionally reverts to the original guttural : diigh-ana beside the regular duh-ana. 3. A few roots take Guna : oh-and (Vuh), yodh-an£ (Vyudh), s4y-ana (Vsi)> stav-and. (■v/stu). 4. Several of thes^e participles optionally accent the radical syllable instead of the final vowel of the suffix ; e. g. vid-ana beside vid-anfi.
159. The Perfect Middle Participle is formed by adding the suffix -ana to the weak form of the stem as it appears before the ending of the 3. pi. mid. re (ire, rire). It is common, more than eighty examples occurring. The follow- ing are some of them : anaj-ana ( v/afij), anas-ana (v/ams), ar-ana {Vr), ij-ana (\/yaj), uc-ana (\/vac), cakr-ana (% kr), cikit-ana {/cit), jagm-ana (Vgam), tasth-and (Vstha), tistir-ana (V'stf), tep-ana (\/tap), pap-ana (pa clrinJc), paspas-ana (\/spas), bhej-ana (s/bhaj), yem-ana (\/yam), lebh-ana (-/labh), vavas-ana (vas wear anddwell), sisriy-ana (A/sri), sismiy-ana(V'smi), susup-ana (\/svap).
a. Irregularities. — 1. This participle of si lie has the double anomaly of reduplicating with a and of strengthening tlie radical syllable : ^ sasay-an6. 2. The root sail prevail adds the suffix to a reduplicated as well as to a contracted stem : sasah-ana and seh-ana. 3. The radical vowel of kam love and sam labour is not syncojjated : cakam-an^ and sasam-ana. 4. Four of these participles have the intensive accent on the reduplicative syllable : tutuj-ana'^, susuj-ana, siisuv-ana (-y/sii), and sasad-ana'^ {seid prevail).*
160. The Perfect Passive Participle is formed by adding, in the great majority of instances, the suffix ta (with or without connecting i) or, far less commonly, the suffix na (directly) to the root.
^ Cp. a similar irregularity of si in 184, 1 b.
^ Also normally, but less frequently, accented txituj-ana.
^ Cp. the Gk. perf. mid. part. KeKaS-ixevo-s.
* The first three cannot be accounted intensives because they have not the intensive reduplicative vowel (173, 1). Though the redupli- cative vowel of sasad-ana may bo that of either perfect or intensive, the occurrence of the perf. form sasadiir beside it favours the view that it is a perf. participle.
184 CONJUGATIONS [160
1. na, which is taken by primary verbs only, is attached to the (unweakened) root, which ends in a long vowel or one of the consonants d and (rarely) c or j. Before this suffix, i and u remain unchanged ; a remains or is reduced to i or i ; f becomes xr or (generally when a labial precedes) ur ; d is assimilated to n ; c and j revert to the original guttural. Thus li cling : li-na ; du hum : du-na ; dra sleep : dra-na ; da tlivide : di-na ; ha leave : hi-na ; gr swallow : gir-na ; mr crush: mur-na ; jr waste away: jur-na ; bhid S2)l'it: bhin-na; skand leap: skan-na ; vrasc cut up: vrk-na ; ruj hreaJ: : rug-na.
«. Several roots take alternative forms iu ta : nun-na aucl nut-ta (Vnud) ; vin-na and vit-td (vid find) ; san-na- and sat-ta (sad sit) ; si-n^ and si-ta (sya coagulate) ; pr fill : pur-na and pur-ta ; sr cmsh : sir-nd, and sur-ta ; pre viix : -prg-na and prk-ta.
b. The final palatal of pro viix, vrasc cut up and ruj break reverts tO the guttural (cp. 160, 1).
2. When ta is added direct the root tends to appear in its weak form : verbs liable to Samprasarana take it ; a medial or final nasal is lost ; a is often reduced to i or i ; ya some- times to i. Examples are : ya-ta, ji-ta, bhi-ta, stu-ta, hu-ta, kr-ta; nas-ta (\/nas he lost), sik-ta (7 sic), yuk-ta (^^yuj), gu-dha(N/guh)/ dug-dha (A/duh), srs-ta (/sfj) ; is-ta (\/yaj), vid-dha (^/vyadh), uk-ta (/vac), u-dha (Vvah),-' sup-ta(v/svap), prs-ta (Vprach) ; ak-ta (/anj), ta-ta (-v/tan), ga-ta (/gam); pi-ta (pa drinJi), sthi-ta (V'stha); vi-ta(\/vy&).
a. The root dha pitt is doubly weakened in hi-tfi beside -dhi-ta. Medial a is reduced to i in sis-ta (sas order). Syncopation and loss of s appear in -g-dha eaten (^ghas).^
b. Excepting the occurrence of the normal form -data in the com- pound tva-data given by thee, da give regularly uses the weak pres.
1 With corebralization and aspiration of the suffix, loss of the radical final and lengthening of the radical vowel (cp. 62, 69 c).
" With the same changes as in gudha after vah-ta has been reduced by Samprasarana to uh-t^. * Cp. p. 170, note 7.
160-lGi] PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE 185
stem dad in forming its past passive participle : dat-ta. The latter is further reduced to -tta in deva-ttfi. given by the gods, and when com- bined with certain jn-epositions : vy-a-tta opened, pari-tta giveyi awmj, prati-tta given back. The same syncopation appears in the compound participle of da divide : dva-tta cut off.
c. One root in an and three or four in am retain the nasal and lengthen the vowel : dhvan sound : dhvan-ta ; kram stride : kran-td ; sam be quiet: san-t^ ; sram be ivearg : sran-ta ; dham blois has the irregular dhma-td and dham-i-td..
d. A few roots in an have a '■ : khan dig : kha-t^ ; jan be born : ja-td ; van ivin : -va-ta ; san gain : sa-ta.
3. i-ta is taken by a considerable number of roots ending not only in conjunct consonants or in single consonants difficult to combine with t, but also in simple consonants, especially sibilants, which present no such difficulty. The root is not weakened (excepting four instances of Sampra- sarana). Secondary verbs (almost without exception causa- tives) - take ita exclusively (after dropping aya).^
Examples are : nind-ita, raks-ita ; grath-ita, il-ita, car-ita, jiv-ita ; pat-ita, pan-ita ; kup-ita, stabh-ita ; mus-ita ; arp-ita * (arp-aya cause to go), cod-ita (cod-aya 66^ in motion).
a. The roots taking Samprasarana are: grabh and grab. seize : grbh-i-ta and grh-i-ta (AV.);^ vaks increase: uks-ita ; vad s;peuh : nd-ita ; srath slacJcen : srth-ita.
161. There is once found in the AV. a perfect passive participle extended with the possessive suffix vant, which gives it the sense of a perfect participle active : asita-vant having eaten.*^
' Representing the long sonant nasal.
2 Only one perfect participle passive has been noted from a desidera- tive ; mimam-s-ita called in question, and one from a denominative : bham-it6 enraged.
^ In B. jnapaya, causative of jiia know, forms its part, without con- necting i: jnap-td.
< Usually (and abnormally) accented ax'p-ita.
5 With i for i as in some other forms from this root.
^ This type of participle hardly occurs even in the Brahmanas.
186 CONJUGATION [162
162. The Future Passive Participle is in the KV. formed with four suffixes: one with the primary suffix ya, which is common, the rest with the secondary suffixes ay-ya, 6n-ya, and tv-a, each of which occurs ahout a dozen times. In the AV. there begin to be vised two other gerundives, formed with tavya and aniya, each occurring twice. All these participles correspond in sense to the Lat, gerundive in -ndus.
1. In the EV. about forty examples of the gerundive in ya occur, and about twenty more in the AV. The suffix is nearly always to be read as ia, which accounts for the treatment before it of final radical vowels. The root, being accented, appears in a strong form excepting a few examples which have the short radical vowel i, u, or r.
«. Final a coalesces with the initial of ia to e, between which and the following a a phonetic y is interposed : da give : deya ( = da-i-y-a) to he given.
b. Final i, u, r regularly take Guna or Vrddhi, the final element of which always appears as y, v, r, as before a vowel ; e. g. li cling : -lay-ya ; nu praise : ndv-ya ; bhii be : bhav-ya and bhav-y5 future ; hii call : h^v-ya ; vr choose : var-ya.
c. Medial i, u, r, if followed by a single consonant, may take Guna and a may be lengthened ; e. g. dvis : dves-ya hateful ; yudh : yodh-ya to be subdued ; rdh : drdh-ya to be accomplished ; mrj : marj-ya to be purified ; vac : vac-ya to be said ; but also giih-ya to be concealed ; -dhrs-ya to be assailed ; -sad-ya to be seated.
d. A final short vowel sometimes remains unchanged, a t being then interposed : i-t-ya to be gone ; sru-t-ya to be heard ; -br-t-ya to be made ; carkf-t-ya to be praised,
2. The suffix ayya, nearly always to be read ayia, is almost restricted to the RV. ; e. g. pan-ayya to he admired ; vid-ajja, to be found ; sva,v-a,jya glorious. It is sometimes attached to secondary stems ; to a causative : pauay-ayya admirable, sprhay-ayya desirable ; to a desiderative : di- dhi-s-ayya to be conciliated ( \/dha) ; to an intensive : vi-tan- tas-ayya to be hastened.
3. enya (generally to be read 6nia) is attached to the root,
162-163] GERUNDIVE 187
which remains unaltered except when it ends in a vowel : thus dvis-enya malignant, yud.h-6nya to he combatted, drs- enya worthy to he seen ; but var-enya choiceivorthij (vr choose). It is once added to an aor. stem : yam-s-enya to he guided ( v/yam). Secondary verbs also take this suffix ; desideratives : didrks-6nya ivorthij to he seen, susrus-6nya deserving to he heard; intensives: marmrj-6nya to he glorified, vavrdh- 6nya to he glorified ; denominatives : sapar-6nya to he adored.
4. tv-a, almost restricted to the RV.^ and generally to be read tua, is added to the strong form of the root, which is accented. Thus kar-tva to he made, h6-tva to he driven on (\/hi), so-tva to he pressed [Vsu], vak-tva to he said; with connecting i : san-i-tva to he -won ; with connecting i : bhav-i-tva - future.
5. The only two examples in V. (both occurring in AV.) of the gerundive in tavya, which in both cases is added with connecting i, are jan-i-tavya to he horn and hims-i- tavya to he injured.^
6. The only examples of the gerundive in aniya (both appearing in the AV.) are upa-jiv-aniya to he subsisted on and a-mantr-aniya ivorthy to he addressed.^
III. Gerund or Indeclinable Participle.
163. More than 120 examples of the gerund occur in the RV. and AV. It expresses an action which accompanies or more often precedes that of the finite verb. It is formed with the three suffixes tvi, tva, tvaya (all old cases of stems
1 A few examples occur in the Brahmanas : j^-tva ( ji conquer), sna-tva (sna bathe), ban- tva (han slay). ^ With i instead of i.
* This gerundive has become not uncommon in B., where it is formed not only from the root, but from secondary stems.
* In B. nearly a dozen examples have been met with.
188 CONJUGATION [163
in tu which is also used to form infinitives) attached to the simple root.
1. The form in tvi, which is almost restricted to the EV./ is the commonest of the three in that Samhita, where fifteen examples occvu-. It probably represents an old locative of stems in tu. It is as a rule added directly to the root, which has the same form as in the perf. pass, participle in ta. Examples are : kr-tvi having made, ga-tvi liavmj gone, gu-dhvi having hidden, bhu-tvi having become, vrk-tvi having overthroivn (-/vrj), hi-tvl having abandoned (v^ha). There are two forms in which the suffix is added with the connecting vowel i : jan-i-tvi having produced and skabh-i-tvi having propped.
2. The suffix tv-a (an old inst. sing, of a verbal noun in tu) is taken by nine roots in the RV. and about thirty more in the AV. The root has the same form as before the ta of the perf. pass, participle. The forms occurring in the EV. are : pi-tva (pa drinJc), bhit-tva having shattered, bhu-tva having become, mi-tva having formed (v^ma), yuk-tva having yolced, vr-tva having covered, sru-tva having heard, ha-tva having slain, hi-tva having abandoned. Some of the forms from the AV. are: is-tva having sacrificed (Vyaj), jag-dhva having devoured (>/jaks), tir-tva having crossed (Vtr), tr-dhva having shattered (-/trh), dat-tva having given ( v'da), pak-tva having cooked (v^pac), bad-dhva having bound (v^bandh), bhak-tva having divided (^/bhaj), ru-dhva having ascended (■/ruh), vrs-tva having ctd up (\/vrase), sup-tva having slept (V'svap) ; three take the conned ing vowel i : cay-i-tva noting (Vcay), hims-i-tva having injured, grh-i-tva having seised ; a few also are formed from secondary stems in aya (which is retained) ; e. g. kalpay-i-tva having arranged.
3. The rarest gerund is that in tvaya, which is formed
1 This gerundive is not found in the AV., but it has not entirely disappeared in the Bralimanas.
163-164] GERUND 189
from only eight roots in the RV.' : ga-tvaya having gone, jag-dhvaya having devoured, dat-tvaya having given, drs- tvaya having seen, bhak-tvaya having attained, yuk-tvaya having yoled, ha-tvaya having slain, hi-tvaya having aban- doned ; three more of these gerunds appear in the Yajurveda : kr-tvaya having done, ta-tvaya having stretched, vr-tvaya having covered.
164. When the verb is compounded the suffix is regularly either ya or tya. In at least two-thirds of such forms the vowel of the suffix is long in the RV. The root is always accented.
1. ya is added (but never with i) to the root, which has the same form as before tva, except that final a and am remain unchanged. Nearly forty roots in the RV. and about thirty more in the AV. form these compound gerunds. Examples from the RV. are : ac-ya bending {= a-ac-), abhy- up-ya having enveloped (Vvap), abhi-kram-ya approaching, abhi-gur-ya graciously accepting (gr sing), sam-grbh-ya gathering, ni-cay-ya fearing, vi-tur-ya driving forth (-/tr), a-da-ya talcing, ati-div-ja plajjing higher, Sinu-dfs-ya, looking along, a-rabh-ya grasping, ni-sad-ya having sat down ; from a causative stem : prarp-ya setting in motion (pra-arpaya). Examples from the AV. are : ud-uh-ya having carried tip (v^vah), sam-gir-ya stvallotving up (V'gr), upa-dad-ya imtting in (-/da), sam-bhu-ya combining, ut-tha-ya arising (\/stha), sam-siv-ya having sewed; from a causative stem : vi-bhaj-ya having apjwrtioned (\/bhaj).
a. Three roots nre found in the RV. compounded with adverbs or
substantives : punar-da-ya giving back, mitha-spfdh-ya vying together, karna-grh-ya seising by the ear, pada-gfh-ya grasping by the foot, hasta- grh-ya grasping by the hand.
1 This gerund occurs twice in the AV. and about half a dozen times in B. It is once formed from a causative stem in the SB. : spaiS-ay-i- tvaya (\/spas).
190 CONJUGATION [165-167
165. 2. tya (nearly always with long vowel in the RV.)
is added instead of ya to compound verbs ending in a short
vowel ; ^ e. g. 6-tya having come (a-i), abhi-ji-tya having
conquered, a-dv-tya regarding, apa-mi-tya" having borrowed,
upa-sru-tya having overheard ; with adverbial or nominal
prefix : arani-kr-tya having made read)), akhkhali-kr-tya
shouting, namas-kr-tya (AV.) paying homage.
a. The analogy of these verbs is followed by some roots ending in n or m preceded by a, which drop the nasal as in the j erf. pass. part. : vi-ha-tya having driven away (Vhan), a-ga-tya having come (Vgam), ud-ya-tya (AV.) lifting up (Vyam).
166. The accusative in am of certain verbal nouns, though not yet construed like a gerund in the Samhitas, is not infrequently so construed in the Briihmanas and Sutras. Before the suffix, the root (which is almost always com- pounded) appears in the form it assumes before the i of the 3. s. aor. pass. (155) ; e.g. sakham sam-a-lambh-am tahing hold of a &;-rtwc/?(SB.); malianagam abhi-sam-sar-am running together around a great snaJce (SB.).
IV. Infinitive.
167. The infinitive, all the forms of which are old cases of verbal nouns, ace, dat., abl.-gen., orloc, is very frequent, occurring about 700 times in the EV. Only the ace. and dat. forms are common, but the datives outnumber the ace. in the proportion of 12 to 1 in the RV. and 3 to 1 in the AV. It is a remarkable fact that the infinitive in turn, the only form surviving in Sanskrit, occurs not more than five times in the RV., while the dative infinitive, which in the RV. is more than seven times as common as all the rest put together, has already for the most part disappeared in the Brahmanas.
1 Sometimes not original but reduced from a long vowel. ^ Here mi is reduced from ma measure.
167] INFINITIVE 191
a. The infinitive is as a rule formed from the root, not being connected with any tense stems or ever showing the distinctions of voice. The forms in dhyai, i,se and s^ni are, however, not infrequently- connected with a present stem ; that in dhyai is once formed from a pei-fect stem, and is also in several instances taken by causative stems. The forms in dhyai and tav&i are at once recognizable as infinitives by their abnormal endings ; that in stoi, though it has an ordinary case-ending, by its isolated stem-formation. The ace. inf. in tum and am and the abl. gen. inf. show their infinitive character by their power of combining with prepositions and their verbal construction. Some infinitives, however, cannot be distinguished from ordinary cases of verbal nouns : they are not to be regarded as genuine infinitives unless they are isolated case forms or have a verbal construction.
1. Dative Infinitive.
This infinitive^ ends in e, which with the final a of a root or stem combines to ai.'^ It is formed from :
a. roots, about sixty forms occurring. About a dozen are formed from roots ending in long vowels and from one in i, all of them (except an alternative form of bhu) being com- pounded with prefixes ; e. g. para-dai to give up, pra-hy5 to send (Vhi) ; -miy-e to diminish ( v'mi), -bhv-e and bhuv-6 to he ; -tir-e to cross.
The rest are from roots ending in consonants. About a dozen are uncompounded, as mah-e to be glad, mih-e to shed ivafer, bhuj-6 to enjoy, drs-6 to see. But the compounded forms are commoner; e.g. -grabh-e to seise, -idh-e to kindle, -niid-e to thrust, -preh-e ^ to ash, -vae-e ^ to sjyeaJc, -vidh-e ^ to pierce, -syad-e ° to floiv.'''
^ The only dat. inf. in ordinary use in B. is that in tavai. Otherwise only five or six in e (see note 6) ; two in tave, av-i-tave and star- tave, and one in dhyai, sa-dhyai to conquer (-y/sah) have been noted in B. Loc. infinitives have disappeared.
- Excejit srad-dhe fo Mist and pra-m6 to form, wliich drop the a.
^ With Samprasarana.
^ With lengthened vowel.
•'' With loss of nasal (Vsyand).
'' In B. have been noted half a dozen infinitives in e from roots
192 CONJUGATION [i67
h. verbal nouns derived with nine different suffixes. These in the aggregate are more numerous.
1. Some twenty-five are datives of stems in as ; ^ e. g. ay-as-e to go, caks-as-e to see, ear-as-e to fare, pusy-as-e to thrive, bhiy-as-e to fear, sriy-as-e to he resplendent.
2. Five or six datives of stems in i are found in the RV., and one or two in other Samhitas ; tuj-aye to breed, drs-ay-e to see, mah-ay-e to rejoice, yudh-ay-e to fight, san-ay-e to irin: grh-aye to seize (K.), cit-aye to nnderstand (VS.).
3. Four or five are datives of stems in ti: is-tay-e to refresh, pi-tay-e to drink, vi-tay-e to enjoy, sa-tay-e to ivin.
4. More than thirty are datives of stems in tu" (added to the gunated root, sometimes with connecting i) ; e. g. at-tav-e to eat, 6-tav-e to go, d-tav-e to weave ('/u = va), kar-tav-e to male, gan-tav-e to go, pa-tav-e to drinl', bhar- tav-e to hear away, yas-tav-e to sacrifice, vak-tav-e to speak, vas-tav-e to shine, v6-lhav-e to convey (Vvah) ; av-i-tav-e to refresh, car-i-tav-e to fare, sav-i-tav-e tohring forth (-/su), srav-i-tav-e to floiv (/sru), hav-i-tav-e to call (\/hu); jiv-a-tav-e to lire, star-i-tav-e (AV.) to lay low (\/str).
5. More than a dozen are datives of stems in tava (which is added like tu to the gunated root) and have the peculiarity of being doubly accented ; e. g. 6-tavai to go, 6-tavai to weave, gan-tavai to go, pa-tavai to drinl; man-tavai to think, sar-tavai to flcnv ; yam-i-tavai to guide, srav-i-tavai to flow.
ending in consonants, all but one being compounded : drs-§ (TS.) to see, prati-dhfs-e to withstand (TS.), pra-mrad-e to crush (SB.), a-r^bh-e to take hold (SB.), a-sad-e to sit upon (AB.), ati-sfp-e to glide over (MS.). All these excejit pra-mrad-e occur in the RV.
* Which is generally accented, but about half a dozen examples accent the root.
2 The only examples of this infinitive noted in B. are dvitave and startave.
167] DATIVE INFINITIVE 193
a. This infinitive is still in regular use in B., where the following examples have been noted : 6tavdi and yatavdi (o go, kartavdi to do, d6diyitavai to Jly aicuy, drogdhavdi to x)lot, m^ntavai to think, md.nthi- tavdi to rule, stdrtavdi to lay low, ati-caritavdi to transgress, a-netav&i to bring, nir-astavai to throiu out, pdri-staritavdi to strew around, sam- hvayitavai to call together .
6. There is only one certain example of a dative infinitive from a stem in tya : i-tyai to go.
7. More than thirty-five are datives (almost restricted to the KV.) of stems in dhya, which is added to verbal stems ending in a (generally accented) ; e. g. iya-dhyai to go {Vi), gama-dhyai to go, cara-dhyai to fare, saya-dhyai to lie (s/si), stava-dhyai to praise (v/stu); piba-dhyai to drink ( v/pa), prna-dhyai to fill ( v^pr), huva-dhyai to call ( -/hu) ; ^ vavrdha-dhyai ^ to strengthen ; nasaya-dhyai ^ to cause to disappear, vartaya-dhyai ^ to cause to turn.
a. Only one of these infinitives has been noted in B. : sadhyai to conquer (\/sah). In the TS. occurs one example ending in e instead of ai : gamd-dhye to go.
8. Five are datives of stems in man : tra-man-e to protect, da-man-e to give (Gk. S6ix€u-ai), dhar-man-e to support, bhar-man-e to preserve, vid-man-e (Gk. i'S-fx^v-ai) to Motu.
9. Three are datives of stems in van : tur-van-e to over- come (Vtr), da- van- e (Gk. Sovvat = Sofevai) to give, dhur- van-e * to injure.
2. Accusative Infinitive.
This infinitive is formed in two ways.
a. One of them (of which more than a dozen examples occur in the RV. besides several others in the AV.) is made with am added to the weak form of the root, which nearly
1 The last three are made from regular present stems. - From the reduplicated perfect stem.
^ From the causative stem, from which about ten such infinitives are formed.
* With interchange of vowel and semivowel ; ur = vr, Cp. 171. 2.
1819 O
194 CONJUGATION [i67
always ends in a consonant (except dha, mi, tr) ; e. g. sam-idh-am to Jcindle, sam-preii-ani to asJc, a-rabh-am to reach, a-riih-am to mount, siibh-am to shine ; pra-tir-am to ])rolong [Vtv], prati-dha-m to x^lace upon, pra-miy-am to neglect (\/mi).
1). The second foi-m which is made from stems in tu (= Lat. supine) is much less common than the datives from the same stems. Only five examples occur in the EV. and about as many others in the AV. ; EV. : 6 -turn to weave, da- tum to give (Lat. da-turn), pras-tum to ask, pra-bhar-tum to present, anu-pra-volhum to advance ; AV. : at-tum to eat, kar-tum to maJce, dras-tum to see, yac-i-tum to as7i, spardh-i-tum to contend with ; K., VS. : khan-i-tum to dig.
a. The aec. inf. has become nearly twice as frequent as the dat. in B. The form in am is not imusual, while that in turn is quite common.
3. Ablative- Genitive Infinitive.
This infinitive is rare, fewer than twenty examples occur- ring in the Samhitas. It is rather of the nature of a verbal noun than a genuine infinitive. Like the ace. infinitive it is formed in two ways : from a radical (consonant) stem and from a verbal noun in tu. It thus ends either in as or tos ; and as each of these endings represents both the abl. and the gen., the cases can only be distinguished syntactically.
a. The as form has the abl. sense almost exclusively. There are six examples of it in the EV. : a-trd-as heing pierced, ava-pad-as falling doivn, sam-prc-as coming in con- tact, abhi-sris-as binding, abhi-svas-as hlotving, ati-skad-as leaping across. There seems to be one certain example of the gen. : ni-mis-as to wink.
h. Of the tos form the EV. has six examples in the abl. sense : 6-tos and gan-tos going, jan-i-tos being horn, ni-dha-tos putting doivn, sar-i-tos heing shattered, s6-tos 'pressing, han-tos heing struck. Three examples in the gen. sense are : kar-tos doing, da-tos giving, jd-tos ivarding ojf.
a. The abl. gen. inf. has become as common as the dat. in B.
I(i7-I6sj LOCATIVE INFINITIVE 195
4. Locative Infinitive.
This form of the infinitive is rare ; hardly more than a dozen examples occur even if several doubtful forms are included.
a. Five or six are locatives of radical stems : vy-us-i at the daicning, sam-caks-i on leholdmj, drs-i and sam-drs-i on seeing, budh-i at the tcaldng. As these forms, however, have nothing distinctive of the infinitive and govern the genitive only, they are rather to be regarded as ordinary locatives of verbal nouns.
J). From a stem in tar are formed dhar-tar-i to support and vi-dhartar-i to bestoiv ; it is, however, doubtful whether these forms are genuine infinitives.
c. The EV. has eight locatives from stems in san, with a genuine infinitive sense: ne-san-i to lead, par-san-i to pass, abhi-bhu-san-i to aid, su-san-i to sivell, sak-san-i to abide (\/sac); with connecting i: tar-i-san-i ; from jjresent stems : gr-ni-sani to sing, str-ni-san-i to spread.
DERIVATIVE VERBS. I. Causatives.
168. This is by far the commonest of the secondary conjugations, being formed from more than two hundred roots in the Samhitfis and from about a hundred additional ones in the Brahmanas. Of about 150 causative stems in the KV., however, at least one-third have not a causative, but an iterative sense. The whole formation may indeed originally have had an iterative meaning. This perhaps explains how an iterative formation, the reduplicated aorist, specially attached itself to the causative. The same root occasionally forms both the iterative and the causative, as pat-aya-ti flies about and pat-aya-ti causes to flij beside the simi:)le verb pata-ti flies.
o2
196 CONJUGATION [i68
The causative is formed by adding the suffix aya to the root, which is usually strengthened.
1. Initial or medial i, u, r, 1 (if not long by position) take Guna ; e. g. vid Imoiv : ved-aya cause to know ; krudh he angry: krodh-aya enrage; rd dissolve (intr.): ard-aya destroy ; trp lie pleased : tarp-aya delight ; kip he adapted : kalp-aya arrange.
a. Several roots, mostly lacking the causative meaning, leave the radical vowel unchanged ; e.g. rue shine : ruc-aya, id. (but roe-aya illumine).
h. Initial or medial a (if not long by position) is lengthened in about thirty roots; e.g. am he injurious: am-aya suffer injury ; nas he lost : nas-aya destroy.
a. In the following roots the a optionally remains short in the causative : gam go, das icaste mvay, dhvan disappear, pat Jlij, mad he exhilarated, ram rest ; thus pat Jlij : pat-aya Jly about, once cause to Jhj, and pat-iya cause to Jly.
P. In about twenty-five roots the a always remains short, the causative meaning being mostly absent ; e. g. dam control : dam-aya id. ; jan beget : jan-aya id.
c. Final i, u, r take Guna or Vrddhi ; e. g. ksi 2)0ssess : ksay-aya ^ cause to dwell securely ; cyu ivacer : cyav-aya shaJcc ; bhu he : bhav-aya cause to hecome ; ghr drip) : ghar- aya cause to drip ; sru hear, jr waste away, and sr flow have Guna as well as Vrddhi: srav-aya and srav-aya cause to hear ; jar-aya and jar-aya wear out, sar-aya and sar-aya cause to flow ; dr pierce has Guna only : dar-aya shutter.
d. Koots ending in a add paya ; " e. g. dha j^ut : dha-paya cause to pnit.
e. The causative retains the suflfix throughout the conju- gation even outside the present system. Its inflexion is identical with that of the primary verbs of the first conju*
1 The only example of a causative from a root in final i (except the irregular japdya from ji conquer and srapaya from iSri resort), ^ As to other routs taking paya see 'Irregularities', 2.
168] CAUSATIVE 197
gation (132). Suhjunctive/ imperative,- injunctive, imperfect, and present participle forms are common ; but the optative is very rare in the active and does not occur at all in the middle. Only four future forms occur in the KV. and the AV. : dusaj-isjimil shall spoil, dharay-isyati tvill support, vasay-isyase thou tvilt adorn thyself, varay-isyate unll shield. In the perfect only one periphrastic form (139, 9 a) occurs : gamayam eakara-' (AV.). Keduplicated aorist forms are connected with only six causative stems (p. 175, a. 3). There are also three is aorists formed from the causative stem: vyathay-Ts from vyath-aya dislnrh ; ailay-it from il-aya qiiiet down ; dhvanay-it from dhvan-aya envelope.*
f. Of nominal derivatives the following are examples : a pres. pass. part, bhaj-ya-mana ; a few perf. pass, parti- ciples: ghar-i-ta smeared,cod-i-%a, impelled, ves-i-ta caused to enter ; a few gerundives in ayya (162, 2) : trayay-ayya to he guarded ; panay-ayya admiraUe ; sprhay-ayya desirable ; ten infinitives in dhyai : nasaya-dhyai to destroy, &c. (p. 198, 7) ; four gerunds in the AV. : arpay-i-tva having delivered up, kalpay-i-tva having arranged, saday-i-tva having set down, sramsay-i-tva letting fall.
Irregularities.
1. Three causaf ives in the AV. sliovten the a before paya : jna-paya
canse to knoiv, sra-paya cook, sna-pdya hafhe beside sna-pdya (RV.).
2. Four roots in vowels other than a, that is, in r or i, take paya; r go : ar-p4ya cause to go ; ksi chvell : kse-p4ya cause to dive.ll (beside
1 The only du. mid. form occurring is 3. madfiyaite ; and the only mid. form in ai (except 1. du.) in the RV. is madayadhvai.
2 The 2. s. in tat occurs in both V. and B. ; and from vr cover occiu's the unique 2. pi. varaya-dhvat in K.
3 In B. such forms are still uncommon except in the SB., where they are numerous.
* In B. desideratives are formed from about a dozen causative stems ; e. g. di-drapay-isa desire to cause to run.
198 CONJUGATION [168-169
ksay-5,ya) ; ji conquer and ^ri reaort stibstitute a for i : ja-p^ya cause 1o conquer, sra-p&ya raise?-
3 The root bhi fear forms the quite anomalous causative stem bh i - s - dy a /r «^/« fen .
4. The roots pa drink and pya swell add aya with interposed y : pay-fiya cause 1o drink and pyay-d,ya fill iip. This is probably to be explained by the assumption that the original form of these roots was pai and pyai.
5. The vowel of grabh (irasp is weakened by Samprasiirana : grbh-fiya grasp ; while that of dus spoil is lengthened : diis-^ya, id. The root pf.fiJl, owing to its initial labial, forms its causative with medial u for a : piir-^ya, fulf I.
II. Desideratives.
169. The deslderative, which is the least common of the secondary conjugations, is formed from the root with an accented reduplicative syllable and the suffix sa. This sa is never added with a connecting i in the RV., nor, with the single exception of pi-pat-i-sa, in the AV,, ji-jiv-i-sa in the VS., and ji-gam-i-sa in the TS.' The desiderative is formed from fewer than sixty roots in the Samhitas and from more than thirty additional ones in B, It is inflected like verbs of the first conjugation (132).
The accent being on the reduplicative syllable, the root as a rule remains unchanged ; e. g. da give : di-da-sa desire to give ; bhid cleave : bi-bhit-sa ; ni lead : ni-ni-sa ; guh hide : ju-guk-sa (62 a, 69 a) ; bhu he : bu-bhu-sa ; drs see : di- drk-sa. But
1. final i and u are lengthened, and r becomes ir ; e. g. ji conquer: ji-gi-sa ; sru hear: su-sru-sa; kr mahe: ci- kir-sa,
2. final a is in three roots reduced (cp. 171, 3) to i and in
' In B. the root ruh. rise, even though ending in a consonant, takes paya after dropping its h : ro-paya raise (beside roh-dya),
^ In B. about a dozen other roots form their desiderative stem thus ; 6, g. ei-kram-i-sa, ji-grah-i-sa, vi-vid-i-sa (vid know), &c.
169-171] DESIDERATIVES 199
one to i : ga go: ji-gi-sa (SV.) ; pa drink: pi-pi-sa (beside pi-pa-sa) ; ha go forth : ji-hi-sa ; dha 2)ut : di-dhi-sa (beside dhit-sa).
Special Rule of Reduplication.
170. The characteristic reduplicative vowel is i, which appears in all stems except those formed from roots contain- ing u (which reduplicate with u) ; e. g. jya overpoiver : ji-jya-sa; mis mix: mi-mik-sa; pri?ovc: pi-pri-sa; vrt turn: vi-vrt-sa ; but guh hide : j\i-guk-sa ; bhu he : bu-bhu-sa.
Irregularities.
171. 1. Five roots with medial a followed by m or n lengthen the
vowel : gam go : ji-gam-sa ; ban smite : ji'-gham-sa (66 A 2) ; man think lengthens the reduplicative vowel also: mi-mam-sa (66 A 2) ; van 7vin and san gain drop the nasal : vi-va-sa and si-sa-sa,
2. dhvr injure, after interchange of semivowel and vowel to ur, lengthens its u : dii-dhiir-sa. Cp. p. 193, note 4,
3. Haifa dozen roots cont„iniiig a or a shorten the radical syllable by a kind of syncopation : da give and dha imt lose their vowel : di'-t-sa (= di-d[a]-sa) beside di-da-sa ; dhf-t-sa ( = di-dh[a]-sa) beside di-dhi-sa ; dabh harm, labh take, sak 6e able, sah prevail lose their initial radical consonant and their vowel : di-p-sa ^ ( = di[da]bh- sa), lip-sa^ (= li[la]bh-sa), sik-sa (= si[sa]k-sa), sik-sa, with lengthened reduplicative vowel ( = si[sa]k-sa).^
rt. ap obtain and rdh thrive (treated as ardh) contract the redupli- cated i with the radical initial to i: ip-sa (=i-ap-sa) and irt-sa ( = i-ardh-sa).
4. In ci nrjte, cit perceive, ji conquer, han slay, the radical initial reverts to the original guttural : ci-ki-sa, ci-kit-sa, ji'-gi-sa, jf- gham-sa.
* Also dhipsa in B. '- Also lipsa in B.
^ In B. are similarly formed dhiksa (dah burn), pitsa ^pad go), ripsa (rabh grasp).
200 CONJUGATION [171
5. ghas eat changes its final s to t (66 B 1) : ji-ghat-sa (AV.) be hungry.
6, Three roots reduplicate with a long vowel: tur cross (= tf) : tu-tur-sa ; badh oppress : bi-bhat-sa ; ^ man think : mi-mam-sa.'^ On the other hand the reduplicative syllable is reduced in the desidei-ative
f yaj sacrifice and nas attain by loss of the initial consonant : i-yak-sa (for yi-yak-sa) and i-nak-sa (for ni-nak-sa). In one form from ap obtain the reduplication is dropped altogether : ap-santa.
a. The two roots with initial vowel as eat and edh increase form their desiderative stem with the reduplicative vowel in the second syllable : a^-i^-i-sa (B.) and ed-idh-i-sa (VS.).
In the inflexion of the desiderative all the moods of the present system, besides the imperfect, are represented, though not fully ; and of present participles more than twenty-five examples are met with. The forms occurring, if made from vi-va-sa desire to win, would be :
Present ind. act. sing. 1. vivasami. 2. vivasasi. 3. vivasati. Du. 2. vivasathas. 3. vivasatas. PI. 1. vivasamas. 3. vivasanti.
Mid. sing. 1. vivase. 2. vivasase. 3. vivasate. PI. 1. vivasamahe. 3. vivasante.
Subj. act. sing. 1. vivasani. 3. vivasat. PI. 3. vivasan.
Inj. act. sing. 3. vivasat. Mid. pi. 3. vivasanta.
Opt. act. sing. 1. vivaseyam. 3. vivaset. PI. 1. vivase- ma. Mid. sing. 1. vivaseya.
Impv. act. sing. 2. vivasa and vivasatat. 3. vivasatu. Du. 2. vivasatam. 3. vivasatam. PI. 2. vivasata. 3. vivasantu.
Part. act. vivasant. Mid. vivasamana.
Impf. act. sing. 2. avivasas. 3. avivasat. PI. 3. avivasan.
* With shortening of the radical vowel. 2 With lengthening of the radical vowel.
I
171-172] DESIDERATIVES 201
a. Outside the present system only two desiderative verbal forms ^ have been met with, two is aorists in the AV. : fi-cikits-is and irts-is.' Three participial forms have also been noted : the perf. pass. part, mimams-i-td' and the gerundives didrks-enya tvorthy to be seen and i5usrus-6nya worthy to he heard* Finally, over a dozen verbal adjectives formed witli u from the desiderative stem occur in the RV., e. g. iyaks-ii wishing to sacrifice. They have the value of a pres. part. governing a case.
III. Intensives (Frequentatives).
172. Tliese verbs are meant to convey intensification or frequent repetition of the action expressed by the simple root. They are common, being formed from over ninety roots in the Samhitas, and about twenty-five others in the Brahmanas. The formation is restricted to roots with initial consonants, nor is it ever applied to derivative verbs.
The stem, of which a peculiar form of strong reduplication is characteristic, has two forms. The primary type, which is by far the commonest, adds the personal endings imme- diately to the reduplicated stem (accented on the first syllable in strong forms : App. III. 12 e). It is inflected, in both active and middle, like a verb of the third or reduplicated class (132) ; e. g. nij tvash : 3. sing. n6-nek-ti. The secondary form, which is rare, adds accented yd in the same way as the passive (154) to the reduplicated stem. It is conjugated in the middle only, like the passive ; e. g. vij tremble : ve-vij-ya-te fremUes violenth/.
1 In B. periphrastic perfect forms from five or six desiderative stems have been noted.
■' In B. is aorists from half a dozen desiderative stems occur ; e. g. aips-it, aips-is-raa, a-jighams-is, a-mimams-is-thas. One or two simple and periphrastic futures also occur in B., as titiks-isyate (tij he sharp), didrks-i-taras (drs see).
3 In B. also jijyiis-i-tfi ( jiv live), dhiks-i-t4 (dah burn), susrus-i-t4 (srii hear).
* In B. also lips-i-tavya (labh take), didhyas-i-tavya (dhya think), jijnas-ya (jiia knou:).
202 CONJUGATION [172-173
a. The primary intensive optionally inserts i between the root and terminations beginning with consonants. This i is found in the 1. 3. s. ind. act. and the 2. 3. s. inipv. and impf. act. ; e. g. ind. cakas-i-mi, cakas-i-ti ; impv. 2. cakas- i-hi. 3. j6hav-i-tu ; impf. 3. a-johav-i-t.
Special Rules of Reduplication.
173. 1. Eadical i and u are reduplicated with the respective Guna vowels e and o ; e. g. dis j^oitit : de-dis ; nl lead : ne-ni ; sue shme : so-^ue ; nu praise : no-nu ; bhu be : bo-bhu.
2. Eadical a and f are reduplicated in two ways :
a. More than a dozen roots with medial a (ending in mutes or sibilants, and one in m) as well 'as three with final r, reduplicate with a : kas shine : ca-kas ; pat fall : pa-pat ; gam go : ja-gam ; gr ivake : ja-gr ; dr split : da-dr ; dhr hold : da-dhr ; also cal stir : ca-cal.
I). All other roots containing r (dr and dhr also alter- natively) and those with medial a followed by r, 1, or a nasal, reduplicate with ar, al, an or am ; e. g. kr com- memorate : car-kr and car-kir ; krs drac/ : car-krs ; dr split : dar-dr and dar-dir (beside da-dr) ; dhr hold : dar-dhr (beside da-dhr) ; hrs he excited : jar-hrs ; car move : car-car ; phar scatter : par-phar ; cal stir : cal-cal (beside ca-cal) ; gam go : jan-gam (beside ja-gam) ; jambh chew up : jan-jabh ; dams bite: dan-das; tan thunder: tam-stan (66 A 2).
3. Over twenty roots with final or penultimate nasal, r or u, interpose an i (or i if the vowel would be long by position) between the reduplicative syllable and the root ; e. g. gam go : gan-i-gam (but gan-i-gm-at) ; han slai/ : ghan-i-ghan ; krand erg out : kan-i-krand and kan-i-krad ; skand leap : kan-i-skand and can-i-skad ; bhr bear : bhar- i-bhr ; vrt turn : var-i-vrt ; nu jjm/.se : nav-i-nu ; dhu shaJce : dav-i-dliv ; dyut shine : dav-i-dyut.
174] INTENSIVES 203
Irregularities.
1/4. The radical vowel is shortened in roots with medial a : kaiS shine: ea-kas ; badh oppress : ba-badh ; vaa belloiv : va-vas. In a few roots containing r or r the radical syllable varies ; thus gr swallow : jar-gur and jal-gul ; car move : car-cur beside car-car; tr cross: tar- tur beside tar-tar.
rt. The root r go reduplicates with al : al-ar (dissimilation) ; gah ijlunge, with a nasal: jan-gah;^ badh oppress, with its final mute:^ bad-badh (beside ba-badh) ; bhr ^ hear and bhur quiver, with a palatal : jar-bhr, jar-bhur ; bhur and gur (jreef reduplicate u with a : jar-bhur, jar-gur.
h. Roots with initial guttural, if interposing i before the root, reduplicate with the same guttural ; thus krand cry out : kan-i-krand. ; gam go : gan-i-gam ; han (for ghan) slay : ghan-i-ghan ; kr iiiakc has both kar-i-kr* and car-i-kr;* skand te'p has both kan-i-skand and can-i-skad.
A. The forms of the primary type that occur, if made from uij tvash, would be the following :
1. Pres. ind. act. sing. 1. n6nej-mi, n6nej-i-mi. 2. n6- nek-si. 3. n6nek-ti, n6nej-i-ti. Du. 2. nenik-thas.° 3. ne- nik-tas. PI. 1. nenij-mas, nenij-masi. 3. n6nij-ati.
Mid. sing. 1. nenij-6. 3. nenik-t6. Du. 3. n6nij-ate, PI. 3. nenij-ate.
2. Subj. act. sing, 1, nenij-ani.- 2. nenij-a-s. 3. n^nij- a-t. Du. 1. n6nij-a-va. PI. 1. nenij-a-ma. 3. n6nij-a-n.
Mid. du. 3. nenij-aite. PI. 3. n6nij-a-nta.
^ In B. also jaii-jap-y^-te (jap mutter). Here also vah carry re- duplicates with n (together with interposed i) though there is no trace of a nasal in the root : van-i-vah-yate.
^ This is the only example of such reduplication.
3 This root shows the same peculiarity in the perfect (139, 4).
* The intensive of this root occurs only in the 2iarticiple karikr-dt and carikr-^t.
" The only form occurring in this person has the interposed i and strong radical syllable : tar-tar-i-thas.
" The only form actiially occuriing in this person is janghto-ani (accented like the subj. of the reduplicating present).
204 CONJUGATION [174
3. Opt. No certain forms occur in the RV. and only two active forms in other Samhitas: sing. 3. vevis-yat (AV.), pi. 1. ja-gr-yama (VS., MS., TS.), jagri-yama (TS.). The 3. s. mid. nenij-ita occurs in K.
4. Impv. About twenty active (but no middle) ' forms occur. Made from jagr these would be : sing. 2. jagr-hi, jagar-i-hi, jagr-tat. 3. jagar-tu, jagar-i-tu. Du. 2. jagr- tam. 3. jagr-tam. PI. 2. jagr-ta.^
5. Of the participle over forty stems occui', about two-thirds of them being active. Examples are: act. kanikrad-at, eekit-at, janghan-at, jagr-at, dardr-at, nanad-at, roruv- at ; mid. jarbhur-ana, dandas-ana, yoyiiv-ana (yu join), sarsr-ana.
6. Impf. Fewer than thirty forms of this tense occur, only three of them being middle. Examples of the persons occurring are :
Act. sing. 1. a-cakas-am. 2. a-jagar. 3. a-dardar, a-var-i-var, a-johav-i-t; dav-i-dyot, nav-i-no-t. Du. 2. a-dardr-tam. PI. 1. marmrj-ma. 3. a-carkrs-ur, a- dardir-tir, a-nonav-ur.
Mid. sing. 3. a-dedis-ta, a-nan-na-ta.^ PI. 3. marmrj-ata.
a. Outside the present system few intensive forms occur. There are four act. perfect intensives with present sense : sing. 1. jagara. 3. jagar-a {kypi'jyope), davidhav-a (dhu shake), n6nav-a(nui))'a?se); also dodrav-a '^dru run : TS.), yoyav-a (yu separate: MS.), lelay-a (li he unsteady : MS.). There is besides the perf. part, jagr-vams. A causa- tive intensive appears once in the participial form vai'-i-varj-ayant-i twisting about*
' In B. occurs the 2. s. mid. form nenik-sva (-y/nij).
2 The RV. has no impv. forms with interposed i, but the AV. and VS. have a few in the 2. 3. s., as cakas-i-hi, johav-i-tu. A few examples occur in B. also.
* From nam benri, with loss of nasal (a = sonant nasal), for ^-nan- nan-ta.
* In B. also occur the causative stems from intensives jagar-aya and dadhar-^ya (dhr hold).
174-175] INTENSIVES 205
B. The forms of the secondary type, which is indis- tinguishable from a passive in form, number only about a dozen. They occur only in the 2. 3. s. and 3. pi. ind. pres., besides a few participles. They are :
Pres. ind. sing. 2. co-sku-ya-se (sku tear). 3. dedis- ya-te, ne-ni-ya-te, marmrj-ya-te, rerih-ya-te, vevij-yate, vevi-yate (vi enjoij). PI. 3. tartur-yante (Vtv), marmrj- yante.
Part, earcur-ya-mana (\/car), neni-ya-mana, marmrj- ya-mana.
IV. Denominatives.
175. These verbs, inflected like those of the a conjugation (132), are derived, almost exclusively with the suffix ya, from nouns, to which they express some such relation as ' be or act like ', ' treat as ', * turn into ', or ' use as ', * wish for '. More than a hundred denominative stems occur in the RV. and about fifty in the AV.^ The suftix is normally accented, but a certain number of undoubted denominatives, such as mantra-ya utter a prayer, artha-ya make an object of, desire, have the causative accent, thus forming a connecting link between the regular denominatives and the causatives.
A. Before the suffix ya :
1. final i - and u are lengthened ; ^ e. g. kavi-ya he tvise (kavi), rayi-ya desire wealth (rayi) ; rju-ya he straight (rju) ; vasu-ya desire wealth (vasu) ; satru-ya play the enemy (satru), he hostile.
2. final a usually remains unchanged, but is often length- ened ; it is sometimes changed to i ; and even dropped ;
1 Denominatives are less common in B. ; thus the AB. has hardly twenty, and the SB. about a dozen.
* Except arati-yS ud like an enennj, he hostile beside arati-yd, and jani-ya seek a wife beside jani-ya ; gatu-ya set in motion (gatu).
3 In the Pada text the i is usually, the u is always, written short.
206 CONJUGATION [175
e. g. jara-ya treat like a lover, deva-ya serve the gods, rta-ya ^ act according to sacred order ; asva-ya desire horses, rta-ya observe sacred order (beside rta-ya), yajna-ya sacrifice ; adhvari-ya perform the sacrifice (adhvara), putri-ya "^ desire a son (putra), rathi-ya - drive in a car (ratha) ; adhvar-ya perform sacrifice (beside adhvari-ya), tavis-ya le mighty (tavisa : beside tavisi-y a).
3. final a remains unchanged ; e. g. gopa-ya act as herdsman, ptrotect, prtana-ya^ fight Final o, in the only example occurring, becomes av : gav-ya desire cotvs.
4. Consonant stems, the commonest being those in as, nearly always remain unchanged; e.g. bhisaj-ya jj?«^ the physician, heal ; uksan-ya act like a hull (uksan) ; vadhar-ya hurl a holt (vadhar) ; su-manas-ya he gracious (su-manas) ; tarus-ya engage in fight (tarus).
a. A few denominative forms are made without a suffix, direct from nominal stems, but nearly always beside regular denominatives in ya. ; e. g. bhisak-ti from bhisaj act as pJiysicicm beside bhisaj-ya ; and the forms taruse-ma, tarusa-nte, tarusa-nta (fi'om tarusa conqueror) beside tarus-ya.
Inflexion.
B. All the tenses, moods, and participles of the present system are represented. If made from namas-ya pug homage the forms occurring would be :
1. Pres. ind. act. sing. 1. namasyami. 2. namasyasi. 3. namasyati. Du. 2. namasyathas. 3. namasyatas. PI. 1. namasya-masi, -mas. 2. namasyatha. 3. namas- yanti.
Mid. sing. 1. namasy^. 2. namasyase. 3. namasyate.
^ With causative accent.
2 The Pada text in this and nearly every example has i-ya. Even the Samhita text of the AV. has putri-yd.
' The a may also be dropped : prtan-yay/(//ii against.
175] DENOMINATIVES 207
Du. 2. namasy^the. 3. namasy^te. PL 1. namasya- mahe. 3. namasyante.
2. Subj. act. sing. 1. namasya. 2. namasyas. 3. na- raasyat. Du. 3. namasyatas. PI. 3. namasyan.
Mid. sing. 2. namasyase. 8. namasyate.
8. Inj. act. sing. 2. namasyas. PI. 3. namasyan.
4. Opt. act. sing. 2. namasyas. 3. namasy^t. PI. 1. namasyema.
Mid. sing. 3. namasy^ta.
5. Impv. act. sing. 2. namasya. 3. namasyatu. Du. 2. namasyatam, 3. namasyatam. PI. 2. namasyata. 3. na- masyantu.
Mid. sing. 2. namasyasva. PI. 2. namasyadhvam. 3. namasyantam.
6. Part. act. namasyant. Mid. namasyamana.
7. Impf. act. sing. 2. anamasyas. 3. anamasyat. Du. 3. namasyatam. PI. 3. anamasyan.
Mid. sing. 3. anamasyata. Du. 2. anamasyetham. PI. 3. anamasyanta.
a. The only finite forms occurring outside the present system are four aorists. Two are injunctives : 2. s. iinay-is (EV.) from unaya leave unfulfilled (una) ; 2. pi. papay-is-ta (TS.) from papaya lead into evil (papa) ; and two indicatives : 3. s. asaparyait (AV.) has ivor shipped (an irregular form, probably = a-sapary-it) ; 3. pi. a-vrsay-is-ata (VS.) tliey have accep)ted} The TS. has also the three fut. participles kanduy-isyant aJjout to scratch, meghay-isyant ahout to be cloudy, sikay-isyant - ahout to drip, with the corresponding perf. pass. part, kanduyita, meghita, sikita.^
* 111 B. also occurs the is aor. asuyit has murmured. " In B. also occurs the future gopay-isyati.
^ In B. there are also a few other past pass, jjarticlples and a few gerunds.
CHAPTER V
INDECLINABLE WORDS
Prepositions.
176. Two classes of prepositions have to be distinguished. The first comprises the genuine or adverbial prepositions. These are words with a local sense which, primarily used to modify the meaning of verbs, came to be connected inde- pendently with the cases governed by the verbs thus modified. They show no signs of derivation from inflexional forms or (except tiras and puras) forms made with adverbial suffixes. The second class has been called adnominal prepositions because they are not compounded with verbs, but govern cases of nouns only. They almost invariably end in case terminations or adverbial suffixes.
1. Adverbial Prepositions.
There are fourteen or (if sam is included) fifteen genuine prepositions which, when used independently of verbs, define the local meaning of cases. They are almost entirely restricted to employment with the ace, loc, and abl. As their connexion with the abl. is only secondary, the genuine prepositions appear to have been originally connected with the ace. and loc. only. As a rule these prepositions follow, but also often precede, their case.
1. The accusative is exclusively taken by acha towards, ati hei/ond, anu after, abhi towards, prati (Gk. npoTL) against, and tiras across (cp. Lat. trans).
a. pari (Gk. -mpi) around takes the ace. primarily, but secondarily and more frequently the abl. in the sense of from {around).
176-177] PREPOSITIONS 209
h. xipa fo (with verl)s of motion) takes the aec. primarily, and less frequently the loc. in the sense of hesiile, upon, at.
2. The locative is exclusively taken by dpi (Gk. ^ttl) upon and primarily by adhi upon, antar (Lat. inter) bettveen, a on, in, at, to, puras before.
a. adhi takes the abl. secondarily and less commonly in the sense o{/rom {upon),
h. The last three secondarily take both abl. and ace. ; purds does so without change of meaning.
antar witli abl. nieans/>'o?rt {loHliin) ; with ace, behveen,
a with ace. means to, expressing the goal with verbs of motion. WiUi the abl., if following,' it means/)-om (on) ; if preceding, up to.^
3. The ablative seems to be used once or twice indepen- dently with ava in the sense of clown from.
2. Adnominal Prepositions.
177. These prepositions, being adverbs in origin, govern oblique cases (except the dat.) independently. Several of them govern the genitive and the instrumental, cases that are practically never connected with the genuine prepositions in the Samhitas. In the following list these prepositions are grouped under the cases which they accompany :
1. Ace. : adhas below (also with abl. or gen.), antara between, abhi-tas around, upari above, hei/ond, paras beyond (also with abl., more often inst.), pari-tas around (AV.), sanitur apart froni.^
2. Instr. : saha ivith, sakam with, sumad tvitJi, smad ivith ; avas below (also abl.), paras outside (also ace. and abl.).
3. Abl. : adhas beloiv (also ace. and gen.), avas dotvnfrom
' It sometimes also precedes the abl. in this sense.
2 This is almost the only use of a in B. ; in C. it means both /rom and up to.
^ In B. several adverbial instrumentals expressing situation or direction govern the ace. : dntarena between, avarena below, parena beuond ; uttarena fo the north of, ddksinena to the south of.
1819 P
210 INDECLINABLE WORDS [177-178
(also instr.), q.x^ far from (also gen.), rt6 tvithout, paras a2)art from (also ace. and inst), pura before, bahir-dlia from out, sanutar far from.
4. Gen. : puras-tad in front of^
5. Loc. : saca {in association) with, hesicle, at, in.
Adverbial Case-forms.
178. Many case-forms of nominal and pronominal stems, often not otherwise in use, are employed as adverbs. Examples of all the cases appear with adverbial function.
1. Nom. : prathama-m firstly, dvitiya-m secondly. Such adverbs were originally used in apposition to the verbal action.
2. Ace. : these adverbs find their explanation in various meanings of the case. They represent (a) the cognate ace. ; e. g. bhuyas more, and comparatives in taram added to verbal prefixes, as vi-taram (kram) {stride) more ivldely ; {h) the appositional ace. ; e. g. nama hy name, rupam in form, satyam truly ; (c) the ace. of direction ; e. g. agram (i) {go) to the front of, before, astam (gam) {go) home ; {d) the ace. of distance and time ; e. g. duram a long way off, far ; naktam hy nighi, sayam in the evening, nityam constantly, purvam formerly.
a. There are also sume aec. adverbs derived from obsolete nominal stems, as ara-m sufficiently, nii-nam notv ; others from pronominal stems, as adas the)-e, i-dd.m here, now, ki-m idiy ?, yad when.
3. Instr. : adverbs with the ending of this case (sometimes pi.) are formed from substantives, adjectives, and pronouns. They usually express manner or accompanying circumstances, as B2ih.a>s-di forcibly, navyas-a anew, ena in thisivay ; also not
^ In B. the gen. is governed by this adverb as well as by paras-tad after; e. g. suktasya purastat be/ore the hymn ; samvatsarasya paras Lat after a year.
178-179] ADVERBS 211
infrequently extension of space or time, as agrena in front, aktii-bhis hi/ night, div-a dtj day.
a. The substantive instrumentals are chiefly formed from feminines in a not otherwise used, as rtaya in the right waij, naktaya by night.
b. The adjective instrumentals are formed from stems in a and a few in c ; e.g. ucca and ucciis on high, pasca beltind, madhya in the midst, sanais slowhj ; pvko-a. forwards. Tliere are also several anomalous fcaiinines from stems in u and one or two in i ; e.g. asu-y-a siviftlij, raghu-y-a rapidUj, sadhu-y-a straight, urviy-a/rtr.
c. The pronominal instrumentals are formed from stems in a and one in u ; e. g. ana tints, ama at home, aya thus, kaya how ?, ubhaya in both wags ; amu-y-a in tiiat wag.
4. Dat. : the adverbial use of the dat. is rare : aparaya for the future (from apara later), varaya according to ivish (vara choice).
5. Abl. : these adverbs are seldom formed from substan- tives, as arat from a distance, asat from near ; or from pronouns, amat from near, at then, tat thus, yat as far as ; but they are fairly often formed from adjectives, as uttarat from the north, dUrat from afar, pascat from behind, sanat from of old, saksat visihly.
6. Gen. : such adverbs are very rare : aktos hg night, vastos in the morning.
7. Log. : agre in front, astam-ik6 at home, ak6 near, ar6 afar, rte without, dur6 afar; aparisu in future.
Adverbs formed with Suffixes.
179, The suffixes more or less commonly used in the formation of adverbs may be grouped under the senses expressed by the instr., abl., and loc. cases.
1. Instr. : tha forms adverbs of manner especially from pronominal stems : a-tha and more commonly (with short- ened vowel) a-tha then, i-t-tha thus, ima-tha in this manner, ka-tha how ?, ta-tha thus, ya-tha in ivhich manner, anya-tha otherivise, visva-tha in every ivay ; urdhva-tha upwards,
p2
212 INDECLINABLE WORDS [179
purva,-tha formerly, pratna-tha as of old; rtu-tha regularly, nama-tha h// name ; eva-tha just as.
a. tham is similarly used in it-tham thus and ka-th^m Jwiv?
dha forms adverbs of manner from numerals or cognate words : eka-dha singli/, dvi-dha in tiro ways, kati-dha how many times, puru-dha variously, bahu-dha and visva-dha in many ivays, sasva-dha again and again. It also forms adverbs from a few nouns, adverbs, and pronouns : priya- dha Jcindly, mitra-dha in a friendly loay ; bahir-dha outward ; a-dha then, a-d-dha [thus =) truly. The same suffix, with its vowel shortened, forms sa-dha {in one way =) together, which appears as the first member of several compounds, and as an independent word assumes the form of saha with.
&. Tlie suffix ha probably also represents original dha in i-ha liere (Praki'it i-dha), kii-ha lohere? visva-ha and visvd.-ha aiica/js, sama-ha in some way or other.
va, expressing similarity of manner, forms the two adverbs i-va like, as, and e-va (often e-va) thus, vam appears in e-vam thus, the later form of eva.
vat forms adverbs meaning like from substantives and adjectives ; e. g. manu-vat like Manu ; purana-vat, pur- va-vat, pratna-vat as of old.
sas forms adverbs of manner with a distributive sense : sata-sas hy hundreds, sahasra-sas hy thousands, sreni-sas in rows ; rtu-sas season hy season, deva-sas to each of the gods, parva-sas joint hy joint, manma-sas each as he is minded.
s forms two or three multiplicative adverbs : dvi-s twice, tri-s thrice. It also appears in a few other adverbs : adha-s helotv, ava-s doivmcards ; dyu-s (from dyu day) in anye- dyii-s next day and ubhaya-dyu-s on both days.
2. Abl. : tas forms adverbs in the ablative sense from pronouns, nouns, and prepositions ; e. g. a-tas hence, amu-tas thence, i-tas from here, mat-tas from me ; daksina-tas from the right, hrt-tas from the heart ; abhi-tas around, pari-tas
179-180] ADVERBS 213
round about. These adverbs are sometimes equivalent to ablatives ; e. g. ato bhuyas more than that.
tat (an old abl. of ta that) forms adverbs with an abl. sense (sometimes merging into the loc.) ; e. g. adhas-tat below ; avat-tat from afar ; pasca-tat /rom behind ; puras-tat in or frotn the front ; prak-tat from the front.
3. Loc. : as forms adverbs chiefly of a local or temporal sense : tir-as across, par-as beyond, pur-as before ; sa-div-as and sa-dy-as to-day, sv-as to-morrow, hy-as yesterday ; also mith-as wrongly.
tra or tra forms adverbs with a local sense, mostly from pi-onominal or cognate stems : a-tra here, anya-tra elsewhere, visva-tra everywhere ; asma-tra among us, sa-tra in one place, daksina-tra on the right, puru-tra in many places, bahu-tra amongst many ; deva-tra among the gods, martya- tra among mortals, sayu-tra on a couch.
a. These adverbs are sometimes used as equivalents of locatives, 6. g. hdsta a daksinatra iri the right hand.
da forms adverbs of time almost exclusively from pro- nominal roots : i-da now, ka-da lohen ? ta-da then, ya-da at ivhat time, sa-da and sarva-da always.
p. dam occurs beside da in sa-dam always ; and da-nim, an extended form of da, in i-da-nim notv, ta-da-nim then, visva-da-nim always.
y. There are also various miscellaneous adverbs, mostly of obscure origin, formed with other suffixes of rare occurrence ; e. g. pur-a before, mith-u wrongly.
Conjunctive and Adverbial Particles.
180. anga emphasizes a preceding word (sometimes separated from it by short particles like hi and im) in such a way as to express that the action especially or exclusively applies to that word, =just, only, else ; e. g. yo anga just he who ; yad ariga just ivhen, just because ; tvam anga thou only ; kim anga lioiv else, why else?
214 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
a. In B. ariga never has this meaning; but it sometimes there begins a sentence with an adhortative sense, accentuating the verb : aiigl, no yajia^m vyac^ksva pra?/ explain the sacrifice to ns (MS.).
atra sometimes occurs as the correlative to yad tvhcn ; e. g. visve yad asyam ranayanta devah, pra vo 'tra sum- nam asyam ivhen all the gods shall rejoice in it, then may I ohtain your favours.
atha, a collateral form of adha, occurs chiefly in the more recent hymns of the EV., and entirely supplants the older doublet in the later Vedas. Connecting sentences and clauses it expresses a temporal or logical sequence. It may generally be translated by {and) then, (and) so ; when there is a contrast, especially after a negative, it is equivalent to but. It often corresponds to a yada when or hi since, as, in the antecedent clause. With very few exceptions atha begins the sentence or clause. Examples are : mariidbhir, indra, sakhyam te astu, athema visvah prtana jayasi befriends with the Maruts, 0 Indra, then thou shalt win all these battles (viii. 96") ; huv6 vam, atha ma (= ma a) gatam / call you, so come to me (viii. 10^) ; yad^d adevir asahista maya, athabhavat kevalah somo asya when he had overcome the godless iviles. Soma became exclusively his (vii. 98-) ; makir nesan, makim risan, makim sam sari k6vate, atharista- bhir a gahi let none be lost, let none suffer harm, none incur fracture in a pit, but come bach, tvith them uninjured (vi. 54"). From B. : patim nu me punaryuvanam kurutam, atha vam vaksyami make my husband young again, then I shall tell you (SB.) ; aham durg6 hanta^ity, atha kas tvam iti I am called the slayer in danger, but loho are you ? (TS.).
a. dtha is also occasionally used after gerunds (which are equivalent to an antecedent clause) : sdubhagyam asyai dattvaya^d,tha^_^fistam vi pdretana having wished her luck, tlten go home (x. 85^^). This use is common in B., where it also occurs after present participles and locatives absolute.
h. ^tha in the sense of also connects substantives, but this use represents an abridged sentence ; e.g. im6 somaso ddhi turvfifie.
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 215
y^dau, im.6 kanvesu vam d.tha Uiese Sonia^ are heside Turva.<a, beside Yadu, {tlietj arc) also heside the Kanras for you (viii. 9'^). From B. : idfim hi pita^eva^agri 'tha putro 'tha pautrah/or liere first comes the father, then the son, then the grandson (SB.).
c. In B. atha also connects the verbs of a compound relative clause : ydsya pita pitamahdh punyah syad, atha t^n n^ prapnuyat whose father and grandfather are inous, but ivho cannot attain to this (TS.).
atho (= atha u) generally means and also, moreover: arvavato na a gahy atho, sakra, paravatah come to us from near, and also, 0 mighty one, from afar (iii. 37"). From B. : sam inddha a nakh^bhyo 'tho lomabhyah he kindles himself completely up to his nails and also his hair (SB.).
a. In B. atho sometimes has the sense of but also, e.g. t6 vi,i dv6 bhavatah . . . atho api trini syuh there are two of them, but there may also
he three (SB.).
adha occurs in the EV. only, and almost exclusively, as compared with atha, in the earlier hymns. Like the latter it means then, expressing both a temporal and a logical sequence ; when there is a contrast, hut. adha... adha both... and ; adha dvita and that particularly ; adha nii just noiv ; now at last ; and even ; adha sma especially then. Unlike atha it is never used with u.
dpi meaning also, even generally precedes the word it emphasizes : yo gopa api tarn huve he loho is the herdsman, Mm too I call (x. 19^) ; osadhir bapsad agnir na vayati, punar yan tarunir api Agni tires not of chewing plants, returning even to the young ones (viii. 43"^). From B. : tad dhaitad apy avidvamsa ahuh even those who do not know say this (SB.) ; adyapi even to-day (AB.).
aram is an adverb meaning suitably, in readiness. Some- times used like an adjective, it is construed with the dative ; e. g. tavan ayam patave s6mo astu, aram manase yuva- bhyam s^fc7i let this Soma he {for you) to drink, according to (your) mind for you two (i. 108^); sasmai^aram it is ready for him. In combination with kr it means serve, prepare (anything)
216 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180
for, with gam, serve, with bhu, accrue (to any one) suitaUi/ or sufficiently, always taking the dative.
a. dlara, the form in which the preceding word appears in B., is there often similarly used ; e. g. sa nllam ahutya asa nalam bhaksaya it was not fit for offering, nor fit for consuming (SB.).
aha in the KV. and AV. emphasizes a preceding M^ord whether it be verb, substantive, pronoun, adjective, adverb, or preposition. Its sense may generally be exj^ressed by surely, certainly, indeed, just, or merely by stress. It also appears after other emphasizing particles such as id, gh6d, ut6, im. Examples of its use are: kvaha ivhere jpray? (x. 51^); naha not at all (i. 147^) ; yasyaha sakrah savan- esu ranyati in the pressings of wJiomsoever the mighty one rejoices (x. 43*^).
In B. this use of dha is still found. But here it generally occurs in the first of two slightly antithetical sentences, the verb of the first being then nearly always accented, while the antithesis in the second sentence is either not expressed at all, or is indicated by the particles fitha, u, or tu ; e. g. paracy d,ha dev6bhyo yajndm vdhaty arvaci manusyan avati turned away it takes the sacrifice to the gods ; turned hither it advances men (SB.). Sometimes (in MS. and TS.) dha is thus used with the first of two va's ; e. g. kdsya vahedam svo bhavita kdsya va this ivill to-morroio belong either to the one or the otJier (MS.).
a (otherwise a preposition) appears in V. fairly often emphasizing, in the sense of completeness, words expressive of number or degree, or sometimes even ordinary adjectives and substantives ; e. g. trir a divah three times each day (i. 142 ■) ; k6 vo varsistha a, narah ivho is the very mightiest of you, heroes? (i. 37*'); pra bodhaya puramdhim jara a sasatim iva awake the wise man, just as a lover a sleeping maiden (i. 134^).
ad (originally an abl. of the pronoun a =.from or after that) is used as an adverb expressing sequence of time = thereupon, then, often as a correlative to yad, yada or yadi when, sometimes to the relative when equivalent to those conjunctions: yad^d ayukta haritah sadhasthad ad ratri
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PAKTICLES 217
vasas tanute as soon as he has yoked his steeds from their stall, then night spreads her garment (i. 115"^); adha yo visva bhiivanabhy avardhata, ad rodasi jy6tisa vahnir atanot now {who =) 'When he surpassed all beings, then the charioteer overspread the tivo worlds with light (ii. 17*).
a. It sometimes connects words and clauses in the sense of and, moreover : asau ca ya na urvd.ra^ad imam tanvam md.ma that field of ours and this mij body (viii. 91®) ; yad, indra, dhan prathamajam ahinam, an mayinara. dmiuah prot^ m.ayah when,, 0 Indra, thou didst slay the firstborn of t fie serpents and thai didst bring to nought the tviles of the wily (i. 32*).
b. It is sometimes used with interrogatives, when it means then, pray : kim ad ^matrara sakhyam Iiow mighty then is the friendship ? (iv. 23").
c. Unless used with interrogatives, ad almost invariably begins the Pada.
d. ad is often followed by id, when it means just then, then at once, then more than ever.
iti thus is used with verbs of speaking and thinking, which have sometimes to be supplied. The particle generally concludes the speech and is followed by the verb : ya indra ya sunavama^iti^aha tvho sags ' ive tvill press Soma for Indra ' (iv. 25*) ; n6ndro asti^iti n6ma u tva aha * Indra does not exist ' one and another sags (viii. 100'). Less commonly the verb precedes: jyestha aha camasa dva kara^iti the eldest said ' I ivlll make two cups ' (iv. 33''). Very rarely both iti and the verb precede the speech: vi prchad iti mataram, ka ugrah he asked his mother, ' who are the strong ones? ' (viii. 77^). The verb is occasionally omitted : tvasta duhitr6 vahatum krnoti^iti^idam visvam bhuvanam sam eti ^ Tvastr prepares a ivedding for his daughter' (thinking) thus this tvhole world comes together (x. 17^). Thus a principal sentence as direct speech is used with iti where in other languages a subordinate sentence would be employed.
1. In B. the use of iti is much the same, only that iti regularly follows and seems seldom to be omitted ; the verbs of saying and thinking, too, with which it is employed, are more numerous : t6.tha^iti deva abruvau 'j/es', said the gods (SB.).
218 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180
2. There are in B. also some additional uses :
a. Very often the quotation is only an appellative that may be expressed by inverted commas : yams tv etad deva aditya iti^a-c^ksate wJiom they call thus: 'the divine Adifyas' (SB.).
6. Sometimes iti is used at the end of an enumeration to express that it forms a well-known aggregate : etad vai sirah. samrddham yasmin prano vak caksuh. srotram iti fhat is a complete head in nhich are breath, sijeech, eije, ear (KB.).
c. The particle is also often used in a special sense with reference to a ritual act to indicate how it is done : iti^£gre krsati^dtha(_,iti,_; dtha iti^dtha^iti(_^atha^iti (SB.) so he first draivs theftirroxo, then so, then so, then so, then so {= as you see).
d. Sometimes a conjunction is introduced before the quotation that ends with iti, but without changing the construction : s4 rt4ra abravid yatha s^rvasv evd. samavad vasani^iti (MS.) he sivore {that) ' I will dwell with all equally^ (= that he icoidd).
. ittha primarily means so : ganta nunam . . yatha pura^ ittha as Ijcfore, so come ye noiv (i. 39") ; satyam ittha truly so (viii. 33"^'). Secondarily it comes to mean (just so as it should be=) truly: krnoti^asmai varivo ya ittha^indraya somam usat6 sunoti lie (Indra) gives ease to him that truly presses Soma for Indra who desires it (iv. 24''). In this sense the word is sometimes used like an adjective : ittha sakhi- bhyah/o>" (those who are truly =) true friends (iii. '^2'^^).
id (n. of the pron. stem i, Lat. i-d) is a very common particle in the RV., is much less frequent in the AV., and is comparatively rare in B.^ It emphasizes preceding words of all kinds, including the finite verb (which it accents), and may usually be rendered by just or stress only, sometimes by even ; e. g. tad in naktam tad id diva mahyam ahuh this is what they tell me by night, this hy day (i. 24^-) ; syama id indrasya sarmani may we he in Indra's care (i. 4^) ; adha sma no maghavan carkrtad it then especially thinJc of us, 0 Bounteous One (i. 104'^) ; sadrsir adya sadfsir id u svah alilce to-day, alike even to-morrow (i. 123'^). When the verb is
1 In classical Sanskrit id survives only in the compound particle ced //= ca-id.
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 219
compound, the particle regularly follows the preposition,
not the verb itself: ulukhala-sutanam ava^id v, indra,
jalgulah gul2) eagerly doivn, 0 Ii/dra, llie drops shed by the
mortar (i. 28^).
a. In B. the particle is similarly used : n^ ta it sadyo 'ny^smai dti diset he should noi assign {just those =) the same {cows) to another on the same da>f (SB.) ; tatha^in nundm td.d asa now thus it came to pass (SB.).
iva is an enclitic particle with two uses :
1. It means as if, as, lilic in abbreviated similes in appo- sition, never introducing a clause like yatha. It follows the word with which comparison is made ; if the comparison consists of several words, the particle generally follows the first, less commonly the second. The comparison is usually complete, but not infrequently it is only partially expressed. This employment of iva is very common in V., but com- paratively rare in B. Examples of this use are : dur6 cit san talid ivati rocase even though far away, thou shinest brightly as if near at hand (i. 94^) ; tat padam pasyanti diviva caksur atatam they see that step like an eye fixed in heaven (i. 22-°) ; sa nah pita^iva sunave agne supayano bhava as such be accessible to us, 0 Agid, as a father to his son (i. l^j ; dviso no ati nava^iva paraya taJce its across our foes as [across the ocean] in a ship (i. 97') ; tabhi rajanam parigrhya tisthati samudra iva bhumim with these he keeps embracing the king, as the sea the earth (AB.).
2. It modifies a statement not intended to be understood in its strict sense, meaning as it were. It chiefly follows adjectives, adverbs, prepositions or verbs. This use of iva is rare in V., but very common in B. Examples are : iha^_,iva srnve I hear close at hand as it were (i. 37") ; tad, indra, pra^iva viryam cakartha that heroic deed, 0 Indra, thou didst perforin [asittvere=) quite pre-eminently (i. 103') ; yapra^iva nasyasi who [as it were=) almost losest thyself (i. 146^); yadi tan na^iva haryatha if ye are not quite pleased ivith that (i. 161^). From B. : tasmat sa babhruka iva hence he {is as
220 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
it tvere=) may he called hrown (SB.) ; rebhati^iva he seems to chatter (AB.) ; tan na sarva iva^abhipra padyeta not exactly every one should have access to that (SB.) ; upari,_^iva vai tad yad urdhvam nabheh above may he called what is higher than the navel (SB.).
im (an old enclitic ace. of the pron. root i) occurs in V. only, and is almost restricted to the RV.
1. It is generally employed as an ace. sing, of all genders = him, her, it, sometimes even as an ace. du. or pi. It either takes the place of a noun, or prepares for a following noun, or is accompanied by other pronouns (tarn, yam, enam, enan) ; e. g. a gachanti^im avasa they come to him with aid (i. 85^^) ; a^im asiim asave bhara hring him, the swift, to the swift (i. 4") ; tam im hinvanti dhitayah him devotions impel (i. 144^) ; yad im enan usato abhy avarsit (vii. 103^) when it has rained upon them that longed (for rain).
2. im also appears as a generalizing particle with relatives (ivhoever), with yad {whenever), with interrogatives [ivho, pray ?), with kim cana [nothing at all) ; e. g. yd im bhavanti ajayah tvJiatever conflicts take place (vii. 32^'^) ; ka im vyakta narah ivho, pray, are the radiant men? (vii. 56^).
u is an enclitic particle, often written u where the metre requires or favours a long syllable, especially in the second syllable of a Pada, before a single consonant. It often appears contracted to o (ep. 24) with a preceding a or a (mostly the final of particles or prepositions, also of the pron. esa, sometimes of verbal forms). It has two main uses in the RV. :
1. It is employed deictieally with verbs and pronouns.
a. With verbs it expresses the immediate commencement of an action : with a present = now, already ; with a past tense =JMs^; with an imperative, injunctive, or optative used in an impv. sense = at once ; sii is here very often added, u su being = instantly. When the verb is accom- panied by a preposition, the particle regularly follows the
ISO] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 221
latter. Examples of its use are : lid u tyam jatavedasam devam vahanti ketavah Ms beams note hear aloft the god that knows all creatures (i. 50^) ; abhud ii bhah the light has just arisen (i. 46^°) ; tapa^u sv agne antaran amitran hum
instantly, 0 Agni, our neighhourlng foes (iii. 18^).
a. This use of u with verbal forms does not seem to be found in B.
h. It emphasizes deictic pronouns, which may then be rendered by stress, and interrogative pronouns, when it may be translated by pray ; e. g. ayam u te, sarasvati, vasistho dvarav rtasya subhage vy avah this Vasisfha has opened for thee, 0 hountiful Sarasvati, the tivo doors of sacrifice (vii. 95*') ; ka u sravat ivho, xoray, ivill hear ? (iv. 43^).
a. In B. this use is very rare with deictic ijronouns, but not infrequent with interrogatives ; e. g. idam u no bhavisyati yadi no jesyd,nti this at least loill remain to us, if they conquer us (TS. ) ; kim u sa yajnena yajeta yd gam iva yajiadm n^ duhita iohat sort of sacrifice, pray, would he offer if he were not to milk out the sacrifice like a cow ? (MS.).
2, The particle u is used anaphorically to connect sen- tences, when a word (usually the first) is repeated in the second, in the sense of also ; e. g. trir naktam yathas, trir u, asvina, diva thrice hy night ye come, thrice also, 0 Asvins, hy clay (i. 34'^) ; tvam trata tvam u no vrdh^ bhuh thoic he our protector, thou, too, he for our increase (i. 178^). The repeated word need not always have the same form : yo no dv6sty adharah. sas padista, yam u dvismas tam u prand jahatu may he ivho hates us fall downward; ivhom also loe hate, him too let his breath forsake (iii. SS^i). The u sometimes appears in both sentences, sometimes in the first only: vayam u tva diva sut6, vayam naktam havamahe tve call thee hy day to the pressed Soma, tve also hy night (viii. 64'').
a. It is sometimes used without referring back definitely, but simply adding some similar quality or activity with reference to the same thing = and also, and ; e. g. sa devo devan prati paprathe prthu, visv6d u ta paribhur brah- manas pdtih he, the god, has extended himself tvidely to the gods, and he, Lord ofVrayer, embraces all this universe (ii. 24^^).
222 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso
h. It also, in the same sentence, expresses a contrast = on the contrary, or, more frequently, with the demonstrative ta corresponding to the relative ya = again, in return ; e. g. striyah satis tan u me pumsa ahuli tJiose who are women, them on the contrarti they speak of to me (as) men (i. 1Q4}^') ; yd adhvar^su h6ta . . tam u namobhir a krnudhvam him ivho is xiriest at sacrifices, in return bring hither with devotions (i. 772).
a. In B. the anaphoric use is common, prevailing chiefly in the SB. ; e.g. t^smad va indro 'bibhet, tasmad u tvastabibhet of thai Indra ivas afraid, of that also Tvastr loas afraid (MS.).
a. The demonstrative here often refers back with u to previous statements : uto pancavattam ev^ bhavati : pankto yajnah, panktah pasuh, paiicartavah samvatsarasya : esa^u paiacavattasya sampat : hut it is also divided into five parts : the sacrifice is fivefold, cattle are fivefold, the seasons of the year are five : this is the sum of what is divided into five parts (SB.). Similarly used are the phrases tdd u ha smaha with reference to this he used to say, tad u hovaca with reference to this he said ; tad u tatha n^ kuryat that one should not do thus.
0. A slight contrast is expressed by ii in the second sentence : yadi nasnati pitrdevatyo bhavati, yady v asnati devan aty asnati if he does not eat, he becomes a tvorshipper of tJte Manes, but if he does eat, he eats before the gods (SB.).
7. Used in combination with kim, u expresses a climax in the second clause = how mucli more : manusya in nva upastirnam ichanti, kim u deva yesam navavasanam even men ivish for something spread out, how muclt more the gods whose is a neio dwelling (TS.).
uta in the RV. means and, connecting two or more words or sentences.
a. The particle commonly couples two words ; e. g. yah . . prthivim uta dyam 6ko dadhara who alone has siifiported heaven and earth (i. 154^). When there is an enumeration of more than two objects, uta comes after the last ; e. g. adite, mitra, varuna^uta 0 Aditi, Mitra, and Vannia (ii. 27^*). When a word is repeated from the beginning of a clause, uta (like u) follows the repeated word : trih sau- bhagatvam trir u.ta sravamsi nah thrice (grant) us prosjjerity and thrice fame (i. 34^).
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PAETICLES 223
I). When uta connects a sentence with a preceding one, it is placed at the beginning : et^nagne brahmana vavrdhas- va . . uta pra nesy abhi vasyo asman tvith this xirayer, 0 Ac/ni, strengthen thyself, and lead us onward to greater fortune (i. SV"^).
c. uta. ..uta means both. ..and; uta va or; uta va...uta
va either... or; e. g. uta^idanim bhagavantah syama^^uta
prapitva uta madhye ahnam both notv may we be fortunate
and at eventide and at midday (i. 41'^) ; samudrad uta va
divas pari from the ocean or from heaven (i. il*') ; ya apo
divya uta va sravanti khanitrmah either the waters that are
celestial or that Jioiv in. channels (i. 49-).
a. In B. uta does not mean and, but also, even, emphasizing the assertion generally and not (like api) a single notion in the sentence : uta yddi^_^ita,sur bhavati jivaty ev^ ecen when his breath is gone, he still lives (TS.). Even when preceding a substantive ut^ seems to refer to the whole statement : uta matsya eva matsyam gilati it is also tlie case that one fish devours another (SB.).
0. With the 025tative utfi exjiresses that an action might after all take place : uta^^evsun cid devan abhi bhavema after all we might thus overcome the gods (SB.).
h. utd...uta in B. (as well as in V.) means both... and: ut^ rtava uta pasava iti bruyat lie slwuld say ' hoih fite seasons and tlie animals ' (SB.).
7. uta is i-egularly the first word in the sentence except that kim or forms of ta or ya precede it : tasmad uta bahur apasur bhavati flierefore ecen fhougli rich lie bcconies caftleless (SB.).
uto (= uta u) in the RV. means and also: uto no asya
usaso jus6ta hi and may he also be pleased tvith us this
morning (i. 131*').
a. In 13. uto has the sense of but also or also : ahavaniye havimsi srapayeyuh . . . uto garhapatya eva srapayanti lliey slioidd cook tlie oblation on tlie Ahavcmlija fin; hut they also cook it on the Garhapatya (SB.).
eva has two uses in the RV. and the AV. :
1. At the beginning of sentences or clauses it means thus, referring either to what precedes or follows ; e. g. evagnir gotamebhir astosta thus Agni has been praised by the Gotamas (i. 77^) ; eva tarn ahur : indi'a 6ko vibhakta thus they speak of him : ' Indra is the one dispenser ' (vii. 26"^).
224 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
It often appears as the con-elative of yatha as : yatha na purvam aparo jdhaty, eva, dhatar, ayumsi kalpayaisam as the later abandons not the earlier, so, Creator, arrange their lives (x. 18'). With the impv. eva = so, then : eva vandasva varunam brhantam (viii. 42-) then praise the lofty Varuna (who has done these great deeds).
2. As an emphasizing particle following the word on which stress is laid, eva may be variously rendered just, quite, alone, &c., or by stress ; e. g. tarn eva him only ; 6ka eva quite alone ; atraiva just here ; svayam eva quite spontaneously, jata eva scarcely horn, na^^eva not at all.
a. In B. the first of the above uses has entirely clisapi;)eared (evdm here taking the place of ev^), while the second is extremely common. The particle follows all kinds of words requiring emphasis for any reason; this is especially the case when a word is repeated ; e.g. yd,m Sgre 'gnim hotraya pravrnata, s£ pradhanvad, y5.m dvitiyam pravrnata, sa prfi^_^eva^adhanvat ihe Agni ivJiom they first chose for the priesthood, perished ; he ichom they chose the second time, likewise jjerished (SB.). When two notions are connected by w.iy of contrast or other- wise, evd, may follow either the first or the second ; e. g. amum evd, deva upayan, imam d,surah (SB.) the gods inherited that world (heaven), the Asuras this one (the earth) ; somo yusmakam, vag evasmakam (let) Soma (be) yours, Vac ours (^B.).
evam thus occurs only once in the RV. (as correlative to yatha as) and in the AV. not at all with yatha, but only as an adverb with the verb vid Jcnow : ya evam vidyat he ivho may possess such hnoivledge.
In B. evam is veiy common, having two uses :
1. It is correlative to y^tha as, being often accompanied by a form of the same verb as the latter ; e. g. ydtha vdi parjdnyah siivrstim vdrsaty, evd.ni yajiio ydjamanaya varsati as Parjanya rains heavily, so the sacrifice rains for the sacrificer (TS.). When the second verb is omitted, ydtha. . .evd,m is equivalent to iva ; e.g. t€ deva abby asrjyanta y^tha vittim vetsyfimana evdm the gods rushed up like those wishing to oHain piropertg (SB.).
2. It accompanies verbs as an .ndverb, especially in the very frequent phrase yd, evdm v6da he who possesses such knowledge ; utfi^ evdm cin ua labheran after all they ivill thus not touch it (SB.).
]80] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 225
kam appears l)oth as an accented and an unaccented particle. The foriner use is found in both V. and B.. the latter in the KV. only.
1. a. kam as an adv. with the full meaning well (equivalent to the Vedic sam) appears in B. only ; e. g. kam me 'sat may it he well with me (SB.); it also occurs in a negative form : a-kam bhavati he fares not well (TS.).
b. kam has the same meaning attenuated after datives (generally at the end of a Pada) either of persons = j^r i/«e henejit of (dat. commodi) or of abstract nouns (final dative) ; e. g. yuvam etam eakrathiil;i sindhusu plavam taugryaya kam i/e two hare placed that shiji in the waters for the benefit of the son of Tiujra (i. 182'") ; tvam devaso amrtaya kam papuh thee the r/ods hare drunl; for the love of immortalitji (ix. 106^^) ; samanam anjy anjate siibh6 kam (vii. 57'^) witli the same hue theij adorn themselves in order to shine {well). From B. : kasmai kam agnihotram hiiyata iti for whose benefit is the Agnihotra offered? (MS.) ; tdjase kani purnama ijyate for the saJce of splendour the fill moon sacrifice is offered (MS.).
2. The unaccented kam occurs in the RV. only excepting one independent passage of the AV. It always appears as an enclitic following the particles nu, su, hi. It means wiUinghj, gladly, indeed, but the sense is generally so attenu- ated as to be untranslatable, nu kam appears with the inj., impv., subj., ind., also in relative clauses ; e.g. aso nu kam ajaro vardhas ca be imaging and grow (x. 50''). su kam appears with the imperative only : tistha su kam, magha- van, ma para gah praji stand still, bounteous god, go not further (iii. 532). Yd kam generally appears with the ind. (occasionally omitted), sometimes with impv. or subj. : raja hi kam bhuvananam abhisrih /br ho indeed is the king who rules over beings (i. 98^).
kim (n. of ki = ka) has two uses. In the first place it means ivhy ? e. g. kim u sr^sthah kim yavistho na ajagan
226 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
why has the best, ivhij has the youngest come to us ? (i. 161^). It is also a simple interrogative particle (equivalent to a mark of interrogation) ; e. g. kim me havyam ahrnano juseta tvotild he, free from anger, enjoy an ohlatlon of mine ? (vii. 86^) ; kim rajasa ena paro any ad asti is there anything else beyond the ivcUiin? (AV. v. ll'^).
a. In B. kim is similarly used. With following u it here adds a climax in a second sentence = hoio much more (see u) ; with following ut^ and the optative it means ivluj after all ; e. g. kim utd tvareran why, after all, sho^(ld they hasten? (6B.).
kila, an uncommon particle in V., meaning indeed, certainly, strongly emphasizes (in EV. and AV.) the preceding word (noun, pronoun, adjective, and the negative na) ; e. g. svadiis kila^ayam (vi. 47^) sweet, indeed, is this (Soma) ; tadttna satrum na kila vivitse then thou didst find no foe at all (i. 32*).
a. In B. the use is similar; e.g. ksipriim kila^a strnuta (6b.) quickly, then, sjjread (the barhis). But here kila usually follows other particles, v&i or (ha) vavd, : esa v&i kila haviso yamah this, indeed, is the course of the sacrifice (6b.) ; tava ha vava kila bhagava idam Sir, this belongs to you only (AB.\
kuvid, a pronominal interrogative particle, introduces sentences which, though apparently independent, are treated as dependent, since the verb (except twice in the RV.) is regularly accented. This use seems to have arisen from the particle's liaving been employed as an elliptical expression of doubt such as might be rendered by ' I wonder (whether) " ; e. g. tdm, indra, madam a gahi kuvin nv asya trpnavah come, Indra, to this carouse (to see) whether you shall enjoy it (iii. 42^) ; kuvit somasya apam iti have I, indeed, drunk Soma (x. 119^) = (I wonder) whether I have drunk Soma.
a. In B. kuvfd is similarly used ; e. g. kuvin me putrfim dvadhit fias lie actually killed my son ? (SB.) : kuvit tuanim aste does he indeed sit silent? (6b.).
ISO] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 227
khalu indeed, in truth, does not occur at all in the AV.. and only once in the RV., where it emphasizes an imperative : mitram krnudhvam khalu pray, conclude friendship (x. 34^*).
a. In B. the particle is common. It is rarely used alone, but often with other particles.
a. It appears alone with the impv., subj., or ind. ; e.g. dtra khdlu ramata here, pray, remain (f^B.) ; rdhn^vat khdlu sd. yo raaddevatyam agnim add.dliatai he indeed shall prosper who shall establish a fire conse- crated to me(TS.); asmakdra evd^idfim kh^lu bhuvanam to us alone indeed this loorld belongs (SB.).
b. After the particles u or i,tho and before or after v^i, it emphasizes the word preceding the combined particles; e.g. t£d u khdlu maha- yajio bhavati thus, indeed, the great sacrifice arises (6b.).
a. fitho khd,lu is used either to express an (usually preferred) alternative = or else, or rather, but sjirehj rather ; or to introduce an objection ; e. g. vaisvadevdm iti bruyad, dtho khfilu aindr^m fti bruyat 'for all gods' one should say, or else one should say 'for Indra' (TS.); diksitena satyam eva vaditavyam ; atho khalv ahuh : ko 'rhati manusyah sarvam satyam vaditum iti an initiated man should speak the truth only ; noiv they make the objection : ' what man can speak the ichole truth?' (AB.).
^. vdi kh^lu can only be distinguished from vdi alone as an emphatic vi,i. But kh&lu v&i in the TS. and AB, has the special use of introducing a second causal protasis after a first beginning with simple vdi, the conclusion then following with evd ; e.g. prajapaty6 v&i purusah ; prajapatih kh&lu v&i td.sya veda : prajapatim evi, avina, bhagadhey^na upa dhavati now mayi comes from Prajapati ; again Prajapati knows about him : so he approaches Prajapati icith the portion (of the sacrifice) belonging to him (TS.). This use occasionally occurs even though the preceding clause does not begin with vfii.
gha is an enclitic particle, almost restricted to the RV. Generally occupying the second place in the Pada, it is with few exceptions metrically lengthened to gha. It emphasizes the preceding word, which is nearly always either the negative nd, or a pronoun (demonstrative or personal), or a verbal preposition, the meaning being variously rendered by just, onJif, very, or merely stress. It emphasizes a noun only twice and a verb only once in the RV. : trtiye gha savane at least at the third Soma libation (i. 16P) ; usanti gha t^ amrtasa etat those immortals desire this (x. 10'*).
w2
228 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
ca (Gk. re, Lai. -que) and is an enclitic conjunction used to connect both words and sentences. It regularly follows an accented word, and when it adds a clause, the first word of that clause.
1. ca connects substantives (including pronouns and numerals) and adverbs ; e. g. mitram huve varunam ca I invoice Mitra and Varuna (i. 2') ; maghavano vayam ca the patrons and ive (i. 73^) ; satam 6kam ca a hundred and one (i. 117^^) ; adya nunam ca to-day and now (i. 13^). In a few passages (but never in B.) the ca follows the first word instead of the second : nakta ca . . usasa niffht and morning (i. 73'').
a. ca...ca are used mucli in the same way; e.g. girdyas ea dyava ca bhuma the mountains and heaven-and-earth (i. 61^*) ; divds ca gm&s ca of heaven and of earth (i. 37^) ; asman ca tarns ca us and fliem (ii. 1"^) ; n^va ca navatira ca nine and ninetij (i. 32'*) ; a ca para ca carantam moving hither and away (i. 164^').
Similarly in B. : devas ca(_;asuras ca gods and Asxras (SB.) ; sastfs ca trmi ca satani sixty and three hundred ; purastac cai__^updristac ca from before and from behind.
j3. ca...ca sometimes also express a contrast : ndkta ca cakrur usd,sa virupe : krsnd.m ca v^rnam arund,m ca s^m dhuh they have made night and morning of different aspect : they have imt together the black colour and the ruddy (i. 73'').
Similai'Iy in B. : ubhdyam gramydm ca^_^aranydm ca juhoti he sacrifices loth : what is fame and mhat is ivihl (MS.).
a. A peculiar use of ca in the RV. is to add a second vocative in the form of a nominative ; e. g. vayav indras ca . . a yatam 0 Vayu and Indra, come (i. 2*^).
h. Another peculiar use of ca, both in V. and B., is to add one noun (nearlj^^ always in the nom.) to another which has to be supplied ; e. g. a yad indras ca dadvahe when we two, (I) and Indra, receive (viii. 34^^) ; indras ca somam pibatam, brhaspate do ye, (thou), 0 Brhaspati, and Indra. drink (iv. 50^'>).
From B. : ta brhaspatis ca^anvavaitam they two, (he) and Brhaapati, followed them (TS.) ; tat samjnarn krsnajiuaya ca
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 229
vadati so he pronounces harmoni/ (between it) and the black antelope skin (SB.).
o. In B. ca is used to add a siiiglt; word at the end of a sentence in the sense of and {so did) ; e. g. sr^mena ha sma vdi tdd deva jayanti y^d esam jfiyyam asa^fsayas ca hy penance the gods were wont to loin what ivas to be won by them, and so did the seers (SB. ).
c. ca following tlie interrogative ka, or the relative ya und the interrogative ka combined, gives them an indefinite sense: kas ca or yah kas ca any one, whoever (cp. 119 h).
2. ca also connects both principal sentences and relative clauses : a devdbhir yahi yaksi ca come with the gods and sacrifice (i. 14^) ; ya vyusur yas ca nunam vyuchan that have shone forth and that shall now shine forth (i. 113^"); yd 'sman dvesti yam ca vayam dvismah who hates us and whom we hate (SB.).
a. ca...ca connect sentences to express a contrast by means of parallel verbal forms which are either identical or at least appear in the same number and person, the first verb being then always accented : para ca yanti punar a ca yanti they yo away and come again (i. 123^''^).
a. In B. the use of ca...ca is simihar ; e. g. vatsd.m ca^upavasrjAty ukham caj^^adhi srayati he admits ih'e calf and puts the pot on the fire (TS.). Tlie rule of accentuation api>lies even when tire second verb is omitted : agnaye ca havih paridddati guptya asyai ca prthivydi he delivers the oblation for protection to Fire and lo this Earth (SB.). This connecting use is particularly common in parallel abridged relative sentences : sSrvan pasun ni dadhire ye ca gramya ye ca^_,aranyah they laid down all animals, those that are tame and tliose that are wild (SB.).
3. ca is used a few times in V. in the sense of if with, the subjunctive or the indicative: indras ca mrlayati no, na nah pascad agham nasat if Indra he gracious to us, no calamity will hereafter befall us (ii. 41^\); imam ca vacam pratiharyatha, naro, visv^d vama vo asnavat if ye graciously accept this song, 0 heroes, it will obtain all goods from you (i. 40^).
cana, properly meaning not even, is most usually employed
230 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
after a negative ; e. g. trtiyam asya nakir a dadharsati, vayas cana patayantah patatrinah no one dares approach his third (step), not even the winged birds though they fly (i. 155*). From its use in such supplementary clauses, where it may also be translated by even, the latter sense comes to be the natural or even necessary one after a negative in a single clause sentence ; e. g. yasmad rt6 na sidhyati yajn6 vipascitas cana without whom the sacrifice does not succeed [not] even of the ivise man (i. 18") ; indram na mahna prthivi cana prati even the earth is not equal to Indra in greatness (i. 81*). As one of the two negatives is superfluous in a single clause sentence, cana alone occasionally does duty for the negative : mah6 cana tvam para sulkaya deyam not even for a great reward would I give thee away (viii. 1*).
a. In a few passages, even when there is no accompanying negative, cana throwing off its own negative sense, means even, cdso : aham cana tat suribhir anasyam I too would acquire this with the patrons (vi. 26") ; adha cana srdd dadhati therefore cdso they believe (i. 55*).
a. Ill B. cana appears only after a negative in single clause sentences, in which n& cana means not even ; e. g. na hainani sapdtnas tvistiirsamanas cand strnute no enemij fells him even U/ough desirunj io fell hv,n 8B.\
li. cana gives the interrogative an indefinite sense : kas cana any one, na kas cana no one (cp. 119 b).
cid is an enclitic particle very frequently used to emphasize the preceding word. It has two senses:
1. expressing that the statement is not to be expected in regard to the word emphasized : even ; e. g. a drdham cid arujo gavyam urvam even the firm eoivstall thou hast broken through (iii. 32^'^). This sense is, however, sometimes so attenuated as to be capable of being rendered by stress only ; e. g. tvam cin nah samyai bodhi svadhih be thou attentive to our endeavour (iv. S*).
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PAETICLES 231
2. generalizing = any, every, all ; e. g. krtam cid 6nah pra mumugdhy asmat (i. 24^) remove from us any (every, all) sin committed (by us). Similarly, with interrogatives = any, with relatives = ever ; thus kas cid any one : srn6ti kas cid esam any one {= every one) hears them (i. 37^-^) ; sun- vadbhyo randhaya karn cid avratam subject every impious man to those that 'press Soma (i. 132-*); na or ma kas cid [not any =) no one ; kada cid ever = at any time or always; yas cid tvhoever ; y ac cid if ever ; yatha cid as ever.
a. In B. the only use that survives is the generalizing sense with interrogative pronouns = any, some ; e. g. fitha kam cid aha then he satjs to some one (SB.) ; yfit te kds cid Abravit tchal any one said to you (SB.).
c6d (= ca id) if occurs only three times in the KV., but later becomes commoner. In the RV. and AV. it is found with the ind. pres. and aor. ; in the AV. it also occurs once with the opt. Thus : vi c^d uchanty, asvina, usasah, pra vam brahmani karavo bharante ivhen the Baivns shine forth, 0 AsviiiS, the singers offer prayers to you (vii. 72'^) ; brahma ced dhastam agrahit sa eva patir ekadha if a Brahman has taJcen her hand, he alone is her husband (AV. v. 17*) ; iti manvita yacitah vasam c6d enam yaceyuh thus one ivould thinlc, who has been requested, if they were to request a cow of him (AV. xii. 4.-^%
a. In B. c6d is used with the ind. pres., aor., fut. and with the opt. ; f. g. dtas c6d evi, nditi nasya yajno vyathate if he does not go away from tJiere, his sacrifice does not fail (MS.) ; sa hovaca turiyam-turiyam cen mam abibhajams turiyam ev^ tarhi vaii niruktam vadisyatiti he said ' if they have given me only one-fourth each time, then Vac will speak distinctly only to the extent of one-fourth ' (SB.) ; td,m c6n me nd vivdksyasi, murdha te vi patisyati if you cannot explain this (riddle) to me, your head will burst (SB.) ; et^m ced anydsma anubruyas tdta eva te ^fras chindyam if you were to tell this to another, I would strike off your head (SB.).
tatas occurs in the EV. several times adverbially in the local sense of the ablative = thence ; e. g. tato visam pra vavyte tlience the poison has turned away. It also, but very
232 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
rarely, has the temporal sense of thereupon, then ; e. g. yajnair atharva prathamah pathas tate, tatah suryo . . ajani tvith sacrifices Athar van first extended the paths, then the sun was horn (i. 83'^).
a. In B., on the otherhand,the temporal sense oithereupon is extremely common. Here it also often appears at the beginning of a sentence connected with a preceding one in the sense of therefore, consequently ; e. g. sa yaja^m ev&, yajnapatrani pra vivesa; tdto hainamnd, iiekatur nf rhantum it entered into the sacrifice i(se% into the sacrificial vessels ; consequently those tivo ivere unable to expel it (SB.).
tatha occurs in the RV. in the sense of so, thus ; e. g. tatha rtuh such is the rule (i. 83^''). It also appears as a correlative (though less often than eva) to yatha ; e. g. syavasvasya sunvatas tatha srnu yathasrnor atreh listen to the sacrificing SyCwaha as thou didst listen to Atri (viii. 36''^).
a. In B. the use is similar ; e. g. tdtha^i'n niinfi,m tad asa so, indeed, it came to ^Jass (SB.) ; as correlative (though less often than evam) to yfitha : nd vdi t^tha^_^abhud ydtha^amamsi it has not come about as I had thought (f^B.).
h. t^tho ( = tdtha^u) occurs in B., meaning and in the same way, but so ; e. g. tdtho evottare ni vapet and in. the same icay he should assign the last two TS. : sa yad daksina-pravana syat, ksipre ha yd.jamano 'mum lokam iyat, tdtho ha yajamauo jyog jivati //// (the altar) iverc sloping to the soutli, the sacrificer would quicldij go to i/ondi'r irarld, but thus (as it is) the sacrificer lives a long time (SB.).
tad is often used adverbially in the RV. It then has three different senses :
1. It frequently means tlicn as correlative to yad when ; e. g. yaj jayatha vrtrahatyaya tat prthivim aprathayali when thou wast horn for the Vrtra-fight, tlwu didst spread out the earth (viii. 89'^).
2. It is also often used in the sense of thither (ace. of the goal) ; e. g. tad it tva yukta harayo vahantu thither let the yoked haps ivaft thee (iii. 53'^).
3. Occasionally it has the sense of therefore ; e. g. tad vo deva abruvan, tad va aganiam that tlic gods said to i/ott,
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 233
therefore I Mve come to you (i. 161-) ; pra tad visnuh stavate viry^na therefore Visuu is praised for his heroism (i. 154^).
a. In B. tdd-has four different adverbial uses :
1. as a correlative to ydd (when, inasinucli. as) = thereby, and to ydtra (ivhere) = there ; e. g. ydn nv evd, rajauani abhisunvtoti, tit t&m ghnanti now ivhen they press the king (soma), they kill him thereby (SB.) ; ydtranya 6sadhayo mlayanti tad et^ modamana vardhante ivherc other plants wither, it (the wheat) grows merrily (SB.).
2. in the sense of thereupon, then ; e. g. athaj^itithim s^mam tdd aughi aganta, tan ma navara upakalpya^upasasai now in such and such a year a Jlood will then come, then having built a ship you shall turn to me (SB.).
3. constantly with reference to a preceding statement in the sense of as to that, thereby, thus ; e. g. yajnSm ev^ tdd deva vipayan the gods thus obtained the sacrifice (SB.) ; tdt tad avaklptdm ev^ y^d brahmano 'rajanyah syat so it is quite suitable that a Brahman should be toithout a king (SB.) ; tad ahuh ccs to that they say ; t5.d u tdt noio as to this (SB.).
4. before yad with reference to a preceding statement to add an explanation, and may be rendered by that is to say, now ; e. g. t&d ydd esi, etdt tapati tena esa sukrah now, inasmuch as he hums here, therefore he is bright (^SB.). Similarly in the phrase tdd yat tdtha titat is to say, ivhy it is so (is as follows) = the reason for this is as follows (SB.).
tarhi at that time, then, occurs only once in the RV., but several times in the AV. : na mrtyur asid amrtam na tarhi there tvas not death nor immortalitjj then (x. 129^). In the AV. the word appears as correlative to yada iohen, and in B. to yati'a, yad, yada, yarhi trhen, and yadi if; e. g. raksamsi va enam tarhy a labhante yarhi na jayate the Eahmses then seize him when (the fire) does not arise (AB.) : yadi va rtvijo 'loka bhavanty aloka u tarhi yajamanah if the priest is tvithout a place, the sacrificer is then also without a place (SB.).
tasmad therefore is not found as an adverb in the RV., but occurs several times as such in the AV., and is constantly so used in B. As correlative to yad hecause it appears once in the AV. and is very common in B. ; e. g. yad vai tad varunagrhitabhyah kam abhavat tasmat kaydh (MS.) hecause those who were seized hi/ Varuna felt well, therefore it is called Ml/a {hod//).
234 INDECLINABLE WORDS [i8o
tii, though accented, never commences a sentence or Pada. It has two uses :
1. It is an emphasizing particle. In the RV., where it occurs nearly fifty times, it seems to be restricted to this sense.
a. In about two-thirds of its occurrences tu emphasizes an exhortation in the 2. pers. impv. (rarely the 3. pers., or the subj. in an impv. sense) = pray, then] e.g. a tv 6ta, ni sidata jjm^ come, sit you down (i. 5^) ; na te dur6 parama cid rajamsy, a tu pra yahi haribhyam eve)i the highest spaces are not far to thee ; come hither, then, tvith thy two hays (iii. 302).
h. In several passages tu emphasizes assertions (generally following the demonstrative ta) in the sense oi surely, indeed ; e. g. tat tv asya that surely is his tvorJc (iii. 30^-).
2. It is an adversative i^article meaning hut. This is its sense in the only passage of the AV. in which it occurs, and is its only meaning in B. ; e.g. cakara bhadram asmabhyam atmane tapanam tu sah he has done what is good for lis, hut painful to himself (AV. iv. IS*') ; tad evam v6ditor na tv evam kartavai that one shoidd hioiv thus, hut not do thus (MS.). With aha or nu in the preceding clause, it expresses the sense it is true... hut; e.g. tad aha t^sam vaco, 'nya tv evatah sthitih this indeed is what they say, hut the estahlished practice is different therefrom (SB.).
tena occurs in B. as au adverb correlative to y^d because; e.g. yfid gramyasya nd^dsnati tena gramyan dva runddhe because he does not eat any fame animal, therefore he gains tame animals for himself (MS.).
tvava (compounded of tu vavi), a particle sometimes occurring in B., does not perceptibly differ in sense from vav& (q. v.); e.g. trdyo ha tvavd pasfivo 'medhyah there are just three kinds of animals unfit for sacrifice (6B.).
tv^i (compounded of tu vdi) is sometimes found in B. meaning but indeed.
dvita, a particle occurring about thirty times, is restricted to the RV. There can be no doubt that it is an old instru-
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 235
mental, etymologically meaning doubly. This sense taken either literally = In tivo ivays, or figuratively = emphatically, especially, more than ever, seems to suit all the passages in which the word occui's ; e. g. bharadvaj aya^a va dhuksata dvita dhenum ca visvadohasam isam ca visvabhojasam on Bharadvdja do ye (Maruts) milk doivn doubly, both the all-milking cow and all-nourishinij food (vi. 48^^) ; raja devanam uta martyanam dvita bhuvad rayipati rayinam as king of gods and mortals may he be doubly lord of riches (ix. 97^*) ; dvita yo vrtrahantamo vida indrah satakratuh lipa no haribhih sutam may he ivho above all is knoivn as the best Vrtra-slayer, Indra Satakratu, (come) to our pressed Soma with his bays (viii. 93^^) ; gavam 6se sakhya krnuta dvita (x. 48^) in the search for the cows he especially concluded friend- ship (with me).
u. The word occur.s several times with ddha, meaning itnd thai too douhhj or cs2>ecicdly, e.g. vi t^d vocer ddha dvita explain (his, and (do so; particulurlij (i. 132^).
na has two senses in V. (but only the first of the two in B.) :
1. As a negative particle meaning not it denies an assertion,
appearing in principal sentence:^ with the ind. of all tenses,
with the subj., the opt., the inj. (in the sense of a fut.), but
not with the impv. ; it is also employed in relative and
conjunctional clauses. It negatives either the assertion of
the whole sentence (when it appears as near the beginning
as possible, in V. even before the relative) or only the
assertion of the verb. It can only be used in a sentence
which contains a finite verb or in which one is to be supplied.
There seems to be no undoubted example of its negativing
any word (such as a participle or adjective) other than the
verb. The employment of this negative na is much the
same in B. as in V.
a. A verb (such as asti is) lias often to be supijlied with this negative in simple sentences, especially with the gerundive, the
I
236 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
infinitive, or a dative equivalent to an infinitive ; e. g. tdn n6, sur- ksyam tliat (is) not, to be troubled about (MS.) ; nd yo vdraya ivho (is) not for hindering = ivJio is irresistible (i. 1435). Qr the verb has to be supplied in a second sentence from the first ; e. g. nd.ktain upa tisthate, n£ prat^h he worships at night, (he does) not (worship) in the morning (TS.)-
b. Two negatives express a strong positive ; e.g. na hi pasdvo n& bhunjanti/or cattle always cat (MS.).
2. na is used in V. (very commonly in RV., comparatively rarely in A V. , but never in B. ) as a particle of comparison, exactly like iva as, like. This meaning seems to be derived from not as negativing the predicate of a thing to which it properly belongs ; e. g. ' he (neighs), not a hoi'se neighs ' = ' he, though not a horse, neighs ' = ' he neighs like a horse '. This na, being in sense closely connected with the preceding word, never coalesces in pronunciation (though it does in the written Sandhi) with a following vowel, whereas na not generally does. This na always follows the word of com- parison to which it belongs ; or if the simile consists of several words, the na generally follows the first word, less commonly the second ; e.g. aran na nemih pari ta babhuva he surrounds them as the fell// the spokes (i. S2^-') ; pakva sakha na like a branch with ripe fruit (i. 8'').
a. When the object compared is addressed in the voc. (which is sometimes to be supplied), the object with which it is compared is sometimes also put in the voc. agreeing with it by attraction ; e. g. dso na subhra a bhara like brilliant Dawn, (O sacrificer) bring (i. 57^) ; i,ave na citre, arusi like a brilliant mare, 0 rudely Dawn (i. 30^^).
b. When the object compared is not expressed, nd means as it iverc; e. g. sivabhir n^ smayamanabhir agat he has come icHh gracious smiling loomen as it were (i. 79^).
c. nd sometimes interchanges with iva ; «. g. rdtham ud, tdsteva t&tsinaya as a carpenter (fashions) a car for him who desires if (i. 61*).
na-kis^ {not any one) is found in V. only, being almost restricted to the RV., where it frequently occurs. It properly
^ N. sing, of interrogative ki (Lfit. qui-s) of which the n. kf-m is in regular use 'cp. 113).
ISO] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 237
means no one ; e. g. nakir indra tvad uttarah no one, 0 Indra, is superior to thee (iv. 30^) ; yatha krminam nakir ucchisyatai that none of the worms shall he left (AV. ii. 3P). Losing its N. sense/ it comes to be used, though less often, as a strong negative adverb meaning not at all, never ; e. g. yasya sarman nakir deva varayante na martah. in whose protection gods never hinder him nor mortals (iv. 17"^). Cp. makis.
na-kim ^ occurs only twice in one hymn of the RV. in the sense of a strong negative adverb = not at all, never : nakim indro nikartave Indra can never be subdned (viii. 78^).
na-nu occurs only tw^ice in the RV. where it has the sense of a strong negative = hi/ no means, never. In B. it occurs a few times as an interrogative expecting assent (= nonne), not?; e.g. nanu susruma have we not heard? (SB.),
na-hi, as the compounded form of na hi, occurs only in V.,
where it sometimes has the sense of for not ; e. g. nahi tva
satruh starate for no foe strilces thee down (i. 129"^). More
commonly it emphatically negatives a statement as something
well known = certainly not, by no means, as appears most
clearly at the beginning of a hymn ; e. g. nahi vo asty
arbhako, d^vasah not one of you, 0 gods, is small (viii. 30^).
«. This compounded form never occurs in B., where n£ hi alone is found. On the other hand, na hi seems never to occur in V.
nama is used adverbially in the following two senses : 1. by name ; e.g. sa ha sruta indro nama devah that god famous as Indra by name (ii. 20'') ; k6 nama^asi zvho art thou byname? (VS. vii. 29). 2. namely, indeed, verily; e.g. ajasro gharmo havir asmi nama I am constant heat, namely the oblation (iii. 26") ; mam dhur indram nama devata they have placed me among the gods verily as Indra (x. 49^).
' Pi-obably because the N. has no longer an independent existence coupled with the fact that the pronoun ki has gone out of use except in the one form ki-m.
• Probably A. n. of nfi-kis with lengthened vowel.
238 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
nu ' or nu'- means 1. now; e.g. sa nv lyate he is noiv implored (i. 145^) ; indrasya nu viryani pra vocam I ivill now proclaim the heroic deeds of Indra (i. 32') ; yoja nv, indra, te hari i/oJce noiv (= at once), 0 Indra, thy two hai/s (i. 82') ; uvasosa uehac ca nii (i. 48^) Daun has shone (in the past) and she shall shine noiv (= henceforth) ; asmabhir u nu praticaksya^abhut to us she has just noiv become visible (i. 113^^). 2, still: pasyema nu suryam uccarantam we woidd still see the sun rising (vi. 52"') ; mahan indrah paras oa nii great is Indra and still more (i. 8^). 3. pray with interrogatives : kada nv antar varune bhuvani when, pray (= at last), shall I he in (communion with) Varuna (vii. 86-). 4. ever with relatives : ya nu krnavai tvhatever (deeds) I shall accomplish (i. 1Q5^^). 5. ever, at all with negatives : na^asya varta na taruta nv asti there is none at all to obstruct, none to overcome him (vi. 66-). 6. with cid it means (a) even now, still ; e.g. nu cid dadhisva me girah even now taJce to thyself my songs (i. 10^) ; dasasya no, maghavan, nu cit favour us still, Bountiful one (viii. 46^^) ; (6) never ; e. g. nu cid dhi parimamnathe asman for never have ye despised us (vii. 936).
a. The senses of nti found in B. are the following : 1. Now actually in aifirmative sentences, often correcting a previous statement ; e. g. nirdaso nv abhud, yajasva ma^anena now he is actually more than ten days old : sacrifice him to me (AB.). 2. then, pray, in exhorta- tions with the subj., the impv., or ma with the inj., e.g. Iraddhadevo vd,i mdnur : avdm nii vedava Manu is godfearing; let us two then try him (6b.) ; ma nu me prfi harsih praj/, do not strike at me (SB.). When dtha follows such sentences, nii may be translated by first: nirdaso nv astv, atha tva yajai let him (the victim) /?rs< be more than ten days old, then I ivill sacrifice htm to you (AB.). 3. pray, in questions with or without an interrogative ; e. g. kvk, nu visnur abhut ivhat, pray, has become of Vipiu ? (6B.) ; tv&m nu khfilu no brfihmistho 'si are you, pray, indeed the wisest of us? (SB.). 4. noiv, after iti followed by fi,tha 7iext: iti nu piirvam patalam, athottaram this now is the first section ; next follows the
^ Never begins a sentence. ^ Often begins a sentence.
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 230
second (AB.). 5. indeed, in the first of two antithetical chiuses, wlicn the second is introduced with tii or kim u ; e. g. yo nv ev& jnatds tfismai bruyad, ni, tv ev^ sdirvasma iva he man indi'od iell it fo him who IS known to him, but not to any and erenj one (_SB.).
nnnam noiv has three uses in the RV. :
1. With the ind. pres. it means now as opposed to formerly or in future (an opposition often expressed by pura before and aparam after) ; e. g. na nunam asti no svah there is no now and no to-morrow (i. 170^).
It is a few times used with the perfect in combination with pura to express that an action has taken place in the past and still takes place ; e. g. pura nunam ca stutaya rsinarn pasprdhra indre formerly and now the praises of seers have striven to Indra (vi. 34^).
2. With the subj., impv., opt., or inj., it expresses that an action is to take place at once ; e. g. vi nunam uchat she shall now shine forth (i. 124^^); pra nunam purnavandhuras stut6 ysilii praised advance note with laden car (i. 82^).
With the perfect it is a few times used in the RV. to express that an action has just been completed ; e. g. upa nunam yuyuje hari he has just yoJccd his two bay steeds (viii. 411).
3. It occurs sometimes with interrogatives = _pra?/ ; e.g. kada nunam te dasema tvhen, pray, may we serve thee? (vii. 293).
rt. In B. none of these uses seem to survive, while the new sense of certainly, assuredly (perhaps once already in the AV.) has appeared ; e. g. tatha In nuri&m tdd asa. just so assuredly it came to pass (SB.).
n^d (= na id and not treated as a compound by the Padapatha) has two uses in both V. and B. : 1. sometimes as an emphatic negative, certainly not ; e. g. anyo n6t surir 6hate bhuridavattarah no other patron indeed is accounted more liberal (viii. 5-") ; dham vadami n6t tvam I am speah- ing, not thou (vii. 38*) ; n6d anuhutam prasnami I certainly do not cat it before it is invoiced (SB.). 2. much more commonly as introducing a final clause in order that not with the subj.
240 INDECLINABLE WORDS [iso
(= Lat. ne) ; e. g. vy iicha, duhitar divo, u6t tva tapati surah shine forth, daughter of the sk/j, test the sun scorch thee (v. 79'^) ; n^n ma rudro hinasat lest Tiudra injure me (SB.). In B. the verb may also be in the inj. : n6d idam bahirdha yajnad bhavat lest it be outside the sacrifice (SB.).
rt. nv^i ( = mi vd.i as analysed by the Padapatha of the TS.) occurs not infrequently in B. in the sense of indeed ; e.g. iti nva et^d brahmanam udyate such indeed is the Brdhmana that is told (SB.).
ma is the pi-ohibitive negative (Grk. fiij) regularly used with the injunctive. It is never used with the impv. ; with the opt. only in the single form bhujema (RV.) ; and with the subj. only once (SB.) ; e. g. ma no vadhih sla)/ us iwt (i. 104'') ; ma hrnitha abhy asman be not enraged against us (viii. 2^%
a. An interrogative following ma in a few cases receives an indefi- nite sense in the RV. ; e. g. ma kfismai dhatam abhy amitrine nah
delirer ns not to ani/foe i. 120*).
ma-kis {not any one, Gk. firj-ris:), occurring about a dozen times in the RV., to which it is restricted, is used in pro- hibitive sentences with the injunctive in two senses :
1. no one: makis tokasya no risat maij no one of our offspring be injured (viii. 67^^).
2. more often an emphatic negative = by no means, never : makir devanam apa bhuh l)c not at all atvay from the gods (x. IV). Cp. na-kis.
ma-kim, used as an emphatic prohibitive particle with the injunctive, occurs only in two passages of the RV. : makim sam sari k^vate let none suffer fracture in a int (vi. 54').
yatra is employed in two main senses : 1. usually as a relative adverb, meaning cohere, but sometimes whitJie) , ©• g- yajfie . . ndro yatra devayavo madanti where pious men rejoice in sacrifice (vii. 97^) ; yatra rathena gaohathah whither ye go with your car (i. 22*). The correlative is generally tatra, sometimes atra or tad.
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 241
a. Occasionally as equivalent to the locative of the relative; e.g. a gha ta gachan littara yugani ydtra jamdiyah krndvann fijauji (hose Infer generations ivill come in n-hicJi those who are akin nrill do xchat befits not kinsmen (x. 10^*).
2. not infrequently as a temporal conjunction, ivhen, in both V. and B. ; e. g. yatra pra sudasam avatam when ije liclped Sudds (vii. 83'"'). In V. adha, atra, tad appear as correlatives ; e. g. yatra sui'asas tauvo vitanvat6 . . adha sma yacha tanv6 tane ca chardih. /vJien the heroes strain theinselves (in battle) . . then especially hestow protection on us and our sons (vi. 4(P-). In B. tad is generally the correlative, sometimes tatas ; e. g. tarn yatra deva aghnams, tan mitram abruvan irJicn the f/ods MM him, thet/ said to Mifra (SB.).
yatha has two distinct uses in both V. and B. :
1. as a relative adverb meaning as ; e. g. nunam yatha pura noiv as before (i. 89") ; yatha vayam usmasi tat krdhi as we wish that do (x. 38-) ; yatha vai puruso jiryaty evam agnir ahito jiryati as a man groios old, so fire ivhen it has been laid grows old (TS.). When there is a correlative in the RV., it is usually eva, sometimes tatha : in B. usually evam, sometimes tatha.
2. as a conjunction meaning in order that, so that, intro- ducing a posterior clause, generally with the subj.. rarely the opt. ; e. g. havis krnusva subhago yatha^asasi prepare the oblation that thou mayest be successful (ii. 26'-) ; a daivya vrnimahe 'vamsi, yatha bhavema milhiise anagah (vii. 97-) we crave divine aids that we may appear sinless to the gracious god : tatha me kuru yatha^aham imam senam jayani arrange it so for me that I may conquer this army (AB.) ; tathaiva hotavyam yatha^agnim vyaveyat it must be poured so that it should divide the fire (SB.).
«. In the RV. after verbs of knowing or saying yatha introduces an explanation = hoic ; e. g. kds t^d brxiyad anud^yi yathaj^dbhavat 7oho could tell MS this, (viz.) how the gift teas:' (x. 135''}. Occasionally it is used thus even without such verbs : nd prarafye savitur ddivyasya
1819 R
242 INDECLINABLE WOEDS" [180
l&d ydtha visvam bhuvanam dharayisydti ihai (power) of the divine Savifr (is not fo =) will not decay, (viz.) that he will support the whole icorld (iv. 54«).
yad (n. of the relative ya) is used in four distinct senses :
1. tliat, expanding the meaning of a word in the preceding principal clause ; e.g. grn6 tad, indra, te savo yad dhaipsi vrtram I praise this might// deed of thine that thou slayest Vrtra (viii. 62*^) ; kim aga asa, varuna, jy^stham yat stotaram jighamsasi sakhayam, what has been the chief guilt, 0 Varuna, that thou wishest to slay thy praiser (who is) tliy
friend? (vii. 86*j. This use is not common in V.
«. yad is similarly employed in B. with reference to a preceding tdd (often omitted) ; e. g. t^d ydt payasa srlnati : vrtro v&i soma asit that (= the reason why) he mixes Soma wifh mill- ijs) this: Vrtra was Soma (8B.). This nse is also found in B. after certain verbs : fiva kalpate it is suitable, ut sahate is able, ich^ti desires, yakt6 bhavati is intent on, veda knoivs, and isvara it is possible ; e. g. n^ hi td.d avak^l- pate ydd bruyat /or it is )wt suitable that he should saij (^B.).
2. n^ien with the ind. pres., imp., perf., aor., fut., and with the subj. ; e.g. yad dha yantl marutah sam ha bruvate ivhen the Mantis go along, they spealc together (i. 37^^) ; kam apasyo yat te bhir agachat ivhom didst thou see when fear came upon thee ? (i. 82'*) ; indras ca yad yuyudhate ahis ca, maghava vi jigye n-lien Indra and the serpent fought, the hountiful god conquered (i. 32^^') ; citro yad abhrat bright fflien he has shone forth (i. 66'^) ; tigma yad asanir patati, adha no bodhi gopah when the sharp holt shall fly, then he our protector (iv. 16^'^). It also occurs rarely in anacolutha with the pres. part, and the past pass. part, much as in English ; e. g. pacanti te vrsabhan, atsi t6sam yd.n, maghavan, huyamanah they roast hulls for thee, thou eatest of them, 0 bounteous one, tchen being called (x. 28"').
a. In B. ydd occurs with tlie sense of when with the pres.. fut., and aor., and in the sense of ichenever or ivhile with the impf.
8. v/used with the ind. pres.. the subj., or the opt. ; e.g.
]S0] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 248
yad, indrd, udaii nyag va huyase, a yahi tuyam //, 0 Indra. thou art caUccl ctJjove or hctoiv, come quicUi/ (viii. 65^) ; yad urdhvas tistha dravina^iha dhattad yad va ksayah if thou Shalt stand upright, bestow treasures here, or if thou shalt lie (iii. 8'). The opt. is used when it is assumed that the condition will not be fulfilled ; e. g. yad, agne, syam aham tvam, tvam va gha sya aham, syus te satya iha^asisah if 0 Agni, I were thou, or if thou iccrt I, ihij prayers here u-Qidd he fulfilled (viii. 44-").
a. In B. ydd is used with the opt. as in V. while with y^di the ful- fihnent of the condition is usually assumed) and with the conditional ; sa yd,d bhidyeta^artini arched y^jamanah if it xcere to break, the itacriftcer xmvM fall into misforhine (TS.) ; ydd evam nd^dvaksyo murdha te vy apatisyat ifilioii luidsi not spoktir lima, fin/ head icould have fallen to pieces (SB.).
4. in order that, in posterior clauses, with the subj., very rarely with the opt. in V. ; e. g. a vaha devatatiip sardho yad adya divyarn yajasi bring hither the host of the gods that thou magest adore tJie divine throng (iii. 19"^) ; yan nunam asyam gatim, mitrasya yayam patha that I mag now obtain refuge, f umuld go on Mitra's path (v. 64'').
((. In B. this use of ydd is very rare, occurring only a few limes with the subj. ; e. g. t^t prapnuhi y<lt te prano vatam apipddyatai
(Main thou this, that thy hreath may pat.s intu the irind (SB.).
yada when is used in V. and B. with the ind. perf., impf., pres., and with the subj. ; with the aor. ind. and the inj. in V. only ; and with the fut. and opt. in B. only. The correlative word (when there is one) is in V. ad, atha, adha, tdd, tarhi ; in B. atha and tarhi.
1. yada is most commonly used in the RV. with the aor. ind., when as the beginning of the action is emphasized, the sense is as soon as ; e. g. yad^d adevir asahista maya, atha^abhavat kevalah s6mo asya as soon as lie had overcome the ungodlji wiles, then Soma became his exclusivehj (vii. 98^') ; abhi grnanti radho yada te marto ami bhogam anat they
b2
244 INDECLINABLE WOEDS [180
praise tlui tvealth as soon as the mortal has dbtamcd tin/ reward (x. 7^). When the principal clause contains a historical tense, the aor. with yada has the value of a pluperfect.
a. Tlie injunctive is found only once with yada in the RV. : yada mfihyara didharo bhag^m, Indra, ad in ra&jk krnavo viryani irJien Own shall have necured for me mij f:hare, 0 Indra, then thou ahalf perform heroic deeds ivith my help (viii. 100^).
2. a. with the impf. and perf. ; e. g. yada visnus trini pada vicakrame, yada suryam divi . . adharaya, ad it te hari vavaksatuh icheii Vimu toolc his three steps, when thou didst fix the sun in the shy, then thy two lays grew in strength (viii. 122'>^") ; tasya yada marma^agachann atha^acestat as soon as they touched Iris weaJc spot, he quivered (MS.) ; sa yada^abhyam anuvaca^atha^asya tad indrah siras ci- cheda as soon as he had told them, Indra cut his head of{^B.).
h. with the pres. ind. : yada satyam krnute manyiim indro, visvam drlham bhayate 6jad asmat wJien Indra shows Ms true anger, all that is firm, trembling, is afraid of him (iv. 17^") ; yada vai pasur nirdaso bhavaty atha sa medhyo bhavati as soon as the victim is more than ten days old, it heconies fit for sacrifice (AB.) ; sa yada kesasmasrii vdpaty atha snati n-hrn he has cut ofi^his hair and beard, he bathes (SB.).
c. with the subj. (here = future perfect) : yada srtam krnavo 'tha^im enam pra hinutat pitrbhyah when thou shalt have made him done, then deliver him to the fathers (x. 16^) ; yada tarn ativardha, atha karsum khatva tasyam ma bibharasi when I shall have grown too big for it, you shall, having dug a pit, heep me in it (SB.).
8. a. with the fut. : yadaiva hota paridhasyaty atha pasan prati moksyami n-hen the Hotr shall hace conchided, I sJiall tighten the cords {A'B.).
b. with the opt. : s£ yada samgramdm j&yed fitha^aindragndm uir vapet as sooj^ as he may have icon a haftle, he should sacrifice to Indra and Agni (MS.).
yadi (/"(sometimes when with a past tense) is found with perf. and impf. in V. only; with the ind. pres., aor., fut.,
l^o] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PAETICLES 245
and with the subj. in V. and B. ; and with the opt. in B. only.
1. With the pert", used hibtorically and with the inipf. yadi means ivhen, the verb then having the force of a pluperfect ; e. g. lid astambhit samidha nakam agnir yadi bhrgubhyah pari matarisva havyavaham samidhe Agni supported the vault iclth fuel ■when Matarisvan from the Bhrgus had Idndled the oblation-bearer (iii. 5^°) ; yadi sahasram mahisan aghah, ad it ta indriyam mahi pra vavrdhe a-hen thou hadsf eaten a thousand bulls, thy might gretv great (viii. 12^). But when the perf. has the pres. perf. sense, yadi has its ordinary meaning of if: grahir jagraha yadi vaitad enam, tasya, indragni, pra mumuktam enam or if illness has seised him, from that release him, Indra and Agni (x. 1611).
2. a. with the pres. : yadi manthanti bahubhir vi rocate when theg rub witli their arms, he shines (iii. 29*^) ; adya muriya yadi yatudhano asmi to-day I would die, if I am a sorcerer (vii. 104^"') ; yadi na asnati pitrdevatyo bhavati if he does not eat, he becomes dedicated to the 3Ianes (SB.).
b. with the aor. : yadi matur lipa svasa . . asthita, adhvaryur modate if the sister (coming) //om the mother has approached, the priest rejoices (ii. 5") ; yady aha^enam pran- cam acaisir, yatha paraca asinaya prsthato 'nnadyam upaharet if//ou liave piled it frontways, it is as if one handed food from behind to one sitting with averted face (SB.).
c. with the fut. : yady eva karisyatha, sakam devair yajniyaso bhavisyatha if ye will act thus, ye shall become objects of worship together with the gods (i. 161-) ; yadi va imam abhimamsye kaniyo 'nnam karisye // 1 shall plot against him, I shall procure less food (SB.).
d. with the subj. : yajama devan yadi saknavama we will worship the gods, if we shall be able (i. 27^^) ; yadi stomam mama sravad, asmakam indram indavah . . mandantu
24^ INDECLINABLE WOKDS [180
if he shall hear mi/ song of praise, let our drops gladden Indra (viii. 1^ ') ; yadi tva^etat piinar bravatas, tvam brutat if thejj Uvo shall sag that to thee again, do thou say (SB.).
a. With the opt. yddi is (excepting one occurrence in the &V.) found in B. only, where this use is very common. Here a case is usually supposed with a rule applicable to it in the principal clause ; c. g. yadi na saknuyat, so guaye purolasam nir vapet if he should nof be able to do if, he should offer a cake to Agni (AB. .
8. after the verb vid Jcnoir, yadi is used in the sense of tchether in one passage of the KV, (x. 129') and often in B. ; e. g. hanta na 6ko v6ttu yadi hato va vrtro jivati va come, let one of us find out irhether Vrtra is dead or whether he is alive (SB.).
a. ySdi va is not only used after a preceding yadi in the sense of or if, but also alone in the sense of or, nearly always without a verb ; e. g. so anga veda yadi va na veda lie alone knows or he does not know (x. 129') ; yam vahanti satam asva yadi va sapta ivhoin a hundred horses draio, or seven (AV. xiii. 2" ; yadi va^itarathix or conversehj (SB.;.
yfi,rhi {at the time) ichen occurs only in B. , where it is used with the pres. or past ind., and with the opt. It has almost invariably tarhi or etarhi then as a correlative ; e. g. sa tarhy eva jayate yarhy aguim adhatte he is born at the moment when he lays his fire MS.) ; yarhi prajah. ksudham nigaeheyus tarhi navaratrena yajeta ichen his people should suffer from, luimjer, he should sacrifice u:ith the rite of nine nights (TS.).
y^smad does not occur as a conjunction in V., but it sometimes appears as such in B. meaning ichy ; e. g. atha yasraat samista- yaJTinisi nama now (follows the reason) why fJtei/ are called Samistuyajas (SB.)'. ■
yad (an old abl. of ya) is found in V. only. It is used with the indicative pres. or past, and with the subj. With the ind. it means as far as in the RV. ; e. g. arcamasi yad eva vidma tat tva mahantam (vi. 21'') we praise thee, the great, as far as we Icnow (how to) ; it seems to mean since in the AY. : ya aksiyan prthivim yad ajayata irlio ruled the earth since it arose (AV. xii. 1"''). With the subj. yad means as long as ; e. g. ananukrtyam apunas cakara yat suryamasa naitha uccarata^i he has once for all done what is inimitahlc as long as sun and moon aUernatclg shall rise (x. 08^").
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 247
yavat already appears in V. as an adverb meaning as far as, as long as, an extension of its ace. use ; e. g. yavad dyavaprthivi tavad it tat (x. 114*) as far as heaven and earth, so far it (extends) ; jiihomi havyam yavad ise / o_fer oblation as long as I am able (iii. 18'') ; ajato vai tavat puruso yavad agnim na^adhatt^ man is so long unborn, as he does not lag his fire (MS.)-
va or is employed much in the same way as ca and. It is enclitic, following the word to which it belongs ; and it connects words, clauses, or sentences ; e. g. ata a gahi divo va I'ocanad adhi come from here or from the shining realm of heaven (i. 6") ; yasya bharya gaur va yamau janayet irhose ivife or coic bears twins (AB.) ; prati yah sasam invati, uktha va yo abhigrnati irho promotes the law or welcomes songs of praise (i. 54').
". va...va is fi'equenlly used in the same way ; e.g. sakti va ydt te cakrma vida va ihat we have offered to thee according to our vower or knowledge (i. 31^*) ; ndktam va hi diva va varsati for it rains by night or hij dag (TS.) ; yad va^aham abhidudroha yad va sepa uta^dnrtam what evil I have plotted or what I have sworn false! g (i. 2:1-2).
h. But va...va also mean either. ..or. When they contrast two l)nncipal sentences in this sense, implying exclusive alternatives, the verb of the first is accented even when the second is incomplete ; e. g. ahaye va tan pradadatu soma a va dadhatu nirrter up^sthe let Soma either deliver them to the serpent or place them in the lap of dissolution I'vii. 104^) ; tad va jajnau tad va na jajnau she either agreed to it or did not agree to it (SB.) ; tasya va ivam mana icha sa va tava either do thou seek his heart, or he thine (x. 10'*).
vava (doubtless a contraction of two particles) is found in B. only. It emphasizes the preceding word in the sense oi certainly, just, being particularly frequent in the first of two correlated clauses; e.g. esa vav^ so 'gnir ity ahuh that is certainly the same Agni, they say (TS.).
vai is an emphasizing particle meaning tmlg, indeed.
1. In the EV. this particle occurs only in 28 passages, in all but three of which it follows the first word of the sentence ; e. g. bhadram vai varam vrnate tridg theg malce a good choice (x. 164-) ; iti va iti me manah so, indeed, so is my mind (x. 119') ; na vai strainani sakhyani santt
248 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
there arc, indeed, no friendships iriili iromen (x. 95^^j. The stress is laid on the whole sentence, not on any particular word. The particle is often followed by u (va u) without any perceptible change of meaning.
a. In tlie AV. the use is similar except that here the particle often api^ears after a demonstrative or a relative ; e. g. tdsmad wiX sd. pfira- bhavat therefore, imVed. he peiislud (xii. 4") ; yo v^i ta vidyat pratyak- sain, sa va adyd mahad vadet n-hoever maij knon: Uieui i^lainlij, he. verily, may speak aloud to-day (xi. 8^).
2. In B. vai usuallj^ occupies the same position, but often yields the second place to c6d, hi, khalu, and of course always to the enclitics iva, u, ca, sma, ha. When atho begins a sentence vai occupies the second place.
Here the use of vai in the first sentence of a narrative is typical ; e. g. yamo va amriyata : t6 deva yamya yamam apabruvan Yama died : the gods (then) dissuaded Yaml from (thinking of) Yama (MS.).
rt. The particle often ai:>pears in the concluding sentence in discus- sions ; e. g. tSsmad va apa upa sprsati that is, indeed, ichy he sips ivater (SB.)-
b. It is very often placed after the first word of a sentence that gives the reason for the one that follows ; e. g. sraddhadevo vai mdnur : avam nu vedava now Mami is god-fearing : >ve ttco iciV. therefore ascertain (SB.). When vai is used in this way the clause containing it is often equivalent to a parentlietical one ; e. g. te vaynm abruvan (ayam vai vayur yo 'yam pdvate) vayo tvam idam viddhi^iti theij said to Vdyu (noiv Vdyu is he ivho blows), ' Vdyn, ascertain this' (SB.). In this sense vai is especially frequent in periods of three clauses, when that with vai contains the reason, and that with evi, the conclusion ; e. g. ta etabhis tanubhih sdm abhavan ; pasdvo vai devanam priyas tanvah : pasubhir eva sd.m abhavan they were togetlier with tliese bodies ; now aiiiiuals are the bodies dear to thv gods: they tvere therefore together loifh animals (MS.).
c. The differences between the use of vdi and of eva in B. are the following : vdi coming after the first word emphasizes the whole sentence, while eva emijhasizes a particular word in any jjart of the sentence ; vi,i follows the first word of a sentence beginning a narra- tive, evd. never does ; in a period vai is typical in the clause stating a reason, eva in that expressing the conclusion.
180] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 249 sa is often used pleonastically before relatives in B. ; e.g.
r J. '
sa yo no vacam vyahrtam mithundna na^_,anunikrainat, sa sarvam para jayatai he icho shall not follow the word uttered bii us with (another of) the corresponding gender, lie shall lose every tiling (SB.). This use led to sa being employed in a formulaic way not only pleonastically but also without reference to gender or numljer ; e. g. tasya tani sirsani pra cicheda. sa yat somapanam asa tatah kapinjalah sam abhavat Jic struclc off his heads. Xo/r that /rhich had been Soma-drinJcing, from that arose the francoUne partridge (SB.) ; sa yadi na vindanti kim a driyeran now if they do not find it, why should they mind? (SB.).
Sim is an enclitic particle restricted to the KV. Originally the ace. sing, of a pronoun, related to sa as kim to ka, it is generally used (much like im) as an ace. of all numbers and genders in the third person — Jii)H, her, it, them, representing a substantive (which sometimes follows) and frequently placed between a preposition and its verb, occasionally also after a relative ; e. g. pari sim nayanti they lead him around (i, 95-) ; pi'a sim adityo asrjat the Aditya made them (the streams) to flow (ii. 28^) ; ni sim vrtrasya marmani vajram indro apipatat Indra has caused it, his holt, to fall on Vrtra's vital S2)ot (viii. 100") ; yam sim akrnvan tamase viprce, tarn suryam ichom they created to disperse the darkness, that sun (iv. 13^).
It. sim sometimeti giveij the relative tlie sense of ever; e.g. yat sim agas cakrma, sisrftthas tat whatever sin ue have tommitled, reimce thai ^v.85'). ■
su, su well, used asseveratively = thoroughly, fully, eerily and always referring to the verb, is almost restricted as an independent particle to the Samhitas, being common in the RV., but rare in the others ; e. g. jusasva su no adhvaram thoroughly enjoy our sacrifice (iii. 24'-) ; namah su te homage verily (be) to thee (VS. xii. 63) ; jaram su gaeha go safely to old age (AV. xix. 24'').
250 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
(h. With preceding u the particle means right well : ima u sti srudhi girah Uear these songs right well (i. 26^) ; vidmo &v asya mataram toe knoiv/uU well his mother (AV. i. 2').
b. With preceding ma it = by no means, not at all, never; e.g. mo su tva , . . asraan ni riraman let none by any means keep thee from us (vii. 321).
t. sii kam is used like the simple su except that it appears with tlie impv. only ; e.g. tisthata . . . su kam stand quite still (i. 191'^).
sma, an enclitic, slightly emphasizing particle, has two senses in the RV. :
1. It generally emphasizes :
a. demonstrative or personal pronouns, relatives, or nouns, and may be rendered by just, especially, or simply by stress ; e.g. tasya sma pravita bhava he his helper (i. 12*); sa srudhi yah sma prtanasu kasu cit . . . suraih svah sanita hear thou, who especially in all battles with heroes dost win the light (i. 129"^).
h. the verb, which or (if it is compounded) the preposition of which it follows (generally at the beginning of the sen- tence) ; e. g. smasi sma vayam esam tve are indeed theirs (i. 87^^) ; a sma ratham tisthasi thou mountest indeed iqwn thy car (i. 51^-). The verb is in the present ind. or the impv., rarely the perf. ; it appears to have been accented before sma judging by the only example (vi. 44:^**) in which it is not the first word in the sentence (App, III, 19 A),
c. adverbs and particles ; e. g. uta sma and especially : na sma and ma sma by no means.
a. In the AV. these emphasizing uses are simihir; but in B. they luive entirely disappeared.
2. In a few instances sma occurs in the RV. before pura with the pres. ind. to express that an action has habitually taken place in the past down to the present time ; e. g. ye sma pura gatuyanti who have alirays aided = irho aids now and formerly did so (i. 169'').
a. This use is not found in the AV., but has become extremely common in B., where sma is always preceded by ha. The meaning
Ml] CONJUNCTIVE AND ADVBL. PARTICLES 251
liere expressed is that something habitually took place in the past i^but does not as in the RV. include the present) ; e.g. nd ha sma vai pura^agm'r aparasuvrknam dahati formerhj Agni ustd not fo biun what K'rts not hppcd off with the axe ^TS.).
b. Much more frequently, however, pura is left out and the particles ha sma, from their frequent association with it, assume its meaning ; c. g. te ha sma yad deva asuraii jdyanti, tato ha sma^_,eva^ enan puuar upottisthanti as often as the gods defeated the Asuras, the latter ahcai/s op2)tjsed them again (SB.). This use of ha sma is very common with the jjresent perfect aha ; e. g. etdd dha sma va aha naraddh with regard to this Ndrada used to sag (MS.). Other tenses than the present with ha sma are found in the AB. where, in two or three passages, the perf. and the impf. are used with them in the same sense.
svid is an enclitic particle emphasizing the first word of a sentence, usually an interrogative pronoun or adverb. Ft may generally be translated hy pray ; e. g. kah svid vrks6 nisthito madhye arnasah irJiiU tree, pratj, teas that which stood in the midst of the sea? (i. 182"). In one passage of the RV. this particle gives the interrogative an indefinite mean- ing: mata putrasya caratah kva svit the mother of the son that traiiders irho litotes ichcre (x. 34^"). Very rarely (in double questions) the particle appears without an inter- rogative : asti svin nii viryam tat ta, indra, na svid asti : tad rtutha vi vocah is this thy heroic deed, 0 Indra, or is it not : that declare in due season (vi. 18'^).
a. In a few instances svid apfiears in non -interrogative sentences : tvaya ha svid yuja vayam abhi smo vajasataye ivUh thee as eompaa,ioii we are equipped for the Mainmenl of hoot g (viii. 102^).
h. The employment of svid in B. is similar; e.g. kam u svid ato 'dhi varam varisyamahe nitat boon, prag, begond this sitall we choose ? (MS.) ; tvam svin no brahmistho 'si art Ihoa, prag, tlie most learned of us ? (SB.; ; ydd ahgaresu juhoti tat svid agnau juhoti wl/at he pours on the coals, that itself he pours on the fire (MS.).
ha, an enclitic particle occurring after all words capable of beginning a sentence, has a slightly emphasizing and asseverative force. It is probably identical in origin with gha. but unlike that particle hardly ever (onlj^ twice) appears
252 INDECLINABLE WORDS [180
in the RV. with its vowel lengthened. It is common in the RV., occurring after personal, demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns, nouns, verbs, verbal prepositions, and adverbs.
a. In B. the use of this particle varies in frequency: it is com- paratively rare in the TS., where it generally appears with sma or with perfects; while in the iSB. it is extremely frequent. It lays stress on the first word of sentences so as to emphasize the connexion or to mark a new or important step in the narrative; e.g. iti marimrjyeta : ajarasam ha caksusman bhavati ya evam veda ivitli. these ivords he should loipe (his eyes) : so till old age he ivho knows this becomes possessed of vision (AB.).
b. It is very often used after the first word of a story with or without v^i. It apjjears predominantly with the perfect in those parts of the SB. and the AB. that narrate with the perfect, mostly with verbs of speaking. Thus sa ha^uvaca appeai-s here, while so "bravit is said elsewhere.
hanta occurs three times in the RV. as an interjection in
exhortations ; e. g. yajamahai yajniyan hanta devan votne,
we mil worship the adorable gods (x. 53-).
«. It is similarly used in B. : hanta>^imam yajnam sambharama
well, we ivitl xtrepare the sacrifice (AB.).
hi, in origin probably an emphasizing particle, is used throughout as a subordinating conjunction Avhich regularly throws the accent on the verb. It nearly always follows the first word of the sentence, or the second when the first two are closely connected. In V. it is used in two ways :
1 . in indicative sentences (the verb having sometimes to be supplied) to express the reason (like yap), meaning either for, if the clause containing it follows, or became, since, if it precedes ; e. g. balam dhehi tanusu no, tvam hi balada asi bestow strength on our bodies, for thou art a gicer of strength (iii. 53^*) ; srustivano hi dasiise devas, tan a vaha since the gods give car to the pious man, bring them hither (i. 45-j.
2. in exhortative sentences, mostly with the impv., as an emphatic particle = jjm?/, indeed; e.g. yuksva hi kesina hari pi'uu harness thy two Img-maned bag steeds (i. lO'').
180-181] PARTICLES. INTERJECTIONS 253
((. In B. throe uses ol' hi may be distinguished :
1. it expresses the reason, as in the first use in V., only that the clause containing hi always follows { = for only), and the verb is much oftener omitted than expressed ; e. g. t£d indro 'mucyata, dev6 hf s&h from ihat Indra freed himself, for he (is) a god (i^B.). The particle vdi is often added to strengthen hi ; e.g. vdjro hi va apah /or wafer I's indeed a thuvderboH (SB,).
2. it is sometimes employed to emphasize an interrogative = pray ; e. g. kathdm hi karisyfisi how, pray, wilt thou do it ? (SB.).
.3. it expresses assent in answers after a word repeated from a pi'eceding question ; e. g. tfim eva tv^m pasyasi^iti ; t^m hi ' do you see hivi?' Yes, (I see) him (SB.).
a. In B., when hi appeal's in the relative clause of a period explain- ing a previous statement, the verb of the principal clause (to which hi properly applies) is sometimes irregularly unaccented; e.g. iddm hi yada vfirsaty ^tha^osadhayo jayante for. ivhen if rains here, then the phmts .spring vp (SB.),
181. A certain number of words having the nature of interjections occur in the Samhitas. They are of two kinds, l^eing either exclamations or imitative sounds.
a. The exclamations are: bat (RV.) truly, bata (RV.) alas ! hanta come, used exhortatively with the subjunctive and hay6 come before vocatives ; hiruk and huruk (RV.) ^^«-a^.' hai (AV.) 7/0.'
1). Interjections of the onon^.atopoetic type are : kikira (RV.) used with kr = make the sound kikira = tear to tatters ; kikkita (TS.) used in invocations ; cisca (RV.) loMz ! (of an arrow), used with kr mal'e a ichkzmg sound ; phat (AV., VS.) crash! phal (AV.) splash! bal (AV.) dash! bhuk (AV.) hang ! sdl (AV.) clap !
CHAPTER VI
NOMINAL STEM FORMATION AND COMPOUNDS A. Nominal Stems.
182. Declinable stems, though they often consist of the bare root (either verbal or pronominal), are chiefly formed by means of suffixes added to roots. These suffixes are of two kinds: primary, or those added directly to roots (which may at the same time be compounded with verbal prefixes) ; and secondary, or those added to stems already ending in a suffix and to pronominal roots (which ai"e thus treated as primary stems).
1. Primary Derivatives as a rule show the root in its strong form ; e. g. v6d.-a m. hioivledge (vid Icnow) ; sdr-ana n. running (\/sr); kar-a making (%/kr); grabh-a m. sei;?er (^grabh). In meaning they may be divided into the two classes of abstract action nouns (cognate in sense to infinitives) and concrete agent nouns (cognate in sense to participles) used as adjectives or substantives ; e. g. ma-ti f. thought (man think) ; yodh-a, m.fyhter{judh. fight). Other meanings are only modifications of these two ; e. g. dana ( = da^ana) n. act of giving, then gift.
a. When the bare root is used as a declinable stem, it usually remains unchanged ; e. g. da m. giver, bhid f. destroyer, yuj m. companion, spas m. spy, vrdh adj. strengthen- ing. Roots ending in i or u take a determinative t ; e. g. mi-t f. pillar, stu-t f. praise. The root may appear in a reduplicated form ; e. g. cikit wise, j6-gu singing aloud.
b. Several primary nominal suffixes connected with the verbal system have already been sufficiently dealt with, viz. those of the pres. and fnt. participles : ant (85 ; 156), ana
J82] PRIMAEY NOMINAL STEMS 255
and mana (158) ; of the perf. act. part. : vams (89 ; 157) ; of the perf. pass. part. : ta and na (160) ; of the gerundive: ya, ayya, enya, tva, tavya ' and aniya" (162). The forma- tion of stems to which the primary suffixes of the com- parative and superlative, iyams and istha, are added has also been explained (88 ; 103, 2). Of the rest the following in alphabetical order are the most usual and important :
a: e.g. bhag-a m. share (^/bhaj) ; megh-a ra. cloud (mih discharge water); cod-a m. instigator (\''cud) ; sarg-a m. emission (/srj); nay-a m. leader (\^ni), priy-a pleasing (/pri); hav-a m. invocation (\/hu); jar-a m. lover (v^jr); ve-vij-a quicJc (vij dart), csira,-cav-Q, far-extending. The sub- stantives are almost exclusively m. ; but yug-a n. (Grk. ^vy-6-u ; Lat. jug-n-m).
an : m. a^ent nouns and about a dozen defective n. stems ;
e. g. uks-an m. ox, miirdh-an m. head, raj-an m. hing ; as-an n. hlood, ah-an n. dati, ud-an n. water, iidh-an n. bidder.
ana: n. action nouns: bhoj-ana n. enjoyment (v^bhuj), sad-ana n. seat {\^83id); kar-ana n. f?ea?(/kr); hav-ana n. invocation (\^hu); bhuv-ana n. being (\/bhu), vrj-ana n. enclosure ; also m. agent nouns : e. g. kar-ana active, mad- ana gladdening (\^mad), sam-gam-ana assemhling ; tur-ana speeding.
ana : f. action nouns : jar-ana old age, yos-ana woman, vadh-ana slaughter. This is also the f. form of adjectives in ana ; e. g. tur-ana speeding.
ani : f. action nouns, and m. f. agent nouns ; e. g. ar-ani
f. fire-sticli, vart-ani f. trach ; cars-ani active ; ruruks-dni tcilUng to destroy (from des. stem of ruj destroy).
1 Tlie second part, ya, of this suffix is secondary (182, 2), but the whole is employed as a primary suffix (162, 6). The first pai't, tav, is probably derived from the old infinitive ending tave (p. 192, 4).
- The second half of this suffix, iya, is secondary, but the whole fs t-mployed as a primary suffix (162. 6).
256 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is2
as : n. action nouns (with accented root) and agent nouns (with accented suffix) ; e, g. ap-as n. worlv (Lat. op-us), ap-as active ; raks-as n. demon, raks-as m. id.
a : f. action nouns (from roots and secondary conjugation stems) ; e. g. nind-a blame ; ji-gl-s-a desire to win ; gam-ay-a causinc/ to go ; asva-y-a desire for horses.
i : action nouns (nearly always f.) ; iigent nouns (adj. and subst.) ; and a few neuters of obscure origin ; e. g. krs-i f. tillage, aj-i m. f. contest; cakr-i active (/kr), suc-i bright; pan-i m. hand; aks-i n. eye, asth-i n. bone, dadh-i n. sour milTc.
is : n. action nouns (mostly with concrete sense) ; e. g. avc-ia flame, jjdt-is light, am-is rair flesh, havh-is straw,
u: agent nouns, adj. and subst. (mostly m., but several f. and n.) ; e. g. tan-ii thin (Lat. ten-u-i-s) ; bah-u m. arm (Gk. TTTJ-^-v-?), pad-ii m. foot ; han-u f. jair ; jan-u n. hiee (Gk. yov-v).
una: adj. and m. n. subst. ; e.g. tar-una ^/oirn^, dhar-una supporting, m. n. support, rait'h'UXidi forming a pair, m. couple ; var-una m. a god, sak-una m. bird.
us : n. action nouns and m. agent nouns ; e. g. dhan-us n. boiv ; jay-us victorious ; van-tis m. assailant.
u : f., mostly corresponding to m. and n. in u ; e. g. tan-u bod]i ; dhan-u sandbanA' (n. dhan-u) ; independently formed : cam-u dish, vadh-u bride.
ka (rare as a primary, but very common as a secondary suffix) : adj. and m. subst. : sus-ka dry ; at-ka m. garment, sl(3-ka m. call, sto-ka m. drop ; vrsc-i-ka m. scorpion.
ta : besides ordinarily forming perf. pass, participles, appears, in a more general sense, as the suffix of a few adjectives and of substantives with concrete meaning ; e. g. trs-ta rough, si-ta cold ; du-ta m. messenger, gax'-ta m. car-scat, mar-ta m. mortal, has-ta m. liand ; ghr-ta n. ghee, nak-ta n. night ; with connecting i : as-i-ta blacl; pal-i-td grey, r6h-i-ta red.
132] PRIMARY NOMINAL STEMS 257
li : cliiefly f. .iction nouns ; e. g. is-ti (h'sire, u-ti aid (v'^av), kir-ti praise (kr commemorate), ra-ti gift; is-ti offering, ga-ti motion, da-ti^ gift; didhi-ti devotion (dhi thinlx) ; amh-a-ti distress, am-a-ti indigence. It also forms some twenty agent nouns used either as adjectives or as m. substantives; e.g. ra-ti ivilling to give, vas-ti eager; jna-ti m, relative, dr-ti m. ^7i-/m, dhu-ti m. shaker, mus-ti m. fist, sap-ti m. steed, abhi-sti m. helxjer (but abhi-sti f. help) ; am-a-ti ])oor, ar-a-ti m. servant, vrk-a-ti m. murderer.
tu : chiefly forms the stem of dat., abl.-gen., and ace. infinitives; e.g. da-tii : D. da-tave and datavai ; Ab.G. da-tos ; A. da-tum ; also a few independent action nouns and still fewer agent nouns ; 6-tu m. ireft (va iveave), tan-tu m, thread ; ak-tii m. ray (anj anoint), r-tu m. season, jan-tii m. creature; vas-tu f. morning (vas shine); vas-tu n. ahode (vas direll : Gk. acr-Tv).
tr : agent nouns, often used participially governing an ace. (when the root is generally accented) ; e. g. gan-tr going to (ace), but kai'-tr m. doer, yas-tr sacrifieer (^yaj), us-tr ploughing hull ; less commonly with connecting vowel : cod-i-tr instigator, sav-i-tr stimulator ; a-mar-i-tr destroijer ; tar-u-tr trinning, tar-u-trm. compieror ; wdiY-u-tv protector; man-6-tr and man-o-tr inventor. This suffix also forms several names of relationship ; e. g. pi-tr m. father, ma-tr f. mother (101).
tnu forms more than a dozen agent nouns, mostly adj. ; e. g. kr-tnu active ; piy-a-tnii reviling ; maday-i-tnu intoxi- cating, stanay-i-tnu m. thunder.
tra : agent nouns, a few of them adjectives, the rest nearly all n. substantives, expressing the instrument or means ;
1 This word when the final number rif a compound is reduced hy syncope to tti : bhdga-tti f. ijiJI offniivnc, magha-tti f. receij)! of hmmli', v^su-tti f. receipt of )ceallli.
1819 S
258 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182
e.g. jai-tra victorious, yaj-a-tra adorahje; kse-tra n. field, pa-tra n. cup, vas-tra n. garment ; khan-i-tra n. slwvel. There are also a few masculines, as ddms-tia tusk (dams hite), mdn-tra prcujer, mi-tra friend (but n. friendshiii).
tra : occurs a few times as the f. form of the preceding : as-tra goad (as reach), ma-tra measure (Gk. /j.e-Tpo-u).
tha : action nouns, more often ni. than n. ; e.g. ga-tha m. song, bhr-tha m. ofcring, ra-tha m. car, ha-tha, m. slaughter ; ar-tha' n. goal, uk-tha n. saying (\/vac), tir-tha n. ford (\/tf cross), I'ik-tha n. inheritance (\/ric); with connecting vowel : uc-a-tha n. praise, stav-a-tha m. praise.
tha : occurs a few times as the f. form of tha : kas-tha course, ga-tha song, ni-tha tridc.
na : besides ordinarily forming perf. pass, participles (160, 1) appears as the suffix of a number of adjectives (f. na) and substantives, the latter mostly m., a few n. ; e. g. us-na hot, krs-na htacl; nag-na n(d;€d ; budh-na m. t)ottom, yaj-fia m. sacrifice, var-na m. colour; par-na n. wing, vas-na n. price-
na : as the f. form of na makes a few substantives : trs-na tJdrst, dh6-na cou\ s6-na missile, sthu-na i:)0st.
ni : m. and f. action and agent nouns (some of the latter adj.) : yo-ni m. receptacle, jur-ni f. heat ; pfs-ni spjcchled, pre-ni loving (\/pra), bhur-ni excited; ag-ni m. fire, vah-ni m. draught animal.
nu : action and agent nouns (including some adjectives), nearly always m. ; e. g. ksep-nii m. jerl; bha-nii m. light, su-nu m. son ; dhe-nu f. cow ; da-nu n. drop (m. f. demon).
ma: adj. and (almost exclusively m.) substantives; e.g. jih-raa ohlique, ^ag-ma mighty ; idh-ma m. fuel, ghar-ma ni. heat, sto-ma m. praise, hi-ma m. cold ; bil-ma n. chip ; hi-ma f. winter.
man : action nouns (very numerous), most of which are n.
^ firtha occars often in the RV. , but appears only three times (in Mandala X) as a m.; in tlie later language it is m. only.
18-2] PRIMARY NOMINAL STEMS 259
accented on the root, while a, good many are m. accented on the suffix ; e. g. aj-man n. course (Lat. ag-men), na-man n. name (Lat. no-mcn), bhu-man n. world, sas-man n. praise (Lat. car-men) ; jan-i-man n. hirtli ; var-i-man n, expanse ; bhu-man m. abundance, vid-man m. Inotvledge, prath-i-man m. breadth ; also a few rarely used m. agent nouns, mostly accented on the suffix ; e. g. vad-man m. speaker, sad-man m. sitter; as-man m. stone (Gk. dK-jxoov) ; 36-man victorious', some of these differ in accent only from corresponding n. action nouns (cp. as): da-man m. gioer: da-man n. gift; dhar-man m. ordainer: dhar-man n. ordinance; brah-man m. priest : brah-man n. irorship ; sad-man m. sitter : sad- man n. seat.
mi : adj. and m. (also one f.) subst. : ja-mi related ; iir- mi m. wave, ras-mi m. ray ; bhu-mi f. eartli.
mi : a few f. substantives : bhu-mi earth, laks-mi sign, siir-mi tutie.
yu : a few adjectives and m. substantives : yaj-yu pious, sundh-yu pure, sah-yu strong ; man-yu m. anger, mrt- yu m. deatli ; das-yu m. enemy, sim-yu m. enemy.
ra : many adjectives, mostly accented on the suffix ; e. g. ug-ra mighty, ■pat-a.-ra, flying, aj-l-ra sn-ift; grdh-ra greedy; vip-ra inspAred ; also several substantives of different genders (f. ra) ; e. g. ksu-ra m. razor, vam-ra m. ant ; khad-i-ra ni. a tree; aj-ra m. field (Gk. dy-po-s), vaj-ra ra. thunderbolt, sH-ra m. hero ; abh-ra n, cloud, ksi-ra n. milk ; ag-ra n. point, randh-ra n. hollow ; sar-i-ra n. body ; dha-ra f. stream, sii-ra f. intoxicating liquor.
ri : adj. and m. f. subst. ; e. g. bhu-ri abundant, vadh-ri emascidated ; jas-u-ri exhausted ; angh-ri m. foot, su-ri m. patron ; as-ri f. edge, us-ri f. dawn ; ang-ii-ri f. finger.
ru : adj. and a few n. substantives : ca-ru dear (Lat. ea-ru-s), hhl-rxi timid ; pat-a-ru ,/?7//m/ ; vand-a-ru jt>mism// ; san-e-ru otitaining; as-ru n. tear, smas-ru n. Ijeard.
va : adj. and (mostly m.) substantives; e.g. urdh-va
s2
200 NOMINAL STEM FOEMATION [182
(Gk. opO-o-s:), pak-va ripe, i£>nY-va, prccedinf/, sar-va all (Lat. sal-ru-s); as-va m, Jiorse (Lat. eq-tm-s), sru-va m. ladle; am-i- va f. disease.
van: adj. and subst. (mostly m., few n.) ; e.g. rk-van j^raising, krt-van active, yaj-van sacrificing ; adh-van m. road, gra-van m. stone ; par-van n. joint.
sa : adj. and subst. (all genders) ; e. g. grt-sa adroit. prk-sa dappled (s/prc); mah-i-sa mightii ; rj-i-sa rushing; ar-u-sa red; lit-sa m. fountain, drap-sa m. dro}!, puru-sa m. man ; piir-i-sa u. rul/ldsh ; man-i-sa f. devotion.
snu : adj. (from root or cans, stem) ; e. g. ji-snii victorious ; vadh-a-snil murderous ; car-i-snii wandering ; maday-i-snu mtoxicating.
2. Secondary nominal Suffixes.
The great majority of these form adjectives with the general sense of relating to or connected with.
a : forms a large number of adjectives expressing the sense of relation to or connexion with the primitive word ; many of them have in the m. become apjjellatives and in the n. abstract nouns. The first syllable in the great majority of instances is strengthened with Vrddhi (the f. then always takes i) ; e. g. marut-a relating to the Maruts (mariit) ; daiva divine (deva god); parthiva eartldij (prthiv-i earth) ; manav-a hclonging to man (man-u), m. human being ; tanv-a helonging to the body (tanu) ; dasarajn-a n. battle of the ten Icings (dasa-rajan) ; maghon-a n. bounti fulness (magha- van bountiful) ; without Vrddhi : bhesaj-a adj. healing, n. medicine; sakhy-a n. friendsliip [saikhi friend); hotv-an. office of priest (hotr).
a : forms the f. of adjectives which in m. and n. end in a : e. g. nava f., nava m. n. neiv ; priy-a f.. pi'iy-a m. n. dear ; gata f., gata m. n. gone.
ani : forms the f. of names of male beings in a, or f. personifications ; e. g. indr-ani wife of Indra, mudgal-ani
182J SECONDARY NOMINAL SUFFIXES 261
wife of MuclgaUi ; arany-ani itympli of tite Forcd (aranya) ; urj-ani Slrength (urj afrcngtli).
ayana : forms m. patronymics with initial Vi ddiii ; e.g. kanv-ayana descendant of Kanva.
i : forms in. patronymics, witli initial Vrddhi, from nouns in a ; e. g. paurukuts-i descendant of I'uruJcutsa ; samvaran-i descendant of Samcavana. Similarly formed is sarath-i m. charioteer (from sa-i'atha dr'wimj on the same chanot).
in : forms numerous adjectives, in the sense of possessing/, almost exclusively from stems in a ; e. g. ark-in praising (ar-kajjra/se); from other stems: arc-in radiant {•axc-iheam), var-m-in clad In armour (var-man) ; irregularly formed : ret-in abounding in seed (r6t-as), hiran-in adorned -with gold (hiran-ya).
iya {= ya after conjunct consonants): forms adjectives of relation ; e. g. abhr-iya derlred from the clouds (abhra), indr-iya belonging to Indra, samudr-iya oceanic.
i : forms the f. of m. stems made with suffixes ending in consonants (95), or with tr (101 e), and often of stems in u (98 <j or in a (always when formed with Vrddhi) ; e. g. ad-at-i eating, av-i-tr-i protectress, prthv-i broad (prthu), dev-i goddess (dev-a). Cp. 107.
ina : forms adjectives, chiefly expressive of direction, from the weak stem of derivatives in anc ; e. g. arvac-ina turned towards (arvanc hitherward) ; also others expressing the general sense of relation ; e. g. visvajan-ina (AV.) con- taining all kinds of people.
iya : forms general adjectives, chiefly in the later Samhitas ; e.g. grhamedh-iya relating to the domestic sacrifice, parvat- iya mountainous ; ahavan-iya used for the o?>?afi'ow(a-havana), as a m. sacrificial fire (AV.).
eya : forms m. patronymics as well as a few general adjectives; e.g. adit-eya m. son of Adit I ; paurus-eya relating to man (piirusa).
262 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [is-i
ka : forms adjectives and diminutives : e. g. anta-ka making an end (data), dura-ka distant, mama-ka mu ; pada- ka in little foot, raja-ka m. Icinglet ; with Vrddhi and con- necting i : vasant-i-ka belonging to the spring (vasanta). The f. of some of the diminutives is formed with ika ; e. g. kumar-ika f. little girl (kumara-ka m. little hog).
tana and (its syncopated form) tna : form adjectives with a temporal sense from adverbs and prepositions ; e. g. nu-tana and nu-tna present (nu now) ; sana-taua and sana-tna eternal (sana from of old) ; pra-tna ancient (pra hefore).
tama : forms superlatives (from nominal stems and the prep, lid) and ordinals ; e. g. puru-tama very many ; ut-tama highest ; sata-tama hundredth.
tara : forms comi^aratives from adjectives, substantives, and the prep, aid : tavas-tara stronger ; rathi-tara better charioteer] lit-tara higher.
ta : forms abstract f. substantives Avith the sense conveyed by the English suffixes -ship and -ness; e.g. bandhu-ta relationship, vasu-ta icealthiness ; deva-ta divinity, purusa- ta human nature.
tati and (less often) tat: form abstract f. substantives (like ta) ; e. g. jyestha-tati superiority, sarva-tati complete welfare (Lat. salu-tati-) ; deva-tat divine service, sarva-tat completeness (Lat. salu-tcd-),
tya : forms a few substantives and adjectives from adverbs and prepositions : ama-tyam. companion (ama at home); apa- tya n. offspring; ni-tya constant, nis-ty a, foreign (nis out).
tva : forms n. abstract substantives (like ta) ; e. g. amrta- tva n. immortality, maghavat-tva liherality.
tvana (= tva-na): forms n. abstract substantives (nearly all of tliem duplicates of others in tva) ; e. g. jani-tvana wifehood, sakhi-tvana friendship.
tha : forms a few ordinals as well as adjectives (from pronominal stems) with a general numerical sense ; e. g.
I
182] HECONDAKY NOMINAL SUFFIXES 26y
catur-tha fourth, sapta-tha seventh ; kati-tha the how- inanieth ?
ni : forms the f. of pati lord and of parusa knotty, as well as of several adjectives in ta denoting colours ; thus pat-ni mistress[G\s.. woT-via), parus-ni a river ; 6-ni variegated (6-ta). In a few of the colour adjectives ni is substituted for the linal a, wliile k takes the place of t ; e. g. asik-ni hlack (as-i-ta).
bha : forms m. names of animals ; thus rsa-bha and vrsa-bha bull ; garda-bha and rasa-bha ass.
ma : forms superlatives (partly from prepositions) and a few ordinals ; e. g. ava-ma lotvesi ; madhya-ma middle- most; nava-ma ninth (Lat. novi-mu-s), dasa-ma tenth (Lat. deci-mu-s).
mant : forms adjectives in the sense of 2^ossessi/ig from substantives (except stems in a) ; e. g. asani-msint possessing the thimderhoU, ^vatvL-mamt powerful ; go-mant rich in cows, caksus-mant ^MssessecZ of eyes.
maya : forms adjectives (f. i) in the sense of consisting of; e. g. manas-maya spiritual, mrn-maya made of clay (mrd).
mna : forms a few n. abstracts from nouns or particles : dyu-mna brightness, su-mna welfare.
ya : forms adjectives of relation, m. patronymics and n. abstracts. Most of the latter two classes take Vrddhi of the first syllable, but only about one-fourth of the adjectives do so ; e. g. pasav-ya relating to cattle (pasii) ; aditya m, son of Aditi ; taugrya m. son ofTugra, but also tiigr-ya ; adhipa- tya n. lordship (adhipati overlord).
ra : forms comparatives (from prepositions) and ordinary nouns, mostly adjectives ; e, g. ava-ra lower ; dhum-ra grey (dhuma smoke) ; rath-i-ra riding in a car (ratha).
la : forms adjectives and a few m. diminutives ; e. g. 'k.di^i-ldi{moyikey-coloured=) brown, hahu-la abundant ; vrsa-la m. little man, sisu-la m. little child.
vat : forms a few f. abstract substantives, almost cxclu-
264 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [182-183
sively from prepositions, expressing local position ; e. g. ud-vat hchjld. ni-vat deptli.
van : forms adjectives in the sense oi possessing and a few m. substantives ; e. g. magha-van houiififul, srusti-van obedient, samad-van u-arUlcc; athar-van m. fire-priest.
vant : forms adjectives, from every kind of nominal stem, in the sense of possessing ; e. g. as va- vant and asva-vant owning horses : sakhi-vant having friends ; visnu-vant accom- panied hg Vhnu ; roman-vant hairg ; payas-vant containing milli. Some of these derivatives, especially those formed from pronominal stems, have the sense of resemhUng ; e. g. ma-vant lile me ; nr-vant manly. From this sense is derived the use of the n. ace. as an adv. of comparison ; e. g. manus- vat like 3Ianus.
vin : forms adjectives from stems ending in a (which is lengthened), a, and as ; e. g. ubhaya-vin iKirtal^ing of both (ubhaya), astra-vin obedient to the goad, yasas-vin glorious. Exceptionally formed are dhrsad-vin bold (dhrsat) and vag-vin eloquent (vac).
sa : forms adjectives and m. substantives, sometimes without change of meaning ; e. g. eta-sa variegated (eta id.), yuva-sa youthful (yiivan id.), roma-sa hairy (roman hair) ; anku-sa m. Itool:, kala-sa m. jar.
183. The above lists of suffixes practically supply the rules of gender for the Vedic noun. These may be summarized as follows :
Speaking generally, bare roots as stems, if action nouns, are f., if agent nouns, m.
Derivative stems in a, i, u are f. ; stems in a, t, n may be m. or n. ; stems in i and u may be of any gender.
a. Feminine are all stems formed with the suffixes a, i,^ U ; ta, tat, tati, ti,^ tra.
^ Except seven m. stems in i : see 100, I h.
■ But when stems in ti appear as agent nouns they aiv m., and m. f. as adjectives.
]S:J-184] GENDEK. COMPOUNDS I'Bo
h. Neuter are all stems formed ^\•itll is, tva, tvana, aiul, unless adjectives^ or agent nouns,' those formed with ana, as, us.
c. Masculine are (in so far as not used adjectivally) all stems formed with the sutlixes yu, va ; ayana, i,^ ka, bha, la.
d. Masc. or fern, are stems formed with the suffixes ni, nil, mi, tr^ : also stems formed with the bare root.''
e. Masc. or neut. are stems formed with the suffixes a, ta, tha, na, vma, ma, ya, ra, tya, tra, tu, an, man, van ; also adjectives formed with in, vin, ina, iya, tana, tama, tara, maya, mant, vant.
/. Masc, fem., neut. are stems formed with i or u.
B. Compounds.
184. I. Verbal Compounds are formed by combining roots with twenty prepositions and a few adverbs. The compound verb (which, however, in finite forms is actually compounded only in subordinate clauses when the j) reposition immediately precedes the verb) is conjugated like the simple verb. Thus gam go combines with sam together to sam-gam go together, unite ; 3. s. sam-gachati. The compound root can l)e used to form nominal stems by means of the primary suffixes enumerated above (182, 1); e.g. sam-gam-a m. union.
a. The prepositions which are compounded with roots are the following : acha to/cards, ati begoiul, adhi ujjon, anu after, antar between, apa atrag, api on, abhi against, ava down, a ^ near, iid up, ni down, into, nis out, para away,
^ When they are of course m. as well as n. - When they are m. •* In patronymics.
^ Stems in tr are always m. when they are agent nouns. ^ These when used as adj. are occasionally, neuter. '' The preposition a reverses the sense of \erb8 of going or giving ; e. g. a-gara cume, a-da take.
2()6 VERBAL COMPOUNDS [is4
pain around, pra fortit, prati towards, vi asuHikr, sam together.
h. A few adverbs are also compounded with a limited number of verbs :
aram at hand is combined with kr = serve (dat.), prepare (hcc.) ; with gam = serve ; with bhu = serve, conduce to (dat.).
avis openly is combined with as, bhu and kr only ; with the two former it means become visible, appear ; e. g. avis santi being manifest ; avir agnir abhavat Agni became manifest ; with kr it means malce visible, e. g. avis karta make manifest.
tiras aside is combined with bhu be and dha ' put only ; e. g. ma tiro bhut may it not disappear.
puras in front is combined with kr do and dha put only ; e. g. krnotu ratharn purah may he place (our) car in the forefront.
srad, an old word meaning heart (Gk. KapS-ia and KpaS-Lr], Lat. cord-), having acquired the character of an adverb, is once combined with kr and often with dha, put in the sense of p)ut faith in, credit ( = Lat. credo for cred-do), but is nearly always separated from the verb by other words ; e. g. srad asmal dhatta believe in him ; srad visva varya krdhi entrust cdl boons (to us).
pra-dur {before the door) begins to appear in the AV. in combination with bhu = become manifest, appear.
c. A few substantives, after assuming an adverbial charac- ter, appear compounded, like verbal prefixes, with jjarticipial forms in the AV. These are : asta-m ^ home with i go : astam-yant setting, astam-esyant alout to set, astam-ita set ; namas obeisance with the gerund of kr make : namas- krtya doing homage.
^ In the SB. aiul later tiras is al«o combined witli kr do. 2 This word is still a substantive in the RV.
184-185] VERBAL COMPOUNDS 267
In the RV. a few substantives designating parts of the budy are compounded with the gerund of grab seize: karna- gi'hya seizing by the ear, pada-grhya seising bg the foot, hasta-grhya grasping hy the hand.
(1. The interjection hin is compounded with kr in the sense of utter the sound hin, murmur ; e. g. hin-krnvati lowing. There are also a few reduplicated interjectional w'ords, mostly onomatoi3oetic and nearly always ending in a, that appear compounded with bhu and kr : alala-bhavant sound- ing merrily ; janjana-bhavant sparkling ; malmala-bhavant glittering ; bharbhara-bhavat became confounded ; bibiba- bhavant cracUing ; kik.ira krau tear to tatters ; masmasa karam I have crushed; masmasa kuru and mrsmrsa kuru crush ; akhkhali-krtya croaJcing.
a. The latter compound is the only cx\mple in the RV. of i appearing in&tead of a before kr or bhii. The AV. has vati-krta n. a disease (from vata ivind).
II. Nominal Compounds.
185. From the Indo-European period the Vedic language has inherited the power of combining two or more words into one treated like a simple word as regards accent, inflexion, and construction. Both in the frequency and in the length of compounds the Vedic language resembles the Greek of Homer. In the RV. and the AV. no compounds of more than three independent members are met with, and those in which three occur are rare, such as purva-kama- krtvan fulflling former wishes.
The two characteristic features of a compound are unity of accent and employment of the uninflected stem in the first member (or members) ; but there are exceptions to both these rules. Occasionally tmesis of a compound occurs.'
^ Chiefly in dual comi^ounds, as dyava ha ksama heaven and earth ; also in a few others, as nd.ra va samsara, for nara-samsam. It takes plaice only when the compound is doubly accented.
'268 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [185-18(5
The yaiidhi between the members is, moreover, sometimes different from that between words in a sentence.
a. The gender of compounds, if they end in substantives, is with few excejitions that of the last member ; the gender of collectives is always neuter. The number in comjiounds depends on the sense ; that in collectives is always singular. When the word appearing as the first member has two stems, the weak stem is used ; when it has three, the middle stem (73 a). In substantive compounds the last member retains, as a rule, its gender, form, and inflexion ; while in adjectival compounds the gender and inflexion of the last member are of course variable.
h. Classification. Vedic compounds may be divided into three main classes according to their syntactical relations : 1. Co-ordinatives, or those in which the members are co-ordinated ; 2. Determinatives, or those in which the first member determines or limits the sense of the last ; 3. Possessives, or adjectives tlie general meaning of which implies possession (as bahv-anna possessing miicJi food). To these must be added, in order to classify Vedic compounds exhaustively, three lesser groups : 4. Governing com- pounds, or adjectives in which the first member governs the last in sense (as ksayad-vira rulUui men) ; 5. Syntactical compounds, or irregular formations arising from the juxta- position of t\'\'o words in a sentence ; G. Iteratives, or repeated words treated as compounds in the Sainhitas inasmuch as they have only one accent and a special meaning when thus combined.
1. Co-ordinative (Dvandva) ' Compounds.
186. These consist of two suljstantives, far less commonly adjectives, connected in sense with ' and '.
1 This term applied to co-(jrdiiiutiv(j« by the later Hindu gram- marians, means pair or couple.
ISC] CO-ORDINATIVES 209
A 1. The most numerous group (about three-fourths of all the Dvandvas) in the Rigveda comprises those compounds (nearly always names of deities) in which each member is dual in form and has a separate accent ; e. g. mitra-varuna Mttraand Varuna; ma,tar3i--pitsira motJwr and father ; dyava- prthivi heaven and earth. In the RV. the two duals are often separated, as in the line a nakta barhih sadatam usasa let Night and Dawn seat themselves tijjon the litter. The proper genitive of such compounds is e. g. mitrayor varunayoh. But as these co-ordinate duals early came to be regarded as a unit, the commonest ending of the first member, that of the N. A., came to be retained unaltered in the other cases: G. mitra-varunayoh, I. mitra-varunabhyam. A further step towards unification is taken in a minority of cases in which the first member loses its accent and the last syllable of the final member (irrespectively of its original accent) receives the acute, as surya-candramas-a sun and moon (candra-mas). The last stage in the Rigveda appears in four examples in which the first member assumes the stem- form, e. g. indra-vayu Indra and Vdyu. In the later Sam- hitas and in B. this is the prevailing type in new formations, e. g. daksa-kratu m. vnll and understanding (TB.).
2. Another type is represented by the plural Dvandvas * which express pairs of groups. These show the stem-form in the first member and the accent on the final syllable of the last. The only examples in the RV. occur in Book X ; e.g. aho-ratrani- days and nights, ajavayas goats (aja) and sheep (avi) ; but in the later Sainhitas this type becomes quite general, e. g, bhadra-papah (AV.). the good and the Ijad.^
^ Cp. Latin su-ove-tauriUa, a later type representing three groups.
- This Dvandva shows a double in-egularity : the gender of the first member has prevailed over that of the second, and the f. stem ratrl has been changed to ratra.
^ Several of the cardinal numerals are old Dvandvas, e.g. dva- dasa iicelre Qwo and ten), dva being an old dual ; tr&yo-dasa thirteen ijliiee and ten).
270 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [1S6-187
3. There occur in the Samhitas a few singular Dvandvas which express a collective sense and are always neuter/ and accent the final syllable ; e. g. ista-purtam " ivJiat has been offered or given ; krta^akrtam (AV.) what has been done and not done ; kesa-smasrii n. Jiair and beard (AV.) ; bhadra- papam (AV.) good and evil] samista-yajiis (VS.) sacrifice and sacrificial formuJa.
B. Dvandvas consisting of adjectives are rare. They are of three types :
1. The adjectives designate colours, their combination expressing a mixture of the two, as nila-lohita dark blue and red = darh red.
2. They express a contrast, as utkula-nikula (VS.) going uphill and doivnhill.
3. They are used with dual sul)stantives to express that each is an attribute of one unit of the kind, as pad-bhyam daksina-savyabhyam (AV.) irifh the two feet, the right and the left.
a. The old dual Dvandvas (A 1) are frequently repi-esented by elliptical duals which put one of a pair in the dual to express both, as dyava = heaven and earth ; mitra = Mitra and Varum ; pitara = father and mother ; matara = mother and father, parents.
2. Determinatives.
187. This numerous class of compounds comprises two groups. In the larger group (2 a) the first member has the value of a substantive dependent, in the sense of an oblique case, on the second, which may be either a verbal noun or an ordinary substantive. This may be called the dependent determinative group (named Tatpurusa by the later Hindu grammarians). In the other group (2 I)} the final member,
1 Cf. the Greek vvxOqiJ-epoi'.
- Originally doubtless istapurta, dual in both members.
187] DETERMINATIVES 271
if an ordinary substantive, is described adjectivally, or, if a verbal noun, adverbially, by the first member. This may be called the descriptive determinative group (called Karma- dharaya by the later Hindu grammarians).
2 a. Dependent (Tatpurusa) Determinatives.
A. The first member (substantive or pronoun) may have the sense (and often even the form) of any oblique case. When it has an ace, inst., abl., or loc. sense, the final member is mostly a verbal noun ; ^ when it has a dat." or gen.' sense, it is always an ordinary noun.'* The compound may be a substantive or an adjective, according as the last member is one or the other.
1. In ace. dependents the final member is always a verbal noun ; e.g. havir-ad eating the olilathn ; go-ghna coir-slayimj, asva-haya° urging on steeds; deva-madana exhilarating the gods ; gara-girna (AV.) ''' liaving swallowed jMtson ; bhtiri- davan giving much ; bhadra-vadin uttering an auspicious cry ; vaja-sati f. act of winning hoot// ; vrtra-hatya n. act of slaying Vrtra.
2. Inst. : indra-patama most drunk l>y Indra ; agni- dagdha hurnt ivith fire ; deva-tta ^ given by the gods ; aritra- parana, adj. crossing ivith oars ; tanu-subhra shining {nuth = ) in body ; bala-vijnaya to he recognized by liis strength.
^ The subdivision ending in verbal nouns may be called ' verbal dependents '.
2 Examples of this sense are very rare. The final member is an ordinary adjective or sulistantive.
^ The final member of genitive dependents is always an ordinary substantive.
* The subdivision ending in ordinary substantives may be called ' nominal dependents '.
5 Cf. Greek linTo-Sapio-s horse'iaming.
" An example of the rare use of a past pass. part, in a tr.ansitive sense.
■7 tta for datta (H'>o, 2 6).
272 NOMINAL COMPOUNDS [is7
3. Dat. : vakmaraja-satya falt/i/ul to the onlaincrs of hymns ; visva-sambhu salutary for all.
4. Abl. : go-ja produced from cows ; tivra-su-t pressed from the fermenting mass.
5. Gen. (the commonest sense) : raja-putra Icing's son ; vis-psitilo rd of the clan; deva-kilbisa m. offi nee against the gods ; ' dru-pada n. post ofivood.'
6. Loc. : ahar-jata (AV.) horn in the day ; uda-pluta (AV.) swimming in the water ; purii-bhu being in many places ; bandhu-ksit dwelling among relatives.
a. In their first member many dependent compounds retain the case-ending, most commonly the ace, often the loc, but the rest rarely. Sing, endings (ace. and inst.) may express a plur. sense. Plur. endings (ace. and loc.) some- times occur, but du. endings never in these compounds.
The aec. generally expresses the object of a transitive verb. The form in am is, in the RV., the rule before the verbal nouns -kara maJcing, -caya collecting, -jaya conquer- ing, -tara overcoming, -dara cleaving, -bhara hearing, -ruja hrealdng, -sani winning, -saha overwhelming ; e. g. abhayam- kara pirocnring security, dhanam-jaya winning tjooty, pur- am-dara,^ destroying forts, sutam-bhara * receiving pressed Soma ; it also occurs before other verbal nouns, not infre- quently before such as l^egin with vowels ; e. g. dhiyam-dha devout, visvam-inva all-moving, asvam-isti^ seeding horses. An example of a cognate ace. is subham-ya moving in hrilliance, and of an adverbial ace, ugram-pasya (AV.) looling fiercely. Examples of an ace. pi. ending are ka-cit- kara doing all manner of things ; pasva-isti "' desiring Jcine.
1 An example of an objective genitive.
2 Here the genitive expresses the material. ' The singular ace. form with plural sense.
* Also im in pustim-bhard hringing pro^pcrilij ami harim-bliaril
hearinc/ fhe lawny (bolt).
•'■' This and asvam-isti are Tatpurusa possessives (181), 2).
187] DEPENDENT DETERMINATIVES 278
Inst. : gira-vi'dh irjoiciiif/ i» soiu/ ; sunesita driren hy dogs ^ (suna) ; vidmanapas worlchuj (apas) trith wisdom (vidmana) ; ksudha-mara (AV.) m. death hy hunger ; vaca- stena - thief hy speech, secretly injuring hy words.
Dat. : the only example seems to be found in the loose syntactical compound dasyave vrka wolf to the Basyu, used as a proper name.
Abl. : divo-ja produced from heaven ; divo-ruc shining from the shy.
Gen. : very common before pati hitshand or lord, as gna-s- pati hushand of a divine woman-, ja-s-pati lord of a family ; brahmanas-pati lord of prayer:" It also occurs in the proper names divo-dasa servant of heaven and sunah-sepa Dog's-tail.
Loc. : common in the RV. before agent nouns formed from the simple root ; e. g. divi-yaj worshipping in heaven ; x'athe-stha standing o)i a car ; also before several formed with a : e. g. divi-ksaya dtvelling in heaven. There are also several examples of plurals, as apsu-sad direlling in the waters; gosu-yudh fighting in {= for) Jcine ; hrtsv-sis ptiercing the heart. The singular also occurs a few times before an ordinary adj. or subst., as made-raghu quick in exhilaration ; svapne-diihsvapnya (AV.) n. evil dream in sleep.
a. If a root forms the last member of a Tatpurusa, final long vowels (a, i, u) undergo no change, while short vowels* (i, u, r") usually add a determinative t ; e. g. agre-pa drinkbuj first ; yajna-ni leading the
^ Singular ending with plural sense.
2 A rare example of an inst. with an ordinary substantive as final member.
^ By the false analogy of these words are also formed from a stems rta-s-pati lord of pious ivorks and r^tha-s-pati lord of (he car. DSm-pati lord of the house probably = dd.m-s-pati.
* Radical a, as a shortened form of a, often appears as a final, hciefiy in the later Samhitas, as agre-ga going in front, nama-dhd (AV.) name-giving.
1819 T
274 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [187-188
sacrifice ; raja-3u king-creating ; but divi-ksi-t dwelling in heaven ; soma- su-t Soma-2n-essing ; jyotis-kf-t light -creating. There is, however, no t added in va,na,T-guforest-ruaming.^
2 h. Descriptive (Karmadharaya) ^ Compounds.
188. This class of Determinatives is comparatively rare in the Samhitas. The last member is generally an ordinary substantive, but is sometimes a verbal or an ordinary adjective. The relation of the first member to the last is appositional, attributive, or adverbial. It is expressed in three ways :
1. By a Substantive. If followed by a subst., it has an attributive sense equivalent to an adj. expressing sex or a compound nature; e.g. purusa-mrga (VS.) m. [man =) male antelope ; ultika-yatu m. owl demon, i. e. demon in form of an owl ; purusa-vyaghra (VS.) m. man-tiger, a kind of demon ; vrsa-kapi m. man-ape.
If followed by a verbal adj., the preceding subst. is usually appositional in sense ; e. g. isana-krt acting as a ruler ; st6ma-tasta fashioned as a hymn of praise. But sometimes it is adverbial ; e. g. rtv-ij sacrificing in season = regidarly ; sarga-takta speeding with a rush.
a. Before a verbal noun a substantive sometimes implies a com- parison ; e. g. dhara-vakd. sounding like a stream, syend-jiita speeding like an eagle. Similarly before an ordinary adjective : suka-babhru (VS.) reddish like a parrot.
2. By an Adjective. If followed by an ordinary subst., the adj. has the usual attributive sense ; e. g. candra-mas m. (bright) moon ; krsna-sakuni (AV.) m. raven (lit. hlacJc
' Final u sometimes appears as a shortened form of u in some Tatpurusas, as dhi-jii inspiring the mind; puru-bhii appearing in many 'places.
2 This is the term applied to this class of compounds ))y the later
Hindu grammai-ians.
iss] KARMADHARAYA COMPOUNDS 275
bird) ; nava-jvara m. new pain ; maha-grama ' m. (jrcat hod ; yavayat-sakha m. protecting friend^- Sometimes the qualify- ing adj. indicates a part of what the last member expresses ; e. g. adhara-kantha (VS.) m. hiver (part of the) neclc ; ardha-deva m. demi-god ; purvahna ' m. forenoon ; ma- dhyam-dina * m. midday.
If followed by a verbal noun, the preceding adj. is adverbial in sense ; ^ e. g. asu-patvan " swift-// i/ing, i. e. flying swiftly ; asu-heman swiftly-speeding ; sana-ja horn of old (= sana) ; satya-yaj sacrificing truly {— satyam), dvi-ja (AV.) horn ttvice.'' Similarly before ordinary adjectives : visva-scandra all-glittering ; hari-scandra glittering yellow ; try-artisa '' (AV.) ruddy in three places.
a. At the end of Karmadliarayas the final n of an stems is dropped" in eka-vrsa (AV.) m. onJtj buU, maha-vrsa (AV.) m. great bitU, bha- drahd' (AV.) n. auspicious daij.
8. By an Adverb (inclusive of particles and prepositions) : aksnaya-druh injuring wrongly ; amutra-bhuya (AV.) u. state of being there • evara quite (eva) ready (ara) ; punar- nava renewing itself; punar-bhu arising again; puro-yavan going before ; puro-hita placed in front ; sato-mahat equally (sa-tas) great ; satyam-ugra truly mighty ; sayam-bhava
' As first member of Karmadharayas (and Bahnvrihis) mahfit appears as maha ; but the AV. has mahat-kandd great section. ^ Here siXh-i friend becomes sakha. Cf. 189, 4 d and 189 A. 2 a. .^ Here dhan day is syncopated and extended with a ; also in apar- ahnd (AV.) afternoon, ny-^hn-a (AV.) decline of dag.
* With case-ending retained in the first member.
'^ The sense is rather appositional in purva-pa drirJdng (as) frst, vamd-jata horn as one dear, i. e. dear hy nature.
* Cf. Gk. uiKv-ireTTjs swift-flying.
'' Here the cardinals are used for the numeral adverljs dvi-s, tri-s.
^ This is much commoner in Bahuvrlhis (189, 4). ^ Also in sad-ahd (AV.) m. period of six days (189, 4),
t2
276 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [iss-iso
(AV.) m. hecomimi evening ; pasca'-dosa (VS.) m. later part of the evening; ida-vatsara ' (AV.) m. the present year ; puro- agni* (VS.) m. fire in front; su-da giving tviUinghj ; duh- seva imfavouraUe ; a-mitra m. non-friend, enemy ; su-vasana n. fair garment ; ati-krsna excessively darJc ; pra-napat m. great grandson ; adhi-raja m. supreme king ; pra-vira ni. great hero ; sam-vatsara m. fidl year.
3. Possessive (Bahuvrihi) Compounds.
189. These compounds are secondary adjectives. They are determinatives (generally Karmadharayas), ending in substantives, which have been transformed into adjectives agreeing in gender, number, and case with another substan- tive expressed or understood. The transformation is accom- panied by a shift of accent from the final member to the first. The term ' possessive ' is probably the most appropriate as applied to these compounds, for it expresses their general meaning in the vast majority of cases ; in a few instances the more comprehensive sense of ' connected with ' is required to indicate the relation between the substantive and the Bahuvrihi compound agreeing with it ; e. g. visva-nara belonging to all men. Possessives are of two kinds :
1. Karmadharaya Possessives, in which the first member is an attributive adj. (including j^articiples), an appositional subst., or an adverb (including particles and prepositions) : e. g. ugra-bahu powerful -armed ; hata-matr whose mother has heen slain ; rusad-vatsa having a shining calf; asva-parna horse-winged, i. e. whose wings are horses ; indra-satru having Indra as a foe ; raja-putra having Icings as sons ; hiranya- nemi whose fellies are (made of) gold; asta-pad^ eight-footed, dvi-V3^d-' two-footed ; ittha-dhi having such thought, devout; puro-ratha ivhose car is in front; vi-griva wry-necJced;
1 Here the adverbs preceding ordinaiy substantives are = adjectives.
2 Gk. oKTw-TToS-. ^ Lat. li-ped-.
I
189] BAHUVRIHI COMPOUNDS 277
an-udra ' icatetiess ; a-pad footless ; ku-yava causing a bad harvest] dus-pad ill-footed; su-parna heautiful- winged.
a. In some i^ossessives based on appositional Karmadharayas a comijarison of the first with the final membei- is implied ; e. g. varsajya
(AV.) ichose rain is (like) butter ; vrksd,-kesa whose trees are (like) hair, tree-haired = wooded (mountain).
I). The superlatives jy^stha chief and srestha hest, tlie comparative bhiiyas more, and para higher, are used substantively as final member of possessives : indra-jyestha huriiifj Indra as chief, yaraa-srestha (AV.) of whom Yania is lest, asthi-bhuyams (AV.) having bone as its chief part = cliiefly bone, avara-s-para^ (VS.) in ichich the lower is higher, topsy-iurvij.
2. In Tatpurusa Possessives the first member most commonly has a gen., not infrequently a loc, but rarely an inst. or ace. sense. The case-ending is in several instances retained. Examples are: rayas-kama having a desire for wealth ; divi-yoni having {his) origin in heaven ; bhasa-ketu recognimhle hg light ; tvam-kama having a desire for thee.
a. In possessives based on gen. Tatpurusas, the first member often implies a comparison, but never with a case-ending ; as agni-tejas
i^AV.) having the brightness of fire, fire-bright ; fksa-griva bear-necked ; go-vapus cow-shaped ; mano-java hating the swiftness of thought, swift as thought; mayiira-ronian having the plumes of peacocks.
b. When a loc. sense is intended, 25arts of the body appear as the last member; e.g. asru-mukha (AV.) Iiacing tears on her face, tear- faced ; ghrta-prstha having butter on his back, butter-backed ; patra-hasta
(AV.) having a vessel in his hand ; mani-griva liaving pearls on the neck ; madhu-jihva having honey on ids tongue ; vajra-bahu having a bolt on his arm.
8. Bahuvrlhis come to be used substantively, when the noun with which they agree is dropped : thus su-parna fair-iuinged, m. bird. Of this use there are three appli- cations :
a. These compounds very frequently appear as m., some- times as f., proper names, the adjectival sense often not
' Gk. dv-v5po-s,
' Here the s of the num. survives from the use of the two words in syntactical juxtaposition. Cp. the later para-s-para and anyo-'nya.
278 NOMINAL STEM FOKMATION [189
occurring at all. Thus brhad-uktha adj. having great 2)t'aise, m. a seer : brhad-diva adj. (licelling in high heaven, m. a seer, f. brhad-diva a goddess ; m. as names only, Priya-medha [to ivhom sacrifice is dear) and Vama-deva {io whom the gods are dear).
b. They appear not infrequentl}^ as n. substantives with an abstract (sometimes a collective) sense, especially when the first member is the privative particle a- or an-, or the adjective sarva all ; e. g. an-apatya, adj. childless (AV.), n. childlessness', sarva- vedasa (AV.) n. whole 2)ro;pcrty', ni-kilbisa n. deliverance from sin ; matr-bandhu (AV.) n. maternal Jdnship.
c. With numerals, from dvi two upwards, as their first member, they form sing, neuters ' (always ending in ac- cented a) with a collective sense ; e. g. tri-yuga n. period of three lives ; dvi-raja (AV.) n. battle of two lungs ; dasangula n. length of ten fingers (4 d).
4. The final member of Bahuvrlhis is liable to various changes tending to make it end in a.
«. The n of several words in an, k^rmau," dharaan, naman, p4rvan, vfsan, sakthin, is frequently dropjied in ordinary Bahuvrlhis, and that of dhan in numeral collectives ; e. g. visvd-karma^ jierforming all icork, priya-dharaa occupying desirable places, chando-nami (VS.) named metre, metrical, vi-parva* joinfless, dvi-vrs£ (VS.) having txvo hulls, lomasd- saktha (VS.) haxing hainj thighs ; sad-aha (AV.) ni. pei'iod of six days.
b. Tlie suffixes a and ya ai'e frequently added, and sometimes ka ; e. g. catur-aks-d four-eyed, su-g^v-a having fine cows, anyodar-ya horn from another womb (uddra), ddsa-mas-ya ten months old, madhu-hast-ya
honej-ha)ided, try-amba-ka haring three mothers, vi-manyu-ka (AV.)/rec from anger, a-karnd-ka (TS.) earless.
c. The suffix in {possessing) is sometimes pleonasticallj' added : maha-hast-m having large hands, ku-nakh-in (AV.) having had nails.
' Except those formed with aha day, which are m., as sad-aha m. series of six days.
2 But this word retains its n in seven compounds in the RV.
* But also viiSvdL-karman.
* But a-parv&n and vfsa-parvan.
189] BAHUVEIHI COMPOUNDS 279
yaio-bhag-in (VS.) rich in (jlonj, sa-rath-in (VS.) riding in the same chariot.
d. a is substituteil for i in kava-sakbd^ having a niggard for a friend, and in dasangulfi n. length of (en fingers (anguli). On the other hand, i is substituted for a in some comiiounds of gandhd. smell, and in a few others : dhumd-gandhi smelling of smoke, kr.std-radhi (AV.) attaining success (radha) in agriculture, prd.ty-ardhi to uhoin the half (drdha) belongs.
e. In the f. of Bahuvrlhis pSti hnshand or lord, instead of remaining unclianged, takes the f. form of the subst, (patni ivife) in das^-patni having a demon as master, deva-patni having a god as a husband, vfsa- patni ruled by a mighty one, sura-patni haring a hero as a husband.
4. Governing Compounds.
189 A. In this class, which embraces a considerable number of compounds, the first member, being either a preposition or a verbal noun, governs the last in sense. They resemble Bahuvrlhis in form^ as well as in their adjectival character.
1. In the prepositional group, in which about twenty examples occur in the RV., the first member is a preposition capable of governing a case ; e.g. ati-ratra^ lasting overnujld ; anu-kama according to ivisli ; a-pathi and a-pathi he'mg on the icay ; paro-matra going beyond measure, excessive.
a. Like Bahuvrlhis, compounds of this type may become substan- tives ; e. g. upanas-a adj. being on a xoagon, n. (AV.) sipace on a %mgon.
b. The final member, when it does not end in a, adds the suffix a, and ya sometimes even when it already ends in a ; e.g. anu-path-a going along the road, adhas-pad-a being under the feet, pard-ks-a (AV.) aicay from the eye (^ks), puro-gav-a m. leader (going before the cows) ;
1 Otherwise sakhi remains unchanged in both Bahuvrlhis and Karmadharayas (but 188, 2) in the RV. ; cp. 189, 2a.
2 But the meaning is entirely different ; for in tlie prepositional class the first member has the sense of a prep, (not an adj.), and in the verbal class, it has a transitive (not an intransitive) sense. In the latter class the final syllable of a part, is always accented (but in Bahuvrlhis only when that is the natural accent).
' Here ratri night becomes ratra, as in the Dvandva aho-ratrfi n. day and night.
280 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [WJ
adhi-gart-ya helufj on ike car-seal (gartai, antah-parsav-y^ (VS.) hciiKj hchveen the libs (pdrsu), upa-mas-ya (AV.) occurring every montli (masa), tiro-ahn-ya (being beyond a day), belonging to ihe day (ahan) before yesterday.
2. In the verbally governing class the first member is an
agent noun or an action noun governing the last member as
an object. With a single exception ' they never add a suffix.
Three types (in all of which examples of proper names
occur) may be distinguished.
a. In the commonest type, which is ;\hnost restricted to the RV. , the first member is a participle ending in dt formed from transitive present stems in a, d, or dya ; e. g. rdhd,d-vara - increasing goods, tardd- dvesas overcoming (tdrat) foes, dharayat-kavi supporting the wise, man- daydt-sakha' gladdening Ids friend. The following are used as proper names: rdhdd-ray'^ {^increasing wealth), jamdd-agni* {going to Agni), bharad-vaja {carrying off the prize).
b. Only three or four examples occur of a second type, in which the first member consists of a simple present stem (probably representing an imperative) : rada-vasu^ dispensing icecdth, siksa-nar-d" helping men; as the name of a man : trasa-dasyu {terrify the foe).
c. Some half dozen examples occur in the RV. of a third type, in which the first member is an action-noun in ti : dati-vara giving treasures, viti-radhas enjoying the oblation, vrsti-dyav causing tlie sky to rain ; as the name of a man : pusti-gu m. {rearing kine).
5. Syntactical Compounds.
189 B. A certain number of irregular compounds are formed in a manner differing from that of any of the four classes described above. They may be treated as a class, since all of them have been produced by the same cause: frequent syntactical juxtaposition in a sentence.
^ siksa-nar-d ; see below, note G.
^ rdhdt aor. i^art. of rdh increase.
^ saikhi friend becomes sakha in two other governing compounds: dravayat-sakha speeding his friend and sravaydt-sakha making his friend famous. Cf. 188, 2, note 2.
* jaraat is a palatalized form of an aor. jiart. of gam go.
^ In this and the following example the a of rada and siksa is metrically lengthened.
® Here the stem of the final member is extended with a.
iJfiV
i«»] SYNTACTICAL COMPOUNDS 281
a. The relative adverb yad (a nominally formed abl.) in so far as has come to be compounded with a superlative in the adj. yac-chrestha tJie best jwssibJc (lit. in so far as best), and with a gerundive in the adv. yad-radhyam as quicJdi/ us 2)ossible (lit. in so far as attainable).
b. The initial words of a text begin to be compounded in the later Samhitas as a substantive to designate that text. Thus ye-yajamaha (VS.) m., used in the N. pi., means the text beginning with the words yd yajamahe.
c. Several subst. or adj. compounds have resulted from phrases consisting of two words in juxtaposition. Thus aham-uttara (AV.) n. disinite for precedence (from aham uttarah I am higher) ; mama-satya n. dispute as to oicner- ship (from mama satyam it is certainlij mine) ; mam-pasya (AV.) designation of an aphrodisiac plant (from mam pasya look at me) ; kuvit-sa some one (from kuvit sa is it he r") ; aham-sana (voc.) rapacious (from aham sana I icill obtain) ; aham-purva eager to be first (from aham purvah I should he first); kim-tva (VS.) asJcing garrulouslg (from kim tvam what are ijou doing?).
6. Iterative Compounds.
189 C. Substantives, adjectives, pronouns, numerals, adverbs, and prepositions are often repeated. They are then treated as compounds, the second member losing its accent and the two words l^feing written in the Pada text with the Avagraha between them, as in other compounds. This class resembles other compounds in having a single accent, but differs from them in having not the stem but the fully inflected form of nominal words in the first member. In the KV. the iteratives number over 140, rather more than half of them being substantives. The sense conveyed by the repetition is frequency, or constant succession in time, or distribution in space. Examples of the various kinds of iteratives are the following :
282 NOMINAL STEM FORMATION [189
a. Substantives: ahar-ahar/ div6-dive,^ dyavi-dyavi ever}/ day, masi-masi mo7ith after month ; grh6-grhe, dame- dame, vise- vise"- in cvenj Jwuse ; angad-angat /rom every limb ; diso-disah (AV.) from evert/ qttarfer ; yajnasya-yajna- sya of ever!/ sacrifice ; parvani-parvani in cveru joint ; agnim-agnim (duvasyata), {ivorship) Agni again and again ; annam-annam {AN.) food in perpeiiiitg.
h. Adjectives: panyam-panyam . . somam Soma who is again and again to be praised ; pracim-pracim pradisam each eastern direction ; uttaram-uttaram samam (AV.) each folio tcing gear.
c. Pronouns : tvam-tvam aharyathah thou didst ever rejoice; yad-yad yami whatever I asJc ; tat-tad . . dadhe /<e always bestows that?
d. Numerals : panca-pafica five each time ; sapta-sapta (tredha three times) seven in each case {= 21).''
e. Adverbs:^ yatha-yatha as in each case; adyadya svah-svah on each to-day, on each to-morrow.
f. Prepositions : the four which are found used thus are lipa. para, pra, tam ; e. g. pra-pra . . sasyate it is ever proclaimed.
g. The only example of a verbal form occurring as an iterative is piba-piba drinli, drink.^ Otherwise a repeated verb is treated independently ; e. g. stuhi stuhi praise, praise.
1
' ahar-divi day after day, is a kind of mixed iterative.
- For divi'-divi and visf-visi, owing to tho influence of the frequent loc. in 6 from a stems.
^ In the SB. such words are repeated witli va : yavad va yavad va and yatame va yatanie va.
* Sucli iteratives led to the formation of regular compounds in B. : eka-ekah (AV.) : ekaikah (^SB.) ; dva-dva .RV.): dvan-dvdm (MS.) in twos, dvan-dv^ patV (B.).
^ In a few instances repeated adverbs are not treated as compounds, both words being accented : nil nu now, noiv ; ih^hd. (AV.) here, here, but always iheha in RV.
' In the SB. also occurs yajasva-yajasva.
/
CHAPTER VII
OUTLINES OF SYNTAX
190. Having in the preceding parts of the present grammar dealt with single words in their phonetic, their derivative, and their inflexional aspects, we now turn to their treatment in syntax, which regards their arrangement and mutual meaning when they are combined to form a sentence, which is the expression of a connected and definite unit of thought. The parts of which the sentence may consist are either inflected words : the noun (substantive and adjective) and the verb, the participle which shares the nature of both, and the pronoun ; or uninflected words : prepositions, adverbs, and conjunctions. A comparison of the syntax of the RV. with that of classical Sanskrit shows (1) that the use of the middle voice, the tenses, the moods, the inflected participles, the infinitives, and the genuine prepositions is much fuller and more living in the former, while (2) that of the passive voice and of indeclinable par- ticiples is much less developed, that of absolute cases and of adverbial prepositions with case-endings is only incipient, and that of periphrastic vei'bal forms is non-existent. The later Samhitas and the Brahmanas exhibit a gradual transition by restriction or loss in the former group and by growth in the latter to the condition of things prevailing in classical Sanskrit.
The Order of Words.
191. Since metrical considerations largely interfere with the ordinary position of words in the Samhitas, the normal order is best represented by the prose of the Brahmanas,
284 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191
and as it there appears is, moreover, doubtless the original one.
The general rule is that the subject begins the sentence and the verb ends it, the remaining members coming between.
a. The subject begins the sentence ; e. g. visah ksatriya- ya balim haranti the peasants pay tribute to the prince (SB.). It may, however, be preceded by a particle like uta or occasionally by any other member of the sentence intended to be strongly emphasized ; e. g. pray aj air vai devah svargam lokam ayan htj means of the Fratjdjas the gods went to the heavenly ivorld (SB.).
h. The verb occasionally moves to the beginning of the sentence when it is strongly emj^hasized ; e. g. yanti va apa, 6ty aditya, 6ti candrama, ydnti naksatrani the ivaters move, the sun moves, the moon moves, the stars move (SB.). A predicative noun with the copula (which may be omitted) "being equivalent to a verb, naturally occupies the same position ; e. g. sarve ha vai deva agre sadrsa asuh all the gods in the heginning were similar (SB.) ; mitro vai sivo devanam Mitra, indeed, is the Jcindly one among the gods (TS.). Nevertheless the predicative noun, being emphatic, is as a rule the first word in the sentence ; e. g. martya ha va agre deva asuh the gods ivere originally mortals (SB.) ; piiruso vai yajnah the sacrifiee (is) a man (SB.).
c. As regards the cases, the ace. is x>laced immediately before the verb ; e.g. chandamsi yuktani devebhyo yajnam vahanti tlie metres, when they are yoJced, take the sacrifice to the gods (SB.). Adverbs and indeclinable participles occupy a similar position. Occasionally such words move to the beginning ; e. g. divi vai soma asid, atha^iha devah in heaven was Soma, hut here the gods (SB.).
d. The apposition, including patronymics and participles, follows the word which it explains or defines ; e. g. some raja Soma, the King. A participle, in its proper sense, if
101] ORDEK OF WORDS 285
emiihatic may be placed at the beginning ; e. g. svapantam vai diksitam raksamsi jigharasanti H is when lie sleeps that the llalcmses seek to slay the initiated man (TS.).
e. The attribute, whether adjective or genitive, precedes its substantive ; e. g. hiranyayena rathena nuth golden car (i. Sb'^) ; devanam hota the priest of the gods. Only when adjectives are used in apposition, especially as epithets of the gods, do they follow ; e. g. mitraya satyaya to Mitra, the true (TS.)- Also adjectives designating the colours of certain animals, especially horses and cows, are found after the subst. The subst. belonging to a gen. is placed before the latter only when it is emphatic.
,/; The preposition belonging to a verb precedes it, always in B., generally in V.. where, however, it also sometimes follows ; e. g. jayema sam yudhi sprdhah ive would conquer our foes in battle (i. 8-^). The preposition as a rule imme- diately precedes the verb, but is often also separated from it by one or more words ; e. g. a sayakam maghava^adatta the Bounteous One seised his missile (i. 32 ■) ; apa tamah papmanam hate she drives aivay darkness and sin (TS.). When a compound verb is emphatic, the preposition alone as a rule moves to the front occupying the position that the simple verb would occupy ; e. g. pra prajaya jayeya I tvould increase with progeny (TS.).
When used with substantives the genuine prepositions as a rule follow their case, while the prepositional adverbs precede it. The reason of this doubtless is that the former supplement the sense of the case, while the latter modify the sense much more emphatically.
g. Multiplicative adverbs precede their genitive ; e. g. trih samvatsarasya three times a year.
h. Enclitics cannot, of course, begin a sentence. If they belong to a particular word they follow it ; otherwise they tend to occupy the second position in the sentence. The enclitic particles that follow the word with which they are
286 , OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [191
most closely connected are ca, va, iva, cid ; kam is restricted to following nu, su, hi in V., and sma to follow- ing ha in B. The other unaccented particles, u, gha, ha, svid, which refer to the statement of the whole sentence, occupy the second (or third) position in the sentence.
i. Even accented particles for the most part cannot begin a sentence. They either follow the word they em- phasize in any position in the sentence : a, eva, kam ; or they occupy the second position in the sentence, as empha- sizing the whole statement : anga, aha, id, kila, khalu, tu, nii, vai, hi.
The only particles that can begin the sentence are atha, dpi, uta ; also na if it negatives the whole sentence, but if it negatives the verb only, it follows that.
j. Forms of the pronoun ta tend in B. to occupy the first position, especially sa when it anticipates a proper name in dialogues, or tad as an ace. when famous authorities are quoted ; e. g. sa hovaca gargyah (SB.) Garg/ja spoJce (as follows) ; tad u hovaca^asurih with regard to this Asuri said (SB.). The order is similar when atha or api are used : api hovaca yajnavalkyah (SB.).
Jc. In relative and interrogative sentences there is nothing peculiar except that, as these two classes of words tend to begin the sentence, cases of them come to occupy the first position which in ordinary sentences do not occupy it ; e. g. kim hi sa tair grhaih knryat what indeed should he do with this house ? (SB.).
a. The last position in the sentence is exceptionally occupied in the following ways : 1. very often by final datives as a supplement to the sentence ; e. g. t£t pasiin eva^_^asmai pdri dadati guptyai thus he hands the cattle over to him for protection f^SB.) ; 2. by the subject either when it is the name of an authority quoted or when it is ecxuivalent to a relative clause; e. g. sd ha^uvaea gargyah so said Gurgya ; aindrdm carum nir vapet pasvikamah o»e (who is^ desirous of cattle should assign a pap for Indra (TS.).
192-193] ORDER OF WORDS ^287
192. There is neither an iiulelinite nor a definite article in the Vedic language. Their moaning is inherent in the substantive much as personal pronouns are in forms of the definite verb. Whether the one or the other is meant is made sufficiently clear by the context ; e. g. agnim ile purohitam I praise Agni the domestic priest (i. 1^); agnim manye pitaram Agni I deem a father (x. 7''). In B. the anaphoric use of ta is sometimes very nearly equivalent to the definite article (cp. 195 B 3^ p. 294).
Number.
193. 1. Singular words with a plural or a collective sense are always treated strictly as singulars, being never con- strued with a plural form of the verb (cp. 194).
2. The dual number is in regular use and, generally speaking, in strict application. But in certain parts of the RV. the plural is often used instead of the dual of natural pairs ; sometimes also otlierwise ; e. g. sam anjantu visve devah., sam apo hrdayani nau let all the gods, let the waters unite the hearts of us two (x. SS"*').
a. A m. or f. du. is sometimes used to express a male and female of the same class ; e. g. pitara = father and mother ; matara = mother and father. This type of the dual has its widest application in naming pairs of deities by means of one of them and is equivalent to dual compounds containing both names ; e.g. dyava heaven and earth (= dyava-prthivi) ; usasa Datvn and Night {= usasa-nakta) ; mitra 3Iitra and Varuna {= mitra- varuna). Sometimes the other member of the pair is added in the N. sing. ; e. g. mitra tana na rathya varuno yds ea sukratuli Mitra [and Varuna) and the very wise Varuna, like two constant charioteers (viii. 25^).
3. a. The plural is sometimes used (analogously to the dual) so as to include the other two of a group of three ; e. g. dyavah the (three) heavens — heaven, air, and earth ;
288 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX {m-m
prthivih fJie (three) eart]i.<^ = earth, air, and licavcn.'^ This inclusive plural is also found with the names of the two other members of the group added in the N. sing, ; thus abhi samrajo varuno grnanty, abhi mitraso aryama sajdsah to it the universal sovereigns Varnna, to it the Mifras {= Mitra, Varuna, Arytiman), and Aryaman, accordant, sinq (vii. 38^).
1). The 1. pers. pi. is sometimes loosely used instead of the sing, or du. ; thus Yama in his dialogue with YamI says na yat pura cakrma kad dha nunam rta vadanto anrtam rapema how ]}ray can we, tvhat we have never done lefore, spealdng of righteous things now talh of ichat is unrighteous 1 (x. 10^). The plur. of personal pronouns is also occasionally used in a similar way ; thus in the dialogue of Yama and YamT (x. 10*) nas alternates with the correct nau : sa no nabhih, paramam jami tan nau that is our bond of union, that our highest kinship. This occasional looseness is probably due to the situation for the moment being regaided more generally so as to include others ; u^e would then mean I and those present, we tu-o and others in liJce circumstances. In B. the use of the pi. for the sing, of the first pers. of the personal pronoun is not infrequent both when the pronoun is expressed and when it is latent in the verb ; e. g. sa ha^ uvaea : namo vayam brahmisthaya kurmah he replied : ire {— 1) shoiv reverence to the most learned wfawfSB.) ; varam bhavate gautamaya dadmah we (= I, Jaivali) offer a hoon to his Honour Gautama (SB.).
Concord.
194. The rules of concord in case, person, gender, and number are in general the same as in other inflexional languages.
^ To this iitse is probaljly due the conception of tlie three heavens and three earths in Vedic cosmology.
194] COXCOED 289
A. 1. To the rule that the verb agrees with its sub- stantive in person and number the exceptions are very rare. Thus the sing, of the word tva many, having a pi. sense, appears once with a pi. verb : jay an u tvo juhvati many a one sacrifices for victories (MS.). On the other hand, there are a few examples in the RV. of a neut. pi. taking a verb in the sing. ; e. g. dhrsnave dhiyate dhana to the hold man booty accrues (i. 8P).
2. a. When two sing, subjects have one verb, the latter in most cases is in the dual ; e. g. indras ca yad yuyudhate ahis ca when Indra and the dragon fought (i. 32^''^) ; urjam no dyaus ca prthivi ca pinvatam may heaven and earths increase our strength (vi. 70'') ; indras ca somam pibatam brhaspate do ye tiro, Indra and {thou), 0 Brhaspati, drink Soma (iv. 50^'^).
When one only of two subjects is expressed, the other liaving to be supplied, the verb is also in the dual ; e. g. a yad indras ca dadvahe ivhcn (I) and Indra receive (viii. 34^'^) ; brhaspate yuvam indras ca vasvo divyasya^ isathe 0 Brhaspaii, ye two, (thou) and Indra, dispose of heavenly wealth (vii. 97^°). In B. this usage seems to be found only when the verb is in the third person; e.g. prajapatih praja asrjata : ta brhaspatis ca^anvavaitani Prajapati created beings: (he) and B rhaspati followed them (TS.).
a. In a minority of cases two sing, subjects take a sing, verb when they are equivalent in sense to a dn. compound ; e.g. tokdm ca tdsya tdimysm ca vardhate his offspring and famihj prosper (ii. 25').
P. In B. when two sing, subjects are connected by ca the verb is in the du. ; but if a contrast is intended, in the sing. ; e.g. tdsya dhata ca^aryama ca^ajayetam from her Bhalr and Anjaman were hmn (MS.) ; but prthivya vdi m^dhyam cav^amedhyd.m ca vyud akramat from the earth there issued on the one hand the pure and on the other the impure (MS.).
b. When there are more than two subjects the verb is not
necessarily in the pi., but may agree with only one of them.
1. If each of the subjects is sing, the verb is sing. ; e. g.
1819 U
290 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194
mitras tan no varuno rodasi ca dyubhaktam indro aryama dadatu let Mifra, Varum, Eodasl, Indra and Aryamayi give us this divine wealth (vii. 40^).
2. If the subjects are of different numbers the verb may- agree with either one or the other ; e. g. avad indram yamuna trtsavas ca Yamuna and the Trtsus helped Indra (vii. 18^^) ; indro vidur angirasas ca Indra and the Angirases Mow it (x. 108^0).
Tlie du. and pi. take the du. or the pi. ; e. g. girayas ca drlha dyava ca bhuma tujete the firm mountains and heaven and earth trembled (i. 61^^) ; dyava ca yatra pipayann aha ca where heaven and earth and the daijs have given almndance (vii. 652).
a. In B. a sing, and a du. subject take a verb in the sing, or jil. ; 0. g. vyamamatr^u paksau ca pticham ca bhavati hoik the wings and the tail are a fathom in length (TS.) ; tav asvinau ca sfirasvati ea^apam phendin vdjram asincan the As'vins and Sa7-asvat't moulded the foam of the 'Waters into a holt (SFj.) ; a sing, and a pi. take the verb in the pi. ; e. g. devas ca vdi yamds ca^_^asmin loke 'spardhanta the gods and Yama fought for (the possession of) this world (TS.).
jS. In B. anyo 'nyd one another takes the verb in the sing., du., or l^l. according as one. two, or several agents are intended ; e. g. tabhyah s& nfr rchad yo nah prathamo 'nyo 'nyasmai druhyat of these he shall he deprived who first of us mag cheat another vTS.) ; ned anyo 'nySm hin^satah lest they injure each other (SB.) ; tani srstany anyo 'nyena^ aspardhanta being created they fought with one another (SB.).
3. When two or more subjects of different persons take a verb in the du. or pi. the first person is preferred to the second or third, the second to the third ; e. g. aham ca tvam ca sam yujyava land thou will unite together (viii. 62^^) ; tarn yuyam vayam ca^asyama may you and we obtain him (ix, 98^'^). Occasionally, however, the third person is pre- ferred to the first ; e. g. ami ca y6 maghavano vayam ca miham na suro ati nis tatanyuh m,ay these patrons and we pierce, through as the sun the mist (i. 141^^).
E. 1. An attributive adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case. The exceptions are few
194] CONCORD 291
and unimportant, being chiefly due to the exigencies of metre.
a. The cardinals from five to nineteen, being adjectives, show some peculiarities of concord : in the oblique cases they appear in V. not only in their inflected form, but often also the uninflected form of the noni. and ace. ; e. g. saptabhih putrdih and saptd hotrbhih, pancd.su jd,nesu and pdnca krstisu. In B. only the inflected forms are used.
h. The cardinals from 20 upwards being substantives in form may govern a G. ; e.g. sastim dsvanam sixty horses, satd.m gonam a hundred kine, sahdsrani gdvani thousands of kine. They are, however, generally ti'eated like adjectives ; but being collectives they take sing, endings in concord with pi. cases ; e. g. trinisd,d devah. thirty gods, trimsdtam yojanani thirty yojanas (ace), trirasata h^ribhih ivith thirty bays, tra- yastrimsato devBuara of thirty gods (AB.). satdm hundred and sah^sram thousand are used as the nom. ace. form in agreement with plurals ; e. g. satdm piirah a hundred forts, sah^sram hdrayah a thousand bays, sahasram pasian a thousand beasts (TS.) ; they also appear in the same sense in tlie plural ; e.g. sata piirah a hundred forts, sahd,srany ddhi- rathani a thousand ivagon loads (x. 98^). sat^m and sahdsram are also found (but not in B.) with an inst. pi., as satam purbhih with a hundred forts beside satena h^ribhih i«i7/« a hundred bays, sahasram rsibhih iviih a thousand seers. The noun accompanying sahisra occasionally appears by a kind of attraction in the sing. : sunas cic eh^pam nlditam sahdsrad yupad amuncah thou didst deliver BunaMepa, xclio teas bound, from a thousand posts (v. 2'^),: this use does not seem to occur in B.
2. A predicative adjective used with as or bhu (often to be supplied) agrees in gender and number with its subject.
a. The nom. of isvara capable vised thus in B. is equivalent to a verb = be able. The concord here is in the majority of cases normal ; e. g. isvaro va dsvo 'yato 'pratisthitah pdram paravdtam gdntoh a horse if unbridled and unobstructed can go to an extreme distance (TS.) ; sa^enam isvara praddhah she can burn him (TS.); isvarfiu va et^u nirddhah both of them can burn (SB. ) ; tany enara isvarani pratinudah tliey can drive him away (MS.). Sometimes, however, the concox'd of either number or gender, or of both, is neglected ; e. g. tarn isvarfim r^ksamsi hdntoh the demons can kill him (TS.) ; t^sya^isvardh praja papiyasi bh^vitoh his offspring can degenerate (SB.) ; isvaro ha^eta ^nagnicitam samtaptoh these (f. pi.) are liable to weigh heavily upon one who has not built a fire altar (SB.). In the last two examples quoted
u2
292 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [194-195
and in otliers the masc. sing, has become stereotyped as a nom. of all genders and numbers.
b. The use of a predicative adjective referring to two or more substantives differing in gender is very rare ; it then seems to agree in gender with the subst. nearest it, or the niasc. seems to have been preferred to the neut. ; e. g. traya vdi ndirrta aksah striyah sv^pnab (^MS.) (Jice, women, and deep (are) the treble pernicious (things) ; eva hy asya kamya stoma ukth&m ca sarnsya thus indeed his two favourites, stoma and vktha, are to be recited (i. 8'";. A predicative adj. dependent on kr agrees with its subst. ; if there are two, the du. is used ; e.g. ddivlm ca vavd^asma etd.d visam manusim ca^fi,nuvartmanau karoti so he makes the divine and the Mimanfolk obedient to him (MS.\
3. As in Greek and Latin, a demonstrative pronoun agrees with a predicative noun in gender and number ; e. g. ye tnsah sa tvak tvJiat (are) the husJcs {that =) those (are) the ski)} (AB.); yad asm samksaritam asit tani vayamsi^ abhavan what teas the concentrated tear {those =) that became the birds (SB.).
Pronouns.
195. A. Personal, a. Owing to its highly inflexional character the Vedic language, like Latin and Greek, uses the nominatives of personal pronouns far less frequently than modern European languages do. Being already inherent in the first and second persons of the finite verb such pronouns are expressed separately only when they require emphasizing.
b. The unaccented forms of aham and tvam (109 a) being enclitic, can be used neither at the beginning of a sentence or metrical line (Pada), nor after vocatives, nor before em- phasizing, conjunctive or disjunctive pai"ticles.
e. Bhavan Your Honour, the polite form of tvam, which first comes into use in B., properly takes a verb in the 3. sing. But being practically equivalent to a personal pronoun of the 2. pers., it occasionally appears with a verb in that person ; e. g. iti vava kila no bhavan pura^
195] PRONOUNS 293
anusistan avocah (SB.) in this sense then you Jmve formerly spoken of {us =) me as instructed (cp. 194, 1).
B. Demonstrative. 1. ayam tliis {here) is a deictic pronoun used adjectivally of what is in the neighbourhood, presence, or possession of the speaker, and may often be translated by here ; e. g. ayam ta emi tanva purastat here I come tvith my body before thee (viii. 100^) ; iyam matir mama this my hymn ; ayam vatah the loind here (on earth) ; ayam janah the peo])le here (vii. 55^) ; idam bhuvanam this ivorld ; ayam agnih Agni here (present). In the RV. ayam is sometimes used even with dlv heaven and aditya sun as if they were included in the environment of the speaker.
2. Opposed to ayam is asau that {there), applied to objects remote from the speaker, as heaven and its phenomena, immortals, persons who are not present or are at a distance ; e. g. ami ye deva sthana trisu^a rocan6 divah ye, 0 gods, who are there, in the three bright realms of heaven (i. 105-^) ; ami ca ye maghavano vayara ca tltose (absent) patrons and- we (i. 141^^) ; asau yd 6si virakah you tvho go there, a mannikin (viii. 91'^).
rt. In B. the usage is similar, only the contrast is more definite : it is typical in referring to the earth (ijram) and tlie heavenly world (asdu% and in the phrases yo 'yam pavate he tvho blows here ( =Wind), and yo 's^u tapati he ivho burns there ( =Sun), and asav adityah. the sun thire. In B. asdu is besides used in a formulaic way {= so and so) when the actual name is to be substituted ; e. g. asau naina^_^aydm idd.niriipah he here, having this form, is so and so by name (SB.). In addressing a person the voc. form £sau is also used thus : yatha va iddm namagraham ^sa asa iti hvdyati as one here (= in ordinary life) by waij of mention imj the name calls : ' yon there, you there ' (MS.).
3. ta, like asau, can be translated by that, but in a different sense. It is not like asau essentially deictic and local, nor does it imply a contrast {that there as opposed to this here) ; but it refers to something already known either as just mentioned or as generally familiar.
rt. A very frequent application of this meaning is its
294 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [195
reference as a correlative to what is made known by an antecedent relative clause ; e.g. yam yajnarn paribhur asi, sa id dev6su gaehati the sacrifice that thou encomjpassest, that certainly goes to the gods (i. 1^). Often, however, an ante- cedent clause is lacking and must be mentally supplied in some such form as whom we have in mind. Then ta is equivalent to tlic well Jcnotvn. This use comes out most clearly in the first verse of a hymn ; e. g. sa pratnatha sahasa jayamanah, sadyah kavyani bal adhatta visva (i. 96^) he (who is in our thoughts, the famous Agni) being engendered in the ancient way ivith strength, lo ! has straighttvay assumed all tvisdom ; ta vam visvasya gopa yajase (viii. 25') you two famous guardians of the universe I worship).
h. ta has a very frequent anaphoric use, referring back to a noun or a pronoun of the third or second person (in B. also of the first), and may then be translated by as such, so ; e. g. tvam vajasya sriityasya rajasi : sa no mrla thou ntlest over glorious sjjoil : as such be gracious to us (i. 36'") ; sa tatha^ity abravit : sa vai vo varam vrna iti she said, yes : I as such {= in the proposed circumstances) tvill choose a boon of you (AB.). This usage is a prominent and some- what monotonous feature of the narrative style in B. ; e. g. prajapates trayastrmsad duhitara asan, tah somaya rajne 'dadat, tasam rohinim upait, ta irsyantih piinar agachan Prajapati had thirty daughters ; lie gave them to King Soma ; of them he visited Bohim (only) ; they (the others), being jealous, went bach (TS.). When this ta is widely separated from the antecedent noun to which it refers (sometimes only indirectly) it may be translated by the definite article ; thus the opening of the story of Urvasi : urvasi ha^apsarah pururavasam aidarn cakame an Apsaras Urva§l loved Pwruravas, the son of Ida is some sentences later referred to with : tad dha ta apsarasa atayo bhutva pari pupluvire then the Apsarases swam about
r
in the form of water birds (SB,).
105] PRONOUNS 295
a. In its anaphoric use ta is frequently followed by personal pronouns of all persons (regularly in their enclitic form when they have one) ; o. g. td.m ma sdm srja varcasa unUe me as such with glory (i. 23-^^, mam yajnad antdr agata : sa vo 'h^m evd yajiifim amiimuham ye have excluded mo f null the sacrijice ; so I have thrown your sucrifce inio confusion (SB.) ; havismanto vidhema te : && tv^rn no ady4 sumdna ih^^avita bhdva brintjing oblations lue looidd serve thee : so do thou be for tis to-day a benevolent hJper (i. 36=) ; yd,di tva^etdt punar brdvatah, sa tvdm brutat (6b.) '/ they {two) shall say this to you again, then do you say (to them) ; asya pitva ghano vrtranam abhavas . . . tdm tva vajayamah hewing drunk of this thou becamest a slayer of Vrtras : so ice strengthen thee i i. 4"), Similarly ubcd are : sing. A. tarn tvam (here exceptionally not enclitic), D. tasmai te, G. tdsya te, tdsyas te ; du. ta vam ; pi. A. tan vas, G. t6sam vas.
p. Four demonstrative pronouns are found following ta in this way : idam, adds, td itself, and oftenest of all etad ; e. g. sa^iydm asme sanaja pitrya dhih this here is among us an ancient hymn of our forefathers (iii. 39=) ; tfisya valo uy asanji : t£m amum vato dhunoti its tail hangs doion : that the wind tosses to and fro (SB.) ; tam ha^eva n&^diti dadaha : tam ha sma tam pura brahmana nd taranti that (river) he (Agni) did not burn across : that same one the Bruhmans used not formerly to cross (SB.), bhavaty asya^anucaro ya evam veda : sa va esa ekatithih, sa esa juhvatsu vasati he icho knows this has a follower ; that (follower) is this one guest ; this same (followei-, the Sun) abides among the sacrificers (AB.).
7. The N. sing. s& is sometimes used adverbially in B. (see 180, p. 249).
4. eta this is used like ta but is more emphatic. It refers to something known to the listener as present either to his senses or his thoughts.
a. The correlative use of eta seems to be limited to B., the relative clause here usually following ; e. g. patho va esa praiti, yo yajne muhyati lie diverges from the f)ath who goes wrong in the sacrifice (AB.). It is somewhat peculiar when the relative in the neuter sing, and without a verb is added solely for the purpose of emphasizing a particular word ; e. g. svargam va etena lokam upapra yanti yat prayaniy ah 2)eqp?e go to tJie heavenJg world with that which (is) the lireliminary sacrifice (AB.). In these circumstances eta when alone always agrees in gender with the noun in the
29G OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i95
relative clause ; but when it is accompanied by a substantive, with the latter ; e. g. pasavo va ete yad apah water is equivalent to cattle (AB.). In this usage yad often loses its inflexional character to such an extent that it becomes like an explanatory particle (= that is to say), the substantive that follows it agreeing in case \vith that which precedes ; e. g. etair atra^ubhayair artho bhavati yad devais ca brahmanais ca there is need here of both, that is, of the gods and the Brahman s (SB.).
The use of eta without an antecedent, parallel to that of ta, is common both in V. and B. ; o. g. eso usa vy iichati this Dawn (whom Ave see before us) has shone forth (i. 46') ; te ha^asura asuyanta iva^^ueur : yavad evaisa visnur abhis6te tavad vo dadma iti the Asuras said someivhat displeased : as much as this Vismi (here present) covers lying doivn, so much we give you (SB,) ; yuvam etarn cakrathuh. sindhusu plavam ye two have made that l)oat (present to our thought) in the ocean (i. 182^) ; t^na^etam uttaram girim ati dudrava therewith he passed over that (well known) northern mountain (SB.) ; ta ete maye asrjanta suparnim ca kadrum ca they created these two (well-known) miracidous heings, Siiparn'i and Kadrfi (SB.). In the last example ete requires the addition of the two following names to supj^le- ment its sense.
a. Somewhat bimilarly this pronoun is sometimes followed in B. by v/oi-ds or a sentence explaining it ; e.g. sa etabhir dev^tabhih sayug bhutva marudbhir visa^agnina^d,nikena,_^upaplayata he, lutUed with these deities, ihe Martiis us the flghling folk and Agni us the heud, approached (MS.) ; sd ha,^etd,d eva dadarsa :^^anasanataya vdi ni3 prajah p^ra bhavanti^iti he saw tliis : in consequence of hunger vnj creatures ure perishing (SB.).
h. In its anaphoric use eta expresses identity with that to which it refers back, more emphatically than ta does ; e. g. apeta vita vi ca sarpata^ato : asma etam pitaro lokam akran go away, disperse, depart from hence : this pilacc
195] PKONOUNS 207
(oh which you have been standing) the fathers have pre- pared for him (x. 14") ; in the final verse the expression esa stoma indra tubhyam (i. 173') tills praise is for thee, 0 Tiiclra, refers to the whole i^receding hymn ; tad ubhayam sam- bhrtya mrdam ca^apas ca^istakam akurvams : tasmad etad ubhayam istaka bhavati mrc ca^apas ea having hrought both those together, clay and water, they made the hricJc : therefore a hrieJc consists of both these, clay and water (SB. ).
5. tya occurs only in the sense of that {well hnown) ; e. g. kva tyani nau sakhya babhuvuh what has hecome of those friendships of us two ? (vii. 88^). It often follows forms of the demonstrative pronouns eta and idam ; e. g. et6 ty6 bhanava usasa aguh here those (familiar) beams of Daion have come (vii. 75^) ; imam u tyam atharvavad agnim manthanti they, like Atharvan, rub forth that (famous) Agni here (vi. 15"). The neuter tyad is sometimes used after the relative yd, and often after. the particle ha, in an adverbial sense ; e. g. yasya tyac chambaram m.ade divodasaya randhayah in the exhilaration of which (Soma) thou didst tit that tone subject Sambara to Divoddsa (vi. 43').
6. The pronoun a tliat in its substantive sense (= he, she, it, they), when it is unaccented, not infrequently appears as an unemphatic correlative (while the accented form is a deictic adjective) ; e. g. yasya devair asado barhir agne, ahani asmai sudina bhavanti on whose litter thou, 0 Agni, hast sat down, fair days arise for him (vii, 11-); ya vam satam niyutah saeante, abhir yatam arvak the hundred teams that accompany you, tvith them do ye two come hither (vii, 91") ; nakir esam nindita martyesu, y6 asmakam pitaro gosu yodhah. there is among mortals no reproacher of them who, (being) our fathers, were fighters for cows (iii. 89^).
298 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [196
THE CASES.
Nominative.
196. The nominative, as in other languages, is mainly used as the subject of a sentence.
a. A second nominative is employed as a predicate with certain verbs beside the subject, that is, with verbs meaning le, become, seem or he accounted, tJiinlc oneself; e. g. tvam hi ratnadha asi for thou art a hcstower of treasure (i. 153) . ^ivasah santo asiva abhuvan heiur/ friendli/ they have become unfriendhj (v. \2^ ; dkavimsatih sam padyante they become twenty-one (TS.);' gokama me achadayan they seemed to me desirous of cons (x. 108^") ; rsih ko vipra ohate icho counts as a seer, as a singer? (viii. 3^^j ; apratir manya- manah. thinking himself irresistible (v. 323) . somam manyate papivan he believes he has drunlc Soma (x. 85^) ; parabhavis- yanto manamahe /ce think we are about to perish (TS.).
a. In B. the predicative nom. also appears with verbs meaning tu call oneself (hrii, vac, vad in the middle) ; e. g. indro brahmano bruvandh Indra calling himself a Brahman (.TB.) ; hantavocathah thou hast described thyself as a slayer (TS.).
/3. With verbs of naming the predicative ace. may also be expressed iu B. by the nom. with iti ; e. g. rasabha iti hy etam fsayo 'vadan for the seers called him ^ass' (TS.\
b. With passive verbs the predicative nom. takes the place of the ace. object of the active verb ; e. g. tvam . . ucyase pita thou art called a father (i. 31'^).
c. Instead of the predicative nom. the voc. is sometimes used ; e. g. yiiyam hi stha, sudanavah for ye are liberal (i. 15'-) ; abhur eko, rayipate rayinam thou alone hast been
1 In B. the phrase rup^m kr to assume a form, because it is equiva- lent to bhu become, takes a predicative nom. ; e.g. visnu rupam krtva assumimj the form of Visnu (TS.).
196-197] ACCUSATIVE CASE 299
the lord of riches (vi. SV) ; gautama bruvana thou icho caltest thi/self Gautama (SB.). (Cp. 180 under na, 2 a.)
o. Since apparently two vocatives cannot be connected with ca, the nora. often apjieai-s instead of the first or tlie second vocative ; e. g. vayav indras ca cetathah 0 Vdyn and India, ye know (i. 2'') ; indras ca somam pibatam brhaspate InUraand Brhaspati, drink ike Suma (iv. 50^''), Cp. ISO under ca, 1 a, h.
Accusative.
197. A. This case is usually employed in connexion with verbs in various ways. Besides its ordinary use of denoting the object of transitive verbs, the ace. is employed to express :
1. the goal with verbs of motion, chiefly gam, also 1, much less often ya, car, and sr and some others. The ace. may be a person, a place, an activity or a condition ; e. g. yamam ha yajno gachati to Yania goes the sacrifice (x. 14^^) ; devam id esi pathibhih sug6bhih to the gods thou goest l>y paths easy to traverse (i. 162''^^) ; indram stomas caranti to Indra fare t/te songs of praise (x. 47'); saraj jaro na yosanam he sped like a lover to a maiden (ix. lOP'*) ; ma tvat ksetrany aranani ganma may we not go from thee to strange fields (vi. 61^^) ; sabham eti kitavah tlic gambler goes to the assembly (x. 34'^) ; jaritiir gachatho havam ye two go to the call of the singer (viii. 35^ ') ; tava kratubhir amrtatvam ayan by thy mental 2)oicers they [went to =) attained immortality (vi. 7^^).
a. Tlie usage in 13. is similar; e.g. prajapatih praja asrjata, ta varunam agachan Prajdpati cieated creatures ; iliey icent to Varuna (TS.) ; s^ nd divam apatat he did not fly to heaven (SB.); sriyam gacheyam may I {go to =) attain prosperity (SB.).
2. duration of time (in origin only a special form of the cognate ace.) ; e. g. satam jiva sarado vardhamanab live Xyrospering a hundred autumns (x. 161^) ; so asvatth6 sam- vatsaram atisthat he remained in the Asvattha tree for a year
300 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197
(TB.) ; tasmat sarvan rtun varsati therefore it rains durimj all the seasons (TS.) ; samvatsaratamim ratrim a gachatat (SB.)/o>- the night a year Jtence thou shalt come (to me).
3. extension of distance (in origin only a special form of the cognate ace), a use rare in both V. and B. ; e. g. yad asiibhih patasi yojana puru when with the swift ones thou fliest mamj leagues (ii. 16 ') ; sa bhumim visvato vrtva^aty atisthad dasangulam lie covering the earth on all sides extended heyond (it) a distance of ten fingers (x. 90^) ; sapta- dasa pravyadhan ajim dhavanti they run a race (a distance of) seventeen arrow-fligltts (TB.).
4. the cognate object of intransitive verbs, which may be allied to the latter etyniologically or only in sense ; e. g. samanam anji^anjate they deck themselves with like adorn- ment (vii. 57^) ; yad ague yasi dutyam when, 0 Agni, thou goest on a message (i. 12^) ; tvaya^adhyaksena prtana jayema with thee as witness we would compter in battles (x. 128^) ; tasmad raja samgramam jitva^udajam aid ajate therefore a ling, having won a battle, chooses Ijooty for himself (MS.) ; tisro ratrir vratam caret he si lould perform- a fast for three nights (TS.).
a. Verbs meaning to stream or to shine in V. take a cognate ace. with a concrete sense ; e. g. rtasya jihva pavate md,dhu the tongue of the rite (Soma) streams mead (ix. 75^), tdsma apo ghrtd.m arsanti /or him the loaters stream ghee (i. 1255), vi yat suryo na rocate brhdd bhah ichen, like the sun, he beams forth loftij light (vii. 8*).
5. an adverbial sense. Adverbs of this form all originated in various uses of the ace. which have acquired an indepen- dent character. They are formed from :
a. substantives ; e. g. naktam by night (not during the night like the ace. of time) ; kamam at icill (still rare in the EV.), e.g. kamam tad dhota samsed yad dhotrakah pnrvedyuh samseyuh the Hotr may, as he likes, recite what the assistants of the Hotr may recite the day before (AB.) ; nama by name; e.g. mam dhur indram nama devata
197] ACCUSATIVE .301
(x. 49^^) me they 7iave placed as Indra hi/ name (or verihf) amovg the pods.
1). various kinds of adjectives. They have an attributive origin when they express the senses of qukldy or slowly (ksipram, ciram), onuch or greatli/ (bahii, balavat), ivell or l)adl//, holdhj (dhrsnu), or direction (as nyak doivnward, &c.) ; e. g. balavad vati it hloivs hard (SB.) ; bhadram jivantah living happily (x. 37^).
a. The ace. adverbs from ordinals seem to have been appositional in origin ; e. g. tan va etan sampatan visvamitrah prathamam apasyat (AB.) these same Sampfdahpniis Vrsvdmitra invented flrsf ( = asthe lirst thing).
p. Several ace. adverbs are from comparatives and superlatives in tara and tama formed from prepositions and adverbs ; e. g. draghiya ayuh prataram dddhanah ohtaining longer life furthermore (i. 53'^). A good many such have a fem. ace. form in later use, but there is only one found in the RV. : samtaram padukfiu hara i>«^ your tioo little feet closer together (viii. 33^^).
7. A special class is formed by adverbs in vat expressing that an action takes place like that performed by the noun preceding the suffix; e.g. tvadutaso manuv^d vadema (ii. 10^) having thee as our messenger ice umild speak like men ( = as men should speak : properlj' some- thing that belongs to men).
S. Another class of ace. adverbs is formed from various adjectival compounds. A number of these'are formed with the privative particle a, being of the nature of cognate accusatives ; e.g. devas chdndobhir imal lokan anapajayyftm abhy djayan the gods (unconquerably =) irrevocably conquered these worlds by means of the metres (TS.).
f. Another group comparatively rare in V., but very common in B., are those formed from prepositionally governing adjectival com- pounds; e.g. anukamdm tarpayetham satisfy yourselves according to desire (i. 17*), adhidevatdm with reference to the deity (SB.). Probably following the analogy of some of these were formed others in which the first member of the compound is not a preposition, but an adverb derived from the relative ya ; e. g. yatha-kamdra ni padyate she turns in according to her desire (x. 146^), yavaj-jivdm (as long «s =)for life (SB.). Some other adverbial compounds are used like gerunds in am ; e.g. stuka-s&rgam srsta bhavati it is plaited like a braid of hair (§B.).
197. B. The ace. is largely used with verbal nouns. Besides being governed by all participles, active and middle.
302 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [197
and by genuine infinitives, in V. it is used with agent nouns formed from the root or other verbal stems by means of about ten primary suffixes. Such nouns are made from the simple root (when compounded with a preposition), and with the suffixes a (when the stem is compounded with a preposition), ani (from the aor. or desid. stem), i (generally from the reduplicated root), iyas and istha (comparatives and superlatives), u (from desiderative stems), uka (very rare in V.), tar (when the root is accented), van (when com- pounded), snu (from causative stems) ; and a few with the secondary suffix in. Examples of the ace. with such agent nouns are : devams tvam paribhur asi thou encompassest the gods (v. IS*"') ; drlha eid arujah hreaJcing even trhat is firm (iii. 45'-) ; tvam no visva abhimatih saksanih tlioit overcomest all our adversaries (viii. 24^") ; satam pdro ruruk- sanih read)) to destroy a hundred forts (ix. 48-) ; indra ha ratnam varuna dh^stha Indra and Varuna hcsfoiv treastirc most abundantlij (iv. 41") ; vatsams ca ghatuko vrkah (AV. xii, 4') and the nolf slays the calves ; data radhamsi sum- hhati giving riehes he shines {i. 22*^) ; prataryavano adhvaram coming early to the sacrifice (i. 44^^) ; sthira cin namayis- navah 0 ye who desire to hend even what is rigid (viii. 20') ; kami hi virah. sadam asya pitim fior the hero alivays desires a draught of it (ii. 14^).
a. Some adjectives formed with aiie from prepositions governing the ace. are also used with that case. Such are pratyanc facing, anv5.nc following ; e. g. pratydnn usdsam urviya vi. bhati facing the Dawn (the fire) shines forth far and wide (v. 28'), tasmad aniici patni garhapatyam aste hence the wife sits behind the Gdrhapatya fire (AB.). The ace. is found even with samyanc "united ; e, g. osadhir evd.^enam samySucam dadhati lie puts him into contact nnth the i^lants (MS.) ; but this adj. also takes the inst., the natural ease with a compound of s^m.
^. In B. the only nouns taking the ace. seem to be the des. adjec- tives in u and the ordinary adjectives in uka (which are very common) and those in in ; e. g. papmanam apajighamsuh icishing to drive away sin (AB.), sarpa enam ghatukah syuh the snakes might bite
197-198] ACCUSATIVE 303
him (MS.) ; aprativady enam bhratrvyo bhavati his enemy does not contradict him (PB.).
c. The ace. is governed by more prepositions than any other case. The genuine prepositions with which it is exclusively connected in both V. and B. are ati heyond, anu after, abhi towards, prati against, tiras across ; and in V. only acha towards. It is also taken secondarily by others which primarily govern other cases (cp. 176. 1. 2). The ace. is further taken exclusively by the adnominal prepositions antara between, abhitas around, upari above, sanitur apart from ; and secondarily by some others (cp. 177. 1-3).
a. The preposition vma uithout, except, wliich first occurs in B. (and there has only been noted once), takes the ace; and rt6 without^ which in the EV. governs the abl. only, in B. begins to take the ace. also (as it often does in jiost-Vedic Sanskrit).
p. In B. a number of adverbs (inst. of adjectives and substantives or formed with tas from pronouns expressive of some relation in space) take the ace. ; such are dgrena in front of, dntarena withist, between, uttarena north of, ddksinena to the right or the sotith of, pdrena beyond ; ubhayfi,-tas on both sides of.
y. In B. the aec. is taken by two interjections. One of them, 6d lo ! behold ! (cp. Lat. en), is always preceded by a verb of motion, which, however, has sometimes to be supplied ; e. g. eyaya vayur : ^d dhatd,m vrtram Vdiju came (to see) : behold, Vrtra (was) dead (SB.) ; punar 6nia iti deva : 6d agnim tirobhutam ^ loe are coming back', said the gods; (they came back, and) behold! Agni (had) disappeared! (^B.). The other interjection dhiky?e.', used with the ace. of the person only, is still very rare in B. ; e. g. dhik tva jalma^_^astu fie on tjou, rogue! (KB.).
Double Accusative.
198. A second ace. appears in apposition with various verbs; e.g. purusam ha vai deva agre pasvim a lebhire tlie gods in the beginning sacrificed a man as a victim (SB.). It is further used :
1. predicatively with verbs of saying (brti, vac), thinking (man), knowing (vid), hearing (sru), making (kr), ordaining (vi-dha), choosing (vr), appointing (ni-dha) in both V.
304 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [198
and B. ; e. g. svanam basto bodhayitaram abravit tlw he-goat said (that) the dog (was) the tval'ener (i. 161^^) ; yad anyo 'nyam papam avadan that the one called the other tviched (SB.) ; agnim manye pitai'am Agni I think a father (x. 7^) ; marisyantam c6d yajamanam manyeta ifJie thinls the sacrificer (is) going to die (SB.) ; ciram tan mene he thought that too long (SB.) ; vidma hi tva puiuvasum v;e knoiv thee (to be) possessed of much wealth (i. 8V] ; na vai hatam vrtram vidma na jivam we hnoiv not (whether) Vrtra (is) dead nor (whether he is) alive (SB.) ; revantam hi tva srnomi I hear (about) thee (that thou art) rich (viii. 2^^) ; srnvanty enam. agnim eikyanam (TS.) theg hear (about) him having piled the fire (altar) ; asman su jigyiisah krdhi make us thoroughlg victorious (viii. SO*^) ; t^sam pusanam adhipam akarot he made Pusan their lord (MS.) ; tasma ahutir yajnam vy adadhtih. they made (= ordained) the oblations (to be) the sacrifice for him (MS.) ; agnim hotaram pra vrne I choose Agni priest (iii. 19^); ni tvam agne manur dadhe jyotir janaya sasvate Mann has appointed thee, 0 Agni, as a light for ever 11 man (i. 36^ '^).
2. to express the person as a direct object beside the thing with verbs of addressing (vac), asking (prach), begging (yac), approaching with prayer (i, ya), milking (duh), shaking (dhu), sacrificing to (yaj), doing to (kr) ; e. g. agnim maham avoeama suvrktim to Agni we have addressed a great hymn (x. 80') ; prchami tva param antam prthivyah / ask thee ahout the farthest limit of the earth (i. IM"^) ; yajnavalkyam dvau prasnau praksyami I iriil ask Yajiiavalkya iico questions (SB.) ; apo yacami bhesajam I beg healing from the waters (x. 9"') ; tad agnihotry agnim yacet that the Agnihotr shoidd beg of Agni (MS.) ; vasuni dasmam imahe /re approach the wondrous one for riches (i. 42^") ; tat tva yami I approach thee for this (i. 24^^) ; duhanty udhar divyani they milk celestial gifts from the udder (i. 64'') ; imam eva sarvan kaman duhe from her he {milks =) obtains all desires (SB.) ;
198] TWO ACCUSATIVES ?>05
vrksam phalam dhuniihi shalce down fruit from the tree
(iii. 45*) ; yaja devam rtam brhat sacrifice to the gods tJie
lofty rite (i. 75-^) ; kim ma karann abala asya s6nah. what
can his fechle hosts do to me ? (v. 30'').
a. Of the above verbs vac, i and ya, dhu, yaj and kr do not seem to be found with two ace. in B. ; on the other hand a-gam approach, dha viilk, ji loin, jya sorest from are so used there ; e. g. agnir vai varunam brahmacSryam a gachat Agni (approached = ) aaked Vaninafor ihe 2}osition of a religious student (MS.) ; imal lokan adhayad yam-yam kamam akamayata /rom these worlds he extracted whatever he desired (AB.) ; devan d.sura yajnam ajayan the Asnras won ihe sacrifice from the gods (MS.) ; indro marutah sahasram ajinat Indra wrested a thousand from the Marnts (PB.>.
3. to express the agent' with causative verbs beside the ace. which would be taken by the simple verb also ; e. g. nsan devam usatah payaya havih eager thyself cause the eager gods to drinlc the libation (ii. 37^) ; ta yajaraanam vacayati he mal-es the sacrificer name them (TS.). Witli verbs of motion the other ace. expresses the goal (which is, however, never a person) - ; e.g. param eva paravatam sapatnim gamayamasi to the extreme distance we cause the rival wife to go (x. 145*) ; yajamanam suvargam lokam gamayati he causes the sacrificer to reach the celestial tvorld (TS.).
a. In B. the agent is frequently put in the inst. instead of the ace. witla various causatives, especially that of grah seize ; e. g. ta varu- nena^agrahayat (MS.) he caused Varima to seise them ( = he caused them to be seized by Varuna).
b. In B. a second ace. expresses the goal (with ni lead) or duration of time beside tlie ace. of the object ; e.g. evdm eva^enam kxirm&h suvargdrn lokam nayati thus the tortoise leads him to the celestial icorld (TS.), tisro ratrir vratdrn caret he should observe a fast for three nights fTS\
1 Which would be expressed by the nom. with the simple verb ; e. g. deva havih pibanti tite gods drink the libation.
- When the goal is a person it is expressed by the loc. or a loc. adverb ; e. g. agnav agnirn gamayet he would send Agni to Agni (SB.) ; devatrfi^evd, enad gamayati he sends it to the gods (SB.^.
1819 X
306 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [i99
Instrumental.
199. A. The fundamental sense of this case is con- comitance, which may variously l)e rendered by with, 1)7/, through, according as it expresses accompaniment, instru- mentality or agency, causality, motion through space or duration of time.
1. In its sociative sense the instrumental expresses the
companion or accompaniment of the svibjeet in any activity ;
e. g. dev6 dev^bhir a gamat may the god come with the gods
(i. l"*) ; indrena yuja nir apam aubjo arnavam with Indra
as thy companion thou dlrlsf release the flood of waters (ii. 23^^^) ;
indro no radhasa^a gamat may Indra come to us with ivealth
(iv. 55^%
a. Similnrly in B. : agnir vasubhir ud akramat Indra departed with the Vasus (AB.) ; y6na mdntrena juhoti td,d y^juh the spell to the accom- paniment of which he offers the oblation is the Yajus (SB.); t^d asya sfi,hasa^aditsanta they tried to take it from him hy force (TS.).
2. In its instrumental sense it exj)resses the means (person or thing) by which an action is accomplished ; e. g. vayam indrena sanuyama vajam toe woidd win booty through Indra (i. 101^^) ; ahan vrtram indro vajrena Indra smote Vrtra with his holt (i. 32-^).
a. Similarly in B. : k^na virena by whom as champion (SB.); Iirsna bijam haranti they carry corn {imfh =) on tlte head (SB.); tasmad diksinena h^stena^_^4nnam adyate therefore food is eaten 7cith the right hand (MS.).
3. In its causal sense it expresses the reason or motive of an action = hy reason of, on account of, for the sahe of; e. g. samasya pitya ... a gatam come hither for the sal-e of the Soma draught (i. 46^^) ; asatriir janusa sanad asi thou art hy thy nature tvithout foes from of old (i. 102^^).
«. Similarly in B. : sa bhisa ni lilye he concecded himself through fear (SB.).; so iiarana hy name.
4. In its local sense of through or over it is used with
199] INSTRUMENTAL 807
verbs of motion to express the space through or over which
an action extends ; e. g. diva yanti maruto bhumya^agnir
ayam vato antariksena yati the Mariifs go along the s7ci/,
Agni over the earth, the Wind here goes tlirough the air (i. 161^*) ;
antarikse patlaibhih patantam flying along the paths in the
air (x. 87^').
a. Ill B. the inst. is constantly used in the local sense with words meaning jndh or door, but rarely with others ; e. g. yd.tha^_^dksetrajuo 'ny^na patha nayet as if one who does not hnoio the district were to lead ly a urong road {HB.) ; sdrasvatya yanti they go along the Stirasvatt (TS.).
5. In its temporal sense the inst. expresses the time throughout which an action extends ; e. g. purvibhir dadas- ima saradbhih we have worshipped throughout many autumns (i. 86''). Sometimes, however, the sense of duration is not apparent, the inst. being then used like the loc. of time ; thus rtuna and rtubhih meati in due season.
a. In B. the temporal meaning is rare ; e.g. sava isumatrSm evahna tirydiin avardhata he grew in the course of a day qtiite an arrow's length in
ipidth (MS.).
6. Many instrumentals (chiefly of the sociative and local classes) have come to be used in a purely adverbial sense. Such are formed from either substantives or adjectives (of which sometimes no other form occurs) ; e. g. anjasa straight- way, mahobhih mightily, sahasa and sahobhis suddenly ; antarena u-ifhin, uttarena to the north ; uccais above, nieais below, paracais sideways, -prsLcais forwards, sanais and sanais, sanakais sloivly.
a. In a number of these instrnmentals the adverbial use is indicated, not only by the sense, but by a shift of accent ; e. g. diva by day ; dak- sina to the right; madhya between; naktaya 6;/ night; svapnaya in a dream; aksnaya aoos.s (B.) ; anomalously formed from ii stems : asuya quickly, dhrsnuya ItoUUg, raghuya swiftly, sadhuya straightway, mithuya falsely (mithya SB.), anusthuya immediately (anusthya B.); and from a pronoun, amuya in that way.
199. B. Besides having the above general and indepen- dent uses the inst. also appears, in special connexion with
x2
308 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199
different classes of words by which it may be said to be ' governed ' :
1, with verbs expressing :
a. association or contention with ; in RV. : yat marshal, yad combine, yuj join (mid.), sac accompany, yudh fffhf, sprdh strive, has race, krid p^ay ; in B. : yudh fjghf, vi-ji contend victoriously (tvith).
b. separation from (compounds with vi) ; in RV. : vi-yu dissever from, vi-vrt turn away from, vy-a-vrt separate (intr.) from ; in B. : vy-a-vrt id., vi-rdh be deprived of, vi-stha be removed from, visvann i go (may from = lose.
c. enjoyment; in RV. : kan find pleasure in, mad be exhilarated with, uc be fond of, tus be satisfied with, mah delight in, hrs rejoice in, bhuj enjoy ; in B. : trp be pleased with, nand be glad of, bhuj enjoy.
d. repletion ; in RV. : pr fill (ace.) with,^ pi Sircll with ; in B. : caus. of pr : piiraya fill, pass, purya be filled with.
e. purchase for (a price) ; in V. : vi-kri bargain away for ; in B. : nis-kri ransom for.
f. adoration or sacrifice (the victim or object offered). Witli yaj sacrifice to the deity is in the ace, in both V. and B. ; in B. the sacrificial date also is put in the (cognate) ace. ; e. g. amavasyam yajate he celebrates the feast of new moon.
g. procedure : the verb car in both V. and B. ; e. g. adhenva carati mayaya he acts with barren craft (x. 71'^) ; upamsu vaca carati he proceeds in a low tone with his voice
(AB.).
h. ability to do : the verb kr in both V. and B. ; e. g. kim rca karisyati what will he do with a hymn ? (i. IGi"'^) ; kim sa tair grhaih kuryat irhat could he do with that house? (SB.). In B. the phrase artho bhavati there is business with = there is need o/(Lat. opus est aliqua re) is similarly used :
5 Sometimes also with tlie gen.: tlie past part. i)ass. purnd, witli the gen. - fidl of, hut with the inst. filUd "'''>>■
199] INSTKUMENTAL 309
e. g. yarhi vava vo mayartho bhavita if yon (gen.) shall have need of me (AB.).
/. dominion: only (in V.) the verb patya be lord o/(lit. h}i means of) ; e. g. indro visvair viryaih patyamanah India who is lord of all heroic powers (iii. o^^').
j. subsistence : only (in B.) the verb jiv live on, subsist by ; ^- g- yaya manusya jivanti (the cow) on which men subsist (TS.).
a. With passive forms of the verb (including participles) the inst. expresses either the means (as with the active verb) or the agent (the nom. of the active verb) ; e. g. ghrtena^agnih sam ajyate Agiii is a)iointed with ghee (x. 118*) ; usa uchanti ribhyate vasisthaih Usas when she dawns is praised hy the Vasisthas (vii. 76''). Similarly in B. : prajapa- tina srjyante they are created hy Prajapati (MS.) ; patrair annam adyate food is eaten with the aid of dishes (MS.).
(8. Nominal forms connected with the verb, when they have a passive sense, as gerundives and infinitives, take the same construction ; e. g. nfbhir havyah. to be invoked by men (vii. 22'') ; ripuna na^avacdkse not to be observed hy the enemy (iv. 58^) .
2. with nouns :
a. substantives and adjectives (especially those com- pounded with sa-) expressive of association or equality ; e. g. nasunvata sakhyam vasti surah the hero desires not friend- ship with him who does not press Soma (x. 42^) ; asi samo devaih thou art equal to the gods (vi. 48^") ; indro vai sadrn devatabhir asit Indra teas equal to the (other) deities (TS.) ; ajyena misrah mixed with butter (SB.).
b. other adjectives, to express that by which the quality in question is produced ; e. g. uso vajena vajini 0 Daivn rich in booty (iii. 61^) ; bahuh prajaya bhavisyasi thou wilt
be rich in offspring (SB.).
c. numerals accompanied by na, to express deficiency ; e. g. ekaya na vimsatih not twenty by (lack of) one = nineteen.
o. with prepositions : genuine prepositions are virtually not used with the instrumental. The only exceptions in
310 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [199-200
the EV. are the employment of adhi with the inst. of snu height ; of lipa in three passages with dyubhis and dharma- bhis ; and possibly of sam icith in a few passages with the inst. But prepositional adverbs are found thus used ; in the KV. only avas heloic and paras above ; and in both V. and B. saha and sakam with. Cp. 177, 2.
Dative.
200. The dative expresses the notion with which an action is concerned. It is either connected with individual words or is used more generally as a complement to the whole statement.
A. Dative in a special sense with :
1. verbs (mostly as affecting persons) having the sense of a. give ; in V. B. da give, yam extend, dha bestow, bhaj aj}portion ; e, g. dadhati ratuam vidhate he bestows treasure on the ivorshipper (iv. 12^*) ; in V. also many other verbs expressing a modification of the sense of giving : dis assign, ava-duh tnilk down on, pr bestow fulljj, pre bestow abwndantlg, mamh give liberally, ma measure out, ra procure [for], ni-yu bestow permanently, vid find {for), san obtain {for), su set in motion {for), srj shed {for), and others.
b. sacrifice ; in V. a-yaj ofi^er to (while yaj takes the ace.) ; and in V. B. kr when = make an ofi'ering to ; in B. a-labh {catch and tie up — ) offer ; e. g. agnibhyah pasian a labhate he sacrifices the animals to the Agnis (TS.).
c. say = announce, explain (but with ace. of person if = address) ; in V. B. ah, bru, vac, vad (in B. also a-caks) ; in V. also arc and ga sing to, stu utter praise to, gir, rap, kaxas praise anything (ace.) to. In B. also : ni-hnu apologise to ; e.g. tad u devebhyo ni hnute thereby he craves pardon of the gods (SB.).
d. hear : in KV. a few times sru = listen to ; also ram linger for = listen to.
•200] DATIVE 311
('. believe, liave confidence in : srad dha ; e. g. srad asmai dhatta Relieve in him (ii. 12') ; in B. also slagh trust in.
f. help, he gracious to, pau homage to : in V. sak aid, sidh avail; sam-nam be complaisant to; d&saay a pa g honour to, sapai'ya do a)igthing (ace.) in honour of (a god) ; das, vidh, sac p)ag homage to (a god), sam serve (a god) ; in V. and B. : mrd be gracious to.
g. bring : ni, bhr, vah, hi, hr ; e. g. ama sat6 vahasi bhuri vamam for him ivho is at home thou bringest much wealtlt (i. 12-4^-) ; devebhyo havyam vahanti thcij take the oblation to the gods (TS.) ; tarn harami pitryajnaya devam that god I bring to the sacrifice for the Manes (x. 16^") ; visah ksatriyaya balim haranti the peasants bring the taxes to the nobility (SB.). In V. only there are many other verbs, with this general sense, that take the dative, such as r, inv, cud set in motion for, and figurative expressions such as abhi-ksar stream to, 61 and sue shine on, prus spninlde on, abhi-va icaft to: in V. also the verb i go is used with the dat. ; e. g. pra visnave susam etu manma let my stro)ig hymn go forth in honour of Vimu (i. 154:^).
h. please : svad be stoeet to and chand be pleasing to ; e. g. svadasva^indraya pitaye be sweet to Indra as a draught (ix. 74^) ; ut6 tad asmai madhv ic cachadyat and may that mead be pleasing to him (x. 73'^).
i. succeed : in B. rdh and kip ; e. g. na ha^eva^asmai tat sam anrdhe he did not succeed in that (SB.) ; kalpate 'smai he succeeds (TS.).
j. subject to : radh ; e. g. asmabhyam vrtra randhi subject our foes to us (iv. 22'-).
h yield to : radh succumb, nam and ni-ha bow before, stha obey, m.rad and ksam (B.) yield to, a-waso fall a victim to ; e. g. mo aham dvisate radham may I not succumb to my enemy (i. 50^") ; tasthuh savaya te they obey thy command (iv. 54^).
I. be angry with : in V. hr (hrnite) ; in V. and B. : asuya
312 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200
and krudh ; in B. also aratiya he hostile and gla he averse to.
m. seeJc to injure : in V. and B. druh ; e, g. yad dudrohitha striyai punis6 what mischief thou hast done to woman or man
(AV.).
n. cast at : V. srj discharge ; V. B. as throw ; B. pra-hr hurl at ; e. g. srjad asta didyum asmai the archer shot a lightning shaft at him (i. 71'^) ; tasmai tarn isum asyati he shoots the arrow at Mm (MS.) ; vajram bhratrvyaya pra harati he hurls the holt at the foe (TS.).
0. exist or he intended for, accrue to : as he, bhu hecome ; e.g. gambMr6 cid bhavati gadham asmai even in deep water there is a ford for him (vi. 24^) ; indra tiibhyam id abhuma tvc have hecome thine oivn, 0 Indra (TS.) ; atha ko mahyatn bhago bhavisyati then ivhat share will accrue to me (SB.).
a. The dative is used with gerundives and infinitives to express tlie agent, and with the latter also the object by attraction instead of the ace. ; e. g. ydh stotrbhyo havyo asti who is to he utvoked by singers (i. 33^) ; vi srayantam prayai dev^bhyah let (the doors) p/^en xoidefor the gods to enter (i. 142®); indram arkair Avardhayann ahaye hantava u ihey sliengthemd Indra with hymns to slay the serpent (v. 31*).
2. The dative is used with a certain number of sub- stantives.
a. Such are words that invoke blessings, especially namas homage (with the verbs kr do or as he, which are often to be supplied) ; e. g. namo mahadbhyah homage to the great (i. 27^^) ; namo 'stu brahmisthaya adoration to the greatest Brahman (SB.). Similarly used are the sacrificial formulas svaha, svadha, vasat hail ! hlessing ! e. g. tebhyah svaha hlessing on them (AV.).
a. The indeelinables sam in V. and kani in B. meaning welfare are used as uom. or ace. with the dat. ; e. g. yditha sam asad dvipade catuspade in order tluit there 'inay he ivel/are for hipcd and quadruped {i. 114') ; ahutayo hy agnaye k^m/or llie oblations are a joy to Agni (SB.) ; na^asma d-kam bhavati it does notfare ill ivith him (TS.).
200] ^ DATIVE 318
13. In V. the substantives kama desire and gatii path may i)eiliaps be regarded as taking a dative without a verb to be supplied ; e.g. krnva- naso amrtatvaya gatum procuring for tliemselves a path to immortaUtii ^i.72»).
7. In the name D&syave vrkah WolfiotheDasyu (RV.) the dat. is to be exphvined as due to its use in the sentence he in a very icolf to the Dasyu.
3. The dative is used with adjectives meaning dear, kind, agreeable, beneficial, ivilllng, obedient, ill-disposed, hostile ; e. g. siva sakhibhya uta mahyam asit she was kind to friends and also to me (x. 34'^) ; atithis carur ayave a guest dear to man (ii. 2^) ; yad vava jiv6bhyo hitam tat pitrbhyah ivhat is good for the living is good for the Manes (SB.) ; sa ratamana vrascanaya bhavati (SB.) he is ready for felling (the tree) ; pratyudyaminim ha ksatraya visam kuryat he would make tlie peasantry hostile to the nobility (SB.).
u. The adj. dnagas sinless often seems to take the dative of the name of a deity, but it is somewhat uncertain whether tlie case should not be connected with the verb ; e.g. dnagaso aditaye syama may ice bo sinless (to =)in the eyes of Adit i, {i. 24^^) may perhaps mean may ivv, as sinless, belong to Aditi.
4. The dative is used with a few adverbs.
a. aram often takes the dat. ; e. g. ye aram vahanti manyave icho drive in accordance with (thy) zeal (vi. 16*^). This use of aram is common in combination with the verbs kr, gam, and bhu. When used with the dat. aram is not infrequently equivalent to an adj. ; e. g. sasma aram he is ready for him (ii. 18^) ; ayam somo astu aram manase yuvabhyam let this Soma he agreeable to your heart (i. 108-). In B. alam appears in the place of aram and is often simihxrly used ; e. g. nalam ahutya asa, nalam bhaksaya he teas not suitable for sacrifice, nor suitable for food (SB.).
b. The adverb avis visibly is used with the dat. in V. and B., but only when accompanied by the verbs kr, bhu or as (the latter sometimes to be supplied) ; e. g. avir ebhyo abhavat suryah the sun appeared to them (i. liQ'^) ; tasmai va avir asama we tcill appear to him (SB.).
314 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [200
B. The dative also in a general sense complements the statement of the whole sentence.
1. It expresses the person for whose advantage or disadvantage the action of the sentence takes place ; e. g. devan devayate yaja ivorshi}) the gods for the hcnejit of the 2)lous man (i. 15'-); tasma etam vajram akurvan for him the// made this holt (SB.) ; tasma upakrtaya niyoktaram na vividuh (AB.) for him tvhen he had heen brought near they could Jind no hinder (i.e. they could find no one willing to bind him).
2. It expresses the purpose for which an action is done (final dative) ; e. g. urdhvas tistha na titaye stand up for our help = in order to help us (i. 30*^) ; na susvim indro avase mrdhati Indra ivill not leave the pious man in the lurch for help (vi. 23^) ; svargaya lokaya visnukramah. kramyante the Visnu ste2)S are taJien for the salx of (= in order to gain) heaven (TS,); agnim hotraya pravrnata theg chose Agnifor the priesthood = in order that he should be priest (SB.). The final sense is commonly expressed by abstract substantives (including in V. many infinitives) ; e. g. adhi sriye duhita suryasya ratham tasthau the daughter of the sun has mounted the car for beautg = so as to produce a beautiful effect (vi. 63') ; tena^eva^enam sam srjati santyai with him (Mitra) he unites him (Agni)/o/' appeasement (TS.).
a. This final dat. is particularly used with as and bhu ; e.g. asti hi sma madaya vah there is {something) for gour intoxication, i. e. to intoxicate you (i. 37^'') ; madaya somah (sc. astiySoma {is for = ) produces intoxication (SB.).
3. The dative is used, though rarely, in expressions of time like the English for ; e. g. nunam na indra^ aparaya ca syah now and for the future magst thou he ours, 0 Indra (vi. 33^) ; samvatsaraya sam amyate^br a year an alliance is made (MS.).
a. The iterative compound dive-dive day by daij, though apparently dat. of div, is probably in reality meant for the loc. uf the transfer stem div&.
200-201] DATIVE ai5
4. Two datives connected in sense often appear together. This occurs in V. when an ace. is attracted by a dative infinitive ; e. g. vrtraya hantave = vrtram hantave to slay Vrtra (cp. 200. A. 1 o a).
a. There is an analogous u«e in B., where, liowever, an abstract biibstiintivc takes the phice of the intiuitive; e.g. yatha^idam pani- bhyam avan6janaya,^ahdranty ev&m just as iheij bring it for ivasldnij tke hands i^SB.). Two datives are here often found with the verb stha, one expressing the purpose, the other tlie person affected by the action ; e.g. devebhyah pasavo 'nnadyayalambaya na^_^atisthanta the animals did not present themselves to the gods for food, for sacrifice (AB.).
5. The adverbial use of the dative is very rare : kamaya and arthaya for the sale of may bo regarded as such ; kamaearasya kamaya for the salce of unrestrained motion (SB.) ; asmakarthaya jajnise thou hast been horn for our sahe (A v.).
Ablative.
201. The abhxtive, expressing the starting-point from which the action of the verb proceeds, may as a rule be translated by from. It is chiefly connected with various classes of words, but is also used independently.
A. In its dependent use the ablative appears with : 1. verbs a. expressing a local action, as go, proceed, drive, lead, take, receive ; pour, drlnlc ; call, loosen, ward off, exclude ; e. g. iyiir gavo na yavasad agopah they tvent like unhcrded Icine from the pasture (vii. 18^") ; vrtrasya svasathad isa- manah fleeing from the snorting of Vrtra (viii. 96") ; asatah sad ajayata/roju non-heing arose heing (x. 72^); abhrad iva pra stanayanti vrstayah from the cloud as it were thunder the rains (x. 75-') ; tvam dasyumr okasa ajah thou drovest the enemies from the house (vii. 5^) ; bhujyiim samudrad uha- thuh ye tico have home Blmjyu from the sea (vi. 62*^) ; daso hiranyapindan divodasad asanisam ten lumps of gold I
316 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201
have received from Divodasa (vi. 47^^) ; apad dhotrad uta potrad amatta he has drunk from the Hotr's vessel and has intoxicated himself from the Potr's vessel (ii. 37"*) ; maruto yad vo divah havamahe 0 Maruts, when ive call //on from heaven (viii. 7^^) ; siinas cic ch^pam yupad amuncah thou didst release Sunahsepa from the post (v. 2") ; yuyutam asmad aniram amivam ward off from us sickness and calamit/j (vii. 71-^).
n. Examples from B. are : y&d dhaved annadyad dhavet if lie were to run, he inould run away from his food (TS.); sa rdthat papata hefellfroin lits car (SB.); divo vrstir irte rain comes from the sky (TS.); rsayah kavasam ailusam som.ad anayan the seers led Kavasa Ailusa away from Soma, i.e. excluded him from it (AB.) ; enan asmal lokad anudanta they droce them au'ayfrom this world (AB,) ; tasmad auasa eva grhniyat therefore he shotdd take it from the cart (SB.); kesavat piirusat sisena parisriitam krinati he buys the Parisrui from a long-haired ynanfor lead (SB. i ; sa evd^eiiam varunapasan muncati he releases him from the fetter of Varuna (TS.) ; suvargal lokad yajamano hiyeta the sacrificer loouldfall short of heaven l^TS.). The two verbs antar dha liide and ni-li conceal' oneself -Ave used with the abl. in B. only : vajrena^^enam suvargal lokad antar dadhyat he would exclude him from heacen ivifh the bolt (TS.) ; agnir devebhyo ni- layata Ayni concealed himself from the gods i^TS.).
b. expressing rescue, protect ; fear, dislike ; transcend, prefer : verbs with the latter two senses as well as urusya protect, raks guard, and rej tremble take this construction in V. only ; pa and tra protect and bhi fear in both V. and B. ; gopaya protect, bibhatsa be disgusted ivith in B. only : e. g. amhaso no mitra urusyet ma?/ Mitra rescue us from distress (iv. 55^) ; sa nas trasate duritat he shall protect us from misfortune (i. 128^) ; indrasya vajrad abibhet slic ivas afraid oflndra's bolt (x. 138^) ; pra sindhubhyo ririce, pra ksitibhyah he reaches bei/ond rivers and begond lands (x. 89^^) ; somat sutad indro avrnita vasisthan Indra preferred the Vasidhas to (Pasadyumna's) pressed Soma (vii. 33^).
a. With bhi two ablatives are found, the one being the object feared, the other the action proceeding from it ; e. g. indrasya vajrad abibhed abhisnathah she was afraid of
£01] ABLATIVE 817
Imlra's holt, of its crushing (x. 138"'), i. e. that it would crush her ; asuraraksas6bhya asangad bibhayam cakruh fhci/ were afraid of the Asuras and Eakmsas, of their attachment = that they would attach themselves to them (SB.).
2. substantives when derived from, or equivalent to, verbs used with the ablative ; e. g. sarma no yamsan triva- rutham amhasah they shall grant lis thrice-protecting shelter from distress (x. 66"'); lipa chayam iva ghrner aganma sarma te vayam we have entered tliy shelter liJiC shade (that protects) from heat (vi. 16=^^^) ; raksobhyo vai tarn bhisa vacam ayachan they restrained their speech from fear of the
f
demons (SB.).
8. adjectives : in V. and B. comparatives and adjectives of cognate sense, when it means than ; e. g. ghrtat svadiyan sweeter than butter (viii. 24^") ; visvasmad indra uttarah Indra is greater than every one{x. 86^) ; jatany avarany asmat horn later than he (viii. 96*') ; purva visvasmad bhiivanad abodhi she has aioakened earlier than every being (i. 128^) ; papiyan asvad gardabhah the ass is worse than the horse (TS.) ; brahma hi purvam ksatrat the priesthood is superior to the warrior class (PB.) ; anyo va ayam asmad bhavati ]ie becomes other than we (AB.).
a. In B. several local and temporal adjectives: arvaoina heloic, nrdhva above, jihma aslant ; arvauc before, paranc after ; e.g. ydt kim ca^_^arvacmain adityat lohaieveris below the sun (SB. ) ; eti.smac catvalad urdhvah svargdm lokdm upod akraman uincard from that pit they ascended to heaven (SB.); yajnaj jihma iyuh they {would go obliquely
from =) lose the sacrifice (AB.); dasa va etasmad arvancas trivrto, dasa parancah ten Trirrls occur before it and ten after it (AB.).
b. ill B. adjectives in uka, which with bhu are equivalent to a verb ; e. g. yajamanat pasavo 'nutkramuka bhavanti the animals are not inclined to run away from the sacrificer (AB.).
c. in B. numerals, both ordinals and cardinals : with the former tlie abl. expresses the point from which the reckoning is made ; e.g. isvaro ha^asmad dvitiyo va trtiyo va brahmanatam abhyupaitoh the second or third (in descent)/rom him can obtain Brahminliood (AB.) ; with the latter it expresses the figure by which the complete number is defective; e.g. §kan na satd,m not a hundred by one = ninety-vine.
318 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [201-202
Analogously with words meaning incomplete the al>l. expresses the amount of the deficiency; e.g. ikasmad aksdrad dlnaptara (averse) incomplete hy one syllable (TS. ); tesam alpakad evd^agni'r ^samcita asa their fire (altar) was not completely piled up by a little only, i.e. was almost completely piled up (SB.\
4. adverbs meaning before, beyond, outside, beloiv, far from, ivlfhout are used prepositionally with the abl. Those occurring in V. only are : adhas beJow, avas down from, ar6 7Citliout, puras before ; in V. and B. : rt6 witliouf, tiras apart from, paras outside, pura before ; in B. only : abhyardhas far from; bahis outside. Cp. 177, 3.
a. In B. some other adverbs with a local or temporal sense ; e. g. duram ha va asman mrtyur bhavati death is far from him (SB.) ; tasman madhyamac chankor daksina pancadasa vikraman pra kramati he strides forward fifteen steps to the right of this middle peg (SB.) ; prag ghomat before (making) the oblation (AB.).
B. The abl. is used independently of any particular class of word to express the reason of an action in the sense of on account of; e. g. ma nas tasmad 6naso deva ririsah let us suffer no harm, 0 god, on account of this sin (vii. 89"') ; anrtad vai tab. praja varuno 'grhnat bi/ reason of their guilt Varuna seised creatures (MS.). Similarly in B. : tasmad therefore ; kasmat wherefore ?
Genitive.
202. The genitive is a dependent case, being in its main uses connected with verbs and substantives, but also appear- ing with adjectives and adverbs.
A. With verbs the gen. has a sense analogous to that of the ace, but differs here from the latter in expressing that the action affects the object not as a whole, but only in part. It is used with verbs having the following senses :
a. rule over, dispose of: always with ksi and raj, nearly always with irajya and is (rarely ace). In B. the only verb
202] GENITIVE 319
with this sense taking the gen. is is have potver over ; e. g.
atha^esam sarva ise then every one has poiver over them (MS.).
h. rejoice in : always with trp, pri, vrdh ; optionally with
kan and mad (also inst. and loc), and with the caus. of pan
(also ace).
a. In B. the only verb of this group taking the gen. is trp in a partitive sense; e. g. dnnasya trpyati Ite refreshes himself ivHh {some) food (f^B.).
c. iaJce note of: always with 2. kr sf>cal- highly of and a-dhi iliinTx about, care for ; alternatively with ace. : cit observe, attend to, budh tal:e note of; adhi-i, -gam, -ga attend to, care for ; vid hnow about (with ace. liiow fully) ; sru hear (gen. of person, ace. of thing, heard). In AV. kirtaya mention and smr remember take the gen.
a. In B. only three verbs of this class are thus construed : vid and srii as in RV. , and kirtaya mention.
d. jmrtitiveness (while the ace. with the same verbs expresses full extent) :
1. eat, drinh : as cat of ad cat (almost exclusively with ace.) ; pa drinh ; a.-vrs f 11 oneself fall of, vi and jus enjoy.
a. In B. only as and pa besides- bhaks eat (in RV. with ace. only) take the partitive gen.
2. give, piresent, sacrifice: da give of, a-dasasya and sak present witli; pre give abundantly of; yaj sacrifice (ace. of person, gen. of offering), e. g. somasya tva yaksi I tvill worship thee (with a libation) of Soma (iii. 53^).
a. In B. yaj may be used without ace. of the person ; e. g. t^smad ^jyasya^evd yajet therefore he should sacrifice some butter (SB.).
p. In B. several verbs having the general sense of giving and taking, not so used in V., come to be used with the gen. of the object in a partitive sense : vap strew, hu offe); abhi-ghar powr unon, ava-da cut off y<\ some of, a-s2ut drii^, upa-str spread over, ni-han (AV.) and pra-han striJce, vi-khau dig up some of; grabh. take of and in the passive be seized = suffer in (a part of the bodj') ; e. g. u& eaksuso grhe he does not suffer in his eye (MS.) : yd vaco grhitdh >rho suffers in his voice (MS.).
320 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202
7. In Fj. anu-bru iririte is used with the dat. of tlie god and the gen. of that to which he is invited ; e. g. agni-somabhyam m^daso 'nii briihi invite Agni and Soma to the fat (SB.).
e.' obtain, asJc for: bhaj participate in (with ace. ohtain) ; bhiks hegfor: i and id imphre for (generally ace. of thing as well as person) ; e. g. tarn imahe indram asya rayah we hnplore Indra for some of that wealth (vi. 22") ; iyate vasu- nam he is implored for some of his riches (vii. 32"') ; also a-yu take possession of.
a. Of these verbs bhaj remains in use in B. : with gen. = have a share in (with ace. receive as a share).
f. belong to : as and bhu, with the gen. of the possessor in both V. and B. ; e. g. asmakam astu kevalah let him exchisiveli/ be ours (i. 7^") ; atha^abhavat kevalah somo asya then Soma became exchisiveh/ his (vii. 98''); manor ha va rsabha asa Manu had a bull (SB.) ; tasya satam jaya babhuvuh he had a hundred ivives (AB.).
B. The genitive is used with two classes of substantives.
1. It depends on verbal substantives and is then allied to the gen. with verbs (especially those expi'essing possession).
a. The subjective gen., which is equivalent to the agent of the action exj)ressed by the cognate verb ; e. g. usaso vyiistau at the breah of daum = Avhen the dawn breaks ; apakramad u ha^eva^esam etad bibhayam cakara he was afraid of their dejmrture (^B.) = thiii they would run away. It very often occurs with datives ; e. g. yajnasya samrd- dhyai /or the success of the sacrifice (TS.) = that the sacrifice might succeed.
b. The objective gen., which is equivalent to the object expressed by the cognate verb ; e. g. yogo vajinah the >/oking of the steed = he yokes the steed ; pura vrtrasya vadhat before the slaughter of Vrtra (SB.) = before he slew Vrtra. It often occurs with datives ; e. g. yajamanasya^ahimsayai for the non-injmii of the sacrificer (MS.) = in order not to injure the sacrificer.
m] GENITIVE 321
a. This genitive is common with agent nouns, especially those in tr ; e.g. rayo data giver of iceulth (vi. 23'*'; ; pusa pasuiiam prajanayita Pusan is the propagator of caiiJe (MS.). But in V. the agent nouns in tr Avith few exceptions take the ace. when the root is accented; e.g. data vasu one uito gives wealth (vi, 23^).
2. The gen. commonly depends on non-verbal substantives. It may then have two senses :
a. The possessive gen. ; e. g. v6h parnam the wing of the J)ird = wing belonging to the bird ; devanam dutah the messenger of the gods. It also appears with abstract nouns . derived from such words ; e. g. ad id devanam lipa sakhyam ayan then theg came to friendship) with the gods (iv. 33") = then they became friends of the gods.
a. The gen. used with the perf. pass, part., felt to be the agent, is a variety of the possessive gen. Already appearing a few times in the RV. it is common in B. ; e. g. pfityuh krita (MS.) the Imight (wife) of the husband = (the wife) bought by the husband,
/3. The gen. is similarly used with the gerundive; e.g. anyasya balikrd anyasya^_^adyah paying taxes to anotlier, to he devoured Inj another (AB.)'.
7. Tlie gen. is freqviently used possessively where we w'ould use a dative ; e. g. tasya ha putro jajne a son of his was born - a son was born to him (AB.).
5. The gen. is occasionally used for the dative with srad dha leliere and da gire in the AB. This use may have started from the possessive sense.
l>. The partitive gen. expresses a part of the whole ; e.g. mitro vai sivo devanam 3£iira is the Jcindhj one among the gods (TS.). If the gen. is a plural of the same word as that on which it depends it is equivalent to a superlative ; e. g. sakhe sakhinam 0 friend among friends = best of friends (i. 30"); mantrakrtam mantrakrt hest of com/posers of hymns (B.).
a. This gen. is in particular used with comparatives and superla- tives (including prathamd, first, caram^ last, &c.) ; e. g. n^ pSra jigye kataris eanainoh not either of the two of them conquered (vi. 69^) ; gardabhah pasimam bharabharitamah the ass is the hest hearer of burdens among animals (TS.).
1819 Y
322 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [202
P. It is used with numbers above iu-en(y (in B. only with sahdsram) and words expressive of a division or a measure ; e. g. sastim asvanam (an aggregate of) sixty horses; gonam ardh^m half of (he coivs; gdvam yuthani herds ofcoics. Sometimes this gen. is used by transference to express not a part, but the whole ; as in marutam ganah. the host (con- sisting) o/the Maruts.
7. Tlie gen. sometimes expresses the material ; e. g. krsnanam vrihinam carum srapayati he cooks a mess of Uack rice (SB. ) ; et6sam vrk.sanam bhavanti they (the fences) are (made of the wood) of these trees (SB.). It is used in this sense with the verb kr ; e.g. yd, ev^ kds ca vrksdh phalagrahis tdsya karya ivhatever tree bears fruit, of (a part of) that it is to be made (MS.).
C. The gen. is used with a few adjectives meaning attached to, like, capalle of, Jcnoivinr/, ojfering, alouncUncj in: priya dear, anuvrata obedient ; pratyardhi standing at the side of; anurxi]pai similar ; isvara able to, navedas cognisant of; papri Icstoiving abundantly (partitive gen. of the thing offered, e. g. andhasah of the juice (i. 52^) ; and with the participles, used like adjectives, purna ftdl of, pipivams abounding in.
D. The gen, is used with certain adverbs having 1. a local sense : in V. agratas before (AV.) ; in V. and B. : daksinatas to the right of; avastad below, parastad aftoye, purastad before; in B. : uparistad behind, pascad behind, puras before ; antikam near, nediyas nearer, n^distham nearest.
a. In the RV. ax€ far from takes the gen. (also the abl.). li. In B. the local adjective (like the local adverbs) lidanc northicard of takes the gen.
2. a temporal sense : Ida and idanim now are used in V. with the genitives ahnas and ahnam == at the present time of day ; pratar early with the gen. ahnas in V. and with ratryas in B. ; e. g. yasya ratryah pratar yaksyamanah syat in the morning of which night he may be about to sacrifice (MS.).
3, a multiplicative sense: in V. sakrt once with ahnas ofice a day ; tris thrice in trir dhnas, trir a divah thrice
202-203] GENITIVE 823
a flay and trir akt6s three times a night ; in B. : dvis twice and tris thrice with samvatsarasya, twice, thrice a year.
a. The adverbial iiso in V. of the gen. in a temporal sense is perhaps derived from that with multiplicatives : aktos, ksdpas and ksapds nfa night; vastos and usasas of a morning.
Locative.
203. This case expresses the sphere in which an action takes place, or with verbs of motion the sphere which is reached by the action. Its sense includes not only locality (both concrete and abstract) but persons and time. It may therefore be variously translated by in, on, at ; beside, among, in the presence of; to, into.
A. The loc, appears in a general and independent way in the following senses :
1, Place : a. concrete ; e. g. divi in heaven, parvate in or on the mountain (i. 32^) : sarasvatyam at the Sarasvati (iii. 23-') ; yudhi in battle (i. 8^), samgram6 id. (SB.).
b. abstract : asya sumatau syama may we be in his good graces (viii. 48^-) ; tad indra te vase that, 0 Indra, is in thy poivcr {\n\. 93^) ; yd adityanam bhavati pranitavi ivho is in the guidance of the Adityas (ii. 27") ; vajrasya yat patane padi susnah when upon the flight of the bolt Susna fell (vi. 20') ; ghrtakirtau at the mention of (the word) ghee (SB.).
2. Persons : e. g. yat kim ca duritam mayi whatever sin there is in me (i. 23^^) ; pipaya sa sravasa martyesu he abounds in fame among mortals (vi. 10") ; yat stho druhyavy anavi turvase yadau, huv6 vam whether ye two are beside (with) Bruhyu, Ami, TurvaSa (or) Yadu, I call you (viii. 10"') ; vayam syama varune anagah may we be guiltless in the eyes of Varuua (vii. 87') ; asmin pusyantu gopatau let them prosper under this herdsman (x. 19').
8. Time : here the loc. expresses that an action takes place within the limits of the time mentioned ; e. g. usaso
v2
324 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [203-204
vyustau at the flush of dawn ; usasi in the morning (in B. pratar is used instead) ; dyavi-dyavi every dap (not used in B.) ; trir ahan three times in the day (in B. gen. only) ; jayate masi-masi he is born (once) in every (successive) month (x. 523).
a. This temporal use sometimes comes to mean that something happens at the end of the period ; e. g. samvatsara iddm adya vy akhyata ye have opened your eyes now io-dcty (for the first time) i7i a year (i. 161") = ai. the end of a year ; tatah samvatsar^ piirusah sam abhavat thence arose in (= at the end of) a year a man (SB.).
4. Adverbially. A few substantives and adjectives are thus used ; e. g. agre often occurs in the sense of in front and at first, appearing even in compounds (e. g. agre-ga going hefore, agre-pa drinldng first) ; in SB. the loc. of ksipra quich is several times thus employed, e.g. ksipre ha yajamano 'mum lokam iyat the sacrificer ivoutd speedily go to yonder world.
204. B. The loc. is connected with different classes of words by which it may be said to be governed.
1. It is specially connected with verbs expressing : ■ a. in V. : rejoice in ; groiv, prosper ; Mess, injure in respect of; implore, involve for (i, hu) ; receive from ; e.g. visve deva havisi madayadhvam do ye, 0 all-gods, rejoice in the oblation (vi. 52'^j ; tavisisu vavrdhe he grew in strength (i. 52-) ; ya esam bhrtyam rnadhat sa jivat he ivho icill succeed in their support, shall live (i. 84"^) ; prava nas tok6 bless us in children (viii. 23'-) ; ma nas tdk.6 ririsah injure us not in our children (i. 114*); agnim tok6 tanaye sasvad imahe Agni we constantly implore for children and for grandchildren (viii. 71'^) ; adha hi tva havamahe tanaye gosu^apsii for tve involve thee for offspring, cows, water (vi. 19^^) ; dev^sii^ amrtatvam anasa ye received immortality {among =) from the gods (iv. 36*) ;
in V. and B. : let share in (a-bhaj) and struggle for (sprdh, rarely in V.) ; e. g. yan abhajo mariita indra some the
204] LOCATIVE 325
Maruts wJiom thoit, 0 Inclm, didst allow to share in Soma (iii. SS'-*) ; ami no 'syam prthivyam a bhajata let us have a share in this earth (SB.); adityas ca ha va angirasas ca svarge loke 'spardhanta the Adityas and the Angirases struggled for (the possession of) the heavenly world (AB.) ;
in B. : request (is), aslc (prach), call in question (mimams) ; e. g, sa ha^iyam devesu sutyayam apitvam ise she re- quested from the gods a share in the Sotna feast (SB.) ; te devesv aprchanta they inquired of the gods (PB.).
b. in V. and B. : motion, to indicate tli§ place that is reached. The case may here be translated by to, into, upon. Such verbs in V. are : go (gam), enter (a-^?^is), ascend (a-ruh), descend (ava-vyadh), fow (ars, dhav), ^jo«/" (sic, hu), put (dha, kr) ; e. g. sa id devesu gachati (i. 1^) that goes to [= reaches) the gods (while devan gachati would mean goes in the direction of the gods) ; yo martyesv it krnoti devan who brings the gods to mortals (i. 77'); viryam yajamane dadhati he puts energy into the sacrificer (TS.) ; na va esa gramy^sn pasusu hitah he {is not placed among =) does not belong to the tame animals (TS.). In B. verbs meaning to throw at are especially common with the loc.
c. desire, to indicate the goal or object aimed at : grdh be eager, yat strire, a-sams hope ; e.g. annesu jagrdhur they are eager for food (ii. 23'") ; divi svano yatate the sound soars to heaven (x. 75") ; a tu na indra samsaya gosv asvesu pray give us hope, Indra, of cotvs and horses (i. 29') ; agnihotrini devata a samsante the gods place their hope in the maintainer of the sacrificial fire (MS.).
2. The loc. is also used to some extent connected with nouns :
a. verbal nouns (substantives and adjectives) derived from verbs taking that case ; e. g. na tasya vacy api bhago asti he has no share in speech (x. 71") ; somo bhiitv avapanesv abhagah let Soma be a particiqMtor in drinking bouts (i. 136^) ; suta it tvara nimisla indra some thou art attached, 0 Indra,
326 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [204-205
to the jiressed Soma (vi. 23') ; tasminn eva^eta nimislatama iva to hhn these (women) are most devoted (SB.).
h. ordinary adjectives : in V. priya and caru dear ; e. g. priyah surye priyo agna bhavati he will he dear to Surya, dear to Agnl (v. 37^) ; carur mitre varune ca dear to Mitra and Varum (ix. 61^) ; in B. dhruva firm ; e. g. rastram eva^ asmin dhruvam akah he has made the sovereignty estallisJted in him (TS.).
3. The loc. is used with a few prepositions : in V. a in, at, on, and (rarely) api near, in, and upa near to, at, upon, as well as the prepositional adverb saca beside, ivith ; in V. and B. adhi on and antar within (ep. 176. 2 ; 177, 5).
Locative and Genitive Absolute.
205. 1. The absolute construction of the loc, in which the case is always accompanied by a participle, started from the ordinary use of the loc. Combined with a i^articiple it came to be regarded as a temporal or qualifying clause where the case alone could not be employed. Thus beside usasi at daivn could appear uchantyam usasi at dawn as it shines forth, which then acquired the independent sense ■tchen dawn shines fort J t. (i. 184'). As regards the participles used in this construction, the future never occurs ; the perf. act. is quite isolated ; the perf. pass. part, is somewhat doubtful in V., but undoubted in B. ; while the pres. part, is in fully developed use in V. as well as B.
a. An example of the perf. part. act. in vant used absolutely is : asitavaty atithav asniyat (AV. ix. 6^^) the guest having eaten, he may eat (cp. 161).
h. The perf. part. pass, appears in the RV. in several expressions, such as jat6 agnau, stirn6 barhisi, sut6 some, in which the loc. probably still has its ordinary sense ; e. g. visvam adhag ayudham iddh6 agnau he hurnt every weapon in the kindled fire (ii. 15^) ; yo asvasya dadhikravno akarit
205] LOCATIVE ABSOLUTE 327
samiddhe agna iisaso vyustau who has honoured the steed
BadhUiravan beside the Icindledfire at the flush of Dawn (iv. 39^),
possibly when the fire is hindled. In other examples the
absolute sense seems more likely : yad im enam usato abhy
avarsit trsyavatah pravrsy agatayam when it has rained
upon the eager thirsty ones, the rainy season having come
(vii. 103''); especially in yan marutah surya udite madatha
when ye, 0 Maruts, are exhilarated at the rising of the sun
(v. 54'°). Here surye could not be used alone/ while the
loc. of time would be expressed by lidita suryasya at
sunrise.
a. In B. the absolute use with the pert", part. pass, is much more pronounced ; e. g. uditesu ndksatresu vacam vi srjati ivhen the stars have risen he sets free his voice (TS.) ; s£ enah svo bhut6 yajate he sacrifices fa them ichen the morning has appeared (TS.) ; krit6 some maitravarunaya dandam prd, yachati when the Soma has been bovght he hawls the staff to the Maitrdvaruna priest (TS.); tdsmad gardabh^ pu^a^_^ayusah pramite bibhyati therefore one is frightened when a donketj has died before its lime (TS.). The substantive has sometimes to be supplied ; e.g. sa hovaca : hato vrtro ; yad dhate kuryata tdt kuruta^iti he said : Vrtra is dead ; what you would do, if he were dead, that do (SB.).
c. Of the pres. part, with the loc. in the absolute sense there are many examples in V. ; e. g. indram pratar hava- maha indram prayati^adhvar^ Indra ve involve early, Indra when the sacrifice proceeds (i. 16-') ; sarasvatim deva- yanto havante sarasvatim adhvare tayamane fnen devoted to the gods invoice Sarasvatt, Sarasvati tvhile the sacrifice is extended (x. 17') ; ta vam adya tav aparam huvema^ uchantyam usasi so you two to-day, so you two in future ive ivoidd invoke when Dawn shines fotih (i. 184').
a. Similarly in B : yajiiamukhe-yajnamukhe vai kriydmane yaj- iiam rdksamsi jighamsanti ahvays ivhen the commencement of the sacrifice is being made, the Baksases seek to destroy the sacrifice (TS.) ; some hany^- mane yajn.6 hanyate ichen Soma is destroyed, the sacrifice is destroyed (TS.) ;
^ Because the sense rejoice in the sun would be unnatixral, though the construction of mad with the loc. is normal (cp. 204, 1 a).
328 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [205-206
tasmad agnicid varsati na dhavet therefore the fire-piler should not run xvhen it rains (TS.) ; tim etat pratyayatyam ratrau sayim upatisth.anta so they approached him in the evening lohen night returned (SB.).
2. The genitive absolute is unknown in V., but has ah-eady come into use in B. It arose from the possessive genitive which acquired an independent syntactical value when accompanied by a (pres. or perf. pass.) participle much in the same way as the loc. The substantive is sometimes omitted. Examples are : tasya^alabdhasya^ sa vag apa cakrama he being sacrificed, this voice departed {iiB.) ; tasmad apam taptanam pheno jayate therefore, zvhen tvater is heated, foam arises (SB.) ; sa eta vipruso 'janayata ya imali skuyamanasya vipravante he (Agni) produced those sparls which dart about when (the fire) is stirred (MS.) ; tesam ha^ uttisthatam uvaca while these stood up he said (AB.). In the first three of the above examples the close relationship of the absolute to the possessive case is still apparent.
Participles.
206. Participles are of a twofold nature inasmuch as they share the characteristics of both noun and verb. In form they are adjectives both in inflexion and concord. On the other hand they not only govern cases like the verb, but also indicate differences of voice and generally speaking retain the distinctions of time expressed by the tenses to which they belong. They are as a rule used appositionally with substantives, qualifying the main action and equiva- lent to subordinate clauses. They may thus express a rela- tive, temporal, causal, concessive, final, or hypothetical sense. The verbal character of participles formed directly from the root (and not from tense stems) is restricted (with certain exceptions) to the passive voice in sense, and to past and future time ; while owing to their passive nature they are not construed with an ace. of the object, Init only with the inst. of the agent or means.
207-208] PARTICIPLES _ 329
207. The pres, part, is occasionally used in V. by anaco- luthon as a finite verb ; e.g. asmad aham tavisad isamana indrad bhiya maruto rdjamanah / (am) fleeing from this mighty one, fremhliiig with fear of Indra, ye Maruts (i. 171*). This use does not seem to be found in B.
a. The pies. part, is used with the verbs i go, car move, as remain, stha stand as auxiliaries to express continued duration in V. and B. ; e. g. visvam anyo abhieaksana eti tlie other (Pusan) goes on watching the universe (ii. 40^) j vicakasac candrama naktam eti the moon goes on shining brightly at night (i. 24^") ; te 'sya grhah pasava upamurya- mana iyuh his house and cattle would go on being destroyed (SB.) ; tvam hi . . . 6ko vrtra carasi jighnamanah ybr thoit alone goest on Idlling the Yrtras (iii. 80^) ; t6 'rcantah sram- yantas eeruh they went on praying and fasting (SB.) ; ream tvah posam aste pupusvan the oneliceps producing abundance of verses (x. 7U^) ; somam eva^etat pibanta asate they thus Iceep on drinJcing Soma (TS.) ; ucchvancamana prthivi su tisthatu let the earth keep on yaioning wide (x. 18'-) ; vitrmha- nas tisthanti they keep conflicting (TS.).
208. The past passive participle in ta is very frequently used as a finite verb ; e. g. tatam me apas tad u tayate punah my work is done and it is being done again (i. 110') ; na tvavam indra kas cana na jato na janisyate no one is like thee, 0 Indra, he has not been born, and he ivill not be born (i.81^) ; used impersonally : sraddhitam te mahata indriyaya confidence has been placed in thy great might (i. 104'^).
Similarly in B. : ista devata dtha katama et6 the gods have been wor- shipped, hut ivhich are these gods? (TS. ); also in suboi'dinate clauses: tdsmin ydd apanuam, grasitam evd.^asya tfit what has got into him, that has been devoured by him (TS.).
a. The perf. pass. part, is not infrequently used with forms of as and bhu as auxiliaries constituting a periphrastic mood or tense in V. ; e. g. yuktas te astu daksinah let thy right (steed) be yoked (i. 82"') ; dhumas te ketur abhavad
330 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [208-209
divi sritah. the snioJce, thy banner, {was raised =) arose to heaven (v. 11^).
h. Such forms (pres, and aor. ind. of bhu, impf and peif. ind. and opt. of as) make regular past and present tenses and the opt. mood in B.; e.g. bhuyasibhir ha^asya^ahutibhir istam bhavati bij him sacrifice has been made ivith several offerings (AB.) ; devasurah samyatta asan the gods and Asuras were engaged in conflict (TS.) ; tad va rsinam anu- srutam asa that was heard bg the seers (SB.) ; tasmad vidhrta adhvano 'bhuvan therefore the roads have been divided (TS.).
209. Future Participles Passive. There are six of these : one, that in ayya occurs in the RV. only ; three, those in enya, ya, and tva, in V. and in B. ; two, those in tavya and aniya in V. (but not in the RV.) and in B. The commonest sense expressed by these verbal nouns is necessity ; but various allied meanings, such as obligation, fitness, certain futurity, and possibility, are also frequent. Four of them are construed with the inst. of the agent (the gen. and dat. sometimes appearing instead), while the forms in tva and aniya are never found connected with a case.
1. The commonest of these gerundives is that in ya ; sadyo jajnano havyo babhiiva as soon as born he became one to be invoiced (viii. 96^^). It often appears without a verb ; e. g. visva hi vo namasyani vandya namani deva uta yajniyani vah all your names, ye gods, are adorable, worthy of praise, and ivorshipful (x. 63^). The agent may be expressed by the inst., dat., or gen.; e.g. tvam nrbhir havyo visvadha^asi thou art always to be involed by men (vii. 22') ; asmabhir u nu praticaksya^abhut she has become visible {by=) to us (i. 113^^) ; sakha sakhibhya idyah a friend to be praised by friends (i. 75^) ; ya 6ka id dhavyah carsaninam who alone is to be invoiced of men (vi. 22').
a. In B. the agent may be in the inst. or gen., but not in the dat. ; thus tdsmai deyam means io him gifts should be given (SB.). This example also illustrates the impersonal use of this gerundive in B.,
209] GERUNDIVE 381
ii use unkuowu to the RV. This gerundive is always without a verb, being unaccompanied by forms of as or bhu in B. ; e. g. bahu d^yam
■much (is) to he (jicen (MS.).
2. Tlie gerundive in tva in the RV. implies necessity or possibility and is often used in contrast with the past ; but it is not found accompanied by a verb (as or bhu) or a noun expressing the agent ; e. g. ripavo hantvasah. the enemy are to he Villed (iii. 30^^) ; yo nantvany anaman ny ojasa who hy his might lent what could he lent (ii. 24^) ; tad visvam abhibhur asi yaj jatam yac ca jantvam thou surpassest all that has leen lorn and that -is to he lorn (viii. 89'^).
a. The only meaning that seems to be expressed by this gerundive in B. is possibility; e.g. snatvam udakdm water that can be bathed in (6b.); no asya^anyad dhotvam asit pranat and he had nothing else that could be offered but breath (MS.).
3. The gerundive in ayya, found in the RV. only, some- times appears accompanied by an agent in the inst. or the dat. ; e. g. daksayyo nrbhih to le propitiated ly men (i. 129^) ; daksayyo dasvate dama a who is to Ic ])ropitiated ly the pious man in his house (ii. 4^).
4. The form in enya, almost restricted to the RV, may be accompanied by an agent in the inst. ; e. g. agnir ilenyo gira Agni to le praised with song (i. 79^) ; abhyayams6nya bhavatam manlsibhih le ivilling to le drawn near ly the devout (i. 34^).
a. It is once or twice also found in B. ; thus vacam udyasam susrti- s^nyam I imuld utter a speech worthy to be heard (TS.).
5. The gerundive in tavya, which is not found in the RV. at all, occurs only twice in the AV. : thus na brahmano himsitavyah a Brahmin is not to le injured (AV. v. 18*^).
a. In B. it is frequent and used much in the same way as the form in ya ; here it is also used impersonally and with the agent in the inst. ; e. g. putro yajayayitavyah a son must be made to sacrifice (MS.) ; agnicita paksino B^j^^asitavyam anAcjnkit should not eat {any part) of a bird (^MS.), pasuvrateua bhavitavyam (MS.) he should act after the manner of
332 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [209-210
cattle (more literally : action should he taken hij him as one folloioing the manner of cattle).
6. The form in aniya, which is rare in both V. and B., does not occur at all in the EV., and only twice in the prose of the AV. Expressing only suitability or possibility, and never used either with an inst. or impersonally, it has hardly attained the full value of a gerundive even in B. ; e. g. upajivaniyo bhavati he is one ivho may he subsisted on (AV.) ; abhicaraniya Iktble to he hewitchcd (SB.) ; ahavaniya suitahle to he offered to (AB.).
Gerund or Indeclinable Participle.
210. The forms of the gerund, ending in tvij tva, tvaya (cp. 163) and in ya or tya (164) are synonymous, expressing an action that is past before that of the finite verb begins. It regularly refers to what is regarded as the subject of the sentence ; e. g. giidhvi tamo jy6tisa^_^usa abodhi having hidden aicay the darkness, Dawn has awakened with light (vii. 80") ; yuktva haribhyam iipa yasad arvak having yoJxd (them) mag he come hither with his two hags (v. 40^) ; striyam drstvaya kitavam tatapa having seen a woman it pains the gamhler (x. 34^^)= tlic gambler, having seen a ivoman, is pained ; piba nisadya drink, after having sat doivn (i. 177^) ; yo hanti satrum abhitya who slays the foe after having attacked him (ix. 55"*).
a. The usage in B. is similar ; e.g. tSsmat suptva prajah pra budh- ■yante therefore creatures awake after having slept (TS.); tam ha,_^enam drstva bhir viveda having seen him fear seized him = having seen him he became afraid (SB.). The gerund is, however, here found loosely con- strued in various ways not occurring in V. Thus it refers in sense to the agent implied by the future j^art. pass, in tavya or ya used predi- catively as a finite verb ; e. g. agnihotrah^vanim pratapya hasto 'vadheyah his hand (is) to he put into it (by the holder) after having heated the ftre-sacrifce ladle (M.S.). Still looser is the connexion in such sen- tences as the following : tS pas^va osadhir jagdhva^apdh pitva tata esi, r^sah sdm bhavati the beasts Iiaving eaten the plants and drunk -water —
210-211] GERUND S33
(hen this vital sap arises (6b.) = then acquire this vital sn}). The past sense of the gerund is often emphasized by the particle d,tha then being placed immediately after it. The gerund is here sometimes equiva- lent to the finite verb of a subordinate clause ; e. g. atithyena vai deva istva tant sam^d avindat after the gods had sacrificed ivith the rite of hoHpitahle reception, discord came upon them (SB.); similarly with the verb naan think : et&d vai devah prapya raddhva^_^iva^amanyanta tlie gods, having obtained this, thought thai they had as good as won (SB.).
b. The gerund in am, which is always a compound, and
the first member of which is nearly always a preposition,
exjDresses a simultaneous action performed by the subject of
the finite verb of the sentence. Being a cognate ace. used
adverbially it is only beginning to be used as a gerund in
late V. ; e. g. tantram yuvati abhyakramam vayatah the
iico maidens weave the web while going iip to it (AV.).
a. In B. it has become common ; e. g. abhikramam juhoti (TS.) he sacrifices while ap2)roaching (the fire). This gerund is sometimes used with as, i, or car to express continued action ; e. g. t6 parapatam asata they kept flying away (MS.).
Infinitive.
211. The normal use of this form is to supplement the general statement of the sentence in a final {in order to) or a consequential (so as to) sense. The infinitive is, however, sometimes dependent on a particular word in the sentence, usually a verb, occasionally a noun : it then loses some of its full meaning, as in other languages after an auxiliary. The object when it is expressed is generally in the accusative.
1. Dative Infinitive.
a. The various forms of this infinitive govern either an ace. or (by attraction) a dat., sometimes (according to the nature of the verb) another case ; e. g. indraya^arkam juhva sam anje, viram danaukasam vandadhyai for Indra I tvith my tongue adorn a song, to praise the bountiful hero (i. 61°) ; tvam akrnor dustaritu saho visvasmai sahase sahadhyai thou didst display irresistible power to overcome
334 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [-211
crenj poivcr (vi. 1^); ava sya sura^adhvano na^ante 'smin no adya savane mandadhyai unyoke, 0 hero, as at the end of a journey, to delight in this our Soma pressing to-day (iv. 16^) ; abhud u param etave pantha the path has appeared, to (enable us to) go to the farther shore (i. 46^^) ; a no nava matinam yatam paraya gantave do ye two come to us with the boat of our hymns, to go to the farther shore (i. 46") ; indram codaya datave magham urge Indra to give bounty (ix. 75'^) ; indram avardhayann ahaye hantava u they strengthened Indra to slay the dragon (v. 31"*) ; a ta etu manah piinah jivase jyok ca suryam drs6 let thy spirit return {to live =) that thou mayest live and long see the sun (x. 57^) ; sisite srnge raksase vinikse he sharpens his horns in order to pierce the demon (v. 2^) ; sadyas cin mahi davane to give much at once (viii. A.Q'^^) ; pra yad bharadhve suvitaya davane when ye proceed to give welfare (v. 59^) ; amitran prtsu turvane to overcome foes in battle (vi. 46*^) ; atha,_,upa pra^ aid yudhaye dasyum then he advanced to fight the demon (v. 30^) ; tav asmabhyam drsaye sux'yaya punar datam asum may these two give us back our breath that we may see the sun (x. 14^^) ; devo no atra savita nu^artham prasavid dvipat pra catuspad ityai here god Savitr has now urged on our bipeds, on our quadrupeds to go to their work (i. 124^) ; abodhi hota yajathaya devan the priest has awakened to worship the gods (v. 1^).
b. The dat. inf. not infrequently depends on a jDarticular word in the sentence ; e. g. ta vam vastuni^usmasi ga- madhyai tve desire to go to those abodes of you two (i. 154^); dadhrvir bharadhyai strong to carry (vi. 66^) ; cikid nasaya- dhyai understanding to destroy (viii. 97^*) ; agnim dv6so yotavai no grnimasi we implore Agni to tvnrd off hostility from us (viii. 71^'') ; t6 hi putraso aditer vidur dv6samsi y6tave/o>' those sons of Aditi know how to tvard off hostilities (viii. 18^) ; tvam indra sravitava apas kali thou, 0 Indra, hast made the ivaters to floio (vii. 21^) ; vidyama tasya t©
211] INFINITIVE 335
vayam akuparasya da vane may we know this of thee who art ■inexhaustible to give (v. 39^) ; bhiyase mrgam kah he has made the monster to fear (v. 29*) ; jajanus ca rajase and they created (him) to rule (viii. 97^") ; kavimr ichami samdrse I wish to see the poets (iii. 38^).
a. The dat. inf. has sometimes a passive force ; e.g. a vo vahistho vahatu stavadhyai rd.thah may your most swift car bring you hither to he praised (vii. 37^) ; girbhih sakhayam gam ni dohdse huve with songs I call my friend like a cow to be milked (vi. 45^) ; esa purutSma drs€ kd.ni she here that constantly returns (so as) to be seen (i. 124^). This sense is especially noticeable In the infinitives in tavai, tave, and e, which when used predicatively (as a rule with the negative n£) are equiva- lent to a future part, pass.^ witli the copula ; e. g. stus6 sa vam ratih'^ thai bounty of yours is to be praised (i. 122'') ; nd,isa gdvyiitir ^pabhartava u this pasture (is) not to be taken away (x, 14^); ydsya nd, radhah p^ryetave whose treasure is not to be surpassed (viii. 24^^) ; nd,_^asmaliaai asti tdt td.ra adityaso atiskdde this our seal, 0 Adityas, is not to be overlooked (viii. 67*') ; ni, pramiye savitur d^ivyasya ti,t this (work) of the divine Savitr (is) indestructible (iv. 54*).
j3. The agent (or instrument) of the action expressed by the inf. is pi\t in the inst. or gen. when there is a passive sense ; e. g. n^^anyina stomo vasistha £nvetave vah your laudation, 0 Vasisthas, is not to be eqitalled by another (vii. 33') ; ^bhud. agnih samidhe manusanam Agni has appeared to be kindled of men (vii. 77*). Wlien there is no passive sense the agent is expressed by the dat, ; e. g. vi srayantam prayai dev6bhyo mahih. may the great {gates) open {for tJte gods to =) that the gods mcty enter {i. 1426); dabhrara pdsyadbhya urviya vicdksa usa ajigar bhuvanani vi'sva (i. 113^) Daicn has wakened all creatures (for those loho nov7 see little to = ) that those who see little now may look far and icide ; ahdm riidraya dhdnur a tanomi brahmadvise sarave hdntava u I stretch the boicfor Rudra {for the arrow to =) that the arrow may strike the hater of prayer (x. 125").
7. The infinitive in dhyai is not infrequently employed elliptically to express an intention, the subject being either expressed or requir- ing to be supplied in the first or third person^ ; e. g. prati vam rdtham
^ In Latin the gerundive actually appears to have taken the place of the IE. predicative infinitive : see Brugmann, Grundriss, 4, 2, pp. 461 and 488.
2 Which in Latin would be : laudanda {est) vestra benignitas.
^ The inf. is similarly used in Greek in the sense of a 2. pers. impv.; e. g. -rravra rdS' djy(T\ai /xrjSl ^evSayyeXo^ (7vai tell all this and be not a false messenger (Homer, Od.) ; flirifevai ^xoi, IpSjis tell me, ye Trojans {ibid.).
386 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211
jar^dhyai Ihe chariot of you iioo (I purpose) to invoke (vii. 67^) ; a va ausijo huvddhyai samsam the son ofUsij (intends) to pyoclaim your praise (i. 122'''').
5. In B. the inf. in tavai lias three uses : 1. with a final sense ; e. g. tam pra harati yo 'sya strtyas tasniai star tavai he hurls it in order to strike down him ivho is to he struck down by it (AB.). 2. predicatively with nS, often witli a passive sense, sometimes impersonally ; e.g. na v&i yajiia iva m^ntavdi it is not to he regarded like a sacrifice (SB.) ; na pura suryasya udetor m^nthitav^i one should not ruh fire he/ore sunrise (MS.); tasmad etenaj^asru n^ kartavM therefore tears should not be shed by him (MS.). 3. with a pass, sense after an ace. governed by aha, uvaea and brriyat ; e. g. agnim pdristaritava aha he says that the fire is to be enclosed (MS.) ; gopaian samhvayitava uvaca he said that the cow- herds should be called together (SB.) ; tad asvam anetavai bruyat then he should order the horse to be brought (SB.). Perhaps, however, the ace. here depends on the inf. alone : he should give orders to bring ihe horse.
2. Accusative Infinitive.
a. The form in am is used to supplement statements con- taining a verb of going or in dependence on verbs meaning he able (arh, as, sak), wish (vas), or Imoiv (vid) ; e. g. ^ipo emi cikitiiso viprcham / go to the wise to inquire (vii. 86'^) ; iy6tha barhir asadam fhou hast gone to seat thyself on the strmv (iv. 9^) ; sakema tva samidham ive would he able to Mndle thee (i. 94^") ; sa veda deva anamam devan he, the god, hnoivs (how) to guide hither the gods (iv. 8'').
d. In B. this form of the inf. appears only in dependance on the verbs arh, vid, and sak when they are combined with the negative nd,; e. g. avarundham nd^asaknot he was not able to keep hack (MS.),
h. The inf. in turn in the RV. expresses the purpose with verbs of motion^ and also api^ears in dependence on the verbs arh he able and ci intend ; e. g. ko vidvamsam upa gat prastum etat ivho has gone to the wise man to ask him this? [i. 164*); bhuyo va datum arhasi or thou canst give more (v. 79^*').
^ Tlie use of this inf. is restricted to dependence on such verbs in the Latin supine in tiim.
211] INFINITIVE 337
a. In B. the use is similai*, this inf. expressing the purpose with verbs of motion, or in dependence on the verbs dhr intend and (generally accompanied by the negative na) arh and sak he able, kam desire, dhrs dare, a-dr trouble, a-sams expect ; e. g. hotum eti Jie goes to sacrifice (TS.), drastum a gachati Jie comes in order to see (SB.) ; anyad eva kartum dadhrire 'nyad vai kurvanti theij have purposed to do one thing, but do another (SB.) ; katham asakata mad rt6 jivitum hoiv have you been able to live ivithout me? (SB.) ; na cakame hantum he did not wish to kill (SB.).
3. Ablative- Genitive Infinitive.
a. The form in as (which is always compounded with prepositions) is almost exclusively abl. as is shown by its being used with words governing that case, viz. the pre- positions rt6 without, pura before, and the verbs pa, protect, tra rescue, hhi fear ; e. g. rt6 cid abhisrisah pura jatrubhya atrdah ivithout binding, before the cartilages being pierced (viii. V-^) ; tradhvam kartad avapadah (ii. 29") save us from falling into the 2nt (lit. /row the pit, from falling down).
There is one example of its being a gen., as it is governed by the verb is : nahi tvad ar6 nimisas canalise for without thee I am not able even to blinJc (ii. 28'').
a. In B. it appears only as a gen. governed by isvara; e. g. saisvaro ydjamanasya pasun nirddhah he is able fo Mm the cattle of the sacrijtcer
(MS.).
b. The form in tos is abl. when it is governed by the prepositions pura before and a till or by verbs of saving and preventing ; e. g. pura hantor bhayamano vy ara fearing he withdreir. before being struch (iii. 30'") ; yuyota no anapa- tyani gantoh save its from coming to childlessness (iii. 54''^).
The gen. form is found only in dependence on the verb is be able (with the object by attraction in the gen.) or on the adverb madhya in the midst of; e. g. ise rayah suvir- yasya datoh he can give wealth and heroic offspring (vii. 4") ;
1819
338 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [211
ma no madhya ririsata^ayur gantoh. injure us not {in the midst of = ) before our reaching old age (i. 89^).
a. In B. the aljl. inf. is found with prepositional words only. It usually occurs with a till and pura before, both the subject and the object being in the gen. The object may, however, by attraction he in the abl., and a predicate is in the abl. ; e. g. a suryasya lidetoh (MS.) iill the sun's rising = till the sun rises ; a tisrnam dogdhoh (SB.) till the milking of three (cows) = till three (cows) are milked ; a midhyad bhdvitoh. till becoming pure ; pura siiryasya^udetoh before the suns rising CMS.) = before the sun rises; pura vagbhyah sampravaditoh before the voices' uttering (PB.)= before the roices are uttered. The abl. form is also sometimes used with the prepositional adverbs purastad and arvaci- nam before ; e. g. purastad dhotoh. before sacrificing (MS.) ; arvacinam jd.nitoh before being horn (MS.).
The gen. form occurs only in dependence on isvar^ able, the object being in the ace. (sometimes by attraction in the gen.), and the predi- cate in the nom. ; e.g. sd. isvard, artim artoh he can fall into misfortune (TS.) ; ta isvara ydjamanam himsitoh these tivo can injure the sacrificer (MS.). Occasionally isvard, is omitted ; e. g. t&to diksitah pamano bhdvitoh hence the initiated man (can) become scabby (^B,).
4. Locative Infinitive.
The only loc. forms to which a genuine inf. use (cp. 167, 4) can be attributed are the few in sani. These supplement j the general statement of the sentence or depend on a particular word in it, and (like the form in dhyai) express an intention or exhortation (with the ellipse of a A^erb in the 1., 2., or 3. pers.) ; e. g. vi nah pathas cltana yastave, asmabhyam visva asas tarisani do ye oj^en up for us the paths to sacrifice, {for us to =) that tve may conquer all regions (iv. 37") ; nayistha u no uesani, parsistha ti nah parsany ati dvisah. the best guides to guide us, the best leaders to lead us through our foes (x. 126'^) ; tad va ukthasya barhana^ indraya^upastrnisani this song of praise (I will) spread out uith power for your In Ira (vi. 44*^] ; priyam vo atithim grnisani (do ye) extol your dear guest (vi. 15''j ; ijanam bhumir abhi prabhtisani {let) Earth assist the sacrificer (x. 132').
•21-2] TENSES AND MOODS 839
TENSES AND MOODS.
212. Two or more roots of cognate meaning sometimes supplement each other in such a way as to be used for different tenses of what is practically one verb. Such are :
1. as and bhti he : the pres., impf , and perf. are formed by as ; the fut. and aor, by bhu alone. In its proper sense bhu means lo hccome (originally to gron-), but unless oi^posed to as he, it has the same sense as the latter, the pres. and perf. of both being used promiscuously. The contrast appears clearly when the pres. is opposed to the aor. ; e. g. yamo va idam abhud yad vayam smah Yama has become that which we are (TS.). It also appears in the impf. : ya vipriisa asarns tah sarkara abhavan what were S])arks hrcame gravel (MS.).
2. dhav and sr run : in the RV. occur the plup. adadhavat and the pres. sisarti ; in B. the pres. dhavati, the impf. asarat, and the perf. sasara.
3. pas and drs see : the former appears in the pres. only, the latter in the aor., fut., and perf. only ; khya see is used in the same tenses as drs, but as opposed to the latter means disceni.
4. bru and vac speaJc : the former is used in the pres. stem only ; the latter in the aor., fut., perf. (V. has also the pres. vivakti).
5. han and vadh slaij: the former has the pres., impf., fut., perf. only, the latter the aor. only.
a. Ill B. a few additional pairs of roots supplement each other to some extent. Such are ad and ghas ea(; aj and vi drive; i and ga (aor.) go ; pra-yam and pr a- da, present ; sad and si fall.
Present.
A. In V. a number of verbs form two or more present stems, in which, however, no differences of meaning are traceable. In B. this multiplicity is for the most part lost.
z2
340 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [212
The only type here showing any develoj^ment is that in ya. which tends to have an intransitive sense. Such j)resent stems are formed in B. from more than a dozen roots that do not form it in the EV. ; e. g. tapyati f/roics hot (RV. tapati).
1. As in other languages, the present is used to indicate an action that is taking place when the speaker makes his statement.
2. In the RV. the simple pres. is sometimes employed of past actions in narration to add a new statement in a vivid mannei- ; e. g. purutra vrtro asayad vyastah : amuya sayanam ati yantl^apah Vrtra lay scattered in many places : over Itlm as he thus lies the waters flow (i. 32'^).
This use does not seem to occur in B.
a. pura formerly is used with the pres. to indicate an action which has extended through the past down to the present ; e, g. kva tani nau sakhya babhuvuh, sacavahe yad avrkam pura cit ichere has that friendshij) of ns two gone, inasmuch as we have hithciio associated inoffensively (vii. 88'^) ; sa ha^agnir uvaca^atha yan mam pura pra- thamam yajatha kva^aham bhavani^iti .so Agni said: 'now that you have hitherto honoured me at the sacrifice as the first where shall I he? (SB.).
a. In B. pvira is also iised without reference to the actual present from the speaker's point of view, to express a previous stage in typical conditions ; e. g. ahota va esd pura bhavati yada^evS^^enam pravr- nit6 'tha hota he is frevionsly a non-Hoir ; as soon as he chooses him, then he is a Hotr {SB.) ; dnaddhaj^^iva va asya^atah pura janam bhavati previously his origin is as if were uncertain (SB.).
I), sma pura with the pres. ind. expresses that something used to happen in the past ; e. g. samhotram sma pura nari samanaip. va^ava gachati formerly the ivoman used to go down to the common sacrifice or the assembly (x. 86^").
a. Tlie same usage is common in B. with ha sma pura ; e. g. n£ ha snaa vai pura^_^agnir dparasuvrknam dahati forinerhj Agni iised not to hum iphat ivas not cut off icilh the axe (TS.}. Here, however, the pura ts
212-213] PRESENT 341
much more usually umitted, ha sma alone expressing the same sense, especially often with the pres. perf. aha ; e.g. etfid dha sma va aha naradfih (MS.) loith regard to this Ndrada used to saij. (The AB. uses the perf. and the impf. with ha sma in the same sense.) The particles ha sma, which originally only accompanied it, have thus acquired, when used alone, the sense which is inherent in pura only.
c. The pres. ind. is also sometimes used for the fut. or the subj. ; e. g. aham api hanmi^iti ha^uvaca he said : I too ivill ski// lihn (SB.); indras ea rusamas ca^amsam prasyetam : yataro nau purvo bhumim paryeti sa jay- ati^iti Indra and liukima proposed a ivager : whichever of us shall go round the earth first shall ivin (PB.).
Past Tenses.
213. Each of the past tenses (except the pluperfect) has a distinctive meaning of its own, though occasional examples of aor. and perf. forms occur that are almost indistinguish- able in sense from the impf.
A. The perfect characteristically expresses the condition attained by the sul^ject as the result of a preceding action. If that action (often a repeated or continuous one) is con- tinued into the present so as to include the latter, it may be translated by the present ; if it is regarded as concluded before the present, by the present perfect. It can express both these senses when accompanied by the adverbs pura formerly and nunam now ; e. g. pura nunam ca stutaya rsinam pasprdhre tlie praises of the seers have vied together in past times and (do so) now (vi. 34^) ; sasvad dhi va utibhir vayam pura nunam bubhujmahe we have constantly enjoyed your aids and (do so) now (viii. 67'®) ; the same sense appears with the adverb satra always ; e. g. tiibhyam brahmani gira indra tubhyam satra dadhire : jusasva to thee prayers, 0 Indra, to thee songs have always been offered (and still are): accept them kindly (iii. 51"). But even without a particle this double sense is not infrequently apparent :
342 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213
na soma indram asuto mamada (vii. 26') tinpressed Soma has not (in the past) intoxicated Indra (and does not now) ; na bhoja mamrur na nyartham iyur : na risyanti na vyathante ha bhojah the liberal have not died (and die not), they have not fallen into calamity (and do not now) : the liberal are not injured and waver not (x. 107*) ; indra . . . ubhe a paprau rodasi mahitva Indra has with his greatness filed (and still fills) the two worlds (iii. 54^'^).
a. Thus a number of perfects (since their action includes the present) can be translated by the present, as is indicated by their often occurring by the side of actual present forms. Such perfects are formed from verbs meaning to know ; he pleased, sad, or afraid ; stand, sit, lie; rest upon, hold fast; have, possess ; encompass ; siirpass ; prosper ; hecome ; show oneself; e. g. kva^idanim suryali : kas ciketa irhere is now the sun : who knows ? (i. 35") ; yan na indro jnjiise yac ca vasti what Indra likes from tis and what he desires (iv. 22') ; ka isate, tujyate, ko bibhaya who flees (and) speeds, icho is afraid ? (i. 84^') ; na methete na tasthatuh they (night and morning) clash not and stand not still (i. 113''') ; vane-vane sisriye takvavir iva on every tree he sits liJce a hird (x. Ol-^) ; yatha^iyam prthivi mahi dadhara^iman vanaspatin eva dadhara te manah as this great earth holds these trees, so he holds thy spirit (x. 60') ; na te purve na^aparaso na viryam nutanah kas cana^apa not earlier men, not future men, no man of the present {has attained =) equals thy heroism (v. 42'^') ; pra hi ririksa ojasa divo antebhyas pari, na tva vivyaca raja indra parthivam tJtoit extendest beyond the ends of hexven with thy might, the terrestrial space does not contain thee (viii. SS'') ; indrena susuve nrbhir yds te sunoti through Indra he who presses (Soma) for thee invspers in men (vii. 32"^) ; sed u raja ksayati carsaninam, aran na nemih pari ta babhuva he rules as king over men, he encompasses the worlds (ta) as the felly the spolics (i. 32'-5) ; bhadra dadrksa urviya vi bhasi, ut te soeir bhanavo dyam apaptan brilliant
213] PERFECT 343
tilou appearest, thou shlnest afar, thy light, tliy beams, have shot up to heaven (vi. 64^).
6. Other perfects, which sum up past action but exclude the present, may be transhxted by the present peifect ; e. g. yat sim agas cakrma tat sii mrlatu whatever sin we have t'ommittecl, let him forgive that (i. 179"'); ya vrtraha paravati Sana nava ca cueyuv^, ta samsatsu pra vocata wliat old and new deeds the Vrtra-slager has set going in the distance, those proclaim in the assemblies (viii. 45^'') ; uvasa^usa uchac ca mi Dawn has flushed (in the pasi) and she shall flush now (i. 48"^) ; kim aga asa varuna jy^stham, yat stotaram jighamsasi sakhayam a-hat has that chief sin been (in my past life) that thou desirest to slay the praiser, thy friend'^ (vii. 86^) ; iyiis te ye plirvataram apasyan vyuchantim iisasam martyasah ; 6 [=8, uj te yanti ye aparisu pasyan tliose mortals have gone who saw flushing the earlier dawn ; those are coming tvho shall see her in the future (i. 113^').
c. The perf. often expresses a single action that has been completed in the recent past, when it can be translated by the pres. perf. ; e.g. a no yatam divas pari : putrah kanvasya vam iha susava somyam madhu come to us from heaven: the son of Kaava has here pressed for you the Soma mead (viii. 8"^). This use of the perf. comes very near that of the aor. The distinction seems to be this : in the above passage the perfect means come because the Soma has been pressed, i. e. is ready for you ; the aor. would mean come because of the fact that the Soma has just been pressed for you.
d. The perf. is not infrequently used of a single action izi the remoter past, when it cannot be translated by the perf. pres. It occurs thus beside the impf. of narration, when the story is interrupted by a reflexion which often expresses the result of the action previously related. Thus in the story of the Vitra fight the poet says : ajayo ga ajayah sura somam ; avasrjah. sartave sapta sindhun thou didst win the kine, thou didst win the Soma, 0 hero, thou didst let
844 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [213
loose the seven streams to flow (i. 32'^^);- he then adds indras ca yad. yuyudhate ahis ca^uta^aparibhyo maghava vi jigye ivhen Indra and the serpent fought, the bounteous god conquered (—remained conqueror) /or the future. This use of the perf. is hardly distinguishable from the impf.
n. la B. the jjerf. incl. appears in three different uses :
1. in a present sense based on the pres. perf., chiefly in forms that have a strengthened reduplicative vowel and tlius seem to have an intensive meaning. It is the jires. perf. tliat includes the present, expressing that an action takes place in the jiresent as a result of its repetition in the past ; e. g. dadhara (Jie has constantly held and iioio) holds ; e. g. y^t sayam juhoti ratryai tena dadhara if he offers in the evening, he thereby Itolds {A(jni) for the night (MS.). Other perfects of this kind are: didaya shines; upa dodrava rashes at; yoyava wards off'; lelaya quivers ; bibhaya (beside bibhaya) fea7-s (while the periphrastic bibhayam cakara has always a preterite sense). Besides these verbs veda knows and aha says always have a jjresent sense.
Several other perfects with ordinary reduplication often have the Ijresent sense: anase (has ohfained =) has (MS., TS.) ; pariyaya (/ms acquired =) possesses (TS.); babhuva {has become =) is (MS.); vivya3a {has encompassed =) contains; dadrsi {has been seen =) appears (Avhile dadarsa always has a past sense); also the perfect of grab and pra-ap : ye hi pasavo loma jagrhiis te medham prapuh the cattle which have hair have also fat (MS.).
2. in a preterite sense, expressing that an action once occui-red in the past (but not in the narrative sense of the impf.). This use most often appears in the form uvaca, which may be translated by once said or has said ; e. g. etena va upakeru raradha : rdhnoti y^ et^na yajate by this sacrifice Upakeru once prospered ; he loho sacrifices ivith it prospers (MS.). It often occurs in the AB. at the conclusion of a story related in the impf., in the phrase tad etad rsih pasyann abhyanu- vaca seeing this a seer has uttered icith reference to it (the following verse). A somewhat different connexion with the narrative impf. ap}3ears in the following example : etam ha vaiyajnasenas citim vidam cakara : tfi.ya vdi sa pasiin avarunddha this method of piling Yajnasena once in- tented : by means of it he acquired cattle (TS.). This perfect is found con- trasting what is past with the present and future in the following successive sentences : yad va asyam kim carcanti y^d anrciir ; yad evd kim ca vaca^anrcur ydd dto 'dhi^_^arcitarah lohatever prayers they offer on it (the earth) or have offered : ivhatever prayers they have offered ivith the voice or will offer in future (TS.).
3. in an historical sense, equivalent to that of the impf. in narrative,
213] PEKFECT. IMPERFECT. AORIST 345
in certain jmrts of the AB. (vi-viii) and the SB. (i-v ; xi, xii, xiv), while the impf. is used elsewhere in B. ^MS., TS., K.,TB., PB., AB. i-v ; SB. \i-x, xiii;. Thus iii the former nvhoa, said and devas ca^dsuras ca pasprdhire ihe gods and theAsuras icere in conflict, in the latter abravit and aspardhanta would be used. There are, of course, exceptions in both groups.
B. The imperfect is the past tense of narration, never having any relation to the present as the perf. and the aor. have ; e. g. ahann ahim . . . pra vaksana abhinat parva- tanam Jie sleiv the serpent; lie pierced the hellies of the mountains (i. 32\) ; na vai tvam tad akaror yad aham abravam you did not do luhat I said (SB.). The impf. has also to do duty for the pluperfect, as in the relative clause of the preceding example, which is equivalent to what I had told you,
C. The aorist iud. expresses that an action has occurred in the past with reference to the present. It neither describes nor indicates duration, but simply states a fact. It may nearly always be translated by the English present perfect.
The aor. usually expresses the immediate past ; e. g. prati divo adarsi duhita the daughter of heaven has appeared (iv. 52') ; yasmad du§vapnyad abhaisma^^^apa tad uchatvi let her (Dawn) drive aivay tvith her light the evil dream that ive have feared (viii. 47^^).
a. In B. three uses of the aor. ind. may be distinguished : 1. it expresses what has occurred in the speaker's experience, very commonly in tlie statement made by the witness of an action ; e. g. tato ha gandharvah sd.m iidire : jyok va iydm urvasi manusyesv avatsit tlten the Gandharvas spoke together : this Urvasi has dwelt long among men {SB.). As compared with the impf. it never narrates ; e.g. yajno vai devebhya ud akramat; te deva abruvan : yajno vai na ud akramit the sacrifice went away from the gods ; the gods then said : the sacri- fice has gone axvaij from us (AB.) ; tam yd.d dprchant sabravid: adya^ am^ta^_^lti lohen they askt'd her, she said : he has died to-day (MS.) ; t^m aprchan : kasmai tvam ahausir iti they asked him : to tohom have you sacrificed? (MS.); t^m deva abruvan: mahan va ayam abhiid yo vrtrdm dvadhid iti the gods said of him : he has shotvu. himself great who has slain Vrtra (TS.) ; t6 ha^ucur : agndye tistha^iti tatas tasthav, agnaye va asthad iti tam agnav a,juha,vnh they said : stand still for Agni ; then
346 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [•213-214
it stood still; thinking it has stood still for Agni, iheij sacrificed it in Agni
(SB.).
2. it is employed by the author with regard to what from his own point of view has either jvist happened or has occurred in the more remote past ; e. g. sa b^ndhur sunasiryasya y^m purvam avocama this is the import of the Sund-strya ohlalion which -we have eTplained above (SB,) ; puro va etan deva akrata yat purolasams tat purolasanam purolasatvam because the gods have made these cakes their castles, the cakes are so called (AB.). The adverb pura is not infrequently used witli these aorists ; e. g. na va etasya brahmanah pu^a^_^annam aksau Brahmins have never hitherto eaten his food (TS.).
3. it expresses what results from a ritual act or is antecedent to it ; e. g. putrasya nama grhnati : prajani eva^anu s^m atanit he gives his son a name : he has thus extended his race (MS.); et^dvai trtiyani yajnam apad y^c chandamsi^apnoti thereby he has obtained the third sacrifice when he obtains the metres (TS.) ; yad dhf^asya^amedhyam abhiit tad dhi^_^ asya^et^d avadhiinoti wliat has been impure in it, that in it he shakes off in this way (SB.).
D. The pluperfect, as an augmented perfect, is equivalent to the corresponding Greek tense in form only. It cannot be distinguished in syntactical use from the impf. in some examples and from the aor. in others; e.g. atra samudra a gulham a suryam ajabhartana then ye hroiight the sun hUIden in the sea (x. 72') ; ud u sya devah savita yayama hiranyayim amatim yam asisret that god Savitr now has raised up the golden sheen which he has sj^read out (vii. 38').
Future.
214. A. 1. The simple future is in comparatively rare use in V., being formed from only fifteen roots in the RV. and from rather more than twenty others in the AV. This limited employment is accounted for by its sense being partly expressed by the subjunctive and to some extent by the present. It means that, according to the opinion, expectation, intention, hope or fear of the speaker, an action is to take place in the near or the remote future. The sphere of the future includes that of the will, the specific meaning of the subjunctive, but the stress is here laid on
214] FUTURE 347
tlie futurity rather than the purpose ; e. g. atha^atah pasoi' vibhaktis : tasya vibhagam vaksyamah next (comes) the division of the (sacrificial) animal : (now) we ivill {shall) state its division (AB.).
Examples from the EV. are : stavisyami tvam ahSm I shall praise iJiee (i. 44"j ; kfm svid vaksyami kim ii nu manisye ivhat 2>ray shall I say, ivhat shall I now think ? (vi. 9*') ; yady eva karisydtha sakd,m devair yajiiiyaso bhavisyatha if ye icill do so, you will be partakers of the sacrifice ivith the gods (i. 1G1-) ; na tvavara indra kas cana na jato na janisyate no o?ie equal to thee, 0 Indra, has been born or will be born.
2. Ill B. tlie simple future is frequently used after verbs of speaking, knowing, thinking, hoping, fearing, wliicli are sometimes also to be supplied; e.g. so 'bravid : idd,m mdyi viryam, tat te prfi dasyanii,^^ iti he said: hej-e is heroism in me, that I will give thee i^TS.); te ha^ucuh kena rajiia, kena^_,dnikena yotsyama iti they said : with ichom as king, with whom as leader sliall tee fight ? (SB.) ; tatra vidyad : varsisyati^iti in regard to that he should know : it loill rain (SB.) ; indro ha va iksam cakre : mahad va ito 'bhvam janisyate Indra reflected : a great abuse will arise from this (SB.) ; sarva devata asamsanta : mam abhi prati patsyatii^iti all the gods hoped : lie will begin luith me (AB.) ; yadi bibhiyad dusearma bhavisyami^iti if he should fear, 'I shall suffer from skin disease' (TS.;; asura va istaka acinvata : divam a roksyama iti the Asuras built up the bricks (thinking) : ice shall scale heaven (MS.).
a. After an impv., the fut. is often used with dtha; e.g. patim nu me piinar yuvanam kurutam : atha vam vaksyami (SB.) inake my husband young again : then I shcdl tell you {two).
/3. After the impv. of a-i or pra-i the 1. pers. fut. is equivalent to an exhortation ; e. g. pra^ita, tad esyamah. come, ive ivill go there (SB.).
7. With the negative nd, the 2. and even the 3. pers. may have the value of a j^rohibition ; e. g. devan raksamsi . . ajighamsan : na yaks- yadhva iti the Eaksases wished to slay tlie gods (saying) : you shall not sacri- fice (SB.); tan visve deva anonudyanta neha pasyanti neha^_,iti all the gods drove them back (saying) : tliey shcdl not drink here, not here (AB.).
B. The periphrastic future though not occurring in V., is frequent in B. It expresses that something will take place at a definite point of time in tlic future. It is therefore often accompanied by such words as pratar early in the morning, svas to-morroiv (but never by adya to-day). The point of time, however, need not he expressed by an adverb ; it may be defined by a clause. Examples are : samvatsara- tamim ratrim a gachatat, tan ma ekam ratrim ante sayitase, jata u te 'y^ip tdrhi putro bhavita come for (lie night of this day year, then you
348 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [214-215
wUl lie beside me for one night, then too this son of thine wiU be born (SB.) ; y^di pura samsthanad diryeta^adya varsisyati^_^iti bruyad ; y^di s^msthite svo vrasta^iti bruyat if it (the vessel) should be broken before tlie completion (of the sacrifice) he shoidd say : it will rain to-day ; if it has been completed, he should saij : it will rain to-morrow (MS.) ; yarhi vava vo maya^artho bhavita, tarhy eva vo 'ham punar agantasmi ichen you loill have need of me, then (on that particular occasion) I will come back to yoa
(AB.).
a. Sometimes this form is used to express not that an action will take place at a definite time, but that it will take place with certainty ; e.g. sa^evfi^iyam adya^ipi pratistha, sa^u eva^api^ato 'dhi bhavita this is the found-ado n to-day, and it will also (certainly) be so in future (SB.^.
A. Imperative.
215. The only pure impv. forms are those of the 2. 3. sing, and 3. pL, represented by bhava and bhavatat, bhavasva ; bhavatu ; bhavantu, bhavantam. The forms later regarded as imperatives of the l.pers., bhavani, bhavava, bhavama are subjunctives (cp. 131): while the 2. 3, du. and 2. pi. bhavatam, bhavatam, bhavetham, bhavetam ; bhavata, bhavadhvaia, are injunctives (cp. 122 a a).
a. The impv. does not express commands only, but also a desire in the widest sense, such as a wish, a request, advice, a direction ; e. g. devam iha^a vaha bring lather the gods (i. 14'-) ; ahelamano bodhi he not angrg (i. 24") ; imani^asya sirsani chinddhi cut off these heads of his (MS.) ; vrkse navam prati badhnisva tie the ship to the tree (SB.) ; pra vam asnotu sustutih. may the hymn of praise reach you tivo (i. 17^) ; hanta na eko vettu come, let one of us find out (SB.).
h. The sphere of the ordinary impv. is the present ; it may, however, still be used for the later of two opposed actions ; e. g. varam vrnisva^atha me punar dehi choose a boon and then give it me bade (TS.). The form in tad, however, has a tendency in V. to express the more remote future, and in B. does so distinctly ; e. g. iha^eva ma tisthantam abhyehi^iti bruhi, tarn tii na agatam pratipra
215] IMPERATIVE 349
brutat tell her : come io me as I stand here ; when she has
come, you shall (then) tell it us (SB.). As this form is only
active, the subj. takes its place in middle verbs ; thus tarn
vrnisva = do thou choose H (now) as opposed to tarn vrnasai
choose it then (SB.).
n, Tlie genuine impv. seems never to be found in negative sen- tences ; thus it never appears in V. witli the prohibitive particle ma
which is used with injunctive forms only, and in B. almost exclu- sively with the aor. in.j.). It is employed in positive principal clauses only ; e. g. v{ no dhehi ydtha jivama so dispose us that ice may live (SB.). A subordinate clause with ind,, subj., or (very rarely) opt. may pre- cede or follow ; e. g. y£s tvam dutam saparySti, tfisya sma pravita bhava be the promoter of him ivlio adores thee as a messenger (i. 12^); sam vidusa naya yo . . anusasati hring us together with one who knows, who may give us directions (vi. .54^) ; id£m me haryata v^co y^sya tSrema tdrasa sat&m liimah gladly accept this word of mine by the force of ichich we n-otdd pass a hundred nmiters (v. 54^^). In such periods the form with tad would regularly be used in B.
0. The RV. has a niimber of 2. sing, forms made with si added directly to the root, which are clearly used imperatively, as is indicated by their being generally accompanied by imperatives (sometimes by subjunctives and imperatives) ; e.g. a dev^bhir yahi ydksi ca come with the gods and sacrifice (i. 14'). These forms are confined to the RV.
and passages borrowed from it) except satsi (AV. vi. 110^); and they are restricted to positive principal sentences.
B. Injunctive.
Formally this mood corresponds to an unaugmented past tense (including the 2. 3. du. and 2. pi. as represented by act, bhavatam, bhavatam, bhavata : mid. bhavetham, bhavetam, bhavadhvam, which later came to be regarded as imperatives). Its use constitutes one of the chief difficulties of Vedic grammar and interpretation, because it cannot always be distinguished from the subjunctive (e. g. gamat might be the subj. of a-gan or the inj. of a-gamat) or from an unaugmented indicative (e. g. carah might be = a-carah). Judged by its uses the inj. probably represents a very primitive verbal form which originally expressed an action irrespective of tense or mood, the context showing
350 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215
which was meant. The addition of the augment gave the sense of a past tense to one set of forms, while the rest finally became incorporated with the impv. The general meaning of the inj. expresses a desire, combining the senses of the subj., the opt., and the impv. As compared with the subj., the inj. is essentially appropriate in principal clauses, though it sometimes appears in subordinate clauses intro- duced by relatives or the relative conjunctions yad and yada.
a. The first person expresses an intention the execution of which lies in the power of the speaker ; e. g. indrasya nil vlryani pra vocam now I will proclaim the heroic deeds of Indra (i. 32^). Sometimes, however, the execution depends on another ; e. g. agnim hinvantu no dhiyas : t6na jesma dhanam-dhanam let our prayers urge Agni : through him we shall assuredhj ivin booty after booty (x. 156^).
h. The second person is used exhortatively, very often beside an impv. ; e. g. suga nah supatha krnu ; pusann iha kratum vidah. do thou malce fair paths for us easy to traverse ; 0 Pamn, here procure us vnsdom ; adya no deva savih saubhagam, para dusvapnyam suva to-day, 0 god, procure us good fortune; drive an-ay evil dream (v. 82^). A parallel opt. is much less common ; e. g. et6na gatum vido nah; a no vavrtyah. suvitaya by reason of that find for us thejMth ; mayst thou bring us to tvelfare (i. 173'^').
c. The third person also is used exhortatively, very often beside an impv. ; e. g. s^mam vetu vasatkrtim ; agnir jusata no girah let him come to this Vasat call; may Agni accept our songs (vii. 15''') ; it is often accompanied by a 2. sing. impv. ; e. g. a^idam barhir yajamanasya sida ; atha ca bhud uktham indraya sastam. seat thyself upon this straw of the sacrificer ; and then may the hymn be sung to Indra (iii. 53'^). It appears less frequently with the subj. ; e. g- lipa brahmani srnava ima no, atha te yajnas tanve vayo dhat mayst thou listen to these our prayers, and then let the
215] INJUNCTIVE 351
sacrifice hesiow vir/our on flu/self (vi. 40*). A parallel opt. is not common ; e. g. pari no heti rudrasya vrjyah, pari tvesasya durmatir mahi gat would that the dart of liudra 2XISS its hij, Jet the great malevolence of the impetuous one avoid us (ii. 33^*).
d. The injunctive is very frequently used alone (unaccom- panied by any other modal form) in an impv. sense ; e. g. ima havya jusanta nah let them accept these oblations of ours (vi. 52^^) ; the preceding verse has the regular impv. : jusantarn yujyam payah let them accept the suitable milk.
In negative sentences the inj. is the only mood (with the exception of the single opt. form bhujema) with which the prohibitive particle ma can be used ; e. g. ma na indra para vrnak do not, 0 Indra, abandon us (viii. 97') ; visvayan ma na a gan let not any sivelling thing come near us (vii. 50^) ; ma tantus chedi let not the thread be cut (ii. 28''). The aor. form is commoner than the impf. form in the EV., but its relative predominance has greatly increased in the AV.
e. The inj. not infrequently expresses a future sense like the subj. (215 C) in two types of sentences :
1. in positive interrogative sentences ; e. g. ko no mahya aditaye piinar dat who will, give tis bach to great Aditi? (i. 24^). The subj. itself is here sometimes found beside it ; e.g. kada martam aradhasani pada ksumpam iva sphurat, kada nah susravad girah when will he spurn the niggardly mortal like a mushroom ivith his foot ; when will he hear our songs ? (i. 84^).
2. in negative sentences with na ; e. g. yam aditya abhi druho raksatha, n6m agham nasat ivhom, 0 Adityas, ye protect from harm, him misfortune ivill not reach (viii. 47^).
a. In B. the use of the inj. in positive sentences has almost entirely disappeared. The SB., however, preserves several examples ; e. g. devan avat let it refresh the gods ; also sometimes in subordinate clauses, especially with n6d; e.g. n6d idarn babirdha yajiSad bhfivat Jest ii be outside the sacrifice.
On the other hand the inj. is very frequent in negative sentences,
352 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2ir,
in which it constantly appears with ma, in the vast majority of cases in the aor. form. Only a few examples of the impf. form oocur : ma vadhadhvam slay not {TS.) ; ma bibhita /ear not (AB.); kilbisam nu ma yatayan Jet them not reprove it as a fault (AB.) ; and from the perfect : ma susupthah sleep not (SB.).
C. Subjunctive.
The meaning of the subj. is best brought out by contrast- ing its use with that of the opt. From this it appears that the fundamental sense of the subj. is will, while that of the opt, is either wish or possibility (this mood being therefore alternatively called optative or potential). This distinction appears clearly from the fact that in the first person in independent sentences one group of verbs in the RV. employs the subj. exclusively or almost exclusively, while another employs the opt., because in the former the execution is dependent on the will of the speaker, while in the latter it is not in his control, but is only possible. With the subj. are thus used the verbs han strike, kr make, su press, bru speak. With the opt. on the- other hand appear : ji conquer, tr overcome, sah conquer ; as and nas obtain, vid acquire, is he master of; sac he associated with ; a-vrt attract (to the sacrifice) ; sak he ahle ; mad he liappy ; vdih. prosper ; pas lire to see; as he (with predicates such as prosperoiis, &c.); also certain sacrificial verbs : idh kindle (with the co-operation of the god), das worship, vac and vad s^^eaJx (effectively), vidh serve, sap please = ohtain the favour of [a god), hti call {= hring hither).
1. The meanings expressed by the different persons of the subj. are the following:
The first person declares the will of the speaker ; e. g. svastaye vayum lipa bravamahai /or weZ/are we mil' invoke Vmju (v. 51^2)_ It is often accompanied by the particles nti and hanta ; e. g. pra nii voca sut6su vam I will noiv praise you two at the lihations (v. 69^). The 1. du. and pi. may also express an exhortation to another to share an action with
•215] SUBJUNCTIVE 353
the speaker, an impv. usually then preceding; e.g. daksi- nato bhava me : adha vrtrani janghanava bhuri stand on my right : then we two ivill slay many Joes (x. 83'') ; or an exhortation to aid the speaker ; e. g. j6sama^indra tvaya yuja we will conquer {= let us conqner) with thee as our ally (viii. 63").
In B. the usage is the same; e.g. vdram vrnai / will choose a hoon (TS.) ; hanta^iman bhisayai ivell,Iivill terri/ij tlitm (AB.) ; vayum deva abruvan : soraam rajanam hanama^_^iti the gods said to Vdiju : let us slay king Soma [TS.).
The second person is used exhortatively : hano vrtram, jaya apah slay Vrtra, ivin the waters (i. 80^). It often follows a 2. pers. impv. ; e. g. agne srnuhi ; dev^bhyo bravasi/zcflr, OAgni, do thou say to the gods {i. 139"); sometimes it follows a 3. pers. impv. ; e. g. a vam vahantu . . asvah, pibatho asm6 madhuni let the horses hring you two ; do ye drink the honied draughts beside its (vii. 67'). When an expectation is indicated, the subj. is almost equivalent to a future ; e. g. achanta me, chadayatha ca nunam ye have pleased me and ye shall please me now (i. 165^^).
In B. the 2. pers. subj. is used only wlien the speaker makes a condi- tion or gives a direction i-elating to the (not immediate) future ; e.g. atho etam varam avrnita : maya^eva pracim disam pra janatha>_^iti
so he made this condition: through me ije shall (in lutiirej discover the eastern quarter (AB.).
The third person is as a rule used in exhortations to the gods, though the subject is not always the name of the deity; e.g. imam nah srnavad dhavam he shall hear this our eall (viii. 43--); pari no h61o varunasya vrjyah ; uriim na indrah krnavad u lokam may the ivrath of Varuna avoid us: Indra shall procure us tvide space (vii. 84^); sa devam a^iha vaksati he shall bring the gods hitJier (i. 1^) ; pra te sumna no asnavan thy good intentions shall reach tis (viii. 90"). The subj. sentence is sometimes connected with a preceding one ; e.g. agnim ile : sa u sravat I praise Agni : he shall hear (viii. 43-*). The subj. here often approaches the
1811) A a
354 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2i5
future in sense, being then usually opposed with nunam or nu to another verb : lid u sya devah savita . . asthat : nunam dev^bhyo vi hi dhati ratnam (/od Savitr has just arisen : he trill now distribute hount// to the gods (ii. 38') ; uvasa^usa uchac ca nii Dawn has flushed (in the past) and she will flush notv (i, 48^). Sometimes there is no opposition ; e.g. a gha ta gachan uttara yugani, yatra jamayah krna- van ajami there shall come those later generations tvhen those who are akin will do what hefits not Jcinsinen (x. 10^").
In B. the 3. pers. subj. is not found in the hortative sense, appearing only when a condition, promise, or curse is expressed ; e.g. vrnisva,^^ ity abruvan ; so 'bravin : maddevatya^_^eva samid asad iti they said • choose a boon ; he replied : the fuel shall he sacred to me (MS.); sa^abravid : v£ram vrnai ; khatat parabhavisyanti mauye : tSto ma para bhiivam iti ; pura te samvatsarad api rohad ity abravit she said : I 7dU make a condition; I think I shall perish in consequence of digging ; lei me not perish. He repAied : before the lapse of a year for you, it (the wound) shall heal up (TS.) ; devas tan asapan : svena vah kiskuna vajrena vrscan iti Uie gods cursed them (the trees) : they shall destroy you with your oivn handle, icith a bolt (TB.). The 3. pers. subj. often also expresses the purpose of a ceremony ; e. g. srnad iti saram&yani barhfr bhavati (MS.) the litter is made of reeds with the intention ; it shall destroy Mm (the adversary).
2. The syntactical employment of the subj. is twofold.
a. It appears in principal sentences :
a. with interrogatives, either the pronoun or the adverbs katha how ? kada ivhen, and kuvid ; e. g. kim u. nu vah krnavama what, pray, shall ive do for you? (ii. 29''); katha mah6 rudriyaya bravama how shall tvc speak to the great Budra-host? (v. 41"); kada nah susravad girah when ivill he hear our prayers? (i. 84-). kuvid nearly always accen- tuates the verb (which is thus ti'eated as in a subordinate clause) ; e. g. asvina sii rse stuhi : kuvit te sravato havam the Aivins 2>fC'^se well, 0 seer: shall they hear thy call? (viii. 26^0).
In B. first persons only seem to be met with in this use, and an interrogative word is sometimes lacking.
/3. In negative sentences with na not ; e. g. na ta nasanti ;
215] SUBJUNCTIVE 355
na dabhati taskarah they rierish not ; no thief shall {can) harm them (vi. 28'').
In B. ni, is similarly used ; e. g. nd,^at6 'parah kis cand. sahd siri- rena^amfto 'sat from noio omcards no otie shall be immortal tcilh his hodij (SB.). Once only, in a command, is the suhj. used with ma : akamam sma ma ni padyasai you shall not approach me (in future) against my tcill
(SB.).
1). In dependent clauses the subj. is used either with a negative or with relatives (pronominal or adverbial) :
a. in a final sense with the negative particle n^d that not, lest. The antecedent clause has either an ind. or an impv. ; e.g. hotrad aham varuna bibhyad ay am, n6d eva ma yunajann atra devah fearing the office of Hotr, 0 Varuna, I locnt away, lest the gods should appoint me thereto (x. 51*); vy ueha duhitar divo ma cirarn taniitha apah, n6t tva stenam yatha ripiim tapati siiro arcisa shine forth, daugh- ter of the shy, delay not long thy irorh, lest the sun scorch thee, Wee a hostile thief, with his ray (v. 79^).
In B. tlie antecedent clause has either an ind. or an opt. ; e. g. Stha yan na pr^ksate, n^n ma rudro hinasad iti noiu (the reason) why he does not look is lest Rudra should injure him (SB.) ; tdn ni, dadbhih khaded, nin ma idSm rudrfyam dato hiudsad iti he should not cheic it loith his teeth, lest this that belongs to Rudra injure his teeth (SB.). A gerundive in the antecedent clause has also been noted in che AB.
\ /3. in relative clauses :
1. such a clause normally precedes if it contains a suppo- sition determining the sense of the princij^al clause ; the latter usually has an impv., not infrequently a subj., seldom an inj. or ind.; e.g. yo nah prtanyad, apa tam-tam id dhatam ivhoever shall combat us, him do ye two slay (i. 132''); yas tiibhyam dasan na tarn amho asnavat n^ho shall serve thee, him no distress can reach (ii. 23'^); iita nunam yad in- driyam karisya indra paumsyam, adya nakis tad a minat and what heroic, manly deed thou, Indra, shall now do, that let no one belittle to-day (iv. 30^^) ; yasmai tvam sukrte jataveda, u lokam agne krnavah syonam, sa rayim
A a 2
356 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215
nasate svasti tlic righteous man for whom thou shalt procure, 0 Agni Jdtavedas, a comfortahk place, he obtains riches for welfare (v. 4").
In B. the use of the subj. in rehitivo chiuses is similar ; but here the subj. is by fiir the commonest form in the principal clause, the imp%'. and ind. (sometimes omitted) being rare; e.g. tany abru- van, v^ram vrnamahai : yad asuran jayama, td.n uah saha^asad iti ihey said, ive ivill make a condition : what we shall win from the Asuras that shall be ours in common (TS.) ; yd.s tva k&s ca^upayat, tiisnim evd^asva whoever shall come towards ijou, sit still ; yad vindasai td.t te 'gnihotram kurmah what thou shalt find, that loe (shall ) make thy fire-ohlation (MS.) ; tad vdi sd.mrddham yam devah sadhdve karmane jusantai that, indeed, (is) excellent, if the gods shall he pleased ioilh liimfor a good luork (SB.). In the last example the relative clause exceptionally follows.
2. The relative clause follows if it expresses a final or consequential sense {in order that, so that) arising from the principal clause ; the latter usually has an impv., but some- times an inj., opt., or ind.; e.g. sam pusan vidusa naya, yo anjasa^anusasati, ya eva^idam iti bravat associate us, 0 Pamn, ivith a wise (guide) ivlio shall at once direct us and who shall saij : liere it is (vi. 54') ; asmabhyam tad radha a gat, sam yat stotrbhya apaye bhavati let that wealth come for us tvhich shall he a blessing to thy praisers and thy kinsman (ii. 38^'); tad adya vacah prathamam masiya y^na^asu- ram abhi deva asama I woidcl to-day think of that as the first (point) of my speech whereby ive gods shall overcome the Asuras (x. 53*) ; imam bibharmi sukrtarn te ankusam y^na^arujasi maghavaii chapharujah I bring to thee this well -fashioned ivcapon {icith irhich =) in order that thou shouldst break the hoof-breakers (x. 44'-'). The subj. of these relative clauses sometimes comes to have a purely future sense ; e. g. 6 (==a^u) te yanti ye aparisu pasyan those are coming who in future days will see her (i. 113").
In B. this type of relative clause with the subj. is rare ; e. g. yd,n ma dhindvat tan me kuruta procure for me that wliich shall refresh me (SB.) ; h4iita vayam tat srjamahai yad asmaa anvasad iti come, let us create what shall corns after us (SB.).
215] SUBJUNCTIVE 357
y. with relative conjunctions :
1. yad, which, if the clause is determinative, means when ; the dependent clause then precedes, while the principal clause usually contains an impv., but sometimes an inj., a subj,, or an opt. ; the conjunction means in order that, so that, if the dependent clause is final or consequential ; the dependent clause then follows, while the principal clause contains an impv., a subj., or an ind., e. g.
if yad = when : liso yad adya bhanuna vi dvarav rnavo divah, pra no yachatad avrkam 0 Baivn, ivhen to- dan ^^'''^* % beam thou shalt open the doors of heaven, then bestow on us safe shelter (i. 48^^) ; yad adya bhagam vibhaj- asi nrbhya, uso devo no atra savita damuna anagaso vocati suryaya irhen thou shalt to-day distribute a share to men, 0 Baivn, god Savitr, the house friend, shall declare us guiltless to Sfrnja (i. 123^); yad va agah purusata karama, ma vas tasyam apt bhuma ivhen tve shall commit a sin against you after the manner of men, let us not have a part m that (shaft) of yours (vii. 57*) ; yad didyavah prtanasu prakrilan, tasya vam syama sanitara aj^h. ivhen shafts shall play in battles, of that conflict of yours tve ivould be the tvinners (iv. 41").
if yad = in order that, or so that : sa a vaha devatatim yavistha, sardho yad adya divyam yajasi so bring hither the gods, 0 youngest, that thou mayst adore the heavenly host to-day (iii. 19'*); tav6d u tah sukirtayo 'sann uta prasastayah, yad indra mrlayasi nah these laudations and praises shall be thine, that thou, 0 Indra, mayst be merciful to us (viii. 45^^); na papaso manamahe, yad in nv indrarn sakhayam krnav- amahai we deem not ourselves wicked, [so] that tve can notv make Indra our friend (viii. 61"). In such posterior clauses the yad sometimes comes to express the content of the principal clause ; e, g. na te sakha sakhyam vasty etat, salaksma yad visurupa bhavati (x. 10-) thy friend tvishes not this friendship, that she who is of the same type (= akin) shall become of a different hind {= not akin). This yad may
358 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215
once be translated by till : kiyaty a yat samaya bhavati ya vyusiir yas ea nunam vyuchan in tchat time loill it he that {= how long will it be till) she shall he hetween those that have shone forth and those that shall noiv shine forth? (i. 113^-').
In B. tlie subj. is rarely found in tlicse clauses with yad ; e.g. tdt prapnuhi ydt te prano vatam apipddyatai attain this that xjour breath shall transfer itself to the ivind (SB.).
2. yatra tvhen seems not to occur in V. with the subj. when it is a genuine conjunction (that is, when it is not equivalent to the loc. of the relative pronoun).
In B., however, it is found with the subj. in the sense of a future perfect ; e. g. yatra hota chandasah param gachat, tat pratiprasthata prataranuvakam upa kurutat when the Hotr shall have got to the end of the metre, then let the Prati- prasthafr start a Prdtaranuvdka (SB.).
3. yatha with the subj. as an antecedent clause means as, the principal clause containing an impv. or a subj. ; as a posterior clause it has the sense of in order that, so that, the principal clause containing either a demand (generally impv., occasionally inj., opt., or gerundive) or a statement (ind. pres. or aor., act. or pass.). Examples of the first use are : yatha hotar manuso devatata yajasi, eva no adya yaksi devan as thou canst, 0 priest, worship at the divine service of man, so do thou fonts to-day tvorship the gods (vi. 4'). This use does not seem to occur in B. Examples of the second use are : grhan gacha grhapatni yatha^asah go to the house that you may he mistress of the house (x. 85-«) ; idanim ahna upavacyo nrbhih, sr^stham no atra dravinam yatha dadhat at this time of day he is to he addressed hy men that he may here hesfow on us the hest tvealth (iv. 5A'); mahatam a vrnimah6 'vo, yatha vasu nasamahai ice implore the favour of the great in order that ice may ohtain riches (x. 36") ; idam patram apayi matsad yatha saumanasaya devam this hotel has heen drunk up, in order that it may exhilarate the god to henevolence (vi. 44:''^). The negative in such clauses is na or nu.
215] SUBJUNCTIVE 359
n. Ill B. thii usage is similar: tlio priiici[)al clause here contains either an iiupv. or a subj. ; e.g. tatha me kuru yathaj^^ahani imam senam jayaiii so arrange for me that I maij cvnqacr this armij (AB.); sam- dham nii sam dadhavahai ydtha tvam evd, pravisaniti now let us two make an agreement in order that I may enter into thee (MS.).
4. yada when, with the subj. (pres. or aor.), which then has the vahie of a fut. perf., is regularly antecedent, the principal clause containing an imjiv. or a subj.; e.g. srtani yada karasi jatavedo, atha^im enam pari dattat pitr- bhyah icJien thou shall have made him clone, then deliver him to the fathers (x. 16-) ; yada gachaty asunitim etam, atha devanam vasanir bhavati tvheii he shall have gone to that spirit ivorld, then he shall become subject to the gods (x. 16^). yada kada ca whenever seems to give the verb the same sense : yada kada ea sunavama somam, agnis tva dut6 dhanvaty acha whenever ive shall have pressed Soma, Agni shall hasten to thee as a messenger (iii. 53*).
a. The usage of B. is the same ; e. g. sd, yada tdm ativardha, atha karsdm khatvS, tdsyam m.a bibharasi uilien I shall have outgroivn that (vessel), then having dug a trench you shall keep me in it (SB.).
5. yadi ?/with the subj. generally precedes the principal clause, which contains an impv., a subj., (rarely) an opt., or an ind. (sometimes to be supplied); e.g. yadi stomam mama sravad, asmakam indram indavo mandantu if he shall hear my praise, let these drops of ours gladden Indra (viii. !'■') ; yajama devan yadi saknavama ive will adore the gods, if we shall be able (i. 27'^); yadi prati tvam haryah . . apa ena jayema if thou shall accept (it) gladly, we might thereby win the waters (v. 2''); indra ha varuna dh^stha, yadi somaih . . madayaite Indra and Vani/ia (are) the most liberal, if they shtdl delight in the Soma offerings (iv. 4P).
a. In B. the suhj. with yd,di is very rare ; an example is : yidi tva,_, etdt punar bravatas, tvdm brCitat if they two shall say this again to thee, do thou say (SB.).
6. yad so long as occurs twice with the subj. in the RV. : ananukrtyam apunas cakara yat siiryamasa mitha ucca-
360 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [215-216
ratah lie has once for all done ivliat is inimitahle so long as sun and moon alternately shall rise (x. 68^") ; vasistham ha varu- no . . rsim cakara . . yan nu dyavas tatanan, yad usasah. Variina has made Vasidha a seer, so long as the days shall extend, so long as the dairns (vii. 88*). In B. yad dops not occur.
8. Tlie subj. is sometimes used in an antecedent clause with ca in the sense of if, which is then treated as a subor- dinate conjunction and accentuates the verb; e.g. indras ca mrlayati no, na nah pascad agharn nasat if Indra shall he gracious to us, no evil shall afterwards touch us {ii. 41").
D. Optative or Potential.
216. 1. The meaning of the opt. is predominantly a wish, which is modified according to the person of the verb.
The first person, which is very common, expresses the wish of the speaker, generally addressed to the gods ; e. g. lisas tarn, asyara yasasam rayim 0 Dawn, I would obtain that glorious wealth (i. 92*^) ; vidhema te stomaih we would worship thee ivith songs of praise {il9^); vayam syama patayo rayinam we would he lords of riches (iv. 50'').
In B. the sense of the first person is similar, but its occurrence, owing to the nature of the subject-matter, is far less common; e.g. vise ca ksatraya <;a sarnddam kuryam / should like to create enmity lehceen people and nobility (MS.).
The second person is much less common. It is almost exclusively used to express a wish or a request addressed to a o^od ; e. g. a no mitravaruna hotraya vavrtyah jyraij hring M'ttra and Varitna to our oblation (vi. 11^); tya me havam a jagmyatam so, pray, do ye two come to my call (vi. 50^*') ; pra six na ayur jivase tiretana do ye, pray, extend fully our allotted span that we may live (viii. IS-^). We might here often rather expect the impv., which indeed frequently either precedes or follows the 2. opt. ; e.g. dhisva vajram raksohatyaya : sasahistha abhi sprdhah take the holt for
1
2i(>] OPTATIVE 361
the slaughter of the demons : mai/st thou overcome our foes (vi. 45"^); imam me samidham vaneh; ima u sxi srudhi girah pray accept this my fuel ; graciously hear these songs (ii. 6^).
In B. the second i>crson is used almost exclusively in wishes ; e. g. asmin y^jamane bahvyah syata may you. he numerous he,f.ide this sacrificer (SB.).
The third person is used in the three different senses of wish, precept, or supposition; e.g. midhvam asmakara babhuyat may he be bountiful to us (i. 27^) ; imam amrtam diitam krnvita martyah this immortal the mortal should make his messenger {\m. 23'^); prnann apir aprnantam abhi syat the friend who bestoivs woidd prevail over him who does not bestow (x.ll7'). In the sense of a sujiposition (regarded as possible or probable) the opt. seldom appears independently, but often in an apodosis.
In B. it is common in all three senses : expressing a wish ; e. g. apas-
uh syat inatj lie he hereft of cattle (TS.) ; a general precept (where a gerundive may also be used) ; e. g. ksdume vdsana agnim a dadhiya- tam, te adhvaryave deye wearing linen garments the tiro should lay tlie fire : the two (garments) should be given to the Adhvari/u (MS.); a supposition in the apodosis of periods, but reldom independently ; e.g. nd^asya tam ratrim apo grhan prd hareyur ; apo v&i santih. : samdyeyur eva (MS.) tliey should not during that night bring ivafer into his house ; for water is extinction : they would thus extinguish (if they did this). The protasis in this example must be supplied.
2. The syntactical employment of the optative is two- fold :
a. it appears in principal sentences (for the most part re- taining the sense of a wish) with interrogatives, either the pronoun or the adverbs katha hotv ? kada when 1 and kuvid ; e. g. kasmai devaya havisa vidhema what god would ive ivorship tviih oblation! (x. 121'); kada na indra raya a dasasyeh when wouldst thou, 0 Indra, bestow riches upon us ? (vii. 37^); kuvit tutujyat sataye dhiyab (i. 143'') would he not stimulate our prayers for gain ? (cp. p. 354, 2 a). A possi- bility is sometimes thus repudiated; e.g. kad dha nunam.
362 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216
rta vadanto anrtam rapema liow could ice noiv spcaMng righteous ivords utter unrigJifeousness ? (x. 10'*).
In B. the optative with interrogatives may express a wisli, precept, possibility, or the repudiation of a suggestion : e. g. kathdm nu pr4 jayeya hoiv sJwxdd I propagate myself? (SB.) ; yamim eva purvam samset }te should first pronounce Ihefonnula addressed to Yama (^AB.); kim mama t^tah syat (SB.) ichat would then accrue to me {i{ 1 did tliis)'? kd,3 tdd. a driyeta 2cho loould pay attention to that ? (SB.).
a. The opt. appears in negative sentences with na not, sometimes nu. eid never. The sense is either optative or potential ; e. g. na risyema kada cana may we never suffer harm (vi. 54^); nil cin nii vayor amrtam vi dasyet may the nectar of Vdyu never fail (vi. 37^) ; na tad devo na mar- tyas tuturyad yani pravrddho vrsabhas cakara no god, no mortal could surpass what the migldy hull has done (viii. 96^). The only opt. form with which the prohibitive ma occurs is bhujema: ma va 6no anyakrtam bhujema may toe not suffer hefore you for a sin done hy others (vi. 51").
In B. the opt. is used with nd to express either a general prohibition or a potential sense ; e. g. tdsya^etdd vrat&m : nd^dnrtam vaden, n£ mams^m asniyat this is his tow: he should not speak the nnfndh, he should not eat meat ; na^_^enam dadhikr§,va can^ pavayam kriyat Badhikrdvan himself could not make him pure (MS.).
h. In dependent clauses the opt. is used with relatives (pronominal or adverbial) :
a. such a clause having a determining sense, usually precedes. This type is very rare in V. ; e. g. suryam yo brahma vidyat, sa id vadhuyam arhati a priest ivho shoidd Jcnotv Surya deserves the bridal garment (x. 85^^).
In B., on the other hand, clauses of this type, which always imply a supposition, are very common. The oj)t. here expresses a precept or a potential sense ; the principal clause most olten has the opt. also ; e. g. y^m dvisyat, tdm dhyayet whotn he may hate, he should think o/(TS.) ; yo va imd.m ald,bheta, miieyeta^asmat papmanah 7te icho were to offer litis (bull), ivould be delivered from this sin {'IS.). In the principal clause a gerundive occasionally appears or the verb to be has to be
21CJ OPTATIVE 363
supplied; e.g. yo rastrad dpabhutah syat tdsmai hotavya this should he offered for him irho should be deprived of his kingdom (TS.) ; yasya^agnayo gramyena^agnina samdahyeran, ka tatra prayascittih if any one'' s fires should he uniled with a village fa c, what expiation (is") there'' (AB.).
/?. the relative clause, if it has a final or consequential sense {in order that, so that) follows. The j^rincipal clause contains an impv., a subj., or an opt. ; e.g. revatir nah sadhamada indre santu yabhir madema (i. 30") let our feasts beside Indra he rich {by which — ) that we may rejoice (in them) ; dhasatho rayim y^na samatsu sahisimahi bestow wealth on us {by which —) that we may be victorious in battles (viii. 40'); yaya^ati visva durita tarema sutarmanam adhi navam ruhema we would ascend the rescuing ship {by which — ) that ice may cross over all misfortunes (viii. 42^).
In B. final reLitivo clauses with the optative are rare.
y. with relative conjunctions :
1. jadif: in the antecedent clause of pres. conditional periods, the condition being generally regarded as unful- filled. The apodosis normally contains a potential opt. (though isolated examples of the impv., inj., and ind. occur); e. g. yad agne syam aham tvam, tvam va gha sya aham, syxis te satya iha^asisah if I, 0 Agni, were thou, and thou wert I, thy prayers would be fulfilled (viii. 44^3); occasionally the fulfilment of the condition is expected ; e. g. yac chu- sruya imam havam durmarsam cakriya uta, bhaver apir no antamah if thou shouldst hear this call and shouldst not forget it, thou wouldst be our most intimate friend (viii. 45^^). The temporal sense of when with the opt. seems to occur only once in the RV. (iii. 33").
In B. (as in V.) yd,d z/with the opt. is very common in the protasis, Avhen the fulfilment of the condition is not expected (yadi with opt. being used when it is expected); e.g. sa ydd bhidyeta^artim arched yajamanah if it should be broken, the sacrificer ivouldfall into calamity (TS,). The infinitive with isvar^ may take the place of the opt. in the prin- cipal clause; e.g. yad etara samsed Isvarah parjanyo 'varstoh if he icere to repeat this {formula), Parjamja might not rain (AB.). Sometimes the
364 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [216
verb (opt. of as be) is omitted in the apodosis. The opt. witli ydd here rarely expresses a purely hypothetical case (that is, without the im- plication that the condition will not be fulfilled); e.g. y^n mam pravis6h kfm ma bhuiijyah (TS.) if you were to enter me,ofivhat use would you he to me? (afterwards he does enter Indra).
a. yad with the opt. in the final sense of in order that is very rare ; e.g. yan nunam asyam gatim, mitrasyayayam patha in order that I might noir obtain a refuge, I iroukl go on the path of Kitra (v. 64-').
/3. In B. ydd with the opt in the sense of Ihat is frequently used after dva kalpate is suitable, ut sahate endures, ichdti desires, veda knows, yukto bhavati is intent, in posterior clauses ; e. g. nd. hi tdd avakfilpate yM bruyat/or it is nof ftting that he should say (SB.) ; nd va ahdm iddm ut sahe yd.d vo hota syam (SB.) I cannot endure this that should he { = I cannot be) your Hotr; tad dhy eva brahmanena^_^estdvyam y&d brahraavarcasi syat/o?- that is to he aimed at by the Brahmin, thai he should he pious (SB.); svayd.m va etdsmai deva yukta bhavanti ydt sadhu vddeyuh for the gods themselves are intent on this, that they should say what is right (SB.); kd.s tdd veda ydd vrataprado vratam upotsiiicet for ivho knoics (this that =) whether he who Jiands the fast-milk (should add — ) adds (fresh milk) to it (SB.). In the SB. isvard also is used with this construction (in other Brahmanas with the infinitive only) to express a possible consequence (though the yad is nearly always omitted) ; e. g. pdran asmad yajno 'bhCid iti^isvard ha yat tdtha^eva syat the sacrifice has turned away from him : it is possible that this should he so (SB.). Otherwise the phrase regularly appears in the form of iti^^isvaro ha tatha eva syat, perhaps because isvar^ came to be regarded as a kind of adverb = possibly this might be so.
7. In B. yad introducing a clause with the opt. accompanied by na and ending with iti, dependent on a verb of fearing or similar expres- sion, is equivalent to lest ; e.g. deva ha vai bibhay§,m cakrur yd,d vd,i nah . . asuraraksasani,_^imd.m graham na hanyur iti the gods feared lest the Asuras and Raksases should destroy this draught (SB.); indro ha va iksam cakre yd.n ma tdn nd^abhibhdved iti Indra pondered (fearing) lest that should vanquish him (SB.).
2. yadi ?ywith the opt. does not occur in the RV. and
AV. at all, and only once in the SV.
In B. it is very common, expressing a condition the fulfilment of which is assvimed (while yd.d with opt. implies non-fulfilment of the condition). The clause with yddi generally precedes. The apodosis has :
216] OPTATIVE 365
a. ustuilly the opt., which expresses a precept applicable when the condition is fulfilled ; e. g. yMi pura samsthanad diryeta^adyd var- sisyati^iti briiyat »/ (the vessel) should be hruken before the completion (of the sacrifice), he should say : it will rain to-day (MS.); yadi na saknuyat so 'gnaye purolasam nir vapet if he should not be able to do so, he should offer a cuke to Arjni (AB.). The pret-ept occasionally has a potential sense ; e. g. yddy 6katayisu dvayisu va^_^avagd,ched, aparodhuka enam syuh (MS.) if he (the banished man) should return after one or two libations, tJieij might exclude him from the sovereignty (but not if he returns at the conclusion of the ceremony).
/3. isvar^ with the infinitive ; e. g. isvaro ha yady apy anyo yajeta^atha hotaram yaso 'rtoh. eve7i if another should sacrifice (instead of him), if is possible tliatfame should come to the Ilolr (AB.).
7. a gerundive ; sa yadi na jayeta, raksoghnyo gayatryo 'niicyah if it (the fire) should not be kindled, the demon-slaying verses are to be repeated (AB.).
S. an ind. (sometimes omitted if it is a form of as he); e. g. tasmad yadi yajna rkta artih syad brahmana eva ni vedayante therefore if at the sacrifice there should he any failure with regard to a Be verse, they inform the Brahman priest (AB.); yadi no yajna rkta artih syat, ka prayascittih if we shall have an accident at the sacrifice in regard to a Be verse, what (is) the penance? (AB.).
e. Tlie difference between yad and yadi with the opt. may be iUustrated by the following example : yan no jaye- yur ima abhyupa dhavema, yady u jayema^ima abhyupa vartemahi^iti if they were to conquer us (not to be assumed), ive shoidcl take refuge with these (friends), hut (/"(as is to be assumed) tve should conqiier, wc could again hetake ourselves to them (MS.).
3. yatha used in V. only in the sense of in order that, generally following the principal clause, which contains an imp v., an inj., or an ind. ; e. g. apa visvam amitran nudasva, yatha tava sarman madema drive aicay all foes that tve may rejoice in thy protection (x. 131'); tvaya yatha grtsamadaso . . liparam abhi syiih, sliribhyo grnat6 tad vayo dhah hestow on the patrons and the singer this hlessing that through tJiee tlie Gftsamadas may he superior to their ncighhours (ii. 4^);
366 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [2I6
a daivya vrnimah6 'vamsi, yatha bhavema milhuse ana- gah ive implore the divine aids that tve may he sinless before the gracious one (vii. 97^).
a. In B. yatha with the opt. has two uses : n. in antecedent clauses in the sense of as, as if, with a correhative meaning so in the principal clause, which contains an opt., an ind., or no verli ; e.g. yatha,^eva chinna naur bandhanat plaveta,,_^evain eva te plaveran just as a boat cut from its fastening would drift, so theij icould drift (AB.); sd yatha nad- ydi pardm parapdsyed evd.m svd,sya^_^ayusah pardm pdra cakhyau as if he were looking across to the farther bank of a river, so he saw the end of his life from afar (SB.) ; dtho ydtha bruyad eti.n me gopaya^fti tadfg ev^ t^t then it (is) so as if he were to say : guard this for me (TS.).
0. in posterior clauses in the sense of how, so that ; e. g. upa janita ydtha^iyd,m piinar agachet do ye find out how she could come back (SB.) ; tat tdtha^evahotavy^m yathaj^^agnim vyaveyat hence it is to be so poured that it may divide the fire (MS.).
4. yatra and yada are not found with the opt. in V., and yarhi does not occur at all in the RV. and AV.
In B. all three conjunctions are used hypothetically with the opt. in the sense of when.
a. yd,tra, besides having the sense of when, in, case, often seems to mean at the moment when, as soon as ; the jjrincipal clause has the opt. or the ind. : e. g. marutdm sapt^kapalam nir vaped ydtra vid rajanam jijyaset he shoidd offer a cake on, seven dishes to the Marids in case the people were to oppress the king (MS.) ; sa ydtra prastuyat tdd etani japet as soon as he (the priest) begins to sing, one should mutter the following prayers (SB.).
0. yada as soon as seems often to imply that the action of the opt. should be assumed to be past ; it seems always to be followed by ^tha then ; e. g. si, yada samgramd.m j£yed dtha^aindragn^m nir vapet as soon as he may have won a battle, he should sacrifice to Indra and Agni (MS.).
7. ydrhi when is generally followed by the coi-relative td.rhi then in the principal clause, which usually has the opt. also ; e. g. ydrhi prajah ksvidham nigdcheyus, tdrhi navaratr^na Y&^Qta when his people should be exposed to hunger, then he shmdd sacrifice with the rite of nine nights (TS.).
5. ced if is used with the ind. only in the EV. and only once with the opt. in the AV.
In B. it is used with the 0])t. like y^di (with which it may inter- change) ; e. g. etdrn ced any^sma anubrSyas, tata evi, te siras chind- yam if you, were to communicate tit is to another, I would cufoffyourfiead(SB.).
217-218] PRECATIVE, CONDITIONAL ' 367
Precative.
217. This form, which occurs in the RV. and AV. in principal clauses only, and never interrogatively, expresses a prayer or wish addressed to the gods almost exclusively, as is to be expected from the nature of those texts ; e. g. yo no dv6sty adharah sas padista mai/ he who hates us fall to the ground (iii. 53'-'). When a negative is used it is na ; e. g. bhago me agne sakhy6 na mrdhyah. mai/ my good fortune , 0 Agni, not relax in {thy) friendship (iii. 54^').
In B. the precative is almost restricted to verse or prose formulas quoted and to paraphrases of such formulas ; e. g. bhuyasinam utta- ram sdmam kriyasam iti gdvam ld,ksma kuryat tcould that I may do (this) to more next year : so saying he should make the mark of the coivs (MS.). satd.m hima iti satam varsani jivyasam ity evdi^etdd aha by the expres- sion ' a hundred winters ' he says this : ' voidd that I may live a hundred years ' (SB.). It is, however, sometimes found in genuine prose narrative also ; e. g. sa ha vak prajapatim uvaea : ^havyavad evd^ah&rn tubhyam bhiiyasam Vac said to Prajdpati : I irould like not to be a con- ductor of sacrifice for thee (SB.); td.m asapad : dhiya-dhiya tva vadhya- suh him (Agni) cursed (saying) : / loish tliey may kill thee n-ith repeated deliberation (TS.).
Conditional.
218. In V. the conditional occurs only once (RV. ii. 30^) in a somewhat obscure passage, though the form abharisyat used after a past tense appears to mean ivould take away (in place of the future which would have been used after a present tense).
In B. the conditional is once found in a simple interrogative sen- tence : tata evd^asya bhayam viyaya : kd,smad dhy d,bhesyat there- upon his fear departed: for of what should he have been afraid"? (SB.). Otherwise it occurs only in compound sentences:
1. usually in both protasis and apodosis of conditional sentences, expressing what might have happened in the past, but did not happen because the condition was not fulfilled. The conditional clause is generally introduced by yad, rareh' by yddi (216) ; e. g. sd, y£d dha^d.pi mukhad ^drosyan, na ha^^evd. prayascittir abhavisyat if it (Soma) had also flowed out of his mouth, there would not have been apenance (SB.); y£d evdm n£^£vaksyo murdha te vy apatisyat if you had not spoken thus, your head irould have split asunder (SB.); padau te 'mlasyatam y£di ha nd^_^ dgamisyah your feet would have withered, if you had not come (SB.).
368 OUTLINES OF SYNTAX [218
a. When yad is used with the opt. the supposed condition refers to the present (216).
2. in relative clauses dependent on negative principal clauses containing a past tense (always of vid fin(i) ; e. g. sa tad eva na^avindat prajapatir yad ahosyat Frajfq^ufi found nothing that he could sacrifice (MS.); sa vai tarn na^avindad yasmai tarn daksinam anesyat he found no one to whom he should give this sacrificial fee (TB.).
3. in a clause introduced by yad that dependent on a negative (or equivalent) clause ; e. g. ciram tau mene yad vasah paryadhasyata he thought it too long (that =) till he should put on the garment (SB.) =: he thought the time was not short enough till he should put on the garment.
APPENDIX I
LIST OF VERBS.
The order of the parts of the verb, wlien nil are give)), is : Present Indicative (pk.), Subjunctive (sb.), Injunctive (in j.) .^Optative (op.), I)nperative (ipv.), Participle (pt.), Impei-fect (ipf.) 5^^ Perfect (pf.)jj Pluperfect (ppf.)0 Aorist (ao-X?, Precative (pRC.)f^ Future (ft.)]^' Conditional (cc), Passive (ps.). Present, Aorist, Past Participle (rP.)T Gerundive (gdv.)[ Gerund (gd.); Infinitive (inf.).; Causative (cs.) T Desiderative (ds.)T Intensive (int.).
T))e Roman numerals indicate the conjugational class of the verb ; P. signifies that the verb is conjugated in the Pa)-asmaipada (active) only, A. that it is co))jugated in the Atmanepada (middle) only.
ams attain, V. : pr. asnoti ; sn. asnavat ; ipv. asnotu ;
PT. asnuvant. pf. anamsa and anasa ; anasma, anasa,
anasur ; anas6 ; sb. anasamahai ; op. anasyam ; pt.
anasana ; pf. also asa, asatur, asiir ; A. du. asathe,
asate. ao. root : A. 3. s. asta, pi. asata ; inj. asta,
pi. asata; op. asyat, prc. 3. s. asyas ( = asyas-t); s: sb.
aksat ; a : aset. inf. astave. aks mutilate, V. : pr. ipv. aksnuhi, pf. pt. aksana. ao.
is : aksisur. ac bend, I. : pr. acati. ipv. 2. s. aca ; acasva. ps. acyate ;
pt. acyamana ; ipf. acyanta ; pp. akna (B.). gd. -acya. aj drive, I. : pr. ajati, ajate ; sb. ajani, ajasi, ajati ; op.
ajeta ; ipv. ajatu ; pt. ajant. ipf. ajat. ps. ajyate ;
PT. ajyamana. inf. -aje. anj anoint, VII. : pr. anakti, ankt6 ; sb. anajat ; ipv. aiidhi
(=r angdhi), anaktu; pt. anjant, anjana. ipf. anjan.
pf. ananja ; anaj6, anajr6 ; sb. anaja ; op. anajyat ;
PT. anajana. ps. ajyate ; pt. ajyamana ; pp. akta.
GD. aktva (B.), -ajya (B.).
1819 B b
s
870 APPENDIX I
ad eat, II.: pr. admi, atsi, atti; adanti; sb. adat, pi.
adan (AV.) ; op. adyat ; ipv. addhi, attu ; attam, attam ;
atta, adantu ; px. adant, adana. ipf. adat. ft. atsyati.
pp. anna n.food. gd. attvaya (B.). inf. attum, attave,
attos (B.). cs. adayati (B.). an breathe, P.: I. anati (AV.) ; VI.: anati (AV.); II.:
aniti ; ipv. anihi ; pt. anant. ipf. anit. pf. ana.
Ao. anisur. ft. anisyati (B.). pp. anita(B.). -anya(B.).
INF. anitum (B.). cs. anayati. am injure, II. : pr. amisi, amiti ; I. : pr. ame ; inj. anaanta ;
IPV. amisva ; pt. amamaria. ipf. amit. pf. ainir6 (B.).
AO. amamat. ps. amyate. cs. amayati. arc praise, I. : pr. arcati ; sb. area, arcat ; arcama, arcan ;
INJ. arcat ; arcan ; ipv. arcatu ; pt. arcant. ipf. arcan.
PF. anrciir ; anrc6, ps. rcyate ; pt. rcyamana. inf.
rcase. cs. arcayati. arh deserve, I. : pr. arhati ; sb. arhat ; pt. arhant. pf.
anrhiir (TS.) ; arhir6. inf. arhase. a,\ favour, I. P. : pr. avati; sb. avat; inj. avat; op. avet;
ipv. avatu ; pt. avant. ipf. avat. pf. avitha, ava.
Ao. root: op. 2. avyas; prc. 3. avyas (==avyas-t); is: avit;
SB. avisat ; inj. avit ; ipv. aviddhi, avistu ; avistam,
avistam. ; avistana. ft. avisyati ; pt. avisyant. pp.
-uta. GD. -avya. inf. avitave. as eat, IX. : pr. asnati, asnanti ; asnit6, asnate ; op.
asniyat ; ipv. asana ; pt. asnant. ipf. asnam, asnat ;
asnan, asnan. pf. asa. ao. is : asisam, asis, asit ;
inj. asit. ft. asisyati (B.). ps. asyate ; pp. asita.
GD. asitva (B.), -asya (B.). cs. asayati (B.). ds.
asisisati (B.). 1. as he, 11. P.: pr. asmi, asi, asti; sthas, stas ; smas,
stha and sthana, santi ; sb. asani, asasi and asas, asati
and asat ; asathas ; asama, asatha, asan ; inj. 3. pi.
san ; op. syam, syas, syat; syatam, syatam ; syama,
syata and syatana, syiir ; ipv. edhi, astu ; stam, stam ;
sta, santu ; pt. sant. ipf. asam, asis, as ( = as-t) and
LIST OF VERBS 371
asit ; astam, astam ; asau. pp. asa, asitha, asa ; asa-
thur, asatur ; asima, asur. 2. as throw, IV. : pb. asyami, asyati and asyate ; asyamasi,
asyanti ; ipv. asya and asyatat, asyatu ; pt. asyant.
iPF. asyat. pf. asa. ft. asisyati. ps. asyate ; pp. asta.
GD. -asya. inf. astave, astavai (B.). ah saij, P. : pf, aha, attha (B.) ; ahatur (B.) ; ahiir. ap obtain, V.: pr, apnoti. pf. apa, apitha; apir6 ; pt.
apana. ao. red.: apipan (B.) ; a: apat; op. ap6yam .(AV.). FT. apsyati, -te (B.) ; apta (B.). ps. apyate (B.) ;
AO. api (B.) ; pp. apta. gd. aptva (B.), -apya (B.). inf.
aptum (B.). cs. apayati (B.). ds. ipsati, ipsate (B.) ;
AO. aipsit (B.) ; ds. of cs. apipayiset (B.). as sit, II. A. : pr. aste ; asathe, asate ; asmahe, asate ;
SB. asate ; opt. asita ; ipv. s. 3. astam, pi. 2. adhvam ;
PT. asana and asina. iff. pi. 3. asata. pf. asam cakre
(B,). Ao. asista (B.). ft. asisyati, -te (B.). pp. asita
(B.j. GD. asitva (B.). inf. asitum (B.). cs. asayati (B.). i (JO, II. : PR. 6ti; yanti ; A. 1. s. iye, du. 3. iyate, pi. 1.
imahe ; sb. aya, ayasi and ayas, ayati and ayat ; ayama,
ayan ; inj. pi. 3. yan ; op. iyam, iyat ; iyama ; ipv. ihi,
6tu ; itam, itam ; ita and eta, itana, yantu ; pt. yant,
iyana. iff. ayam, ais, ait ; aitam, aitam ; aita, ayan ;
A. 3. pi. ayata. I. : ayati, ayate ; inj. ayanta ; ipv.
3. du. ayatam, pi. ayantam. V. : pr. inoti ; invir6.
IPF. ainos, ainot.
PF. iy^tha and iyatha, iyaya; iyathur, iyatur; iyiir;
PT. iyivams. ppf. aiyes. ft. esyati ; ayisyati (B.);
eta (B.). pp. ita. gd. itva, -itya. inf. 6tum (B.) ;
6tave, 6tavai, ityai, iyadhyai, ayase ; 6tos. idh kindle, VII. A.: pr. inddh6 ; indhate and indhat6 ;
SB. inadhate; ipv. indham (=inddham); indhvam
(= inddhvam), indhatam; pt. indhana. iff. aindha.
PF. idh6 ; idhir6. ao. sb. idhat6 ; op. idhimahi ; pt.
idhana. ps. idhyate ; ipv. idhyasva ; pt. idhyamana ;
pp. iddha. inf. -idham ; -idhe. From the nasalized
Bb2
372 APPENDIX I
root, inda, the is ao. is formed in B. : ind. aindhista ; OP. indhisiya. inv go, I. P. ( = V. i-nu + a) : pr, invasi, invati ; invathas, invatas. sb. invat ; ipv. inva, invatu ; invatam, in- vatam; pt. invant.
1. is desire, VI. : pr. ichati, -t3 ; sb. ichat ; inj. ichas ; ichanta ; op. ich6t ; iehdta ; ipv. icha, ichatu ; ichata ; ichasva, ichatam; pt. ichant; Ichamana. iff. aichat. PF. (B.) iy6sa, isiir ; is6, isir6. ao. (B.) aisit; aisfsur. FT. (B.) esisyati, -te. pp. ista. gd. -isya. inf. dsturn (B.) ; 6stavai (B.).
2. is send, IV. : pr. isyati, -te ; ipv. isyatam ; isyata ; PT. isyant. IX. : pr. isnati ; pt. isnant ; isnana. VI. : PR. is6 ; INJ. isanta ; op. is^ma ; ipf. aisanta. pf. isathur, isiir; is6, isir6. pp. isita. gd. -isya (B.). inf. isadhyai. cs. isayati, -te ; inf. isayadhyai.
iks sec, I. A. : pr. ikse ; pt. iksamana. ipf. aiksata ;
aiksetam ; aiksanta. per. pf. iksam eakre (B.). ao. is:
aiksisi. ft. iksisyati, -te (B.). pp. iksita (B.). gdv,
iksenya. gd. iksitva (B.). cs. iksayati, -te. inkh swing : cs. inkhayati, -te ; sb. inkhayatai (AV.),
inkhayavahai ; ipv. inkhaya ; pt. inkhayant. pp.
inkhita. id 2^^'<^ise, II. A. : pr. 1. ile, 3. itte ; ilate ; sb. ilamahai
and ilamahe ; in.j. ilata (3. pi.) ; or. ilita; ipv. ilisva;
PT. liana, pf. il6 (3. s.). pp. ilita. gdv. idya, il6nya. ir set in motion, II. : pr. irte ; irate; ,sb. irat ; ipv. irsva;
iratham ; irdhvam, iratam ; pt. irana. ipf. airam,
air-a-t, du. 2. air-a-tam ; A. airata (3. pi.), pp. irna (B.).
cs. irayati; sb. irayamahe; in.t. irayanta; ipv. iraya,
irayatam ; irayasva ; irayadhvam ; pt. irayant. ipf.
airayat ; airayata ; inf. irayadhyai. pp. irita. is he master, II. A.: pr. 1. ise, 2. ikse and isise, 3. iste,
ise and (once) isate ; isathe; ismahe, isidhve, isate ;
inj. isata (3. s.) ; op. isiya, isita ; pt. isana. pf. isire ;
PT. isana.
LIST or VERBS 373
is move, I. : pr. isati, -te ; 6sati ; inj. 6sas ; ipv. isatu, 6satu ; PT. 6sant ; isamana. pf. is6 (1. 3.). pp. -isita.
1. uks simnldc, VI. : pk. uksati, -te ; ipv. uksatam, uksata; uks6thara; pt. uksamana. ao. is: auksisam (B.). ft. iiksisyati (B.). ps. uksyate (B.) ; pp. uksita. gd. -liksya.
2. uks (=vaks) groiv, I. and VI. : pr. pt. liksant ; uksamana. iPF. auksat. ao. s : auksis. pp. uksita. cs. uksayate.
ue he pleased, IV. P. : pr. ucyasi. pf. uvocitha, uvoca ;
ucise, iic6 ; pt. okivams, ucus. pp. ucita. xid wet, VII.: PR. unatti; undanti; undate (3. pi.), ipv.
undhi ( = unddhi); unatta; pt. undant. VI. P.: pr.
undati (B.). ipf. aunat. pf. iidur. ps. iidyate ;
pp. utta (B.). GD. -udya (B.). ubj force, VI. P. : pr. ubjati ; ipv. ubja, ubjatu ; ubjatam ;
ubjantu; pt. ubjant. ipf. 2. ubjas, 3. aubjat. pp.
ubjita. GD. -ubjya (B.). ubh confine, VII. P.: ipf. unap (2. s.), aumbhan (TS.).
VI. P.: IPV. umbhata (2. pi.); ipf. aumbhat. IX. P.:
IPF. ubhnas, aiibhnat. pp. ubdha. us hum, I. P. : pr. osati ; inj. osas ; ipv. osa and 6satat,
osatu; osatam; pt. osant. IX. P.: pt, usnant. ipf.
usnan. pp. uvosa (B.). ao. ausit (B.). pp. usta (B.).
1. uh remove, I. : pr. uhati; ipv. uha. ipf. auhat; auhata, auhau; A. auliata (3. s.). ao. auhit (B.) ; op. uhyat (B.). pp. vidha (B.). gd. -u.hya and -iihya (B.). inf. -iihitavai (B.).
2. iih consider, I. A. : pr. ohate. II. A. : pr. ohate (3. pi.) ; PT. ohana and ohana. pf. ixh.6; 2. du. iihyathe {^iih- athe?). AO. auhista; pt. ohasana.
r go, VI. P.: PR. rchati (-te, B.) ; sb. rchat; ipv. rchatu; rehantu. III. P. : pr. iyarmi, iyarsi, iyarti ; ipv. iyarta (2. pi.). V. : pr. rnomi, rnoti ; rnvanti ; rnv6 ; rnvir6: inj. rnos ; rnvan ; A. rnuta (3. s.) ; sb. rnavas; IPV. : A. rnvatam (3. pi.) ; pt. rnvant. ipf. rnvan. pf. aritha, ara ; arathur, arur ; pt. arivams ; arana. ao.
374 APPENDIX I
root: arta; arata ; inj. arta (A. 3. s.) ; op. aryat (TS.);
arita ; pt, arana ; a : aram, arat ; arata, aran ; A. arata
(3. s.); aranta; sb. arama ; inj. aram; aran; A. ara-
mahi, aranta ; ipv. aratam, aratam. ft. arisyati (B.).
pp. rta. GD. rtva, -ftya. cs. arpayati ; ao. red. :
arpipam ; pp. arpita and arpita. gd. -arpya, arpayitva
(AV.). INT. alarsi, alarti. rj direct VI. : pr. rnjati, -te ; ipv. rnjata ; pt. rnjant.
VII. A.: PR. rnj6; rnjate (3. pi.); IV.: pr. rjyate ;
pt. rjyant. I. : pr. arjati (B.). ao. pt. rnjasana.
inf. rnjase. rd stir, VI. P. : ipv. rdantu. ipf. ardan. I. : pr. ardati
(AV.). cs. ardayati ; sb. ardayati. rdh thrive, V. P. : pr. rdhnoti ; ipf. ardhnot. IV. : pr.
rdhyati, -te; ipv. rdhyatam. VII. P.: sb. rnadhat ;
OP. rndhyam ; pt. rndhant. pf. anardha (K.) ; anrdhur ;
anrdh6. ao. root : ardhma (B.) ; sb. rdhat ; A. rdhathe
(2. du.) ; OP. rdhyam, rdhyas, rdhyama; rdhimahi ;
PRO. rdhyasam ; pt. rdhant ; a : op. rdh6t, rdh^ma ;
is: ardhista (B). ft. ardhisyate (B.); ardhita (B.).
PS. rdhyate ; ipv. rdhyatam ; pp. rddha. gdv. ardhya.
cs. ardhayati. ds. irtsati ; pt. irtsant. rs rush, I. : pr. arsati, -te ; sb. arsat ; inj. arsat ; ipv.
arsa, arsatu ; arsata, arsantu; pt. arsant. VI. P.: pr.
rsati ; pt. rsant. pp. rsta. ej stir, I. P. : PR. 6jati ; sb. 6jati and 6jat ; ipv. 6jatu ;
pt. 6jant. IPF. aijat. cs. ejayati (B.). edh thrive, I. A. : pr. 6dhate (B.) ; ipv. 6dhasva, 6dhatam
(B.). PER. PF. edham cakrire (B.). ao. is: op. edhisiya. kan, ka enjoi/, IV. : pr. pt. kayamana. pf. cak6 ; sb.
cakanas, cakanat; eakanama; inj. cakananta; op.
cakanyat ; ipv. cakandhi, cakantu ; pt. cakana ;
PPF. cakan (2. s). ao. akanisam ; sb. kanisas. kam love: pf. pt. cakamana. ao. red.: aeikamata (B.).
FT. kamisyate (B.); kamita (B.). cs. kamayate ; sb.
kamayase ; pt. kamayamana.
LIST OF VERBS 375
kas appear, I.: pr. kasate (B.). int. cakasimi, cakasiti ; cakasyate (B.) ; sb. cakasan (AV.) ; pt. cakasat. ipf. acakasam. cs. kasayati.
kup he angn/, TV. : pr. pt. kupyant. pp. kupita. cs. kopayati.
1. kr tiiaJic. V. : pr. krndmi, krndsi, krnoti ; krnuthas, kr- nutas : krnmasi, krnutha, krnvanti ; A. krnv6, krnus6, krnut6 ; krnmahe, krnvate ; in.t. krnvata (3. pi.) ; sb. krnava, krnavas, krnavat ; krnavava ; krnavama, krnavatha (VS.), krnavan ; A. krnavai, krnavase, krnavate ; krnavavahai, krnvaite (for krnavaite) ; krnavamahai, krnavanta ; op. krnvita ; ipv. krnu, krnuhi and krnutat, krnotu ; krnutam, krnutam :
• • •• 7aa 7aa ?•« 7
krnuta, krnota, and krnotana, krnvantu : A. krnusva, krnutam ; krnvatham ; krnudhvam ; pt. krnvant ; krnvana. ipf. krnavam, akrnos, akrnot ; akrnutam : akrnuta, akrnota and akrnotana, akrnvan ; A. akr- nuta (3. s.) ; akrnudhvam, akrnvata. VIII. : karomi, karoti ; kurmas, kurvanti ; kurv6, ku- rut6; kurvate; sb. karavas, karavat; ipv. kurii, kar6tu; A. kurvatam. pt. kurvant ; kurvana. ipf. akaros, akarot ; akurvan ; A. kuruthas, akuruta ; akurvata. II. : PR. karsi ; krthas ; krtha ; A. krs6. PF. cakara, cakartha, cakara ; cakrathur, cakratur ; cakrma, cakra, cakrur ; A. cakr6, cakrs6, cakr6 ; ca- krathe, cakrate ; cakrir6 ; op. cakriyas ; pt. eakrvams ; eakrana. ppf. cakaram, acakrat; acakriran. ao. root: akaram, akar, akar ; kartam, akartam ; akarma, akarta, akran, ; A. akri, akrthas, akrta ; akrata ; inj. karam, kar ; sb. karani, karasi and karas, karati and karat ; karathas, karatas ; karama, karanti and karan ; A. karase, karate ; karamahe ; op. kriyama ; pec. kriyasma ; ipv. krdhi ; krtam and kartam ; krta and kartana; A. krsva ; krdhvam; pt. krant; krana. AO. a : akaras, akarat ; ipv. kara ; karatam, karatam ; s: akarsit (B.) ; A. akrsi (B.). ft. karisyati; -te (B.) ;
376 APPENDIX I
SB. karisyas. co. akarisyat (B.). ps. kriyate ; pt. kri-
yamana ; ao. akari ; pp. krta. gdv. kartva. gd.
krtva, krtvi, krtvaya. inf. kartave, kartavai ; kartos ;
kartum. cs. karayati, karayate (B.). ds. cikirsati.
INT. PT. karikrat and carikrat. 2. kr commemorate : ao. s : akarsana ; is : akarisam, akarit.
INT. carkarmi ; sb. carkiran ; ao. carkrse (3. s.) ; gdv.
carkrtya. krt cut, VI. P. : pr. krntati ; inj. krntat ; ipv. krnta ;
PT. krntant. ipf. akrntat. pf. cakartitha, cakarta.
AG. a: akrtas; pt. krtant; red.: aeikrtas (B.). ft.
kartsyami. ps. krtyate ; pp. krtta. gd. -krtya. krp lament, I. A. : pr. krpate ; pt. krpamana. ipf. akrp-
anta. pf. eakrpe (K.). ppf. cakrpanta. ao. root: akrp-
ran ; is : akrapista. cs. pt. krpayant ; ipf. akrpayat. krs he lean, IV. P. : pr. krsyati (B.). pf. cakarsa. pp.
krsita (B.). cs. karsayati. krs plougli, I.: pr. karsati ; -te (B.) ; in.t. karsat ; ipv.
karsa. VI. : pr. krsati ; ipv. krsatii ; krsantu ; A. krs-
asva; pt. krsant. pf. cakarsa (B.). ao. red. : acikrsam ;
sa : akrksat (B.). ft. kraksy6 (B.). ps. krsyate ; pp.
krsta. GD. krstva (B.). int. 3. pi. earkrsati; sb.
carkrsat ; pt. carkrsat ; iff. aearkrsur. kr scatter, VI. P. : pr. kirati, -te ; sb. kirasi ; ipv. kira,
kiratu. iff. akirat. ao, is : sb. karisat. ps. kiryate
(B.) ; pp. kirna (B.). kip he adapted, I. : pr. kalpate ; ipv. kalpasva ; pt. ka!p-
amana. iff. akalpata, akalpanta. pf. caklpur ;
caklpr6. AO. red. : aciklpat ; sb. ciklpati. ft. kalp-
syate (B.). pp. klpta. cs. kalpayati; sb. kalpayati;
kalpayavahai ; ipv. kalpaya, kalpayatu ; kalpayasva ;
PT. kalpayant ; ipf. akalpayat. ds. cikalpayisati (B.) ;
GD. kalpayitva. krand cry out, I. P. : pr. krandati ; in.t. krandat ; ipv.
kranda, kraudatu ; pt. krandant. jpf. akrandas,
krandat. pf. cakrade. ppf. cakradas, eakradat.
LIST OF VERBS 377
Ao. a : iN.T. kradas ; red. : acikradas, acikradat ; aei-
kradan ; inj. eikradas ; s : akran (2. 3. s.). cs. krand-
ayati. int. kanikranti (3. s. = kanikrant-ti) ; pt.
kanikradat. kram stride, I. P. : pr. kramati ; op. kramema ; ipv. krama ;
PT, kramant ; iff. akramat ; A. : kramate ; sb. kram-
ama ; irv. kramasva. pf. cakrama, cakramur ; ca-
kram6 ; cakramathe ; pt. cakramana. ppf. cakram-
anta ; ao. root : akran ; akramur ; inj. kramur ; a :
akramat, akraman ; s : A. akramsta ; akramsata ; sb.
kramsate ; is : akramisam and akramim, akramis,
akramit ; kramista (3. s.) ; inj. kramis ; ipv. kramistam.
FT. kramsyate; kramisyati, -te(B.); pp. kranta. gd.
krantva (B.), -kramya. inf. -krame; kramitum (B.) ;
kramitos (B.). cs. kramayati (B.). int. ipv. cankra-
m-a-ta (2. pi.) ; eankramyate (B.). kri buy, IX. : pr. krinati ; krinit^ ; sb. krinavahai.
iPF. akrinan. pt. kresyati, -te (B.). ps. kriyate (B.) ;
pp. krita. gd. kritva, -kriya (B.). krudh he angri/, IV. P. : pr. kriidhyati. pf. cukrodha (B.).
AO. red. : acukrudhat ; sb. eukrudhama ; inj. cukrudh-
am ; a : inj. krudhas. pp. kruddha. cs. krodliayati. krus cry out, I. : pr. krosati ; ipv. krosatu ; pt. krosant ;
krosamana. ao. sa : akriiksat. pp. krusta (B.). ksad divide, I. A. : pr. ksadamahe. pf. caksad6 ; pt.
eaksadana. inf. ksadase. ksam endure, I. A. : op. ksameta ; ipv. ksamadhvam.
pt. ksamamana. pf. caksam6 (B.) ; op. caksam-
ithas. ksar floiv, I. P. : pr. ksarati ; inj. ksarat ; ipv. ksara ;
ksarantu ; pt. ksarant. ipf. aksarat ; aksaran. ao. s :
aksar. pp. ksarita (B.). inf. ksaradhyai. cs. ksar-
ayati (B.). 1, ksi possess, II. P. : pr. ksdsi, ks6ti ; ksitas ; ksiyanti ;
SB. ksayas, ksayat; ksayama; pt. ksiyant. I. P. : pr.
ksayati; op. ksayema (AV.) ; pt. ksayant. IV. P.:
378 APPENDIX I
PR. ksiyati; or. ksiyema ; ipv. ksiya. ao. s: sb. ks6sat.
FT. PT. ksesyant. cs. ipv. ksayaya ; inj. ksepayat. 2. ksi destroy, IX. : pr. ksinati ; ksinanti ; inj. ksinam.
iPF. aksinas. V. : pb. ksinomi. IV. A. : pr. ksiyate ;
ksiyante. ao. s: inj. ksesta (AV.). Ps. ksiyate;
PT. ksiyamana; pp. ksita ; ksina (AV.). gd. -ksiya (B.).
INF. -ksetos (B.). Ds. eiksisati (B.). ksip throw, VI. P. : pr. ksipati ; inj. ksipat ; ipv. ksipa;
PT. ksipant. ao. red. : inj. ciksipas ; ciksipan. pp.
ksipta. INF. -kseptos (B.). ksnu wliet, II. : pr. ksnaumi ; pt. ksnuvana. pp. ksnuta
(B.). GD. -ksnutya (B.). khan, kha dig, I. : pr. khanati ; se. khanama; op. khan-
ema ; pt. khanant. ipf. akhanat ; akhananta. pf.
cakhana ; cakhniir. fp. pt. khanisyant, ps. khayate
(B.); pp. khata. gd, khatva (B.) ; khatvi (TS.), -khaya
(B.). inf. khanitum. khad clieiv, I. P. : pr. khadati ; ipv. khada ; pt. khadant.
PF. cakhada. pp. khadita (B.). gd. khaditva (B.). khid tear, VI. : pr. khidati ; inj. khidat ; op. khid^t.
IPV. khida ; khidant. ipf. akhidat. pf. pt. khidvams.
GD. -khidya (B.). khya see : pf. cakhyathur. ao. a : akhyat ; inj. khyat ;
ipv. khyatam ; khyata. ft. khyasyati (B.). ps.
khyayate(B.) ; pp. khyata. gdv. -khyeya. gd. -khyaya.
inf. khyatum (B.) ; -khyai. cs. khyapayati, -te (B.). gam go, I. : pr. gaehati, -te ; sb. gachasi and gachas,
gachati and gaehat; gachatha, gachan; A. gachai;
op. gachet ; gachema ; ipv. gacha and gachatat, gachatu
and gachatat ; gachatam, gachatam ; gachata, ga-
chantu ; A. gaehasva (AV.), gachatam ; gachadhvam ;
pt. gachant ; gachamana. ipf. agachat ; agachanta.
PF. jagama, jagantha, jagama ; jagmathur, jagmatur;
jaganma, jagmxir ; jagm6 ; op. jagamyam, jagamyat ;
jagamyatam, jagamyur ; pt. jaganvams, jagmivams ;
jagmana. Per. pf. gamayam cakara (AV.). ppf. ajagan
LIST OF VERBS 379
(2. s.) ; ajaganta ; A. ajagmiran. ao. root: agamam, agan (2. 3. s.) ; aganma, agman ; agathas, agata ; ganvahi ; aganmahi, agmata ; sb. gamani, gamas, gamat ; gamathas, gamatas ; gamama, gamanti ; inj. gan ; OP. gainyas ; gmiya (B.) ; vuc. 3. s. gamyas ; ipv. gadhi and gahi, gantu ; gatam and gantam, gantam ; gata, ganta and gantana, gamantu ; pt. gmant ; a : agamat. agaman ; sb. gamatas ; gamatha ; inj. gam- an ; gam^yam, gamds, gani6t ; gamama ; gam6inahi ; red. : ajigamam, ajigamat; s : agasmahi; is: gamistam; gmisiya (VS.). ft. gamisyati (AV.); ganta (B.). ps. gamyate ; ao. agami ; pp. gata. gd. gatva, gatvaya, gatvi, -gatya. inf. gantave, gantavai, garaadhyai, gamadhye (TS.); gantos, -gamas. cs. gamayati and gamayati. ds. jigamsati ; jigamisati, -te (B.). int. ganiganti ; pt. ganigmat.
1. ga^o, III. P.: PR. jigasi, jigati; inj. jigat; ipv. jigatam; jigata; pt. jigat. ipf. ajigat. pf, op. jagayat. ao. root: agam, agas, agat ; agatam, agatam ; agama, agata, agur; sb. gani, gas, gat; gama; inj. gam.; gama, giir; IPV. gata and gatana; s: inj. gesani(VS.) ; gesma(AV.). DS. jigasa (SV.). inf. gatave.
2. ga sing, IV. : pr. gayasi, gayati ; gayanti ; A, gaye ; INJ. gayat ; ipv. gaya ; gayata, gayantu ; pt. gayant. ipf. agayat. pf. jagan (B.). ao. s: inj. gasi (1. s.); sis: agasisur; sb. gasisat. ft. gasyati (B.}. ps. pt. giyamana ; pp. gita. gd. gitva (B.) ; -gaya (B.) and -giya (B.). inf. gatum (B.). cs. gapayati, -te (B.). DS. jigasati (B.).
gah i)lun(jc, I. A.: pr. gahase, gahate; op. gahemahi;
IPV. gahetham; pt. gahamana. ipf. agahathas. int.
jangahe. .
gur greet, VI. : pr. ipv. gurasva. pf. sb. jugurat ; op.
juguryas, juguryat. ao. root: giirta (3. s. A.), pp. gurta.
GD. -gurya. guh liide, I.: pr. guhati, -te ; inj. guhas ; guhathas ;
380 APPENDIX I
ipv. guhata ; pt. guhant ; guhamana. irr. aguhat. AO. a: guhas ; inj. guhas; pt. guhant; guhamana; sa: aghuksat. ps.guhyate; pt. guhyamana; pp. gudha; GDV. guhya, -gohya. gd. gudhvi. ds. juguksati.
1. gr sing, IX. : pr. grnami, grnati ; grnitas ; grnimasi, grnanti ; A. grn6, grnis6, grnit6 (and grne), grnimahe ; INJ. grnita (3. s. A.) : ipv. grnihi, grnatu ; grnitam, grnitam ; grnita, grnantu ; pt. grnant ; grnana. gd. -girya (B.). inf. grnisani.
2. gr tvake: ao. red.: 2. 3. ajigar; ipv. jigrtam; jigrta. INT. jagarti; jagrati; sb. jagarasi (AV.), jagarat; op. jagriyama(V8.), jagryama(TS.); ipv.jagrhi andjagrtat; jagrtam, jagrtam ; pt. jagrat. ipf. ajagar. pf. 1. s. ja- gara. 3. jagara. pt. jagrvams ; ft. jagarisyati, -te (B.) ; pp. jagarita (B.). cs. jagarayati (B.).
grdh he greedy, IV. P. : pr. pt. grdhyant. pf. jagrdhiir. AO. a : agrdhat ; inj. grdhas ; grdhat.
gr S'waUow, VI. P. : pr. girati. pf. jagara. ao. root : SB. garat, garan; red.: ajigar (2. s.); is: inj. garit. ft. garisyati (B.). pp. girna. gd. -girya (AV.). int. SB. jalgulas ; pt. jargurana.
grabh seize, IX. : pr. grbhnami, grbhnati ; grbhnanti grbhn6 ; grbhnate ; sb. grbhnas ; inj. grbhnita (3. s.) IPV. grbhnihi. ipf. agrbhnas, agrbhnat ; agrbhnan agrbhnata (3. pi. A.), pf. jagrabha (1. s.) ; jagrbhathur jagrbhma, jagrbhiir ; A. jagrbhr^ and jagrbhrire ; op. jagrbhyat ; pt. jagrbhvams ; ppf. ajagrabham, aja- grabhit. ao. root : agrabham ; agrbhran ; pt. grbhana ; a: agrbham; red.: ajigrabhat ; is: agrabhim (TS.), agrabhit; agrabhisma, agrabhisur; agrbhisata(3. pi. A.). inj. grabhista (2. pi.), pp. grbhita. gd. grbhitva, -grbhya. inf. -grabhd, -grbh6. cs. pt. grbhayant.
gras devour, I. A. : pr. grasate ; op. grasetam. pf. op. jagrasita ; pt. jagrasana. pp. grasita.
grah seize, IX. : grhnami, grhnati ; grhnanti ; grhn6 ; grhnimahe, grhnate ; op. grhniyat; ipv. grhnahi(AV.),
LIST OF VERBS 381
grhnitat and grhana ; grhnatu ; grhnitam ; grhnantu ; PT. grhnant; grhnana. iff. agrhnat, agrhnan. rr. jagraha, jagraha ; jagrhma, jagrhiir ; jagrh6. ao, a: iNJ. grhamahi ; is : agrahifc ; agrahista. ft. grahisyati (B.); CO. agrahTsyat (B.), agrahaisyat (B.). ps. grhyate ; pp. grhita. gd. grhitva, -grhya. inf. grahitavai (B.).
grahitos (B.). cs. grahayati (B.). ds. jighrksati,
-te (B.). ghas cat: pf. jaghasa, jaghasa; op. jaksiyat; pt. jaksi-
vams (AV.). ao. root : aghas (2. 3. s.), aghat (3. s., B.) ;
aghastam (3. du., B.) ; aghasta (2. p]., B.), aksan;
SB.ghasas, ghasat; ipv. ghastam (3.du.); s : aghas (2. s.);
red. : ajighasat. pp. -gdha (TS.). us. jighatsati. ghus sound, I. : pr. ghosati, gh6sate ; sb. ghosat ; gh6san ;
PT. ghosant. pf. jughosa (B.). ps. ao. ghosi. gd.
-ghusya. cs. ghosayati. caks sec, II.: pk. cakse (= caks-se), caste; caksathe;
caksate; P. caksi (= caks-si) ; iff. caksur. I. A. : pr.
caksate (3. s.) ; iff. eaksata (3. s.). pf. cacaksa ; ca-
caks6 (B.). PPF. aeacaksam. gdv. caksya. gd. -caksya.
INF. -cakse, caksase ; -caksi. cs. caksayati. car move, I. P. : pr. carati ; sb. carani ; carava, caratas ;
caran ; caratai (AV.) ; inj. carat ; op. caret ; ipv. cara,
caratu ; carata, carantu; pt. carant. iff. acarat.
PF. caeara; cerima, ceriir. ao. red. : aeicarat ; s: acar-
sam (B.) ; is: acarisam ; inj. cant. ft. carisyami.
PS. caryate (B.) ; pp. earita ; gdv. -cardnya. gd, caritva
(B.) ; -carya (B.). inf. carase, caritave, caradhyai ;
caritavai (B.) ; caritum (B,); caritos (B.). cs. carayati,
-te(B.). DS. cicarsati(B.), cicarisati(B.). int. carcariti;
FT. carcuryamana. cay note, I. : pr. cayati (B.) ; ft. cayamana. per. pf. -cayam
cakrur (B.). ao. is : acayisam. ps. cayyate. gd.
cayitva ; -cayya. 1. ci gather, V. : pr. cinoti ; cinvanti ; cinut6 ; sb. cinav-
at ; OP. ciuuyama ; ipv. ciniihi, cinotu ; cinvantu ;
882 APPENDIX I
cinusva; vt. cinvant; cinvana. I. : pk. cayase, cayate ;
cayadhve ; inj. cayat ; op. cayema. pf. cikaya ; cikye ;
cikyird. ao. root: acet ; ipv. citana, ciyantu ; s:
acaisam (B.) ; is: cayistam. ft. cesyati, -te (B.).
PS. ciyate(B.); pp. cita. gd. citva{B.). inf. cetuni(B.);
cetavai (B.). ds. cikisate (B.). 2. ci note. III. : pr. cik6si (AV.) ; ipv. cikihi (AV.), eiketu
(TS.) ; A. (3. s.) cikitam (AV.); pt. eikyat. iff, aciket ;
acikayur (B.). pf. cikaya; cikyatur; cikyiir; A. 2.
du. cik6the (for cikyathe). ao. root : acet ; A. aci-
dhvam. pp. cita. ds. cikisate. cit perceive, I. : pr. c6tati ; c6tathas ; cdtatha ; A. estate ;
c6tante ; inj. c6tat ; ipv. c^tatam ; pt. c6tant ; iff.
acetat. II. A. : pr. cit6 (3. s.). pf. ciketa ; eikitur ;
A. cikit6 ; cikitr6 and cikitrir6 ; sb. cikitas, ciketati
and ciketat ; eiketathas ; ipv. cikiddhi ; pt. cikitvams ;
cikitana ; ppf. ciketam ; aciketat. ao. root : acet ;
PT, citana ; ps. : aceti ; s : acait. inf. citaye. cs. cetayati,
-te and citayati, -te; sb. cetayani, cetayatai (TS.) ; op.
citayema. ds. inj. cikitsat. int. cekite (3. s.); sb. c6-
kitat ; pt. c6kitat. cud impel, I. : pr. codami ; codate ; inj. codat ; ipv. coda,
codata ; codasva, codetham. cs. sb. codayasi, cod-
ayat ; codayase, codayate ; pp. codita. cyu fHove, I. : pr. cyavate ; inj. cyavam ; cyavanta ; ipv.
cyavasva ; cyavetham ; cyavadhvam. pf. cicyuse,
cucyuv6 (3. s. ); iNJ.cucyavat ; op. cueyuvimahi, cucyav-
irata. ppf. acucyavat, acucyavit ; acucyavitana, acu-
cyavur. ao. s: cyosthas. ft. cyosyate (B.). pp. cy'uta.
cs. cyavayati, -te. chad or chand seem, II. : pr. chantsi. pf. caehanda ;
OP. cachadyat. ao. s: achan ; achanta ( = acliant-s-ta),
achantsur ; sb. chantsat. cs. chadayati ; chandayase ;
INJ. chadayat ; sb. chadayatha ; chandayate ; ipf.
achadayan. chid cut ojf', VII. : pr. chinadmi, chinatti ; ipv. ehindhi
LIST OF VERBS 383
( :^ chiuddhi), chinattu; chintam ( = chinttam), pf. ci-
ch6da; cichid6 (B.). ao. root: chedma; a: achidat;
achidan ; s : achaitsit (B.) ; inj. chitthas. ft. chetsyati,
-te (B.). PS. chidyate ; pt. chidyamana ; ao. achedi;
pp. chinna. gd. -ehidya; chittva (B.). inf. ch^ttavai
(B.) ; ch6ttum (B.). ds. cichitsati, -te (B.). jan generate, I.: pr. janati; sb. janat; inj. janat; ipv.
janatu; pt. janant; janamana. ipf. ajanat; Janata
(3. s.); ajananta. pf. jajana; jajnatur; jajnur and
jajanur; A. jajnis6, jajn6; jajnir6 ; pt. jajnana. ao.
root : ajani (1. s.) ; red. : ajijanat, ajijanan ; inj. jijanam ;
jijananta ; is : janistam (8. du.) ; A. ajanisthas, ajanista ;
OP. janisiya, janisista. ft. janisyati, -te ; janita (B.) ;
CO. ajanisyata (B.). ps. : ao. ajani; jani, jani. gdv.
jantva and janitva. gd. janitvi. inf. janitos. cs. jan-
ayati, -te ; sb. janayas ; op. janayes ; ipv. janaya,
janayatu ; janayatam ; janayata. ds. jijanisate (B.). jambh chetv : ao. red. : ajijabham ; is : sb. jambhisat.
pp. jabdha. cs. : ipv. jambhaya ; jambhayatam ; pt.
jambhayant. int. jaiijabhyate (B.) ; pt. janjabhana. . jas he exhausted, I. : pr. pt. jasamana ; IV. : ipv. jasyata.
PF. jajasa ; ipv. jajastam. ao. red. : ajijasata (3. s., B.).
cs. jasayati (B.). ja he horn, IV. A. : pr. jayate ; inj. jayata ; op. jayemahi ;
IPV. jayasva, jayatam ; jayadhvam ; pt. jayamana.
IPF. ajayathas, ajayata ; ajayanta. pp. jata. 1. ji conquer, I. : jayati, -te ; sb. jayasi, jayas, jayati ;
jayava, jayatha; A. jayatai (AV.); inj. jayat; op.
jayema; ipv. jayatu; A. jayantam ; pt. jayant. ipf.
ajayat. II. P. : pk. j6si. pf. jig^tha, jigaya ; jigyathur ;
jigyiir ; A. jigy6 ; pf. jigivams ; jigivams (B.) ; ao. root :
INJ. j6s; ipv. jitam; s: ajai.sam, 3. ajais (=ajais-t);
ajaisma; sb. j6sas, j6sat; j^sama; inj. j6sam (VS.),
j6s; j6snia, jaisur (AV.). ft. jesyati; pt. jesyant.
pp. jita; gdv. j6tva. gd. jitva (B.) ; -jitya. inf. jis6 ;
j6tave (B.) ; j6tum (B.). cs. japayati (B.) ; ajijapata
384 APPENDIX I
(VS.) and ajijipata (TS,). ds. jigisati, -te; pt. jigi- sainana.
2. ji quicken, V. : pr. jinosi; jinve. ipf. ajinot (B.).
jinv quicken (=V. ji-nu + a), I. : pr. jinvasi, jinvati ; jinva- thas ; jinvatha, jinvanti ; A. jinvate ; ipv. jinva, jinv- atu; jinvatam ; jinvata; pt. jinvant. ipf. ajinvat; ajinv- atam. pp. jijinvathur. ft. jinvisyati (B.). pp. jinvita.
jiv live, I. P. : pr. jivati ; sb. jivani, jivas, jivati and jivat ;
J- J. ± lit
jivatha, jivan ; op. jivema ; ipv. jiva, jivatu ; jivatam ;
jivata, jivantu; pt. jivant. pf. jijiva (B.). ao. root:
PRC. jivyasam; is: inj. jivit. ft. jivisyati (B.). ps.
jivyate (B.) ; pp. jivita. gdv. jivaniya. gd. jivitva
(B.). inf. jivase; jivitavai, jivatave (ts. vs.); jivitum
(B,). cs. jivayati. ds. jijivisati (B.) ; jujyusati (B.) ;
pp. jijyusita (B.). jus cnjoij, VI. : PR. jusate ; op. jus6ta ; jus^rata ; pt.
jusamana ; ipf. ajusat ; ajusata. pf. jujosa ; jujusd ;
SB. jujosati, jujosat; jiijosatha, jujosan; A. jujosate;
IPV. jujustana ; pt. jujusvams ; jujusana. ppf. ajujosam.
AO. root: ajusran ; sb. josati, josat; A. josase; pt.
jusana ; is : sb. josisat. pp. justa gladdened and justa
welcome, gd. justvi. cs. josayate ; sb. josayase. JVL speed, iX. P. : pr. junati; junanti ; SB.junas. I. A. : pr.
javate. pf. jujuvur; sb. jujuvat ( = jujavat); pt. ju-
juvams ; jujuvana. pp. juta. inf. javase. jurv consume, I. P. : pr. jurvati ; sb. jurvas ; ipv. jurva ;
PT. jiirvant. ao. is : jurvit. jr sing, 1. A,: pr. jarate ; sb. jarate; op. jareta; ipv.
jarasva, jaratam ; pt. jaramana. inf. jaradhyai. jr, jur tvastc aivay, I. P. : pr. jarati ; ipv. jaratam ; pt.
jarant. VI. P. : pt. jurant. IV. P. : pr. jiryati, juryati ;
pt. juryant; ipf. ajuryan. pf. jajara; pt. jujurvams.
AO. is : jarisur. pp. jirna, jurna. cs. jarayati, -te ;
PT. jarayant and jarayant. jna TxHoic, IX. : pr. janati ; janimas, janitha, jananti ;
janit6 ; janate ; sb. janama ; janamahai ; op. janithas ;
LIST OF VEEBS 385
ipv. janihi, janitat, janatu; janita, janantu; janidhvam,
janatam; pt. janant ; janana. ipf. ajanam, ajanat;
ajanan; A. 3. pi. ajanata. pf. jajnaii; jajne; pt.
jajnivams and janivams. ao. root : op. jneyas (Gk.
yrot'7/y) ; s: ajnasam (B.); ajnasthas ; in.t. jnesam ;
sis: ajnasisam. ft. jnasyati, -te (B.) ; jnata (B.).
PS. jnayate ; ao. ajnayi; pp. jnata; gdv. jneya (B.).
GD. jnatva (B.), -jnaya (B.). inf. jnatum (B.), jfiatos (B.).
cs. jnapayati; ao. ajijnipat (TS.); ps. jnapyate (B.) ;
pp. jnapta (B.) ; jnapayati (B.). ds. jijnasate. jya overpoiver, IX. : pr. jinati ; op. jiniyat ; pt. jinant.
IV. A. : PR. jiyate. pf. jijyaii (B.). ao. sis : ajyasisam
(B.). FT. jyasyati, -te (B.). ps. jiyate; pp. jita. ds.
jijyasati. jval /rtwe, I. P.: pr. jvalati (B.). pf. jajvala (B.). ao.
ajvalit (B.). ft. jvalisyati (B.). pp. jvalita (B.). cs.
jvalayati (B.). tams sJiaJce : pf. tatasrd. ppf. atatamsatam. ao. a : atasat.
cs. tamsayati, -te ; inf. tamsayadhyai. int. sb. tantas-
aite ; gdv. -tantasayya. taks fashion, I. P. : pr. taksati ; sb. taksama ; in.t. taksat ;
IPV. taksatam ; taksata, taksantu ; pt. taksant. ipf.
ataksat. II. P.: pr. tasti(B.), taksati (8. pi.) ; ipv. talhi.
IPF. ataksma, atasta. V. P. : pr. taksnuvanti (B.). pf,
tataksa (taksathur, taksiir) ; tatakse. ao. is : ataksisnr.
pp. tasta. tan stretch, VIII. : pr. tanoti ; tanmasi, tanvanti ; tanut^ ;
SB. tanavavahai; int. tanuthas; ipv. tanii, tanuhi,
tanotu; A. tanusva; tanudhvam; pt. tanvant; tanvana.
ipf. atanuta ; atanvata. pf. tatantha, tatana and
tatana; A. 1. tatand, 3. tatn6 and tat6 (\/ta); tatnire
and tenlre ; sb. tatanat ; tatanama, tatanan ; inj. tatan-
anta ; op. tatanyiir ; pt. tatanvams. ao. root : atan ;
A. 2. atathas, 3. atata; atnata (3. pi.); a: atanat;
in.t. tanat; s: atan and atamsit; atasi (B.) ; atams-
mahi(B.); is: atanit. ft. tamsyate (B.). ps. tayate ;
1819 C C
386 APPENDIX I
Ao. atayi (B.). pp. tata. gd, tatva (B.), tatvaya (VS.),
-tatya (B.). inf. tantum (B.). tap heat, I. : pe. tapati, -te ; sb. tapati ; inj. tapat ; ipv.
tapatu ; PT. tapant. ipf. atapat. IV. P. :pr. tapyati(B.).
PF. 1. tatapa. 3. tatapa; tep6; sb. tatapate; pt. tepana.
AO. root : PT. tapana ; red. : atitipe (3. s.) ; sb. titipasi ;
s : atapsit ; atapthas ; inj. tapsit ; taptam. ft. tapsyati
(B.). PS. tapyate ; ao. atapi ; pp. tapta. gd. taptva (B.),
-tapya. inf. taptos (B.). cs. tapayati, -te (AV.) ; ps.
tapyate (B.). toxa faint, IV. P. : pr. tamyati (B.). pf. tatama (B.). ao. a :
INJ. tamat. pp. tanta (B.). inf. tamitos (B.). tam-
ayati (B.). tij le sharp, I. A. : pr. t6jate ; pt. t^jamana. pf. ipv. titig-
dhi (B.). pp. tikta. ds. titiksate. int. tdtikte. tu he strong, II. P. : pr. taviti. pf. tutava. ppf. tutos,
tutot. INT. PT. tavitvat (= tavituat). tuj urge, VII. : pr. tunjanti; tunjate (3. pi.); pt. tunjana.
VI.: PR. tuj6te; pt. tujant. pf. op. tutujyat; pt. tu-
tujana and tutujana. ps. tujyate. inf. tujase, tujaye,
-tuje. cs. PT. tuj ay ant. tud thrust, VI. : pr. tudati ; ipv. tuda ; tiidantu ; pt.
tudant. IPF. tudat. pf. tutoda. pp. tunna. tur (= tr) pass, VI. : pr. tiirati, -te; IV. P. : ipv. turya;
II. P. : OP. turyama. pf. op. tuturyat ; tuturyama. pp.
turta (B.). GD. -turya. inf. turvane. cs. turayate.
DS. tutursati. Xvd. splU.Wl. : PR.trnadmi, trnatti ; trntte (B.) ; ipf. atrnat;
atrndan. pf. tatarditha, tatarda; pt. tatrdana. ao.
root: SB. tardas. pp. trnna(VS.). gd. -trdya. inf. -trdas. trp he pleased, Y . P. : pr. trpnoti ; sb. trpnavas ; ipv. trpnuhi ;
trpnutam; trpnuta; VI. P. : pr. trmpati ; ipv. trmpa;
IV. : PR. trpyati. pf. tatrpiir ; pt. tatrpana. ao. root :
PRO. trpyasma; a: atrpat; pt. trpant; red.: atitrpas;
atitrpama. co. atarpsyat (B.). pp. trpta. cs. tarpayati,
-te ; DS. titarpayisati. ds. titrpsati ; bb. titrpsat.
LIST OF VERBS 387
trs he thirst II, lY. : pr. trsyati, -te ; rx. trsyant. pf. tatrs-
lir ; PT. tatrsana and tatrsana. ao. root : pt. trsana ;
a : trsat ; red. : atitrsama ; inj. titrsas. pp. trsita. cs.
tarsayati (B.). trh crush, VII. P. : pr. trn^dhi ; trmhanti ; ipv. trn^dhu ;
SB. trnahan (AV.) ; pt. trmhant. pf. tatarha. ao. a :
atrham. ps. trhyate ; pp. trlha, trdha. gd. trdhva. tr cross, I. : pr. tai^ati, -te ; sb. tarathas ; inj. tarat; op.
taret ; ipv. tai'a ; pt. tarant. iff. atarat. VI. : pr. tirati,
-te ; SB. tirati ; in.t. tiranta ; op. tir^ta, -tana (2. pL); ipv.
tira ; tirata, tirantii ; tiradhvam ; pt. tirant. ipf. atirat.
III. : pt. titrat. VIII. A. : tarute. pf. tatara ; titirvir ;
pt. tatarus- (weak stem) and titirvams. ao. red. : ati-
taras ; is : atarit ; atarisma and atarima, atarisur ; sb.
tarisas, tarisat ; iN.i.taris, tarit ; op. tarisimahi. ps. ao.
atari ; pp. tirna. gd. tirtva. inf. -tiram, -tire ; tara-
dhyai ; tarisani. cs. tarayati. ds. titirsati (B.). int.
tartariti ; tartiiryante ; pt. taritrat. tyaj forsalce : pf. tityaja ; ipv. tityagdhi. pp. tyakta (B).
GD. -tyajya (B.). tras he terrified, I. P. : pr. trasati. ao. red. : atitrasan ;
is : trasis (B.). pp. trasta (B.). inf. trasas. cs. trasa-
yati. INT. tatrasyate (B.). tra rescue, IV. A. : pr. trayase ; trayadhve, trayante ;
IPV. trayasva, trayatam ; trayetham, trayetam ; traya-
dhvam, trayantam ; pt. trayamana. II. A. : ipv.
trasva ; tradhvam. pp. tatr6. ao. s. : atrasmahi (B.).
SB. trasate ; trasathe ; op. trasitham. ft. trasyate (B.).
pp. trata (B.). inf. tramane. cs. gdv. traya-
yayya. tvis he stirred, II. P. : ipf. atvisur. VI. A. : atvisanta.
PF. titvis6 ; pt. titvisana. ppf. atitvisanta. pp. tvisita.
INF. tvis6. tsar approach stecdthihj, I. P. : pr. tsarati. pf. tatsara.
ao. s. : atsar ; is : atsarisam (B.). gd. -tsarya (B.). dams, das hite, I. P.: pr. dasati ; ipv. dasa; pt. dasant. pf.
cc 2
388 APPENDIX I
PT. dadasvams. pp. dasta. or>. damstva (B.). int. pt.
daudasana. daks he ahlc, I. : pr, daksati, -te ; ipv. daksata ; pt. dak-
samana. pf. dadaks6 (B.). ao. red. : adadaksat (B.).
FT. daksisyate (B.). gdv. daksayya. cs. daksayati (B.). dagh reach to, V. : pr. op. daghnuyat (B.). ao. root : in.t.
dhak (2. 3. s.) ; daghma ; prc. daghyas (8. s.) ; ipv.
dhaktam. ft. daghisyante (B.). inf. -daghas (B.),
-daghos (B.). dabh, dambh Jiarm, I. P. : pe. dabhati ; sb. dabhati; inj.
dabhat. V. P. : pr. dabhnuvanti ; ipv. dabhnuhi. pf.
dadabha, dadambha ; debhur ; inj. dadabhanta.
AO. root : dabhur ; inj. dabhvir. ps. dabhyate ; pp.
dabdha. gdv. dabhya. inf. -dabhe; dabdhum (B,).
cs. dambhayati. ds. dipsati; sb. dipsat; pt. dipsant;
PR. dhipsati (B.). das, das lay tvaste, IV. P. : pr. dasyati ; op. dasyet. I. P. :
PR. dasati ; sb. dasat ; inj. dasat; pt. dasant. pf. pt.
dadasvams. ao. a : inj. dasat ; pt. dasamana ; is :
dasit. pp. dasta (B.). cs. dasayate ; dasayati. dah hum, I. P. : pr. dahatl ; sb. dahati. II. P. : pr.
dhaksi. pf. dadaha (B.). ao. s. : adhaksit ; adhak
(8. s.j; INJ. dhak (3. s.) ; pt. dhaksant and daksant.
FT. dhaksyati ; pt. dhaksyant. ps. dahyate ; pp.
dagdha. gd. dagdhva (B.) ; -dahya (B.). inf. -dahas
(B.), dagdhos (B.). dagdhum (B.). ds. dhiksate (B.). 1. da give, III.: pr. dadati ; datte; sb. dadas, dadat;
dadan ; dadatai (AV.), dadamahe; inj. dadas, dadat; op.
dadyat ; dadimahi, dadiran ; ipv. daddhi, dehi, dattat,
dadatu ; dattam, dattam ; datta and dadata, dadatana,
dadatu ; A. datsva ; pt. dadat ; dadana ; iff. adadam,
adadas, adadat ; adattam ; adadata, adattana. adadur ;
A. adatta. I. : dadati ; dadate ; inj. dadat ; ipv. da-
datam (3. s.) ; iff. adadat ; adadanta. pf. dadatha,
dadau ; dadathur, dadatur ; dada, dadvir ; A. dad6,
dadathe, dadrir6 ; pt. dadvams, dadivams (AV.), dada-
LIST OF VEEBS 389
vams (AV.) ; dadana. ao. root : adas, adat, dat ;
adama, adur, dur. A. adi, adithas (B.), adita (B.) ;
adimahi (TS.) and adimahi (VS.) ; sb. das, dati, dat ; inj.
dur; OP. deyam; ipv. datu; datam, datam ; data; disva
(VS.); a: adat. s. : adisi ; sb. dasat, dasathas ; inj.
desma (VS.) ; is: adadista (SV.). ft. dasyati ; -te (B.) ;
dadisy6 (K.) ; data (B.). ps. diyate ; pt. dadyamana ;
AO. dayi ; pp. -data, datta, -tta. gdv. d6ya. gd. dattva,
dattvaya ; -daya, -dadya (AV.). inf. -dai, datave,
datavai, damane, davane ; -dam (B.), datum ; dates.
OS. dapayati. ds. pt. ditsant, didasant. 2. da divide, II. P. : pr. dati ; danti ; ipv. dantu. VI. P. :
PR. dyami, dyati; dyamasi; ii'V. dyatu; dyatam; IV. :
PK. dayamasi ; ipv. dayasva, dayatam ; pt. dayamana.
iPF. dayanta. pf. dadir^ (B.). ao. root : adimahi (B.),
adimahi (VS., K.) ; s : op. disiya. ps. diyate ; pp. dina ;
-tta (B.). GD. -daya. ;J. da hind, VI. P. : pr. dyati ; ipf. adyas. ps. ao. dayi ;
pp. dita. das niaJie offering, I. P. : pr. dasati ; sb. dasat ; op. dasema ;
IPF. adasat. II. P. : pk. dasti ; pt. dasat. V. P. : pr.
dasnoti. pf. dadasa. sb. dadasas, dadasati and da-
dasat; pt. dadasvams, dasvams, dasivams (SV.). cs.
adasayat (B.). dis point, Nl.: pr. disami. ipv. disatu ; pt. disant; disa-
mana. pf. didesa ; sb. didesati ; ipv. dididdhi, didestu ;
didistana. ppf. didista (3. s. A.), ao. root: adista;
8.: adiksi ; sa : adiksat (B.). pp. dista. gd. -disya.
INF. -dise. int. dedisti; ipf. dedisam ; adedista;
dedisyate. dih smear, II. : pr. d^gdhi ; dihanti ; sb. d^hat ; pt. dihana.
IPF. adihan. ao. s. : adhiksur (B.). pp. digdha.
1. difli/, IV. : PR. diyati; -te ; inj. diyat; ipv. diya. ipf. adiyam. int. inf. dediyitavai.
2. di, didi shine : pr. didyati (3. pi.) ; sb. didayat ; ipv. didihi und didihi ; pt. didyat ; didyana. ipf.
390 APPENDIX I
adides, adidet. rr. did6the, didaya ; didiyiir ; sb.
dJdayasL- and didayas, didayati and didayat. px.
didivams. diks he consecrated, I. A. : pr. diksate(B.)- pf. didiks6 and
didiksiir (B.). ao, red. : adidiksas (B.) ; is : adiksista (B,).
FT. diksisyate (B.). pp. diksita. gd. diksitva (B.). cs.
diksayati (B.). ds. didiksisate (B.). dip shine, IV. A. : pr. dipyate. ao. red. : adidipat; adi-
dipat (B.) ; inj. didipas. cs. dipayati. diy jylai/, IV.: pr, divyati; divyate (B.). pf. did^va.
pp. dyuta. GD. -divya. du, dii hum, V. P. : pr. dunoti; dunvanti; pt. dunvant.
AO. is : SB. davisani (or from du go ?). pp. diina. dns sj^oil, IV. P.: pr. dusyati (B.). ao. red.: adiidusat ;
a: dusat (B.) ; is: dosistam (B.). cs. dusayati; ft.
diisayisyami. duh milk, II. P. : pk. dogdhi ; diihanti ; A. dugdhe ; duh9,te
and diihat6, diihrate and dulii'e; sb. dohat; dohate ;
OP. duhiyat, duhiyan ; ipv. 3. du. dugdham ; A. 3. s.
duham ; 3. du. dnhatham ; 3. pi. duhram (AV.) and
duhratam (AV.); pt. duhaut; dughana, duhana, and
duhana; ipf. adhok ; duhur ; aduhan (B.) and aduhran
(AV.). I. A. : PR. dohate. VI. : ipf. aduhat (TS.). pf. du-
doha, dudohitha; duduhur; A. duduhe ; duduhre and
dudiihrir^; pt. duduhana. ao. s: adhuksata (3. pi.) ;
INJ. dhuksata (3. pi.); op. dhuksimahi ; sa: adhuksas,
aduksat and adhuksat ; adhuksan, duksan and dhuk-
san ; A. adhuksata, duksata and dhuksata ; inj.
duksas ; A. 3. duksata and dhuksata ; pi. dliuksanta ;
IPV, dhuksasva. ps. duhyate ; pt. duhyamana ; pp.
dugdha. GD. dugdhva (B.). inf. duhadhyai; dohase ;
dogdhos (B.). cs. dohayati (B.). ds. diiduksati. 1. dr 2>ierce, II. P. : pk. darsi. IX. P. : op. drniyat(B.). pf.
dadara ; pt. dadrvams. ao. root : adar ; s : sb. darsasi,
darsat ; A. darsate ; op. darsista. ps. diryate (B.) ;
PS. dirna (B). gd. -dirya (B.). cs. darayati ; darayati
LIST OF, VERBS 391
(B.). INT. dardarimi, dardariti ; sb. dardirat ; ipv.
dardrhi and dadrhi, dardartu ; pt. dardrat ; daridrat
(TS.) ; IFF. adardar, dardar (2. 3. s.) ; adardrtam;
adardirur. 2. dr lieed : ao. adrthas (B.) ; s : drdhvam (B.). ps. dri-
yate (B.). gd. -drtya. drp rave, IV. P. : pr. drpyati. ao. a : adrpat (B.). ft.
drapsyati (B.) and drapisyati (B.). pp. drpta and
drpita. drs see: pf. dadarsa; A. dadrks6, dadrse ; dadrsre,
dadrsrire (TS.) ; ipv. (3. pi. A.) dadrsram (AV.); pt.
dadrsvams ; dadrsana. ao. root : adarsam (B.) ; adarsma
(TS.), adrsma (B.), adarsur (B.); A. 3. pi. adrsran,
adrsram; sb. darsati, darsathas, darsan ; inj. darsam;
pt. drsana and drsana ; a : adrsan ; inj. drsan ; op. drs6-
yam; s: adrak (B.) and adraksit (B.) ; A. adrksata (3.
pi.) ; SB. drksase ; sa : drksam (K.) ; red. adidrsat (B).
ft. draksyati (B.). ps. drsyate; ao. adarsi and darsi ;
pp. drsta ; gdv. drs6nya. gd. drstva, drstvaya, -drsya.
INF. drse, drsaye ; drastum. cs. darsayati. ds.
didrksase. drh malie firm, I. P. : ipv. d]?mha ; drmhata ; ipf. adrmhat.
VI. A. : PR. drmhethe ; ipv. drmhantam ; pt. drmhant.
IPF. drmhata (3. s.). IV. : ipv. drhya ; drhyasva.
PF. PT. dadrhana. ppf. adadrhauta. ao. is : adrmhis,
• • • • • • '
adrmhit. pp. drdha. cs. drmhayati. dyut shine, I. A. : pr. dyotate. pf. didyota ; didyutur ;
A. didyut6 ; pt. didyutana. ao. root : pt. dyutant ;
dyiitana and dyutana ; a: adyutat (B.) ; red. : adidyutat ;
inj. didyutas ; s. : adyaut. ft. dyotisyati (B.). pp.
dyutta. GD. -dyutya (B.). cs. dyutayati (shine), dyota-
yati [illumine), int. davidyutati (3. pi.) ; sb. davidyutat;
pt. davidyutat ; ipf. davidyot. 1. dra nm, II. P. : ipv. drantu. pf. dadriir ; pt. dadrana.
AO. s: SB. drasat. cs. drapayati(B.) ; ds. didrapayisati
(B.). int. pt. daridrat.
892 APPENDIX 1
2. dr a, sleep, II. F. : pk. drati (B.). ao. sis: adrasit (B.).
FT. drasyati (B.). pp. drana. dru run, I. P. : dravati. pf. dudrava (B.) ; sb. dudravat.
ppF. adudrot. ao. red. : adudruvat (B.), ft. drosyati
(B.). pp. druta (B.). od. drutva (B.) ; -drutya (B.).
cs. dravayati (flows) ; dravayati. int. pf. dodrava. drub he hostile, IV. P. : pr. druhyati (B.). pf. 1. dudroha,
2. dudrohitha. ao. a : druhas ; inj. druhas ; druhan ;
sa : adruksas (B.). ft, dhroksyati. pp. drugdha. gd.
-druhya. inf. drogdhavai. ds. dudruksat. dvis hate, II. : pe. dv6sti ; dvismas ; hb. dv6sat ; dv6sama ;
A. dv6sate ; ipv. dvestu ; pt. dvisant. pf. didv6sa (B.).
AG. sa: INJ. dviksat; A. dviksata (3. s.). pp. dvista.
GDv. dvesya, -dvisenya. inf. dv^stos (B.). dhan run : pf. sb, dadhanat ; op. dadhanyur ; pt. dadhan-
vams. cs. dhanayan ; A. dhanayaute ; dhanayanta. dhanv run, I. P. : pk. dhanvati ; sb. dhanvati ; ipv.
dhanva. pf. dadhanve ; dadhanvir6. ao. is : adhanv-
isur, dham, dhma, hlotc, I. P. : pr. dhamati ; pt. dhamant.
IPF. adhamat. ps. dhamyate; dhmayate (B. ); pp.
dhamita and dhmata. qd. dhmaya (B.). 1. dhaj)u/, III. : pr. dadhami, dadhasi, dadhati; dhat-
thas ; dadhmasi and dadhmas, dhatta, dadhati ; A.
dadhe, dhats6, dhatta ; dadhathe, dadhate ; dadhate ;
SB. dadhani, dadhas, dadhat ; dadhathas ; dadhama,
dadhan; A. dadhase, dadhate; dadhavahai; op. da-
dhita and dadhita; dadhimahi; ipv. dhehi and dhattat,
dadhatu ; dhattam, dhattam ; dhatta and dhattana, - dadhatu ; A. dhatsva ; dadhatam. pt. dadhat ; da-
dhana. ipf. adadham, adadhas, adadhat ; adhattam ;
adhatta, adadhur ; A. adhatthas, adhatta. pf. da-
dhatha, dadhau ; dadhatiir ; dadhima, dadhur ; A.
dadhis6, dadh6 ; dadhathe, dadhate ; dadhidhve, da-
dhir6 and dadhre ; ipv. dadhisva ; dadhidhvam. ao.
root : adham, dhas, adhat and dhat ; dhatam, adhatam ;
LIST OF VEEBS 393
adhur ; A. adhithas, adhita ; adhitam ; adhimahi ; sb.
dhas, dhati and dhat ; dhama ; dhethe, dhaithe ; dha-
mahe; inj. dham; dhiir; A. dhimahi; op. dheyam;
dheyur; ipv. dhatu ; dhatam; dhata, dhatana, and
dhetana, dhantu ; A. dhisva ; a : adhat (SV.), dhat ;
s: adhisi(B.); adhisata (B.) ; sb. dhasathas; dhasatha;
INJ. dhasur ; op. dhisiya (B.), dhesiya (MS.), ft. dha-
syati, -te(B.); dhata (B.). ps. dhiyate; ao. adhayi; pp.
hita, -dhita. gd. dhitva (B.), -dhaya. inf. -dhe, dha-
tave, dhatavai, dhiyadhyai; -dham; dhatum (B.);
dhatos. cs.dhapayati; sb. dhapayathas. ds. didhisati,
-te; INJ. didhisanta; op. didhisema; didhiseya; ipv.
didhisantu ; pt. didhisana ; dhitsati, -te ; gdv. didhi-
sayya. 2. dha such, IV. P. : pr. dhayati. ao. root : adhat. pp.
dhita. GD. dhitva (B.), -dhiya (B.). inf. dhatave.
cs. dhapayate ; -ti (B.). 1. dhav run, I. : pk. dhavati, -te. ppf. adadhavat. ao.
is : adhavit (B.). cs. dhavayati. •1. dhav loasli, I. : pr. dhavati, -te. ao. is : adhavista.
pp. dhauta. cs. dhavayati, -te (B.). dhi thinh, III. : pr. didhye ; didhyatham and didhitham
(AV.) ; SB.didhayas; didh^yan; px.didhyat; didhyana.
iPF. adidhet, didhet; adidhayur; A. adidhita. pf. didh-
aya ; didhima, didhiyur and didhyiir ; didhire. pf.
dhita. INT. dedhyat (TS.). dhu shulce, V. : pr. dhiinoti ; dhiinut6 ; sb. dhunavat ;
IPV. dhunuhi and dhiinu ; dhUnuta ; A. dhiinusva ; pt.
dhiinvant ; dhiinvana. ipf. adhunot ; A. adhunuthas,
adhiinuta. VI. P.: pr. dhuvati; op. dhiiv^t. pf. dudhuv6;
OP. dudhuvita. ppf. diidhot. ao. root : pt. dhuvana ;
s: A. adhiisata (3. pi.), ft. dhavisyati, -te (B.). ps.
dhiiyate ; pp. dhiita. gd. dhutva (B.), -dhuya. int.
dodhaviti ; pt. dodhuvat and davidhvatj pf. davi-
dhava. dhr liohl : pf. dadhartha, dadhara ; dadhre, dadhrird.
394 APPENDIX I
Ao. root : iNJ. dhrthas ; red.: adidharat; didhar (2. 3. s.);
iNJ. didharat ; ipv. didhrtam ; didhrta. ft. dharisyate.
PS. dhriyate; pp. dhrta. gd. dhrtva (B.), -dhrtya (B.).
INF. dharmane ; dhartari ; dhartavai (B.). cs. dhara-
yati, -te; ft. dharayisyati ; ps. dharyate (B.). int.
dardharsi ; ipf. adardhar ; dadharti (B.) ; 3. pi. da-
dhrati(B.); ipv. dadhartu (B.). dhrs dare, V. : pr. dhrsnoti : ipv. dhrsnuhi. pf. dadharsa;
dadhrsur. sb. dadharsati and dadharsat; A. dadhrs-
ate ; inj. dadharsit : pt. dadhrsvams ; ppp. dadhrsanta.
AO. a : INJ. dhrsat : pt. dhrsant ; dhrsamana ; dhrsana
(AV.) ; is : adharsisur (B.j. pp. dhrsta and dhrsita.
GDV. -dhrsya. gd. -dhrsya (B.). inf. -dhrse ; -dhrsas.
cs. dharsayati (B.). dhya think, IV. P. : pr. dhyayati. pf. dadhyau (B.).
AC. sis: adhyasisam (B.). per. ft. dhyata (B.). pp.
dhyata (B.). gd. dhyatva. ds. didhyasate (B.). dhraj, dhraj sweep, I. : pr. pt. dhrajant ; dhrajamana.
ipf. adhrajan. ao. is : op. dhrajisiya. dhvams scatter, I. P. : pr. dhvamsati, -te(B.). pf. dadhvase.
ao. a : dhvasan. pp. dhvasta (B.). cs. dhvasayati ;
dhvamsayati, -te (B.). dhvan sound : ao. is : adhvanit. pp. dhvanta. cs. adhvan-
ayat; ao. inj. dhvanayit. dhvr injure, I. P. : pr. dhvarati (B.). ao. s : A. adhursata
(3. pi.), inf. dhurvane. ds. diidhursati. naks attain, I. : pr. naksati, -te ; inj. naksat ; ipv. naks-
asva; pt. naksant; naksamana. ipf. anaksan. pf.
nanaksiir ; nanaks^.
* ±
nad sound, I. P. : pr. nadati. cs. nadayati. int. nanad-
ati (3. pi.) ; nanadyate (B.) ; pt. nanadat.
nam hend, I. : pr. namati, -te. pf. nanama ; nem6. ppf.
nanamas. ao. red.: inj. ninamas; s: anan (K.) ;
A. anamsata (3. pL, B.). sb. namsai, namsante; pt.
namasana. ft. namsyati (B.). pp. nata ; gdv. nantva.
GD. -natya (B.). inf. -namam, -name. cs. namayati.
LIST OF VEBBS 395
INT. nannamiti ; nannate (3. s.) ; rr. nannamat ; nan- namaua ; irr. anannata (3. s.).
1. nas he lost, IV. P. : tk. nasyati ; I.: pr. nasati, -te. PF. nanasa; nesur(B.). ao. red. : aninasat; n^sat; inj. ninasas ; nesat. ft. nasisyati. pp. nasta. cs. nasa- yati ; inf. nasayadhyai.
2. nas attain, I. : pr. nasati, -te. ao. root : ana]; (2. 3. s.), nat (3. s.) ; anastam ; inj. nak and nat (3. s.) ; A. namsi ; OP. nasimahi ; s : sb. naksat. inf. -nase. ds. inaksasi ; INJ. inaksat.
nas unite, I. A. : pr. nasate ; nasamahe ; inj. nasanta.
AG. root : OP. nasimahi. nah hintl, IV.: pr. nahyati; ipv. nahyatana (2. pi.); pt.
nahyamana. pf. nanaha. ps. pt. nahyamana; pp.
naddha. gd. -nahya (B.). nath, nadh seek aid, I. A. : pr. nathate (B.) ; pt. nadha-
mana. pp. nathita ; nadhita. nij wash, II. A. : pt. nijana. III. : ipv. ninikta (2. pi.).
Ao. a : anijam ; s : anaiksit ; inj. niksi. pp. nikta.
GD. niktva(B.), -nijya(B.). inf. -nije. cs. nejayati(B.).
int. nenikte ; ipv. nenigdhi. uind, revile, I. P. : pr. nindati ; sb. nindat ; ipv. nindata.
PF. nindima ; ninidiir. ao. root : pt. nidana ; is :
anindisur ; sb. nindisat. ps. nindyate ; pp. nindita.
DS. SB. ninitsat. ni lead, I. : pr. nayati, -te ; sb. nayati, nayat; A. nayasai
(AV.); inj. nayat; nayanta; ipv. nayatu; A. nayasva ;
pt. nayant; nayamana ; ipf. anayat. II.: pr. n6si( =
IPV.) ; netha; iff. anitam (3. du.). pf. ninetha, ninaya ;
ninyathur; ninye (B.) ; sb. ninithas ; op. niniyat; ipv.
ninetu. ao. s : anaista (2. pi.) ; anesata (3. pi.) ; sb.
n6sati, n6sat ; n6satha; inj. naista (2. pi.); A. nesta
(3. s.) ; is: anayit (AV.). ft. nesyati; -te (B.) ; nayi-
syati (B.). ps. niyate ; pp. nita. gd. nitva (B.), -niya.
inf. nesani; n^tavai (B.); n6tum (B.), nayitum (B.) ;
netos (B.). ds. ninisati (B.). int. neniyate.
396 APPENDIX I
nu praise, I. : pk. navati ; navamahe, navante ; int.
navanta; pt. navant; navamana. ipf. anavanta. II.
P. : PT. nuvant ; ipf. anavan. ppf. anunot, nunot ;
Ao. s : A. anusi ; anusatam ; anusata ; inj. nusata
(3. pi.) ; is : A, anavista. gdv. navya. int. nonaviti ;
nonumas and nonumasi ; sb. nonuvanta ; ipf. navinot ;
anonavur ; pf. nonava ; nonuvur. nud push, VI. : pk. nudati, -te ; pf. nunude ; nunudre.
AO. root : inj. nutthas : is : inj. nudisthas. ft. not-
' • • •
syate (B.). pp. nutta ; nunna (SV.). inf. -nude ; -nudas.
int. anonudyanta (B.). nrt dance, IV. P. : pr. nrtyati ; ipv. nrtya, nrtyatu ; pt.
nrtyant. ao. root: nrtur (pf. '?) ; a: pt. nrtamana ; is:
anartisur. pp. nrtta. cs. nartayati. pac cooh, I. : pr. pacati, -te ; sb. pacani, pacati, pacat ;
INJ. pacat ; ipv. pacata, paeantu. IV. A. : pr. pacyate.
PF. papaca ; pec6. ppf. apeciran. ao. s : sb. paksat.
FT. paksyati, -te (B.) ; pakta (B.). ps. pacyate. go.
paktva. INF. paktave. cs. pacayati, -te (B.). pat fly, I. P. : pr. patati ; sb. patati, patat inj. patat ;
OP. patet ; ipv. patatu ; pt. patant. ipf. apatat. pf.
papata ; petathur, petatur ; paptima, paptur ; op.
papatyat; pt. paptivams. ao. red. : apaptat and api-
patat; apaptama, apaptan; inj. paptas, paptat; paptan;
IPV. paptata. ft. patisyati ; co. apatisyat (B.j. ps. ao.
apati (B.) ; pp. patita. gd. patitva, -patya (B.). inf.
pattave ; patitum (B.). cs. patayati, -te ; patayati.
Ds. pipatisati. int. papatiti ; sb. papatan. pad go, IV.: pr. padyate ; padyati (B.) ; ipv. padyasva ;
pt. padyamana ; ipf. apadyanta. pf. papada ; ped6
(B.). ao. root : apadmahi, apadran ; sb. padati, padat ;
PRC. padista; red.: apipadama; s: inj. patsi (1. s.),
patthas. FT. patsyati (B.). ps. ao. apadi, padi ; pp.
panna. gd. -padya. inf. -padas ; pattum (B.), pattos
(B.). cs. padayati, -te ; ps. padyate (B.) : ds. pipada-
yisati (B.).
LIST OF VERBS 397
pan admire, I. A. : pr. in.t. pananta. pf. papana (1. s.) ;
papn6. Ao. is : panista (3. s.). ps. panyate ; pp.
panita. cs. panayati, -te ; gdv. panayayya. int. pt.
panipnat. pas see, IV. : pr. pasyati, -te ; sb. pasyani, pasyasi and
pasyas, pasyat ; pasyama, pasyan ; inj. pasyat ; op.
pasyet ; pasyeta ; ipv. pasya ; pasyasva ; pt. pasyant ;
pasyamana ; ipf. apasyat ; apasyanta. Cp. spas.
1. pa drinlc, I. : pr. pibati, -te ; se. pibasi, pibati and pibat ; pibava, pibathas, pibatas ; inj. pibat ; ipv. pibatu ; pibasva ; pibadhvam ; pt. pibant ; ipf. apibat. III. : PR. pipite (B.), pipate (B.) ; op. pipiya (B.) ; ipf. apipita(B.); ipv. pipatu (K.) ; pt. pipana and pipana (AV.). PF. papatha, papau ; papathur, papxir; A. pap6 ; papir6 ; op. papiyat; pt. papivams ; papana. AO. root : apam, apas, apat ; apama, apur ; sb. pas ; pathas; panti ; prc. peyas (3. s.); ipv. pahi, patu ; patam, patam ; pata and patana, pantu ; pt. pant ; s : inj. pasta (3. s.). ft. pasyati, -te (B.). ps. piyate ; ao. apayi ; pp. pita. gd. pitva, pitvi ; -paya. inf. pitaye, patave, patavai ; patos (B.) ; pibadhyai. cs. payayati ; Ds. pipayayiset (K.). ds. pipasati; pipisati; pt. pipisant.
2. pa protect, II. : pr. pami, pasi, pati ; pathas, patas ; patha, pathana, panti ; sb. pat ; patas ; ipv. pahi, patu ; patam, patam ; pata, pantu ; pt. pant ; pana ; ipf. apam, apas, apat ; apama, apur. ao. s : sb. pasati.
pi, pi swell, I. A. ; pr. payate. II. A. : pt. piyana. V. : PR. pinvire ; pt. pinvant, f. pinvati ; pinvana. pf. pi- p6tha, pipaya ; pipyathur; pipyiir ; pipye (3. s.) ; sb, pipayas, pipayat ; pipayatas ; pipayan ; pipayata ; pipayanta ; inj. pipes ; ipv. pipihi, pipaya ; pipyatam, pipyatam ; pipyata pt. pipivams ; pipyana and pipyana. ppf. apipe ; apipema, apipyan ; apipayat ; apipayanta. pp. pina (AV.).
pinv fatten, I. : pr. pinvati, -te ; inj. pinvat ; pinvanta ;
398 APPENDIX I
ipv. pinva ; pinvatam ; pinvata ; A. pinvasva, pinv- atam ; pinvadhvam ; pt. pinvant ; pinvamana ; iff. apinvam, apinvas, apinvat ; apinvatam ; apinvata, apinvan ; A. 3. s. apinvata. pf. pipinvathur. pp. pinvita (B.). cs. pinvayati (B.). Cp. pi sicell.
pis adorn, Yl. : pr. pimsati, -te. pf. pip6sa; pipisur; A. pipis6 ; pipisr6, ao. root : pt. pisana. ps. pisyate ; pp. pista ; pisita. int. pt, p^pisat ; pepisana.
pis crush, VII. P. : pr. pinasti ; pimsanti ; inj. pinak (2. 3. s.) ; IPV. pinastana ; pt. pimsant ; ipf. pinak. VI. P. : iPF. apisan (AV.). pf. pip6sa ; pipis^. ao. sa : apik- san (B.). PS. pisyate (B.) ; pp. pista. gd. pistva (B.). i\p. p^stavai (B.) ; p6stum (B.).
pid press: pf. pipid6. cs. pidayati.
pus thrive, IV. P. : pr. pusyati. pf. puposa ; op. pupusyas ; PT. pupusvams. ao. root : prc. pusyasam (B.) ; pns- yasma (B.) ; a : op. pus^yam ; pus6ma. pp. pusta. inf. pusyase. cs. posayati.
pu cleanse, IX. : pr. punami, punati ; punanti ; punite ; pu- nate (AV.)and punat6; ipv. punihi and punitat, punatu ; punitam ; punita, punitana and punata, punantu ; pt. punant ; punana ; ipf. apunan. I. A. : pr. pavate ; SB. pavate ; ipv. pavasva, pavatam ; pavadhvam, pavantam; pt. pavamana; ipf. apavathas. pf. pupuv- vir (B.) ; pupuv6 (B.). ppf. apupot. ao. is : apavisur ; iN.T. pavista (3. s.). ps. puyate; pp. puta. on. putvi ; piitva ; -piiya (B,). inf. pavitum (B.). cs. pavayat, -te (B.), pavayati (B. ).
pr j^ciss. III. P. : PR. piparsi, piparti ; piprthas ; piprtha, piprati ; ipv. piprhi and piprtat, pipartu; piprtam; pi- prta and pipartana. ao. red. : apiparam, apiparas ; api- paran ; inj. piparas, piparat and piparat ; s : sb. parsati, parsat ; ipv. parsa ; is : sb. parisat. inf. parsani. cs. parayati ; sb. parayati ; pt. parayant.
pre mix, VII. : pb. prnaksi ; prncanti ; A. prnc6, prnkte ; prncate (3. pi.) ; inj. prnak (3. s.) ; op. prncita ; ipv.
LIST OF VERBS 399
prndhi (= prngdhi), prnaktu; prnktam ; pt. prncant;
prncana ; ipf. aprnak (3. s.). III. P. : ipv. piprgdhi ;
piprkta. pf. paprciir (B.) ; sb. paprcasi ; op. paprcyam,
paprcyat ; pt. paprcana. ao. root : sb. parcas ; op.
prcimahi ; pt. prcana ; s : aprak ; A. aprksi, aprkta.
PS. prcyate; pp. prkta; -prgna. inf. -proe ; prcas. prn fill, VI. : pr. prnati ; sb. prnaithe (du. 2.) ; ipv. prna ;
prnata ; prnasva ; prnadhvam ; ipf. aprnat. inf. prna-
dhyai. Cp. pf fill. pf fill, IX. : PR, prnami, prnasi, prnati ; prnitas ; prnanti ;
SB. prnati, prnat ; op. prniyat ; ipv. prnihi, prnatu ;
prnitam ; prnita, prnitana ; A. prnisva ; pt. prnant ;
ipf. aprnas, aprnat. III. : pr. piparmi, piparti ; pi-
prati (3. pi.) ; ipv. pipartu ; piprtam ; pipartana; ipf.
apiprata (3. s. = apiprta). pf. op. pupiiryas ; pt. papr-
vams. AO. root: ipv. piirdhi ; pec. priyasam (AV.) ;
red. : apupuram (B.) ; in.t. piparat ; ipv. pupurantu ; is :
puristhas (B.). ps. piiryate (B.) ; pp. piirna ; purta.
inf. -puras (K.). cs. purayati ; sb. piirayati. T^yhfill up, IV. A. : pr. pyayase ; ipv. pyayasva, pyayatam ;
pyayantara ; pt. pyayamana. ao. sis : op. pyasisimahi
(A v.). pp. pyata. cs. pyayayati ; ps. pyayyate (B.). prach asl; VI. : pr. prchati, -te ; sb. prchat ; prchan ; A.
prchai. pf. papracha ; paprachiir (B.). ao. s : aprak-
sam, aprat ; apraksit. ft. praksyati (B.). ps. prch-
yate ; pp. prsta ; gdv. paprks^nya. inf. -prcham,
-pfche ; prastum. prath spread, I. A. : pr. prathate. pp. 2. papratha (= pa-
prat-tha ?) ; A. paprath6 and paprathe (3. s.) ; sb.
paprathas, paprathat ; paprathan ; inj. paprathanta ;
PT. paprathana. ao. root : pt. prathana ; is : 3. s. A.
aprathista ; prathista. cs. prathayati, -te. ipvafill, II. P. : PR. prasi. pf. papratha, papra and paprau ;
paprathur, papratur ; papriir ; A. paprs6, papr6 ; pt.
paprvams. ao. root : aprat ; sb. pras ; s : 3. s. apras.
PS. AO. aprayi ; pp. prata.
400 APPENDIX I
pri p?msr, IX. : pr. prinati; prinit6 ; pt. prinant ; prlnana.
iPF. aprinat. pf. pipriye ; se. piprayas, piprayat ; ipv.
piprihi ; piprayasva ; pt, pipriyana. ppf. apiprayam,
apipres (B.) ; apiprayan. ao. s : apraisit (B.) ; sb.
pr^sat. pp. prita. gd. pritva (B.). ds. piprisati. pruth snort, I. : pr. prothati ; pt. prothant ; prothamana.
GD. -pruthya. int. pt. popruthat. prus sp-inkle, V. : pr. prusnixvanti ; prusnut^ ; sb. prus-
navat. VI. P. : ipv. prusa ; pt. prusant. IV. P. : ipf.
aprusyat (B.). IX. P. : pt. prusnant (B.). ft. pt.
prosisyant. pp. prusita. ^\\x float, I. : PR. plavate ; plavati (B.). pf. pupluv6 (B.).
AO. red. : apiplavam (B.) ; s : aplosta (B.). ft. plosyati,
-te(B.). pp. pluta. GD. -pluya (K.). cs. plavayati (B.).
int. popluyate (B.). psa devour, II. P. : pr. psati. ps. apsiyata (B.) ; pp. psata.
GD. -psaya (B.). phan spring'., cs. phanayati. int. pt. paniphanat. bandh hind, IX. : pr. badhnami ; badhnimas, badhnanti ;
A. badhnate (3. pi.) ; ipv. badhana, badhnatu ; badh-
nantu ; A. badhnitam (3. s.). ipf. abadhnat ; abadh-
nan ; A. abadhnita (3. s.). pp. babandha ; bedhur. ft.
bhantsyati. ps. badhyate; pp. baddha. gd. baddhva;
baddhvaya (B.); -badhya (B.). inf. -badhe. cs. bandh-
ayati (B.). badh oppress, I. A. : pr. badhate. pf. babadh6. ao. is :
iNJ. badhista. pp. badhita. gd. -badhya. inf. badhe.
cs. badhayati. ds. bibhatsate; bibadhisate (B.). int.
babadhe (3. s.) ; badbadhd ; pt. babadhana ; bad-
badhana. budh wake, I. P. : pr. bodhati ; sb. bodhati ; inj. bodhat ;
IPV. bodhatu. IV. : pr. budhyate ; op. biidhyema ;
IPV. budhyasva ; budhyadh vara ; px. budhyamana. pf.
bubudh6 ; sb. bubodhas, bubodhati ; bubodhatha ;
PT. bubudhana. ao. root: A. 3. pi. abudhran, abu-
dhram ; ipv. bodhi (2. s.) ; pt. budhana ; a : inj.
LIST OF VERBS 401
budhanta ; red. : abubudhat ; s : A. abhutsi ; abhuts-
mahi, abhutsata; is: SB. bodhisat. ft. bhotsyati(B.). ps.
AO. abodhi; pp. bviddha. gd. -budhya (B.), inf. -budhe.
cs. bodhayati; bodhayate (B.). int. bobudhiti (B.). brh malx big, VI. P.: pr. brhati. I. : pr. brmhati, -te
(B.). PF. babarha ; pt. babrhana. ao. is : inj. barhis,
barhxt. cs. barhaya. int. sb. barbrhat; ipv. barbrhi. brti sai/, II.: pr. bravimi, bravisi, braviti ; briimas,
bruvanti ; A. bruve, brus6, brut6 and bruve ; bruvate ;
bruvate ; sb. bravani and brava, bravasi and bravas,
bravat; bravama, bravatha (AV.), bravan ; A. brava-
vahai, bravaite ; bravamahai ; op. bruyat ; bruyatam ;
A. bruvita; bruvimahi; ipv. bruhi and brutat, bravitu ;
brutam ; bruta and bravitana, bruvantu ; pt. bruvant ;
bruvana. ipf. abravam, abravis, abravit ; abrutam ;
abravita, abruvan. bhaks eat: ao. red.: ababhaksat (B.) ; cs. bhaksayati;
bhaksayate (B.) ; ps. bbaksyate (B.). bhaj divide, I. : pr. bhajati, -te. II. P. : pr. bhaksi
(=ipv.). pF. 2. s. babhaktha (B.), 3. s. babhaja ; A.
bheje; bhejate ; bhejir6: pt. bliejana. ao. red.: abi-
bhajur (B.) ; s: abhak and abhaksit ; A. abhaksi,
abhakta ; sb. bhaksat ; inj. bhak (2. 3. s.) ; op. bhak-
siya, bhaksita ; bhaksimahi ; pro. bhaksista. ft. bhak-
syati, -te (B.). ps. bhajyate ; pp. bhakta. gd. bhaktva ;
bhaktvaya ; -bhajya (B.). cs. bhajayati ; ps. bhajyate. bhanj hreal; VII. P. : pr. bhanakti ; ipv. bhandhi, bha-
naktu ; pt. bhanj ant. ipf. abhanas (for abhanak, AV.).
PF. babhanja. ps. bhajyate. bhan s2)eaJc, I. : pr. bhanati ; bhananti ; inj. bhananta.
IPF. bhananta. bhas devour, III. : pr. babhasti; bapsati ; sb. babhasat ;
bapsathas ; pt. bapsat. VI. P. : pr. bhasathas. I. P. :
inj. bhasat. bha shine, II. P. : bhasi, bhati ; bhanti ; ipv. bhahi ; pt.
f. bhati. ft. bhasyati (B.).
1819 D d
402 APPENDIX I
bhiks hcf/, I. A. : pr. bhiksate; inj. bhiksanta ; op, bhik- seta; pt. bhiksamana. pf. bibhiks6 (B.).
bhid split. VII. : pr. bhinadmi, bhinatsi, bhinatti ; bhind- anti ; sb. bhinadas, bhinadat ; inj. bhinat (2, 3. s.) ; OP. bhindyat ; ipv. bhindhi, bhinattu ; bhintta ; pt. bhindant ; bhindana. ipf. bhinat (2. 3. s.) ; abhinat (8. s.) ; abhindan. pp. bibh^da; bibhidur. ao. root: abhedam, hh.6t (2. 3. s.), abhet (3, s.) ; sb. bh^dati ; inj. bh6t (2. s.) ; pt. bhidant ; a : op. bhid^yam ; s : inj. bhitthas. ft. bhetsyate (B,). ps. bhidyate (B.) ; ao. abhedi (B.) ; pp. bhinna. gd, bhittva ; -bhidya. inf. bh6ttavai (B.) ; bh^ttum (B.). ds. bibhitsati.
bhi /ear, III. P. : pr. bibheti; bibhyati; inj. bibh^s ; op. bibhiyat ; ipv. bibhita, bibhitana ; pt. bibhyat ; ipf. bibhes, abibhet. I. A. : pr. bhayate ; sb. bhayate ; IPV. bhayatam (8. s.) ; ipf. abhayanta ; pt. bhayamana. PF. bibhaya (1. s.), bibhaya (B. also bibhaya) ; bibhya- tur ; bibhyur ; pt. bibhivams ; per. pp. bibhayam cakara. ao. root : inj. bh6s (TS.) ; bhema ; pt. bhiy- ana; red.: bibhayat ; abibhayur (Kh.) ; abibhayanta ; s: bhaisis (AV.) ; abhaisma, abhaisur; pt. bhiyasana (A v.). CO. abhe.syat (B.). pp. bhita. inf. bhiyase. cs. bhisayate (B.) ; ao. bibhisas; bibhisathas.
1. bhuj enjoy, VII. A. : pr. bhunkte ; bhunjate and bhunj- at6 ; SB. bhunajamahai ; pt. f. bhunjati. pf. btibhuj^ ; bubhiijmahe, bubhujrird. ao. root : sb. bhojate ; inj. bhojam; a: op. blitij^nia ; ipv. bhuja (TS.). ps. bhuj- yate (B.). inf. bhuj6 ; bhojase. cs. bhojayati.
2. bhuj bend, VI. P. : inj. bhujat ; ipv. bhuja (VS.). ppf, abubhojis. gd. -bhujya (B.).
bhur quiver, VI.: inj. bhuranta; ipv. bhurantu ; pt.
bhuramana. int. jarbhuriti; pt. jarbhurat ; jarbhur-
ana. bhu le, I. : pr. bhavati ; bhavats (B.). pf. babhuva,
babhutha and babhuvitha, babhuva; babhuvathur,
babhuvatur; babhuvima, babhuva, babhuvur; op.
LIST OF VERBS 403
babhuyas, babhuyat ; ipv. babhutu ; pt. babhuvams.
Ao. root : abhuvam, abhus, abhut; abhutam, abhutam ;
abhuma, abhuta and abhutana, abhuvan ; sb. bhiivani,
bhuvas, bhvivat ; bhuthas, bhutas ; bhuvan ; inj.
bhuvam, bhus, bhut ; bhuma ; op. bhuyas, bhuyat ;
bhuyama ; pro. bhuyasam, 3. bhuyas ; bhuyasma,
bhuyasta ; ipv. bodhi (for bhudhi), bhutu ; bhutain ;
bhuta and bhutana ; a : bhiivas, bhuvat ; red. : abu-
bhuvas. FT. bhavisyati; bhavita (B.). pp. bhuta.
GDV. bhavya and bhavya ; bhavitva. gd. bhutvi,
bhutva ; -bhuya. inf. bhuve, -bhxive, -bhve ; bhusani ;
bhavitum (B.) ; bhavitos (B.). cs. bhavayati. ds. bii-
bhusati. int. b6bhaviti. bhr hear, I. : pr. bharati, -te. III. : pr. bibharmi, bi-
bharsi, bibharti ; bibhrthas, bibhrtas ; bibhrmasi and
bibhrmas, bibhrtha, bibhrati ; sb. bibharani, bibharat ;
op. bibhryat ; ipv. bibhrhi, bibhartu ; bibhrtam ;
bibhrta (TS.) ; pt. bibhrat ; ipf. abibhar. pp. jabhartha,
jabhara ; jabhriir ; A. jabhrs6, jabhr6 ; jabhrir6 ; ba-
bhara (B.) ; A. babhr6 ; pt. babhrana ; sb. jabharat.
PPF. ajabhartana. ao. root: pro. bhriyasam; ipv.
bhrtam ; s: abharsam, 3. abhar; abharstara ; sb.
bharsat; inj. 3. s. bhar; is: abbarisam. ft. bhari-
syati ; bharta (B.). co. abharisyat. Ps. bhriyate ; sb.
bhriyate ; ao. bhari ; pp. bhrta. gd. -bhrtya. inf.
bhartum ; bhartave, bhartavai ; bharadhyai ; bhar-
mane. ds. bubhursati (B.). int. jarbhrtas ; bhari-
bhrati (3. pi.); sb. bharibharat ; pt. bharibhrat. bhrams fall, I. : pr. inj. bhramsat. ao. a : inj. bhrasat.
pp. -bhrsta ; bhrasta. cs. pt. bhrasayant. bhraj shine, I. A. : pr. bhrajate ; pt. bhrajamana. ao.
root: abhrat; pro. bhrajyasam. ps. ao. abhraji. mamh, mah be great, I. : pr. mamhate; mahe (3. s.) ; op.
mahema, maheta ; ipv. mamhatam ; pt. mamhamana.
ipf. amamhata. pf. mamah^ (1. 3.) ; sb. mamahas ;
INJ. mamahanta ; ipv. mamaliasva, mamahantam ; pt.
D d 2
404 APPENDIX I
mamahana. pp. niahita (B.). inf. mah6, mahaye. cs. inahayati, -te ; inj. mamhayam. ; pt. mahayant ; mahayamana.
majj si)i]c, I. P. : majjati. ao. root : op. majjyat (B.). ft. manksyati, -te (B.). gd. -majjya. cs. majjayati (B.).
math, manth stir, IX. : pr. mathnami ; mathnite (B. ) ; ipv. mathnita, mathnantu ; pt. mathnant ; ipf. amath- nat ; I, manthati, -te ; mathati (AV.). pf. mamatha ; methur (B.) ; A. methir^ (B.). ao. root : sb. mathat ; is : amanthistam (3. du.) ; amathisata (B.) ; inj. mathis, mathit. ft. manthisyati (B.) ; mathisyati, -te (B.). PS. mathyate ; pp. mathita. gd. mathitva (B.) ; -mathya (B.). INF. manthitavai ; mathitos (B.).
mad he exhilarated, I.: pk. madati; -te. III. P.: pr, ma- matsi. II. P. : pr. matsi (— ipv.). IV. P. : pr. madyati (B.). PF. mamada ; sb. mamadas, mamadat ; mamadan ; ipv. mamaddhi, mamattu ; mamattana. ppf. ama- madur. ao. root: ipv. matsva ; red.: amimadas; A. amimadanta; s : amatsur ; A. amatta (3. s.) ; amatsata (3. pi.); SB. matsati and matsat; matsatha; inj. mat- sata (3. pi.) ; is : amadisur. ps. pt. madyamana ; pp. matta. gdv. -madya. inf. maditos (B.). cs. mada- yati ; madayati, -te ; sb. madayase, madayate ; madayaite ; madayadhve and madayadhvai ; inf. madayadhyai ; pp. madita.
man fJiinl; IV. A. : pr. manyate. VIII. A. : pr. manv6 manmahe, manvat6 ; sb. manavai, manavate ; inj manvata (3. pi.) ; op. manvita ; ipv. A. : manutam (3. s.) PT. manvana; ipf. amanuta (3. s.) ; amanvata (3. pi.) pf. men6 (B.); mamnathe, mamnate ; op. mamanyat IPV. mamandhi. ppf. amaman (3. s.). ao. root : amata amanmahi ; sb. manamahe, mananta ; pt. manana s : A. amamsta ; amamsatam ; amamsata ; sb mamsai, mamsase, maipsate and marnsatai (TS.) mamsante ; inj. mamsthas, mamsta and mamsta (AV.) op. masiya, mamsisthas, marasista ; mamsimdhi
LIST OF VERBS 405
mamsirata ; ipv. mandhvam (B.). ft. manisy6 ; mam- syate (B.). pp. mata. gd. -matya (B.). inf. mautave, mantavai; mantos (B.). cs. manayati; op. manayet. DS. mimarpsate (AV.), -ti (B.) ; ao. is : amimamsisthas (B.). pp. mimamsita (AV.). mand exhilarate, I. : pr. mandati, -te. pf. mamanda ; sb. mamandat ; pt. f. mamandusi. ppf. amamandur. ao. root : mandiir ; pt. mandana ; is : amandit; amandisur ; mandista (3. s. A.) ; amandisatam (3. du. A.) ; op. mandi- simahi (VS.). inf. mandadhyai. cs. mandayati ; inf. mandayadhyai.
1. ma ineasttre, III.: pk. mime, mimite ; mimate ; mimi- mahe, mimate ; op. mimiyas, mimiyat ; ipv. mimihi, mimatti ; mimitam, mimitam ; A. mimisva ; mimatham ; PT. mimana. ipf. am.imithas, amimita. pf. mamatiir ; mamur; mame (1. 3.); mamate ; mamir6 ; ao. root: IPV. mahi; masva ; pt. mana (TS.) ; s: amasi; sb. masatai (AV.). ps. ao. amayi; pp. mita; odv. m6ya (A v.). GD. mitva ; -maya. inf. -xn6, -mat.
2. ma hello tv, III. P. : pr. mimati ; mimanti. pf. mimaya; SB. mimayat. ppf. amiraet. inf. matavai. int. pt. memyat.
mi fix, V. P. : pr. minomi, minoti ; sb. minavama ; inj.
minvan; ipv. minotti. ipf. minvan. pf. mimaya;
mimyur. ps. miyate; pt. miyamana; pp. mita. gd.
-mitya (B,). miks mix : pf. mimiksathur, mimiksatur ; mimikse ;
m.imiksire. ipv. mim.iksva. cs. meksayati (B.). mith alternate, I. : pr. m6thamasi ; A. m^thete. VI. P. :
pt. mithant. pf. mimetha. pp. mithita. mis mix : ds. mimiksati ; ipv. mimiksa ; mimiksatam,
mimiksatam. mis wink, VI. P. : pr. misati ; misanti ; pt. misant. inf.
-misas. mih shed 'water, I. : pr. m6hati ; pt. mehant ; m^ghamana.
406 APPENDIX I
Ao. sa : amiksat (B.). ft. meksyati. pp. midha. inf.
mih6. cs. mehayati. int. memihat (B.). mi damage, IX. : pe. minami, minati; nainimasi, minanti ;
SB. minat ; minama ; inj. minit (AV.) ; minan ; pt.
minant ; minana. ipf. aminas, atninat ; aminanta.
IV. A. : PK. miyase, miyate ; op. miyeta(B.). pp. mimaya;
mimaya (AV.). ao. s : inj. mesi, mesthas, mesta.
PS. miyate ; ao. amayi (B.) ; pp. mita. inf. m6tos (B.) ;
-miyam, -miye. int. pt. memyana. miv push, I. P. : pr. mivati ; pt. mivant. i-i-. -muta ;
mivita (B.). gd. mivya (B.). muc release, VI. : pr. muneati, -te ; sb. muncasi, muncat ;
ipv. muncatu ; A. muiieatam ; pt. muncant ; muiica-
mana. ipf. amuncat ; A. amuncata. IV. A. : pr. muc-
yase ; sb. mucyatai(AV.). pf. mumucmahe, mumucre ;
SB. mumueas; raumocati, mum.ocat, mvim^ucat; ipy. m.u-
mugdhi, mumoktu ; 2. du. miimuktam, mumocatam ;
mumocata ; pt. miumiicana. ppf. amumuktam. ao.
root : amok ; amuktam ; A. amugdhvam ; pro. mucista ;
a : mucas, amueat ; sb. mucati ; mucate ; inj. mueas,
mucat ; ipv. muca ; A. mueadhvam ; s : amauk (B.) ;
A. amuksi, amukthas ; inj. mauk (VS.); A. muksata
(3. pi.) ; OP. muksiya. ft. moksyati, -te (B.). ps.
mucyate ; ao. amoci ; inj. mooi ; pp. mukta. gd.
muktva (B.) ; -mueya. inf. moktum (B.). ds. mu-
muksati, -te ; moksate (B.); pt. mumuksamana. mud he merr//, I. A. : pr. modate. pf. mumoda. ao. root :
OP. mudimahi ; is : prc. A. modisisthas. ps. ao. amodi.
INF. mud6. cs.modayati, -te (B.) ; ds. mrimodayisati(B.). mus steal, IX. P. : pr. musnati ; pt. musnant ; ipf. amus-
nas, amusnat : amusnitam.. P P. : pr. mosatha. ao.
is : inj. mosis. pp. musita. gd. -miisya. inf. miis6. muh he dazed, IV. P. : pr. mvihyati. pf. mumoha (B.).
ao. a : amuhat (B.) ; red. : dmumuhat. ft. mohisyati
(B.). pp. miigdha ; miidha (AV.). inf. miih6. cs.
m.ohayati ; gd. mohayitva.
LIST OF VEKBS 407
murch, mur thicken, I. P. : ipf. amurchat. pp. murta (B.).
cs. murchayati (B.). 1 . mr die, I. : pk. marati, marate ; maramahe ; sb. marati ;
marama ; A. marai. pf. mamara ; mamrur ; px.
mamrvams. ao. root : amrta ; inj. rarthas ; op. mur-
iya ; red. : amimarat (B.). ft. marisyati (AV.). ps.
mriyate ; pp. mrta. gd. mrtva (B.). cs. marayati. '1. mr crush, IX. P. : ipv. mrnihi ; pt. mrnaat. ps. mur-
yate (B.) ; pp. murna (AV.). int. ipv. marmartu. mrc injure : ao. s : pkc. mrksista. pp. mrkta. cs. marc-
ayati ; sb. mar cay at. mrj wi]_)e, II. : pk. marsti ; mrjanti ; mrj6; mrjmahe ; ipv.
marstu ; A. mrksva ; mrddhvam ; pt. mrj ana ; ipf.
mrsta (3. s. A.) ; amrjata. VII. : op. mrnjyat (B.) ; ipv.
inrnajani (B.) ; ipf. mrnjata (3. pl.j. pf, mamarja;
raamrjur ; mamrje and mamrje ; op. m.amrjita. ao. sa :
amrksat ; amrksama ; A. amrksanta ; ipv. mrksatam ;
red.: amimrjanta (B.) ; s : amarksit (B.) ; is: amarjit
(B.). FT. mraksyate (B.), marksyate (B.); mrasta (B.).
PS. mrjyate ; pp. mrsta ; gdv. marjya. gd. mrstva ;
marjitva (B.) ; -mrjya. inf. -mrjas (B.). cs. marj ayati,
-te; marjayati, -te (B.). int. marmrjyate; marimrj-
yate (B.); sb, marmrjat; marmrjanta; pt. marmrjat ;
marmrjana and marmrjana ; marmrjyamaaa ; ipf,
marmrjma, marmrjata. mrd be gracious, VI. ; pk. mrdati ; mrdate (B.) ; sb. mrlati
and mrlat ; ipv. mrla and mrdatat (AV.), mrlatu. pf.
OP. mamrdyur. cs. mrdayati. mm crusli, VI, P. : pk. mrnati ; inj. mrnat ; ipv. mrna.
IPF. amrnat. ao. root: mrnyiir (K.) ; led. : amimrnan. mrd crush : ao. pkc. mrdyasam (B.) ; ft. mardisyate (B.).
PS. mrdyate (B.) ; pp. mrdita. gd. -mrdya (B.). inf.
marditos (B.). mrdh neglect, I. P. : pk. mardhati. VI. : pk. sb. mrdhati.
ao. root : op, mrdhyas ; is : sb, mardhisat ; inj. mardh-
is : mardhistam. pp. mrddha.
408 , APPENDIX 1
mrs toudi, VI. : vn. mrsati, -te. pf. mamrsur ; mamrs6 (B.). Ao. sa : amrksat ; inj. mrksas ; mrksata (2. pi.), pp. mrsta. gd. -mrsya. inf. -mrse. cs. marsayati (B.). INT. SB. raarmrsat ; ind. marirarsyate (B.).
mrs not heed, IV. : pr. mrsyate. pf. mamarsa. ao. root : INJ, mrsthas ; a : inj. mrsanta ; red. : inj. mimrsas ; is : INJ. marsisthas. inf. -mrse.
med be fat, IV. P. : ipv. medyantu. VI. A. : ipv. medatam (3. s.). cs. medayati.
myaks he situated, I. P. : ipv. myaksa. pf. mimyaksa ; mimiksiir ; A. mimiksire. ao. root : amyak ; ps. amyaksi.
mrad crush, I. : pr. mradate ; ipv. mrada. ft. mradi- syati, -te. inf. -mrade (B.). cs. mradayati.
mruc, mluc set, I. P. : pr. mrocati ; mlocati (B.) ; pt. mrocant. pf. mumloca (B.). ao. a: amrucat (B.). pp. mrukta (B.) ; mliikta. inf. mviica.
mla relax, IV. P.: pr. mlayati (B.). pp. mlata; mlana (B.). cs. mlapayati.
ya.^ sacrifice, I.: pr, yajati, -te; sb. yajati, -te; op. yajeta; ipv. yajatu; yajantam ; pt. yajant; yajamana. iff. ayajat; ayajanta. pf. ije (1. 3. s.), yeje (3. s.) ; ijathe ijir6; pi. ijana. ao. root : ipv. yaksva ; red.: ayiyajat (B.) ; s: ayas, ayat; s: ayaksit ; A. ayasta (3. s.j ; sb yaksat ; du. 2. yaksatas, 3. yaksatam ; A. yaksate ; inj yat (2. s.) ; A. yaksi (1. s.) ; op. yaksiya ; sa : ipv. yak satam (3. du.). ft. yaksyate ; yaksyati (B.) ; yasta (B.) pp. ista. GD. istva. inf. yajadhyai; yajadhyai (TS.) yastave ; yastum. cs. yajayati (B.). us. iyaksati, -te ; SB. iyaksan ; pt. iyaksant ; iyaksamana.
yat stretch, I. : pr. yatati, -te ; sb. A. yataite (3. du.) ; op. yatema ; yatemahi ; ipv. yatatam ; A. yatasva ; yatan- tam ; pt. yatant ; yatamana. i^f. yetir6. ao. root : pt. yatana and yatana ; is : ayatista (B.). ft. yatisyate (B.). pp. yatta. gd. -yatya (B.). cs. yatayati, -te; PS. yatyate (B.j.
LIST OF VEKBS 409
yam stretch out, I. : pr. yaehati, -te ; sb. yachat ; oi\
yachet ; ipv. yacha and yachatat, yachatu. iff. aya-
chat ; A. ayachathas. pf. yayantha, yayama ; yema-
thur, yematur ; yemima, yema, yemur ; A. yeni6 (3.
s.) ; yemate ; yemir6 ; pt. yemana. ao. root : yamam ;
ayamur ; sb. yamas, yamati and yamat ; yaman ; A.
yamase, yamate ; op. yamimahi ; pro. yamyas (3. s.) ;
IPV, yandhi ; yantam ; yanta and yantana ; a : op.
yamet ; s : ayamsam, ayan (3. s.) ; A. ayamsi (B.),
ayamsta ; ayamsata ; sb. yamsat ; yamsatas ; yamsan ;
A. yamsate ; inj, A. yamsi ; pt. yamasana ; is :
yamista (3. s. A.), ft. yamsyati (B.). ps. y amy ate ;
AO. ayami (B.) ; Pl^ yata; gdv. yamsenya. gd. -yatya.
INF. yamitavai, yantave ; yamam ; yantum (B.).
c's. yamayati ; yamayati (B.). ds. yiyamsati (B.). int.
yamyamiti. yas he heated^ III. P. : ipv. yayastu. IV. P. : pr. yasyati.
pp. yasta; yasita (B.). ya go, II. P.: pr. yati ; yanti; op. yayam; ipv. yahi,
yatii ; yatam ; yata and yatana, yantu ; pt. yant. iff.
ayas, ayat ; ayatam ; ayama, ayatana, ayur (B.). pf.
yayatha, yayau ; yayathur ; yaya, yayur ; ft. yayi-
vams. AO. s : ayasam ; ayasur ; sb. yasat ; inj. yesam ;
sis : ayasisam, ayasit ; ayasistam ; ayasista, ayasisur ;
SB. yasisat ; pro. A. yasisisthas ; ipv. yasistam ; yasista.
ft. yasyati. pp. yata. gd. yatva (B.) ; -yaya (B.).
inf. yatave, yatavai (B.) ; -yai. cs. yapayati (B.). yac asJc, I. : pr. yacati, -te. pf. yayace (B.). ao. is :
ayacit ; ayacista (B.) ; sb. yacisat ; A. yacisamahe.
FT. yacisyate. pp. yacita; yacitva and yacya (B.).
INF. yacitum. cs. yacayati.
1. yu unite, YI.: pr. yuvati, -te. II. yauti; A. yut6 ; SB. yavan ; ipv. yutam (3. s. A.) ; ft. yuvana. pf. yuyuv6. PER. FT. yiivita (B.). pp. yuta. gd, -ytiya. ds. yuyusati. int. yoyuve ; ft. yoyuvat (AV.); yoyiivana.
2. Y^ aejyanite, III.: pr. yuyoti ; sb. yiiyavat; inj. yuyo-
410 APPENDIX I
J.
thas, yuyota; op. yuyuyatam ; ipv. yuyodhi, yuy6tu;
yuyutam and yuyotam ; yuyota and yuyotana. I. P. :
PE. yuchati ; ipv. yiichantu ; pt. yiichant. ao. root :
SB. yavanta ; op. yuyat (B.) ; 3. du. yuyatam (B.) ; pkc.
yuyas (3. s.) ; red. : inj. yuyot ; s: yosati and yosat ;
yosatas ; inj. yusam (AV.) ; yaus (2. s.) ; yaustam ;
yausma, yausta, yausur ; A. yosthas (B.) ; is: inj.
yavis. ps. ao. ayavi ; pp. yuta. inf. yotave, yotavai ;
yotos. cs. yavayati ; yavayati. int. pt. yoyuvat ;
iPF. ayoyavit; pp. yoyava. yuj johi^ VII. : yunakti ; yunjanti ; yunkte ; yunjate ;
SB. yunajat; yunajan; A. yunajate(3. s.) ; inj. yufijata
(3. pi.) ; IPV. yundhi, yunaktu ; yunakta, yufijantu ; A.
yunksva, yuntam ; 2, du. yunjatham ; yungdhvam ; pt.
yunjant; yunjana ; ipf. ayunak and ayunak ; ayunjan ;
A. ayunjata (3. pi.), pf. yuyoja ; yuyujma ; A. yiiyuj^ ;
yuyiijr^ ; sb. A. yuyojate (3. s.) ; pt. yuyujana. ao.
root: A. ayuji, ayukthas, ayukta ; ayujmahi, ayiig-
dhvam, yiijata and ayujran ; sb. yojate ; inj. y6jam ;
A. yukta (3. s.) ; op. yujyava, yujyatam ; ipv. yuksva ;
PT. yujana ; s. : ayuksi ; ayuksatam (3. du.) ; ayuksata
(3. pi.), ft. yoksyati (B.) ; yoksyate ; yokta (B.). ps.
yujyate ; ao. ayoji ; inj. yoji ; pp. yukta. gd. yiiktva,
yuktvaya. inf. yuje ; yoktum (B.). yudh figlit, IV. : pr. yudhyati, -te ; sb. y vidhyai. IV. : ipv.
yiidhya ; pt. yiidhyant ; yvidhyamana ; ipf. ayudhyas,
ayudhyat. I. P. : pr. yodhanti (AV.). II. P. yotsi
(= IPV.). PF. yuyodha ; yuyudhur ; A. yuyudhate (3.
du.). ao. root : sb. yodhat ; ipv. yodhi ; pt. yodhana ;
is : ayodhit ; sb. yodhisat ; inj. yodhis ; ipv. yodhistam.
FT. yotsyati, -te (B.). pp. yuddha. gdv. yodhya,
yudh^nya. gd. -yuddhvi. inf. yudh6, yudhaye ;
yudham. cs. yodhayati. ds. yuyutsati, -te. yup obstruct : pf. yuyopa ; yiiyopima. ao. red. : ayu- yupan (B.). pp. yupita. cs. yopayati. int. yoyup-
yate (B.).
LIST OF VERBS 411
yes he heated, I. P.: pr. y6sati; pt. y6sant.
ramh hasten, I. : pr. ramhate : pt. ramhamana. ipp.
aramhas; A. aramhata (8. s.). pp. pt. rarahana. cs.
ramhayati, -te. raks p)ofect, I. : pr. raksati, -te. pf. raraksa ; pt. ra-
raksana. ao. is : aiaksit ; araksit (B.) ; sb. I'aksisas,
raksisat. pp. raksita. cs. raksayate (B.). raj colour, IV. : ipf. arajyata. pp. rakta (B.). cs. rajayati.
INT. rarajiti. rad dig, I. : pr, radati, -te ; in.j. radat ; ipv. rada ; radantu;
A. radantam (3, pi.) ; pt. radant. ipf. aradat, radat.
II. P. : ratsi (= ipv.). pf. rarada. pp. radita. radh, randh maJx suhjed, IV. P. : ipv. radhya, radhyatu.
j'F. raradhur. ao. root: ipv. randhi (=randdhi); a:
HB. radhama ; inj. radham ; red. : sb. riradha ; inj.
riradhas, riradhat ; riradhatam ; riradhata ; is : inj.
randhis. pp. raddha. cs. randhayati ; sb. randhayasi. ran rejoice, I. : pr. ranati ; inj. rananta ; ipv. rana. IV.
P. : PR. ranyasi, ranyati ; ranyathas ; ranyanti. pf.
rarana (1. s.) ; sb. raranas, raranat ; raranata (2. pi.). • INJ. raran (3. s.) ; ipv. rarandhi; raranta (2. pi.), rarantu.
ppF. araranur. ao. is : aranisur ; inj. ranistana. cs.
ranayati. rap chatter, I. P. : pr. rapati ; inj. rapat ; op. rapema.
IPF. arapat. int. rarapiti. raps hefidl, I. A. : rapsate; rapsante. pf. rarapse. rabh, rambh grasj), I. : pr. rabhate. pf. rarabhma ; A.
rarabh^ ; rebhird ; pt. rebhana. ao. s : 3. s. A. arabdha ;
pt. rabliasana. pp. rabdha. gd. -rabhya. inf. -rabham ;
-rabhe. cs. rambhayati, -te (B,). ds. ripsate (B.). ram rejoice, I. A. : pr. ramate. IX. P. : ipf. aramnas,
aramnat. ao. red. : ariramat ; sb. riramama ; inj.
riraman ; s : A. aramsta (3. s.) ; aramsata (3. pi.) ; inj.
ramsthas ; sis : inj. ramsisam. ft. ramsyate ; -ti (B.).
pp. rata (B.). gd. ratva (B.j. inf. rantos (B.). cs.
ramayati and ramayati.
412 APPENDIX 1
1. va give, III.: ipv. ririhi; A. rarasva (AV.) ; raratham (3. du.) ; raridhvam ; sb, rarate ; pt. rarana. II. : pr. rasi (=ipv.) ; rate (B.); pf. rarima; rare (1. s.), rarise ; rarathe ; pt. rarivams ; rarana. ao. root : aradhvam ; IPV. rasva; s: arasma ; arasata (3. pi.); sb. rasat ; rasan ; A. rasate (3. s.) ; op. rasiya; ipv. A. rasatam (3. s.) ; rasatham (2. du.) ; rasantam (3. pi.) ; pp. rata.
2. ra barJc, IV. P. : pr. rayasi ; ipv. raya ; pt. rayant.
raj rule, I. P. : pr. rajati. II. P. : pr. rasti ; inj. rat. ao.
is : arajisur, inf. rajase. cs. rajayati (B.), -te. radh succeed, IV. A. : ipv. radhyatam ; pt. radhyamana.
V. P. : PR. radhnoti (B.). pf. raradha. ao. root : aradh-
am. (B.) ; sb. radhat and radhati ; radhama ; i'rc.
radhyasam ; radhyasma ; red. : ariradhat (B.) ; s :
aratsis ; is : inj. radhisi (1. s.). ft. ratsyati. ps. a.o.
aradhi ; pp. raddha ; gdv. radhya. gd. raddhva (B.).
-radhya (B.). inf. iradhyai. cs. radhayati. ri floir, IX. : pr. rinati ; rinithas ; rinanti ; A. rinit6 ;
rinate ; inj. rinas ; rinan ; pt. rinant ; rinana. ipf.
rinas, arinat ; arinitam ; arinita. IV. : pr. riyate ;
riyante ; pt. riyamana. ric leave, VII. P. : pr. rinakti ; sb. I'inacava ; inj. rinak
(3. s.). ipf. arinak (2. s.) ; rinak (3. s.). pf. rir^ca ;
riricathur ; A. ririkse, ririce ; riricathe ; riricr6 ; op.
riricyam, riricyat ; pt. ririkvams ; riricana. ppf.
arirecit. ao. root : inj. A. rikthas ; ipv. riktam ; s :
araik (3. s.) ; A. ariksi ; red. : ariricat (B.). ft. reksyate
(B.). PS. ricyate ; ipf. aricyata ; ao. areci ; pp. rikta.
cs. recayati (B.). rip smear : pf. riripiir. pp. ripta. Cp. lip. I'ibh sing, I. P. : pr. r^bhati ; rebhanti ; pt. r^bhant. ipf.
r6bhat. pf. rir^bha. ps. ribhyate. ris tear, VI. : pr. risamahe ; ipv. risantam ; pt. risant.
pp. rista. x'is he hurt, IV. : pi;, risyati ; sb. risyas, risyati and risyat ;
OP. risyet ; risyema. I. P.: sb. r6sat; inj. resat. ao.
LIST OF VERBS 413
a : arisan ; bb. risama, risatha and risathana ; tt. risant and risant ; red. : in J. ririsas, ririsat ; ririsata (2. pi.) ; OP. ririses ; pec. A. ririsista and ririsista (3. s.). pp. rista. INF. ris6 ; risas. cs. resayati ; inf. risayadhyai. Ds. ririksati. rih llch, II.: pe. r^dhi ; rihanti ; 3. pi. rihate and rihat6 ; ft. rihant ; rihana (VS.) and rihana. pp. pt. ririhvams. pp. ridha. int. rerihyate ; pt. r^rihat ; rerihana. Cp. lib.
1. rti cry, VI. P.: pe. ruvati ; inj. ruvat ; ipv. ruva; ft. rtivant. II. (B.) rauti ; ruvanti. pf. ruruvird (B.). AO. is : aravit ; aravisui'. pp. ruta. int. roraviti ; ft. roruvat; roruvana (B.) ; ipf. aroravit.
2. ru Ireal; : ao. is : ravisam. pp. ruta. int. pt. r6ruvat. rue shhie, I. : pe. rocate. pf. ruroca ; rurucur ; ruruc6
(3. s.) ; iN.i. rurueanta; op. rurucyas ; pt. rurukvams;
rurucana. ao. root : ft. i-ucana ; red. : arurucat ; A.
arurucata (3. s., B.) ; is : A.aroeista (3. s.) ; op. rucisiya
(AV.) and rocisiya (B.). ps. ao. aroci. pp. rucita (B.).
INF. ruc6. cs. rocayati ; -te (B.). int. pt. rorucana. ruj hreal;, I. P. : pe. rujati. pf. rurojitha, ruroja. ao.
root: inj. rok ; red.: arurujatam (2. du.). pp. rugna.
GD. ruktva (B.) ; -riijya (B.j. inf. -riije. rud tveep, II. P. : pe. roditi ; rudanti ; sb. rodat (Kh.) ;
ft. rudant. ipf. arodit (B.). ao. a: arudat. cs.
rodayati. 1. rudh obstnict, VII. : PE.runadhmi, ru]^addhi ; A.rundh6
(= runddh6) ; rundhate (3. pi.) ; sb. A. runadhamahai ;
IPV. rundhi (= runddhi) ; A. rundham (= runddham,
3. s.) ; ft. rundhana ; iff. A. arundhata (3. pi.), pp.
rurodhitha ; A. rurudhre. ao. root : arodham ; arudh-
ma ; a : arudhat ; arudhan ; inj. rudhat ; ft. rudh-
ant ; s : araut ; arautsit (B.) ; A. arutsi (B.), aruddha
(B.). FT. rotsyati, -te (B.). ps. rudhyate ; pp. ruddha.
GD. -riidhya. inf. -riidham, rundham (B.), -rodham
(B.); roddhos (B.). cs. riirutsate (B.).
414 APPENDIX I
2. rudh gi'oir, I. P. : pr. r6dhati ; in.t. rodhat.
I'up hreah, IV. P. : pr. rupyati (B.). ao. red. : arurupat.
pp. rupita. cs. ropayati (B.). ruh ascend, I. : pr. rohati, -te. pp. rurohitha, ruroha ;
ruruhiir. ao. root : pt, ruhana ; a : aruham, aruhas,
aruhat ; ' aruhama, aruhan ; sb. ruhava ; inj. ruham,
ruhat ; op. ruh^ma ; ipv. ruha ; ruhatam ; sa : ruksas,
aruksat ; aruksama. ft. roksyati (B.). pp. rudha.
GD. rudhva, -riihya. inf. -ruham ; rohisyai (TS.) ;
rodhum (B.). cs. rohayati ; -te (B.) ; ropayati (B.).
DS. ruruksati. rej tremble. I. : pr. r^jati, -te; inj. r^jat; r^janta (3. pi.);
PT. r6jamana ; iff. arejetam (3. du.) ; arejanta. cs.
rejayati. lap prate, I. P. : pr. lapati ; pt. lapant. ft. lapisyati (B,).
pp. lapita. cs. lapayati ; -te (B.). int. lalapiti. labh tahe, I. A. : pr. labhate. pf, lebhird ; pt. lebhana.
AO. s (B.) : A. alabdha ; alapsata. ft. lapsyati, -te (B.).
PS. labhyate (B.) ; pp. labdha. gd. labdhva ; -labhya
(B.). cs. lambhayati, -te (B.). ds. lipsate ; lipsate (B.) ;
PS. lipsyate (B.). likh scratch, VI.: pr. likhati; -te (B.). pf. Iil6kha (B.).
AO. red. : alilikhat (B.) ; is : inj. 16khis. pp. likhita.
GD. -likhya (B.). lip smear, VI. P. : pr. limpati. pf. Iil6pa, lilipur (B.).
AO. s : alipsata (3. pi.), ps. lipyate (B.) ; pp. lipta. gd.
-lipya (B.). lib Ikh, II. :_pr. 16dhi (B.). cs. lehayati, int. pp. lelihita(B.). ii cling, I. A. : pr. layate ; ipv. layantam. pf. lilye (B.);
lilyiir ; -layam cakre. ao. s : alesta (B.). pp. lina.
cs. lapayati (B.). int. lelayati ; pf. lelaya. lup break, VI. P. : pr. lumpati ; op. lumpet. ps. lupyate ;
pp. lupta. GD. -liipya. cs. lopayati, -te (B.). lubh desire, IV. P. : pr. liibhyati. ao. red. : aiuJubhat
(B.). pp. lubdha (B.). cs. lobhayati ; ds. liilobha-
yisati (B.).
LIST OP VERBS 415
lu etit (B.), IX. P. : PR. lunati. V. P. : pr. Iun6ti. pp.
luna. vaks increase (=2. uks): pf. vavaksitha, vavaksa; va-
vaksatur ; vavaksiir ; A. vavakse ; vavaksir6. ppf.
vavaksat. cs. vaksayati. vac speali, III. P, : pr. vivakmi, vivakti ; ipv. vivaktana.
PF. uvaktha, uvaea and vavaca ; ueima, uciir ; A.
ueis6 ; pt. ucana. ao. root : prc. ucyasam (B.) ; red. :
avocat ; sb, v6ca, vocasi, vocati and vocati ; vocama ;
A. voeavahai ; inj. vocam, v6cas, vocat ; vocan ; A.
voce ; vocanta ; op. voc^yam, voc^s, voe^t ; voc6tam ;
voc6ma, voc6yur ; A. voc^ya ; voc^mahi ; ipv. vocatat,
vocatu ; vocatam ; vocata. ft, vaksyati ; co. avaksyat
(B.) ; vakta (B.). ps. ueyate ; ao. avaci; pp. ukta;
GDV. vacya. go. uktva(B.) ; -ucya(B.). inf. vaktave;
-vaee ; vaktum (B.) ; vaktos (B.). cs. vacayati (B.).
DS. vivaksati, -te (B.). int. ipf. avavacit. vaj he strong ; cs. strengthen : pr. vajayamas, -masi ; A.
vajayate; ipv. vajaya; pt. vajayant. vane move croohedly, I. P. : pr. vaneati. pf. vavakr6. ps.
vacyate. vat apprehend, I. : pr. op. vatema ; pt. vatant. ao. red. :
avivatan. cs. vatayati. vad speal-, I. : pr. vadati, -te ; sb. vadani, vadasi and
vadas, vadati ; vadathas ; vadama, vadan ; inj. vadat ;
OP. vadet ; A. vadeta ; ipv. vada, vadatu ; A. vadasva ;
vadadhvam ; pt. vadant. ipf. avadan ; A. avadanta.
PF. udima; ud6 (B.). ao. root: prc. udyasam (B.); is:
avadisam; avadisur; A. avadiran (AV.); sb. vadisas;
INJ. vadisur. ft. vadisyati ; -te (B.). ps. udyato ; pp.
udita. GD. -udya(B.), inf. vaditum(B.) : vaditos (B.).
cs. vadayati, -te (B.) ; ps. vadyate (B.). ds. vivadisati
(B,). int. vavaditi; ipv. vavaditu; pt. vavadat; A.
vavadyate (B.). vadh slay, I. P. : op. vadheyam, vadhet ; ipv. vadha.
ao. root : prc. vadhyasam ; op. vadhyat (B.) ; is : a-
416 APPENDIX I
vadhisam and vadhim, avadhis, avadhit and vadhit ;
avadhisma ; sb. vadhisas ; inj. vadhis, vadhit ; vadh-
ista and vadliistana (2. pi.), vadhisur ; A. vadhisthas ;
ipv. vadhistam (2. du.). van ivin, VIII. : pr. vanosi, vanoti ; vanuthas ; A. vanve,
vanut6 ; sb. vanavat ; A. vanavase ; in.t. vanvan ; op.
vanuyama ; ipv. vanvantu ; A. vanusva, vanutam ;
vanudhvam, vanvatam ; pt. vanvant; vanvand ; ipf.
avanos ; avanvan ; A. avanvata. VI. and I. : pe.
vanati and vanati ; A. vanase, vanate ; sb. vanati ;
vanas ; vanava ; A. vanamahai ; inj. vanas ; A. vanta
(=vananta); op. van6s; van6ma ; van^mahi ; ipv.
vanatam ; vanata ; A. vanatam (3. s.). pf. vavantha,
vavana ; vavanma ; A. vavn6 ; sb. vavanat ; ipv. va-
vandhi ; pt. vavanvams. ao. root : vamsva ; sb. vam-
sat ; vamsama; A. vamsate ; inj. vamsi; op. vamsi-
mahi and vasimahi ; is : sb. vanisat ; A. vanisanta.
pro. vanisista ; sis : op. vamsisiya. pp. -vata. inf.
-vantave. cs. vanayantu. ds. vivasati ; sb. vivasat. vand greet, I. A. : pr. vandate. pf. vavanda ; vavandima ;
A. vavande ; vavandir6. ao. is : op. vandisimahi.
PS. AG. vandi ; pp. vandita ; gdv. vandya. inf.
vandadhyai. vap streiv, I. : pr. vapati, -te. pf. upathur ; A. upis6,
up6 (3. s.). AO. s: avapsit (B.). ft. vapsyati (B.).
PS. upyate ; ao. vapi ; pp. upta. gd. -lipya. cs.
vapayati (B.). vam vomit, II. : sb. vaman. ipf. avamit ; avamat (B.).
pp. uvama (B.). ao. s: avan (B.). pp. vanta (B.). valg leai), I. P. : pr. valganti. ipf. avalgata (2. pi.), pt.
valgant. vas desire, II. : pr. vasmi, vaksi, vasti ; usmasi and smasi,
usanti ; ipv. vastu ; pt. iisant ; usana. I. P. : pr.
yasanti ; sb. vasama ; inj. vasat ; ipf. avasat. III. P^ :
PR. vavaksi; vivasti; ipv. vivastu. pf. vavasiir; A.
vavase ; pt. vavasana.
LIST OF VERBS 417
1. vas shinr, VI. P. : i>r. iichati; sb. uchat ; uchan; inj. uchat ; op. uchdt ; ipv. ucha, uchatu ; uchata, tichantu ; FT. uchant; iff. auchas auchat. ff. uvaaa; usa (2. pi), usiir; ft. f. ususi (TS.). ao. root: avas (2. 3. s.) ; A. avasran ; s : avat (3. s.). co. avatsyat (B.). ff. usta. INF. vastave. cs. vasayati.
2. vas ivear, II. A. : fr. vaste ; vasathe ; vasate (3. pi.) ; INJ. vasta (3. s.) ; vasata (3. pi.) ; of. vasimahi ; ipv. vasisva, vastam (3. s.) ; vasatham (TS.) ; ft. vasana; IFF. avasthas ; avasta. ff. vavas6 ; ft. vavasana. AO. is : avasista (3. s.). cs. vasayati, -te ; ft. vas- ayisyate.
3. vas dwell, I.: pr. vasati; vasate (B.). ff. usatur; usima ; ft. fisivams ; vavasana. fer. -vasam cakre (B.). AO. root : vasana ; red. : avivasat ; s : avatsis. ft. vatsyati (B.). gd. usitva(B.); -usya(B.). ds. vivatsatl (B.). cs. vasayati, -te; fs. vasyate (B.).
vah carry, I. : fr. vahati, -te. ff. uvaha ; uhathur, uha- tur ; lihur ; A. iihis6 ; uhire. ao. root : of. uMta ; ifv. volham (2. du.), volham; A. vodhvam ; ft. xihana; s: avat, vat ; avaksur ; sb. vaksas, vaksati and vaksat ; vaksathas, vaksatas ; vaksan ; inj. vaksit. ft. vak- syati ; vodha (B.). fs. uhyate ; ff. udha. gd. udhva (B.) ; -lihya. inf. vodhum ; vddhave, vodhavai (B.) ; -vahe ; vahadhyai. cs. vahayati (B.) ; int. vani- vahyate (B.).
1. va hloiv, II. P. : fr. vami, vati ; vatas ; vanti ; ipv. vahi, vatu ; ft. vant ; iff. avat. IV. P. : pk. vayati ; vayatas; vayanti. pf. vavau (B.). ao. sis: avasit (B.). cs. vapayati.
2. va weave, IV. : fr. vayati ; vayate (B.) ; ipv. vaya ; vayata ; ft. vayant ; iff. avayat ; avayan. pf. Qvur. ft. vayisyati. fs. iiyate (B.) ; pp. uta. inf. 6tuin ; otave, otavai; vatave (AV.).
vajaya desire booty, den. : pr. ft. vajayant. vanch desire, I. P. : ipv. vanehantu. 1819 E e
418 APPENDIX I
vas bellow, I. P. : pr. vasati. IV. A. : pr. vasyate. pf.
vavasir6 and vavasr6 ; pt. vavasana. ppf. avavasitam
(3. du.) ; avavasanta. ao. red. : avivasat ; avivasan ;
A. avivasanta ; is : A. avasisthas (B.). int. pt. va-
va^at. cs. vasayati. vie sift, VII. P. : pr. vificanti ; ipv. vinaktu ; pt. vincant ;
iPF. avinak. III. P. : pr. viveksi. pf. pt. vivikvams.
PS. vicyate ; pp. vikta (B.). vij tremhle, VI. : pr. vijante ; ipv. vijantam ; pt. vijamana ;
IPF. avije. pp. vivijr6. ao. root : in.i. A. vikthas,
vikta; red.: inj. vivijas. ps. vikta, cs. vejayati (B.).
INT. vevijyate ; pt. v6vijana.
1. vid Icnoiv, II. P. : pr. vidmas ; se. vddas, vedati and v6dat ; v6dathas ; op. vidyam, vidyat ; vidyatam ; vidyama, vidyur ; ipv. viddhi and vittat, v6ttu ; vittam. IPF. avedam, avet and v^t ; avidur (B.). pf. v6da (1. 3.), v6ttha ; vidathur ; vidma, vida, vidur ; A. vidmahe (B.), vidr6 ; per. vidam cakara (B.) ; pt. vidvams. ao. is: avedit(B.); per. vidam akran (B.). ft. vedisyati, -te (B.) ; vedita (B.). pp. vidita. gd. viditva. inf. vidmane ; v^ditum (B.) ; v6ditos (B.). cs. vedayati, -te. DS. vividisati (B.).
2. vid find, VI. : pr. vindati, -te. II. vits6, vid6 (3. s.) ; vidr6 ; ipv. viddhi ; A. 3. s. vidam ( AV.) ; pt. vidana and vidana. pf. viv6ditha, viv6da ; vividathur ; vi- vidiir ; A. vivid6, vivits^ ; vividr6 and vividrir6 ; sb. vividat ; pt. vividvams. ao. a : avidam, avidas, avidat ; avidama, avidan ; A. avidanta ; sb. vidas, vidat ; vidathas ; vidatha ; inj. vidam, vidas, vidat ; vidan; A. vidata(3. s.) ; vidanta; op. vid^yam, vid6t ; vid6ma ; A. vid6ya; prc. videsta (AV.); ipv. vidatam; pt. vidant ; s : A. avitsi. ft. vetsyati, -te (B.). ps. vidyate ; ao. avedi, v6di ; pp. vitta ; vinna. gdv. vidayya. gd. vittva, -vidya (B.). inf. vid6, v6ttave ; v6ttos (B.). DS. vivitsati (B.). int. sb. v6vidama. pt. v6vidat; v6vidana.
LIST OF VERBS 419
vidh worship, VI. : sb. vidhati ; int. vidhat ; vidhan ; A.
vidhanta ; op. vidh6ma ; vidh^mahi ; pt. vidhant ;
ipp. avidhat. vip tremble, I. : pr. v^pate ; pt. v^pamana ; ipf. avepanta.
PF. vivipr6. Ao. root : pt. vipana ; red. : avivipat ; is :
avepista (B.). cs. vepayati, vipayati. vis e}der,Nl. : pr. visati, -te. pf. vivesa (1. 3,), viv^sitha;
vivisiir and (once) vivesur ; A. vivisr6 ; op. vivisyas ;
PT. vivisivams (TS.), -visivams (AV.). ppf. avivesis,
AC. root: A. avisran ; s: aviksmahi, aviksata (3 pi.);
is: iNJ. v^sit ; sa : aviksat (B.). ft. veksyati (B.)
pp. vista. GD. -visya. inf. -visam ; v^stavai (B.). cs.
vesayati, -te. vis he active, III. : pr. viveksi, vivesti ; vivistas ; vivis-
mas ; sb. vivesas ; ipv. vividdhi ; ipf. avives and viv6s
(2. s.), viv6s (3. s.). I. P. : pt. v^sant ; ipf. avesan.
PF. vivdsa ; vivisiir. ppf. avivesis. ao. is : v6sisas.
FT. veksyati, -te (B.). ps. visyate (B.) ; pp. vista, gd.
vistvi ; -visya. inf. -vise. int. v6vesnii ; vevisyate
(B.) ; OP. vevisyat ; pt. v^visat ; v^visana. vist, vest wrap, I. P. : ipv. v^statam (3. du.). pp. vistita.
cs. vestayati, -te (B.). vi enjoy, II. : vemi, v6si, v6ti ; vlthas ; vyanti ; sb.
vayati ; in.t. v6s ; ipv. vihi, vihi and vitat, v6tu ; vitam ;
vyantu ; pt. vyant ; vyana. ipf. avyan. pf. vivaya ;
vivy6. ao. s. : sb. v^sat. ps. viyate. pp. vita. inf.
vitaye. int. veveti ; veviyate. vid maTxC strong : cs. sb. vilayasi ; ipv. vilayasva. pp.
vilita. 1. vr cover, V.: pr. vrnoti; A. vrnv6; vrnvate and vrn-
vat6 ; PT. vrnvant ; ipf. avrnos, avrnot ; A. avrnvata
(8. pi.) ; PR. urn6mi, urnoti ; iirnuthas, urnutas ; A.
iirnus6, urnute ; inj. urnot ; ipv. iirnuhi and urnu, iir-
notu ; urnuta, iirnuvantu ; A. urnusva ; pt. iirnuvant ;
iirnvana ; ipf. aurnos, aurnot. I. : pr. varathas ; A.
varate ; varethe ; varante ; sb. varate ; inj. varanta.
Ee2
420 APPENDIX I
IX. : iPF. avrnldhvam (AV.). pp. vavartha, vavara ;
vavriir ; A. vavr6 ; pf. vavrvams. ppf. avavarit. ao.
root: vam (= varam), avar and var (2. 3. s.) ; avran ;
A. avrta ; int. var (2. 3. s.) ; vran ; ipv. vrdhi ; vartam ;
varta ; vrana ; red. : avivaran ; A. avivarata (3. s.) ; s :
SB. varsathas ; is : avarit (B.). ps. ao. avari ; pp. vrta.
GD. vrtva, vrtvi ; vrtvaya ; -vrtya. inf. vartave. cs.
varayati, -te ; ds. vivarayisate (B,). int. avarivar. 2. vr cJioose, IX. A. : pr. vrn6, vrnis6, vrnit6 : vrnimahe,
vrnate ; inj. vrnita (3. s.) ; op. vrnita ; ipv. vrnisva ;
vrnidhvam, vrnatam ; pt. vrnana ; ipf. avrni, avrnita :
avrnimahi. pf. vavrs6 ; vavrmahe. ao. root : avri,
avrta; sb. varas, varat; varanta; inj. vrta (3. s.); op.
vurita (3. s.) ; pt. urana; s : avrsi ; avrdhvam (B.), avr-
sata. FT. varisyate (B.). pp. vrta. gdv. varya ; varenya. vrj twist, VII. : pr. vrnaksi, vrnakti ; vrnjanti ; A. vrnj6,
vrnkt6 ; vrfijate ; vrnjate ; sb. vrnajan ; ipv. vrndhi,
vrnaktu ; vrnkta, vrnjantu ; A. vrhksva. ipf. avrnak
(2. 3. s.) ; avrnjan. pp. vavrjiir ; A. vavrj6 ; op. vavrj-
yiir ; ipv. vavrktam (2, du.) ; pt. f. vavarjiis-i ; (a-)varjusi
(AV.). AO. root : vark (2. 3, s.), avrk (AV.) ; avrjan ;
A. avrkta ; sb. varjati ; varjate ; inj. vark ; op. vrjyam ;
vrjyama ; prc. vrjyas (3. s.) ; ipv. varktam (2. du.) ;
s : avarksis (B.) ; A. avrksmahi ; inj. A. vrksi ; sa :
avrksam. ft. varksyati, -te (B.). ps. vrjyate ; pp.
vrkta. GD. vrktvi; -vrjya. inf. -vrje ; vrjadhyai;
vrnjase. cs. varjayati. ds. vivrksate (B.). int. pt.
varivrjat ; cs. pt. varivarjayant (AV.). vrt turn, I. A. : vartate. pf. vavarta and vavarta ; vavrtur ;
A. vavrt6 ; sb. vavartati, vavartat and vavrtat ; op.
vavrtyam, vavrtyas, vavrtyat ; ipv. vavrttana (2. pi.) ;
PT. vavrtvams. ppf. avavrtran ; A. avavrtranta. ao. . root : avart ; A. avrtran ; sb. vartat ; ipv. varta
(= vartta, 2. pi.); a: avrtat; red.: avivrtat; s: A.
avrtsata. ft. vartsyati ; vartita (B.). co. avartsyat (B.),
pp. vrtta. GD. -vrtya. inf. -vrte; -vrtas (B.). cs.
LIST OF VEKBS 421
vartayati, -te ; ps. vartyate (B.) ; inf. vartayadhyai.
Ds. vivrtsati; -te (B.). int. varvarti (= varvartti) and
varivarti (= varivartti) ; varvrtati (3. pi.) ; A. varivrt-
yate (B.) ; ipf. avarivar (3. s.) ; avarivur (3. pi.). vrdh grow, I. : pr. vardhati, -te. pf. vavardha ; va-
vrdhatur ; vavrdhur ; A. vavrdh6 ; vavrdhate ; sb.
vavrdhati ; A. vavrdhate ; op. vavrdhithas ; ipv.
vavrdhasva ; pt. vavrdhvams ; A. vavrdhana. ppf.
vavrdhanta. ao. a : avrdham, avrdhat ; vrdhama,
avrdhan ; pt. vrdhant ; vrdhana ; red. : avivrdhat ;
avivrdhan ; A. avivrdhadhvam, avivrdhanta ; s : pt.
vrdhasana ; is : op. vardhisimahi. pp. vrddha. inf.
vrdh6 ; vrdhase ; vavrdhadhyai (pp.). cs. vardha-
yati, -te. int. gdv. vavrdh6nya. vrs rain, I. P. : pr. varsati ; ipv. varsantu ; pt. varsant.
VI. A. : vrsasva ; vrs^tham (2. du.). pf. ipv. vavrsasva ;
pt. vavrsana. ao. s : avarsis, avarsit. ft. varsisyati
(B.) ; vrasta (MS.), pp. vrsta. gd. vrstvi ; vrstva(B.);
-varstos (B.). cs. varsayati. vrh tear, VI. P. : pr. vrhati ; inj. vrhat ; op. vrh6va ; ipv.
vrha and vrhatat ; vrhatam ; vrhata ; ipf. avrhas. pf.
vavarha. ao. sa: avrksat (B.). ps. vrhyate (B.) ; ao.
varhi ; pp. vrdha (B.). gd. -vrhya. inf. -vrhas. ven long, I. P. : pr. v6nati ; inj. v6nas ; ipv. venatam
(2. du.) ; PT. v^nant. ipf. avenat. vyac extend. III. P. : pr. viviktas (3. du.) ; inj. vivyak (3.
s.). IPF. avivyak ; aviviktam (3. du.) ; avivyacur. pf.
vivyaktha, vivyaca. ppf. vivyacat ; A. vivyacanta. vyath waver, I. : pr. vyathate. ao. red. : vivyathas (B.) ;
is : SB. vyathisat ; inj. vyathisthas ; vyathismahi. pp.
vyathita. inf. vyathisyai (B.). cs. vyathayati; ao.
vyathayis (AV.). vyadh jjierce, IV. P. : pr. vidhyati. pr. vivyadha (B.) ;
PT. vividhvams. ao. s : vyatsis (B.). pp. viddha. inf.
-vidhe. cs. vyadhayatL (B.). ds. vivyatsati (B.). vya envelope, IV. : pr. vyayati, -te ; op. vyayeyam ; ipv.
422 APPENDIX I
vyayasva ; pt. vyayant. ipf. avyayam, avyayat. pf.
vivyathiir; A. vivy6; pt. vivyana; per. pf. -vyayam
cakara (B.). ao. a: avyat; avyata (2. pi.); A. avyata
(3. s.) and vyata. ps. viyate (B.) ; pp. vita. gd.
-viya (B.). vraj proceed, I. P. : ipv. vrajata (2. pi.); pt. vrajant. pf.
vavraja. ao. is : avrajit (B.). ft. vrajisyati (B.). pp.
vrajita (B.). gd. -vrajya (B.). cs. vrajayati (B.). vrasc cut U2), VI. P. : pp. vrscati ; sb. vrseat ; in.t. vrseas ;
IV. : vrsca, vrscatu ; pt. vrseant. ipf. avrscat and
vrseat. PS. vrscyate ; pp. vrkna. gd. vrstva ; vrktvi. sams praise. I. : pr. samsati, -te. pf. sasamsa (B.) ; sa-
sams6 (B.). ao. root: ipv. sasta (2. pi.) ; is: asamsisam,
asamsit ; sb. samsisas, samsisat ; inj. samsisam. ft.
samsisyati (B.). ps. sasyate ; ao. sarasi ; pp. sasta ;
GDv. samsya; samstavya(B.). gd. sastva (B.). inf. -sase. sak he able, V. P. : pr. saknomi, saknoti ; saknuvanti ;
SB. saknavama. ipf. asaknuvan. pf. sasaka ; sekima,
seka, sekur. ao. root : sb. sakas, sakat ; op. sakyam ;
ipv. sagdhi, saktam ; a : asakam, asakat ; asakan ;
IN.T. sakan ; op. sak^yam ; sak6ma. ft. saksyati, -te
(B.). inf. saktave. ds. siksati, -te.
1. sad prevail : pp. sasadiir ; A. sasadmahe, sasadr6 ; pt. sasadana.
2. sa,d fall: pf. sasada (B.) ; sedur (B.). ft. satsyati. sap curse, I. : pr. sapati ; sapate (AV.) ; sb. sapatas (3.
du.); PT. sapant. ipf. asapata (2. pi.), pf. sasapa; sepd (1. 3. s.), sepis6. ao. s: in.t, sapta (2. pi.), pp. sapta (B.). cs. sapayati.
1. sam, sim labour, IV. P. : samyati (B.) ; simyati; ipv. simyantu ; pt. simyant. pp. sasam6 ; sb. sasamate (3. s.) ; pt. sasamana. ao. is : A. asamisthas, asamista. pp. samita (B.).
2. sam, be quiet, IV. (B.) : pr. samyati, -te. pf. sasama (B.) ; semiir (B.). ao. a : asamat (B.) ; red. : asisamat. pp. santa. cs. samayati.
LIST OF VEKBS 423
sa sharpen, III. : pr. sisami, sisati ; sisimasi ; A. sisite ;
ipv, sisihi, sisatu; sisitam, si sit am ; sisita (2. pi.); pt.
sisana. iff. sisas, asisat ; A, sisita (3. s.). pf. pt.
-sasana. pp. sita. gd. -saya. sas order, II. : sasmi, sassi ; A. sast6 ; sasmahe, sasate ;
SB. sasan ; ipv. sadhi ; sastana, sasatu ; pt. sasat ;
sasana. iff. asasam ; A. asasata (3. pi.), pf. sa^asa;
^asasiir ; inj. sasas ; ipv. sasadhi. ao. root: sb. sas as ;
a : A. sisamahi ; inj. sisat : pt. sisant. pp. iSista ; gd.
-sisya (B.). siks (= Ds. of sak) he helpful: pr. siksati, -te ; sb. siksas,
siksat ; siksan ; inj. siksat ; op. sikseyam ; siksema ;
IPV. siksa, siksatu ; siksatam ; pt. siksant ; A. siks-
amana. ipf. asiksas ; asiksatam. ^is leave, VII. P. : pr. sinasti (B.). pf. sisis^ (B.). ao. a:
sisas. FT. seksyati, -te (B.). ps. sisyate ; ao. s^si ;
pp. sista. GD. -sisya (B.). si lie, II. A. : pr. s6se, saye (8. s.) ; sayate (3. du.) ;
s^mahe, sere and sdrate ; op. sayiya, sayita (3. s.) ; ipv-
3. s. s^tam and say am (AV.) ; pt. sayana ; ipf. aseran.
I. : PR. sayate ; sayadhve, sayante ; ipf. asayat ; asay-
atam ; A. asayata (3. s.). pf. sisy^ (B.) ; sisyir6 (B ) ;
PT. sasayana. ao. s : sb. si§san ; is : A. asayisthas. ft.
sayisyati, -te (B.) ; sayitase (B.). inf. sayadhyai. sue gleam, I. : pr. socati, -te. pf. susdca ; op. A. susucita
(3. s.) ; ipv. susugdhi ; pt. susukvams ; susucana. ao.
a : asucat ; pt. sucant ; A. sucamana ; red. : siisucas ;
INJ. susucas; siisucan; is: inj. socis; ps. asoei. inf.
sucadhyai. cs. socayati ; pt. sucayant. int. pb. s6-
sucan ; A. sosucanta; pt. sosueat ; sosucana. sudh, sundh imrify, I. P. : pr. sundhati ; ipv. siindhata
(2. pi.). IV. P.: PR. sudhyati (B.). pp. suddha. cs.
sundhayati ; sodhayati (B.). subh, sumbh heautify, I. A. : pr. sobhate; pt. sobhamana;
siimbhate ; pt. siimbhamana; VI. P.: pr. sumbhati;
SB. sumbhati ; ipv. sumbha ; sumbhata, sumbhantu ;
424 APPENDIX I
PT. sumbhamana. ao. root : I'X. subhana ; sumbhana ;
red. : asusubhan ; asusubhanta (B.). i>p. sumbhita ;
subhitd (B.). inf. subh6 ; sobhase ; subham. cs.
subhayati, -te ; sobhayati. BUS dry, IV. P. : pr. susyati ; ipv. siisya, siisyatu ;
siisyantu. gd. -susya (B.). cs. sosayati. su, 6va sivell, IV. P.: pr. pt. svayant. pf. susuviir; A.
susuv6 ; SB. susuvat ; susavama ; op. susuyama ; pt.
susuvams ; A. susuvana. ao. a : asvat (B.) ; s : pt.
savasana. inf. silsani ; svayitum (B.). srdh he defiant, I. : pr. sardhati ; sardhate (B.) ; inj. sardhat;
IPV. sardha; pt. sardhant. cs. sardhayati. sr crush, IX. : pr. srnami, srnasi, srnati ; srnimasi ; ipv.
srnihi, srnatu : srnitam : srnantu : pt. srnana. iff.
asrnat. pf. sasr6. ao. is : asarit. ft. sarisyate (B.).
PS. siryate ; ao. sari; pp. sirna ; -sirta. gd. -sirya (B.).
INF. saritos. snaXh. pierce, II. P. : su. snathat ; ipv. snathihi. ao. red.:
sisnatham, asisnat and sisnathat ; inj. sisnathas; is;
IPV. snathistam ; snathistana. pp. snathita. inf.
-snathas. cs. snathayati, -te. sya coagidate, IV.: pr. syayati (B.). ps. siyate(B.); pp.
sita ; sina. cs. syayayati (B.). srath slaclen, IX. : pr. srathnit6 ; pt. srathnana. ipf.
srathnas ; asrathnan. pf. sasrath6. ao. red. : si-
srathas, sisrathat; ipv. sisrathantu. pp. srthita. cs.
srathayati, -te. sram he weary, IV. P. : pr. sramyati. pf. sasramvir ; px.
sasramana. ao. a: asramat ; int. sramat; is: A.
asrami sthas ; inj. sramisma. pp. sranta. gd. -sramya
sra (sri, sr) hod, IX. : pr. srinanti ; sx"inis6 ; ipv. si'inihi ;
srinita and srinitana ; pt. srinant ; A. srinana. ipf. A.
asrinita (3. s.). pp. srata; srta. cs. srapayati; ps.
srapyate (B.) ; ao. asisrapat (B.). sri resort, I. : pr. srayati ; -te. pf. 1. sisraya, o. sisraya;
LIST OF VERBS 425
A. sisriye; oi\ sisrita(8. s.) ; pt. sisriyana. ppf. asisret;
asisrayur. au. root : asres, asret ; asriyan ; red. :
asisriyat ; s : asrait (AV.). ft. srayisyati, -te (B.).
PS. sriyate (B.) ; pp. srita ; ao. asrayi. inf. srayitavai
(B.). cs. srapayati (VS.). sris dasp, I.: sb. sr6sama. ao. a: in,t. srisat. inf.
-srisas. sri mix, IX. : pr. srinati ; sx'inite. pp. srita. inf.
sriyase. sru hear, V,: pr. srnomi, srn6ti ; srnvanti ; A. srnvis6,
srnut6 and srnv6 ; srnvir6 ; sb. srnavas, srnavat ;
srnavama, srnavan ; op. srnuyat ; srnuyama ; ipv.
srnudhi, srnuhi and srnii, srnotu ; srnutam ; srnuta
and srnota, srnotana, srnvantu ; srnusva ; pt. srnvant ;
• • ?•• 7a* 7«»* 7 •• 7
iPF. asrnavam, asrnos : asrnvan. pf. 1. susrava, 3.
susrava; A. susruv6 (3. s.) ; sb. susravat ; op. susru-
yas ; susruyatam ; pt. susruvams. ppf. asusravur ;
A. asusravi (1. s.). ao. I'oot : asravam, asrot ; asravan
(AV.) ; SB. sravat; sravathas, sravatas ; prc. sruyasam,
srtiyas (o. s.) ; ipv. srudhi, srotu ; srutam ; sruta and
srota, sruvantu ; a : in.j. sruvat ; red. : asusravat ;
asusruvat (B.) ; s: asrausit (B.). ft. srosyati (B.). ps.
sruyate ; ao. asravi, sravi ; pp. sruta ; qdv. srutya ;
sravayya. gd. srutva; -srutya. cs. sravayati, srava-
yati. Ds. susrusate. srus hear, I. : inj. srosan ; ipv. srosantu ; pt. srosamana. svafic spread, I. A. : ipv. svancasva ; pt. svaneamana. pf.
A. SB. sasvacai. cs. svancayas. svas Now, II. : pr. svasiti ; A. suse ; ipv. svasihi ; pt.
svasant and susant ; A. susana ; iff. asvasit (B.). I. :
PR. svasati, -te (AV.). pp. svasita (B.). inf. -svasas.
cs. svasayati. int. pt. sasvasat. svit he bright: ao. root: asvitan ; pt. svitana ; red. : asi-
svitat ; s : asvait. sthiv S2)ew, I. P. : pr. sthivati. iff. asthivan. pf. tisth6va
(B.). pp. sthyuta (B.).
426 APPENDIX I
sagh be equal to, V. P. : iff. asaghnos. ao. root : sb.
saghat; prc. saghyasam (B.). sac accompany/, I. A. : pr. sacate. III. : pr. sisaksi; sisakti;
sascati (3. pi.) ; inj. A. sascata (3. pi.) ; ipv. sisaktu ;
sisakta ; pt. sascat and sascat. I. : pk. sascasi ; A.
sa^ce (1. s.) ; inj, sascat; ipv. sascata (2. pi.); ipf.
asascatam (2. du.). pf. sascima, sasciir ; A. sascir6 ;
secir6 (AV.) ; pt. sascivams. ao. root : ipv. saksva ;
PT. sacana ; s : A. asaksata (3. pi.) ; sb. saksat ; inj.
saksata (3. pi.) ; op. saksimahi. inf. sacadhyai ;
saksani.
• •
saj, sanj, hang, I. P. : pr. sajati. ipf. asajat, pf. sasanja (B.) ; sejiir (B.). ao. s : A. asakta. ps. sajyate (B.) ; ao. asanji (B.) ; pp. sakta. gd. -sajya (B.). inf. sanktos (B.). Ds. sisanksati (B.).
sad dt, I. P. : pr. sidati ; sb. sidati ; inj. sidan ; op. sidema; ipv. sidatu ; pt. sidant. ipf. asidat. pf. sasattha, sasada ; sedathur, sedatur ; sedima, seda, sediir; A. sedir6; op. sasadyat ; pt. sediis-. ao. a: asadat ; asadan ; inj. sadas, sadat ; op. sadema ; ipv sada, sadatu ; sadatam, sadatam ; sadata, sadantu ; A. sadantam ; pt. sadant ; red. : asisadan ; s : sb. satsat. FT. satsyati (B.). ps. sadyate (B.) ; ao. asadi, sadi ; pp. satta ; sanna (AV.) ; gdv. sadya. gd. -sadya. INF. -sade ; -sadam ; sattum (B.). cs. sadayati, -te ; PS. sadyate (B.).
san gain, VIII. P. : pr. sanoti ; sb. sanavani, sanavat ; sanavatha ; op. sanuyam ; sanuyama ; ipv. sanuhi, sanotu ; sanvantu. ipf. asanos, asanot ; asanvan. pf. sasana ; pt. sasavams. ao. a : asanam, asanat ; asan- ama, asanan ; inj. sanam, sanat ; op. san6yara, san6t ; IPV. Sana ; pt. sanant ; is : asanisam ; sb. sanisat ; A. sanisamahe, sanisanta ; ipv. sanisantu. ft. sanisyati. pp. sata. GDV. sanitva. inf. sanaye ; sataye. ds. sisasati. int. A. sanisnata (3. pi.).
LIST OF VERBS 427
sap serve, I. : i>e. sapati, -te. pf. sepur. ao. red. : inj.
sisapanta. saparya honour, den. : pr. saparyati ; sb. saparyat ; op.
sapary6ma; ipv. saparya; pt. saparyant. ipf. asap-
aryan. ao. asaparyait (AV.). gdv. sapary^nya. sas sleep, II. P. : pb. sasti ; sastas ; ipv. sastu ; sastam ;
sasantu ; pt. sasant ; ipf. asastana. III. P. : pr.
sasasti and sasasti. sah prevail, I. : pr. sahate ; pt. sahant and sahant ; A. sah-
amana. pf. sasaha ; A. sasahis6, sasah6 ; sb. sasahas,
sasahat ; op. sasahyat ; sasahyama ; pro. A. sasahisthas ;
PT. sasahvams and sahvams ; A. sasahana and sehana.
ao. root : op. sahyas ; sahyama ; pkc. sahyas (3. s.) ; pt.
sahana; s: asaksi and saksi ; saksmahi (B.) ; sb. sak-
sati and saksat ; saksama ; A. saksate ; op. saksiya ;
IPV. saksva ; pt. saksant ; A. sahasana ; is : asahista ;
op. sahisivahi ; sahisimahi and sahisimahi. ft. sak-
syate (B.). pp. sadha. (in. -sahya. ikf. sahadhyai ;
-saham (B.). ds. siksati, -te. sa bind, VI. : pr. syati, -te ; ipv. sya, syatu ; syatam,
syatam ; A. syasva ; syadhvam, ipf. asyat. ao. root :
asat; sb. sat; op. simahi ; ipv. sahi; a: op. s6t (VS.).
pp. sita. GD. -saya. inf. -sai ; satum (B.). sadh succeed, I. : pr. sadhati, -te. ao. red. : sb. sisadhati ;
sisadhama ; inj. sisadhas. cs. sadhayati. si hind, IX. P. : pr. sinati ; sinithas ; ipv. sinatu. pf.
sisaya ; inj. siset. ao. root : ipv. sitam. inf. s^tave. sic pour, VI. : pr. sincati, -te. pf. sisdca ; sisicatur ;
sisicur ; sisice. ao. a : asicat ; asican ; sb. sicamahe.
FT. seksyati (B.). ps. sicyate; ao. aseci (B.) ; pp. sikta.
GD. siktva (B.) ; -sicya. inf. sektavai (B.).
1. sidh repel, I. P.: pr. sadhati. pf. sis^dha. ao. is: asedhis. pp. siddha (B.). gd. -sidhya. inf. s^ddhum (B.). INT. PT. s6sidhat.
2. sidh succeed, IV. P. : pr. sidhyati. pp. siddha (B.). siv setv, IV. : pr. ipv. sivyatu ; A. sivyadhvam ; pt.
sivyant. pp. syuta. gd. -sivya.
428 APPENDIX I
su press, V. : pk. sunoti ; sunutas ; suuutha, sunvanti ;
A. sunv6 ; sunvir6 ; «b. sunavat ; sunavama ; A. su-
navai ; ipv. sunii, sunotu ; sunuta and sunota, suno-
tana ; A. sunudhvam ; pt. sunvant ; sunvana. pf.
susava : susuma ; pt. susuvams ; susvana. ppf. asu-
savur and asusuvur (B.). ao. root : ipv. s6tu ; sutam ;
sota, sotana ; pt. suvana, svana. ft. savisyati (B.) ;
sota (B.). PS. suyate ; ao. asavi; pp. suta; gdv.
s6tva. GD. -sutya (B.). inf. sotave; sotos. su generate, impel, VI. P. : pr. suvati ; sb. suvati ; ipv.
Suva, suvatat, suvatu ; suvatam ; suvantu ; pt. suvant ;
ipp. asuvat. II. A. : pr. siive, sute ; siivate (3. du.) ;
suvate (3. pi.) ; inj. suta (3. s.) ; pt. suvana ; iff. asuta.
pf. sasuva ; susuv6. ppf. asiisot (MS.) ; asusavur (B.).
AO. is : asavit ; asavisur ; sb. savisat ; inj. savis. ft.
sosyati, -te (B.); pt. susyant. ps. suyate; pp. suta.
GD. sutva (B.) ; -sutya (B.). inf. sutave, sutavai ; savi-
tave. INT. sosaviti. sudxmt in order: pf. susudima; sb. susudas, siisudat and
susudati ; siisudatha ; ipv. susudata (2. pi.), ao. red. :
asusudanta. cs. sudayati, -te ; sb. sudayati. sr flow, III. : PR. sisarsi, sisarti ; A. sisrate (3. pi.) ; ipv.
sisrtam; A. sisratam (3. pi.), pt. sisrat. pf. sasara;
sasrva(B.) ; sasi'ur ; A. sasre ; sasrathe ; pt. sasrvams ;
sasrana. ao. a : asaram, asaras, asarat ; asaran ; ipv.
sara ; s : sb. sarsat. ft. sarisyati. ps. ao. asari (B.) ;
pp. srta (B.). gd. srtva (B.) ; si'tya (B.). inf. sartave,
sartavai. cs. sarayati, -te. ds. sisirsati (B.). int.
sarsr6 (3. s.) ; pt. sarsrana. srj emit, VI.: pr. srjati, -te. pf. sasarja; A. sasrj6;
sasrjmahe, sasrjrird ; op. sasrjyat ; pt. sasrjana. ppf.
asasrgram (3. pi.), ao. loot : asrgran, asrgram ; pt.
srjana ; s : sras (2^ s., AV.), asrak (3. s.), asrat (B.) ;
asrastam (2. du.) ; A. asrksi, asrsta ; asrksmahi, asrk-
sata; sb. sraksat ; inj. srastam; A. srksatham (2. du.).
FT. sraksyati (B.). ps. srjyate ; ao. asarji ; pp. srsta.
LIST OF VERBS 429
GD. srstva ; -srjya (B.). os. sarjayati, -te (B.). ds.
sisrksati, -te (B.). srp creep, I. P. : pr. sarpati. pf. sasarpa (B.). ao, n :
asrpat ; inj. srpat; s: A. asrpta (B.). pt. srapsyati
(B.) and sarpsyati (B.). pp. srpta(B.). gd. srptva (B.) ;
-srpya. inf. srpas (B.). ds. sisrpsati. int. sari-
srpyate (B.). sev attend upon, I. A. : pr. seve, s6vate ; ipv. s6vasva. skand leap, I. P. : pr. skandati ; sb. skandat ; ipv. skanda ;
PT. skandant ; ipp. askandat. pf. caskanda. ao. root :
skan (3, s.); s: askan (B.) and askantsit (B.). ft.
skantsyati (B.). pp. skanna. gd. -skandya (B.) and
-skadya (B.). inf. -skade, -skadas.' cs. skandayati.
INT. SB. caniskadat ; ipf. kaniskan (3. s.). skabh or skambh prop, IX. : pr. skabhnati ; pt. skabh-
nant ; A. skabhana (B.). . pf. caskambha ; skambhatur;
skambhur; pt. caskabhana. pp. skabhita. gd. skabh-
itvi. INF. -skabhe. sku tear, II. P. : pr. skauti (B.). V. P. : pr. skunoti.
PS. skuyate; pp. skuta. int, coskuyate. Stan thunder, II. P. : ipv. stanihi; in.t. stan (3. s.). I. P.:
IPV. stana. ao. is : astanit. cs. stanayati. int. ipv
tamstanihi. stabh or stambh prop, IX. : stabhnami ; ipv. stabhana ;
iPF. astabhnas, astabhnat. pf. tastambha ; tastabhur ;
PT. tastabhvams ; tastabhana. ppf. tastambhat. ao. s :
astampsit (B.) ; is : astambhit, stambhit. pp. stabhita ;
stabdha (B.). gd. stabdhva, -stabhya (B.). stu praise, II. : pr. staumi (AV.) ; st6si, stauti (AV.) ;
stumasi, stuvanti ; A. stus6 ; sb. stavat ; stavama,
stavatha ; A. stavai ; inj. staut ; op. A. stuvita ; stuv-
imahi ; ipv. stuhi, stautu ; pt. stuvant ; stuvana,
stavana and stavana ; ipf. astaut. I. A. : stavate and
stave (3. s.) ; inj. stavanta ; op. staveta ; pt. stavamana.
pf. tustava ; tustuvur ; A. tustuv6 ; sb. tustavat ; pt.
tustuvams: tustuvana. ppf. atustavam. ao. s: astau-
• • «7»« ■•
480 APPENDIX I
sit (B.) ; A. astosi, astosta ; astodhvam, astosata ;
SB. stosani, stosat ; stdsama ; in.t. stosam ; is : astavit
(B.). FT. stosyati, -te (B.) ; stavisyati, -te. co. astosyat.
PS. stuyate ; ao. astavi ; pp. stuta ; gdv. stus6yya.
GD. stutva; -stiitya (B.). inf. stavadhyai, stotave ;
stotum (B.). cs. stavayati (B.). stubh praise, I. P. : pr. stobhati ; ipv. stobhata, stobh-
antu ; pt. stobhant. II. A. : pt. stubhana. pp. stubdha
(B.). cs. stobhayati. str streiv, IX. : pe. strnami ; strnithana, strnanti ; A.
strnit6 ; inj. strnimahi ; ipv. strnihi ; strnitam (2. du.) ;
strnita; A. strnitam (3. s.) ; pt. strnant; strnana ; iff.
astrnat ; astrnan. V. : pr. strnosi ; strnutd. pf.
tastara (B.) ; tastarur (B.) ; A. tistir6 (3. s.) ; tastrir^ ;
PT. tistirana. ao. root : astar ; A. astrta (B.) ; sb.
starate ; staramahe ; inj. star (2. s.) ; s : astrsi (B.) ;
OP. strsiya ; is : astaris. ft. starisyati, -te (B.). ps.
striyate (B.) ; ao. astari ; pp. strta ; stirna. gd.
stirtva (B.) ; -stirya (B.). inf. -stire, strnisani ; stari-
tave (AV.) ; startave (B,), startavai(B.) ; staritavai{B.),
-staritavai (B.). ds. tistirsate (B.) ; tustursate (B.). stha stand, I. : pr. tisthati, -te. pp. tasthau ; tasthathur,
tasthatur ; tasthima, tasthur ; A. tasthd, tasthis6,
tasth6 ; tasthir6 ; pt. tasthivams ; tasthana. ao. root :
astham, asthas, asthat ; asthama, sthata, asthur ; A.
asthithas, asthita; asthiran; se, sthas, sthati and sthat ;
sthatas ; inj. stham, sthat ; sthiir ; op. stheyama ; ipv.
sthatam (2. du.); sthata; pt. sthant; a: asthat (AV.) ;
s: asthisi (B.) ; asthisata (3. pi.); inj. sthesam (VS.).
FT. sthasyati. ps. sthiyate (B.); pp. sthita. gd. -sthaya.
inf. sthatum (B.) ; sthatos (B.). cs. sthapayati, -te ;
AO. atisthipam, atisthipas, atisthipat ; inj. tisthipat.
Ds. tisthasati (B.). sna hatlie, II. P. : pr. snati ; ipv. snahi ; pt. snant. pp.
snata. gdv. snatva. gd. snatva ; -snaya. inf. snatum
(B.). cs. snapayati; -te (B.) ; snapayati (AV.).
LIST OF VERBS 431
spas see : pf. paspase ; pt. paspasana. ao. root : aspasta
(3. s.). pp. spasta. cs. spasayate. spr ivin, V. : pr. sprnvat^ ; sb. sprnavama ; ipv. sprnuhi.
PF. paspara (B.). ao. root : aspar (2. s.) ; sb. sparat ;
INJ. spar (2. s.) ; ipv. sprdhi ; s : asparsam. pp. sprta.
GD. sprtva. INF. sparase. sprdh contend, I. A. : pr. spardhate ; pt. spardhamana.
PF. A. pasprdhate (3. du.) ; pasprdhr6 ; pt. pasprdhana.
PPF. apasprdhetham (2. du.). ao. root : A. asprdh-
ran ; pt. sprdhana. gd. -sprdhya. inf. spardhitum. sprs touch, VI. : pr. sprsati, -te. pf. sb. pasparsat. ao.
red.: SB. pisprsati ; in,i. pisprsas; s: aspraksam (B.) ;
sa: asprksat. pp. sprsta. gd. sprstva (B.); -sprsya
(B.). inf. -spfse; sprsas (B.). cs. sparsayati (B.), -te. sprh he eager : cs. sprhayanti ; op. sprhayet. ipf. asprh-
ayam. gdv. sprhayayya. sphur jerk, VI. : pr. sphurati ; A. sphurate (B.) ; sb.
sphuran ; inj. sphurat ; ipv. sphura ; sphuratam (2.
du.) ; pt. sphurant. ipf. asphurat. ao. is : spharis
(^sphr). sphurj rumble, I. P. : pr. sphurjati. cs. sphurjayati. smi smile, I. : pr. smayate ; inj. smayanta ; pt. smaya-
mana. pf. sismiy^ ; pt. sismiyana. smr remember, I. : pr. smarati, -te. ps. smaryate (B.) ;
pp. smrta. syand move on, I. A. : pr. syandate. pf. sisyadur ; A.
sisyad6. ao. red. : asisyadat ; asisyadanta ; s : asyan
(3. s.). FT. syantsyati (B.). ps. ao. syandi (B.) ; pp.
syanna. gd. syanttva (B.) ; syattva (B.), -syadya (B.).
INF. -syade; syanttum (B.) ; cs. syandayati (B.) ; inf.
syandayadhyai. int. pt. sanisyadat. sras, srams/aZZ, I. A.: pr. sramsate (B.). pf. sasramsur
(B.). ao. root: asrat (VS.); a: op. srasema; red.:
asisrasan ; is : asramsisata (B.). pp. srasta. gd.
-sramsya (B.). inf. -srasas. cs. sramsayati. sridh blunder, I. P. : pr. sr^dhati ; ipv. sr^dhata ; pt.
432 APPENDIX I
sr^dhant. ipf. asredhan. ao. a, : in.t. sridhat ; rx.
sridhana. sru floiiJ, I. : PR. sravati. pf, susrava ; susruvui* ; inj.
susrot. PPF. asusrot. ao. is : asravis (B.). pp. sruta.
INF. sravitave ; sravitavai. cs. sravayati ; -te (B.). svaj embrace, I.: pr. svajate; sb. svajate, svajatai (AV.) ;
INJ. svaj at ; ipv. svajasva; svajadhvam. pf. sasvaj6;
sasvajate (3. du.); pt. sasvajana. ppf. asasvajat. pp.
svakta (B.). inf. -svaje. svad, svad siveeten, I. : pr. svadati, -te ; A. svadate ; sb.
svadati ; IPV. svada ; svadantu ; A.svadasva. ao. red.:
INJ. sisvadat. pp. svatta. inf. -siide. cs. svadayati,
-te ; pp. svadita. SY-dn sound: ao. is : asvanit ; inj. svanit. cs. svanayati;
pp. svanita. int. sb. sanisvanat. svap sleep, II. P. : pr. ipv. svaptu ; pt. svapant. I. P. : pr.
svapati. pf. susupiir ; inj. susupthas (B.) ; pt. susup-
vams; siisupana. ao. red. : sisvapas and sisvap (2. s.).
FT. svapsyati (B.) ; svapisyami. pp. supta. gd. suptva.
INF. svaptum (B.). cs! svapayati. svar sound, I. P. : pr. svarati. pf. inj. sasvar (8. s.). ao.
s : asvar (3. s.) ; asvarstam (3. du.) ; is : asvaris (B.).
inf. svaritos (B.). cs. svarayati. svid siveat, I. A. : pr. svadate. pf. pt. sisvidana. pp.
svinna. cs. svedayati (B.). han strike, II. : pr. hanmi, hamsi, hanti ; hathas, hatas ;
hanmas, hatha, ghnanti ; sb. hanas, hanati and hanat ;
hanava ; hanama ; hanatha (AV.), hanan ; inj. han
(3. s.) ; op. hanyat, hanyama; ipv. jahi, hantu ; hatam,
hatam; hata and hantana, ghnantu; pt. ghnant. I.:
PR. jighnate ; -ti (B.). pf. jaghantha, jaghana ; jaghna-
thur ; jaghnima, jaghnur ; A. jaghn6 (B.); sb. jaghan-
at ; PT. jaghanvams ; jaghnivams (B.). ao. is : ahanit
(B.). FT. hanisyati ; -te (B.). ps. hanyate ; pp. hata;
GDV. hantva. gd. hatva, hatvi ; hatvaya ; -hatya.
INF. hantave, hantavai ; hantum. cs. ghatayati (B.).
LIST OF VERBS 433
Ds. jighamsati; ao. ajighamsis (B.). int. janghanti ; SB. janghanani, janghanas, janghanat ; janghanava ; A. janghananta ; ipv. janghanihi ; pt. janghanat ; ghanighnat. har he gratified, IV. : pr. haryati ; sb. haryasi and haryas ; IPV. harya ; pt. haryant. ipp. aharyat ; A. aharyathas.
1. ha leave, III. P.: pr. jahami, jahasi, jahati; jahati; SB. jahani ; jahama ; op. jahyat ; jahyiir ; ipv. jahitat, jahatu ; jahitam ; jahita ; pt. jahat. ipf. ajahat ; ajahatana, ajahur. pf. jaha; jahatur; jahiir. ao. root: ahat (B.) ; s: ahas (3. s.) ; A. ahasi, ahasthas ; iN.r. hasis ; sis : in.t. hasistam, hasistam ; hasista, hasisur. ft, hasyati ; hasyate (B.). ps. hiyate ; ao. ahayi; pp. hind; hana (B.); jahita. gd. hitva, hitvi, hitvaya; -haya (B.). inf. hatum (B.). os. ao. jihipas.
2. ha go forth, III. A. : pr. jihite ; jihate ; jihate ; inj. jihita; ipv. jihisva, jihitam (3. s.) ; jihatham (2. du.) ; jihatam (3. pi.) ; pt. jihana. ipf. A. ajihita ; ajihata. pf. jahir6. ao. red.: jijananta; s: A. ahasata (3. pi.); IN.T. hasthas. ft. hasyate (B.). pp. hand (B.). gd. -haya. inf. hatum. cs. hapdyati. ds. jihisate.
hi impel, V. : pr. hinomi, hinosi, hinoti ; hinmds and hinmdsi, hinvdnti; A. hinv6 (1. 3,); hinvdte and hinvir6 ; sb. hindva ; inj. hinvdn ; ipv. hinuhi, hinutat, hinii ; hinotam ; hinntd, hinota and hinotana, hinv- dntu ; PT. hinvdnt ; hinvand ; ipf. dhinvan. pf. jighaya (B.) ; jighyur (B.). ao. root: dhema, dhetana, dhyan ; ipv. heta ; pt. hiyand ; a : dhyam ; s : dhait (3. s., AV.) ; dhaisit (B.) ; A. dhesata (3. pi.), pp. hitd. GDv. h^tva. INF. -hy6.
Yiims injiire. Nil. : hindsti; himsanti ; A. himste (AV.); ipv. hindstu ; op. himsyat (B.) ; pt. himsana ; ipf. dhinat (3. s., B.). I. : pr. himsati, -te (B.). pf. jihims- ima. PPF. jihimsis. ao. is : inj. himsisam, himsis, himsit; himsistam (2. du.) : himsista, himsisur. ft. himsisydti, -te (B.). ps. himsydte ; pp. himsita ; gdv.
1«19 p f
484 APPENDIX I
himsitavya. gd. himsitva. inf. himsitum (B.), hims-
itos (B.). Ds. jihimsisati (B.). hid he hostile, I. : pt. h^lant ; A. h61amana ; hidamana
(B.). PF. jihila (1. s.), jihlda (AV.) ; A. jihil6 ; jihilir6;
PT. jihilana. AO, red.: ajihidat ; is: A. hidisatam
(TA.). pp. hidita. cs. pt. helayant. hu sacrifice. III. : pr. juhomi, juhoti ; juhumas, juhvati ;
A. juhv6, juhut6 ; juhvate ; sB.jiihavama; op.juhuyat;
juhuyama; juhudhi (B.), juhotu; juhuta and juhota,
juhotana ; A. juhudhvam ; pt. juhvat ; juhvana ; ipf.
ajtihavur ; A. ajuhvata. pf. juhv6 ; juhur6 ; juhvir6
(B.) ; per. juhavam eakara (B.). ao. s: ahausit (B.).
FT. hosyati. ps. huyate ; ao. ahavi ; pp. huta. gd.
hutva (B.). INF. h6tavai; hotum (B.), hotos (B.). hu call, I. A. : pr. havate ; in.t. havanta ; pt. havamana.
VI. : PR. huv6 (1. 3.) ; huvamahe ; inj. huvat ; op.
huv^ma ; A. huv6ya ; pt. huvant ; ipf. ahuve ; ahuv-
anta. III. : pk. juhumasi and juhumas. II. : pr.
hut6 ; humahe. pf. juhava ; A. juhv6 ; juhur6 ;
juhuvir6 (B.). ao. root: A. ahvi ; ahumahi; inj.
h6ma ; a : ahvam, ahvat ; ahvama ; A. ahve ; ahvanta ;
s : A. ahusata (3. pi.), ps. huyate ; pp. huta ; gdv.
havya. gd. -huya (B.). inf. havitave; huvadhyai.
Ds. jdhusati (B.). int. johavimi, johaviti; sb. A.
johuvanta; ipv. johavitu; ipf. ajohavit; ajohavur.
1. hr talce, I. : pr. harati, -te ; sb. harani, harat; harama, haran ; op. haret ; harema ; ipv. hara ; harata, harantu ; PT. harant. ipf. aharat. pf. jahara, jahartha (B.) ; jahrur ; A. jahr6 (B.). ao. root: ahrthas (B.) ; s: dharsam, ahar (3. s.) ; A. ahrsata(3. pi.), ft. harisyati, -te (B.) ; harta (B.) ; co. aharisyat (B.). ps. hriyate ; pp. hrta. GD. hrtva(B.) ; -hrtya. inf. harase; harta vai (B.); hartos (B.) ; hartum (B.). cs. harayati, -te (B.). DS. jihirsati.
2. hr he angry, IX. A. : pr. hrnisd, hrnit6 ; in.t. hrnithas ; IPV. hrnitam (3. s.) ; pt. hrnana.
LIST OF VERBS 485
hrs he excited, I. : pr. harsate ; ipv. harsasva ; pt. harsant ;
harsamana. pf. pt. jahrsana. pp. hrsita. cs. harsa-
yati, -te. int. sb. jarhrsanta ; pt. jarhrsana. hnu hide, II. : pr. hnutas ; A. hnuv6. pp. hnuta. gdv.
hnavayya. \
hri he ashamed, III. P. : pk. jihreti. ao. root : pt. -hrayana.
pp. hrita (B.). hva call, IV. : pr. hvayati ; hvaye ; sb. hvayamahai ; op.
hvayetam (3. du.) ; ipv. hvaya, hvayatu ; hvayantu ;
A. hvayasva; hvayetham (2. du.) ; hvayantam; pt.
hvayamana. ipf. ahvayat ; ahvayanta. ao. ahvasxt
(B.). ft. hvayisyati, -te (B.). inf. hvayitavai (B.) ;
hvayitum (B.). hvr he crooTced, I. A. : pr. hvarate. IX. P. : pr. hrunati.
— . •
III.: SB, juhuras; A. juhuranta; inj. juhurthas; pt. juhurana. ao. red. : jihvaras ; inj. jihvaras ; jihvara- tam (2. du.) ; s: inj. hvar (2. s.), hvarsit; is: hvarisur. pp. hvrta, hrutd. cs. hvarayati.
Ff 2
APPENDIX II
VEDIC METRE.
1 . The main principle governing Vedic metre ^ (the source of all later Indian versification) ^ is measurement by number of syllables.'' The metrical unit here is not the foot in the sense of Greek prosody, but i\\Q foot (pada) or quarter^ in the sense of the verse or line which is a constituent of the stanza. Such verses consist of eight, eleven, twelve, or (much less commonly) five syllables. The verse is further more or less regulated by a quantitative rhythm (unaffected by the musical accent) in which short and long syllables alternate. Nearly all metres have a general iambic rhythm inasmuch as they show a preference for the even syllables (second, fourth, and so on) in a verse being long rather than short. In every metre the rhythm of the latter part of the verse (the last four or five syllables), called the cadence, is more rigidly regulated than that of the earlier part. Verses of eleven and twelve syllables are characterized not only by their cadence, but by a caesura after the fourth or the fifth syllable, while verses of five and eight syllables have no such metrical pause.
1 Called ehandas in the KV". itself.
2 Except the two metres Arya and Vaitaliya which are measured by morae.
2 This seems to have been the only metrical principle in the Indo- Iranian period, because in the Avesta the character of a verse depends solely on the number of syllables it contains, there being no quanti- tative restriction in any part of it.
* A figurative sense (derived from foot = quarter of a quadruped) applicable because the typical stanza lias four lines.
VEDIC METKE 437
Verses combine to form a stanza or re, the unit of the hymn, which generally consists of not less than thi'ee or more than fifteen such units. The stanzas of common occurrence in the EV. range, by increments of four syllables, from twenty syllables (4 X 5) to forty-eight (4 x 12) syllables in length.^ A stanza may consist of a combination of metrically identical or of metrically different verses ; and either two or three stanzas may further be combined to form a strophe.
a. The following general rules of prosody are to be noted. 1. The end of a verse regularly coincides with the end of a word ^ because each verse in a stanza is independent of the rest in structure. 2. Tho quantity of the first and last syllables of a verse is indifferent. 3. A vowel becomes long by position if followed by two consonants. One or both of these consonants may belong to the following word. The palatal as^^irate ch and the cerebral aspirate Ih (dh) count as double consonants. 4. One vowel is shortened before another ; ^ e and o are also pronounced e and 6 before a. 5. The semivowels y and v, both within a word and in Sandhi, have often to be pro- nounced as i and u ; e. g. siama for syama ; suar for svar ; vi usah for vy usah ; vidathesu anjan for vidathesv aiijan. 6. Contracted vowels (especially i and u) must often bo restored ; e. g. ca agndye for cagnaye ; vi indrah for vmdrah ; dvatu utaye for dvatiitaye ; a indra for 6ndra. 7. Initial a when dropped after e and o must nearly always be restoi-ed. 8. The long vowel of the gen. pi. ending am, and of such words as dasa, sura, and e (us jya-istha for jyestha) or ai (as 4-ichas for aichas) must often be jJi'onounced as equivalent to two short syllables. 9. The spelling of a few words regularly misrepresents their metrical value ; thus pavaka must always be pro- nounced as pavaka, mrlaya as mflaya, and suvand. nearly always as svand.
1 There are also several longer stanzas formed by adding more verses and consisting of 52, 56, 60, 04, 68, and 72 syllables ; but all these ai-e rare : only two stanzas of 68 and one of 72 are found in the RV.
^ No infringement of this rule occurs in any metre of the RV. but the comparatively rare Dvipada Viraj (4 x 5), in which three exceptions are met with.
3 The vowels i, u, e when Pragrhya (25, 26), however, remain long before vowels. When a final long vowel is the result of Sandhi, it also remains long ; t^ma adat for tasmai adat.
438 APPENDIX II
I. Simple Stanzas.
2. The Vedic hymns consist chiefly of simple stanzas, that is, of such as are formed of verses which are all metrically identical. Different stanzas are formed by com- bining three, four, five, or six identical verses. The following is an account of the various types of verse and of the different simple stanzas formed by them.
A. Verse of eight syllables. This is a dimeter verse consisting of two equal members of four syllables each, the opening and the cadence. In the opening the first and third syllable are indifferent, while the second and fourth are preferably long. When the second is short, the third is almost invariably long. In the cadence the rhythm is typically iambic, the first and third syllables being almost always short, while the second is usually long (though it is not infrequently short also). Thus the prevailing scheme of the whole verse is ^ — ^— ^-^^^^
a. Even after every adrdissible vowel restoration a good many verses of this type exhibit the anomaly (which cannot be removed without doing violence to the text) of having one syllable too few ; e. g. tarn tua vaydm pito. There are also here a veiy few instances of one or even two syllables too many ; e. g. agnim ils | bhujara yavi | stham and vayam tad as \ ya sambhrtam ! vasu.
3. a. The Gayatri ' .stanza consists of three '" octosyllabic verses ; ^ e. g.
^ Next to the Tristubh this is the commonest metre in the RV., ueai-ly one-fourth of that Sanihita being composed in it ; yet it has entirely disappeared in Classical Sanskrit. The Avesta has a parallel stanza of 3 x 8 syllables.
* The first two Padas of the Gayatri are treated as a hemistich in the Sanihita text, probably in imitation of the hemistich of the Anustubh and the Tristubh ; but there is no reason to believe that in the original text the second verse was more sharply divided from the third than from the first.
5 By far the commonest variation from the normal type is that in which the second syllable of the cadence is short {\j ^ ^ ^). This occurs about as often in the first verse of Gayatris as in the second and third combined.
SIMPLE STANZAS i'69
agnim ile purohitam — w \ ^ — ^ ^ \
yajnasya de | vam rtvijam | v^ — |w — ^^|
hdtaram ra [ tnadhatamam jj |w — ^^||
a. A comparatively rare but sufficiently definite variety of Gayatrl ^ differs from the normal type by having a decided trochaic rhythm in the cadence, ^ while the iambic rhythm of the opening is more pronounced than usual ; e. g.
tuam no ag [ ne mahobhih | ^ — v^ — -
pahi visva | sya arateh | - ^ I ~ "-^
uta dviso martiasya jl w — w
w — <j
k_/ v^
h. The Anustubh' stanza consists of four octosyllabic verses, divided into two hemistichs ; e. g.
a yas te sar | pirasute ■ \ ^ — ^ — \
agne sam as | ti dhayase w — j^ — ^ — jj
aisu dyumnam \ uta sravah ' y^ \ <u — kj ^ \
a cittam mar I tiesu dhah v^ — »^ — 11
• I • • 1 1 I i i
a. la the latest hymns of the RV. there begins a tendency to differentiate the first from the second verse of an Anustubh hemistich by making the end of the former trochaic, while the cadence of the latter becomes more strictly iambic. Although in these hymns the iambic cadence of the first verse is still the most frequent (25 per cent.) of all varieties, it is already very nearly equalled by the next commonest (23 per cent.), which is identical with the normal and characteristic cadence of the first verse in the epic Anustubh * (sloka). The scheme of the whole hemistich according to this
innovation ^ then is;i=i — Sil— |i^ ^ \\ ^ — )=i — \ \^ — ^ ^ \\ v.g.
kesi visa | sya patrena || yad rudrena | pibat saha ||
' The only long series of such trochaic Gayatrls occurs in RV. viii. 2, 1-39,
^ The trochaic Gayatrl is commonest in Mandalas i and viii, which taken together contain about two-thirds of the total number of examples in the RV.
' The frequency of this metre is about one-third that of Gayatrl in the RV., but in the post-Vedic period it has become the predominant metre. The Avesta has a parallel stanza of 4 x 8 syllables.
* Where the iambic cadence in the first verse has entirely dis- appeared.
* This is the regular type of the Aiiustubh in the AV.
440 APPENDIX II
c. The Pankti stanza consists of five octosyllabic verses ^ divided into two hemistichs of two and of three verses respectively. In origin it seems to be an extension of the Anustubh by the addition of a fifth verse. This is indicated by tlie fact that in hymns consisting entirely of Pahktis the fifth verse of every stanza is (except in i. 81) regularly a refrain (e. g. in i. 80). The following is an example of a Pankti stanza : —
ittha hi soma in made ; brahma cakara vardhanam |[ savistha vajrinn ojasa [ prthivya nih sasa ahim \ arcann anu svarajiam |i
cl In about fifty stanzas of the KV. the number of octosyllabic verses is increased to six and in about twenty others to seven, generally by adding a refrain of two verses to an Anustubh (e.g. viii. 47) or to a Pankti (e.g. x. 133, 1-3). The former is called Mahapankti (48), the latter i^akvari (56).
4. B. Verses of eleven syllables differ from those of eight in consisting of three members (the opening, the break, and the cadence). They also contrast with the latter in two other respects : their cadence is trochaic - (- w - -) and they have a caesura, M'hich follows either the fourth "' or the fifth syllable. Tlie rhythm of the syllables preceding the caesura is prevailingly iambic, being ^ - ^ - '^ or - - - - -." The rhythm of the break between the caesura and the cadence is regularly w v^ - or w ^^ " i . Thus the scheme of
1 The Avesta has a parallel stanza of 5 x 8 syllables.
^ The only irregularity here is that the first syllable of the cadence may be short when it coincides with the end of a word.
3 This appears to have been the origiiial position of the caesura because the parallel verse of the Avesta has it there and never after the fifth syllable.
* Identical with the opening of the octosyllabic verse.
6 The fourth syllable here is sometimes short : the fifth is then always long.
6 The first of these two syllables is sometimes, but rarely, long in the old hymns of the RV., still more rarely in the later hymns, and hardly ever in B.
SIMPLE STANZAS 441
the whole normal verse of eleven syllables is :
(«) ^-^-, ^ ^ -\^y^-^\ or {h) ^-^-^, v^v^l-^-^l
«. Apart from corruptions or only seeming irregularities (removable by restoration of vowels) several verses of tliis tyjie have one syllabic too many or too few;^ e.g. ta no vidvamsa, manma vo ] cetam adyd- (12); tam im giro, jdna | yo na pdtnih ^ (lOj. Occasionally two syllables are wanting after the caesura or the verse is too long by a trochee added at tlie end ; e. g. t4 u sd no, [. .] ma | ho yajatrah (9) ; ay^m s^ hota, [v^ o] yo dvijdnma (9) ; rathebhir yata, rsti | mddbhir fisva I parnaih (13).
5. The Tristiibh stanza, the commonest in the RV,,^ consists of four verses of eleven syllables ' divided into two hemistichs. The following are hemistichs of each type :
(a) anagastv6, aditi j tv6 turasah j imam yajnam, da-
dhatu I srosamanah || (6) asmakam santu, bhiiva [ nasya gopah | pibantu
somam, ava | se nd adya 1|
a. A few Tristubh stanzas of only two verses (dvipada) occur (e.g. vii. 17). Much commoner are those of three verses (viraj), the first two of which (as in the Gayatri stanza) are treated in the Sarnhita text as a hemistich ; the whole of some hymns is composed in this three-line metre (e. g. iii. 25). Fairly frequent are also Tristubli stanzas of five verses^ divided into two hemistichs of two and three A'erses respectively. Thdy are always of isolated occurrence, appearing generally at the end of (Tristubh) hymns, but never form- ing an entire hymn.
^ This anomaly also appears in the metre of later Vedic texts and of Pali poetry.
^ The extra syllable in such cases is perhaps due to the verse being inadvertently continued after a fifth syllable caesura as if it were a fourth syllable caesura.
^ The deficiency of a syllable in such cases may have been partly due to the similarity of the decasyllabic Dvipada Viraj (8) with which Tristubh verses not infrequently interchange.
* About two-fifths of the RV. are composed in this metre.
* The Avesta has a parallel stanza of 4x 11 syllables with caesura after the fourth syllable.
^ These are accounted Atijagati (62) or Sakvari stanzas by the ancient metricians when the fifth verse is a repetition of the fourth. If it is not a repetition it is treated in the Sarnhita text as a separate verse (as v. 41, 20; vi. (J3, 11) and is called an ekapada by the metricians.
442 APPENDIX II
6. C. The verse of twelve syllables is probably an extension ^ of the Tristubh verse by one syllable which gives the trochaic cadence of the latter an iambic character. ^ The rhythm of the last five syllables is therefore - ^ - v^ ^. The added syllable being the only point of difference, the scheme of the whole verse is :
or
|
{a) - _ - _, ^ ^ _ |
— V^ — 1^ — j |
|
(6) ^ - ^ - ^, w ^ |
- ^ - w ^ |
a. Several examples occur of this type of verse (like the Tristubh) having one, and occasionally tM'o, syllables too many or too few ; e.g. ma no mdrtaya, ripave vajiuivasu (13) ; rodasi a, vada 1 ta ganasri- yah (11) ; sd. drlhe cit, abhi tr | natti vajam ar [ vata (14) ; piba somam, [>w^ >^] e | na satakrato (10).
7. The Jagati stanza, the third in order of frequency in the RV., consists of four verses of twelve syllables divided into two hemistichs. The following hemistich gives an example of each of the two tyj^es of verse :
ananudo, vrsabhd | dodhato vadhah I gambhira rsvo, asam j astakaviah ||
a. There is an eleven syllable variety of the Jagati verse which is sufficiently definite in type to form entire stanzas in two hymns of the RV. (x. 77, 78). It lias a caesura after both the fifth and the
seventh syllable, its scheme being ^ — ^ — \^ , , lu — ^-i ^ \
The following hemistich is an example :
abhrapriiso na, vaca, prusa vd.su |
havismanto na, yajna, vijanusah ||
8. D. The verse of five syllables resembles the last five syllables of the Tristubh verse in rhythm, its commonest form being w — ^ — — , and the one next to it in frequency
1 It is probably not Indo-Iranian, because though a verse of 12 syllables occurs in the Avesta, it is there dilierently divided (7 + 5).
^ As the Gayatrl verse is never normally found in combination with the Tristubh, but often with the Jagati verse, it seems likely that the iambic influence of the Gayatrl led to the creation of the Jagati, with which it could form a homogeneous combination.
^ That is, its first syllable is less often long than short
THE JAGATI STANZA 443
The Dvipada Viraj stanza^ consists of four such verses divided into two hemistichs ; ^ e. g.
pari pra dhanva ] indraya soma | svadur mitraya [ pusn6 bhagaya \\
a. Owing to the identity of the cadence a Dvipada hemistich '■' not infrequently interchanges in the same stanza with a Ti'istubh verse ; * e. g.
• priya vo nama | huve "' turanam ]
a yat trpan, maruto vavasanah H
b. Tlie mixture of Dvipada hemistichs with Tristubh verses led to an entire hymn (iv. 10) being composed in a peculiar metre consisting of three pentasyllable verses' followed by a Tristubh ; e. g.
agne tarn adya | asvam na stomaih | kratum na bhadram | hrdisprsam, rdhia j ma ^ ta ohaih ||
II. Mixed Stanzas.
9. The only different verses normally used in combination to form a stanza are the Gayatrl and the Jagatl. The principal metres thus formed are the following :
a. Stanzas of 28 syllables consisting of three verses, the lirst two of which are treated as a hemistich :
1 Tills stanza is somewhat rare, occumng in the RV. not nuicli more tlian a hundi-ed times.
- The otherwise universal rule that the end of a verse must coincide with the end of a word is three times ignored in this metre (at the end of the first and third verses).
3 With this metre compare the defective Tristubh verse of ten syllables (4 a).
* This interchange occurs especially in RV. vii. 34 and 56.
^ Here the verb, though the first word of the verse (App. Ill, 19 b), is unaccented. This is because the end of the first and the third verse in this metre has a tendency to bo treated like a caesura rather than a division of the stanza. Cp. note 2.
•^ These three verses are treated as a hemistich in the Samhita text.
"^ The verb is accented because in the Samhita text it is treated as the first word of a separate verse.
444 APPENDIX II
1. Usnih: 8 8 12 ; e.g.
agne vaja | sya gomatah j
isanah sa ; haso yaho ||
asm.6 dhehi, jatave ' do mahi sravah i|
2. Purausnih : 12 8 8; e. g.
apsii antar, amrtam \ apsii bhesajam |
apam uta [ prasastaye ]|
d6va bhava j ta vajinah || i
3. Kakubh : 8 12 8 ; e. g.
adha hi in j dra girvanah |
lipa tva kaman, mahah sasrjmahe ||
ud6va yan j ta udabhih j
b. Stcinzas of 36 syllables consisting of four verses divided into two hemisticlis : Brhati 8 8 12 8; e.g.
sacibhir nah j sacivasu |
d6va naktam | dasasyatam ''
ma vam ratir, upa da sat kada cana |
asmad I'atih kada cana
c. Stanzas of 40 syllables consisting of four verses divided into U\o hemisticlis : Satobrhati 12 8 12 8; e. g.
janaso agnim, dadhi re sahovrdham ] havismanto 1 vidhema te , sa tvam no adya, suma na ihavita ] bhava vaje | su santia |j
10. There are besides two much longer mixed stanzas of seven verses/ each of which is split up into three divisions of three, two, and two verses respectively in the Samhita text.
a. Stanzas of 60 syllables consisting of six Gayatri verses and one Jagati: Atisakvari 8 8 8, 8 8, 12 8 ; ^ e. g.
^ These arc the composition of a very few individual i)octs. ^ Only about ten examples of this metre occur in the KV.
MIXED STANZAS 445
susuma ya ] tain adribhih |
gosrita mat | sara im6 |
somaso mat ! sara im6 ||
a raj ana 1 divisprsa ]
asmatra gan [ tarn upa nah ||
ime vam mitra, -varu | na gavasirah |
somah sukra ] gavasirah 1
h. Stanzas of 68 syllables consisting of four GayatrT and three Jagati verses : Atyasti' 12 12 8, 8 8, 12 8 ; e. g,
sa no n6distham, dadrs ana a bhara I agne dev^bhih, saca J nah sueetxina | maho rayah j sucetuna || mahi savi stha nas krdhi I
1 • • • I
samcakse bhu | j6 asiai ||
mahi stotrbhyo, magha J van suviriam |
mathir ugro | na savasa j[
a. Besides the above mixed metres various other but isolated combinations of Gayatri and Jagati verses occur in the KV., chiefly in single hymns. There are stanzas of this kind containing 20 syllables (128) ; 2 32 syllables (12 8, 12) ;» 40 syllables (12 12, 8 8) ; * 44 syllables (12 12, 12 8) 5 ; 52 syllables (12 12, 12 8 8).«
/3. 1. Tristubh verses are quite often interspersed in Jagati stanzas, but never in such a way as to form a fixed type of stanza or to make it doubtful whether a hymn is a Jagati one.'^ This practice probably arose from the interchange of entire Tristubh and Jagati stanzas in the same hymn bringing about a similar mixture within a single stanza. 2. An occasional licence is the combination of a Tristubh with a Gayatri verse in the same stanza. This combination appears as a regular mixed stanza (11 8, 8 8) in one entire hymn (RV. x. 22).* 3. The combination of a Tristubh verse with a Dvipada Viraj hemistich has already been noted (8 a).
1 This is the only comparatively common long metre (of more than 48 syllables) in the RV., where more than 80 Atyasti stanzas occur.
2 RV. viii. 29. ^ rv. ix. 110. " * RV. x. 93. ■' RV. viii. 35. « RV. v. 87.
' fiut the intrusion of Jagati verses in a Tristubh lij'mn is exceptional in the RV., though very common in the AV. and later.
* Except stanzas 7 and 15, which are pure Anustubh and Tristubh respectively.
446 APPENDIX II
III. Strophic Stanzas.
11. Two or three stanzas are often found strophically combined in the KV.. forming couplets or triplets.
A. Three simple stanzas (called trca) in the same metre are often thus connected. Gayatrl triplets are the com- monest ; less usual are Usnih, Brhati, or Pahkti triplets ; while Tristubh triplets are rare. A hymn consisting of several triplets often concludes with an additional stanza in a different metre.
a. It is a typical practice to conclude a hymn composed in one metre with a stanza in another. A Tristubh stanza at the end of a Jagati hymn is the commonest ; a final Anustubh stanza in Gayatrl hymns is much less usual ; but all the commoner metres are to some extent thus employed except the Gayatvi, which is never used in this way.
B. Two mixed stanzas in different metres are often com- bined, the RV. containing about 250 such strophes. This doubly mixed strophic metre, called Pragatha, is of two main types :
1. The Kakubha Pragatha is much the less common kind of strophe, occurring only slightly more than fifty times in the RV. It is formed by the combination of a Kakubh with a SatobrhatT stanza : 8 12, 8-M2 8, 12 8 ; e. g.
a no asva | vad asvina |
vartir yasistam, madhu | patama uara ||
gdmad dasra | hiranyavat |j
supravargam, suviryam [ susthii variam |
anadhrstam I raksasvina |
asminn a vam, ayane | vajinivasu j
visva vama | ni dhimahi j{
2. The Barhata Pragatha is a common strophe, occurring nearly two hundred times in the RV. It is formed by the combination of a Brhati with a Satobrhatl stanza : 8 8, 12 8 -f 12 8, 12 8 ; e. g. '
STROPHIC STANZAS 447
dyumni vam | stdmo asvina |
krivir na s6 | ka a gatam ||
madhvah sutasya, sa di | vi priy6 nara |
patam gaurav | iv6rine ||
pibatam gharmam, madhu | mantam asvina |
a barhih si | datam nara ||
ta mandasana, manu | so durona a |
ni patam v6 [ dasa vayah |]
a. Of these two types there are many variations occurring in individual hymns, chiefly by the addition of one (8), two (12 8), three (12 8 8), or once (vii. 96, 1-3) even four verses (12 12 8 8).
APPENDIX III
THE VEDIC ACCENT.
1. The accent is marked in all the texts of the four Vedas as well as in two Brahmanas, the Taittiriya (including its Aranyaka) and the Satapatha (including the Brhadaranyaka Upanisad).
The Vedic, like the ancient Greek, accent was a musical one, depending mainly on pitch, as is indicated both by its not affecting the rhythm of metre and by the name of the chief tone, udatta raised. That such was its nature is, moreover, shown by the account given of it by the ancient native phoneticians. Three degrees of pitch are to be dis- tinguished, the high, properly represented by the udatta, the middle by the svarita {sounded), and the low by the anudatta [not raised). But in the Rigveda the Udatta. the rising accent, has secondarily acquired a middle pitch, lower than the initial pitch of the Svarita. The Svarita is a falling accent representing the descent from the Udatta pitch to tonelessness. In the Rigveda it rises slightly above Udatta pitch before descending : here therefore it has something of the nature of a circumflex. It is in realitv always an enclitic accent following an Udatta, though it assumes the appearance of an independent accent when the preceding Udatta is lost by the euphonic change of a vowel into the corresponding semivowel (as in kva = kiia). In the latter case it is called the independent Svarita. The Anudatta is the low tone of the syllables preceding an Udatta.
2. There are four different methods of marking the accent in Vedic texts. The system of the Rigveda, which is
METHODS OF MARKING ACCENTS 449
followed by the Atharvaveda, the Vajasaneyi Samhita, the Taittirlya Samhita and Brahmana, is peculiar in not marking the principal accent at all. This seems to be due to the fact that in the RV. the pitch of the Udatta is intermediate between the other two tones. Hence the preceding Anudatta, as having a low pitch, is indicated l)elow the syllable bearing it by a horizontal stroke, while the following Svarita, which at first rises to a slightly higher pitch and then falls, is indicated above the syllable bearing it by a vertical stroke ; e. g. agnina = agnina ; viryam = viryam (for viriam). Successive Udattas at the beginning of a hemistich are indicated by the absence of all marks till the enclitic Svarita which follows the last of them or till the Anudatta which (ousting the enclitic Svarita) follows the last of them as a preparation for another Udatta (or for an independent Svarita) ; e. g. tav a yatam = tav a yatam ; tavet tat satyam ^ = tav6t tat satyam. On the other hand, all successive unaccented syllables at the beginning of a hemistich are marked with the Anudatta ; e. g. vaisvanaram =vaisvanaram. But all the unaccented syllables following a Svarita remain unmarked till that which immediately precedes an Udatta (or independent Svarita) ; e, g. imam me gange yamune sarasvati sutiidri = imam me gaiige yamune sarasvati sutudri.
a. Since a hemistich of two or more Padas is treated as a unit that consists of an unbroken chain of accented and unaccented syllables, and ignores the division into Padas, the mai'king of the preceding Anudatta and the following Svarita is not limited to the word in which the Udatta occurs, but extends to the contiguous words not only of the same, but of the succeeding Pada ; e. g. agnina rayim asnavat posam eva dive-dive = agnina rayim asnavat |
1 Here the enclitic Svarita, which would rest on the syllable sa if the following syllable were vmaccented, is ousted by the Anudatta, which is required to indicate that the following syllable tyam has the Udatta.
1819 G g
450 APPENDIX III
p6sam eva div6-dive ; sa nah piteva sunave ,jgne supa- yano bhava = sa nah pit6va sunav6 'gne supayano bhava.^
h. When an independent Svarita ^ immediately precedes an Udatta, it is accompanied by the sign of the numeral 1 if the vowel is short and by 3 if it is long, the figure being marked with both the Svarita and the Anudatta ; e. g. apsviantah = apsii antah ; rayo ^ vanih = rayo 'vanih (cp. 17, 3).
3. Both the MaitrayanT and the Kathaka Samhitas agree in marking the Udatta with a vertical stroke above (like the Svarita in the EV.), thereby seeming to indicate that here the Udatta rose to the highest pitch ; e. g. agnina. But they differ in their method of marking the Svarita. The MaitrayanI indicates the independent Svarita by a curve below ; e. g. viry^ira = viryam ; but the dependent Svarita by a horizontal stroke crossing the middle of the syllable or by three vertical strokes above it ; while the Kathaka marks the independent Svarita by a curve below only if an unaccented syllable follows, but by a hook below if the following syllable is accented ; e. g. viryam = viryam badhnati; viryam = viryam vyacaste ; the dependent Svarita has a dot below^ the accented syllable.'' The Anudatta is marked in both these Samhitas with a horizontal stroke below (as in the EV.).^
4. In the Samaveda the figures 1, 2, 3 are w^-itten above the accented syllable to mark the Udatta, the Svarita, and
' In thePada text on the other hand, each word has its own accent only, unaffected by contiguous words. The two above hemistichs there read as I'ollows : agnina rayim asnavat posain eva dive^f dive ; sah nah pita ,fiva sunave agne su^upayanah bliava.
- As in kva = kua, viryam = viriam.
* In L. V. Scliroeder's editions of tliese two Samhitas the Udatta and the independent Svarita only are marked.
* When the text of any of the Samhitas is transliterated in Roman characters, the Anudatta and the enclitic Svarita are omitted as unnecessary because the Udatta itself is marked with the sign of the acute ; thus agnina becomes agnina.
VEDIC ACCENT 451
the Anudatta respectively as representing three degrees of
pitch ; e. g. barhisi = barhisi (barhisi). The figure 2 is, however, also used to indicate the Udatta when there is no
3 ■! ,
following Svarita ; e. g. gira = gira (gira). When there are two successive Udattas, the second is not marked, but the following Svarita has 2r written above; e.g.
3 1 2r
dviso martyasya (dvis6 martyasya). The independent Svarita is also marked with 2r, the preceding Anudatta
3k 2r
being indicated by 3k ; e. g. tanva = tanva.
5. The Satapatha Brahrnana marks the Udatta only. It does so by means of a horizontal stroke below (like the Anudatta of the KV.) ; e, g. purusah = purusah. Of two or more successive Udattas only the last is marked ; e. g. agnir hi vai dhur atha = agnir hi vai dhur atha. An independent Svarita is thrown back on the preceding syllable in the form of an Udatta ; e. g. manusyesu = manusyesu for manusyesu. The Svarita produced by change to a semivowel, by contraction, or the elision of initial a is similarly treated ; e. g. evaitad = 6vaitad for evaitad (— eva etad).
6. Accent of single words. Every Vedic word is, as a rule, accented and has one main accent only. In the original text of the EV. the only main accent was the Udatta which, as Comparative Philology shows, generally rests on the same syllable as it did in the Indo-European period ; e. g. ta-ta-s stretched, Gk. Ta-rd-<i ; janu n. Mee, Gk. ydvv ; a-drs-at, Gk. e-SpaK-e ; bhara-ta, Gk. (f>ip€-Te} But in the written text of the EV. the Svarita appears to be the main accent in some words. It then always follows a y or v which represents original i or u with Udatta ; e. g. rathyam
' But (pepufiepo-i (bharamanas) by the secondary Greek law of accentuation which prevents the acute from going back farther than the third syllable from the end of a word.
Gg2
452 APPENDIX III
= rathi^m ' ; svar - = siiar n. liffht ; tanvam = tanuam.'' Here the original vowel with its Udatta must be restored in pronunciation except in a very few late passages.
7. Double Accent. One form of dative infinitive and two types of syntactical compounds have a double accent. The infinitive in tavai, of which numerous examples occur both in the Samhitas and the Brahmanas, accents both the first and the last syllable ; e. g. 6-tavai to go ; apa-bhar- tavai to take mvay. Compounds both members of which are duals in form (186 A 1), or in which the first member has a genitive ending (187 A 6 ft), accent bothmembers ; e. g. mitra-varuna Mitra and Varum ; brhas-pati lord of prayer. In B. a double accent also appears in the particle vava.
8. Lack of Accent. Some words never have an accent ; others lose it under certain conditions.
A. Always enclitic are :
a. all cases of the pronouns ena he, she, it, tva another, sama some ; and the following forms of the personal pro-, nouns of the first and second persons : ma, tva ; me, te ; nau, vam; nas, vas (109 a), and of the demonstrative stems i and sa : im (111 n. 3) and sim (180).
h. The particles ea and, u also, va or, iva Uhe, gha, ha just, cid at all, bhala indeed, samaha somehow, sma just, indeed, svid probably.
B. Liable to loss of accent according to syntactical position are :
a. vocatives, unless beginning the sentence or Pada.
6. finite verbs in principal clauses, unless beginning the sentence or Pada.
c. oblique cases of the pronoun a, if unemphatic (replacing a preceding substantive) and not beginning the sentence or Pada ; e. g. asya janimani his (Agni's) births (but asya usasah of that daivn).
^ Ace. of rathi charioteer.
^ In the TS. always written suvar.
^ Ace. of tanu body.
ACCENT OF NOMINAL STEMS 453
d. yatha as almost invariably when, in the sense of iva like, it occurs at the end of a Pada ; e. g. tayavo yatha like thieves ; kam indeed always when following nu, sii, hi.
1. Accentuation of Nominal Stems.
9. The most important points to be noted here are the following : —
A. Primary Suffixes :
a. Stems in-as accent the root if neut. action nouns, but the suffix if masc. agent nouns ; e. g. ap-as n. ivork, but ap-as active. The same substantive here, without change of meaning, sometimes varies the accent with the gender ; e. g. raks-as n., raks-as m. demon.
b. Stems formed with the superlative suffix istha accent the root ; e. g. yajistha sacrificing best. The only exceptions are jyestha eldest (but jyestha greatest) and kanistha youngest (but kanistha smallest).^ When the stem is compounded with a preposition, the latter is accented ; e. g. a-gamistha coming best.
c. Stems formed with the comparative suffix iyams invariably accent the root ; e. g, jav-iyams swifter. When the stem is compounded with a preposition, the latter is accented ; e. g. prati-cyaviyams pressing closer against.
d. Stems formed with tar generally accent the root when the meaning is participial, but the suffix when it is purely nominal ; e. g. da-tar giving (with ace), but da-tar giver.
e. Stems in man when (neut.) action nouns, accent the root, but when (masc.) agent nouns the suffix ; e. g. kar-man n. action, but dar-man, m. breaker. The same substantive here varies, in several instances, in accent with the meaning and gender (cp. above, 9 A a) ; e. g. brahman n. prayer, brahman m. one who prays ; sad-man, n. seat, sad-man, m. sitter. When these stems are compounded with prepositions,
' These two exceptions arise simply from the desire to distinguish the two me.inings of each of them. See l)elow (16, footnote 2).
454 APPENDIX III
the latter are nearly alwaj^s accented ; e g. pra-bharman, n. presentation.
B. Secondary Suiflxes:
a. Stems in ^n always accent the suffix : e. g. asv-in possessing horses.
h. Stems in tama, if superlatives, hardly ever accent the suffix (except puru-tama very mamj, ut-tama highest, ^a^vat- tama most frequent), but if ordinals, the final syllable of the suffix ; e. g. ^ata-tama hundredth.
c. Stems in ma, whether superlatives or ordinals, regularly accent the suffix ; e. g. adha-ma lowest ; asta-ma eighth : except anta-ma next (but twice anta-ma).
2. Accentuation of Compounds.
10. Stated generally, the rule is that iteratives, possessives, and governing compounds accent the first member, while determinatives (Karmadharayas and Tatpurusas), and regu- larly formed co-ordinatives accent the last member (usually on its final syllable). Simple words on becoming members of compounds generally retain their original accent. Some, however, alwa5^s change it : thus visva regularly becomes visva ; others do so in certain combinations only : thus piirva prior becomes piirva in purva-cltti f. Jirst thought, purva-piti f. frst draught, purva-huti first invocation ; m6dha sacrifice shifts its accent in medha-pati lord of sacrifice and medha-sati f. reception of the sacrifice, and vira hero in puru-vira possessed of many men and su-vira heroic. An adjective compound may shift its accent from one member to another on becoming a substantive or a proper name ; e. g. su-krta toell done, but su-krta, n. good deed ; a-raya niggardly, but a-raya m. name of a demon.
a. Iteratives accent the first member only, the two words being separated b}' Avagraha in the Pada text, like the members of other compounds ; e.g. ahar-ahar day after day ; jAd-j ad whatever ; jAtha-jatha, as in each case ; adya-adya, svah-svah on each to-day, on each to-morrow ; pra-pra foiih and again ; piba-piba drink again and again.
ACCENTUATION OF COMPOUNDS 455
6. In governing compounds the first member, when it is a verbal noun (except siksa-nara helping men) is invariably accented ; e. g. trasa-dasyu terrifying foes, name of a man ; present or aorist participles place the accent, wherever it may have been originally, on their final syllable; e.g. tarad-dvesas overcoming (tarat)/ocs. When the first member is a prejjosition, either that word is accented, or the final syllable of the compound if it ends in a ; e. g. abhi-dyu directed to heaven, but adhas-pad-a under the feet ; anu-kama according to wish (kama).
c. Bahuvrlhis normally accent their first member ; e. g. raja-putra having kings as sons (but raja-putra son of a Icing) ; visvato-mukha facing in all directions ; saha-vatsa accom- panied hy her calf.
a. But about one-eighth of all Bahuvrihis accent the second member chiefly on the final syllable). This is commonly the case when the first member is a dissyllabic adjective ending in i or u, invariably in the RV. when it is purii or bahii much ; e. g. tuvi-dyumnd having great glory ; vibhu-krdtu having great strength ; puru-putr4 having many sons ; bahv-auna having much food} This also is the regular accentuation when the first member is dvi t^vo, tri three, dus ill, su ivell, or the privative particle a or an ; ^ e. g. dvi-pdd two-footed, tri-nabhi having three naves, dur-m^nman ill-disposed, su-bhi,ga well-endoKed, a-ddnt toothless, a-phala lacking fruit (phala).
d. Determinatives accent the final member (chiefly on the final syllable).
1. Ordinary Karmadharayas accent the final syllable ; e, g. prathama-ja first-born, pratar-yiij early yoked, maha- dhana great spoil. But when the second member ends in i, man, van, or is a gerundive (used as a n. substantive), the penultimate syllable is accented ; e.g. dur-grbhi Jtard to hold ; su-tarman crossing ivell ; raghu-patvan swift-fiying j purva-p6ya, n. precedence in drinking.
' The later Samhitas tend to follow the general rule ; e. g. puni- naman l,SV.) many -named.
" Bahuvrihis formed with a or an are almost invariably accented on the final syllable as a distinction from Kaimadharayas (which normally accent the first syllable, as 6-manusa mftwman) ; e.g. a-matr6. measureless.
456 APPENDIX III
a. The liist member is, however, accented under the following conditions. It is generally accented when it is an adverbial word qualifying a 2)ast participle in ta or na or a verbal noun in tl ; e. g. diir-hita faring ill ; sadhd-stuti joint iwaise. It is almost invariably accented when it is the privitive particle a or an ' compounded with a participle, adjective, or substantive ; e. g. an-adant not eating, d-vidvams not knowing, d-krta not done, d-tandra imwearied, d-kumara not a child. The privative particle is also regularly accented, when it negatives a compound; e.g. 6n-asva-da not giving a horse, dn-agni- dagdha not burnt with fire,
2. Ordinary Tatpurusas accent the final syllable ; e. g. gotra-bhid opening the cow-pens, agnim-indha firc-hindling, bhadra-vadin uttering auspicious cries ; uda-megha shower oftvater. But when the second member is an agent noun in ana, an action noun in ya, or an adjective in i, or van, the radical syllable of that member is accented ; e. g. deva- madana exhilarating the gods ; ahi-hatya n. slaughter of the dragon ; pathi-raksi protecting the road ; soma-pavan Soma- drinhing.
a. The first member is, however, accented when it is dependent on past passive participles in ta and na or on action nouns in ti ; e. g. devd-hita ordained by the gods, dh6na-sati acquisition of wealth. It is usually also accented, if dependent on p^ti lord ; e. g. grha-pati lord of the house. Some of these compounds with pati accent the second member with its original accent ; some others in the later Samhitas, conforming to the general rule, accent it on the final syllable ; thus apsara-pati (AV.) lord of the Ax>sarases, ahar-pati (^MS.) lord of day, nadi-pati (VS.) lord of rivers,
j8. A certain number of Tatpurusas of syntactical origin, having a genitive case-ending in the first member nearly always followed by p6ti, are doubly accented ; e. g. bfhas-pati lord of iwayer. Other are apam-nfipat son o/"tya<eys, nara-simsa (for naram-s^msa) 2'»'«!se of men, <5unah-86pa Dog''s tail, name of a man. The analogy of these is followed by some Tatpurusas without case-ending in the first member : sdci-pdti lord of might ; tdnu-ndpat son of himself (tanii) ; nf-sdmsa praise of men.
^ Sometimes, however, the first syllable of the second member is accented ; e. g. a-jira imaging ; a-mitra m. enemy {non-friend : raitrd) ; a-mrta immortal (from mrtd).
ACCENTUATION OF COMPOUNDS 457
c. Regularly formed Dvandvas (ISO A 2. 3) accent the final syllable of the stem irrespective of the original accent of the last member ; e. g. ajavayah. m. pi. goats and sheep ; aho-ratrani days and nights ; ista-purtam n. lohat is sacrificed and presented.
a. The very rare cadverbial Dvandvas accent the first member: d,har-divi ^ day hij day, saydm-pratar evening and morning.
0. Co-ordinatives consisting of the names of two deities, each dual in form (Devata-dvandvas), accent both members; e.g. indra-vd,runa Indra and Varuna ; siirya-masa Sun and Moon. A few others, formed of words that are not the names of deities, are similarly accented ; e. g. turvasa-yadu Turvas'a and Yadu ; mat^ra-pitdra mother and father.'
3. Accent in Declension.
11. a. The vocative, when accented at all (18), invariably has the acute on the first syllable ; e. g. pitar (N. pita), ddva (N. deva-s). The regular vocative of dyu (dyav) is dyaus, i. e. diaus (which irregularly retains the s of the nom. : cp. Gk. Zev), but the accent of the N., dyaus, usually appears instead.
b. In the a and a declensions the accent remains on the same syllable throughout (except the vocative) ; e. g. deva-s, deva-sya, deva-nam. This rule includes monosyllabic stems, pronouns, the numeral dva, and radical a stems ; e. g. from ma : maya, ma-hyam, may-i ; from ta : ta-sya, t6-sam, ta-bhis ; from dva : dva-bhyam, dvayos ; from ja m. f. offspring: ja-bhyam, ja-bhis, ja-bhyas, ja-su.
a. The cardinal stems in a, pdiaca, ndva, dasa (and its compounds) shift the accent to the vowel before the endings bhis, bhyas, su, and to the gen, ending nam ; asta shifts it to all the endings and saptd to the gen. ending; e. g. pafica-bhis, panca-nam ; saptd.-bhis, sapta-nam; asta-bbis, asta-bhyds, asta-nam.
' This is perhaps rather an irregular iterative in which the first member is repeated by a synonym.
^ Occasionally these compounds become assimilated to the normal type by losing the accent and even the inflexion of the first member ; e. g. indragni Indra and Agni, indra-vayu Indra and Vdyv.
468 APPENDIX III
/9. The pronoun a iliis, though sometimes conforming to tliis rule (e. g. a-smai, d-sya, a-bhis). is usually treated like monosyllables not ending in a ; e. g. a-sya, e-sam, a-sam,
c. When the final syllable of the stem is accented, the acute is liable to shift (except in the a declension) to the endings in the weak cases.
1. In monosyllabic stems (except those ending in a) this is the rule;^ e.g. dhi f. thought', dhiy-a, dhi-bhis, dhi- nam ; bhu f. earth : bhuv-as, bhuv-6s ; nau f. ship : nav-a, nau-bhis, nau-sii (Gk. vav-at) ; dant, m. tooth : dat-a, dad-bhis.^
There are about a dozen exceptions to this rule : go cow, dyo sky ; nf man, str star ; ksam earth ; tan succession, ran joy, vdn icood ; vi m. bird ; vip rod ; svar light ; e. g. g^v-a, gSv-am, go-bhis ; dyav-i, dyu-bhis ; nir-e, nf-bhis, nf-su (but nar-am and nr-nam) ; stf-bhis ; ksdm-i ; tdn-a (also tan-a") ; r^n-e, rdm-su ; vam-su (but van-am) ; vi-bhis, vi-bhyas (but vl-nam) ; G. vip-as ; siir-as i^but sur-6) ; also the dative infinitives badh-e to press and vah-e to convey. The irregular accentuation of a few other monosyllabic stems is due to their being reduced forms of dissyllables ; these are dru wood (daru), snu summit (sanu), svan dog (Gk. kvcov), yun ^weak stem of yuvan young) ; e. g. dru-na ; snu-su ; sixna, svd.-bhis ; y^n-a.
2. When the final accented syllable loses its vowel either by syncope or change to a semivowel, the acute is thrown forward on a vowel ending ; e. g. from mahiman greatness : mahimna ; agni fire : agny-6s ; dhenii coiv : dhenv-a ; y&dhuhride: vadhv-ai (AV.) ; -pitf Jather : pitr-a.
a. Polysyllabic stems in f, u, f and, in the RV., usually those in i, throw the acute on the ending of the gen. pi. also, even though the final vowel of the stem here retains its syllabic character; e.g. agni-nami dhenu-nam, datf-nam, bahvi-nam (cp. 11 b a),
3. Present participles in at and ant throw the acute forward on vowel endings in the weak cases ; e. g. tud-ant striking : tudat-a (but tudad-bhis). This rule is also
' At the end of a compound a monosyllabic stem loses this accentua- tion ; e. g. su-dhi tcise, sudhf-nam.
ACCENT IN DECLENSION 459
followed by the old participles mahant great and brhant lofty ; e. g. mahat-a (but mahad-bhis).
4. In the EV. derivatives formed with accented -anc throw the acute forward on vowel endings in the weak cases when the final syllable contracts to ic or uc ; e.g. praty-anc turned towards : pratic-a(but pratyak-su) ; anv-aho following : anuc-as ; hut pr&ho forward: prac-i.^
4. Verbal Accent.
12. a. The augment invariably bears the acute, if the verb is accented at all (19) ; e. g. inipf. a-bhavat ; aor. a-bhut ; plup. a-jagan ; cond. a-bharisyat. The accentua- tion of the forms in which the augment is dropped (used also as injunctives) is as follows. The imperfect accents the same sj'llable as the present ; e. g. bharat : bharati ; bhinat : bhinatti. The pluperfect accents the root ; e. g. cakan (3. s.) : namamas, tastambhat ; tatananta ; but in the 3. pi. also occur cakrpanta, dadhrsanta.
The aorist is variously treated. The s and the is forms accent the root ; e. g. vam-s-i (van win) ; sams-is-am. The root aorist (including the passive form) accents the radical vowel in the sing, active, but the endings elsewhere ; e. g. 3. s. vark (\/vrj); pass. v6d-i ; 2. s. mid. nut-thas. The aorists formed with -a " or -sa accent those syllables ; e. g. ruham, vidat ; budhanta ; dhuk-sa-nta. The reduplicated aorist accents either the reduplicated syllable ; e. g. ninasas, piparat, jijanan ; or the root, as piparat, sisnathat.
h. Present System. The accent in the a conjugation (as in the a declension) remains on the same syllable throughout: on the radical syllable in verbs of the first and fourth classes, on the affix in the sixth (125) ; e. g. bhavati ; nahyati ; tudati.
> In the other Samhitas, however, the accent is generally retained on the stem ; tlius the AV. forms the f. stem pratic-i (RV. pratTc-f).
^ In the a aorist several forms are found accenting tlie root; e.g. aranta, sddatam, s6.nat.
460 APPENDIX III
The graded conjugation accents the stem in the strong forms (126), but the endings in the weak forms. In the strong forms the radical syllable is accented in the second ' and the reduplicative syllable in the third class ; ^ and the stem affix in the fifth, eighth, seventh, and ninth classes ; e. g. as-ti, as-a-t, as-tu ; bibhar-ti ; kr-no-ti, kr-nav-a-t ; man-av-a-te ; yu-na-j-mi, yu-naj-a-t ; grh-na-ti, grbh- na-s (2. s. sub.); but ad-dhi, ad-yur; bi-bhr-masi ; ^ kr-nv-6, kr-nu-hi ; van-u-yama, van-v-antu ; * yunk-t6, yuhk-sva ; gr-ni-masi, gr-ni-hi.
c. Perfect. The strong forms (the sing. 1. 2, 3. ind. and 3. impv. act. and the whole subjunctive) accent the radical syllable, the weak forms (cp. 140) the endings ; e. g. cakara ; jabhar-a-t, vavart-a-ti ; mumok-tu ; but cakr-ur, cakr- mahe ; vavrt-yam ; mu-mug-dhi. The participle accents the suffix ; e. g. cakr-vams, cakr-ana.
d. Aorist. The injunctive is identical in accentuation (as well as form) with the unaugmented indicative (see above, 12).
a. Tlie root aor. accents the radical syllable in the subjunctive ; 6. g. kdr-a-t, srav-a-tas, gam-a-nti, bhdj-a-te ; but the endings in the opt. and impv. (except the 3. s. act.),^ and the suffix in the participle ;6 e.g. as-yam, as-i-m^hi ; kr-dhi, ga-tam, bhu-ta i^but 3. s. sro-tu), kr-svd ; bhid-ant, budh-ana.
^ Eleven verbs of this class accent the root throughout : as sit, id praise, ir set in motion, is rule, caks see, taik.s fashion, tra, protect, nims kiss, vas wear, si lie, su briny forth ; c. g. saye, &c.
Occasionally the 2. s. impv. mid. accents the root in other verbs also ; e. g. yak-sva (\/yaj).
^ Four verbs, ci note, mad exhilarate, yu separate, hu sacrifice, accent the radical syllable ; e. g. juho-ti. A few other verbs do so in isolated forms ; e. g. bibhfir-ti (usually bibhar-ti).
3 In the third class the reduplicative syllable is accented in the weak forms also if the ending begins with a vowel ; e.g. bi-bhr-ati.
* In the second, fifth, seventh, eighth, and ninth classes the final syl- lable of the 3. pi. mid. is irregularly accented in rihate (beside rih&te) ; krnv-at6, vrnv-at6, sprnv-at§, tanv-ate, manv-at6 ; bhunj-at6 (beside biiuSj-dte) ; pun-at6, rin-at6.
^ The radical syllable (in its strong form) is also in several instances accented in the 2. pi. act. ; e.g. kar-ta beside kr-td; gan-ta, gdn-tana beside ga-td, &c.
® In the mid. part, the root is, in several instances, accented ; e. g. dyut-ana. '
ACCENT IN CONJUGATION 461
13. The s and is aor. accent tlie root in the subjunctive but the endings in the opt. and impv. ; e. g. yfik-s-a-t (Vyb,]), b6dh-is-a-t ; but bhak-s-iya (Vbhaj), dhuk-s-i-m^hi (Vduh), edh-is-i-y^ (AV.) ; avid-dhi, avis-tam.' The s aor. accents tlie root in the act. part., but nearly always the suffix in the irregularly formed middle ; " e. g. dik-s-ant (\/dah), arca-s-an£.
7. The a aorist accents the thematic vowel throughout the moods (as in the unaugmented indicative) and the part. ; e. g. vidat ; vid^yara ; ruhd-tam ; trpdnt, guha-mana.'
6. The sa aor. accents the sutKx in the impv. : dhak-s£-sva (v^dah). The same accentuation would no doubt appear in the subjunctive and optative, but no examples of those moods (nor of the part.) occur.
(. In the reduplicated aor. the treatment of the subj. and opt. is uncertain because no normally formed accented example occurs; but in the impv. the ending is accented ; e. g. jigr-tgm, didhr-t^.*
e. Future. The accent in all forms of this tense remains on the suffix sya or i-sya ; e. g. e-syami ; kar-i-syati ; karisyant.
/. Secondary conjugations. As all these (except the primary intensive) belong to the a conjugation, they accent the same syllable throughout. The causative (168) accents the penultimate syllable of the stem, as krodh-aya-ti enrages ; the passive, the secondary intensive (172), and the denomina- tive (175), accent the suffix ya ; e.g. pan-ya-te is admired; rerih-ya-te licJcs rcjcaiedJij ; gopa-ya-nti they jprotectJ' The desiderative (169) accents the reduplicative syllable ; e. g. pi-pri-sa-ti desires to please. The primary intensive agrees with the third conjugational class in accenting the reduplica- tive syllable in the strong forms, but the endings with initial consonant in the weak forms of the indie, act. ; e, g. j6-havi-ti, jar-bhr-tas, but 3. pi. varvrt-ati ; in the mid. ind. the reduplicative syllable is more frequently accented
1 No accented impv. forms occur in the s. aor. In the sis aor. the only accented modal form occurring is the impv. : ya-sis-tani.
* Neither the is nor the sis aor. forms participles.
' But the root is accented, in several imperatives and participles, e. g. s&na, sMatam, khydta ; sadant, d^samana.
* No participial form occurs in this aor.
* A certain number of unmistakable denominatives, however, have the causative accent ; e. g. mantra-yati takes counsel (mantra).
462 APPENDIX III
than not ; e. g. t6-tik-te, less often ne-nik-t6. In the subj. and part, the reduplicative syllable is regularly accented ; e. g. jan-ghan-a-t, jan-ghan-a-nta ; c6kit-at, c6kit-ana. The accentuation of the imperative ^ was probably the same as that of the present reduplicating class (12 b) ; but the only accented forms occurring are in the 2. s. act., as jagr-hi, carkr-tat.
5. Accent of Nominal Verb Forms.
13. a. Tense Participles when compounded with one or more prepositions retain their original accent (while the prepositions lose theirs) ; e. g. apa-gachant f/oino away, vi-pra-yantah advancing, pary-a-vivrtsan visiting to turn round; apa-gacha-mana ; apa-jaganvaras, apa-jagm-ana.
a. A single preposition, or the first of two, not infrequently becomes separated by the interposition of one or more words or by being placed after the participle. It is then treated as independent and recovers its accent ; e. g. dpa drlhani dardrat hxirsiing strongholds asunder ; a ca para oa pathibhis c&rantam icandering hither and thither on his paths ; m^dhu bibhrata upa bringing sweetness near ; pra vayam uj-jihanah ,//?/iH(7 iq) to a branch ; avasrjann xipa hestowing. Occasionally an immediately preceding preposition is not compounded with the participle and is then also accented ; e.g. abhi daksat burning around; vf vidvan - discriminating ; abhf a-cdrantah approaching.
h. On the other hand, the past passive participle," when compounded with one or more prepositions, generally loses its accent ; e. g. ni-hita deposited^ When there are two prepositions the first remains unaccented ; e. g. sam-a-krtam accumulated ; or the first may be separated and independently accented ; e. g. pra yat samudra ahitah when dispatched forth to the ocean.
* No accented form of the optative occurs.
2 Probably in distinction from vividvan simple reduplicated participle of vid find.
^ Which itself is always accented on the final syllable ; e. g. ga-td, pati-t&, chin-nfi.
* In several instances, however, it retains its accent ; e. g. nis-krtd prepared. This is the case with prepositions that are not used independently.
ACCENT OF NOMINAL VERB FORMS 463
r. Gerundives in ya (or tya) and tva accent the root : e. g. caks-ya io he seen, sru-t-ya to he heard, earkr-tya to he praised, vak-tva to he said ; those in ayya, enya, aniya accent the penultimate of the suffix ; e. g. pan-ayya to he admired, iks-enya icorthi/ to he seen, upa-jiv-aniya (AV.) to he suhsisted on ; while those in tavya accent the final syllable : jan-i-tavya (AV.) to he horn. When compounded with prepositions (here always inseparable) gerundives nearly always retain the accent of the simple form ; e. g. pari- caks-ya to he despised ; abhy-a-yams6nya to he drawn near ; a-mantraniya (AV.) to he addressed.
14. Infinitives are as a rule accented like ordinary cases that would be formed from the same stem.
a. Dative infinitives from stems in i, ti, as, van accent the suffix ; those in dhyai, the preceding thematic a ; and those formed from the root, the ending ; e. g. drsay-e to see, pitay-e to drinl; caras-e ^ to move, da-van-e " to give, tur-van-e " to overcome ; iy-a-dhyai '^ to go ; drs-6 to see.
a. When radical infinitives are compounded with prejoositions tlie root is accented ; e.g. sam-idh-e to kindle, abhi-pra-caks-e ^ to see.
h. The dative infinitive from stems in man, the accusative and the abl. gen. from roots, and all from stems in tu accent the root ; e. g. da-man-e io give ; ^ siibh-am to shine, a-sad-am to sit down ; ava-pad-as to fall down ; da-tum to give, gan-tos to go, bhar-tav-e to hear, gan-tav-ai ' to go.
a. When compounded, infinitives from tu stems accent the preposi- tion;' e.g. sam-kar-tum to collect; ni-dha-tos to put dorvn ; &pi-dha-
^ In these the root is sometimes accented, as cdks-as-e Io see.
* Tliis infinitive also appears with independently accented preposi- tions ; pra davdne and abhi pv& davdrue.
^ The root is once accented in dhiir-vane io injure.
* In these the root is sometimes accented ; e. g. gdma-dhyai.
" The regular accentuation of monosyUabic stems when compounded : cp. lie, 1.
* But vid-m6n-e io know,
"^ With a secondary accent on the final syllable : cp. above, 7.
* But when the preposition is detached the infinitive retains its accent ; e. g. prd da^tise datave to present to the worshipper.
464 APPENDIX III
tav-e to cover up ; ^pa-bhar-tavdi ' to he taken away. Wlien there are two prepositions the first may be separate and independently accented ; e. g. anu prd-volhum to advance along, vi prfi-sartave to spread.
15. Gerunds formed with tvi, tva, tvaya accent the suffix, but when they are compounded with prepositions (here always insej^arable) and formed with ya or tya, they accent the root ; e, g. bhu-tva having become, ga-tvi and ga-tvaya having gone ; sam-grbh-ya having gathered, upa- srii-tya (AV.) having overcome.
16. Case forms used as adverbs frequently shift their accent to indicate clearly a change of meaning. ^ The accusative neuter form is here the commonest ; e. g. dravat quicMy, but dravat running ; aparam later, but aparam as n. adj. ; uttaram higher, but uttaram as n. adj. ; adverbs in vat e. g. pratna-vat as of old, but the ace. n. of adjectives in vant do not accent the suffix. Examples of other cases are : div-a hy day, but div-a through heaven ; aparaya for the future, but aparaya to the later ; sanat from of old, but sanat from the old.
6. Sandhi Accent.
17. 1. When two vowels combine so as to form a long vowel or diphthong, the latter receives the Udatta, if either or both the original vowels had it ; e. g. agat = a agat ; nudasvatha = nudasva atha ; kv6t = kva it ; ^ nantarah = na antarah.
a. But the contraction of i i is accented as i,* the enclitic Svarita (i i) having here ousted the preceding Udatta ; e. g. diviva ^ = divi iva.®
1 Retaining the secondary accent on the final syllable.
2 Such a shift is found in nouns to indicate either a simple change of meaning, e.g. jy^stha greatest, but jyesth^ eldest; or a change of category also, e.g. gomati rich in cows, but gomati name of a river; rajaputra son of a king, but rajaputra having sons as kings.
^ Eut when a Svarita on a final vowel is followed by an unaccented initial vowel, it of course remains, e. g. kveyatha = kva iyatha.
* In the RV. and AV., but not in the Taittirlya texts, which follow the general rule.
^ RV. and AV., but diviva in the Taittirlya texts.
* This is the praslista or contracted Svarita of the Prati^akhyas.
SANDHI ACCENT 465
2. When i and u with Udatta are changed to y and v, a following unaccented vowel receives the Svarita ; ^ e.g. vy anat = vi anat. Here the Svarita assumes the appear- ance of an independent accent ; but the uncontracted form with the Udatta must almost invariably be pronounced in the RV.
3. When accented a is elided it throws back its Udatta on unaccented e or o ; e. g. sunav6 ^gne = sundve agne ; v6 ,jvasah = vo avasah. But when unaccented a is elided, it changes a preceding Udatta to Svarita ; - e. g. s6 ^dhamdh = s6 adhamdh.-^
7. Sentence Accent.
18. The vocative, whether it be a single word or a compound expression, can be accented on its first syllable only.
a. It retains its accent only at the beginning of a sentence or Pada,* that is, when having the full force of the case it occupies the most emphatic position ; e. g. agne, supayan6 bhava 0 Agni, he easy of access ; urjo napat sahasavan ^ 0 mighty son of strength. This rule also applies to doubly accented dual compounds ; e. g. mitra-varuna ° 0 Mitra and Varum. Two or more vocatives at the beginning of a sentence are all accented ; e. g. adite, mitra, varuna 0 Acliti, 0 Mitra, 0 Varum. Two accented vocatives are sometimes applicable to the same person ; e. g. urjo napad,
^ This is the ksaipra or quickly pronounced Svarita of the Pi-ati^akhyas.
^ This is the a'bhinihita Svarita of the Prati^akhyas.
^ Here the Svarita (6 a) has ousted the preceding Udatta.
* This applies to the second as well as the first Pada of a hemistich, indicating that both originally had a mutually independent character, which is obscured by the strict application of Sandhi and the absence of any break in marking the accent, at the internal junction of the Padas of a hemistich.
° The corresponding nom. would be lirjo uapat sdhasava.
•■ The nom. is mitra- vfiruna. i8i» H h
466 APPENDIX III
bhadrasocise 0 son of strength, 0 projntioushj bright one (both addressed to Agni).^
1). When it does not begin the sentence or Pada, the vocative, being unemphatic, loses its accent ; e. g. upa tva^ agne div6-dive | dosavastar^ dhiya vayam | namo bharanta 6masi to thee, 0 Agni, day ty day, 0 illuminer of darkness, hringing homage with prayer we come ; a rajana maha rtasya gopa ' hither (come), 0 ye two sovereign guardians of great order ; rt^na mitra-varunav | rtavrdhav rtasprsa \ through Law, 0 law-loving, law-cherishing 3Iitra and Varuna;^ ydd indra brahmanaspate ^ | abhidroham caramasi | if, 0 Indra, 0 Brahmanaspati, we commit an offence.
19. The verb is differently accented according to the natux'e of the sentence.
A. The finite verb in a principal sentence is unaccented ; e. g, agnim ile purdhitam I praise Agni the domestic priest.
This general rule is subject to the following restrictions :
a. A sentence being regarded as capable of having only one verb, all other verbs syntactically connected with the subject of the first are accented as beginning new sentences ; '^ e, g. t6sam pahi, srudhi havam drinh of them, hear our call ; taranir ij jayati, ks6ti, pusyati the energetic man conquers, rules, thrives ; jahi prajam nayasva ca slay the progeny and bring (it) hither.
b. The verb is accented if it begins the sentence or if.
^ Here the second voc. is accented as in apposition, whereas if it were used attributively it would be unaccented as in h6tar yavistha sukrato 0 youngest wise prie<it.
2 Accented because the first word of the Pada.
' This might represent two vocatives addressed to the same persons; their accented foim would then be : rajana, md,ha rtasya gopa.
* Here the rule that the whole of the compound voc. must be unaccented overrides the rule tliat the first word of the Pada must be accented, i.e. here rtavrdhav,
^ An example of two independent unaccented vocatives.
•> A subject or object coming between two such verbs is generally counted to the first.
ACCENT IN THE SENTENCE 467
though not beginning the sentence, it coincides with the beginning of a Pada ; e.g. saye vavris, carati jihvayadan | rerihyate yuvatim vispatih sau (he covering lies (there) ; he (Agni) moves eating with his tongue ; he kisses the maiden, bring the lord of the house ; atha te antamanam | vidyama sumatinam then may we experience thy highest favours.
c. Vocatives being treated as extraneous to a sentence, a verb immediately following an initial one. becomes the first word of the sentence and is accordingly accented ; e. g. agne, jusasva no havih 0 Agni, enjoy our sacrifice. Thus the sentence indra, jiva ; surya, jiva ; d^va, jivata 0 Indra, live : 0 Surya, live ; 0 gods, live contains three accented verbs as beginning three sentences, while the three preceding vocatives are accented as bsing at the head of those sen- tences, though syntactically outside them.
d. Sometimes the verb when emphatic, though not beginning the sentence, is accented if followed by the particles id or cana ; e. g. adha sma no maghavan carkr- tad it then he mindful of us, bountiful one ; na deva bhasathas cana (him) 0 gods, ye two never consume.
B. The verb of a subordinate clause (introduced by the relative ya and its derivatives, or containing the particles ca and c6d if; n6d lest, hi fo7-, kuvid whether) is always accented ; e. g. yam yajnam paribhur asi ivhat offering thou protectest ; grhan gacha grhapatni yatha^asah go to the house that thou mayest be the lady of the house ; indras ca mrlayati no, na nah pascad agham nasat if Indra he gracious to us, no evil will hereafter reach us ; tvam hi balada asi yor thou art a giver of strength. The relative may govern two verbs ; e.g. y6na surya jyotisa badhase tamo, jagac ca visvam udiyarsi bhanuna the light with which thou, 0 Sun, drivest an-ny the darkness and arousest all the n-orld with thy beam.
The rule is suliject to the extension that principal r-hiuses in form may be accented as siibnrdinate in sense under the following conditions :
Hh2
468 APPENDIX III
a. The first of two clauses, if equivalent to one introduced by 'if or 'when* is occasionally accented ; e.g. s5m asvaparnas c&ranti no ndro, asmakam indra rathfno jayantu when our men loinged with steeds come together, may our car-fighters, Indra, win victory.
p. The first Of two antithetical clauses is frequently accented, ^ especially when the antithesis is clearly indicated by corresponding words lilie anyd-any^, 6ka-6ka, ca-ca, va-va ; e. g. prfi-pra^any6 ydnti, pfiiry anyd asate while some go on, others sit doxcn ; sd,rp. ca^idhasva agne, prfi ca bodhaya^enam both he kindled, Agni, and waken this man's knowledge. When the verb of two such clauses is the same, it usually appears (accented) in the first only ; e. g. dvipac ca s^rvam no riksa, c^tuspad yfic ca nah svfim protect both every biped of ours and ^ohatever quadruped is our own,
y. The verb of the second clause is accented if it is a 1. pers. subjunctive or 2. pers. imperative^ with a final meaning, and the verb of the first clause is a 2. pers. impv. of a + i, gam, or ya 170 ; e. g. 6ta, dhiyain krndvama come, ice will offer prayer ; tiayam a gahi, kdnvesu sii sdca piba come quickly, beside the Kanvas drink thy fill. In B. the verb of the first clause is an impv. of either a-i or prd-i ; e. g. 6hi^iddm p&tSLva, (SB.) come, we xvill noiofly thither ; pr6ta tfid esyamo ydtra^imSm ^sura vibhdijante come, we will go thither where the Asuras are dividing this earth (§B.). The second verb is, however, in similar passages not infrequently left unaccented in B.
Verbal Prepositions.
20. A. In principal clauses the preposition, which is detached and usually precedes but sometimes follows the verb, is accented ; e. g. a gamat majf he come ; gavam apa vrajam vrdhi unclose the stable of the Jcinc, jayema sam yudhi sprdhah. tve would conquer our adversaries in fight ; gamad vajebhir a sa nah may he come to us with hooty.
a. When there are two prepositions, both are independent and accented ; e. g. upa pra yahi come forth ; pari spaso ni sedire the spies have sat down around ; agne vi pasya brhata abhi raya 0 Agni, look forth towards (us) with ample wealth.
1 This accentuation is moi*e strictly applied in B. than in V., and among the Samhitas least strictly in tlie RV.
- In B. the accented verb is either a subjunctive or a future.
VERBAL PEEPOSITIONS 469
a. When a is immediately preceded by another preposition (not ending in i) it alone is accented, both prepositions being compounded with the verb ; e. g. sam-a-krnosi jivd.se ihou fittest (them) to live ; but prdty a tanusva draw (thy bow) against (them).
B. In subordinate clauses the exact reverse takes place, the preposition being generally compounded and unaccented ; e. g. yad . . nisidathah tvhen ye two sit doivn. It is, however, often separated by other words from the verb, when it commonly commences the Pada, or much less frequently follows the verb ; e. g. vi yo mame rajasi loho measured out the two expanses ; yds tastambha sahasa vi jm6 antan who with might propped earth's ends asunder. Occasionally the preposition is detached and accented even immediately before the verb ; e. g. yd ahutim pdri v6da ndmobhih who fidly knows the offering with devotion.
a. When there are two i^repositions, either both are com- pounded and unaccented or the first only is detached and accented ; e. g. yuydm hi devih pari-pra-yathd for ye, 0 goddesses, proceed around ; ydtra^abhi sam-ndvamahe where we to (him) together shout ; sdm ydm a-ydnti dhendvah to whom the cows come together.
a. Very rarely both prepositions are detached and accented ; e. g. prd y6t stota . . lipa girbhir Itte when the praiser latids him tcith songs.
I
VEDIC INDEX
This index contains all Sanskrit words and affixes occurring in the grammar, except the verbs in Appendix 1, which can be found at once owing to their alphabetical order. Indifferent words occurring in examples of Sandhi, of nominal derivation (Chapter VI), or of Syntax, as well as in Appendixes II and III, are excluded.
The figures refer to paragraphs unless pages are specified.
ABBREVIATIONS
A. = adjective, act., active, adv., adverb, adverbial, ac, aorist. Bv., Bahuvrihi. cd., compound, cj., conjunction, cond., conditional, conj., conjugation, -al. corr., correlative, cpv., comparative, cs,, causative, dec, declension, dem., demonsti-ative. den., denomina- tive, der., derivative, derivation, ds., desiderative. end., enclitic. Dv., Dvandva. f.n. foot-note. It., future, gd., gerund, ij., inter- jection, indec, indeclinable. inf., infinitive. inj., injunctive, int., intensive, inter., interrogative, ipv., imi^erative. irr., irregu- larities, itv., iterative, mid., middle. N., nominative, n., neuter, neg., negative, nm., numeral, nom., nominal, ord., ordinal, par., paradigm, pel., particle, per., perijjhrastic. pf., perfect, ppf., plu- perfect, poss., possessive, pp., past passive jjarticiple. pr., present, pri., primary, prn., pronoun, pronominal, prp., preposition, pre- positional. 2>rs., person, personal, jjs., passive, pt., participle, red., reduplication, reduplicated, ref., rellexive. rel., relative, rt., root, sb., subjunctive. sec, secondarj^ sf., suffix. spv., superlative, synt., syntactical. Tp., Tatpurusa. v., vocative, vb., verb, verbal.
w
ith.
A, vowel, pronunciation of, 15,1a; a, pronominal root, 111 ; 195 B 6 ; initial, dropped, 5 c; 156 a; accentuation of, p. 452, 8 B c;
elided, 45, 2 b ; lengthened,
p. 458 /3.
162, 1 c; 168 6; 171,1; 175 A 1; [ a-, augment, 128. thematic, 140,6 ; 141 ; 143, 5. 6 ; a- or an-, privative pel., in Bv.
147, 149 ; change to i, 175 A 1 ; j cds., p. 455, 10 c a ; in Karma- dropped, 175 A 2 ; to be restored dharayas, p. 455, f.n, 2 ; p. 456,
after e and o, p. 4o7, a 7. i 10 rf 1 a.
472
VEDIC INDEX
-a, sf. of 1st conj., 125 ; pri. nom.
sf. , 182, 1 b ; sec. nom. sf.,
182, 2 ; radical nom. stems in,
97, 3 ; der. nom. stems in, 97. ams, attain, pf., 139, 6 ; 140, 3. 5 ;
rt. ao. inj., 148, 3, op., 148, 4,
pre, 148, 4 a. aktubhis, inst. adv. by night,
178,3. aktos, gen. adv. bi/ niijht, 178, 0;
202 D 3 a. d,ks, eye, 80. fiksi, n. eye, 99, 4. akhkhali-kr, croak, 184 d. agrat^s, adv. before, av. gen., 202 D. dgram, adv. before, 1 78, 2. agrii, f. maid, 100, II «. figre, loc. adv. in front, 178, 7. dgrena, adv. in front, 178, 3 ; w.
ace, 197 c /3. angi, i^cl. 7i(s?, 180. fingiras, m. a proj^er name, 83, 2 a. ficha, prp. towards, w. ace, 176, 1 ;
197 B c. &i, m. driver, 79, 3 a. ' -aj, stems in, 79, 3 b. ajavfiyah, m. pi. goats and sheep,
186 A 2 ; accentuation of.
p. 457, e. djosas, a. insatiable, 83, 2 a a. -anc, -ivard, adjectives in, 93 ; ac- centuation, p. 459, c 4. anj, anoint, pr., 134 D 1 ; pf.,
139, 6 ; 140, 1. 3. 5. toiyams, cpv. of dnu, small, 103.
'2 a.' dtatha, a. not saying ' yes ', 97, 2 a. fttas, adv. hence, 179, 2. Cti, prp. beyond., w. ace, 176, 1 ;
197 B c. atijagati, f. a metre, p. 441, f.n. 6. atisakvari, f. a metre, p. 444, 10 «. atyasti, f. a metre, p. 445, 10 6. dtra.'adv. here, 179, 3; = then,
180. dtha, adv. then, 179, 1 ; synt. use
of, 180. Atharvaveda, liow accented,
p. 449. 4th.o, adv. moreover, synt. use of,
180. -ad, stems in, 77, 3 b.
ddant, pr. j^t. eating, 85 (par.), adas, dem. prn. that, 112 ; adv.
there, 178, 2 a. addha, adv. truly, 179, 1. ^drak, has seen, s ao. of drs, p. 16J ,
f. n. 1. adribhid, Tp. cd. mountain-cleaving.
77, 3 a. adha, adv. then, 179. 1 ; svnt. use
of, 180. adhas, adv. beloa-, 179, 1 ; prp., w.
ace, abl., gen., 177, 1. 3. adhastat, adv. below, 179, 2. ddhi, prp. upon. w. loe, abl..
176, 2. ddhvan, m. road, 90.
an, breathe, pr., 134 A 3 « (p. 143 . -an, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 b ; stems
in, 90, 1 ; irr. stems in, 91 ;
influence of stems in, p. 78,
f. n. 15. -ana, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 b. and.ks, a. eyeless, 80. auadvdli, m. o.r, 81 ; 96 ; 96, 2. anarvdn, a. irresistible, 90, 3. an5, adv. thus, 178, 3 c. -ana, pri. nom. suffix, 182, 1 b. anagas, a. sinless, 83, 2 a a. -ani, pri. nom. sf.. 182, 1 b. -aniya, gdv. sf., 162 ; 162, 6 ;
209, 6. anu, prp. after, w. ace. 176. 1 ;
197 B c. anudatta, m. toic pitch accent, p. 448,
1 ; how marked, p. 449, 2 ; p. 450,
3. 4. anunasika, m. nasal, 10/ ; 15, 2/. anustubh, f. a metre, p. 438, f.n.
2 ; " p. 439, 3 b ; later form of,
p. 439, 3 b a. anusvara, m. p^lre nasal, Sf; 10 f
15, 2/; 29 b; 39; 40 a; 40, 2
42 ; p. 33, f. n. 1, 2, 6 : 49 6
66 A ; 67 ; for n, p. 163, f. n. 2
144, 1. -ant, stems in, 85 ; sf. of pr. pt.
act., 156. antir, prp. between, w. ace, abl.,
loe, 176, 2. antara, adv. prp. between, w. ace.
177, 1 ; 197 Be.
VEDIC INDEX
473
antarena, adv. prj). beUceen, w.
ace, 197 B c /3. antastha, f. intermediate = semi-
voH-el, 11, antika, a. near, cpv. and spv. nf,
103, 2 b. antikam, adv. near, w. geii.,
202 D. anyd,, prn. a. other (par.), 120 «. anyatra, adA'. elsewhere, 171), 3. auyatha, adv. otherwise, 179, 1. anyedyus, adv. next day, 179, 1. anyo 'nyi,, a. one another, concord
of, p. 290, 2 /3. anvinc, i\. following, 93 a. ap, f. water, 78, 1 ; 78, la; 96, 1. apara, a. Innr, 120 f 1. aparaya, dat. adv. for the future,
178, 4. aparisu, loc. \)\. adv. t/j future,
178,' 7. apas, n. loork, 83, 2 « (par.), apds, a. arfu-e, 83, 2 a (,par.). apanc, a. backward, 93 &. 4pi, prp. M2^oH, w. loc, 176, lb;
adv. also, even, 180. apsards, f. nymph, 83, 2 a. abhi, prp. towards, w. ace, 176, 1. abhitas, adv. around, 179, 2 ; prp.
w. ace, 177, 1 ; 197 B c. abhinihita svarita, a Sandhi ac- cent, p. 465, f. n. 2. abhisn&th, a. piercing, 77, 2. ibhiru, n. fearless, 98 a. am, injure, pr., 134, 3 c; irr. I'ed.
ao., 149 a 1. -am, gd. in, 166 ; 210 a ; inf. in.
211, 2 a. ama, dem. prn. this, 112 a y. ama, adv. at home, p. 110, f. n. 1 ;
178, 3 f.
amad, adv. from near, p. 110,
f.^n. 1. ami, dem. prn. those, N. pi. m., 112. amiitas, adv. thence, p. 109, f. n. 1 ;
179, 2.
amutra, adv. there, p. 109, f. n. 1. amutha, adv. thus, p. 109, f. n. 1. amuya, inst. adv. in that wa>/,
178, 3 c. amba, v. 0 mother, p. 78, f. n. 6. • aya, cs. sf., how added, 168, 1.
ayam, dem. j>rn. this here, 111
i,par. ; 195 B 1. aya, adv. thus, 178, 3 c. dyat, has sacrificed, s no. of yaj,
J).' 161, f. n. 1. ay as, hast sacrijiced, 2. s. s ao. of
yaj, 144, 2. ayuta, nm. ten thousand, 104. -ar, stems in, 101, 1. ar, liigh grade of r, 5 a ; low grade
of, 4 a. aram, adv. suitably, 178, 2 a ; com-
l)ounded w. verbs, 184 b ; svnt.
use, 180 ; w. dat., 200 A 4 a. ari, a. devout, p. 81, f. n. 1 ; 99, 3. drus, n. wound, 83, 2 c. arc, praise, pf. 139, 6 ; pr. pt. 85. drthaya, adv. dat. for the sake of,
200 B 5. ardh, thrive, pf. 139, 6. arp5.ya, cs. of r, go, red. ao.,
149 a 3. arplta and d,rpita, jjp. cs. of r, go,
160, 3. ^rbuda, nm. ten millions, 104. aryaman, m., a god, 90. arvaiic, a. kitherward, 93 b. arh, deserve, pf., 139, 6. d,lam = firam, adv., synt. use of.
180. alalabhavant, pr. pt. sounding
merrily, 184 d. al, high grade of vowel 1, 5 a. 61pa, a. small, cpv. and spv. of,
103, 2 b. a,vi,, dem. prn. this, 112 a /3. ^va, prp. down, w. abl., 176, 3. avagraha, m. nuwk of separation,
p. 454, 10 a. fivatta, cut off: pp. of da, 160, 2 6. avani, f. stream, p. 82, f. n. 3. avama, spv. lowest, 120 c 1. avayaj, f. share of oblation, 79, 3 a a. dvara, cpv, loiver, 120 c 1. ^varena, adv. prp. below, w. abl,,
p, 209, f. n. 3. avd.s, adv. downwards ; prp. down from, below, w. abl., 177, 3 ; w. inst., 177, 2. avistad, adv. below, w. gen., 202 D,
474
VEDIC INDEX
avaS-C, a. doivnward, 93 b,
avat, has shone, 3. s. s ao. of vas,
14i, 2. &vi, m. sheep, p. 81, f. n. 1.
1. as, reach, see anis.
2. as e«^, pr. stem, 134 E i. asitavant, pf. pt. haviny eaten, 161. a^iti, nm. eighty, 104.
Ismail, m. stone, 90, 1. 2 ( pai'.). dsrait, 3. s. s ao. of sri, resort,
111, 2. asvin, a. possessing horses, p. 04,
t 11. 4. astakfivas, nm. adv. e/t/W times,
"108 a. astadha, nm. adv. • j« eight ivays,
' ios b.
astamd, ord. eighth, 107.
asta, nm. eight, 104 ; 106 b (par.;.
astacatvarimsa, ord. forty-eighth,
'107. astadasa, nm., 104 ; 106 c (par.), as,* be, pr., 134 A 2 6 ; pr. pt. act.,
156 a. -as, pri. iioin. sf., 182, 1 b ; stems
in, 83, 2a; p. 453, 9 A o ; adv.
sf. w. loe. sense, 179, 3 ; aljl.
gen. inf. in, 163, 3 a ; 211, 3 a ;
changed to o, 145, 2 b. asakdu, deni. prn. that little, 117 a. asasc^t, Bv. cd. 'unequalled, 85 b. isikni, a. f. black, p. 86, f. n. 3. asikni, f. name of a river, p. 86,
f. n. 3. Jlsrj, n. blood, 79, 3 b. asau, dem. prn. that ^ there,, 112
(par.) ; synt. use, 195 B 2. astam, ace. adv. home, 178, 2 ; w.
verbs, 184 c. astamik^, loc. adv. at home, 178, 7. Astodhvam, 2. pi. s ao. of stu,
praise, 144, 2 a. asthi, n. bone, 99, 4. asma, prs. prn. stem, 109 b. asmatra, adv. among us, 179, 3. asmdtsakhi, Bv. cd. hacing us as
companions, 109 b. asmad, prs. prn. stem in cds.,
109 b. asmadruh, Tp. cd. hating us, 109 b.
asmaka, poss. prn. our, 116 a.
asmakam, gen. pi. prs. prn. of us, 116 a.
dsvapnaj, sleepless, 79, 3 b.
ah, saij, defective verb, pf., 139, 4.
dha, emphasizing pel. JMs<, 180.
dhamsana, a. rapacious, synt. cd., 189 Be.
d,han, n. day, 90 ; 91, 2 ; as tinal member of Bv. cds., 189, 3 c
ahdm, personal jn-n., I, 109.
ahamuttardi, n. dispute for prece- dence, synt. cd., 189 B c.
ahampurvd., a. eager to be first, synt. cd., 189 B t.
ahar, n. day, 91, 2 ; 101, 1.
d,harahar, ecery day, itv. cd. , 189 C a .
dhardivi, day after day, mixed itv. cd., 189 C a, f. n. 1 ; accentua- tion, p. 457, e a.
aharpati, m. lord of day, 49 d.
ahi. 111. serpent, 100, I a.
dhait, 3. s. s ao. of hi, 144, 2.
ahoratra, n. day and night, 186 A 2 ; accentuation, p. 457, e.
ahna = ahan, day, in cds., p. 275, f. n. 3.
A, vowel, dropped, p. 206, f. n. 3 ; low wrade of, 5 c ; reduced to i or Cl48. 1/; 160, 2; 169,2; to 1, p. 190, 2 ; shortened, 19 a, f. n. 5 ; 147 a 1 ; p. 273, f. n. 4 ; nasalized, 19 6, f. n. 1.
a, prp, OH.,w. loc, ace, abl., 176, 2 ; i-everses meaning of gam, go, and da, give, p. 265, f. n. 6.
a, emjihasizing pel., ISO.
-a, pri. nom. sf. , 182, 1 b ; stems in, 97, 2 ; sec. nom. sf., 182, 2 ; stems in, 97 ; for a in sb., 134 A 4 c ;3 ; du. ending, p. 78,' f. n. 13 ; p. 81, f. n. 1, 2 ; pi. n. ending, p. 78, f. n. 14.
ake, loc. adv. near, 178, 7.
atmdn, m. self, 115 b a.
ad, adv. tlien, 178, 5; synt. use, ISO.
adhi, f. care, 100 C a, L n. \.
an-, pf. red., 139, 6 ; shortened, 1 140, 1.
VEDIC INDEX
475
-ana, sf. of mid. pt., pr. 158 a, pf.
159. -ana, sf. of 2. s. ipv. act., 125,
f. n. 9 ; 134 E 4. anajanfi, pf. pL mid., of anj,
anoint, 159. anai§an^, pf. pt. mid., of ams,
reach, 159. ar;), secondary nom. sf., 182, 2. apfk, adv. in a mixed way, 79, 1 . abhu, a. present, 100, II 6. -ayana, secondary nom. sf,, 182, 2. ayu, n. life, 98 a (p. S3;. -ayya,gdv. sf., 162; 162, 2; 209, 3. arat, abl. adv. from afar, 178, 5. arattat, adv. from afar, 179, 2. ar§, loc. adv. afar, 178, 7 ; prp. w.
abl, or gen., 177, 3; 202 D a. arya, f. a metre, p. 436, f. n. 2. avfim, prs. prn. K. du., we tico,
109. avayaj, m. ^Jj'icsi who offers the
oblation, 79, 3 a a. avis, adv. openbj, \v. verbs, 184 b ;
\v. dat., 200 A 4 b. asistha, spv. swiftest, 103, 2 P. Mis, f. xiraijer, 83, 2 b a. as'a, a. sivlft, spv. of., 103, 2 ^. asuya, inst. aJv. swiftly, 178, 3 h. as, n./Kce, 83, 1. asat, abl. adv. ./Vo»j near, 178, 5. asand, pr. pt. mid., of as, sit,
158 a. asina, irr. pr, pt. mid., of as, sit,
158 a. asmakd, poss. prn, our, p. 113,
f. n. 2.
I, vowel, low grade of e and ya,
4 a ; 5 a, fc. i, go, 134, lea; pr. system of
(par.), 132 (pp. 130-1; ; red. pf.
pt., 157 a. -i, pri. num. sf., 182, 1 h ; sec.
nom. sf., 182, 2 ; stems in, 98. -i-, connecting vowel, 89 a ; 145. -ij, stems in, 79, 3 b, id, f. refreshment, 80. -it, stems in, 77, 1. -ita, pp. sf., 160, 3 ; always taken
by see. verbs, iUid,
itara, prn. a, other, 117 6; 120, a.
it^s, adv.//om here, 179, 2.
iti, pel. thus, syrit. use of, 180 ;
196 a /3 ; use in Pada text, p. 25,
f. n. 2 ; p. 26, f, n. 1, 5. itthdm, adv. thus, 179, 1 a. ittha, adv. so, 179, 1 ; svnt. use.
180. id, emphasizing pel., 180 ; accents
verb, p. 467, 19 A d. iddm, dem. prn. this, 111 ; as adv.,
178, 2 a. ida, adv. non-, 179, 3 ; w. gen.,
p2. idanlm, adv. now, 179, 3 )3 ; w.
gen., 202 D 2. idh, kindle, rt. ao. op., 148, 4 ; pt.
148, 6. -idhe, inf. to kindle, 167 a (p. 191;. -in, sec. nom. sf., 182, 2 ; stems in,
87 ; accentuation of, p. 454, B a. indra-vayii, du. cd., Ijidra and
Vdyu, 186 A 1 ; accentuation,
p. 457, f. n. 2. inv, send, pr. stem, 133 A 2 6 ;
134 CA&. ima, dem. prn. stem, this, 111. imfitha, adv. in this manner, 179, 1. -iya, secondary nom. sf., 182, 2. iyant, quantitative a. so much,
118 h par. . iy^m, f. dem. prn. this. 111. -Iran, 3, pi. mid. ending of ppf. .
140, 6. iva, end. pel. as if, like, 179, 1 ;
180 ; p. 452, 8 A b. is, wish, pr. stem, 133 C 2 ; pr. pi., "85. is, f. refreshment, 80. -is, ao. suffix, 142 ; 145. isu, f. arrow, 98 a (p. 82 > istapurtam, n. Dv. cd. what has
been offered and given, 186 A 3;
accentuation, 457, e. -istha, pri. spv. suffix. 103, 2;
p. 453, 9 A 6. -is, pri. num. sf., 182, 1 b ; sterna
in, S3, 2 6. iM, adv. here, 179, 1.
I, vowel, often chang«d to iy in
476
VEDIC INDEX
Sandhi, 57 ; low grade of ya,
5 6a; ending of du. and of ami,
unconti'acted in Sandhi, 25 a,
b, c ; inserted in int. red., 172 a ;
173, 3; sec. nom. sf., 182, 2;
stems in, 95 ; 100 h ; connecting
vowel, 144, 2 (s ao.) ; 145 b (is
ao.) ; 160, 3 a (pp.) ; 162, 4 ^ (gdv.). id, f. praise, 80. id, praise, pr. stem, 134 A 3 b. idfksa, prn. cd. such, 117. idfs, jn-n. cd. sucJi, 117. idrsa, prn. cd., 117, f. n. 4. -ina, secondary nom. suflSx, 182, 2. im, end. pronominal jDarticle,
180 ; p. 452, 8 A a. -im, ending of 1. s. is aorist,
145 c. -iya, secondary nom. suffix, 182, 2. -iyams, pri. ci)v. suffix, 103, 2 ;
p. 453, 9 Ac. iyivams, pf. pt. act. of i, go, 89 a. ivant, prn. derivative, so great,
118 c, is, rule, pr. stem, 134 A 3 b ;
134 A4ca. IS, m. lord, 79, 4. isvard, a. able, concord of, 194 B 2 a ;
w. inf., 216 (p. 365 (3) : av. gen.
inf, 211, 3 aa; 211, 3 & a ; w.
yad and op., 216 (p. 364 0).
U, vowel, low grade of o and va,
o a, b. u, end. pel. noiv, pray, 180 ; form
of, in Pada text, p. 25, f. ii. 2 ;
p. 452, 8 A &. -u, stems in, 98. uks&n, m. ox, 90, 1 (p. 68). uc, be pleased, red. pf. pt., 157 a. ucca, adv. on high, 178, 3 6. uccd.is, adv. on high, 178, 3 b. -ut, stems in, 77, 1 . ut£, cj. and, 180. uto, cj. and also, synt. use, 180. uttami, spv. highest, 103, 1 c. Tittara, cpv. higher, 103, 1 c ; 120 c 1
(par.). uttarat, abl. adv. from the north,
178, 5. littarena, adv. prp. 7iorth of, w.
ace, 177, 1, f. n. 3; 197 B c fi ;
p. 209, f. n. 3. lid, f. trave, 77, 3 a. -ud, stems in, 77, 3 b. lidanc, a. upioard, 93 a ; northward
of, w. gen., 202 D )3. udatta, m. rising accent, p. 448, 1 ;
p. 451, 6 ; how marked, p. 449,
2 ; p. 450, 3. 4. 5. -una, pri. nom. suffix, 182, 1 b. upa, pr}). to, w. ace, 176 6 ; upon,
w. loc, ibid. upadhmaniya, laMal breathing, 3 g :
14 ; 15 ; 43, 2. upamS, spv. highest, 120 c 1. lipara, cpv. loiver, 120 c 1. updri, pip. above, w. ace, 177, 1 ;
197 Be. uparistad, adv. behind, w. gen.,
202" b. upandh, f. shoe, 81, f. n. 1. vxbhaya, a, of both kinds, 120 c 3
(par.), ubhaydtas, adv. on both sides of,
w. ace, 197 B c 0. ubhayadyus, adv. on both days,
179,^1. ubhaya, inst. adv. iii both ways,
178, 3 c. -ur, ending of gen. s., 99, 1.2;
101; of3.pI.act.: impf. 134A4c;
p. 125, f. n. 7; pf., 186; ppf.,
140, 6 ; s ao., 143, 1 ; root ao.,
148, 1. uru, a. wide, 98 c ; cpv. of, 108, 2a. uruvyd,nc, a. far-exteiiding, p. 54.
f. n^ 1. urviya, inst. adv. /ar, 178, 3 b. urvi, f. earth, du, of, p. 81, f. n. 14. usina, m. a name, 97, 2 a. usij, a. desiring, 79, 3 6 (par.). lis, f. dawn, 80. usd.s, f. dawn, 83, 2 a. usasa, f. elliptical du., dawn and
night, 193, 2 a. ustranam, gen. pi. without cere- bral n, p. 43, f. n. 1. usnih, f. a metre, 81 ; p. 444, 1 ;
■p. 476, 11 A, -us, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 6 ; stems
in, 83, 2 c. usf, f. dawn, 101, 1.
VEDIC INDEX
477
©, vowel often changed to uv in Sandhi, 57 ; shortened to u, p. 274, f.n. 1 ; pii. nom. sf., 182, 1 6 ; stems in, 100 (pp. 88- 90).
iidhd., pp. of vah, carri/, 160, 2.
iiii, inst. of uti, f. aid, p. 81, f. n. 4.
udhan, n. ndder, 91, G.
iadhar, n. xdder, 91, 6 ; 101, 1.
drj, f. vigour, 79, 3 a.
iirnamradas, cd., fioft as wool, 83, 2 a.
tirdhvdtha, adv. iqiwards, 179, 1.
dh, consider, pr. stem, 13.3 A 1.
uh, remove, 133 A 1, f. n. 2.
R, vowel, low grade of ar and ra, ' 5 a, 6 ; before y becomes ri, 58 ;
stems in, 101. r, go, pr., 133 0 2 ; 134 B 3 a ; a
ao., 147 c ; 148, 1 g ; root ao.
inj., 148, 3 ; root ao. op., 148, 4 ;
root ao. pt., 148, 6. rgmin, a. praising, 87. fc, f. stanza, 79 : 1, p. 437. rjisvan, m. a name, 90 a. rnv, send, pr., 134 C 4 &. rtaya, inst. adv. in fhe right waij,
178, 3 a. rtascati, m. lord of pious loorks,
p." 273, f. n. 3. rt^van, a. regular. 90, 3 ; v. in
-vas, ibid. rtutha, adv. regidarly, 179, 1. rtus&s, adv. season by season, 179, 1 . rt§, adv. prp. without, 178, 7 ; w.
abl., 177, 3 ; w. ace, 197 B r a
,p. 303). rtvij, m. priest, 79, 3, f. n. 4. rdh, thrive, root ao. op., 148, 4 ; ■ pt., 148, 6. rbhuksd,n, m. chief of the Rbhus,
90, 1 (p. 68).
R before y becomes ir or ur.
L, vowel, low grade of al, 4 a
' (P- 4).
E, diphthong, originally ai, p. 22, f. n. 3 ; high grade of i, 5 a ; Sandhi of final, 21 ; internal Sandhi of, 59 ; unchangeable
as du. ending, 26 ; for az, 4 b ; 134 A 2 /, ; p. 149, f. n. 2 ; for a in s ao., 143, 3 ; shortened before a, p. 437, a 4. 6ka, nm. o???, 104 ; 105, 1 (,par.) ;
120 b. ekadha, adv. singly, 179, 1 a. ekapada verse, p. 441. f. n. 0. ekavirnsd, ord. twenty-first, 107. ekasasthd, ord. sixty-first, 107. ekadasa, nm. eleven, 104 ; 106 c
(par.). ekadasd., ord. eleventh, 107. 6kau na vimsati. nm. nineteen,
104 a /3. 6kaika, nm. cd. one by one, p. 282,
f. n. 4. etd, dem. prn. tltis, 101 a 1 (par.) ; correlative use, 195 B 4 a ; = well known, ibid. ; anaphoric use, 195 B 4 & ; w. following ydd = that is to say, 195 B 4 a. etadfksa, prn. cd. such, 117. etadrs, prn. cd. such, 117. etavant, prn. derivative, so great,
1 18 c. ed, ij. lo ! with ace, 197 B c y. ena, end. prn., he, she, it, 112 a
(par.); p. 452, 8 A a. ena, inst. adv. in this way, 178, 3. -enya, gdv. suffix, 162, 3 ; 209, 4. -eya, secondary nom. sf., 182, 2. evd, adv. thus, just, 179, 1 : synt.
use, 180. evatha, adv. jwsf as, 179, 1. evam, adv. thus, 179, 1 ; synt. use,
180. eva-yavas, voc. going quickly, 90, 8. esa, dem. prn. this, Sandhi of, 48 ; 'llOrt 1 ; 195, 4 a.
O, diphthong, originally au, p. 22, f. n. 3 ; high grade of u, 4 b ; low grade of, 4 a ; internal Sandhi of, 59 ; for az, 15, 2 k a ; p. 47, f. n. 3 ; for aizh, p. 47, f. n. 3 ; 4 b ; stem in, 102, 2 ; shortened before a, p. 437 a 4.
okivaras, pf. pt. act. of uc, 89 a.
6tave, dat. inf. to weave, 167 b 4.
478
VEDTC INDEX
osam, adv. quickly, 103, 2 a. osistha, spv. re?-?/ quick, 103, 2 a. ohanfi, pr. pt. of uh, consider, 158 a.
AI, diphthong, low grade of, 5 d; Sandhi of final, 22 ; internal Sandhi of, 59 ; stem in, 102.
-ais, inst. pi. ending, p. 78, f. n. 9.
ATI, diphthong, low grade of, 5 d ;
Sandhi of final, 22 ; internal
Sandhi of, 59; stem in, 102. -au, ending of 1. 3. s. pf. act.,
136, 4 ; of N. A. du., p. 59,
f. n. 2 ; p. 78, f. n. 13.
K, insertion of transitional, 35.
ka, intei'. prn. who? 113.
-ka, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 b ; sec.
nom. sf., 182, 2. kakiid, f. summit, 77, 3 b. kakubh, f. peak, 78, 2 ; a metre,
p. 444, 3. katamd,, inter, prn. a. icho? (of
many), IM b ; 120 «. katar^, prn. a. icMch (of two) ?,
117 6; 120 rt. k£ti, nm. du. hoiv many? 113 a;
US a. katidha, inter, adv. hoio many
times? 179, 1. katpay^, a. greatly swelling, 113 a. kathdm, inter, adv. hoic? 179, 1 a. kdtha, inter, adv. hon- ? p. 354. 2 a ;
21(), 2 a. kd.d, inter, prn. what? 113. kddartha, a. having what purpose?
113 a. kada, inter, adv. wlien? 179, 3;
p. 354, 2 a ; 216, 2 «. kadru, f. Soma vessel, p. 89, f. n. 3. kdnistha, spv. smallest, 103, 2 J>. kanisthd, spv. yoxtngest, p. 95.
f. n! 3. kd,niyams, cpv. lesser, 103, 2 a ;
yoviiger, 88. kanya, f. girl, p. 96, f. n. 3. kdprth, n. penis, 77, 2. kam, adv. tvell, synt. use, 180. kara, pel. used after nti, su, hi,
180 ; p. 453, 8 B d.
k£ya, inter, prn. who? 113 b. kaya, inst. adv. how? 178, 3 c. kirna, ear, compounded w.
184 c. karmadharaya, poss. cds., 188 ;
]89f?; accentuation of, p. 455,
10 rf 1. k^rman, n. work, 90, 2 (p. 69). kasipu, m. n. mat, 98 a. k&s ca, indefinite prn. any one,
119 b. kfis cana, indef. prn. any, 119 h. kds aid, indef. prn. any, 119 b. kakud, f. 2'>alate, 77, 3 b. kakubha pragatha, m. a kind of
mixed strophe, p. 446, 11 B 1. Kathaka Samhita, accentuation
of. p, 450, 3'. karaam, adv. at will, 197 A 5 a. kamaya, adv. dat. for the sake of,
200 B 5. kas, f. cough, 83, 1. ki, inter, prn. stem in eds., 113 a. kikkita, ij., 181. kikkira, ij., 181 ; w. kr, tear to
tatters, 184 d. kimkard, m. servant, 113 a. kimtv£, synt. cd. asking garru-
I'oushj, 189 B c. kim, inter, prn. nhat? 113 ; inter.
pel. irhy? 178, 2 a; 180. kiyant, prn. der. hon- great? 113 a ;
118 b. kila, adv. indeed, synt. use, 180. kicTrs, prn. cd. u-hat like? 117. kivant, prn. cd. how far? 118 c. ku, inter, stem in derivatives,
113 ffl. kumari, f. girl, 100, lb a (p. 88). kuvitsa, some one, synt. cd.,
189 B c. kuvid, inter, pel., 180 ; p. 354, 2 a ;
216, 2 a : accents verb, p. 467,
19 B. kiiba, inter, adv. ivhere? 113 a;
179, 1. kr, make, 127, 4 a ; pr. system,
132 (par.^' ; anomalous pr. stem,
134 C 4 ; pr. pt., 85 ; pf., S8, 2 :
pf. pt., 157 ; 89, 1 (par.) ; a ao..
transfers, 147 a 2; root ao.,
148, 1 6 (par.); op., 148. 4 ; inj.,
VEDIC INDEX
479
148, 3 ; pt., 148, 6 ; sb., 148, 2
(par.) ; impv., 148, 5 ; ps. ao.,
155; ft., 151 6 (par.) ; It. pt.,
85; 151 b 2; pre, 148, 4 a. kf-t, a. muldng, 11, 1. krt, cut, pr., 133 C 1 ; ft., 151 a. kftvas, nm. adv. limes, 108 «. kfp, f. hemity, 78, 1. krp, lament, pr. stem, 133 A 1. krs, drag, red. ao., 149, 1. \i', s(alter. pr., 133 C 3. kip, be adapled, red. ao., 149, 1. k^vala, a. exdnsire, 120 c 3. krand, cry out, pf., 137, 2 rf ; a ao.,
147 6; red. ao., 149, 1; s ao.,
144, 5. kram, stride, pr. stem, 133 A 1 ;
root ao., 148, 1 d ; inj., 148, 3 ;
is ao., 145, 1 (par.). krunc, m. curlev; 79, 1. krudh, he angry, red. ao. inj., 149, 3. krus, cry out, sa ao., 141 a. ks4p, f. night, 78, 1 ; gen. adv. of
'a night, 202 D 3 a. ks£m, f. earth. 78, 3 ; accentuation
of, p. 458, c 1. ksar, ./7o?{j, s ao., 144, 5. ksd, f. abode, 97, 2. ksip, throw, red. ao. inj., 149, 3. ksip, f. finger, 78, 1. ksudh, f. hunger, 11, 4. ksubh, i.xjush, 78, 2. ksaipra, a. quickly pronounced Sva-
rita accent in Sandlii, p. 465,
f. n. 1. ksnu, ichet, pr. stem, 134, 1 «.
Kh4, n. aperture, 97, 3.
khan, dig, pf., 137, 2 & ; ps. stem,
154 d. khAlu, emphasizing pel., indeed,
180. kha, tweV, 97, 2. khidvams, oppressing, 157 b. khya, see, a ao., 147 a 1.
Gam, go, pr. stem, 133 A 2 ; pf., 137, 2 b ; 138, 7 ; 140, 3 ; pf. pt., 157; per. pf., 139,9 a; a ao., 147 a 2 (transfers) ; s ao., 144, 3 ; rt. ao., 148, 1 a: op., 148, 4,
pre. 148, 4 a, impv. 143, 5, pt. 148, 6 ; ao. ps., 155 ; gd., 165 a.
gd,m, f. earth, 78, 3.
gamddhye, dat. inf. to go, 167 6 7 a.
ga, sing, si.s aorist, 146.
gathin, m. singer, 87.
gayatri stanzn, p. 438, 3 a; tro- chaic, p. 439, 3 a a.
gir, f. praise, 82, f. n. 5 ; a. praising^ 82, f. n. 6.
giaggulu, n. bdellium, 98 b.
guna, high grade (of vowels), 5 a ; 5 a a; 17; 17 ri; 19 « ; 21; in dec, 98; in conj., 125, 1. 2 ; 127, 1. 2; pr. stem, 133 A 1 ; 134,1c; 134, lea; pr.pt. mid., 158 a ; a ao., p. 167, f. n. 3 ; a ao., 147 c; 148, 1 g; red. ao., 149 ; s ao., 143, 1. 2. 3 ; is ao., 145, 1 ; ps. ao., 1,55 : ft., 151 a; gdv., 162, 1 b, c; cs., 168, 1 ; 168, 1 c.
guh, hide, pr. stem, 133 A 1 ; sa ao., 141 a.
guh, f. hiding-place, 81.
giidh^, pp. of guh, hide, 160, 2.
gr, n-aken, red. ao., 149, 1 ; 149 a 1 ; ipv., 149, 5.
gfbh, f. seizure, 78, 2.
gf, swallow, pr. stem, 133 C 3 ; red. ao.. 149, 1.
go, m. hidl, f. cow, 102; 102, 2 (par.) ; accentuation of, p. 458 c 1.
go -m ant, a. possessing cows, 86.
go-sSn, a. winning cows, 11, 5.
gdha, rt. ao. of ghas, 148, 1 g.
-gdha, pp. of ghas, eat, 160, 2 a.
gna, f. divine ivoman, 97, 2.
grabh, seise, is ao., 145 b ; pr, system, 132 (par.) ; pr. stem, 134 K 2; pf., 137, 2 c; cs., 168, irr 5.
grabh6, dat. inf. to seize, 167 a (p. 191).
grah, seize, pr. stem, 134 E 2, 4 ; pf., 137, 2 c ; ps., 154, 6.
giavan, m. pressing stone, 90, 1. 3.
gldu, m. f. lump, 102 ; 102, 5.
Gha, emphasizing end. pel., 180 ; p. 452, 8 A 6.
480
VEDIC INDEX
ghdnighnat, pr. pt. int. of han,
kill, 85 b. ghas, eat, pf., 137, 2 6 ; pf. pt.,
157 o ; rt. ao., 148, Id; des.,
171, 5. ghrtdvant, a. having ghee, 86 (p. 64,
f. n. 3). ghnint, pr. pt. of han, kill, 85. ghra, smell, pr. stem, 134 B 3 ;3.
Ca, c]. and, syntactical use, 180 ;
if. w. sb., p. 360 5 ; p. 452, 8 A b :
467,^19 B. cakrvams, pf. pt., having done, 89
(par.)", eakri, f. wheel, 100 I a (p. 86,
f. n. 1). c&ksus, n. eije, 83, 2 ; 83, 2 c ; a.
seeing, 83, 2 c. catur, nm./0M»-, 104; 105, 4 (par. . caturtM, ord.foiirth, 107. c&turdasa, Tim. fourteen, 104 ; 106 c
(par-)-, caturdha, adv. in four ways, 108 b. cdturvaya, nm. der. fourfold, 108 c. catiis, nm. adv. four times, 108 a, catustrimsd, ord. thirty-fourth, 107. catvarimsa, ord. fortieth, 107. catvarims^t, nn\. forty, 104. cand, pel. «of euen, synt. nse, 180 ;
accents verb, p. 467, 19 A d. caru, a. dear, 98 a, c.
1. ci, gather, pf., 139, 4.
2. ci, note, pf., 139, 4.
cit, perceive, pr. stem, 134 A 4 c a ;
pf. pt., 157 6 a ; rt. ao., 148. 1 d ;
s ao., 144, 5. cit, f. thought, 77, 1. cid, pel. even, synt. use, 180 ;
p. 452, S Ab. cisca, ij. whiz! 181. c6d, cj. if, synt. use, 180 ; w. op.,
p. 366, 5 ; p. 467, 19 B. cyu, stir, pf., 139, 8 ; red. ao.,
149, 1 : inj., 149, 3 ; op., 149, 4.
Ch, doubling of, 51 ; produces length by position, p. 437, a 3.
-cha, pr. stem sf., 133 A 2 ; 133 C 2.
chand, seem, s ao., 144, 5.
chdndas, n. metre, p. 436. f. n. 1.
chid, split, pf. pt., 157 a ; rt. ao. inj., 148, 3.
J before conj. s, 63 (p. 41, f. n. 3). jdgat, a. going ; n. inanimate world,
85 6. jagati, f. a metre, p. 442, 7. jaganvams, pf. pt.act. of gam, 89 a. jagmivams, pf. pt. act. of gam,
go, 89 a. jajnivams, pf. pt. of jiia, 89 a. jan, beget, pr. stem, 134 A 3 6 ; pf.,
137, 2 b ; red. ao., 149, 1 (par.) ;
pr. stem, 154 d; ps. ao., 155 a 1 ;
OS. pt, , 85. janayitr, a. creative, 101, 2 b. j&ni, f. wife, 99, 1 a. jdnitri, f. mother, 101, 2 c. janiis, n. birth, 83, 2 c. jdm, f. earth, 78, 3. jamat, palatalized ao. pt. of gam,
go, 189 A 2 « (p. 280, f. n. 4). jar^s, m. old age, 83, 2 a a. jdvistha, spv. quickest, 103, 2. jdviyams, cpv. quicker, 103, 2. jahf, 2. s. pr. ipv. of han, strike,
134 A 2c; p. 41, f. n. 1. ja, m. f. child, 97, 2. janu, n. knee, du. of, p. 81, f, n. 14,
15. japaya, cs. of ji, conquer : red. ao.,
149 a 3. jaraya, den. play the lover, ps. ao.,
155 a 2. ji, conquer, pf., 139, 4 ; pf. pt.,
157 b a ; rt. ao. inj., 148, 3;
s ao., 144, 5; ft., 151 a; cs.,
p. 196, f. n. 1. jit, a. conquering, 11, 1. jinv, quicken, pr. stem, 133 A 3 6 ;
134 C 4 j3. jihvamiiliya, guttural spirant, 3 g ;
14; 15 j; 43,2. ji, overpouxr, pr. stem, 134 E 1. jivatave, dat. inf. to live, 167 b 4. juhii, f. tongue, 100, II a ; sacrificial
spoon, ibid. jxi, hasten, pr. stem, 134 E 1. jia, a. speeding, 100, II «. jr, waste away, pr. stem, 133 B 2. jeman, a. victorious, 90, 2. jogu, a. singing aloud, 100, II a. jnaptfi, pp. cs. of ink, know, p. 185,
f. n. 3. jna, know, pr. stem, 134 E 3 ; pr.
VEDIC INDEX
481
pi., So ; it. ao. up., 14y, i ; sis
au., IJrG. .jnapaya, ca. ofjuar'ied.iio., ii'Ja'o. jdas, HI. relative, 83, 1. jya, f. bowstrbuj, \)1, 2. .iyayams, cpv. rjreuicr, 88 ; 108, 2 <(. jyestha, spy. (jreuiest, 103, 2 ; as
linal member of Bv. cd., 189, 1 b. jyesthd, spv. eldest, 103, 2. jyotis, n. Uijht, 83, 2.
T, interposed iji Sandlii, 3(5 a ; 4i», 1 ; in gdv., 162, 1 d; deter- minative sf., 77, 1 ; 182, 1 a ; 187 A a (in cds.) ; stems in secondary, 77, 1.
ta, dem. j^rn. that, 110 (par.) ; in syntax : position of, 101 j ; as corr., 19.5 B 3 ; w. prs. prns., 195 B 3 6 a ; w. dem. prng., 19.5 B 3 6 )3.
-ta, pri. nom. sf., 182, lb; sf. of pp., 160.
tams, shake, pf., 137, 2d; a, ao., 147 h.
taka, dem. prn. tlmt little, 110 a 3 ; 117 a.
t&tas, adv. thence, synt. use, 180.
td.ti, nm. der. so many, 118 «.
tatpiirusa compounds, 100, I a ; 187, 2 a ; w. ace. sense, 187 A 1, inst., A 2, dat., A 3, abl., A 4, . gen., A5, loc, , A 6; asjjossessives, 189, 2 ; accentuation of, i).456, 2,
tatha, adv. thus, 110 a ; 179, 1 ; syut. use, 180,
tad, adv. then, ihitlier, synt. use, ISO.
tadapas, Bv. cd. accustomed to that 'Cork, 110 a.
tada, adv. then, 179, 3.
tadanim, adv. then, 179, 3 /i.
tan, stretch, pr. stem, 134 C 4 a ; pf., 137, 2rt, &; 140, 1. 2; s ao., 144, 2 ; 144, 5 ; rt, ao., 148, 1 d; ps. stem, 154 d.
tan, f. successio)i, 77, 5 ; accent, p. 458, c 1.
-tana, secondary nom. sf., 182, 2.
-tana, ending of 2. pi. impf. and ipv., 133 A 5.
tauu, a, thin, 98 c.
tauu, f. body, p. 89 vpar.) ; self,
n^b.
tandri, f. iceariness, p. 88 a. tap, heat, pf, 137, 2 a ; 138 b ; 140, 1 ; s ao., 144, 2 ; red. au. sb., 149, 2. tapus, a. hot, 83, 2 c. ta,ia, faint, pr. stem, 133 B 3. -tania, sec. spv. sf., 103, 1 ; ill b; 120 a; 182 ; ord. sf., 107 ; ad- verbs formed \v., p. 301 ;S; ac- centuation of, p. 454, 9 B b. t&T, f. star, 82, f. n. 5 ; 82 6,
-tar, loc. inf. of stems in, 167, 4 b.
-tara, sec, cpv. sf., 103, 1 ; 117 6; 120 a ; 182, 2 ; adverbs formed w., p. 301 0.
tarhi, adv. then, synt, use, ISO.
tavastara, cpv. stronger, 103, 1,
-tavai, dat. inf. in, senses of, 211, 16 5; accentuation of, p. 4.52, 7.
-tavya, gdv. sufQx, 162 ; 162, 5 ; 209, 5.
tavyaras, cpv. stronger, 103, 2 «.
-tas, adv. sf., vv, abl. sense, 179, 2.
tasthivams, pf. pt, of stha, 89 a.
t^smad, abl. adv, therefore, 180.
-ta, secondaiy nom. sf., 182, 2.
-tat, sec. nom. sf., 182, 2 ; stems in, 77, 1 ; adv. sf. w. abl. sense, 179, 2 ; ending of 2, s, pr. ipv. act., p. 125; 133 A 4 ; 133 C3 a; 134 C 4 S ; 168 e, f. n. 2 (_cs.).
-tati, secondary nom. sf. , 182, 2.
tad, adv. thus, 178, 5.
tadrs, prn. cd. such, 117.
tadfsa, prn. cd., sucJi, p. 113, f.'n. 4,
tavaka, jdoss. prn. thy, 116 6.
tavant, prn. der. so great, 118 c.
-ti, nm. a. sf., 118 a; pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 6.
tirasci, m. a man's name, 100, 1 b,
tiras, prp. across, w. ace, 176, 1 ; 197 B c ; adv. across, 179, 2 ; aside, compounded w. verbs, 184 b.
tiryauc, a. transverse, 93 a.
tiksnd,, a. sharp, 103, 2 /3.
tiksniyams, cpv, sharper, 103, 2 ,3.
tu, pel. thefi, hut, synt, use, ISO.
1819
I 1
482
VEDIC INDEX
-tu, pri. noiii. sf., 182, 1 b.
tud, thrust, pr., 125, 2 ; 133 C 1 ;
pf., 138, 1. -tum, ace. iiif, in, p. 191; 211, 2 b. turiya, ord. fourth, 107. tuvisvan, a. roaring aloud, 77, 5, -tr, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 &; stems
'in, 101, 2 ; p. 453, 9 Ad. trca, m. n. triplet, p. 14G, 11 A. trliya, ord. third, 107 ; 120 c 3. trp, he pleased, pr. stem, 133 C 1. trsnaj, a. thirsty, 79, 3 b. trh, crush, pr. stem, 134 D 2. tr, cross, pr. stem, 133 B 2 ; 133 C 3. te, end. dat. gen. s. of tvdm, thou,
109 a; p. 452, 8 A a. t^jistha, spv. verij sliarp, 1 03, 2. tsjiyams, cpv. sharper, 103, 2. tena, inst. adv. therefore, 180. Taittiriya Aranyaka, accented,
p. 448, 1. Taittiriya Brahmma, accented,
p. 448, 1 ; p. 449. ' Taittiriya Sanihita,lio\v accented ,
p. 449, -tos, abl. gen. inf. in, 107, 3 b ;
211, 3 b. -tta, syncoi^ated \>\). of da, gice,
160, 2 b. -tna, sec. nom. suffix, 182, 2. -tnu, pri. nom. suffix, 182, 1 b. tm&n, m. self, 90, 2. tya, dem. prn. tliat, 110 a 2;
195 B 5. -tya, sec. nom. suffix, 182, 2. -tya, gd. suffix, 164 ; 165 ; 210. tyaj,/o)srtA:t, pr. stem, 135, 4. tydd, dem. prn. n. as adv., 195 B 5, -tra, pri. nom. suffix, 182, 1 b. tra, adv. sf. w. loc. sense, 179, 3 ;
= loc, 179, 3 a. traya, nm. der. threefold, 108 c. tra, protect, s ao. op., 143, 4. tra, m. protector, 97, 2. -tra, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 b. tri, nm. three, 104 ; 105, 3 (.par.) ;
in Bv. compounds, i).455, 10c, rf. trims^t, nm. thirty, 104; 106 d
(par.\ tridha, nm. adv. in three loays,
108 b. trivrt, a. threefold, 77.
tristubh, f. triple praise, 78, 2 (.par.) ; a metre, p. 438, f n. 1,2 ; 2^.441,5; triplets, p. 446, 11 A.
tris, nm. adv. thrice, 108 « ; 179, 1 ; Av. gen., 202 1) 3,
tredlia, nm. adv. in three ways,
108 b.
tva, dem. prn. 'Duaiy a one, 112 « a
(par.) ; p. 452, 8 A a. tvi, 130SS. prn., thy, 116 b. tva- = tvam, thou, in derivatives
or as first member of a cd.,
109 b.
-tva, sec. nom. suffix, 182, 2 ; sf.
forming gdv., 162 ; 162, 4 ;
209, 2. tvao, f. skin, 79, 1 . tvad-, prs. prn. as first member
of a cd., 109 b. tvadyoni, a. derived from thee, 109 b. -tvana, sec. nom. suffix, 182, 2. tvam, prs. piui. thou, 109 (par.), tvayata, Tj). cd. pirescnted by thee,
109 b. tva, end. prs, prn. ace, of tvam,
109 a ; p. 452, 8 A u. -tva, suffix of gd., 163, 2; 210. -tvaya, suffix of gd., 163, 3 ; 210 ;
added to cs. stem, jj. 189, f. n. 1. tvav^, emphasizing pel., 180. tvavant, pi-n. der. like thee, 118 c, tvis, he stirred, pr. steni, 134 A 4 c. tvis, f. excitement, 80. -tvi,suffix of gd., 163, 1 ; 210. tvdi, l^cl. bv.t indeed, 180. t%?iT, approach stealthily, s ao., 144, 5.
-Tha, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 b ; sec.
nom. suffix, 182, 2. -tham, adv. suffix, 179, 1 a. -tha, pri. vom. sutfix, 182, 1 h. -tha, adv. suffix of manner
(=inst.), 179, 1,
Dams, bite, pr. stem, 133 A 4. dSksat, ao. pt. of dah, lurn, 85 b. daksinatds, adv. from the right,
179,' 2 ; w. gen., 202 D. daksinatra, adv. on tlie right,
179,' 3. d^ksinena, adv. soidh of, w. ace,
1 97 B c /8 ; p. 209, f. n. 8,
VEDIC INDEX
483
dagh, reach, rt. ao. iiij., l-tS, '6 ;
i^jv., 148, 5 ; pre, 148, 4 a. datta, pp. of da, give, IfiO, 2 6 ;
134 B 3 ^. dMat, pr. pt. of da, ijke, 85 b. dadhi, ii. citrih, 99, 4. dadhfk, adv. boldhj, 80. dadhfs, a. hold, 80. dtot. 111. iootib, 85 a. dabh, harm, pf., 137, 2 ((. dam, n. (?), house, 78, 3. -dam, adv. suffix of time, 179, 3. d^mpati, m. lord of the house,
78, 3 (( ; p. 273, f. n. 3. daviyams,/tty7//e/-, 103, 2 a. d^sa, nm. ten, 106 c (par.), dasataya, nui. der. tenfold, 108 c. dasama, ord. tenth, 107. ddsyave vfka, m. Wolf to theBasiju,
as a name, 200 A 2 « 7. dah, burn, s ao., 144, 5 ; s ao. pt., 143 6: 15(5 a; ft., 151 n ; pt., 151 6 2.
1. da, rjive, pr. stem, 134 B 1 6; 134 B 3 a; 134 B 3 /a; pf. pt.^ 157 ; 157 6 a ; s ao., 144, 3 ; a ao., 147 a 1 ; rt. ao. inj., 148, 3; op., 148, 4; ft., 151 a; pp., ICO, 2 b.
2. da, cut, s ao. , 144, 3 ; op., 143, 4. da, m. fjiver, 97, 2.
-da, adv. suffix of time, 179, 3. datar, m. giver, 101, 2 (par.). -danim, adv. suffix of time.
179,3)3, daman, 11. givimj, 90, 2. daru, 11. irood, 98 a (p. S3). davan, n. giving, 90, 3. das, f. worship, 79, 4. dasat, pr. pt. ivorshipping, 85 h ;
15<:> «. dasivams, uured. pf. pt., 157 h. dasvams, unred. 2>f. j)t., 157 b. didrks6nya, ds. gdv. ivorthij to he
seen, 162, 3. A\v,2)laij, fourth conj. class, 125, 3. div, m. f. skij, 99, 5 (p. 85, f. n. 1). diva, inst. adv. hy da>j, 178, 3. div^dive, itv. cd. day hg dag,
189 C « ; 200 B 3 a. dis, f. direction, 63 b (f, n. 1) ;
79, 4.
dip, shine, irr. red. ao. , 149 a 1. dirgha, a. long, 103, 2 a. diighana, pr. i)t. mid. of duh,
milk, 158 a. dus, spoil, OS. future of, 151 a a. dustdra, a. hard to cross, 50 b. duhsaha, a. hard to resist, 50 b. dus-, adv. in cds., Sandlii of, 49 c ;
accent of, }:>. 455, 10 c a. duh, viilh; pr. stem, 134 A 4 !> ;
134 A 4 c a ; sa ao., 141 a ; s ao.
02^., 143, 4. duhana, pr.pt., mid. of duh, 158a. duhitd.r, f. daughter, 101, 2. do, f. gijt, 100 II a. dvidabha, a. hard to deceive, 49 c. dudas, a. not -worshipping, 49 c. dudhi, a. malevolent, 49 c. dund,sa, a. liard to attain, 49 c, duriasa, a. liard to destroy, 49 c. duti, f. messenger, p. 88 «. dura, a. far, cpv. of, 103, 2 d. duram, adv.ya;-, 178, 2. durat, abl. adv. /row* afar, 178, 5 dur§, loc. adv. afar, 178, 7, dr, tear, s ao. op., 143, 4; rt.ao.
'148, 1 d. -drksa, sf. in prn. cds. =hA,e, 117. drs, see, pf. pt., 157 ; rt. ao. inj., '14S, 3; pt., 148, 6 ; a ao., 147 c ;
ps. ao., 155. drs, f. look, 63 b (f. n. 1) ; 79, 4. -drs, sf. in prn. cds. = like, 111, drse, to see, dat. inf., 167 a (p. 191). dr.sdd, f. nether millstone, 77, 3 b. drh, makeftr)n, pr. sttm, 133 C 1. deya, gdv. to he given, 162, 1 a. Devata-dvandva cds., accent of,
p. 457, e /3. devatat, f. divine service, 77, 1. devatta, Tp. cd. given by the gods,
160, 2 &. devadrydnc, a. godward, 93 (p. 73,
f. n. 1). devasas, adv. to eacli of t/ie gods,
179, 1. devanc, a. gvdward, 93 b. devi, f. goddess, 100 I b (par.). devf, m. liusband^s brother, 101, 1. dehi, 2. s. pr. ipv. act. of da, give,
134 Bib. 6.6s, n. arm, 83, 1.
i 2
484
VEDIC INDEX
dydv, m. f. aJiij, 99, 5 (p, 85, f. n. 1). dyavah, N. p], the (three) heavens,
19.3, 3 a. dyava, elliptical du. heaven and
earth, 193, 2a; 186 B 3 a. dyu, m. day, 98 d ; m. f. sky, 99, 5
(par.), dyut, shine, pf., 139, 8 ; s ao.,
144, 5; red. ao., 149, 1; irr.
red. ao., 149 a 1. dyut, f. brilliance, 77, 1. dyo, 111. f. sky, 102 ; 102, 3 (par.) ;
accentuation of, \>. 458, c 1. dyaus, m. N. of dyo, sky, 99, 5 ;
voc, accentuation of, p. 457,
lift, draghman, m. length, 90, 2. draghistha, spv. longest, 103, 2 a. draghiyams, cpv. longer, 103, 2 a. drii, 11. ?i'oorf, accent, ji. 458 c 1. drvih, m. fiend, 81. dva, mil. <too, 104 ; 105, 2 (par.', dvandva, n. pair, 189 (p. 282,
f. n. 4) ; compounds, 18G ; ac- centuation of, p. 457, 10, 2 c. dvayfi, nin. der. twofold, 108 c. dvadasa, nm. twelve, 104 ; 10(5 c
(par.), dvapaueasa, ovd. fifty-second, 107. dvar, f. dooj-, 82 (f. n. 5) ; 82 a. dvi, mil. two, in cds. and der.,
105, 2 (f. n. 2) ; in Bv. com-
l^ounds, p. 455, 10 c o. dvita, adv. doubly, synt. use, 180. dvitiya, ord. second, 107. dvidha, nin. adv. in two ways,
108 h; 179, 1. dvipada, f. stanza of two verses,
p. 441, 5 a. dvipada viraj, f. a metre, p. 437,
f. n. 2 ; p. 443. dvis, hate, sa aorist, 141 a. dvis, f. hatred, 80. dvis, 11111. adv. ttrice, 108 a ; 179, 1 ;
w. gen., 202 D 3.
Dh, stems in, 77, 4.
-dhak =^ -dah. + s, N. sing., 81 a.
dhaksat, s ao. pt. of dah, burn,
85 b ; 143, 6. dhanvan, n. boiv, 90, 3. dhartr, n. ^nop, 101, 2 b.
1. dha, 2'"U I'l'- stem, 134 B 1 ?) ; 134 B 3 a; 134 B 3 /S ; pf., 137, 2e; 138, 3; a ao., 147 a 1 ; rt. ao. inj., 148, 3 ; op., 148, 4 ; ipv., 148, 5 ; ps. ao., 155.
2. dha, suck, pr. stem, 133 B 1. -dha, adv. sf. of manner, 179, 1. -dhi, compounds in, 98 d.
-dhi, 2. s. ii>v. act. ending,
134 C 4 5. dhik, ij.fie! w. ace, 197 Hey. dhi, f. thought, 100, I a ; 100, I b
vpar.). -dhuk = -duh + s, N. s. milking, 81 a. dhur, f. burden, 82, f. n. 5. dhursad, a. being on the yoke, 49 d. dhiirsah, a. bearing the yoke, 49 d. dhr, hold, irr. red. ao., 149 a 1 ;
inj., 149, 3; ip\., 149, 5; ps.
stem, 154 d ; cs. ft., 151 a a. dhrsaj, a. bold, 79, 3 b. dhrsad, f. nether millstone, 77, 3 b. dhehi, 2. s. pr. ipv. act. of dha,
put, 1.34 B 1 &. dhmatf, n. smithy, 101, 2 b. -dhyai, inf., used elliptically,
211, 1 b y. -dhruk = druh-f s, N. s. haling,
81 a. -dhva, ending of 2. pi. mid.,
133 A 5. dhvams, scalier, a ao., 147 b. -dhvam, 2. pi. ending, cerebra-
lized, 144, 2 a.
W, dental nasal, never cerebra- lized in ghn = han, in cds., 50cl3 ; inserted, in N. s., 79,4 a, in N. pi. n. of as, is, us stems, SB; loss of: in pr., 134 A 2 c, p. 121, f. n. 1, 134 A 4 a, in iinal an steins of Karmadlia- rayas, 188, 2 a, of Baliuvrihis, 189, 4 a, in -ant, 156 a ; steins in radical, 77, 5 ; intiuence of stems in, 98 ; 98 «.
na, pel. not, 180 ; w. sb., 215 C2(i, w. inj. (=ft.), 215 c 1, w. op., p. 362 a, p. 364 7, w. pre, 217 ; like, 180.
-na, pri. noiii. sf., 182, 1 b ; pp. sf., 160.
VEDIC INDEX
485
ndkis, inclec. prn. no one, never,
ISO; 113, f. n. 2. nakim, adv. prn. never, 180. nSktam, ace. adv. hij night, 178, 2;
197 A 5 a. naktaya, inst. adv. h>/ nir/h(, 17S, 3o. nadi, f. stream, 100, I a • 100, I b a. n^dh, f. bond, 77, 4. nfinandr, m.husbancVs sinter, 101, 1. ndnu, adv. by no means, ISO. n^pat, m. grandson, 101. 2, f. n. 5 :
101,2 a. ndp tr, m . r/ran<Zson, 101,2; 101, 2(i. ndbh, f. destroyer, 78, 2. nam, /lenrt, pf., 137, 2 w. nd.mas, n. obeisance, w. kr, 184 r. namasyd, den., 175 B (par.), n^mi, m. a name, 100, I b. ndva, a. neir, cpv, and spv. of,
103, 2 /3. n^va, nm. nine, 104 ; 106 c (pai".\ navati, nm. ninety, 104 ; 106 rf
I'par.). ndvadasa, nm. nineteen, 104 ;
106 c (par.}.
navadha, nm. adv. in nine n-ays,
108 b.
navama, ord. ninth, 107. ndvistha, spv. newest, 103, 2 j8. i!d,vedas, a. cognisant, 83, 2 a a, ndviyams, cpv. neiver, 103, 2 /S. n^vyasa, inst. adv. anew, 178, 3. navyams, cpv. newer, 103, 2 «.
1. nas, reach, rt. ao., 148, 1 d, inj., 148, 3, op., 148, 4.
2. nas, be lost, red. ao,, 149, 1 ; irr., 149 a 2.
nds, f. wzgi/t^, 79, 4.
nas, pin. m,s, ace, dat., gen., pi.,
109 a ; p. 452, 8 A a.
rahi, adv. /or not, by no means, 180.
n^hus, m. neighbour, S3, 2 c.
-na, coniugational class formed
w., 127, 5. -na, pri. nom. suffix, 182, 1 b. nanadhi, a. harimi diverse intentions,
ICO, I a. nama, adv. /.*/ name, 178, 2 ; 180 ;
197 A 5 a. namdtha, adv. by name, 179, 1. na^, f. nose, S3, 1, -ni, pri, nom. suffix, 182, 1 b.
nii, ^rash, s ao , 144, 2 ; int.,
174 (par.), nity^m, adv. constantly, 178, 2. nid, f. contempt, 77, 3 rt. nidhi, m. treasury, 98 d. nimriic, f. sunset, 79, 1. niyuta, n. a hvndred thousand,
104. nirnij, f. bright garmeid, 79, 3 a. njh, f. destroyer, 81. ni, lead, pf., 138, 4 ; s ao. ipv.,
143, 5 ; ft., 151 a. -ni, secondary nom. sf., 182, 2. nu or nu, adv. noiv, synt. use, 180. -nu, pri. nom, suffix, 182, 1 b. -nu, conj. class formed with,
127, 3. nud, push, rt. ao. in.j., 148, 3 ;
ft. sb., 151 b 1. -nude, dat. inf, to push, 167 a
;p. 191). nu aid, adv. never, w, op.. 216, 2 « a
(p. 362), nunim, adv. non^, 178, 2 a ; ISO. nf, m. man, 101, 1 ; accentuation
of, ]>. 458, c 1. nft, f. dancing, 77, 1. ned, neg. pel. certainly not, lest,
180 ; that not w. sb., 215
(p. .355 a) ; accents verb, 467,
19 B. nedistha, spv. nearest, 103, 2 b. nedisthara, adv. nearest, w. gen,,
202'D. nediyas, adv. nearer, w. gen.,
202 D. nediyams, cpv. nearer, 103, 2 ti. nema, prn. other, 120 c 2 (par.), nau, end. dii. prn. us two, 109 a ;
p. 452, 8 A rt. ndu, f. ship, 102 ; 102, 4 (par.^, nyi,ac, a. dmcnirard, 93 a. nyarbuda, n. « hundred millions,
104, -ns, original ending of ace. pi. of
a stems, 97, f. n. 8 (p. 78).
Pankti, stanza, p. 440, c; triplets,
p. 446, 11 A. pac, co'.Je, pf., 187. 2 a, pdnca, nm. //re. 104 ; 106 c (par.).
486
VEDIC INDEX
p^ncadasa, nm. fifteen, 104 ; 106 c
(par.)._^ pancadha, nm. adv. in five icays,
lOS h. pancamd, ord. fifth, 107. pancas^t, nm. fifty, 104. pat, fiijJaU, pf., 137, 2 a; 137, 2 b a;
pf. pt., 1.57 a ; red. ao., 149 a 2,
ipv., 149, 5. patfiya, iterative vb. fiy about, 168. p&ti, m. husband, lord, 99, 1 ; ac- centuation of, in cds., p. 456, 2a. p&tir din, m. lord of the house,
78, 3 a. pitni, f. luife, lady, 99, 1 ; as f. for
pfiti when final member of Bv.,
1 89, 4 e. pith, ni.pa^A, 77, 2. pithi, m. 2ya(h, 99, 2 a. pad, ?taZfc, precative, 148, 4 a. pid, m,/oo<, 77, 3 a. pada-patha, ni. Pada text, 2; 2o c a.
f. n. l'{p. 26); p. 25, f. n. 2;
41a; p. 33. f. n. 5 ; p. 37, f. n. 5 ;
p. 64, f. n. 3; p. 67, f. n. 4 ;
p. 205, f n. 3 ; p. 206, f. n. 2;
p. 454, 10 a. pan, admire, pf., 137, 2 b. pinthan, m. 2Mth, 91, 1. piutha, m path, 97, 2 a. pinyams, cpv. more wonderful.
103,/2 a. papivaras, pf pt. of pa, drink, 89 «. paptivams, pf. pt. of pat, fly, 89 a. -paya, cs. suffix, 168 d ; irr. 2. pira, a. tdterior, 120 c 2 (par.) ;
higher, as final member of Bv..
189, 1 b. parami, sp\. farthest, 120 c 1. paris, adv. beyond, 179, 3 ; prp. w.
ace, 177, 1, inst., 177, 2, abl., . 177, 3. pardstad, adv. prp. after, w. gen.,
177, 4, f. n, 1 ; above, 202 D. piranc, a. turned an-ay, 93 6. paraddi, dat. inf. to c/ire up, p. 79.
f. n. 1 ; p. 191. piri, prp. around, w. ace. and abl.,
176, 1 a. pirijman, a. going round, 90, 1 a. paritas, adv. round about, 179, 2 ;
prp. around, w. ace, 177, 1.
paribhvi, a. surrounding, 98 d. paribhu, a. surrounding, 100, II o. piritta, pp. of pari-da, give airai/,
160, 2 b. pdrena, inst. adv. beyond, \v. ace,
197 B c /3 ; p. 209, f. n. 3. parvasas, adv. joint by joint , 179, J. pas = spas, see, pr. stem, 133 B 1. pds, f. sight, 79, 4. pasutrp, a. delighting in cattle, 78, 1, pasumdnt, a. possessing cattle, 86
(p./)4, f. n. 3). pasca, adv. behind, 178, 3 b. pascat, abl. adv. from behind,
178, 5 ; w. gon., 202 D. pascatat, adv. />'om behind, 179, 2.
1. pa, drink, pr. stem, 133 A 3 « : 134 B 3 ;3, rt. ao. pre, 148. 4 a : ipv., 148, 5.
2. pa, protect, pr. stem, 134 A 4 c. Panini, m. a grammarian, 15. pad, m.foot, 77, 3.
pada, in. foot, compounded w. gd.,
184 c ; quarter stanza, verse, 16 ;
18 a; 48; p. 436, 1. papa, a. bad, cpv. of, p. 96, f. n. 1. papiyams, cpv. worse, p. 96, f. n. 1. pitir, m. father, lOJ, 2 (par.), pitara, elliptical du., father and
mother, 186 B 3 «; 193, 2 «. pinv,/«f/en, 133 A 3 b ; 134 C 4 /3. pis, adorn, pr. stem, 133 C 1. pis, f. ornament, 79, 4. pumscalu, f. courtesan, p. 89, f. n. 1 . pums, m. man, 83, 1 ; 96, 3. pur, f. stronghold, 82 (par.), purausnih, f. a metre, p. 444, 2. puris, adv. before, 179, 3 ; prp.
before, w. loe, ace, abl., 176, 2 ;
202 D ; compounded w. verbs,
184 b. puristad, adv. in front, 179, 2 ;
prp. in front of, w. gen., 177, 4 ;
202 D. " pura, adv. formerly, w. pr.,
212 A 2 a ; w. sma, 180 ; prp.
before, w. abl., ace, inst., 177, 3 ;
179, 3 7.
puranavit, adv. as of old, 179, 1. puru, a. much, in Bv. compounds, p. 455, 10 c a.
VEDIC INDEX
487
purutra, adv. in mam/ plara^,
170, :;. purudha, ailv, variously, 179, 1. purodas, m. sacrificial cake, 79, 4 a. pu, p'irifij, pr. stem, 134 E 1. purpati, m. lord of the stronghold,
49 (L purva, a. prior, 120 c 2 (par .) ;
p. 454, 10. purvdtha, m\v . formerly , 179, 1. puivam, :iAv . formerly , 178, 2. purvavd,t, adv. as of old, 179, 1. pusdn, m. a god, 90 (p. 68). pr, cross, pr. stem, 134 B 3 a ; s ao.
ipv., 143, 5 ; red. ao., l-l9, 1 ;
loo. inf., 167, 4 c. prks, f. satiation, 80. pre, mix, s ao,, 144, 4. 5. pfch, a. asking, 79, 2. prche, dat. inf, to ask, 79, 2 ;
'167 rt(p. 191). prthivis, f. pi. the (three) earths,
"193, 3 a. prthi, m. a man, 100, I b (p. 87). pfsant, (pt.") a. spotted, 85 a. Vflflil, pr . stem, 133 B 2, 134 E 4 a ;
rt. ao. ipv., 148, 5 ; red. ao, ipv.,
149, 5 ; ps., 154, 4, f. n. 2 ; cs.,
168, irr, 5. pya,./?/i np, sis aorist, 146. prakhydi, dat, inf. to see, 97, 2
(p. 79), f, n. 1. pragatha, m. mixed strophe, p. 446,.
11 B. pragrhya, uncontractahle, vowels,
24-6; 24, f.n. 2.; p. 437, f. n, 3. prach, uslc, s aorist, 144, 5, pratar^ra, ace. adv. fwithermore,
197 A 5 & i3. prdti, prp. against, w. ace, 176, 1 ;
197 B c. pratimai, dat. inf. to imitate, 97, 2,
f. n. 1. pratitta, pp. of prati-da, flru'c hack,
160, 2 h. pratnatha, adv. as of old, 179, 1. pratnavdt, adv. as of old, 179, 1. pratyd.iie, a. turned loicards, 93
(par,) ; w. ace, 197 B a, pra,tha,m&. Old. first, 107; 120c 3. prathamam, adv. ace. Jirst,
J 97 A 5 b a.
prathamajd, a. ,/irst-born, 97, 3. prathlmdn, m. width, 90, 2. prame, dat. inf. to form, 167, 1,
f. n. 2 (p. 191). pray&j, f. offering, 79, 3 a. prayuta, nm. n. million, 104. pravdt, f. height, 77, 1. pras, ask, jjr. stem, 133 C 2. prahye, dat. inf. to send, 167 «
(p. 181). pra, fill, irr. pf., 136, 4 ; s ao.,
144, 5. praktat, adv. from the front, 179, 2. piaeS,, inst. adv. forwards, 178,3 b. praac, a. forward, 93 b. pratdr, adv. early, \v. gen., 202 D 2. prataritvas, v. of -van stem, 90, 3. pradiir, adv. before the door, w. bhu,
184 b. prds, f. dispute, 79, 4. priyS, a, clear, 97, 1 (par.) ; sec.
opv. of, 103, 1. priyadha, adv. kindly, 179, 1. preradn, m. love, 90, 2. preyam.s, pii, epv. of priy£, dear,
103, '2 rt ; f. of, 88, f. n. 1. pr6stha, spv. dearest, 103, 2 a. plu, floctt, red. acrist, 149, 1. psvlr, f. victimls, 82, f. n 5.
Phat, ij. crash! 181. ph^I, ij. splash ! 181.
Bdt, ij. truly, 181.
bata, ij. cdas ! 181.
bandh, bind, pr. stem, 134 E 3, 4 ;
pf., 139, 1 ; ft., 151 a ; ps.,
154,5. babhru, a. f. brown, 100, II h. barhistha, spv. very lofty, 103, 2 a, bahirdha, adv. outivard, 179, 1 ;
prp./*'o»i Old, w. abl., 177, 3. balLVi, a. much, in Bv. compounds,
p. 455, 10 c a. bahutia, adv. among many, 179, 3. bahudha, adv. in many ways,
11^, 1. bahuvrihi (a. Jawing much rice)
compounds, 100, I a ; 189 ; as
substantives, 189, 3 ; ending
modifitd, 189, 4 d ; suffixts a.
488
VEDIC INDEX
ya, ka, in added to, 189, 4 h, c; accentuation of, p. 455,10 c barhata pragatha, m. a kind of
viixed strophe, p. 44G, 11 B 2. bal, ij. (J ash ! 181. bibibabliavant, pt. cracklhiy, ISl d. bibhyat, pr. pt. of bhi, /car, 85 h. bibhatsia, ds.a. loathing, 100. II h a,
f. n. 3. budh, wake, ao., 141 ; it. ao. pt.,
148, 6 ; red. ao., 149, 1 ; ps. ao.,
1.55. brhati, f. a metre, p. 444. 8 h ;
■p. 446, 11 A. Brliadaranyaka Upanisad, ac- cented, p. 448, 1. brbant, (pt.) a. great, 85 a ; cpv.
of, 103, 2 a; accentuation of,
p.' 4.59. bodhi, 2. s. ipv. rt. ao. of bhu, he
and budh, wnlce, 148, 5 ; cp, 62,
f. n. 1 . bru, speal; pr. stem, 134 A 1 f a ;
134 A 4 r a.
-Bha, sec. nom. suffix, 182, 2. bhagavattara, cpv. more bounteous,
103, 1. bhdgavant, a. bounteous, 86. bbaj, share, pf., 139, 1 ; s. ao. op.,
143, 4; red. ao., 149, 1 ; cs.,
1.54, 6 a. bharij, hreal; pr. stem, 134 D 1 ;
pr. pt., 85 ; ps., 154. 5. bhadrapapas, N. pi. Dv. cd., the
good and the bad, 186 A 2. bhartf, a. supporting, 101, 2 b. bharbharabliavat, impf. became
confounded, 184 d. bbala, pel. indeed, p. 452, 8 A/j. bhavan, m. Your Honour, w. 3.
prs. s., 195 A c. bhavlyams, cpv. more, 88. bhas, chew, pr. stem, 134 B 3 ;
134 BS 0. bhasdd, f. hind quarters, 77, 8 h. -bhaj, a. sharing, 79, 3 a, f. n. 3. bhamitd, den. pp. enraged, 160,
3, f. n. 2. bbas, n. light, 83, 1. bhid, pierce, rt. ao., 148, 1 d ; in.]., 148, 3.
bhid, f. destroi/er, 77. 3 a.
bhi, f.fear, 100, I a.
bhi, fear, s ao., 144, 2 ; rt. ao. ini.,
148, 3, pt., 148, 6 ; red. ao.,
149, 1 ; cs., 168, irr. 3. bhisaya, cs. frighten : red. ao.,
149 a 3. bhiik, ij. bang: 181.
bhuj, enjoij, rt. ao. inj., 148, 3.
bhiije, dat. inf., to enjoy, 167 a (p. 191).
bhurij, f. arm, 79, 3 h.
bhuv6, inf. to be, 167 a (p. 191\
bMi, he, as representing first class of the aconj.. 125, 1 ; pr. system of, 132 (par.); pf., 139, 7; 140, 3. 4. 5; pt. 157; rt. ao., 148, 1 c (par.^, inj., 148, 3, pre, 148, 4 a, op.. 148, 4, ipv., 148, 5 : red. ao., 149, 1, pt., 151 a ; per. ft., 152.
bhu, f. earth, 100, II a ; II /; (par.i.
bhumdn, m. abundance, 90, 2.
bhuman, n. cartli, 90. 2.
bhumi, f. earth, 98 a.
bhiiyas, cpv. adv. ace. more, 178. 2.
bhiiyams, cpv. more, 88 ; becoming wore, 103. 2 a ; as final member of Bv., 189, 1 fc.
bhuyistha, spv. greatest, 103, 2 a.
bhuridavattara, cpv. a. giving more cthundantlij, 103, 1.
M, final_, before vowels, 41, some- times dropped, 41 a ; before consonants, 42 ; 42, 1, f. n. 1 ; unchanged in internal Sandhi, 68 ; becomes n, 68.
ma-, prn. stem of first prs. in der. and cds., 109 b.
-ma, pri. nom. sf., 182. 1 li ; sec. nom. sf., 182, 2 ; p. 454, 9 B r.
m&mhistha, spv. most liberal, 103, 2.
maghavan, a. bountiful, 91, 5.
mnghavant, a. bountiful, 91. 5, f. n. 3.
m&tkrta, Tp. cd. dune by me, 109 6.
mattas, adv. from me, 179, 2.
mad, he exhilarated, pr. stem, 183 B 3 ; rt. ao. ipv., 148, 5.
mad-, prn. stem of 1st prs., 109 b.
VEDTC INDEX
489
madintara, cpv. more qladdeniny,
103, 1 a. md,dhu, a. sweet, 98 (par.), madhyamd, spv. middlemost,
120 c 1. madhya^ inst. adv. in the midst,
178, 3 h; 211, 3 h.
man, tJiink, pr. stem, 134 C 4 a ;
pf., 187, 2 /' ; sao.. 143, 3 : in-.
144, 3. -man, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 h ;
stoms in, 00 ; p. 453, 9 Ae. man as, n. mi)id. 83, 2. maniiv^t, adv. like Mann, 179, 1. manus, m. a name, 83, 2 e. -mant, sec. nom. sf., 1S2, 2 ; stems
in, 86. manth, sl/alce, pr. stem, 134 E 3. mdntha, m. chnrmng stkl-, 97, 2 a. manmasis, adv. each as he is
minded, 179, 1. mamaka, poss. prn. my. 116 a. mamasatya, n. dispiite us to oicner-
ship, synt. ed., 189 B c. -maya, see. nom. suffix, 182, 2. mariit, m. storm-god, 77, 1. raarutsakhi, a. having the Maruts
as friends, 99, 2 n. martyatra, adv. among mortals,
179, 3.
marmrjenya, int. cjdv. to he glori-
fed,'l62,:]. malmalabhavant, pt. glittering;
184 d.^ masmasa-kr, crush, 184 d. -mas, vocatives in, 86. -masi, 1. pi. ind. ending, fre- quency of, p. 125, f. n. 2. masmasa-kr, crush, 184 d. mah, a. great, 81. mahdnt, a. greed, 85 a (par.) ;
accentuation of, p. 459. mah^s, a. great, 83, 2 a a. maha, a. great. 97, 2 a ; for mahat-
iu Karmadharaj'as and Bahu-
vrihis, p. 275, f. n. 1. mahapaiikti, a metre, p. 440 d. mahimdn, m. greatness, 90, 2. mah6, inf. to be glad, 167 a
(p. 191). 1. ma, measu7-e, pr. stem, 134 B 1 « ;
root ao. ipv., 148, 5.
2. ma, bellow, pr. stem, 134 B 3^ ; red. ao. inj., 149, 3.
3. ma, exchange, pr. stem, 133 B 1. ma, f. measure, 97, 2.
ma, end. prs. prn. ace. s., me,
109 r»; p. 4.52, 8 A a. ma, prohibitive pel. not, 128 c;
180 ; w. inj., 215 c 2 a; never
w. ipv., 215 b a. makis, prohibitive prn. pel. vo
one, never, 113, f. n. 2 ; 180. makim, prohiljitive prn. pel. no
one, 180. matdr, f. mother, 101, 2 (par.). matara, f. du. mother and father,
180 B 3 a. matarisvan, m. a name, 90 a. matall, m. a name, 100, I b. matftama, f. spv. most motherli/,
103, 1 e. -mana, sf. of mid. pt., 158. mamaka, possessive prn., 116 a. mampasyi, synt. cd., a plant,
189 B c. mavant, prn. der. like me, 118 c. mils, m. month, 83, 1. mas, n. flesh, 83, 1. -mi, pri. nom. suffix, 182, 1 I>. mitradha, adv. in a friendh/ wai/,
179, 1. mitra, m. du. Mitra and Varuna,
186 B 3 « ; 193, 2 a. mitrasas, m. pi. = Mitra, Variina,
Aryainaii, l93, 3 a. mithas, adv. wronghj, 179, 3. mithu, adv. wrongly, 179, 3 7. -min, stems in, 87. mih, shed watei; ft., 1.51 a ; inf.,
167 (p. 191). mih, f. mist, 81. -mi, pri. nom. suffix, 182, 1 b. midhvams, a. bountiful, 157 b. mimamsitd, pp. of des. of man,
think, 160, .8, f. n. 2. milhustama, spv. most gracious,
103, 'i b. muc, release, pr. stem, 133 C 1 ; s
ao. opt., 143, 4 ; rt. ao., 148, 1 a;
pre., 148, 4 d. miid, f. joy, 77, 3 a. miir, m. destroyer, 82, f. n. (>. murdhdn, m. head, 90.
490
VEDIC INDEX
1. mr, die, rt. ao. inj., 148, 3 ; ps.. 154 d.
2. mr, crush, i^r. stem, 134 E 4 a. mrc, injure, s ao. op., 143, 4. mrc, f. injur II, 79, 1.
mrj, wipe, pi\ stem, 134, 1 6 ; sa ao., 141 a.
mrd, f. clay, 11, 3 a.
mrdh, f. conflict, 11, 4.
mrs, touch, sa ao,, 141 a.
mrs, neglect, rt. ao. inj., 148, 3.
mrsmrsa-kr, crush, 184 d.
me, ^■nc\. prn. dat. gen. s. of aMm, 109 a ; p. 452, 8 A re.
medha, m. sacrifice, accent of, in cds. , p. 454, 10.
medh^s, n. wisdom, 83, 2 a a.
Maitrayani Samhita, accentua- tion of, p. 450,' 3.
-mna, sec. nora. suffix, 182, 2.
myaks, he situated, rt. ao., 148, 1 d.
Y, interposed in ps. ao., 155 ; in
OS., 168; irr., 4. ya, rel. prn. who, 114 (par.). -ya, gdv. sf , 162 ; 209, 1 ; gd, sf.,
210; den. sf., 175; sec. nom.
sf., 182, 2. yams6nya, ao. gdv. to he guided,
162, 3. yakd, rel. prn. loho, 114 & ; 117 «. ydkrt, n. liver, 77, 1. yaj, sacrifice, pr. stem, 135, 4 ; pf.,
137, 2c; sa ao., 141 « ; s ao.,
144, 5 ; root ao., 148, 5 ; pt. ft.,
151 6 2.
yajivams, pf. pt. act. of yaj,
sacrifice, 89 a. yajistha, spv. sacrificing best, 103, 2. yajiyams, cpv, sacrificing better,
103, 2. yajnani, a. leading the sacrifice,
100, I a. yajnapriya, a. sacrifice-loving, 100,
Irt. yat, stretch, pf., 137, 2 a. yatama,prn. a. trho{ofmany'). 111 h;
120 a. yatar^, prn. a, who {of tiro), 117 b ;
120 a. yiti, nm. der. as many, 118 «.
' y^tkama, a. desiring lohaf, 114 a, yatkarin, a. doing tohat, 114 a. y&tra, adv., synt. use, 180 ; 215
(p. 358) ; w, op., 216 (p. 366). ydtha, adv. as, 114 a ; 179, 1 ;
loses accent, p. 453. 8 B a ; cj.
in order that, 180 ; 216 (p. 365) ;
as, so that, 215 (p. 358). yad, prn. what, 114 ; when, so that,
w. sb., 215 (p. 357) ; when,
178, 2 o ; ivhen, if, 180 ; if, w,
op., 216 Cp. 363 7 1 ; p. 365 e) ;
in order that, 216 (p. 364 a) ; that,
w. op., p. 364 /3 ; w. cond. 218
(P; 368). yada, adv. when, 179, 3 ; cj., 180 ;
w. sb,, 215 (p. 359, 4) ; as soon
as, w. op,, 216 (p. 366, 4 /3), y^di, cj. if, irhen, 180; if, w. sb.,
215 (p. 8.59, 5) ; if, w. op., 216
(p. 364\ yaddevatya, a. having what deity,
114 rt. -yant, prn. sf. expressing quant itv,
118 &. yam, stretch, pi', stem, 133 A 2,
135, 4; pf, 137, 2 a; 139, 2;
gd., 165 ; s ao., 144, 5; root ao.
ipv., 148, 5. yarhi, adv. ivhen, w. op., 216
(p. 366, 4 7). ydvistha, spv. youngest, 103, 2 a. yasas, n. glorn, 83, 2 a. ya, low grade of, 4 a. ya, cjo, sis aorist, 146. -ya, gd. sf., 164 ; how added,
164, 1. -yams, cpv. sf., 103, 2 a ; stems
in, 88. yad, adv. as far as, 178, 5 ; cj.,
180 ; so long as, w. sb., 215
fp. 359, 6) ; in so far as, lirst
member of synt. cd., 189 B a. yadrs, prn. cd. ichat Z/Ae,114 a; 117. yadrsa, ])vn. cd. what like, 117,
f.'n. 4. yavat, cj. as long as, 180. yavant, prn. der. as great, 118 c.
1. yu, unite, pr. stem, 134, 1 a.
2. yu, separate, 133 A 2 ; 134 B 3 a. -yu, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 h ; stems
in, 98 a.
VEDIC INDEX
491
yajtjoin, pr, system, 132 (pp. 136- |
7); root ao. ipv., 148, 5; ft.,
151 «. yiij, m. companion, 79, 3 a. yudh, fight, root ao. ipv., 148, 5 ;
ds. pr. pt., 85. yudh, f. figJit, 77, 4. yuva-, pi's. prn. yon firo, 109 b. yuvatf, f. young, 95 c. yuvan, m. youth, 90 a ; 91, 4 ; f.
of, 95 c; cpv. of, 103, 2 a;
accentuation of, p. 458, c 1. yuvdm, prn. 7je tn-o, 109. yuvayu, a. desiring you two, 109 h. yuvavant, prn. der. devoted to you
tico, 118 c. yusma-, prn. yoic (as first member
of a cd.), 109 b. yusmayant, prn. der. desiring you,
109 /;. yusmaka, poss, prn. your, 116 b. yusmakam, prn. (G. pi.) of you,
116 h. yusmavant, prn. der. belonging to
you, 118 c. yiiyam, prs. prn. ye, 109. yeyajamahfi, synt. cd., 189 B 6. yodhana, pr. pt. of yudh, fight,
158 a. yosan, f. woman, 90. yos, n. u-elfare, 83, 1.
R, original final, 46, f. n. 1 ;
49 d ; before r, 47 ; two r
sounds in same syllable avoided,
39, f. n. 4 ; r insei'ted in conj.,
134, 1 c ; stems in, 82. ra, low grade of, 4 a (p. 4). -ra, pri. nom. sf., 182, lb; sec.
nom. sf., 182, 2. raksds, m. demon, 83, 2 a. raghudru, cd. a. running swiftly,
98 d. _ raghuya, inst. adv. rapidly,
178, 3 a. ratnadhatama, spv. best hestower oj
treasure, 103, 1. r^thaspdti, m. lord of the car. 187
(p^273, f. n. .3). rathi, m. f. charioteer, 100, I a
(p. 86 ; 87, par.).
rathitama, spv. best charioteer,
103, 1. T&n, m. joy, 77, 5 ; accentuation
of, p. 458, c 1. -ran, 3. pi. ending in ppf., 140, 6 ;
in root ao., 148, 1 ; 148, 1 h. randh, make subject, a ao., 147 b. rabh, grasp, jif., 137, 2 o. rdbhiyams, cpv. more violent,
103, 2 'a. ram, rejoice, red. ao. sb., 149, 2,
inj., 149, 3 ; sis. ao., 146. -ram, 3. pi. mid. ending in ppf.,
140 b (p. 158, f. n. 1) ; in root
ao., 148, 1 ; 148, 1 h. rayintama, spv. a. verij rich,
103, 1 rt. rarivams, red. pf. pt. of ra, 89 a. rasmdn, m. rein, 90, 2. ra, low grade of, 4 a ; 5 b a. ra, give, pr. stem, 134 B 1 a ;
134 B 3 /3 ; s ao. op., 143, 4,
ipv., 143, 5 ; root ao. ipv., 148, 5. raj, m. king, 79, 3 «. raj an, m. king, 90. ratri, f. night, as final member of
cds., 186 (p. 269), f. n.2; 189 A
(p. 279), f. n. 3. radh, succeed, s ao., 144, 2; red.
ao. sb., 149, 2; red. ao. inj.,
149, 3. rastranam, G. pi., 65 (p. 48),
f.'n. 1. rastrl, m. ruler, 100, I b. -ri, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 b. ric, leave, s ao., 144, 5 ; root ao.
inj., 148, 3 ; red. pf. pt., 157 b a. rip, f. deceit, 78, 1. ris, hurt, red. ao. op., 149, 4. ris, f. injury, 80. rihdnt, (pt. i a. iveak, 85 a. ru, cry, pr. stem, 134 vP- 142,
f. n. 1). -ru, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 b. -ruk, N. of -ruh, a. mounting, 81 a. rue, shine, red. pf. pt., 157 b a. rue, f. lustre, 79, 1. ruj, break, root ao. inj., 148, 3. rud, weep, pr. stem, 134 A 3 a. rudh, obstruct, s ao., 144, 5. rup, f. earth, 78, 1. riisant, (pt.) a. brilliant, 85 a.
492
VEDIC INDEX
ruh, ascend, sa ao., 141 a ; IfiS
irr. 2, f. n. 1. ruh, f . sprout, 81 . rup&m, ace. adv. Inform, 178, 2. -re, 3. pi. mid. ending, pr.,
134 C 4 7 ; pf., 136 a, f. n. 1. r«, ni. i.icealth, 102 ; 102, 1 (par.).
-La, sec. nom. suffix, 182, 2. laksrai, f. mark, 100, I a (p. 88). Mghiyams, cpv. lightw, 103, 2 a. ISghu, a. light, cpv. of, 103, 2 a. labh, take, pf., 137, 2 a. lip, smear, pr. stem, 133 C 1. lup, hreak, pr, stem, 133 C 1.
Va, low grade of, 4 a.
-va, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 h ; adA^.
sf., 179, 1. vagh£t, m. sacrificer, 85 h. vac, sxieak, pr. stem, 135, 4 ; pf.,
137, 2 c; 138, 8; red. ao. irr.,
149 a 2, op., 149, 4, ipv., 149, 5 ;
ps., 154, 6 ; ps. ao., 155. vane, wove crookedly, ps., 154, 5. vanij, m. trader, 79, 3 h. -vat, sec. nom. sf., 182, 2 ; stems
in, 77, 1 ; adv. sf., like, 179, 1 ;
advs. in, 197 A 5 ft 7 fp. 301). vad, speak, pr. stem, 135, 4; pf. ,
137, 2 c; ps., 154, 6. vadhar, n. n-eapon, 101, 1. van, vin, pr. stem, 134 C 4 a ;
135. 4 ; pf., 137, 2 b ; 139, 2 ; s
ao. op., 143, 4 ; s ao., 144, 3 ;
sis ao., 146 ; root ao. ipv., 148, 5 ;
ds., 171 (p. 200), par. vHn, n.("?) irood, 77, 5 ; accent, p. 458
(' 1. -van, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 h ;
nouns in, 90, 1. 2; fem. of, 90
(p. 59, f. n. 2) ; 95 c ; sec. nom.
sf., 182, 2 ; V. in, 94. f. n. 4. vanad, f. longing, 77, 3 '*. vanarsfid, a. sittinc/ in the icood,
49 d. -vant, sec. nom. sf., 182, 2 ; stems
in, 86 ; pf. pt. act. in, 161 ;
205, 1 a. vap, stren; pr. stem, 135, 4 ; pf.,
137, 2 c.
vdpustara, cpv. more ironderfid,
103, 'l. vapus, n. heauty, 83, 2 c. vam, vomit, pr. stem, 134 A 3 a. -vam, adv. suffix, 179, 1. vayam, prs. prn. ice, 109. vdyas, n. vigour, 83, 2 0. a. vdra, a. choice, spv. of, 103, 2 a. v^raya, dat. adv. according to 7rish,
178, 4. variman, m. width, 90, 2. varistha, spv. most excellent, 103, 2 a ;
n-i'd'est, 103, 2 a. variyarns, cpv. wider, 103, 2 a. varjivams, pf. pt. act. of vrj,
tn-ist, 157 &. varsistha, spv. highest, 103, 2 I). varsiyams, cpv. higher, 103, 2 Z>. varsman, n. height, 103, 2 h, f. n. 5. vas, desire, pr. stem. 134 A 2 rt. 1 vas, dn-ell, pf. 137,2 c; s ao.,
144, 1; s ao., 144, 2; red. pf.
pt.. 157 a.
2. vas, H-ear, pr. stem, 134 A 3 /) ; 135, 4 ; pf, 139, 2; cs. ft., 151 « a.
3. vas, s/ime, pr. stem, 133 C 2 ; s ao., 144, 1 ; s ao., 144, 5 ; root ao., 148, 1 d.
vas, m. (?) abode, 83, 1.
vas, encl. prs. prn. A.D.G. pi. you,
\m a; p. 452, 8 A a. -vas, V. in, 86 ; 89 ; 90, 3 ; 94, 3,
f. n. 3. vasistha, spv. best, 103, 2 a. vasu, n. irealth, 98 a; spv. of, best,
103, 2 a. vasuvfin, a. bestowing icealth, 90, 3. vdstos, gen. adv. in the moryiing,
178, 6 ; 202 D 3 a. vasyams, c^w. belter, 103, 2 a. vah, can J/, pr. stem, 135, 4 ; pf. ,
137, 2 c; s ao,, 144, 2; 144, 5:
root ao. ipv., 148, 5 ; p.s., 154, 6;
ps. sli., 154 b ; ps. ao., 155 a 1. vahat, f. stream, 85 b. va, low grade of, 5 6 a. va, weave, pr. stem, 133 B 1. va, encl. cj. or, 180 ; p. 452, 8 A b. -vams, sf. of red. pf. pt., 157 ;
pf. pt. in, 89 (par.).
g
VEDIC INDEX
493
va3, f. spvcc/i, 79, 1.
-vace, inf. to apeak, 167 a (p. 191).
Vajasaneyi Sarahita, how ac-
uented, p. 449. -vat, N. sing, of -vah, canyiny,
si a. vatikrta, u. a disease, 184 d a. vam, prs. prn. du. ice hvo, 109 ;
p. 452, S A a. vara, end. prs. prn., A. D. G. du.,
ijuu Ifco, 109 a. v5,r, m. protector, 82, f. n. 0, var, n. axitcr, 82, f. n. 7. varkary^, a. producing water, 49 d. vavd, pel. certainlij, 180. vas, bellow, red. ao., 149, 1. vi, ni. bird, 99, 3«; accent, p. 458,
cl. vimsati, nm. tiventy, 104 ; 106 rf
(par.). vie, sift, red. pf. pt., 15 < b a. vij, tremble, root ao. inj., 148, 3. vjj, f. (?) stake, 79, 3 a. vitaram, adv. more toidely, 178, 2.
1. vid, Anoa', unred. pf., 139, 3 ; ao. ps., 155.
2. vid, find, pr. stem, 133 C 1 ; 134 A 4 c a ; a ao., 147, 1 (par. ) ; a ao. op., 147, 4 (par.).
vid, f. knowledge, 77, 3 a. vidana, and vidana, pr. pt. mid.
of vid, find, 158 a. vidustara, cpv. wiser, 103, 1 b. vidvams, pf. pt. knowing, 157 b. vidhartf, a. meting out, 101, 2 b. -vidhe, inf. to pierce, 167 a (p. 191). •vin, sec. nom. sf., 182, 2 ; stems
in, 87. vina, prp. without, w. ace, 197 c a
(p. 303). vip, f. rod, 78, 1 ; accent, p. 458,
cl. vipas, f. a river, 63 b, f. n. 2 ; 79, 4. viprus, f. dro2J, 80. vibhavas, v. radiant, 90, 3. vibhii, a. eminent, 100, II b. vibhvan, a. far-reaching, 90, 1 a. viraj, f. stanza of three verses,
p. 441, 5 a. vivisivams, red. pf. pt. of vis,
enter, 89 a ; 157 a.
vis, f. settlement, 63 b, t. n. 2 ; 79, 4 (par.).
visivams, unred. pf. pt. of vis, enter, 157 b.
visevise, itv. cd. in ecerg house, 189 C a.
vispdti, m. lord of the house, 49 a.
visva, prn. a. all, 120 b (par.) ; accent in cds., p. 454, lO.
visvatra, adv. ecery where, 179, 3.
visvatha, adv. in every way, 179, 1.
visvadanim, adv. always, 179, 3 ti.
visv^dha, adv. in every way, 179, 1.
visvaha, adv. always, 179, 1.
vistdp, f. summit, 78, 1.
visvaiic, a. all-pervading, 93 a.
visarjaniya, m. spirant. 'S g ; 14 ; 15; 27; 31; 32; 37; 43; 43,3, f. n. 4 ; 44 ; 48 ; 49 c ; 76 ; sandhi of final, 43 ; 44 ; some- times becomes s before gutturals and labials, 43, 2 a ; dropped, 43, 3a; 45, 1 ; 45, 2 a ; 48 ; changed to r, 44 ; 46.
vispds, m. spy, 79, 4.
VI, m. receiver, 100, I a.
vir^, m. hero, accent of, in com- i:)ounds, p. 454, 10.
1. vr, cover, pr. stem, 134 C 3 ; root ao., 148, 1 d, inj., 148, 3, ipv., 148, 5, pt., 148, 6 ; red. ao., 149, 1 ; cs. ft., 151 a a.
2. vr, choose, root ao. inj., 148, 3. vrj, 'ticist, sa ao., 141 a; root ao.,
'148, 1 d, op., 148, 4. vrt, t^lrn, ft., 151 a ; red. pf. pt.,
"157. vrt, f. host, 77, 1.
vrtratara, cjjv. a worse Vrtra, 103, 1. vrtrahan, a. Vrtra-slaying, 92. vrddha, pp. grown up, cpv. of,
'103,2 b. vf ddhi, f. strong grade of vowels, •"oa; 5aa; 17; 17a; 19 6; 22; 23 (for Guna) ; 128 b ; in pr. stem, 134, 1 a (irr.) ; in pf. stem, 136, 2. 3 ; in s ao., 143, 1 ; in is ao., 145, 1 ; in ao. ps., 155 ; iA gdv., 162, lb; 168, 1 c. vrdh, grow, red. ao., 149, 1. vrdli, f. prosperity, 11, 4 ; a. strength- ening, 11, 4.
494
VEDIC INDEX
vrsanasva, Bv. cd. haviny slalUons
as steeds, 52 «. vrsan, in. bull, 90. vrsantama, spv. most manly,
'ios, 1 «. vedi, f. altar, loe. of, 98 (p. 81\
f. 1). 6. vedhas, m. ordainer, 83, 2 a a. veh^t, f. barren coic, 85 6. vd.i, emphasizing pel. indeed, 180. vaitaliya, n. a metre, p. 436, f.
n. 2. volhave, dat. inf. io carry, 167, 1 i> 4. vyac, extend, pr. stem, 134 B 2 :
135, 4. vya^dh, 2nerce, pr. stem, 133 B 1. vya, envelope, pr. stem, 133 B 1 ;
a ao., 147 a 1. vyatta, opened, pp. of vi-a-da,
160, 2 6. vrasc, cut, pr. stem, 133 C 2. -vraska, a. cutting, 133 C 2, f. n. 2. vra, f. troop, 97, 2. vrSdhantama, spv. being most
mighty, 103, 1 h. ■ vris, f. finger, 79, 4.
S, stems in, 79, 4.
-sa, sec. nom. suffix, 182, 2.
sams, praise, ps., 154, 5.
sak, be able, ])t., 137, 2 a ; I'oot ao. jpv., 148, 5.
sakrt, n. excrement, 77, 1.
sakvarij f. a metre, p. 440 d ;^ p. 441, f. n. 6.
saci, f. might, 100, I b.
sat&kratu, a. having a hundred powers, 98 (p. 82), f. n. 6.
satatauia, ord. hundredth, 107.
sitadavan, a. giving a hundredfold,
^ 90.
Satapatha Brahmana, accentua- tion of, p. 448, 1 ; p. 451, 5.
sat&m, nm. « hundred, 104 ; 106 d Vimr.) ; concord of, 194 B 1 ?*.
sataidpS, adv. by hundreds, 179, 1.
satruha, a. slaying enemies, 97, 3.
sdnais, adv. slowly, 178, 3 b.
sap, curse, pi., 137, 2 a.
sam, n. happiness, 78, 3.
s^yana, i^r. pt. mid. of si, lie, 158 a.
sayutra, adv. on a couch, 179, 3.
sarad, f. autumn, 77, 3 b.
sal, ij. claj} ! 181.
sasayan^, pf. pt. mid. of si, lie,
159 a. sasiyams, cpv. more frequent,
103, 2 a. sasvattama, spv. most coitslant,
103, 1. sasvadha, adv. again and again,
179, 1. sasvant, a. constant, 103, 2 a. -sas, adv. sf. w. distributive sense,
179, 1. sa, sharpen, pr. stem, 134 B 1 « ;
134 B 3 a. sas, order, pr. stem, 134 A 4 a; a
ao., 147 a 1. sas, m. ruler, 83, 1. sasat, i:>r. pt, instructing, 85 b ;
156 a. siras, n. Iiead, 90, 1 a. sista, pp. of sas, order. 160, 2 b. siksanara, a. helping men, 189 A 2 i*. si, lie, pr. stem, 134, 1 c- ; 134 A 4 c a ;
pf., 139, 7 (f. n. ri. sirsan, n. head, 90, 1. sue, shine, red. pf. pt., 157 b a ;
red. ao. inj., 149, 3. siic, f . flame, 79, 1 . siici, a. bright, 98 (par.). subh, shine, pr. stem, 183 C 1 ;
root ao. pt., 148, 6. subh, f. splendour, 78, 2. sii, swell, red. pf. pt., 157 b a. socis, n. glow, 83, 2 b. scandr^, a. bright, 50 a. snath, pierce, pr. stem, 131 A 3 fc ;
red. ao., 149, 1. srath, slacken, red. ao. ipv., 195, 5. srad, heart, compounded with
verbs, 184 b. sraddhe, inf. to trust, 167, 1, f. n. 2
(p. 191). sram, be iceary, pr, stem, 133 B 3. sri, resort, root ao, inj., 148, 3 ; red. ao., 149, 1 ; ps. ao., 155 ; cs., 168 c, f. n. 1 (p. 196). sri, f. glory, 100, I a. sru, hear, jir. stem, 134 C 3 ; root
ao. ipv,, 148, 5 ; ps. ao., 155. srut, a. hearing, 77, 1.
VEDIC INDEX
495
srenisas, adv. in rous, 179, 1. sreyams, cpv. hetfcr, 103, 2 a. srdstha, sjiv. best, 103, 2 a ; lb9, 1 b. sresthatania, double i5])v., 103, 1 c. sloka, m. ;i metre, p. 439, 3 b a. sv^n. 111. duij, 90 a ; 91, 3 ; accen-
tiiatioii (if, J). 458, c 1. svasru, f. mother- in-lair, 100, II h, a,
f. n. 1. svas, bloic, pr. stem, 134 A 3 a. svds, adv. to-morroic, 179, 3. svit, he bright, s ao.. 144, S.
S, stems ill, SO.
sdt, iim. six, 65 c, f. 11. 2 (p. 43).
sas, iim. six, 104 ; lOG a (par.).
sasti, nm. s/x/j/, 104.
.sastha, ord. sixth, 107,
sodasa, nm. sixteen, 104 ; 106 c
(par. I. sodha, nm. adv. in six wai/s, 108 b.
S, changed to t, 83, la; 89 ; 171, 6 (ds.); 144. 1 (s ao.) ; loss of, 133 B 1, 144, 2 a, in s ao., 144, 6, between consonants, 148, Ig: of N. in cds., 189, 1 6: adv. sf., 179, 1 ; ao., 142; 143; stems in, 83.
sa, dem. prn., 110 ; Sandhi of, 48 ; pleonastic formulaic use of, 180.
•sa, sf. of ao., 141 o ; of ds., 169, 1.2; pri. noin. sf., 182, 1 b.
saka, dem. prn., that little, 117 a.
sakft, nm. adv. once, 108 « ; w. gen., 202 D 3.
sakthi, n, thigh, 99, 4.
sdksant, s ao. act. pt. of sah, overcome, 85 ; 156 a.
sakha foi- sd.klii, in cds., 188, 2 ,p. 275), f. n. 2; 189, 4 rf.
sakhi, m. frie^id, 99, 2 ; in Bahu- vrihis and Karmadliarayas, 188, 4 d, f. 11. 1 ; in governing cds., 189 A 2 « (p. 280), f. n. 3.
sac, folloiv, i3i\ stem, 133 A 3 a ; 134B3/3; 134 B3; pf., 137,2a; 137, 2b; s ao. op., 143, 4 ; root ao. ijDV,, 148, 5 ; red, pf. i^t., 157 a.
saca; prp. with, w. loc, 177, 5.
sajosas, a. united, 88, 2 a a. saiij, hang, pr. stem, 133 A 4. satobrhati, f. a metre, )). 444, 3 c. satydrm, adv. tralg, 178, 2. satra, adv. in one place, 179, 3. sad, sit, pr. stem, 133 A 3 « ; pf.,
137, 2 a, f. n. 2 ; a ao. ipv.,
147, 5; red. ao., 149, 1. sddam, adv. ahcags, 179, 3. s^da, adv. alicays, 179, 3. sadivas, adv. to-daij, 179, 3. sadyds, adv. to-day, 179, 3, sadha-, adv. together, 179, 1 (p. 212). sadhryaiic, a. converging, 93 b
(p. 74), f, n, 1, san, gain, pr, stem, 134 C 4 a ;
red, pf. pt., 157. -san, loc. inf. of stems in, 167,
4 c. sana, a. old, cpv. of, 103, 2 «. sand.j, a. old, 79, 8 I. sanat, abl. adv.//oj» of old, 178, 5. -sani, loc. inf. in, 211, 4, sanitur, prp. ajmrt from, w. ace,
177, 1 ; 197 B c. sauutar, pri^, far from, w, abl.,
177, 3. s^nt, pr. pt. of as, be, 85, samtaram, ace. adv. closer togetltcr,
197 A 5 & )3. samnam, f. favour, 78, 3. sdnyams, cpv. older, 88 ; 103, 2 a. sap, serve, pf., 137, 2 a ; red. ao.
inj., 149, 3. sapar^nya, den, gdv. to be adored,
162, 3. saptd, nm. seven, 104 ; 106 c (par.), saptati, nm. seventtj, 104. saptath^, ord. seventh, 107. saptadasa, nm. seventeen, 104 ;
106 c. ^ saptadha, adv. in seven ivays, 108 h. saptamd, ord. seventh, 107. sama, indef. prn. any, 119 a (par.);
p. 452, 8 A a. samaha, adv. in some ivuy or other,
179, 1 ; p. 452, 8 A &. samand,, a. similar, 120 c 2 (p. 117). samudri, f. oceanic, 100, I a (p. 86),
f. n. 1. samprasarana, m. distraction, 5 b ;
17a, f. n.2; 69 c, f. n. 2 ; 89 ; 91,
4D(J
VEDIC INDEX
3. i. 5 ; 'M, 2 ; "JD, 5, f. a. 1 ; pr.
stem, 133 B 1 ; 133 C 2, f. n. 1 ;
13i A 2 « ; 134 B 2 ; 134 E 2 ;
135,4; 137, 2a, f. n. 1; 137,2c;
139,2; 154,6; 1(50,2; 160, 3«;
inf., 167, 1, f. n. 3; cs., 16S,
iiT., 5. sainyd.Sc, a. luiitcd, 93 a ; w. ace,
197. samraj, in. sovereign ruler, 49 b. sar^h, f. (?) bee, 81. sarit, f. stream, 77, 1. sarva, prii. a. ivhole, 120 b (par.). sarvada, adv. always, 179, 3. sarvahut, a. offerituj completely,
77, 1. sascat, pr. pt. of sac, follow, 85 b,
f. a. 5, sascdrt, in. pursuer, 85 b. sah, overcome, 140, 3a; s. ao.,
144,3; op., 143, 4; ipv.,143, 5;
pt., 143, 6 ; jjf. i^rc, 150 a ; ft.,
151 c ; s ao. pt. act., 156 a. s&h, in. conqueror, 81 ; a. victorious,
81 a (par.), sahd, prp. ?ti7/t, w. inst., 177, 2 ;
adv , 179, 1. sahaatama, spv. most victorious,
103, 1 b. sdihasa, inst. a.dv. forciblij, 178, 3. sahisra, n. thousand, 104 ; 106 d
Qjar.) ; concord of, 194 B 1 6. sahasratamfi, ord. thousandth, 107
(p. 102), f. a. 2. sahasradha, am. adv. in a thousand
I rays, 108 b, saliasrasas, adv. by thousands,
179, 1. sahyams, cpv. stronger, 103, 2 a. sa, biiut, root ao. ipv. , 148, 5. sakam, prp. with, w. inst., 177, 2. saksat, abl. adv. visibly, 178, 5. -sac, a. accompanying, 79 (p. 54\
f. a. 1. sadh, succeed, red. ao. sb., 149, 2 ;
inj., 149, 3. sadhistha, spv. straightest, 103, 2 a. sadhu, a. straight, spv. of, 103, 2 a. sadhuya, inst. adv. straight,
178, 3 b. sanu, m. a. summit, 98 (p. 81),
f. n. 13 ; 98 a.
Samaveda, acceatuatioa of,
p. 450, 4. sayfim, adv. in the evening, 178, 2. sayampratar, adv. evening and
inoniing, accoatiuitioa, p. 475 e a. sahvams, uared. jif. pt. act., 2^re-
vailing, 157 b. -si, 2. s. iad. cadiiig = ipv.,
215 h 0. simhi, f. lioness, 100, I a (p. 88). sic, sprinkle, pr. stem, 133 C 1. sic, f. hem of a garmeid, 79, 1. sima, dem. pra., 100, 3 a. siri, m. weaver, 110, I b. sis aorist, 142 ; 146. sidant, \)v. pt. of sad, sit, 85. sim, end. prn. pel., 180 ; i>. 452,
8 A. a. su, impel, pr. stem, 134. 1 a (p. 142). su, press, root ao. part., 148, 6 ;
pr. pt., 85. su, su, adv. welt, 180 ; ia Bv, cds.,
p. 455, 10 c a. sudas, a. liberal, 83, 1. sudhi, a. wise, 100, 1 a, f. a. 4. supu, a. clarifying well, 98 d. sumdd, prp. ivith, w. inst., 177, 2. sumedhas, a. intelligent, 83, 2 a a. surabhintara, cpv., 103, 1 a. suradhas, a. bountiful, 83, 2 a a. suvastu, f. a river, 98 a. su, bring forth, pf., 139, 7 ; it.,
151 c ; ps. iaj., 154 b. su, m. begetter, 100, II a. sud, put in order, red. ao. ipv.,
195, 5. sv,Jtow, a ao., 147 c ; ft., 151 a. srj, emit, s aorist, 144, 4. 5. sobhari, m. a aaaie, 100, I b. skand, leap, root ao. , 148, 1 d. skambh, make firm, 134 E 3. sku, tear, pr. stem, 134, 1 a
(p. 142), f. n. 1. Stan, thunder, pr. stem, 134 A 3 b. stambh, pirop, pr. stem, 134 E 3. 4 ,
red. pf. pt., 157. stdr, m. star, 82, f. a. 5 ; 82 6. stavanfi, pr. pt. mid. of stu,
praise, 158 a. stu, praise, pr. stem, 134, lea;
pf., 138, 5 ; s ao., 143, 1. 2 (par.) ; ft. pt., 151 b 2 ; ps. ao., 155.
VEDIC INDEX
497
stubh, f. praise, 78, 2.
str, star, accentuation of, p. 458,
c 1. str, slrew, ps., 154, 3, f. n. 1 ; s ao.
op., 143, 4. stri, f. iroman, 100, Ih B (p. 88). stha, stand, pr. stem, 133 A 8 a ;
134 B 3 /3 ; a ao., 147 a 1 ; I'oot
ao., 148, 1 a (par.), op., 148, 4,
pt., 148, 6 ; red. pf. pt., 157. stha, a. standing, 97, 2. sthatf, a. stationary, 101, 2 b. sthapaya, cs. of stha, stand: red.
ao , 149 a 3. sthira, a firm, cpv. of, 103, 2 b. sth6yams, cpv, most steadjasf,
103, 2 a. snu, summit, accent, p. 458, c 1. snu, rfis<i7, pr. stem, 134, 1 a
(p. 142), f. n. 1. -snu, pri. nom. sf., 182, 1 b. spas, see, pr. stem, 133 B 1 ; pr.
pt., 85. sp&s, m. spy, 63 6, f. n. 2 ; 79, 4. spr, (rin, root ao., 148, 1 d. -sprk, N. of -sprs, tuuching, 81 a. sprdh, f. battle, 77, 4. .sprs, touch, sa ao., 141 a ; red. ao.
sb., 149, 2; inj., 149, 3. sma, eucl. emphasizing pel., 180 ;
w. pura and pr. , 212 A 2 & ;
p. 452, 8Ab. sma, prn. element, 110. sradd, prp. icith, with inst., 177, 2. smr, remember, ps., 154, 4, f. n. 1. sya, dem. prn. that, Sandhi of,
48. -sya, ft. suffix, 151. -syade, inf. tojiow, 167 a (p. 191). syand, flow, pf., 135, 4 ; s ao.,
144, 5 ; red. ao., 149, 1. syu, f. thread, 100, II a. Hvams, fall, a ao., 147 b ■ red. ao.,
149, 1. srd.j, f. garland, 79, 3 a. sravat, f. stream, 85 b. sras, 2. s. s ao. of srj, emit, 141, 2. sridh, f./oc, 77, 4. ' srue, f. ladle, 79, 1. srii, f. stream, 100, II «. sv6., po.ss. prn. own, 115 6, c (par.) ;
116 c; 120 c 2.
svad, SH-eeten, red. ao. inj., 149, 3.
svan, a. sounding, 11, 5.
svap, sleep, pr. stem, 134 A3 a;
pf., 135, 4; 1.37. 2 c; pf. pt.,
157 ; red. ao., 149, 1. svayam, ref. i)rn. , 115 a, svdyukta, Tp. cd. self-yoked, 115 ca, svar, sound, s ao. , 144, 5. svar, n, tight, 82, f. n. 7 ; 82 c ;
accentuation of, p. 458, c 1. svarabhakti, f. vowel element, 15 d. svarita, m. (encWiic) falling accent,
p. 448, 1 ; p. 451, 6 ; how
marked, p. 449, 2 ; p. 450, 3. 4. svarcaksas, ;i. brilliant as light,
49 d. svarpati, m. lord of heaven, 49 d. svaria, a. winning light, 49 d, svarsati, f. acquisition of light, 49 d. svasocis, a. setf-radiant, 83, 2 b. svasr, f. sister, 101, 1. svadistha, sjjv. sweetest, 103, 2 P. svadiyams, cpv. sweeter, 103, 2 /3. svadu, a. sweet, cpv. and spv. of,
103, 2 j8. Sivid, end. emphasizing pel., 180 ;
p. 452, 8 A &.
H treated like aspirate cerebral,
69 c ; like dh, 69 d; reverts to
guttural, 92 (p. 72) f.n. 1, in pr.
stem, 134 A 2 c, 1.58 a ; stems in,
81. ha, end. emphasizing pel., 180;
p. 452, S Kb ; w. piira and pr.,
212 A 2 ba. -ha, a. slaying, 97, 3. -ha, adv. suffix, 179, 1 p. han, slay, pr. stem, 134, lea;
134 A 2 c ; 134 B 3 ;3 ; pf.,
137, 2 6 ; 139, 4 ; pr. pt. act.,
156 a ; gd., 165 a. -han, a. slaying, 77, 5 ; 92. hanta, ij. come! 180; 181. hay6, ij. coj)(e .' 181. havismant, a. offering an oblation,
86.' has, laugh, pr. .stem, 134 B 3. hasta, m. hand, compounded w.
gd., 184 c. hastin, a. having hands, 87 (par.).
i8ia
Kk
498
VEDIC INDEX
ha, go away, pr. stem, 134 B 1 a ;
sao.,144,2. 5; 146. hi, cj. for, 180 ; accents verb.
p. 467, 19 B. -hi, ending of 2. s. ipv. act,,
134 C 4 5. hims, injure, pr. stem, 134 D 1. hiri, ij. compounded with kr, do,
184 rf. hitd, pp. of dha, put, 160, 2 a. hinv, impel, pi: stem, 133 A 3 f» ;
134 C 4 ^. him, n. cold, 78, 3. hlranyavasimattama, spv. best
wielder of the golden axe, 103, 1. hiruk, ij. cnvay ! 181. hid, he angry, red. no., 149, 1. hu, sacrifice, pr. stem, 134 B 3 n. huruk, ij. aivay, 181.
hu, ccdl, rt. ao. inj., 148,3; ps.,
154 a (par.), ipv., 1516 (,P«'»i'.).
impf., 154 c. hr, take, s ao., 144, 5. hrttas, adv. //-om the heart, 179, 2. hfd, n. heart, 77, 3 o. hai, V]. ho '. 181. hyas, adv. yesterday, 179, 3. hvar, he crooked, pr. stem, 134 B 2 ;
s ao., 144, 2 ; red. ao. inj., 149,3. hva, ccdl, pr. .stem, 133 B 1 ; a ao.,
147 a 1.
L = d, 3 6 7 (p. 3), f. n. 1 ; 11 rt a ; ■ 15; 2 d; 15, 2i.
Lh = dh, 3 & 7 (p. 3), f. n. 1 ; 15, 2 d; 15, 2 i ; produces lengtli )>y position, p. 437, a 3.
GENERAL INDEX
Tlift abbreviations occurring in this index liave been explained at tlie beginning of Appendix I and of the Vedlc Index. The figures refer to paragraphs unless pages are specified.
Ablative, syntactical use of, 201 ; w. verbs, 201 A 1 ; w. substan- tives, 201 A 2 ; w. adjectives, 201 A 3 ; w. numerals, 201 A 3 c ; w. adverbs, 201 A 4 ; w. pre- positions, 176 a, b • m, 3 ; expresses the reason, 201 b.
Abl.-gen. inf., 167, 3 (p. 194); svnt. use of, 211, 3.
Absolute eases, 205 : loc, 205, 1 ; gen,, 205, 2.
Accent, 16 ; 71 « ; 77, 5, f. n. 1 82 h, f. n, 1 ; 82 c, f. n. 2 83, 1 f) ; 85 ; 89 ; 93 a, f. n. 1 97, 2. f. n. 2 (p. 79) ; 100, 1 a 100, 1 b. f. n. 3; 100, II 100, II 6; 102, 2, f. n. 1 103, 1. 2 (f. n. 1-3) ; 101, f. n. 6 104 a, b; 106; 107 ; 125, 1. 2 126 o ; 127, 1. 2 ; 128 ; 131 134, 1 c ; 134 A 4 & (f. n. 1) 136 ; 141. 1 (f. n. 3) ; 148, 5 154; 155; 158 a ; 159 a 4 162, 4 ; 164 ; 167, 1 b, f. n. 1 169; 172; 175; 175 A 2, f. n. 1 189 A, f. n. 2 ; 195 B 6 ; double 167 b 6 ; 185, f. n. 1 ; 186 A 1 p. 452, 7 ; p. 456, 2 ^ ; shift of, 5 ; 72 « ; 85 b ; 100, I b, f. n. 3 and p. 87: 112, f. n. 4 ; 112 7, f. n. 1 ; 189 ; 199 A 6 a ; p. 454, 10 ; p. 458, lie; p. 464, 1 6 ; pp. 448 -69 ; musical, p. 436 ; p. 448, 1 ; methods of marking, App. Ill, 2-5; of single words, p. 451, 6 ; Greek, p. 451, 6 ; 1
Kk
lack of, p. 452, 8 ; in dec, p. 457, 11 a ; p. 475, 11 a ; in the sentence, p. 464, 18 ; verbal, pp. 459-62 ; of augmented tenses, p. 459, 12 a ; of pr. system, p. 459, 12 b ; p. 460, pf. 12 c.
Accented particles, position of, 191 i.
Accusative, syntactical use of, 197 A ; w. verbal nouns, 197 B ; w. adjectives, 197 B a, /3 (p. 302); w. adverbs, p. 303, iS ; w. inter- jections, p. 303, 7 ; w. preposi- tions, 176, 1 ; 177, 1 ; 197 B c (p. 303) ;■ adverbial, 178, 2 ; 197, 5 ; double, 198 ; inf., 167, 2 ; 211, 2.
Action nouns, 182, 1.
Active voice (Parasmaipada), 121.
Adjectives, 86 ; 87 ; 88 ; 93 ; 95 c ; 120 ; 186 B ; w. inst., 199, 2 «, b; w. gen., 202 C ; w. inf., 211, 1 b ; 211, Baa; 211, 3 b a.
Adverbial, suffixes, 179 : w. inst. sense, 171, 1 ; w, abl sense, 179, 2 ; vv. loc. sense, 179, 3 ; particles, 180.
Adverbs, 180; compound, 197 A 5 b S, € (p. 301); compounded w. verbs, 184 b, w. gd., 164, 1 a ; numeral, 108 a-c; prepositional, 177; w. gen., 202 d.
Agent, expressed by inst., 199, 2 ; nouns, 101, 2 ; 152, f. n. 1 ; 182, 1 ; w. gdv., 209, 1 a, 3,
500
GENERAL INDEX
4, 5 a ; w. inf. in ps. sense,
211 bp. Analogy, 97, f. n. 5 !p. 77) ; of an
stems, p. 78, f. n. 15 ; of r stems,
99, 1, f. n. 1 ; 139, 6 (pf.^ ;
p. 273, f. n. 3. Anai)horic use of ti, 195 B 3 6 ;
of et^, 195 B 4 ft. Antitlietical clause, accentuation
of, p. 468, p. Aorist, 141-9 ; meaning of, 213 C ;
accent of its moods, p. 460, 12 d. Apodosis in conditional sentences,
216 (p. 364, yadi 2) ; 218, 1. Apposition, position of, 191 d ; in _ descriptive compounds, 188, 1. Aranyakas, 1.
Archaisms in compounds, 49 ; 50. Article, non-existent, 192 ; in- cipient in B., 195 B 3 &. Articulation, jjlionetic position of,
29. Aspiration, 3 c ; initial, 40, 1 ;
53-5 ; of s, 53 a ; of h, 54 ; of
g, d, b, 55 ; loss of, 62 ; 62,
f. n. 1 ; thrown back, 62 a ;
134 B 1 ?; ; thrown forward,
62 b ; loss of initial, 141 «, f. n. 1
(p. 160) ; 143, 6 ; 148, 1 </. Aspirates, 15, 2 ; 30, 2 ; avoidance
of two, 55, f. n. 1. Assimilation, 16 ; 29 ; 32 ; 33 ;
34 ; 37 ; 38 ; 40, 1. 3 ; 43, 3 ;
60 o. Attraction of ace. by dat., 200 B 4 ;
of ace. by gen. inf., 211, 3 ?; a ;
in gender and number, 194, 3. Attribute (adj. or gen.), position
of, 191 e. Aufrecht, Prof., 2, f. n. 1 ; p. 33,
f. n. 6 ; p. 38, f. n. 1. Augment, 15, 1 c ; 23 c ; 128 ;
lengthened, 128 a ; 140, 6 ; 141
a; 148, Id; Sandhi of, 128 J; ;
accented, p. 459, 12 a. Avesta, p. 67, f. n. 4 ; 134, 2 b ;
137, 2 a (f. n. 2) ; p. 436, f. n. 3 ;
p. 438, f. n. 1 ; p. 439, f. n. 3 ;
p. 440, f. n. 1; p. 441, f. n. 5;
p. 442, f. n. 1.
Benedictive (or Precative), 150.
Brahmanas, 1 ; 2 ; 28, f. n. 3 ; 76 b, f. n. 1 ; 79, 3 a, f. n. 3 ; 97 ft a : p. 78, f. n. 9 ; 107 (p. 102), f. n. 1 ; 113 « ; 22 a a 139,5; 139, 9a ; 149; 154,6 6 161, f. n. 6 ; 162, 4, f. n. 1 163, 1, f. n. 1 ; 166, 167 ; 168 172 ; 190 ; 191 ; p. 452, 7.
Break, metrical, p. 440, 4 B.
Breathing h, 7 a 4 ; 15, 2 ? ; 29 c ; origin of, 13 ; becomes k before s, 69 a ; treated like gh l)eforo t, th, dh, 69 b.
Cadence, p. 436 ; p. 438 ; p. 440, 4 B ; trochaic, p. 440, 4 B ; p. 442, 6 ; p. 443, 8 a.
Caesura, p. 436 ; p. 440, 4 B ; double, p. 442, 7 a.
Cardinals, 104-6 ; intermediate between decades, 104 a ; as Dvandvas, 186 A 2, f. n. 3 ; concord of, 194 B 1 a, b ; ac- centuation of, Y>. 457, 116 a.
Case-endings, 16 a ; normal, 71 ; sometimes retained in com- pounds, 187 a ; 188, 2 3 ; 189, 2.
Case-forms, adverbial, 178 : nom.,
I ; ace, 2 ; inst., 3 ; dat , 4 ; abl., 5 ; gen., 6 ; loc, 7.
Cases, 70 c; strong, 73; position of, 191 c ; synt. use of, 196-205.
Causal sense of inst., 199 A 3 ; of .abl., 201 B.
Causative, 124 ; 168 ; tenses and moods of, 168 c; sense of ao., 149 ; sf. dropped, 154, 6 a ; 160, 3 ; sf. 23artl}^ retained in red. ao., 149 a 3 ; ft., 151 ; synt. use of, 198 A 3.
Cerebi'al sibilant s, 12 6 ; in dec. and conj. ,64a; z, 8, f. n. 1 ;
II c ; 49 c (in cds.)! Cerebralization, of ch, 63 d ; of j,
63 ; of s, 63 b ; of dentals, 15, 2 7t a ; 64 ; 69 c ; of n, 10 c ; 65 ; 66, 2 b ; of n in cds., 50 c ; 65 a ; 65 6 ; of n in external Sandhi, 65 c ; of initial d, n in cds., 49 c ; of dh, 160, 2, f n. 1 ; of s, 50 6 ; 67 ; 81 «, f. n. 2 ; 83, 2 6, 2 c ; of s in vb. cds.,
GENERAL INDEX
501
67 a ; of s in nom. cds,, 67 b ;
of s in external Sandlii, 67 c ;
of Visarjaniya, 43, 1 a ; 43, 2
a; absence of, 67, f. n. 1, 8, 4 ;
92, f. n. 1. Cerebrals, 3 b y ; 29 a ; internal
Sanilhi of, 64 ; 65 ; 67 ; origin
of, 8 ; pronunciation of, 15, 2 d ;
stems in, 80. Changeable consonant steins,
84-96 ; irregularities of, 96 ;
peculiarities of, 94 ; fem. of, 95. Cognate accusative, 197, 4. Collective Dvandvas, 186 A 3. Comparative Philology, 17, f. n. 2 ;
p. 451, 6. Comparison, degrees of, 103 ;
implied in compounds, 188, 1, a ;
189, 1 a ; 189, 2 a. Compounded participles, accent
of, p. 462, 13. Compounds, 184-9 ; classification
of, 185 b ; gender of, 185 a ;
verbal, 184 ; doubly accented,
p. 452, 7 ; accentuation of,
p. 454, 10. Concomitance, expressed by inst.,
199 A. Concord, 194. Conditional, 153 ; synt. vise of,
218 ; in rel. clauses, p. 368, 2 ;
in periods, 218, 1 ; w. ydd and
op., Y>. 363 7 1 ; w. yMi if,
p. 364, 2 ; w. c6d if, p. 366, 5. Conjugation, 121-75 ; first, 125 ;
graded, 124 ; paradigms of pr.
system, 132 ; second, 126. Conjugational classes, 124 ; 125 ;
127 ; irregularities of, 133 ;
134. Conjugations, two, 124 ; secon- dary, ibid. : accentuation of,
p. 461, 12 e. Conjunctive particles, 180. Connecting vowel a, 147 ; 149
i, 89 a; 136 a; 140,5; 157 a, b
160, 3 ; 162, 4. 5 ; 163, 1. 2
169 ; i, 140, 6 ; 143, 1. Consonant, endings w. initial
(bhyam, bhis, bhyas, su), 16 a ;
73 a ; stems, 75-96. Consonants, 6-14 ; changes of.
32 ; 37 ; classification of, 29 ; 30; doubling of, 51 (eh); 52 (ii, n); final, 27; 28; 31; 32 ;
33 ; 76 ; loss of, 15, 2k; 28 ; 61 ; 90, 2 ; 96, 3, f. n. 2 ; lOl ; 144 ; 148, 1 d (ao.); 160, 2, f. n. 1 ; quality of, 30 ; un- changeable, 60, 1.
Contracted vowels restored,
p. 437 a, 6. Contraction, 83, 2 a a (p. 59) ;
133, 3« (pr.); 137, 2« (f. n. 1\
2 c (pf.) ; 149, irr. a 2 (red. ao.) ;
171, 3 (ds.) ; 171, 3 a (ds.) ;
after secondary hiatus, 48 a. Couplets, p. 446, 11.
Dative, syntactical use of, 200: w. verbs, 200 A 1, w. substan- tives, A 2, w. adjectives, A 3, w. adverbs, A 4 ; of advantage, 200 B 1, of purpose, B 2, of time, B3; double, 200 B4 ; adverbial, 200 B 5 ; for gen., 97 « a ; 98 a ; f. n. 8 ; 100, I 6 j8 (p. 88), f. n. 2; 100, U b a (p. 89\ f. n. 1.
Dative inf., 167, 1 : in e, a, in ase, b 1, in aye, b 2, in taye, b 3, in tave, b 4, in tavai, b 5, & 5 a, in tyai, b 6, in dhyai, b 7, in mane, b 8, in vane, b 9 ; synt. use of, 211, 1 ; w. ps. force, 211, 1 6 a (p. 335).
Declension, 70-120 : of nouns, 74-102 ; of numerals, 104-7 ; of pronouns, 109-20 ; accent in, p. 457, 11 a.
Demonstrative pronouns, 110-12 ; synt. use of, 195 B ; concord of, 194 B 3.
Denominative, 124 ; 175 ; ao., 175 B a ; ft., ibid. ; pj). ibid.
Dental : n, Handhi of finiil, 35 ; 36 ; 39 ; 40 ; 42, 3 a ; 52 ; 66 A 1 ; 66 A 2 ; s, changed to t or d, 9 a ; 66 B 1 ; disappears, 66 B 2 ; inserted, 40, 2.
Dentals, 3 & S ; 9a; 10 a (n) ; 15, 2 e ; 29 a ; palatalized, 37 a ; 38 ; 40 (n) ; 63 a ; cerebralized, 64 ; stems in, 77.
502
GENERAL INDEX
Derivative verbs, 168-75. Descriptive compounds, 188 ;
accent of, p. 455, 10 d 1. Desiderativc, 124 ; 169 : 170 ;
171 ; ao., 171 a (p. 201);
pp., ibid. ; gd., ihid. ; of cs.,
168 c (p. 197), f. n. 4. Determinative compounds. 185 h ;
187 ; dependent, 187, 2 a ; de-
scriijtive, 187 : accent of,
p. 4.55, 10 d. Devanagari character. 2, f. ii. 1. Dialects, 11 c. Dimeter verse, p. 438, 2. Dipthongs, 3a; 4 h. Dissimilation, 96, 2 ; 134 C 3 ;
174 a. Distance, expressed by ace,
197 A 3. Dodecasyllabic verse, p. 442, 6. Doubling of ch, 51 ; of n and n,
52. Dravidian sounds, 8. Dual, synt. use of, 193, 2 ; com-
poimds, 186 A 1 ; ellii^tical,
186 B 3 a ; 193, 2 «.
Elision of initial a, 11, 1 a, b, c ;
19 h, f. n. 1 ; 21 a, f. n. 4 and 6. Emphatic words, synt. j^osition
of, 191 a. Enclitics, 109 a; 112 a; p. 452,
8 A ; synt. position of, 191 h ;
195 A 5. Endings, in dec, 71 ; in conj.,
131 (table) ; of pf., 136 «. External Sandhi, 17-55.
Feminine, formation of, 73, f. n. 1 ; of changeable stems. 95 ; of u stems, 98 c (p. 83j ; 101, I h ; of tr stems, 101 c ; of sec. cjiv. and spv. stems, 103, 1 c ; of ordinals, 107 ; special endings of (in i and a stems), 100, I h ; 97, 1, f. n. 5 ; suffixes, 183 «.
Final consonants allowable, 27 ; 28 ; 31 ; 61 ; 76.
Final dative, synt. position of, 191 A, a 1.
Frequentative, see Intensive.
Future, simple, 151 ; pt. ps. =
gdv., 162 ; 209 ; synt. use of, 214 ; of cs., 168, 1 c ; peri- phrastic, 152 ; accent of, p. 461, 12 e.
Gender, 70 a ; rules of, 183 ; of compounds, 18.5 a ; in syntax, 194 ; attraction in, 194, 3.
Genitive, synt. use of, 202 : w. verbs, 202 A. w. substantives, B, adjectives, C, adverbs, D : w. prepositions, 177, 4 ; adverbial, 178, 6 ; 202 C 3 a : absolute, 205, 2 ; partitive, 202 A d ; possessive, 202 B 2 « ; objective, 202 B n- : subjective, 202 B 1 u.
Gerund, 122 c ; 163-6 ; accentua- tion of, p. 464, 15 ; compounded w. adv., 165 ; w. noun, 166 ; syntactical use of, 210.
Gerundive, 162 ; synt. use of, 209.
Goal of an action, expressed by the ace, 197, 1 ; 198, 3 h ; by the loc, 204, 1 b, c; 198, 3, f. n. 2.
Governing compounds, 185?*; 189; as substantives. 189, 1 a ; w. suffixes a orya, 189, 1 b ; accent of, p. 455, 10 /).
Grammarians, Hindu, 5 a.
Gutturals, S b a ; 6 ; 7b; 15, 2 b ; 29 a ; changed to palatals, 7ba : reversion to, 92 ; 134 A 2 c ; 160, 1 b ; 160, 2 ; 171, 4.
Haplology, 15, 2 b.
Hard (surd, voiceless) sounds,
30, 1 ; 32 ; 33. Hemistich, 16 ; 18 « ; ]>. 438,
f. n. 2 ; p. 439 b ; p. 440 C ;
p. 441, 5; p. 443 ; p. 449, 2«;
accentuation of, p. 465, f. n. 4. Hendecasyllabic verse, p. 440, 4 B. Hiatus, 15. 1 /: 16; 21 b ; 22 ;
24 ; 45 ; 48; 49; 97, 1, f. n. 11;
avoidance of, 16; in compounds,
49 ; restored, 18 6; 19 a, f. n. 4 ;
20 ; 21 6 ; secondary, 22 a ; 48 a
(avoided). High grade syllables e, o, ar, al),
5 rt ; (ya, va, ra), 5 b ; (ya, va,
ra), b ba ; of i and u, 4 & ; 6a, b.
GENERAL INDEX
503
Historical present, 212, 2. Hyi)otlietical clauses, 216 (under
yad, p. 363, and ykdi, p. 361^ ;
218.
Imperative, 122 a ; formation of, 122 « a; endings of, p. 125; root iio.. 148, 4 a 5 ; is ao., 145, 5 ; sis ao., 146, 5 ; pf., 140, 4 ; first persons wanting, 121 ; syntactical use of, 215.
Impei'fect, inflected, 132 ; ps., 154 c ; syntactical use of, 213 B.
Indeclinable, words, 176-81 ; synt. position of, 191 f-i; par- ticiple (= gerund), 210.
Indefinite pronouns, 119 b.
Indo-Eui'opean period, p. 451, 6.
Indo-Iranian, 8; 11 c; p. 442, f. n. 1 ; i^eriod, p. 436, f. n. 3.
Infinitive, 1 ; 122 rZ ; 167 ; accent of, p. 463, 14 ; characteristics of, 167 a ; synt. use of, 211 ; w. ps. force, 211, 1 b a, 0, 5.
Initial consonant, loss of, 50 a, f. n. 5 ; 134 A 2 & ; 171, 6.
Injunctive, 122 « ; 128 c ; forma- tion of, 122 a a ; root ao., 148, 2 ; is ao., 145, 3 ; sis ao., 146, 4 ; s ao., 143, 3 ; a ao., 147, 3 ; pf., 140, 2 ; synt. use of, 215 B.
Insertion, of vowels : i, i, 134 A 3 Cpr. stem) ; i. 134 A2 & (impf.),' 172 a (int.), 173, 3 (int.), 174 6 (int.) ; of consonants : k, 35 (in SandliiV t, 36 a, 40, 1 (in .Sandlii), n, 66 A 2 (in N. pi. n.), 105, 4 (G. pi.), p. 100, f. n. 1, (C4. pi.), n or na, 127, 3 (pr. stern), y, 155 (ps. ao.), 168 irr. 4 (cs.), r, 134, 1 c (pr. stem), s, 40, 1 a (in Sandhi), s, 40, 2 (in Sandhi), 134 C 4, f. n. 1 (pr. stem), 150 (prc.\ s, 168, irr. 4 (cs.).
Instrumental, synt. use of, I'J'J : w. verbs, 199 B 1, w. nouns, B 2, w. numerals, B 2 c, w. prepositions, B 3, 177, 2 ; adv. use of, 178, 3 ; 199 A G ; ex- presses means or agent, 199 A 2; p. 309, a, /3.
Intensive, 124; 127, 2, f. n. 1 ;
172-4 ; moods of, 174, 2-4 ; pt.,
174, 5; impf., 174, 6; pf., 174,
6 a ; cs. , ibid. Interchange of vowel and semi- vowel, 134C3; 167, l,9,f.n.4;
171_, 2. Intej-jections, 181 ; 184 d. Interrogative pronoun, 113 ; synt.
position of, 191 k. Iranian, Old, 11 c, d; 15, 1 a. Irregularities, of vowel Sandhi,
23 ; of consonant Sandhi, 48 ;
49 ; in declension : 91 ; 92 ; 96 ;
98 a : 99 (i and u stems) ; in
conjugation : 133, 134 (pr.
stem) ; 156 a, 157 b a (pr. pt.
act.) ; 158 a (pr. j)t. mid.) ; 139
(pf.) ; 159 a (pf. pt. mid.) ;
144 (s ao.) ; 145 a-c (is ao.) ;
147 a-c (a ao.) ; 149 a (red. ao.) ;
151 c (ft.) ; 155 a (ps. ao.) ; 168,
p. 197 (cs.); 171, l(ds.); 174
(int.). Iteiative, verbs, 168 ; compounds,
185 b ; 189 C : accent of, p. 4-54,
10 a.
Labials, 3 6 e ; 9 6; 29 <( ; stems in, 78.
Length by position, p. 437 a 3,
Lengthening, of vowels, 15, 1 c ; 15, 2 lea; 143, 1. 3 (s ao.) ; 155 (ps. ao.) ; p. 280, f. n. 5 ; of reduplicative vowel, 139, 9 (pf.) ; 171, 6 (ds.).
Local sense of instrumental, 199 A 4.
Locative, sing, in i and ii (un- contractable\ 25 b ; inf., 167, 4 (p. 195) ; 211, 4 ; synt. use of, 203; local sense, 203 A 1. 2, temporal sense, A 8, adv. sense, A 4 ; w. verbs, 204, 1 ; w. nouns,
204, 2 ; w. adjectives, 204, 2 b ; w. prepositions, 176, 2 ; 204, 3 ;
205, 1.
Long vowels pronounced as two : p. 437 a 8.
Loss of sounds : of initial a, 21 a ; io, 2 b; 134 A 2 6 ; 156 « ; of medial a (see Syncope) ; of
504
GENERAL INDEX
medial u, 134 C 1 ; 134 C 4, f. n. 2 ; of final n, 90 (N. s.) ; 94, 2 (N. s.) ; of radical nasal, 137, 2 d (pf.) ; 133 A 4 (pr. stem) ; 160, 2 (pp.) ; 165 a (sd.) ; of n in 3. pi. ending, p. 125, f. n, 4 ; 156 (pt. act.) ; of Visarjanij^a, 45; 48; ofs(N. s.), 100, 1 6 (p. 87). Low grade vowels, i a ; 5 I, c, d.
Magadhi dialect, 11 c.
Mantras, 1.
Manuscripts, age of, 2.
Masculine suffixes, 183.
Max Muller, p. 33, f. n. 6 ; p. 38,
f. n. 1. Metathesis, 11 ca ; 103, 2 a (cpv.) ;
144. 4 (s ao.) ; 167, 2 b (inf.). Metre, 1 ; 16 ; 18 & ; 19 a; 20 ;
21 ; 22 a; 41 a ; 49 ; 52 ;
191 ; 194 B 1 ; Appendix II,
pp. 436-47. Middle, stem, 72; 73 a, b; 101, 2,
note; 185a; voice, 121; endings,
131 (p. 126). Monosyllabic stems, accentuation
of, p. 4.58, c 1. Moods, 122 a ; 140, 1-4 (pf.) ;
171, p. 200 (ds.) ; synt. use of,
215-18. Multiples, formation of, 104 b. Multiplicatives, 108 a, c; w. gen.,
202 D 3. Mutes, 3 b.
Nasal, loss of, 89 (pf. pt.) ; 133 (pr.); 134 D ; 134 E 3 ; 137, 2 rf (pf.) ; 139, 1 ; 140, f. n. 4 ; 144, 3 (s ao.) ; 147 irr. b (aao.) ; 148, 1 e (rt. ao.) ; 149 (red. ao.) ; 154, 5 (ps.); 167, 1, f. n. 5 (inf.) ; 160, 2 (pp.) ; 165 a (gd.) ; 171, 1 (ds.) ; 188, 2a ; insertion of, 79, 3 a, f. n. 2, 3; pure, 10 /; sonant, 4 a ; 127, 4 a ; 134 C 4 a ; 143, 4, f. n, 3 ; p. 163, f. u. 3 ; p. 185, f. n. 1.
Nasalization, 19 a, f. n. 5 ; 19 6, f. n. 1 ; 24, f. n. 2 ; 79, 3 a, f. n. 2 ; 133 C 1.
Nasals, 3; 10; 15, 2 /; 29 6; final, 35 (in Sandhi).
Neuter, 73 b (changeable stems) ;
97, 1 a (a stems) ; 98 a (i and u
stems) ; 101, 2 b (tr stems) ;
suffixes, 183 b ; synt. use of,
194 A 1 ; B 2 &. Nominal compounds, 185-9 ;
characteristics of, 185. Nominal stem formation, 182-4. Nominal verb forms, accent of,
pp. 462-4. Nominative, synt. use of, 196 ;
predicative, 196 a ; w. iti =
ace, 196 a ^ ; for voc, 196 c a. Nouns, declension of, 74-102 ;
classification of, 74. Number, 70 b ; 121 a ; synt. use
of, 193. Numeral, as first member of poss.
cd., 189, 3 c ; derivatives, 108 ;
adv. Av. gen., 202, 3. Numerals, 104-8.
Objective genitive, 202 Bib.
Octosyllabic verse, p. 438, 2.
Opening of a verse, p. 438, 2 ; p. 440, 4 B.
Optative (Potential), 122a ; forma- tion of, 122 a a; pf., 140, 3 ; s ao., 143, 4 ; is ao., 145, 4 ; sis ao., 146, 3 ; a ao., 147, 4 ; rt. ao., 148, 4 ; synt. use of, 216.
Oral tradition, 2.
Order of words, 191.
Ordinals, 107 ; fem. of, ibid.
Palatal, aspirate eh, 7 a 1 ; 13 ; old sibilant z, 15, 2 A; a ; s and eh before s, 63 b ; spirant y, 15,2 g ; sibilant s, 12 a, inser- tion of, 40, 1 a.
Palatalization of n, 63 c.
Palatals, 3 b 13 ; 29 a ; two series of, 7 ; new, 7 b ; old, 7a; 81 a ; before gutturals, 63 ; before s, 63 & ; revert to gutturals, 139, 4 ; 140, 6, f. n. 2 ; 148, 1 h, f. n. 8 ; 157 & a ; 157 a, f. n. 2 ; ICO, 1 ; 160, 1 b ; 171, 4 ; represent gutturals in reduplication, 129, 3 ; nominal stems in, 79.
Participles, 156-62; 122 6; act., 85 ; 156 ; 157 ; mid. and ps.,
GENERAL INDEX
505
168-62 ; pr., 85 ; 156 ; pr. mid., 158 ; pr. ps., 154 c ; pf. act., 89; 140, 5; 157; pf. mid., 159 ; ao. act., 85 ; 156 ; a ao., 147, 6; ft. act., 85; 151 & 2 ; 156; ft. mid.. 158; pp., 160; ft. ps. pt. (gdv.), 162 ; indec. (gd.), 163; fem. of pr. and ft., 95 ff, 6 ; synt. use of, 206-10 ; characteristics of, 206 ; durative sense of pr., 207 a ; pr. = finite verb, 207 ; \v. gen. absolute, 205, 2 ; w. loc. absolute, 205, 1 ; pp. as finite verb, 208 ; pp. used periphrastically, 208rt, b; mean- ing and construction of ft. ps., 209 ; construction of indec, 210.
Partitive genitive, 202 B 2 b.
Passive, 121 ; 154 (par.) ; 155 (ao.) ; pr. stem, 121 ; 154 ; sb., 154 b ; cs. stem, 154, 6 a ; past pt. = finite vb., 208 ; w. as and bhu = periphrastic mood or tense, 208 a, b.
Past tenses, meaning and synt. use of, 213.
Pentasyllabic verse, p. 442, 8.
Perfect, 135-40 ; endings of, 13() ; paradigmsof, 138 ; irreguhirities of, 139 ; moods of, 140 ; synt. use of, 213 A ; act. pt. unre- dti plicated, 157 6 ; pt. mid., 159 ; pt. ps., 160 : formed w. both ta and na, 160, 1 a ; ac- centuation of, App. Ill, 12 c.
Periphrastic forms : ft., 152, forerunners of, 152, f. n. 1, sense of, 214 B ; pf., 139, 9 a.
Personal pi-onouns, 109 ; limited use of, 195 A.
Phoneticians, native, p. 448, 1.
Pluperfect, 140, 6 ; meaning of, 213 D.
Plural, elliptical use of, 193, 3 a ; loose use of, 193, 3 b ; Dvandvas, 18G A 1.
Possessive, compounds, 185 b ; 189 ; gen., 202 B 2 a.
Potential, see Optative.
Prati^akhyas, 11 ; 15, 1 a, b, d ; 15, 2 ; 15,2 e, g, i, j ; 42, 2, f. n. 2; 51 ; p. 465, f. n. 1.
Precative (Benedictive), 150 ; pf., 140, 3 a; rt. ao., 148, 4 a; synt. use of, 217.
Predicative adjective, concoi'd of, 194 B 2 ; noun, synt. position of, 191 b.
Prepositions, 176 ; adverbial, 176, 1 ; adnominal, 177 ; com- pounded w. roots, 184, 2 ; syn- tactical jiosition of, 191/; synt. accentuation of, Apj). Ill, 20.
Present, system, 123-34 ; tense, synt. use of, 212 A ; stems, plurality of, 212 ; for ft., 212A3; pt. = finite vb., 207, expressing duration, 207 « ; accentuation of, p. 459, 12 &; p. 458 c (pr. pt.).
Primary endings, 131 ; nom. suf- fixes, 182, 1 ; 182, 1 b : accentua- tion of, p. 453, 9 A.
Principal clause, verb unaccented in, App. Ill, 19 A.
Pronominal adjectives, 105, 1 ; 107, f. n. 4 ; 120 ; declension : 109-20 ; its influence on no- minal forms, 97, f. n. 1, 2 (p. 77) ; 120.
Pronouns, 109-20 ; personal, 109 ; demonstrative, 110-12; inter- rogative, 113 ; relative, 114 ; reflexive, 115 ; possessive, 116 ; compound and derivative, 117- 18 ; indefinite, 119 ; syntactical use of, 195.
Pronunciation, ancient, 15 ; Greek, of Sanskrit words, ibid. ; of vowels, 15, 1 a ; of diph- thongs, 15, 1 6 ; of consonants, 15, 2 ; of 1, 15, 2 g.
Proper names, 189, 3 a ; 189 A 2 ; 193, 2 a, 3 a; 200 A 2 7.
Prosodical rule, 18 6, f. n. 1 ; 25 a.
Prosody, rules of, p. 437 a.
Protasis, 216 (vv.'yid, p. 363, and y^di, p. 364) ; 218, 1.
Purpose, expressed by dative, 200 B 2.
Radical vowel lengthened, 143, 1 ; 145, 1 ; 155 ; 171, 6 ; shortened, 149; 171, 6; 174.
506
GENERAL INDEX
Reason, expressed by inst., 199 A 3 ; by abl., 201 B.
Reduplicated root as nom. stem, 182, 1 a.
Reduplication, general rules of, 129, 1-6 ; sj^ecial rules of, 130 (pr.) ; 135, 1-4 (pf.) ; 119 a, b (ao.l ; 170 (ds.) ; 173 (int.) ; w. an-, 139, 6 (pf.) ; w. reijeatecl nasal, 173, 3 (int.) ; w. inserted nasal, 171 a (int.) ; of vowel in second syllable, 149. irr. 3 ; 171, 6 a ; dropped. 139, 3 (pf.) ; 157 h (pf. pt.) ; 171, 6 (ds.).
Relatives, synt. position of, 191 /.-.
Restoration of elided a, 21 «, f. n. 5, G.
Rhotacism, 11 t, d.
Rhythm, quantitative, p. 436, 1 ; iambic, p. 436 ; p. 438 ; p. 440, ili.
Rhythmic, rule, 136 a, f. n. 3 (pf.\* 139, 9, f. n. 2 (pf.) ; 149 (re i. ao.) ; tendency, 50 rf.
Rigveda, 1 ; 2.
Root, as nom. stem, 182. 1 a ; ao., 148.
Roots, two or more used in in- iiexion of same vb., 212 ; secon- dary, 134 C 4 a.
Sandhi,16-69; accentin.p. 464.17 ; nature of, 16 ; 1. external, 16- 55 : of vowels, 18 ; 19 ; 20 ; of diphthongs, 21 ; 22 ; irr. vowel, 23 ; absence of vowel, 24-6 ; of consonants, 27-55 ; of final k, t, t, p before n or m, 33 ; of final t before 1, 34, before pala- tals, 38 ; of final nasals. 35 ; of final dental n, 36 ; 39 ; 40 ; of final m, 41 ; 42 ; 42, 3 a and f. n. 5 (ambiguous) ; of final Visarjaniya, 43 ; 43, 2 a and 3 ; 44 ; of the final syllable ah, 45, 2 ; 46 ; 48 ; of the final syllable ah, 45, 1 ; 46 ; of final r, 46 ; 47 ; 2. internal : 56-69 ; of vowels, 57 ; 58 ; of r, 58; 154, 3; of f, 58; 154, 4; of diphthongs, 59 ; of conso- nants, 60 ; 61 ; of aspii-ates, 62 ;
of palatals before consonants,
63 ; of dentals after cerebrals,
64 ; 65 ; of dental n before y,
V, s, 66, 1. 2 ; of dental s, 66 B ;
67 ; of m before y, r, 1, v, 68 ;
of h before s, t, th, dh, 69 ;
3. in compounds: 49-50; 185
(p. 268) ; arcbaismsin, 49a,6,c,rf. Sanski-it, Classical, 1. Snmhitfi text, 2 ; 15, 1 a; 16. Samhitas, 1 ; 2. Schroeder, Prof. L. v., p. 450,
f. n. 3. Second Aorist, 147-9. Secondary, endings, 131 ; nom.
suffixes, 182, 2 ; accentuation
of, p. 453, 9 B ; shortening of
i, u, r, 5 e. Semivowel r, originally cerebral,
15, 2 i/. Semivowels. 3c; 11 ; 15, 2 g ;
17 B 1 ; 20 ; 29 c ; pronounced
as vowels, p. 437 a 5. Sentence, 16 ; 190 ; accent,
p. 464, IS. Sibilants, B d; 7 a 2 ; 12 ; 15, 2h ;
29 d; assimilation of, 12, a, I;
loss of. 15, 2 /.■ ; 66 B 2 ; traces
of soft, 7 a 3; 8; 15, 2 /; ;
15, 2 A- ; 15, 2 A- a ; 29 d. Singular number, sti'ict use of,
193, 1. Sociative sense of inst., 199 A 1. Soft (sonant, voiced) sounds,
30, 1. Space, extension of, expressed by
ace, 197, 3. Spelling, misleading, p. 437, a 9. Spirants, S g ; 14 ; 15 ; 29 e. Stanzas, p. 437 ; simple, pp. 438-
43 ; mixed, pp. 443-5 ; irr.
mixed, p. 445, 10 Z) a, /3 ; strophic,
pp. 446-7. Stem formation, nominal, 182. Stems, classification of nominal,
74 ; ending in consonants, 74-
96 ; unchangeable stems, 75-
183 ; nouns with two, 85-8 ;
nouns with three, 89-93 ;
ending in vowels, 97-102 ;
accentuation of nominal,
p. 453, 9.
GENERAL INDEX
507
Strong stem, in declension, 72 ; 73 ; 97, 2 a ; in conjugation, 124; 126 (pr.); 134 (pr.) ; 136 (pf.) ; 143 (s ao.) ; 145 (is ao.) ; 148, 1 (rt. an.) ; in weak forms, 134 B 3a; 134C45; 148, 5.
Strophe, p. 437.
Subject, synt. position of, 191 a ; exceptional position of, 191 ka2.
Subjective genitive, 202 B 1 a.
Subjunctive, 1 ; 122 a ; formation of, 122 a a ; 140, 1 (pf.) ; 143, 2 (s ao.) ; 145, 2 (is ao.) ; 146 (sis ao.) ; 147, 2 (a ao.) ; 148, 2 (rt! ao.) ; synt. use of, 215 C.
Subordinate clause, verb accented in, App. Ill, 19 B.
Substantives compounded w. gd., 164, 1 a ; 184 c ; w. participle, 184 c.
Suffixes, primary, 182, 1 ; secon- dary, 182, 2 ; 16 a ; s and t of 2. 3. s. irre£;ularly retained, 28 a a (cp. f. n. 3).
Superlative suffix in tama, 103, 1 ; in istha, 103, 2.
Sutras',' 1 ; 97 a a ; 166.
Syncope, 78, 3 a ; 90, 1. 2. 3 (an stems); 133, 3«(pr.); 134 A2c (pr.) ; 134 B 3 (pr.) ; 137, 2 6 (pf.) ; 139, 2 (pf.) ; 148, 1 e, g (rt. ao.) ; 149, irr. a 2 (red. ao.) ; 156 a (pr. pt.) ; 157 a, f. n. 1 Vpf.pt.); 160, 2«(pp.); 171,3 (ds.) ; p. 458, 2.
Syntactical compounds, 185 h ; 189 B.
Syntax, 1; 190-218; charac- teristics of Vedic, 190.
Temporal sense of ace, 197 A 2 ;
of inst., 199 A 5; of dat.,
200 B 3 ; of gen., 202 D 3 a ; of
loc, 203, 3. Tenses, 122 ; synt. use of, 212-14. Terminations, see Endings. T)ian expressed by abl., 201 A 3. Time, ace. of, 197, 2; inst.
of, 199 A 5 ; dat. of, 200" B 3 ;
gen. of, 202 D 3 a; loc. of,
203, 3.
Tmesis of compounds, 185 (p. 267,
f. n. 1) ; 186 A 1. Transfer stems, in pr. system,
130 rt, f. n. 4; 134 C 4 /S ;
134 E 4a; in ppf., 140, 6; in
ao., 147 rt, 6. Triplets, p. 446, 11.
Unaccented pronouns, 109 a ;
112 a; 195 b; synt. position of,
191 h; 195 &. Unaspii'ated consonants, 30, 2. Qnaugmented forms, 128 c. Unchangeable consonant stems.
75-83. Un reduplicated pf. forms, 139, 3 ;
139, 3a; 157 h. Upanisads, 1.
Vedas, 1 ; 2.
Vedic language, 1 ; sounds of, 3.
Velars, 3 b a ; 6 ; 1 h ; 15, 2 h.
Verb, concord of the, 194 A 1 ; synt. position of, 191 a ; w. two s. subjects, 194 A 2 a ; w, more than two, 194 A 2 & ; w. subjects of different numbers, 194 A 3 ; w. subjects of different persons, 194 A 3 ; synt. accent of, p. 466, 19 ; loses accent, jd. 452. 8 B ?>.
Verbal compounds, 65 a ; 184.
Verbs governing two ace, 198 ; inst., 199 B 1 ; dat., 200 A 1 ; abl., 201 A 1 ; gen., 202 A ; loc, 204, 1.
Vocative, 71 a ; 72 a ; 76 a ; 94, 3 ; 98 & ; for predicative nom., 196 c ; accent of, p. 457, 11 a ; p. 465, 18 ; loses accent, p. 452, 8 B a ; compound, p. 466, f. n. 3, 4.
Voices of the verb, 121.
Vowel shortened before vowel, p. 437, a 4.
Vowel declension, 97-102 : stems in a, a, 97 ; in i, u, 98 ; irr. i, u stems, 99 ; in i, ii, 100 ; in r, 101 ; in ai, o, au, 102.
Vowels, 3 rt ; 4 « ; classification of, 17 ; changed to semivowels,
508
GENEEAL INDEX
20 ; coalescence of, 18 ; 19 ; contraction avoided, 19 a, f. n. 2 ; 24 ; 25 ; 26 ; gradation of, 5 ; loss of, 15, 1 e ; 127, 4 f. n. 3 ; 131 A 2 6 ; 134 C 1 ; 145 a ; long by jjosition before oh, 51 ; lengthened, 47 ; 69 c (cp, f. n. 4) ; 78, 1 a ; 78, 2 a ; 82 (i, u) ; 83, 2 (N. pi. n.) ; 83, 2 a (N. s, m. f.) ; 85 a(mahat) ; 86 (mat, vat steins) ; 87 (in stems) ; 90 (an stems) ; 92 (han) ; 94, 1 (N. s.) ; 96, 1. 2 131 (p. 125), f. n. 1 ; 133 B 3 144, 3 ; 145, 1 ; 145, 5a; 149 151 c ; 154, 2 (ps.) ; 155 (ps. ao.) ; 160, 2 c (pp.) ; 162, 1 c (gdv.); 169, 1 (ds.); 171, 1 (ds.) ; 173, 2 a (int.) ; 175 A 1 (den.) ; lengthened in com-
pounds, 49 e; 50 d ; shortened, 89 (pf. pt.) ; 94, 3 (voc.) ; 129, 6 (red.) ; 133 B 1 (pr.) ; 149 (red. ao.) ; 174 i^int.) ; 187 a a (p. 273) ; shortened in compounds, 50 e ; shortened before other vowels, 18 6; 18 6, f. n. 1 ; 19 a, f. n. 5 ; 20, f. n. 2; (p. 86^ f. n. 2 2 / ; 19 a, f. n terminations beginning w., 76 stems in, 97-102.
Weak stem, in dec, 72; 84; in conj., 134A2(pr.);137, l(pf.); 160, 2 (pp.) ; in first member of compounds, 185 a.
Weakest stem, 72 ; 73 h.
Weber, Prof. A., 2, f. n. 1.
Writing, introduction of, 2,
26 b ; 100, I a ; nasalized, 15 . 5 ; 19 &, f. n, J
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