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VEGETABLE WASPS

AND

PLANT WORMS.

A POPULAR HISTORY OF

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI, OR FUNGI
PARASITIC UPON INSECTS.

BY

M. C. COOKE, M.A, LL.D., A.L.S.,

AUTHOR OF

FREAKS AND FANCIES OF PLANT LIFE," "TOILERS IN THE SEA,

"illustrations OF BRITISH FUNGI," ETC.

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COMMITTEE

OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION APPOINTED BY THE

SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE.

LONDON:

SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE,

Northumberland Avenue, W.C. ; 43, Queen Victoria Street, E.G.

BRIGHTON : 135, north street.

New York : E. & J. B. YOUNG AND CO.

1892. .

PREFACE.

ONLY one attempt has been made to produce a
work of this kind in Britain, and that was
undertaken just thirty-five years ago. Mr. G. R. Gray's
" Memoir " was, moreover, privately printed, and was
necessarily exceedingly limited in its circulation.
During the intervening period many additions have
been made to the list of species, and more- facts have
become known, so that another effort was desirable.
It will be evident that the subject maybe approached
and viewed from two difterent positions. One aspect
will be associated with the entomophytes themselves

an aspect which will commend itself to mycologists.

The other will be concerned with the hosts upon
which the fungi are parasitic, and all sympathy will
rest with them ; such a position as we would accord
to entomologists. In the work above alluded to
the subject was treated from the entomological side,
whereas my own antecedents would attract me to
the mycological side. In order, therefore, to com-
bine the two, as having a wider interest, I have

PREFACE.

resolved to reproduce to a large extent, or, at any
rate, to make a very free use of, Mr. Gray's ento-
mological observations, in combination with my own
mycological ones, inasmuch as I desire to lay no
claim to special entomological knowledge, and find
in these " Notices " just the information in which
I confess myself deficient.

It appeared to me that the best arrangement I
could adopt for this purpose would be to appropriate
the method adopted in the original work, and whilst
giving greater prominence to the mycological features
of the entomophytes, to group them entomologically,
in the several orders of insects, rather than adopt
a sequence based solely upon the plants, irrespective
of the animals. In order to present such a view
as the mycologist only would accept, I have sub-
joined, at the close, an arrangement of the fungi
according to their mycological affinities. By this
means I have hoped to accommodate both classes of
readers.

Lest exception should be taken to the large mass
of references, in the form of foot-notes, I may remark
that, as such a large number of facts had to be in-
corporated, I have adopted this method to assist
investigators in the verification of the facts, and at
the same time give a condensed bibliography of
the subject, so that the student may have a guide to
the literature, and follow it up, if he feels so disposed.

PREFACE.

For all that relates to the Entomophthorecs, a most
important group in these latter days, I have made
use of Mr. Roland Thaxter's able monograph of
"The Entomophthoreae of the United States," which
is far in advance of anything we have on the subject
in Europe.

It might have been possible to have included more
of the Schizomycetes had I not resolved to draw the
line at Bacilli, with the solitary exception of a passing
reference to the " foul brood " of Bees.

In its present form I hope that the book will be
welcome alike to the entomologist and the myco-
logist, and assist them in their respective studies.

M. C. COOKE.

CONTENTS

Introduction ...
Hymenoptera
coleoptera
Lepidoptera

DiPTERA

Aquatic Insect Moulds

Neuroptera

Orthoptera

Heteroptera ...

Homoptera

Hosts Undetermined ..

Arachnids

Classified List

Index to Insect Hosts

General Index

PAGE

I

30

72

123

222

265
268
274
278

333
341
355
358

VEGETABLE WASPS

AND

PLANT WORMS.

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI,

INTRODUCTION.

THE two distinct aspects of this subject will be at
once recognized by the two classes of readers
which will possibly be attracted to the perusal of this
volume. The entomologists will have the greatest in-
terest in the orders and species of insects which suffer
from the attacks of fungi ; whilst the mycologists will
think but little of the hosts, and absorb themselves for
the most part in the Entomophytes. For these two
classes the introduction will be expected to exhibit
more or less of a dual character, and, as the myco-
logical has with us a preponderating influence, we
give it preference.

There are four groups under which the fungi para-
sitic upon insects would primarily arrange them-
selves, and these, in the order of their importance,

2 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

would be, first, the ascigerous, or Cordyceps group,
which have mostly a fleshy stroma, a club-like shape,
and sporidia contained in asci, including also those im-
perfect forms or conidial states which belong, or are
allied to, Isaria. The second group would contain
the LaboidbeiiiacecB, small pollinia-like bodies, with
diffluent asci, which attach themselves to various parts
of the body of living insects, and do not seem to
penetrate the cuticle. Thirdly, the EntomophtJiorce, or
innate absorption moulds, which absorb and replace
the internal organs, and only appear on the surface
after having killed their hosts. And, lastly, a mis-
cellaneous collection of moulds, mostly of the kind
found on dead vegetable and animal matter of all
sorts, and, with a few solitary exceptions, such as the
silkworm disease, not truly parasitic and destructive.
Intentionally we exclude those minute and mysterious
Schizomycetes which, under the forms of Bacteria or
Bacillus, do not consider insects beyond the scope of
their legitimate influence.

The first group consists of about five and forty
entomogenous species, to which at first the generic
name of Clavaria was applied, until their structure
and fructification were ascertained, but which were
afterwards transferred to the large genus Sphceria on
account of their possessing the cells called perithecia,
in which the sporidia were developed, enclosed in
lon^ delicate sacs or asci. When a division of Sphceria

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

took place subsequently, a new genus termed Cordy-
ceps was characterized, to which the entomogenous
species, with some few others, were assigned, on
account of their fleshy vertical stroma, and perithecia,
with long filiform sporidia.

The general and typical form in Cordyccps is a
somewhat club-shaped erect body, sometimes only
a few millimetres and sometimes several inches in
height, with a naked sterile solid stem, attached by
threads of mycelium, and a thicker head, globose,
oval, or elongated, which is covered on all sides with
nearly globose perithecia, immersed in the substance,
and only visible externally by their dot-like mouths
or orifices. In a few instances the perithecia are
only partially immersed, or nearly free, but such in-
stances are rare. At first the perithecia contain only
a minute drop of grumous gelatin, but finally this is
differentiated into very long cylindrical asci, with a
thin membrane, each containing eight long thread-
like sporidia, which are commonly nucleate, then
septate, breaking up finally into separate joints, each
of which is a reproductive unit.

The vegetative portion, or mycelium at the base,
pervades the body of the host-insect, commencing in
many instances during life, and at length absorbing
the whole interior, converting it into a fungoid mass.
The external stroma, constituting the fungus proper,
notwithstanding all that has been written to the con-

4 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

trary, is not developed until the whole interior is
absorbed, and consequently the insect is dead. In
cases where the larvae, or pupae, are buried in the soil,
or rotten wood, the stroma, or club, elongates the
stem, so as to bring the fruit-bearing portion above
the surface into the light and air. Until the fructi-
fying portion of the club is exposed, it remains without
producing perithecia or organs of fructification.

Other fungi are produced on similar hosts, and
under similar conditions, but these are not so firm and
fleshy— much more branching, as a rule — and the
surface is dusted with the powdery superficial spores.
These are really compact moulds, of the genus Isaria,
in which the stroma is formed of very thin filaments
closely agglutinated into a common stem and branches,
each filament producing a minute spore at its ex-
tremity. It is generally admitted that these moulds
are not perfect and complete fungi, but the conidial
stage of some more perfect fungus, and the entomo-
genous species areheld to be the conidia of some species
of Cordyceps. It is very difficult to trace their relation-
ship, and in but a few instances has any good evidence
been adduced ; in the rest it seems to have been taken
upon trust, from analogy. In view, then, of this
relationship, or reputed relationship, the entomogenous
species of Isaria are bracketed with Cordyceps^ as
conidial forms. It must be confessed that the nature
of the connection of Isaria with Cordyceps is very

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

obscure and unsatisfactory. For some species of
Cordyceps we are acquainted with no conidial form,
and for some species of Isaria, even European, there
IS no evidence to connect them with any ascigerous
species, nothing but bare supposition, founded upon
the identity of the host.

The brothers Tulasne ^ consider that some at least
of the Entomogenous fungi are represented under two
different forms during their career ; for instance, they
hold that Isaria crassa, as well as Isaria fa7n7iosa, is
strictly united with the more perfect and complex
form of Cordyceps militaris. They also remark that
it would be interesting to ascertain what species of
Ismna correspond with the three European species
known as Cordyceps entomorrhiza, Cordyceps gracilis
(which is only a slender form of C entomorrhizci)^ and
Cordyceps myrmecophila. It is not impossible, as some
have suggested, that the more complete state of some
of this class of parasites may be reserved for other
climates. It is hinted by Mr. Gray that Isaria sphe-
cophila may belong to some tropical species, which
has been known under the name of Guepes vegetantes.
Whereas, only recently, M. Cornu has expressed his
belief that the Cordyceps Ditmari, since found in
Europe, is the perfected condition of Isaria sphecopJiila.

* Tulasne, Ann. des Sci. Nat. (1857), p. 42; and " Selecta
Fungorum Carpologia" (1861-65), vol. iii.

6 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Tulasne has even hazarded the conjecture, or almost
a conjecture, that Botrytis Bassiaiia may eventually
prove to be the conidial form of Cordyceps sinensis.
That sphaeriaceous fungi may appear in a conidial, or
imperfect state, in which only naked spores, or conidia,
are produced, has been demonstrated in some in-
stances, and many others are suspected. A red
Stilbuni, for instance, as the conidia of Sphcerostilbe
cinjiabarina, and often found growing in company ;
species of Fiisariuni associated with some species of
Nectria, and undoubtedly the very common and well-
known Tubercularia vulgaris, passing gradually into
Nectria cinnabarina, on the same stroma, can scarcely
be controverted, so that for conditions known as
Isaria, or even as Microcera, to be suspected as states
of some species of Cordyceps, is by no means absurd,
or in the least degree improbable.

The second group, Laboulbeniacece, is one of great
interest, and there is no reason why some of the
species should not be found in Great Britain. It is
not unusual to see bees, and other insects, with the
pollinaria of orchids attached to their heads or bodies,
and entomologists will at times mistake them for fungi.
Species of Labotdbenia (see figures on Plate III.) have
a superficial resemblance to these pollinaria, in size,
form, and almost in colour, but hitherto the largest
number have been found on Coleoptera, adhering to
the legs, elytra, and body. They have no mycelium

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

penetrating the host, but are entirely superficial, being
attached by a small obconical knob at the base of the
stem ; hence they may be carried about by the same
insect for an indefinite period of time. Their colour
is mostly of some tint of brown, and their form more
or less clavate. The upper portion is occupied by
the perithecium, the cavity in which the spores are
produced, and these latter escape by a perforation at
the apex. The lower portion is narrowed into a
stem, which has two cells, one above the other at the
base, and above these several cells supporting the
spore-cavity. The sporidia are mostly spindle-shaped,
divided in the middle, at first contained in asci, which
speedily disappear. Beside the upper portion of the
clubs, and near the base of the perithecium, is usually
a projection on one side, with thread-like processes
proceeding from its apex, called the pseudoparaphyses
(in rare instances they are found at the base of the
stem). What their functions may be is still uncertain,
but their number and form vary in different genera
and species.

The third group are the EntoinophthorcB, and the
most common and familiar example will be found on
the dead flies on the window-pane. These are deeply
parasitic, and destructive minute fungi, often assuming
the condition of an epidemic. "They are distinguished
by the production of numerous hyphae of large
diameter and fatty contents, which ultimately emerge

VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

from the host in white masses of characteristic
appearance, and produce at their extremities large
conidial spores, which are violently discharged into
the air and propagate the disease. In addition to
these conidia, the propagation of the fungus, after
long periods of rest, may be provided for by the
formation of thick-walled resting-spores adapted to
withstand successfully the most unfavourable con-
ditions. These resting-spores, which may be either
sexual (zygospores) or asexual (azygospores), finally
germinate, and produce conidia that are discharged
in the usual fashion, and serve to infect fresh hosts." ^
Infection results from contact with one of the
conidial spores which adhere to the surface of the host,
germinates there, and by means of the germinating
thread enters the body. Infection as a result from the
ingestion of spores with the food does not appear to
occur. After entering the bodygrowth proceeds rapidly,
and forms hyphal bodies (fig. i), which are short
thick fragments of variable size and shape, continually
reproduced by budding, until the body of the host is
more or less completely filled with them. Having
absorbed the contents of the body, the hyphal bodies
germinate with rapidity, according to the humidity of
the atmosphere. Each hyphal body produces one

* Thaxter on *'The Entomophthorere of the United States" (i!

p. -^n-

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

or more threads, which either proceeds directly and
simply into the outer air, and produces its conidia, or
it branches indefinitely, each branchlet becoming a
conidia-bearer, producing spores at the extremity
(fig. 2). Usually the masses of conidia-bearers, when

Fig. 1. — Hyphal bodies q{ EmJ>usa.

Fig. 2. — Conidia bearers of the
Entomophthoreoe.

in the external air, form tufts, or coalesce in a con-
tinuous spongy layer over the surface. Conidia are
formed by constriction, or budding, at the apices of
the threads and their branches, and are at first con-
tained within the mother-cell. When fully matured,
the mother-cell is ruptured, and the conidium, or
spore, is forcibly ejected to a considerable distance.

lo VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

The conidia are variable in size and form, often
varying much in the same species. They are usually
hyaline or slightly coloured, and commonly contain
large fatty globules, the basal portion of the spore
being always more or less papillate. The discharged
spore adheres to any object with which it comes in
contact, and if it chances to find a suitable host,
proceeds at once to germinate; but failing in reaching

a suitable host, a secondary
conidium is formed, as a
provision for further dis-
semination. The ordinary
method is by the produc-
tion of a thread of variable
length, which grows up-
wards, swells at its ex-
tremity, and produces a
conidium resembling that
from which it is derived
(fig. 3). Should this se-
condary conidium fail in
finding a suitable host,
then a third conidium is
formed from the second, in the same manner. In some
cases the secondary conidium is different in form from
the primary, and is confined to definite species.

Cystidia are sterile threads, longer than the conidia-
bearers, sometimes very large, but their special ofifice

Fig. 3. — Secondary spores of
Entoiiioplithora.

ENTOMOGENOUS FVNGI.

is unknown. Other modifications of the hyphse, or
threads, are the rhizoids, or rooting filaments, which
serve to attach the host to some substratum ; they
grow from the lower and outer portions of the fungus
mass, and sometimes are expanded at their extremities
into a discoid " sucker," by means of which they adhere.
The hyphal bodies, which produce the conidia-
bearers, are also concerned in the production of
resting-spores, either with or without sexual conju-
gation, and for the most part internally, within the
body of the host. Non-sexual resting-spores (azygo-
spores) are either formed by the conversion of a
hyphal body into a resting-spore, or by direct budding
from the hyphal body. They are usually spherical,
of large size, surrounded by triple walls. Sexual
resting-spores (zygospores) are produced by slightly
varying modes, as a result of the conjugation of
opposite threads. Threads, either within or without
the body of the host, produce lateral outgrowths, at
opposite points of two different threads, which meet
midway between the two conjugating cells, and
coalesce. The intermediate walls are then absorbed,
and a connecting tube is formed, through which
the contents are mingled. A bud is produced upon
the connecting canal, which increases rapidly, and
appropriates the contents of the two conjugating cells
to form the zygospore (fig. 4)- After this process is
completed the empty hyphce disappear. Sometimes,

12

VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

when the production of the zygospore is external, the
spore is developed as a terminal swelling at the end
of one of the conjugating threads. Another mode of
conjugation occurs in a single species, in which the
hyphal bodies join laterally by means of short
processes, and produce a bud at the point of union,
which enlarges rapidly and absorbs the contents of

Fig. 4.— Resting-spores, or zygospores
of Eiitoviophthora.

Fig. 5.— Conjugated hyphal
bodies and spore.

the two conjugated hyphal bodies, producing a rest-
ingspore (zygospore) (fig. 5). There are also some
other slight modifications in the production of
resting-spores, in different species, but sufficient has
been said to indicate the general character of the

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI. 13

process.^ The mature resting-spores are spherical,
mostly smooth, and scarcely coloured, but brown in
a few species. What periods of rest are required, what
the conditions of germination, and what the results,
are at present obscure. Some authors claim to have
observed the process, whilst others have failed to
obtain germination in any one instance.

The hosts belong to all hexapod orders, but the
Diptera are the greatest sufferers ; the Hemiptera
come next, followed by Lepidoptera and Coleoptera,
while the Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Orthoptera
are about equally affected, being attacked by two or
three species, the most productive localities for finding
them being the margins of brooks in shady woods.

The last group of Entomophytes are, with the
exception of two or three species, only saprophytes,
and but a small selection of them will find illus-
tration in these pages. They are moulds of different
kinds, some being white moulds, or Mucedines ; others
black moulds, or Dematiei ; but, excluding the species
of Isaria and its immediate allies, which we have
referred to as conidial forms of Cordyceps, they are of
little importance, and not injurious to living insects
(the Botrytis Bassiana, or mould of the silkworm
disease, always excepted). Such genera as Perii-
cillmm, Sterigniatocystis, Cladospormm, Verticilliuin^

^ For fuller details, consult Roland Thaxter on *' The Entomophthorae
of the United States " (1888 : Boston).

14 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

and Oospora have no claim to the title of Entomo-
phytes, and we have only alluded to such species as
have hitherto occurred exclusively on dead insects.
Of Schizomycetes we prefer to be restricted to a single
species, that of " foul brood," and without regret leave
the rest to more enthusiastic students of the Bacilli.

It is expedient that we now approach the other
aspect of our subject — the entomological — and in
doing so must place ourselves under the guidance of
Mr. Gray,^ quoting, for the most part, his obser-
vations ; for to this aspect only an entomologist can
hope to do justice. Some of these observations will
fall in more naturally under the different orders of
insects, under which we have elected to follow Mr.
Gray as a basis of arrangement, but some general
notes apply equally to all orders. The first remark
applies to the condition of the host when parasitism
takes place. " It is necessary first to observe," he
says, " that life is certainly not extinct when the
insect first becomes the basis of these vegetable para-
sites, as has been indicated since the time of Father
Torrubia, in 1754 (in his case, it must be admitted,
under rather marvellous circumstances), although this
is now a very generally received opinion." Dr.
Mitchell ^ is quoted to the effect that " living insects.

* Gray, " Notices of Insects."

* Mitchell, Silliman's Journal^ xii. 27.

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI. 15

while in health, become the bases of insect parasites,
and even remain for some time after they are attacked
in a living state, but gradually die as the parasites
advance to maturity. The chief or leading fact
intended to be herein established is the derivation of
nourishment by the vegetable from the /m;/^ animal."
We have already admitted that the commencement
of parasitism takes place during the life of the host,
whilst disputing the assumption that the external
and complete development takes place until after
death, since previous to the latter consummation the
whole of the internal organism is replaced by fungous
mycelium, and hence animal organs and animal func-
tions have ceased. " It may be further noticed," he
proceeds, " that most of the insects thus affected are
solely vegetable feeders, although there are a few
which feed on animal matter. It is also supposed
that the spores, or seeds, of the parasites may become
connected with the insect in two ways ; either by
the insects swallowing the spores with their vegetable
food, or by their settling on some portion of the ex-
terior surface, and thus finding their way into the
interior." In corroboration, Dr. Leidy ^ is cited to
the effect " that those insects which eat large quan-
tities of vegetable solid food, especially such as eat
decaying substances, are very much infested with

1 Froc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. (1851), p. 210.

i6 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

parasites." Holm considered, as far back as 178 1,
that the seeds (spores) were eaten with the food by
the larvae, and that they remained for some time in
the intestines. M. de Ouatrefages since observed
that various medicines could be given to silkworms
by sprinkling the leaves of the mulberry trees on
which they fed, which shows that the spores, or seeds,
may also be taken by the same means. That " the
spores are taken in this mode is most probable," Mr.
Gray continues, as they are "so infinitely minute
that they can only be seen by the most powerful
lenses, and therefore so light as to be wafted through
the air by the slightest motion of the wind. When
thus floating about they may either settle on the
vegetation or fall on the ground, where they would
become mixed with the soil, or vegetable matter, in
which most of the insects in their earliest stages of life
seek for nourishment, and by these means the spores
may be taken in with the food, which is thought to
be the most frequent way by which the fungus
becomes connected with aerial animals. The idea
that the spore finds, or bores, its way into the interior
after it becomes attached to the external surface, is
one which cannot be entertained with regard to ento-
mophytes, when it is taken into consideration that
not the slightest sign of any such operation on the
outer surface of the insect can be observed, though
various kinds of insects have been obtained, com-

ENTOMOGENOUS PUNGt. 17

pletely filled internally with the thallus (mycelium),
and without any external appearance of the parasite ;
nor can it be so with caterpillars, which have changed
their skin on assuming the chrysalis state, after
burying themselves in moss, etc., and which are found
in the latter state to form the bases of fungi." On
this point the remarks of Sir W. Hooker ^ are quoted,
that in reference to the New Zealand entomophytes
" the caterpillar is in the act of working the soil when
the spores of the fungus are lodged in the first joint
of the neck ; " and also of Professor Owen and Dr.
Thompson,^ " that the parasite fell upon and became
connected with the caterpillar previous to its being
buried in the earth, causing it to sicken and die, and
then commenced the process of germination." These
remarks, however, seem only to be quoted as in oppo-
sition to his own views. He then proceeds, " It is
now allowed by most writers that the germination of
the spore commences in the interior of the insect ;
and it is also evident that it does not depend alto-
gether on being nourished by the warmth and
moisture of the interior of the insect, but rather on
the insect becoming sickly and feeble by the effect
of the heavy rains, that fall at stated periods in the
intertropical regions, or from the extremely humid

^ Londoji Journal of Botany^ ii» p^ 209.
* Medical Times (1843), p. 65.

1 8 VEGETABLE IVASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

seasons which prevail occasionally during certain
months of the year in most extratropical countries.
This is especially applicable to those insects that
reside in the earth, or in decayed vegetable matter,
or in an exposed nest, as they must at such times be
saturated by the water, and thus become completely
enfeebled by its influence, after which the spore
rapidly germinates, and then the thallus (mycelium)
eventually expands itself throughout the interior of
the insect, and thus the plant gradually predominates
over the vital principle of the animal." ^

"The same thing is supposed to occur, although
under other circumstances, with the silkworms, and
is thought to be occasioned by the leaves on which
they are fed being saturated during humid seasons
with a greater degree of moisture, and by the ex-
ternal dampness, penetrating into the apartments in
which the insects are confined, thereby affecting the
atmosphere with a degree of closeness and humid
warmth that is injurious to the insects, and causes
them to become sickly and feeble, and thus to fall
easy victims to the fungoid parasite or mould." In
support of this view the opinions are quoted of M.
de Quatrefages, that " silkworms fed on moistened
leaves speedily felt the effects of them, and very
few of them spun cocoons ; " of M. Audouin, that

^ See Waterhovise, Proc, ZooL Soc. (1839); p. 146.

ENTOMOGENOVS FUNGI. 19

" when live insects are attracted by fungi, it is only
when they are confined in damp unventilated places."

Returning to his principal course of illustration,
our author proceeds to say that "the thallus (my-
celium) gradually develops itself and fills the outer
case of the insect, to such an extent that it has been
remarked that it seems entirely metamorphosed into
a vegetable, with the exception of the skin and intes-
tines, even occupying the orbits of the eyes, and to
the points of the tarsi. The insect retains its natural
form, although its internal parts are dried up by the
growth of the fungus. The outer portion of the
plant then forces its way through the skin or tissue
at various places, through the joints of the body,
and even, in some cases, through the hard surface of
the head, thus exhibiting very great power of develop-
ment; while progressing towards maturity, it also
shows various peculiarities in the manner of its
growth and form, which may in some cases be
occasioned by the habit and position of the insect
at the time it feels the effect of the inner plant, or
mycelium.

" Many caterpillars, it should be noticed, are found
in the same locality, apparently unaffected, by the
insect not falling in the way of the spores while
feeding, or by its health not having been so greatly
enfeebled by the humidity as that of others around
it to allow of the germination of the spores.

20 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

" When chrysalids form the bases of the parasite,
it is supposed that the caterpillar had obtained the
germ with its food previous to the change into the
inactive state. It is still thought that extreme damp-
ness is necessary for the development of the parasite,
which the chrysalis is very liable to suffer from, as
it either lies in the earth, vegetable matter, or moss,
mostly without any kind of covering, or with only
a slight cocoon, for some time before the period
arrives to undergo its final transformation into the
imago, or perfect state. The development in this
case is in every respect similar to what it would be
in and on the caterpillar ; but it is more rarely met
with.

''The spores, or seeds, it may be remarked, are
probably equally taken during dry seasons along
with the food, by the new series of insects that make
their appearance in fungoid localities ; but owing to
the atmosphere being free from humidity, the insects
are able to retain their health and energy, and are
thereby rendered capable of throwing off quickly the
remains of their food, as is the case with all vegetable
feeders ; sufficient time is consequently not allowed
for the germination of the spore, and thus the insects
escape, and undergo all their metamorphoses, and
ultimately reach the perfect statcj in which the insect
after a short time leaves a new progeny, some of
which may, or may not, form the bases of their

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI. 2 1

fungoid enemies, at a period unfavourable to the
insect, but more conducive to the development of the
fungus.

"In connection with the statement that the
development and growth of the internal mycelium
are favoured by extreme moisture, an experiment
may be referred to which was made by Dr. Leidy,^
who placed some fragments of fungoid matter, taken
from the interior of a mole-cricket, which did not
appear externally, in a small glass case, along with
some moist Sphagimm ; these fragments after a time
developed a series of cream-coloured stipites from
three lines to an inch in length, varying in number
in each fragment. It is probable that these pro-
ductions would eventually have formed the outer
development of the plant, had not the mole-cricket
been discovered, and removed from its peculiar
locality."

A further illustration is also given from the same
authority,- "in a curious account of a portion of
Passalus cornnttis which had lain, half immersed in
water, for two days, upon and around which no less
than four kinds of vegetable parasites, consisting of
filamentous fungi and algse, were produced ; while on
some Ascarides, which had been in water a {^\m days.

' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhiladcL (1851), p. 210.
' Ibid. (1850), p. 7.

22 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

he was able to observe in a single morning all the
stages of development of Achlya prolifera. These
plants, he considered, sprung from pre-existing germs,
derived from a parent which had remained inert
until circumstances favoured their germination."

Unfortunately the last account goes to prove very
little, since it is doubtful whether any previous germs
in the fragments of the insect, even if present, had
anything to do with the development of the Achlya
prolifera in water. To what extent any insects, or
parts of insects, allowed to remain in water, may
develop species of ^r///;'^ or Saprolegnia, is uncertain.
It has yet to be demonstrated that the germs were
not already in the water, awaiting the advent of any^
favourable host.

"It is well known," continues Mr. Gray, "that the
fungus tribe are remarkable for the suddenness of
their appearance ; this has occasioned some authors
to suppose that some kinds of the parasites are in
the first instance spontaneously developed while the
animal is in a sickly state, or by certain organic
changes in the fat, as in the silkworm, for example,
so as to render its component parts capable of
spontaneously producing mould, and that when once
formed it is capable of being extended to others by
spores. On the other hand, these opinions are
thought to be untenable, as the plants are more
probably propagated by seeds on their first de-

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI. 2^

velopment. Their germination is developed under
particular and sometimes sudden circumstances,
principally during the humidity of the spring and
autumnal portions of the year."

It has been thought that the exposed position
assumed by the diurnal Lepidoptera, in their three
stages of life, preserves them from becoming the
bases of fungoid parasites, as their chief time of
existence is during the summer months, when the
complete state of vegetation enables them to seek
protection from the rains by resorting to the under
side of leaves, trunks of trees, etc., and even should
they become wet, the moisture is soon removed by
the surrounding air, or by basking in the sunshine ;
and thus they are kept sufficiently free from that
extreme moisture which appears to be essential to
produce that particular state of the insect which
assists towards the development of the spores Of the
fungus, should they be taken in with the food.

" It may further be stated, in order to show that the
parasitical fungi vary according to the habits of the
insects, that those which reside in the earth, or in
decayed vegetable matter, or bury themselves in
damp moss, etc., generally become the bases of true
fungi of the Cordyceps kind, while those which remain
during some or the entire portion of their career
exposed to the atmosphere, are usually affected by
filamentous fungi of the genera Isaria, Botrytis,

24 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Bniptisa, Stilbiim, etc. It may also be observed that
certain species of parasites never appear except on
particular species of insects, and even this depends
on the peculiar nature of the habits Avhich they
assume at different periods of their existence, when
they become subject to a certain condition that is
highly necessary for the development of the parasite,
but these periods vary in the different orders : viz. in
Coleoptera it is during the larva and imago states ;
in Lepidoptera (nocturnal) during caterpillar, chry-
salis, and imago ; in Hymenoptera during the pupa
and imago ; in Orthoptera during the imago ; in
Heteroptera during the imago ; in Homoptera during
the larva and pupa, and in one case only the imago ;
while in Diptera it takes place during the pupa (.?)
and imago states. Other circumstances also cause
the Entomophytes, in some countries, not to appear
for long intervals, even to the extent of several years,
though the insects which usually become their bases
may have numerously appeared, over and over again,
on the return of the usual allotted season of their
existence." The drought, for example, is cited that
occurs in Australia after intervals of ten or twelve
years, and which prevails sometimes for a period of
two or more years, during which little or no rain
falls ; these may constitute the intervals that are
referred to as occurring between the times in which
fungoid parasites are found.

ENIOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

2S

The geographical distribution of the insects which
are at present (1858) known to become the bases of
parasitical fungi varies in the different orders, and
is exhibited in the following table : —

M

c

J5

c

tJ

5

0

ri.

.&

A

rt

c

a>

S

•<

.y

"rt

<

E

1^

w

T)

<:

3

r^

%

^

A

on

<

H

0

<

^

»

*

Coleoptera

*

*

»

*

Lepidoptera ..,

*

*

*

*

J.:-

*

*

*

#

Orthoptera

«

Hymenopterr- . . .

>&

*

*

»

*

4f

Heteroptera ...

«

*?

Homoptera ...

*

*

*

Diptera

*

*

Arachnida

*

*

*

From this table it may also be perceived that the
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera of differ-
ent localities are more suited by their habits of life to
form the bases of parasitical fungi than any of the
other orders of insects.

The foregoing remarks entirely refer to those
parasites that germinate in the interior of insects. It
will be necessary also to allude to those which have
fungoid parasites adhering only to the outer surface
of the living insect, of which, however, there are but
few instances yet made known (since considerably
augmented), and these are confined to species of

26 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

the families Brachinidce, Gyrhiidce, and Staphylzjiidce,
which reside either near to or in water. This circum-
stance leads one to suppose that aquatic or semi-
aquatic habits are absolutely necessary for these
insects to become the bases of the curious and
extremely minute parasites which infest them.^
These plants exhibit a very different formation, and
thereby a total variation of habits, from all the other
fungoid parasites. Water has in this case not only
been the means by which the parasite became con-
nected to any part of the outer surface of the insect,
but it can scarcely be doubted to have afterwards
assisted by its influence in the germination of the
spores. It is generally thought to be one of the best
means for the conveyance of the spores of some kinds
of parasites (Algse) into the interior of insects.

These remarks are concluded with the observation
that "the results obtained from the histories of the
various entomophytes seem to show that if the
countries having humid primaeval forests, or subjected
to heavy rains, especially within the tropical portions
of the world, were diligently searched by collectors,
they would probably produce numerous examples of
this curious phenomenon."

The Entomophthoreae, which have been only of

^ These observations which apply to the Lahoulbcniacca would be
modified in the face of modern additions to the family.

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI. 27

late the subject of special study, attack both larvae
and pupae, as well as imagines. In insects where the
larvae and pupae differ but slightly from the imago,
Mr. Thaxter observes that both these stages are
equally susceptible to the disease. He says that he
has seen one species that had developed upon
Hyphantria textor after pupation, but this occurrence
is certainly unusual. Amongst Lepidoptera he had
been surprised to find the imagines attacked in
numerous instances. Geometridae, Noctuiidae, and
Tineidse may be affected, and he had even found
Colias philodice thus attacked. The species, or family,
of the host hitherto has been generally considered
a means of determining the species of parasite, in
most cases with some accuracy ; yet his observations
had shown that this is by no means the case, and
that specific distinctions, based largely upon the
character of the host, are of little value. The variety
of hosts attacked by a single species is sometimes
very great. In one instance {E, sphcBrospennd) he
had seen specimens upon larva of Fieris, on the
imago of Colias, Diptera of several families and
genera, Phytonoimis larvae (Coleoptera), the common
rosehopper, Typhlocyba, and Aphis (Hemiptera), on
ichneumons of several genera, and a small bee
(Hymenoptera), and on a species of Thrips (Thripidae),
while in Europe it is recorded on Livinophilus
(Neuroptera).

28 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

In certain instances, where several of the Ento-
mophthoreae were found together, he had noticed two
species developed upon a single host. It is, therefore,
not always safe, where such proximity exists, to refer
the resting-spores that may occur in connection with
conidia to the same species of Empusa.

The habitat is also various. " Certain species are
found only by the margins of brooks in shady woods,
adhering to wet substances, such as moss, logs, stones,
etc., in the water, or along its margin, a constant
supply of moisture being apparently necessary for
their development. In other cases drier situations
are preferred, and the fungus readily withstands the
alternate dryness and moisture consequent upon the
variation of weather, producing its conidia repeatedly,
whenever the atmosphere was sufficiently moist, until
the conidia-bearers were exhausted. Many hosts,
before death, seek conspicuous positions, by crawling
upwards on grass, or other substances, whence the
conidia are discharged over a considerable area.
Perhaps the favourite position assumed by hosts
before death is upon the under side of leaves, in
shady situations, in woods, or about houses, where
a careful search during wet weather seldom fails
to disclose numerous examples. He had noticed
only one species which occurs on flowers attractive
to insects (namely, E. umscce), which, although
common in all parts of houses, he had only seen in

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI. 29

nature on the flowers of Solidago, and certain
Umbelliferce.

"The period which ensues after the infection of a
host until its death varies to some extent. In the
larger hosts, such as flies or caterpillars, death may
not take place for twelve days, although the usual
period is from five to eight days. In minute hosts
this period must be considerably shortened, owing to
the ephemeral character of many forms known to be
subject to the attacks of Entomophthorese. The
first visible symptom of the disease is a general
restlessness of the host. In caterpillars, for instance,
the insect leaves its food-plant and wanders restlessly
about ; usually endeavouring to climb upwards before
death, which is apparently quite sudden, and un-
accompanied by contortions of the body. The host-
insect thus remains clinging to the object on which
it rests, or is fastened to it by rhizoids. Certain insects
are fixed by the insertion of their probosces into the
substratum on which they rest, as is the case with
aphides. The house-fly is fastened by its proboscis,
which adheres firmly to the substratum. Where
rhizoids are developed, they often appear before the
death of the host, and he had seen a geometrid moth,
which was thus firmly attached to a pine needle,
fluttering violently in its attempts to escape." ^

J' Thaxter, " Entomophthore^e U.S.," p. 152,

VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

HYMENOPTERA.

ANTS, WASPS, BEES, ETC.

SEVERAL families of Hymenoptera contain the
hosts of particular species of Entomophytes, and
in one instance at least (the " vegetating wasp ") of
considerable interest. In the family ChrysididcB, one
of the species of Chrysis, from the Celebes, is spoken
of as having minute parasites, which proceed from
various parts of the thorax and abdomen, in the form
of very minute, slender, semi-transparent filaments,
with rounded heads, at the apex of each, of a yellow
colour. It is impossible to say whether this is a
Cordyceps or a Stilbinn, " The insects are usually
found in holes in rotten wood, which has been
occupied by other insects, on which they, in their
turn, are parasitic." ^

"A species of Pemphredon is also named (forming
part of the family Crabronidce) as having been found
in this country^ attached to plants by a similar

» Gray, "Notices," p. 14,

* Stephens, Pi'oc. Ent. Soc. (1851), ii. p. Ixiv.

HYMENOPTERA. 31

secretion to that which affects the common house-
fly." This circumstance indicates some species of
the Entomophthorece, which seem to be rare in their
attacks upon Hymenoptera,

European Ant Club.
Cordyceps niyrmecophila. Ces.*

This parasite was first recognized by Cesati on ants
in Italy, and afterwards found in Northern Europe,
North America, Ceylon, and Borneo. In Great Britain
it has been found on an ichneumon, but apparently
not upon ants. It attaches itself to the body, and is
of very small size, with a long slender stem., not an
inch in length, with an ovoid head. The whole
plant is of a pale ochraceous white, and the internal
structure conforms to that of Cordyceps, having long
asci each containing thread-like sporidia, which break
up into minute joints, from seven to eleven micro-
millimetres long, and scarcely more than one broad.
It has been reported that this species has occurred
on some Coleoptera, but its original host was Formica
rufa (fig. 6).

The examples named by Mr. Gray on species of

^ Cesati, Co/Hju. Critt, Ifal. (1861), p. 61, pi. 4, fig. 2 ; Saccardo,
"Sylloge," ii. No. 5010; Berk, and Br., Ann. NaU Hist. (185 1), No.
591.

32 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Formica may be for the most part immature, or
imperfect conditions of this Entomophyte. One,
from St. Vincent,^ is attached to a leaf by means of
fungoid matter, while from between the hind part of
the thorax and the fore part of the
abdomen proceeds a very slender
filament. In a second specimen, also
attached to a leaf, a very long slender
filament takes its rise from between
the head and prothorax. The Formica
atriceps from Santarem has a rather
'^^^ r thick stem-like fungus from between

^^X^ the thorax and head above, which looks
^^p, as if it were imperfect. A specimen
FiG. 6.— European Ant of Formica scxguttata from Santarem,

Club. Ccrdyceps ^ r ^ r ^ •

myrviecophiia, on attached to a portion of a leaf by its

ants (after Cesati). ^ ^

abdomen and legs, bears, from the
front of the head, above the labium, and from the
prothorax, two slender filiform fungi ; that of the
latter is branched from the middle of its length, the
ends gradually becoming very acute and hair-like.
This latter may be an imperfect Cordyceps, or a species
of Isaria, probably the latter, but from description it
is impossible to say. These insects are described as
neuters, residing chiefly in the nest, which they form
underground, and wherein they perform all the labour
of the community.

* Gray, p. 14, pi. 4) fig. 7.

HYMENOPTERA. 33

This species has some relationship to Cordyceps
Lloydiiy described hereafter, in the small terminal
heads, but it differs from C. tuiilateralis^ in which
the capitulum is one-sided and attached to the stem
above the middle, so that a pointed sterile continua-
tion of the axis appears above the capitulum. In
C. aiLstralis there is a sterile nodule about one-third
down the stem, occupying the place of the capitulum
in C. tmilateralis, whilst the fertile head is oval and
terminal. The two most nearly allied species, there-
fore, are the present and C. LloydiL

One-sided Ant Club.

Cordyceps tmilateralis. Tul.^

This species was described by Tulasne from speci-
mens in the Entomological Museum at
Paris, growing upon Atta {Formica)
cephalotiLS, collected by Trail in Brazil.
It is also a very minute species, not
more than half an inch in height, with
a hemispherical head, attached on one
side of the slender stem, about halfway Y^.-cordyceps
up, so that the pointed apex of the stem an/fromV/azir
rises above the head like a spur ; it is reddish turning

^ Tulasne, "Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," iii. p. iS, pi.
3, 4 J Saccardo, '« Sylloge," ii. No. 5027.

34 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

black, but paler in the upper portion. The one-sided
capitulum is about the size of a split vetch-seed,
the surface rough with the apices of the immersed
perithecia (fig. 7). It has been stated^ that this
species occurred also on Camponottis atriceps in Brazil,
on Echinopta melanarctos and Polyrhachis merops in the
Celebes ; but the suggestion that it is the same species
as the one described under the name of Cordyceps
Lloydzi, found on Cainponotiis atriceps in British
Guiana, does not seem to be tenable.

Brazilian Ant Club.

Cordyceps australis, Speg.^

This rather peculiar little species was found upon
Pachycoiidyla {Formica) striata^ amongst moss on the
trunks of trees, in Brazil, by Dr. Puiggari. The
stem is about half a centimetre long, and purplish ;
about one-third of the way down grows a small
brownish sterile head, whilst the top of the stem is
dilated into a subglobose or oval fertile head of a
yellowish colour, smooth when fresh, but finely re-
ticulated when dry. The internal structure is that

» Anfi. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1886), p. 317.

"^ Spegazzini, "Fungi Argentinij" iv. p. 208 ; Saccardo, " Sylloge,"
ii. No. 5028.

HYMENOPTERA. 35

which pertains to the genus, having immersed peri-
thecia containing long asci, with thread-like sporidia
breaking up into frustules, from five to ten micro-
millimetres long.

It will be observed that the characteristic specific
difference relied upon in the diagnosis of this species
is the peculiar sterile cauline nodule, which corre-
sponds in position to the capitulum in Cordyceps
unilateralis. The subglobose head, otherwise, would
indicate a relationship to C. myrmecophila. It has
never been figured, and we have seen no specimen.
If only one specimen were found, it is just possible
that it was an abnormal development of C. unilateralism
in which the perfection of the cauline capitulum was
arrested, and a supplementary small capitulum at the
apex followed the disturbance ; but this is merely a
suggestion of possibility.

Grenada Ant Club.

Cordyceps Sheeringii. Massee.^

A curious and unique little Cordyceps was collected
by Colonel Sheering in Grenada, on the body of an
ant, the clubs being gregarious, and springing from all

^ Massee, in *' Annals of Botany," vol. v. p. 510, fig. 4 (1890-91).

36

VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

parts of the body. The stem is slender, flexuous, and
not more than one centimetre high, bearing a globose
capitulum, of an ochraceous
colour, and not exceeding two
millimetres in diameter (fig. 8,
No. i). The perithecia are
immersed in the capitulum
(Nos. 2, 3). But the great
peculiarity of this species is
that the cylindrical asci con-
tain comparatively short,
thread-like sporldia (60 X \\
ju), which have only five septa, and not breaking up
into joints, as in most other species (Nos. 4, 5).

Fig

, ^.—Cordyceps Sheeringii
on ant from Grenada.

Guiana Ant Club.

Cordyceps Lloydii. Fawcett.^

The occurrence of a new Entomophyte on ants has
recently been recorded, with the following description :
Stroma solitary, pale ochrey white, springing from the
joints, head or capitulum depressedly globose, about
one and a half millimetre broad, seated on a thread-
like stem, which is thickened below the middle,
about four and a half millimetres long, and about

* Fawcett, on an Entomogenous fungus, Ann. A^at. Hist. Oct. 18S6,
p. 316 ; Saccardo, " Sylloge," vol. supp., No. 7512.

HYMENOPTERA. 37

half a millimetre thick below the middle, and a
quarter of a millimetre at the top and bottom.
Internal structure as in other species, but, the thread-
like sporidia being immature, showed no tendency to
separate into frustules. On the body of Camponotiis
atriceps by the river Puruni, in Guiana. "The ant
has the appearance
of having been at-
tacked by the
fungus while yet
alive. The growth
of the fine threads

of the mycelium ^'^' 9-— Guiana Ant Club. Cordyce/>s Lloydii

^ (trom " Annals of Natural History").

through the body

would gradually exhaust it, until at last they have
grown out at the joints of the thorax and abdomen,
and attached it to the leaf on which it was standing,
while the capitate stroma has then grown up between
the head and thorax " (fig. 9).

Ant Mould.

SporotricJmm viiniminn. Speg.^

This snowy white mould was found upon the
putrescent body of AUa {^Formicd) Liindii in a rotten

* Spegazzini, " Fungi Argentini," iv. No. 324 ; Saccardo, *' Syllogc,"
iv. No. 506.

38 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

trunk in the Argentine Republic. It was effused
over the insect, at first in a powdery and then a
cottony white stratum, forming minute tufts. The
threads were creeping and densely interwoven and
branched, very slender, scarcely two micromillimetres
in diameter, sparingly septate, and hyaline. The
spores, or conidia, at first globose, then a little ovoid,
with about the same diameter as the threads, scattered
here and there over the threads, in no determinate
order. All the species of these moulds are very
simple in their structure, generally forming patches
over decaying substances, and variable in colour,
with minute spores, mixed indiscriminately with the
slender threads. They are in no case destructive,
but always saprophytes, and do not merit the title of
parasites.

Ant Stileum.

Stilbum fonnicannn. Cooke and Massee.^

A species of ant {Formica), the name of which
is undetermined, has been sent from Victoria, in
Australia, bearing upon its body a very pretty little
Stilhnn (plate i, fig. 12), with elongated slender stems,
from five to eight millimetres in length, black, and
flexuous, slightly thickened towards the base, and

* Cooke and Massee, in Grruilkay vol. xviii. (1889), p. 8.

HYMENOPTERA. 39

bearing at the apex an obovate rose-coloured capitulum
or head, with elliptical conidia, ten micromillimetres
long, and three broad. The black stems and clavate
rose-coloured head are very characteristic, forming a
pretty little species, of which several occurred on the
body of each dead insect. The number of species of
Stilbum found upon dead insects is confined to about
four, of which Stilbtcm Buquetii has been longest
known. That species is found upon various dead
insects, but the stem is not black or smooth, and the
capitulum has a different form. It is our impression
that they are all of them saprophytic, but some
species of Stilbum have been found to be related as
conidial forms to sphaeriaceous fungi.

European Wasp Club.

Cordyceps odyneri. Quelet.^

Dr. Ouelet has described an Entomophyte on the
larva of Odynerus from the Vosges (fig. lo). The
stem is slender, from ten to twenty millimetres long,
pruinose and pale grey, arising from a white mycelium.
The head, or capitulum, ovoid and olive-grey. Peri-
thecia half immersed, and comparatively few. Sporidia

1 Quelet, 14th Supplement " Champignons de la France," p. 10, pi.
12, fig. 28; Saccardo, '«Sylloge," vol. supp., No. 7513.

40 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

thread-like, and septate. This is a very minute
species, and would be readily overlooked by a
collector. Unfortunately many of the species of
Cordyceps are almost the rarest amongst
fungi, so that anything like a critical
estimate of species cannot be under-
taken in such a dearth of specimens.
Fi^o^"^p^n All that we can hope to do is to con-

Wasp Club. Cor- ^. ,, -

dyceps odyncri tuiue the rccord.

(af.er Quelet).

Gray has remarked that Mr. F. Smith
found OdyneriLS parietiim in Battersea Fields, having
a fungus growing from the front of the prothorax.
This intimation leaves us very much in the dark, and
it would be assuming too greatly upon such evidence
to suggest its being the present species ; nevertheless
the fact may be kept in mind, to instigate further
search in other localities.

Vegetable Wasp.

Cordyceps sphecocephala. Klotsch.^

Before proceeding with this parasite, it is advisable
to attempt a rectification of names. The name under
which it has pleased Professor Saccardo to record it
is Cordyceps spJiecophila^ but it is not the precise name

* Tulasnc, " Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," iii. p. 17, pi. i, figs. 5—9.
2 Saccardo, ''Sylloge," ii. No. 5015.

HYMENOPTERA. 4,

employed by Klotsch. When Mr. Berkeley described
this species/ he explained that the name attached
by Klotsch was Sphceria sphccocephala, which was
apparently a wrong transcription of Kunze's sphcero-
cephala; but, as the name'was a good one, he proposed
to retain it, and therefore described it as SphcEvia
sphecocephala, which afterwards became Cordyceps
sphecocephala, the name adopted also by Tulasne.
We cannot approve of these changes in old names,
and in this instance do not hesitate to protest against
it, as an unwarrantable multiplication of synonymy,
whatever the excuse may be.

This species is a small one, rather tough, pallid,
with a long twisted stem, and a shortly
club-shaped head (fig. 11). Theasciare
produced within perithecia immersed in
the head, and the long filiform sporidia
are septate, but do not so readily break
up into the short joints so usual in this
genus. It has been found on the
bodies of various species of Vespa and
Polybia in the West Indies and in South
America, and represents the rather cele-
brated "vegetable wasp" which had a %hec^^ptaiatl
romantic history a century ago, some
particulars of which we shall record as a contribution

* Berkeley, in Hooker 's/i?«m. Bot,

42 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

to a history of pseudo-scientific romance. Edwards,^
in his " Gleanings," gives the following narrative : —

"The vegetating wasps figured on the plate are
from ' Apparato para la Historia Naturali Espanola,'
in folio, Madrid, 1754. I have inserted these figures
and history as a companion to the vegetating insects
in the foregoing plate. The Spanish author. Father
Torrubia, a Franciscan friar, has treated his subject
extremely well, and as a man of letters, but yet it is
not quite divested of some vulgar errors. I remark
this the rather as characters are necessary to be
noted, when extraordinary phenomena are set forth.
I shall now proceed to his account, which seems to
bear great analogy to the insect described in the
immediately foregoing chapter. * Being,' says Father
Torrubia, * at a gentleman's country seat, two leagues
from the city of Havana, in New Spain, on the loth of
February, 1749, 1 found some dead wasps in the fields
(however they were entire, the bodies, wings and all,
and, indeed, were perfect skeletons). From the belly
of every wasp a plant germinated, which grows about
five spans high. The natives call this plant Gia ; and
as it is full of sharp prickles, their vulgar notion is
that the said prickles owe their growth to the bellies
of the wasps.' The author further says he made
many microscopical and other observations on them,

* Edwards, *' Gleanings in Natural History," p. 265, pi. 336 (1758).

IIYMENOPTERA. 43

but does not relate what they were ; however, he
firmly believes the whole affair. This is his account.
In his fourteenth plate he figures the wasps and plants,
which I have copied in my plate, as shooting from
their bodies, and springing from the earth. I am
obliged to my friend, Mr. Emanuel Mendes da Costa,
F.R.S., etc., for pointing out to me this curious insect,
and translating this extract from the Spanish. Upon
the whole of what is said by the Spanish author, I
am of opinion that the insect he describes is no other
than what I have figured in the foregoing chapter ;
for the Spaniards have not yet attained to any
perfection in natural history, and I believe the
good father might mistake the bunch of protuberant
parts from the fungus for dried leaves."

This account is summarized in the " History of
Insects," ^ with the remark that " Edwards, in his
work on birds, has copied the figures. They are
represented as having taken possession of the plant,
and are flying away with their booty attached to
their bodies, though the original observer stated that
he found them dead in the field." To which is
added, that " some others were found in the island of
Dominica; they had very much the appearance of the
drone. After they buried themselves in May, they
began to vegetate toward the end of July, or rather

* " History of Insects " (Murray's Family Library), ii. 296.

44 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

they are found so about that time. When the tree
has arrived at its full growth it resembles a coral
branch about three inches high, bearing several little
pods, which are supposed by the inhabitants to
* drop off and become worms, and from thence flies.' "

In a note to his memoir, Mr. Gray thus described
the plate in question : " Torrubia, in his ' Apparato,'
gave a representation of two wasps lying on the
ground with a tree growing out of the base of the
abdomen, while three other wasps are flying round
the trees that are growing from the ground, having
a similar tree affixed to each insect. Each tree is
furnished with numerous trifoliated leaves."

In an American work ^ we find a reference to these
instances of plant-insects, not indisposed to condone
the native romance. "Westwood," it says, *' states
that he has seen a species of Clavaria, both of the
undivided and branched kinds, which had sprung
Irom insects, and were four times larger than the
insects themselves. In truth, it cannot then be
denied that Piso may not have seen a plant of a
proportionate magnitude which had likewise grown
out of a mantis. The pupae of bees, wasps, and
cicadas have been known to become the nidus of a
plant, to throw up stems from the front part of the
head, and change in every respect into a vegetable,

* Cowan's " Ciirious Facts," p. 9I.

HYMENOPTERA. 45

and still retain the shell and exterior appearance of
the parent insect at the root. Specimens of these
vegetated animals are frequently brought from the
West Indies. Mr. Atvvood, in his account of
Dominica, describes a vegetable fly as follows : ' It
is of the appearance and size of a small cockchafer,
and buries itself in the ground, where it dies ; and
from its body springs up a small plant, resembling
a young coffee tree, only that its leaves are smaller.
The plant is often overlooked from the supposition
people have of its being no other than a coffee plant,
but on examining it properly the difference is easily
distinguished ; the head, body, and feet of the
insect appearing at the foot as perfect as when
alive.' ^ Also, it is added, that Dr. Colin, of
Philadelphia, has mentioned, on the authority of a
missionary, a ' vegetable fly ' similar to the last
mentioned, on the Ohio River." ^

Tulasne, under this species, quotes as authority
the description by Abraham Halsey,^ in which he
refers to a specimen from Guadeloupe, communi-
cated by Dr. Madianna, where he says " it is known
amongst the inhabitants by the name of la guepe
vegetale, or vegetable wasp. The clavula rises some-
what flexuously, or spirally, and the capitulum,

^ Smith's " Nature and Art," vol. x. p. 240.

^ American Philosophical Trans. ^ vol. iii., Introduction.

' Annals of the Lycezitn of Ncxo York (1824), p. 125.

46 VEGETABLE VVASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

instead of being globose, is ovate. The most remark-
able particular, however, respecting this fungus is
the fact communicated by Dr. Madianna, that he
has noticed the wasp still living with its incumbrance
attached to it, though apparently in the last stage
of existence, and seeming about to perish from the
influence of its destructive parasite."

" It may be doubted whether the vegetable ever
predominates over the animal life while the vital
principle of the latter is in full energy, but that the
larvae, in a feeble state, may have afforded a fit
recipient for the seed of the fungus, while their
complete evolution was retarded by some cause, until
the final transformation of the insect, is certainly not
improbable. In this respect they may offer some
analogy with the entozoical worms, which are
most commonly observed to prey upon animals of
debilitated or languishing health. A congener of
this fungus, and nearly allied to it, is also remarkable
for selecting for its nidus the larvae of insects. I am
not aware that it has been found in circumstances to
support the inference that it was the cause of the
death of the larvae."

In collecting all the scattered notes and references
to this phenomenon, we become conscious of a great
deal of repetition of the same observations under a
different phraseology, as well as the expression of a
variety of opinions and suggestions. Nevertheless,

BYMENOPTERA.

47

on such an interesting subject, we have been desirous
of bringing together as much as we could of the
literature of the subject. It would hardly have
been anticipated that the article '' Dry-rot " in a
Cyclopaedia ^ would have yielded the following :
"Dry-rot occurs also in animals. Specimens of
Hymenopterous insects resembling wasps have been
brought from the West Indies, with a fungus growing
from between their anterior coxae, and it is positively
asserted by travellers that the insects fly about whilst
burdened with the plant. Upon opening the bodies
of the wasps they are found filled with the mycelium
of the fungus, up to the orbits of the eyes and the
points of the tarsi, the whole of the intestines being
obliterated. In such cases it is to be supposed that
the mycelium of the Sphceria first kills the wasp by
compressing and drying up the body, and then,
continuing to grow, occupies the whole of the cavity
of the shell of the insect."

The following extract, however, is somewhat more
original than the rest : " An interesting account has
been given by a gentleman, who, while botanizing in
America,^ found lying on the ground a wasp's nest,
which had, by some means unknown to him, been
separated from a branch of a laurel, near which it

"Dry-rot" in English Cyclopaedia (1854), ii. p. 395.
Mitchell, Silliman's lournalj xii. p. 22 (1827),

48 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

had fallen. The creatures were in a strange con-
dition after this disaster to their dwelling ; some were
flitting about over their cells, and by the softness of
their wings, and the falntness of their colours, were
easily known to have been hatched but a short time.
Many of them were lying dead on the ground, and
on examining these he instantly perceived vegetables
proceeding from their bodies, which were uniformly
attached to the thorax. He collected about fifty of
the vegetating wasps. On inspecting the nest, he
found a considerable proportion of the cells empty ;
this, however, was not the case with them all, for
there were still some that contained young wasps in
the state of larva (pupse). He drew them from their
cells and satisfied himself that there was an incipient
vegetation, and moreover that its progress had kept
pace with the growth of the insect. Yet in some
instances the vegetation is considered to commence
only when life has ceased. In confirmation of this
opinion, it is related that in Trinidad a wasp was
found apparently in a perfect condition, glued some-
how by one of its wings to a leaf of a tree. From
all parts of its body issued filaments from one to
three inches long; they were shining black, and
resembled the plant called Spanish beard." ^

* "History of Insects" (Murray's Family Library), vol. ii. p. 298
(1838).

HVAIENOPTERA. 49

In illustration of the foregoing extract, Mr. Gray
adds, " The nest of this insect is composed of finely
gnawed wood, which is reduced by the insect to a
kind of paste, and then is formed into a nest of a
variable number of hexagonal cells, the number de-
pending on the number of insects forming the com-
munity. The cells are arranged in a single tier;
and after numerous cells are constructed the nest
itself partakes also of a hexagonal shape. As the
tier is not enveloped in an outer case, as is usual with
other wasps, the openings of the cells are entirely
unprotected, and are thereby exposed to the atmo-
sphere. It is in these open cells that the insect
resides during the first two periods of its existence,
but it is during the larva-state that the minute germs
of fungi may get conveyed to the insect with its
food,^ which consists of vegetable matter, as the
insects have been found with an incipient vegeta-
tion previous to leaving the cells. These nests
often become saturated and detached by the heavy
tropical rains, as they are only united sideways to
the small branch of a tree by a slender pedicle,
and thus fall on the decayed vegetables that clothe
the ground of the primssval forests of tropical

^ ]\Ir. Mitchell thinks that under particular circumstances the body
of the insect, while yet alive, becomes the soil or base upon which
vegetables fasten themselves, and from which they derive support
{Si lliman''s Journal, xii. p, 23).

E

50 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

countries, which may assist the growth of the

parasite."

There is a figure published in the Gardener s

Chronicle for 1882/ which is of interest. All the

account of it is contained in the following words.

Alluding to Cordyceps sphecocephala, it says, " This
fungus seems to have no place at
present in the lists of British fungi,
yet it seems probable that the fungus
now exhibited, growing from the
body of a bee, is no other than that
species." It exhibits several slender

Fig. i2.-wasp with clubs growing from different parts

Cordyceps (from Gar- <j <j

demr's Chronicle). q{ ^he body, ccrtaiuly bearing some

resemblance in form to the typical C, sphecocephala
(fig. 12).

We return now to the figures given of this entomo-
phyte, in addition to those already alluded to. That
in Mr. Gray's memoir, which occurred on PoHstes
aviericana from the West Indies,^ calls for no special
remark. The other, on PoHstes nibiginostis from St.
Vincent,^ is precisely the same species. The PoHstes
viexicana from Trinidad bears something evidently
different, but what it is impossible to say. Dr. Ma-
dianna relates that it was " in an apparently perfect

» Gardener's Chronicle^ March 18, 1882, p. 377, fig. 57,
2 Gray, pi. 4j fig. 6. ^ Gray, pi. 4, fig. 4.

HYMENOPTERA. 51

condition, glued somehow, by one wing only, to a
leaf of a tree. From all parts of its body issued
filaments from one to three inches long. They were
wholly different from the Sphceria, being black,
shining, and resembling the plant called Spanish
beard, or Tillandsia usneoidesr ^

There is the same uncertainty about the following :
" A specimen of Polistes is contained in Westwood's
collection,^ having two fungi about two inches long
proceeding from the under part of the thorax, one of
which has an ovate head at the apex, of a pale-green
colour. The insect is imperfect, and has become
black, probably from the effect of the fungus.
Another imperfect specimen of this genus is repre-
sented,^ having short branched fungi at the base of
the wings. Both these examples are too imperfect
to apply any specific names to them, but they were
no doubt brought from Tropical America." The
fungus on the latter is possibly an imperfect Cor-
dyceps sphecocephala.

Humbert's Wasp Club.
Cordyceps Htwtberti. Rob.^
Recognizing the differences between the entomo-

1 Gray, p. 15. ^ Qray, pi. 5, fig. 6. » Gray, pi. 4, fig. 5.
■* Tulasne, " Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," iii. p. iS ; Saecardo,
" Sylloge," ii. No. 5045.

52 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

phyte found on Icaria cincta from Western Africa,
and those on the wasps of the West Indies, Robin
separated them as distinct species, which was after-
wards recognized by Tulasne. In illustration of
this species, the ifigure is cited which appeared in
Saussure's work,^ reproduced by Mr. Gray in his
memoir (pi. 4, fig. 3), which is thus described : Some
of the clubs short and stout, thickened upwards into
an ovate oblong, rough capitulum; others slender and
much elongated, ending in a small ovate capitulum
(fig. 13). " The insect," says Mr. Gray, " is also in the
imago state, and it is the first African insect that has
been observed to form the basis of a parasitical plant.
It is most remarkable for bearing apparently two
kinds of fungi. One, which is represented by two
^^^":i examples only, proceeds

singly from the base of
each wing; they are short,
rather thick, with a

Fig. X3.-Humberfs Wasp Club. Cor^yce^s Promiueut club-formcd

A'«;«^.r/.- (after saussure). termination. Thc other

kind consists of four rather long and very slender
filaments, arising from the third joint of the abdomen.
Each filament has a slight indication of a club-like
termination, apparently trifoliated ; they are altogether
different from those at the base of the wings, yet

^ Saussure, "Mon. Vesp. Soc," p. 39, pi. 5i"fig. 9.

HYMENOPTERA. 53

they may be the same fungus under a different
manner of growth. The insect has retained its proper
colour, and is affixed longitudinally to the branch by
means of its tarsi and the apex of its abdomen."

Orange Wasp Isaria.

Isaria Smissiirei, pro tern.

The entomophyte figured by Saussure ^ on Polistes
americana, and reproduced by Mr. Gray in his
" Notices," 2 is probably the Isaria condition of Cor-
dyceps sphecocephala, and which represents the insect
"attached longitudinally to a branch by means of
the tarsi ; it wants the wings, although it is in the
imago state. The parasite proceeds from the joints
of the upper surface of the thorax and abdomen, in
the form of numerous slender filaments from two
lines to three quarters of an inch in length. The
thorax and abdomen are black, except at the tip of
the latter, which is red, while the plant is of an orange
colour. It is stated by M. Saussure to have been
brought from the Antilles and Cayenne." ^ The
simple fact of its form and orange colour is insuffi-
cient to give this parasite a proper diagnosis in the

* Saussure, " Vesp. Soc," pi. 11, fig. 5.

2 Gray, pi. 4, fig. 2. ^ Gray's "Notices," p. 14.

5^ VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

genus Isaria ; but as no microscopical examination
can be made, the only resort is to place it under a
provisional name (fig. 14).

Still more uncertainty prevails as to the position
of that entomophyte which led Felton ^ to describe
its host as a new species of wasp under the name of
Vespa crinita. This, again, has the appearance of an
Isaria^ and may, after all, be only an imperfect con-
dition of the above, but it is impossible to settle such
questions by guessing. In this instance it was also
Polistes americana which was the host.

It was furnished with very long and extremely

slender filaments, that
proceeded from the
various sutures of the
head and thorax, and
rT ^-yj T • r • fi'oni the joints of the

Fig. 14. — Orange Wasp Isaria, Isaria •'

saussurei (after Saussure). abdomcn and Icgs. Thcy

are of various lengths, being longest on the head,
thorax, and abdomen. Felton says that all the hairs
are of a light-brown colour, and seem to be stiff, but
their ends are quite soft, like papillae, and from thence
thicker. These are sometimes, it is said, found in
clusters of many individuals matted together.

* Felton, Philcs. Trans. ^ vol. liv. p. 54, pi. 6.

HYMENOPTERA. 55

tloRNET Club,

Cordyceps Ditmari. Quelet.^

This entomophyte was found, and described, by
Dr. Ouelet, in 1877, on the body of a wasp in the Jura,
and was considered by M. Cornu to be the perfect
condition oi Isaria sphecophila ; but, as having a distinct
appearance to the entomologist, we have kept theip
distinct. The head, or capitulum, is
ovoid, three to four millimetres thick, of
a yeltow straw colour, with a flesh-coloured
tinge, dotted with the purple ostiola of
the immersed perithecia. The stem is
slender, and either simple or forked, pale
lemon yellow, darker at the base. The
splitting off of the cuticle forms a double

/- . 1 11 1 .1 . Fig. 15.— Hornet

frmged collar round the stem m some ciub. cordy-

ceps Ditmari

cases. The internal structure is that usual ^^^'^'^ Q^^iet).
in the genus, and the long thread-like sporidia separate
into slender, rod-like joints about twelve micromilli-
metres long (fig. 15).

1 " Quelques especes de Jura '■ (1877), p. 330,. pi, 6, fig. 14 ; Sac-
cardo, " Sylloge," ii. No. 5024.

56 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

BORNEAN EnTOMOPHYTE.
Coi'dyces gentilis. Cesati.-^

This entomophyte is noteworthy as having been
found in Borneo on some sphaecoideous host, stem
very variable in length according to the depth at
which the matrix was deposited, being very long when
amongst chips, fragments, and refuse, always slender
and flexuous, becoming black, smooth, terminating in
a cylindrical head or capitulum, one centimetre and
a half long and two millimetres thick, rather acute at
the apex, and very pale tan-coloured, dotted with the
darker ostiola, or mouths of the immersed perithecia.

Another Bornean species is very doubtful, as it is
uncertain whether it was entomogenous or not.
{Cordyceps adpropinquans. Cesati.^) It seems to have
been described from a figure only, and is said to have
been caespitose, branched at the base, and of the
colour of Cordyceps militarise with a pale-grey stem.

Hornet Isaria.
Isaria sphecophila. Ditm.^
This is the conidial form, possibly, of some Cordy-

* Cesati, " Myceti Borncensis " {1879), p. 14 ; Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii.
No. 5020.

2 Cesati, " Myc. Born.," p. 14; Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii. No. 5056.

' Ditmar,"Deut. Crypt. FL," t. 57; Fries, "Sys. Myc," iii.j Saccardo,
" Sylloge." iv. No. 2787.

HYMENOPTERA. 57

ccps^ and M. Cornu has expressed the opinion that
it is Cordyceps Ditmari of Quelet, but as yet this is
only conjecture. It is gregarious in habit, the
stroma consisting of very long, rigid, thread-like
prolongations, of a pale umber colour, smooth towards
the base, nodulose in the middle, and attenuated
towards the apex, and somewhat downy, sprinkled
with the naked conidia, and of a greyish colour. The
conidia themselves are large for the genus, elliptical,
ten micromillimetres long, tinged with brown. The
figure given by Dr. Gray^ certainly belongs to this
species, but he does not say if it was found in Britain ;
only that it " occurred on the well-known Hornet, or
Vespa crabro, which was taken out of rotten wood
during summer, being attached to the under surface of
the thorax and abdomen, in a series of filiform fungi,
measuring from two and a half to near four inches in
length, gradually becoming acute at the tips, while at
an inch from the base is a knot-like projection from
which the remaining portion of each of the stems

seems to sprin

Saw-fly Endophyte.
Empusa tenthredinis, Fresenius.^
This is apparently a rare species, both in Europe

» " Notices," pi. 4, fig. 8.

"^ Fresenius, " Ueber die Entomophthora," p, 205, figs. 51-5S;
Thaxter, " Entomophthorae U.S.," p. 162, pi. 15, figs. 49-55.

58 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

and in the United States. Mr. Thaxter found it early
in September upon a small Tenthredo larva, feeding
upon Scutellaria^ in a swampy situation among woods.
The larva when found was hanging flaccid by its
prolegs, and the conidial threads were just beginning
to emerge in small tufts over its body (plate 4, fig.
42). The conidia are broadly ovoid, tapering slightly
towards the apex, and with a prominent, rather narrow
papillate base (25 X 35 to 35 X SS/x). Fertile
threads simple, coalescing over the host. Secondary
conidia like the primary. Resting-spores unknown.
In this species the insect is attached to the matrix by
its legs.

APID^.

THE BEE FAMILY.

Mr. Gray thus slightly notices bee diseases :
"The family Apidce^ may here be referred to, as
the larvae of British bees, covered with a fungoid
parasite, have been discovered by Mr. F. Smith
while digging into their nests, which they form
either in wooden posts or in banks of earth. They
have, however, been more particularly found so
affected in the colonies of AntJwphora acervorwn.

' Gray's "Notices," p. 15.

BYMENOPTERA,

59

This latter insect forms in chalk-pits a nest of such
amazing extent, that in the middle of April a dark
flickering shadow is cast on the ground from the
countless insects assembled."

Subsequently, however, a more explicit notice
was appended, to the effect that Mr. Timpron
Martin, of Liverpool, records ^ that three hives were
placed in a dry attic in October; each hive was
enveloped in a piece of calico, the four corners of
which were brought together over it, and thus formed
a loop, by which it was suspended from the ceiling.
This mode of treatment is supposed to have given
more air to the bees in the interior than they could
have had through the summer, while the hive was
placed on a stand. The hives were taken down
about the 14th of March ; the. bees in two of them
were found to be in a healthy state, but all the bees
in the third hive were dead. In the last-mentioned
hive there was abundance of honey when it was
opened, and it was clear that its inmates did not die
from want ; but it was noticed that there was an
appearance of mould on the combs. It was thought
that the bees might have died during the early part
of February, but they were certainly alive in the hive
in January.

* Proc. Liverpool Lit. and Phil, Soc.^ 1857-8; Proc, Linn. Soc.^
558 ; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.^ 1858, p. 387.

6o VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

The Rev. H. Higgins supposed that the bees
might probably have died from the growth of a
fungus, and he obtained some of the bees for
examination, which were transmitted in a dry state,
and were found, by means of a lens, to have no in-
dications of vegetable growth. On examining, how-
ever, a portion under a microscope, the head and
thorax were clean ; but a portion of the sternum
had innumerable very minute linear, slightly curved
bodies, showing the well-known oscillatory or swarm-
ing motion. In the abdomen of several bees, which
showed no external appearance of the growth of any
parasite, there was obtained an abundance of well-
defined globular bodies, resembling the spores of a
fungus. No trace of a mycelium was visible; the
plants had come to maturity, fruited, and v/ithered
away, leaving only the spores. But it appears
uncertain whether these spores were developed
before or after the death of the bees.^ This can
have no relationship with the "foul brood," here-
after described, although the disease may have been
caused by some other of the Schizoinycetes, which
have probably more to do with the diseases of the
lower animals than we have hitherto given them
credit for.

Gray's "Notices," p. 22.

Hymenoptera.

6i

EuGLossA Parasites.

It is difficult also to account for, or determine, the
curious parasites found on the bodies of two species
of Euglossa} It was stated that from the basal
portion an elongated portion was produced, which
was bent backwards, and rested on the dorsum of
the abdomen ; in one of the specimens the ap-
pendage was divided at the extremity into two
branches (fig. «), and in the other it was dilated
into two uniform lobes (fig. b). Professor West-

FiG. i6. — Parasites on Euglossa (after Westwood).

wood thought them to be most probably vegetable
substances in different stages of development. Pos-

1 Trans. Ent. Soc. London (1841-43), vol. iii. p. 4, pi. 6, figs, i, 2 j
Tulasne, *' Fungi Sel. Carp.," iii. p. 20.

62 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

sibly they were Orchid polHnia. These specimens
were exhibited at one of the meetings of the Ento-
mological Society.

Foul Brood.
Bacillus alvei. Cheshire.^

It has been claimed for " foul brood " in bees that
the disease is one of great antiquity, having, pre-
sumably, been referred to by ancient writers as early
as the Christian era. Whether this be so or not, it
has during recent years been the cause of great
alarm amongst bee-keepers, on account of its pre-
valence and fatality. The cause was long a mystery,
and though at one time attributed to a MicrococctLS,
the latest determination is that of a Bacillus. It
was not our intention, in the first instance, to have
included in this volume any of the minute Schizo-
mycetes, parasitic upon insects, but the present case
seems to offer sufficient reasons for exception, in its
great importance to all interested in bees, that a
short account appeared to be indispensable.

The Schizomycetes occupy a kind of border-land
on the outer edge of fungi, and their importance in
animal diseases is only beginning to be properly

^ Cheshire and Cheyne, " Disease of Hive-bee known as Foul
Brood," mjcurn. Roy. Mic, Sgc. (1885), vol. v. p. 581.

HYMENOPTERA. (>i

recognized ; but no one can predicate their future
history, and their widely extended influence over the
health and life of humanity, as well as of the lower
animals. Already six hundred and fifty described
species are recorded in systematic works, and their
number increases nearly every day. They are
characterized as destitute of mycelium, typically
one-ceiled, extremely minute, variable in form, mul-
tiplying indefinitely by subdivision, and having two
forms of spores. When it is said that they include
the species of Bacillus, Bacterium, and Micrococcus, it
will be admitted that their study verges upon the
infinitely minute, and equally important factors in
life, health, and disease.

Foul brood has created such havoc amongst bees,
that we find one bee-master lamenting that in 1848
" a fearful pestilence made its appearance in my
apiary, which spread so fast that it contaminated
every stock and artificial swarm that I possessed."
He lost in one year more than five hundred stocks
from the foul brood. Another note of alarm was
sounded in this country in 1870, when it made its
appearance amongst the bees of a large bee-master,^
who thus gave expression to his dismay : " At first
I could not tell what was amiss, for the bees became
quite dispirited. If any were seen working, it was

* Gardener''s Chronicle, Oct. 9^ 1875, p. 459;

^4 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

only with a lazy kind of effort which seemed to
indicate disease. I then removed those which were
infected to a distance of nearly three miles, thinking
it was possible to save them ; but I had my trouble
for nothing, for they gradually dwindled away, until
before the autumn all became so weak that I buried
both hives and bees, to stop the spread of the foul
brood. I find, from experiments, that if a healthy
colony is fed with honey from a diseased stock, they
will be quickly infected. Again, the disease is
spread more by robbing than all other causes com-
bined. When a stock is weak, the neighbouring
colonies, as well as those at a distance of a mile or
so around, will prey upon it ; but if a few bees from
an infected stock are placed in a healthy hive, they
seem to carry the infection with them, although they
are strong and healthy ; but we must bear in
memory it is the young brood in the cells which
become diseased and putrefy, and not the old bees.
Some authors have proposed to remove the queens,
and, thus preventing breeding, the disease could not
spread from hive to hive. The better plan is to
destroy the stock if they are diseased. It is a hope-
less task to attempt to cure them by any means ;
they only make matters worse by keeping them on
the stand. . . . Many causes have been assigned for
this disease. Some talented and thoughtful bee-
keepers have supposed it was caused at first by the

HYMENOPTERA. 65

brood being chilled ; thus dying, they decay in the
cells, and become a putrefying mass. This theory
has long disappeared. Microscopical science has
revealed the true secret, which is a kind of mould
(fungus), the spores from which may float about in
the atmosphere, and when they find a suitable nidus
they speedily generate the foul brood, so called. . . .
We must not forget that the disease infects the
brood in the cells, inducing putrefaction, thus causing
a most intolerable stench to issue from the diseased
hive. The cells are filled with a dark-coloured, half-
liquid mass, resembling treacle."

Soon after this period investigations were being
pursued in Germany with the view of discovering the
immediate cause of foul brood and its cure. One
of the most prominent names was that of Dr. Schon-
feld, who thought that a species of Micrococcus was
the cause of the mischief. This, therefore, was a
summary of the conclusions derived at that time :
" Since Dr. Prensz and Vogel have given the decided
assurance that there are always found Micrococci in
foul brood, and since I have practically proved that
healthy brood can be infected by Micrococci, so can
there be no longer doubt that where foul brood
appears as an epidemic, there the infection is pro-
duced, and carried into effect by Micrococcus!'

This was the position in 1885, when Cheshire and
Cheyne demonstrated the cause of the disease to rest

F

66 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

chiefly with a Bacilhis which they denominated
Bacillus alvei. The following summary^ of their
observations will exhibit the grounds for this con-
clusion : If a comb be removed from near the centre
of a healthy hive during the summer months, its
cells will normally be filled with eggs, larvae, and
pupae, in every stage of development. The eggs, as
left by the ovipositor of the queen or mother, adhere
commonly by the end to the base of the cells they
occupy, and, favoured by the high temperature con-
stantly maintained within the hive, the germinal
vesicle at about the end of three days matures into
a larva ready for hatching. These eggs are liable to
the disease even before they leave the body of the
mother, but most careful microscopic examination
is needful to make this apparent. On the contrary,
the larvae, which are constantly fed by the workers,
so change in appearance soon after infection, that
a practised eye at once detects the presence of the
disease. Whilst healthy their bodies are of a beauti-
ful pearly whiteness, lying, at first floating, in the
abundant pabulum the nurses are ever at hand to
supply. As they grow they curl themselves at the
bottom of the cells until these become too strait for
their occupants, which now advance the head to be
in readiness for the cocoon-spinning which follows

» fourn, Roy. Mic, Soc, August, 1885, p. 582.

HYMEJSrOPTERA,

67

upon the close of the eating stage. When the
disease strikes the larvae, they move uneasily in their
cells, and often then present the dorsal surface to
its mouth, so that mere posture is no insufficient
evidence of an unhealthy condition. The colour
changes to yellow, passing on by degrees towards
a pale brown, whilst the skin becomes flaccid and
opaque ; death soon occurs, when the body, now

Honej'comb with foul brood (after Chishir* and Chej-ne).

shrunken by evaporation, lies on the lower side of
the cell, increasing in depth of tone, until in a few
days nothing more than a nearly black scale remains.
Should the larvae, however, escape contamination
until near the period of pupahood, they are sealed
over in the usual way by a cover made of pollen
grains and wax, which is pervious to the air. The

63 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

cover furnishes a screen, on which part of the cocoon
is soon after spread, but the inhabitant of the cell
is marked out for death, and before very long the
capping or sealing sinks and becomes concave, and
in it punctures of an irregular character appear, and
this is nearly conclusive sign of the diseased con-
dition of the colony. The sense of smell is also
appealed to, as a peculiar, very offensive, and
extremely characteristic odour now escapes from
the diseased combs. The bees in addition lose
energy, but become unusually active in ventilating
their hive by standing at the door, heads towards
home, and flapping their wings persistently, so that
a strong out-current, and, as a necessary consequence,
a corresponding in-draught, are set up. Should any
attempt be made at removing a dead larva, which
has assumed a deep-brown tint, its body, tenaciously
adhering to the cell wall, will stretch out into long
and thin strings like half-dried glue. The disease is
terribly infectious, and once started, soon spreads
from cell to cell, and not unfrequently from stock to
stock.

Should a speck of this tenacious coffee-coloured
matter be examined by a quarter-inch, it would be
found to contain countless swarms of very minute
bodies, which dance in the field with a pronounced
Brownian movement. These have been supposed
to be Micrococci in consequence of some reported

HYMENOPTERA.

69

experiments made in Germany by Dr. Schonfeld.
Mr. Cheshire endeavoured to repeat those experi-
ments. The results showed that in foul-broody
matter no Micrococci necessarily existed, that the
disease could not be communicated easily to ?C\ts, as
alleged, but that every dead larva of the fiy contained
Micrococci innumerable, and that when bee-larvse
were artificially infected with foul-broody matter, the
bacillus nature of the disease was incontestable,
while no Micrococcus could be discovered.

We need not follow the details of the experiments,
which are on record, but confine ourselves to results!
It had always been assumed that the disease affected
larvae only, but this was found to be an error.
Amongst other examinations was a bee. "The
stomach and colon were exceedingly small, and the
amount of fluid I could obtain truly microscopic ;
but this was full of active bacilli, of the same size
and character I had previously discovered in the
larvae." Continuing the investigation, he found
"that a large proportion of imago workers and drones
die of this disease if they are raised in infected
stocks," and, what is of equal importance, that the
ovaries of queen-bees contained the bacilli in more
or less profusion.

The means by which the disease is propagated are
also detailed, in the paper in question, which, with
the means of cure, appeal rather to the bee-keeper

70 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

than the general reader. " Microscopists will have
no difficulty in accepting the idea of these organisms
being carried about in air-currents, when it is re-
membered that a single cubic inch of material would
form a quadruple line of these bacilli from London
to New York. Ordinary dust-motes are to such
organisms as hen's eggs to sand-grains. Nor is their
multitude less remarkable than their minuteness.
He had examined many larvae, which must at least
have contained 1,000,000,000; so that the means by
which they are disseminated must be altogether too
varied." On the question of infection Mr. Cheshire
says, "Although I would not dogmatize, my strong
opinion is that commonly neither honey nor pollen
carry the disease, but that the feet and antennae of
the bees usually do. I also think it probable that,
occasionally at least, nurse-bees infected bring the
disease-germs to the mouth in feeding the larvse, and
then, turning foragers, leave a germ or germs on the
nectary of a flower, which, visited by another bee,
becomes the means of infection to it. The malady is
thus carried into other, and perhaps somewhat distant,
apiaries."

As to cure, phenol is recommended. This was
mingled with ordinary sugar syrup of a density most
suitable for feeding purposes in the proportion of one
to five hundred by weight of the syrup, and this was
then poured into the comb in which brood was being

nVMENOPTERA. yi

raised. The nurse-bees immediately accepted the
medicated food, and as a result the malady in the
very worst cases disappeared, the exceptions being
those in which the queen herself was badly diseased.
As to the bodies themselves which constitute this
fungus, the bacilli are stated to measure about three
and a half micromillimetres in length, and about one
in breadth, rounded or slightly tapering at the ends,
often with a clear space near one end. The spores
are described as oval, and somewhere about two by
one micromillimetres in size. The production of
spores from the rods or bacilli is thus decribed :
"The first thing noticeable is that the rod begins
to swell, and becomes spindle-shaped. This swell-
ing, which generally affects the middle of the rod,
but may in some cases be most marked towards one
end, increases in size, and the centre of the swellino-
gradually ceases to take on the stain. The capsule
of the spore apparently also is formed within the rod,
and is not merely the outer part of the rod. In three
or four hours the rod is seen to have almost or
completely disappeared, leaving the spore lying free,
or within the faint outline of the original bacillus.'^

72 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

COLEOPTERA.

BEETLES.

SEVERAL species of Cordyceps have been found
on beetles of the different families in this order,
and especially the MdolontJiidce, on larvae and
imagines ; and, in some instances, the presumed
conidial or Isaria forms. We have only attempted
approximately to follow the arrangement of families,
in which entomologists will be most interested, and
this process they will be able to continue for them-
selves. Lahoulbenia is also represented by some
of the oldest species in that genus of external
parasites, which do not culminate in the destruction
of their host, and some species of more recent date.
Of the true entomophytal moulds, belonging to the
EntomopJithorecB, this order has a limited share ; the
perfect insects offering great resistance to their
attacks, by reason of their hard covering, are less
subject than those of other orders, but even these
have not altogether escaped. A few accidental
moulds, which are superficial, or confined to dead

COLEOPTERA. 73

insects, have been added, but with no other claim
but their habitat for their introduction.

Grey Beetle Club.

Cordyceps cinerea. Tul.^

Some species of Carabus has, in France, been
attacked by a Cordyceps, described by Tulasne under
the above name. The larvae, as well as the perfect
insects, are reported to have been observed with this
parasite upon them. The stems are flexuous and
linear, dark brown at the base, but pale grey above,
and very long, with an acute branchlet about the
middle, and the apex swollen into an ovoid, or nearly
globose head or capitulum, about the size of a pea,
of a rather violet-grey colour, and smooth. The
enclosed sporidia are of the usual thread-like
character, breaking up into short truncate joints,
six to eight micromillimetres long, and from one
and a half to two thick.

"The larvae and perfect insects of this family
reside beneath stones, under the bark of trees,
between clods of earth, in decaying vegetables, and
in moss growing at the base of trees (plate i, fig. 6).
They undergo their final metamorphosis in the

' Tulasne, " Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," iil. 16, pi. i, ficr. jj.
Saccardo, *'Sylloge," ii. No. 5026.

74 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

autumn ; on the approach of winter they hibernate
in moss until the return of spring, when they may
be seen wandering about paths, etc., in search of their
prey, which consists of herbivorous larvae and beetles."
It has been affirmed that a larva, possibly of a
species of Carabus} was discovered on the Pyrenees,
about two thousand four hundred feet above the sea-
level, with Cordyceps entonwrrhiza growing upon it,
but this identification cannot be confirmed.

Beetle Isaria.

Isaria eleutheratoruni, Nees.^

One of the numerous species of Isaria has been
credited with parasitism on the dead bodies of some
species of Carabus, but whether it is the conidial
form of Cordyceps cinerea or not, is still undeter-
mined. This fungus grows in tufts, the component
filaments of which are thread-like, twisted and
compressed, with short branches, the whole being
whitish, and powdery or downy. The upper portion
becomes powdered with the ovoid conidia, which are
produced, naked, at the tips of the delicate hyphae
which compose the stroma, and are from six to

^ Lucas, Ann. Soc. Entom, dc France (1849), vii. p. 40; Robin,
"Veg. Par.," p. 661.

« Nees, "System der Pilze," p. 86, fig. 84; Saccardo, •' Sylloge,"
iv. No. 2789 J Saccardo, •♦Fung. Ital.," pi. 844,

COLEOPTERA,

75

seven micromillimetres long, by three and a half
broad. It has been found in France, Germany, and
Italy. VahP records that the imago of Carabus
hortensis had been found dead, and in a state of
decay, whilst to the mouth, thorax, side of the
sternum, at the joints of the legs, and at the joints
of the abdomen, were attached a species of Clavaria,
for which he proposed the name of Clavaria
setiformis. There is every reason to suppose that
it was only the Isaria above named. It must be
remembered that the main distinction between Isaria
and Cordyceps consists in the former producing only
minute naked spores, or conidia, on the external
surface ; and in the latter the fructification consists
of long thread-like sporidia, in asci, which latter are
enclosed in cysts, or perithecia, imbedded, or partially
imbedded, in the substance of the clubs. It is easy
to determine them in the specimens themselves, but
not always so easy from figures, deficient in detail.

Whip-end Beetle Hanger.
LaboiUbenia nebrice. Peyritsch.^
Found on the elytra and abdomen of Nebria

' Vahl, "Naturhist. Selsk. Skrivt." (1792), ii. p 50
^Peyritsch, -Mon Laboulbenia," p. 445, fig. 29; Saccardo,
"Sylloge," vol. viii. No. 3613.

76 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

bnuinea and Nehria villce in Austria. The whole
length of the parasite, exclusive of the long appen-
dages, is three hundred micromillimetres. It be-
comes black ; the perlthecia are oblong, darkest
upwards ; appendages, or pseudo-paraphyses, of un-
equal length — the larger ones simple or forked, with
many articulations, brown, and many times longer
than the perithecia (to joo\i long), the smaller ones
shorter than the perithecia, with a terminal and
lateral branch, and curved (plate 3, fig. 31). Compar-
ing this species with all the other known forms, it
may readily be distinguished by the long arms, or
appendages, often erect, and either single, or only
forked near the base, which give to the parasite a
most distinct appearance. What arc the peculiar
functions of these appendages, whether short or long,
in any of the species, is at present unknown ; but, in
some form or other, they seem to be always present,
although sometimes reduced to a very rudimentary
condition. They cannot be confounded with what
are \.^xm^6i paraphyses in ordinary ascigerous fungi.

Common Beetle Hanger.
Ldboiilberiia Roiigetii. M. and R.^
Mr. Gray has observed that three species of the

^ Ann. Soc. Entoni. de France (1849), vii. p. 40; 1850, p. 51, pi. 3,
fig. I.

COLEOPTERA. 77

genus Brachinus, namely, Brachimis crepitans, Bra-
chinus sdopeta, and Brachimis explodensy have been
found by M. Rouget, during spring and autumn, to
be infected, while living, on the surface of their
antennae, thorax, elytra, and legs, with a very curious
minute yellow-coloured fungus, which has been
named Laboulbenia Rougetii} M. Rouget says they
are obtained on the mountains in the environs of
Dijon, in dry as well as in low and moist places.

The genus is a very singular one, and its affinities
are still somewhat doubtful, although belonging to
the Ascomycetes. Altogether there are about thirty-
four species, with twenty-five others closely related,
and all parasitic on living insects. The perithecium,
or fertile cell, or conceptacle, is teat-like at the apex,
and pierced with a pore, through which the sporidia
are discharged ; it is seated upon a rather thick stem,
which is two-celled below and many-celled above-
Curious arm-like bodies, called pseudo-paraphyses,
accompany the perithecia externally. The perithecia
themselves contain the hyaline sacs, or asci, which
hold the spindle-shaped, two-celled colourless spo-
ridia. This is a brief outline of their structure as a
genus.

The present species is about two hundred and fifty

* Montagne and Robin, Anti. Sci. N'at. (1849), p. 233; Robin,
" Veg. Par.," p. 622, pi. 8, figs, i, 2 ; Saccaido, " Sylloge," viii. No.
3695-

78 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

or three hundred micromillimetres long, somewhat
top-shaped, and deep yellowish brown, with a tri-
angular, or rather an obconical, black nodule at the
base, by which it is attached to the insect. The
appendages at the side, or pseudo-paraphyses, are
simple or slightly branched, jointed, and pale yellow-
ish (about fifty micromiUimetres long). The sporidia
are spindle-shaped and bicellular, with a thick outer
wall (about sixty micromillimetres long). The struc-
ture will be better understood by reference to a figure.
It is probably found elsewhere beside France and
Germany, but being small has evidently escaped
notice.

These entomophytes, carried about on the bodies
of living insects, adhere to them by means of the
discoid base. There is no mycelium, or rooting fila-
ments, and no evidence of any penetration of the
surface of the insect, so that they are purely and
essentially superficial ; and whatever inconvenience
they may cause to their host, they are by no means
destructive or injurious. Perhaps, if we might suggest
an analogy, they appear to be analogous to pediculi,
or those Anophira which infest birds and other
animals, save that they are fixed to a definite spot.
It is rather notable that no decided record is extant
of their occurrence in the British Isles, and yet there
is no reason against it. Their detection must be
anticipated rather from entomologists than myco-

COLEOPTERA. 79

legists, since the latter are not addicted to the micro-
scopical examination of beetles.

Flagellate Beetle Hanger.

Laboidbenia flagellata. Peyritsch.^

This little entomophyte has occurred on the elytra
and feet of Bembidinm lunatum, Anchomemts albipes^
and Anc/io?nen?is viarginatus in Austria. The whole
fungus is not more than five hundred micromillimetres
long, of a pale yellowish-brown colour, with a teat-
like apex, and a black nodule at the base. The
appendages, or pseudo-paraphyses, at the side are
slender and thread-like, from four to seven, either
simple or branched at the base, all about equal in
length, but longer than the perithecia, septate and
hyaline. This is one of the most graceful in the
group to which it belongs, bearing several long
flexuous appendages ; but these, though more nu-
merous, are not half the length of those which adorn
Labojilbenia nebrice. It is not uncommon for two
individuals to be attached to a single discoid base
(plate 3, fig. 35). From their very minute size they
are scarcely to be detected, except under a lens, and
that is insufficient to demonstrate their true character.

* Peyritsch, "Mon. Laboulbenia, " p. 247, figs. 1-3 ; Saccardo,
*'Sylloge," viii. No. 3607.

So VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

The length of the appendages, and their whip-Hke
character, gave rise to the specific name oi flagellata.
Under what conditions they attach themselves, espe-
cially to the surface of beetles, is a mystery, and
their life-history is comparatively unknown.

Thick Beetle Hanger.
Laboidbenia vulgaris. Peyritsch.^

A rather common species of Laboidbenia on various
species of Bembiditim and upon Deleaster dichroiLs in
Austria. It is dark brown, turning blackish. The
appendages, or pseudo-paraphyses, of unequal length,
and numerous. The arm which supports them is
nearly of the length of the perithecium, and of the
same colour. The sporidia are spindle-shaped and
straight or curved, two-celled, and uncoloured.

It is not unusual for two of these individuals to
have only a common disc, or base of attachment.
In its appearance and general character it is more
distinct than some of the other species, as the pseudo-
paraphyses are very much reduced in size, although
the projection which bears them is unusually large.
In its young state the whole plant is a simple narrow
club, with no appendages whatever, and only divided

2 Peyritsch, " Mon. Laboulbenia," p. 248, figs. 17-28; Saccardo,
"Sylloge," viii. No. 3612.

COLEOPTERA. 8i

by transverse septa. The colour also intensifies with
age, so as to become nearly black ; probably if they
had maintained their yellow tint, or in the case of
yellow species, they may have been confounded by
collectors with pollinia, to which they offer a superficial
resemblance.

Fan Beetle Hanger.
Laboulbenla hixurians. Peyritsch.^

A very minute species of Laboulbenia has occurred
on the elytra and feet oi Bembidium variiim in Austria,
which is not more than two hundred and twenty
micromillimetres long, of a dark-brown colour.
Lateral appendages, or pseudo-paraphyses, numerous,
curved, and diverging in the upper part like a fan,
only about half the length of the perithecia. Of
course, like the rest of the genus, it is found on the
living insects, and carried about by them attached
to their persons.

Excepting its very minute size, this may at once
be distinguished from Laboulbenia vulgaris by the
fan-like tuft of short appendages borne at the apex
of a shorter lateral arm. The top of the fan does
not extend more than halfway upwards of the

* Peyritsch, *'Mon. Laboulbenia," p. 248, figs. 10-14; Saccardo,
"Sylloge," viii. No. 3611.

G

82 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

perithecium (plate 3, fig. 30). In all the species, as far
as yet known, the most important character relied
upon appears to be the appendages, or pseudo-para-
physes, taken perhaps in connection with the general
external form, which varies but little in the genus
Lahoidbenia itself The fructification, or sporidia,
not having as yet assumed that paramount impor-
tance which has been assigned to them in other
families, do not enter into specific characterization.

Curved Beetle Hanger.

Lahoulhenia anceps, Peyritsch.^

This little parasite much resembles Lahoidbenia
flagellata, and has been found on the feet of Ancho-
memis viduus in Austria. The description is rather
imperfect, so that it may eventually prove to be the
same species. It is of the same pale yellow-brown
colour. The appendages, or pseudo-paraphyses, at
the side are in a cluster, and curved like a bow, each
being about of equal length to the perithecium, and
hyaline (plate 3, fig. 29). This is all that can be said
about it as a species, exceptj perhaps, that the bundle
of pseudo-paraphyses is longer than in L, fascial'
lata, and not so long as in L. flagellata, whilst they

* Peyritsch, " Mon. Laboulbenia," p. 247, pi, i, fig. 7 ; Saccardo,
Sylloge," viii. No. 3609.

COLEOFTERA. 83

are all curved outwards in one direction. We are not
responsible for the suggestion that it may be a variety
or a condition oi L.fiagellata, or even of Z. Rougelii,
to which latter it has a still greater superficial resem-
blance. It must be borne in mind that the special
study of these singular entomophytes is of very recent
date, so that, up to a few years since, nothing was
known of them beyond the two species described in
Robin's work on " Vegetable Parasites." Their rarity,
or local distribution, peculiar habitats, and minute
size have all contributed to keep their history obscure.

Tufted Beetle Hanger.

L abotUbenia fasciculata, Peyritsch.^

A small species oi Labotilbenia has been found on
the elytra and feet of Chlcenius vestittis near Vienna.
It is said to be rather smaller than Laboulbenia anceps
(about three hundred and seventy micromillimetres
long), and, like it, of a pale yellow-brown. The lateral
appendages, or pseudo^paraphyses, are more nume-
rous, collected in a bundle, in a brush-like manner,
and diverging at the apex, hyaline and septate, about
equal in length to the perithecium (plate 3, fig. 33).
Comparing it with L, luxurians, it may be said that

* Peyritsch, " Mdn. Laboulbenia," p. 248, figs. 8, 9; Saccardo>
" Syllogej" viii. No, 3610.

$4 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

the lateral appendages are longer, rising quite to the
height of the apex of the peritheclum ; and, as com-
pared with L. anceps, that they are more numerous,
somewhat shorter, and more divaricate, bending in all
directions. As the appendages in all these allied
species are fasciculate, the name is not a very good
one, but the things themselves are of more importance
than the names. As the beetle itself is not an uncom-
mon British insect, it is not impossible that the parasite
may come to light some day, when entomologists
are made aware of its existence, and commence to
look for it. It might even be found in existing
collections, for the parasites adhere firmly, and are
so minute as to be readily overlooked. A little club,
less than half a millimetre in length, is not much
more than a robust hair.

Staphyline Club.

Cordyceps meviorahilis. Ces.-^

It was in 1861 that Cesati first described and
published figures of this entomophyte, under the name
of Racemella, which was found growing upon the body
of one of the Staphyline beetles in Italy (fig. 1 8). The
species is a very small one, and has this peculiarity,

* Cesati, in Comm. Critt. Ita!., i. 65, pi. 4, fig. i; Saccardo,
*'Sylloge," ii. No. 5032.

COLEOPTERA. 85

that the perithecia are not immersed in the substance
of the club, but are seated upon the surface. The
clubs are simple, or sometimes forked, from six to
eight millimetres long, of an orange colour, beset
at the apex with the obversely pear-shaped peri-
thecia, which are reddish orange, and smooth, enclos-
ing the asci, which contain the usual long thread-like
sporidia, breaking up ultimately into very minute
joints. This parasite is a very curious one, and
deserves the name of remarkable, as the spepific name
indicates. Up to the present it does not appear to
have been found again, and
is therefore an exclusively
Italian species. Another
species, growing on Sphin-
gidce, resembles it in the free
perithecia, but is not to be '^^"^^''"''^M'^X^g^

/-r»nfrknnrlpr1 wifVi if Thf^ Fig, i8.-Staphyline Club. Cordyceps

COniOUnaea Wlin it. ine ;;/^;;?^r«^///j (after CesaU),enlargedl

r ', three times.

occurrence 01 parasites upon

the Staphylinidce is much more uncommon than one

would expect.

These insects, says Mr. Gray, reside in damp
places on the margins of rivers, beneath dead leaves,
and under the bark of decaying trees. Their food
consists of decaying animal and vegetable matter,
especially fungi, in which some of the species chiefly
pass their existence.

The figure which we have given is enlarged three

86 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

or four times, and is a copy of the original by Cesati.
It will be observed that a number of clubs arise from
the same insect, which is very much enveloped in
mycelium.

Common Beetle Hanger.
Lahoidbenia Rotigetii. Robin and Mont.^

M. Rouget has recorded three species of StapJiy-
linidcB as affected by this parasite, namely, Goerifts
olens^ Pcedertis riparms, and Ophomis brevicollis. But
this entomophyte has already been alluded to in
detail, and in this, as also in similar cases, it will
be unnecessary to repeat remarks and descriptions
already given (see ante, p. 76).

M. Lebert^ has stated that GcBrins olens is also
subject to a disease, which shows itself in spots, in
each of which fungi are to be found occupying the
outer ring or its interior. What this disease may
have been we are in no position to guess.

1 Mont, and Rob., " Veg. Tar.," p. 622, pi. 8, figs, i, 2 ; and p. 639,
pi. 10, fig. 2.

2 Lebert, Berlin Entom. Zeit. (1858), p. 170.

COLEOPTERA. 87

Horned Beetle Hanger.
Heimatomyces paradoxus, Peyritsch.^

This is another of the Laboiilbenia group of para-
sites, bearing a different generic name on account of
a very trifling difference in structure ; that is to say,
the perithecium is produced at the apex into a lateral
horn. It occurred upon Laccophihts minuius and
LaccopJiilus hyalinus in Austria.

In this species the stem is short, the perithecium
three times as long as the stem, and thickened below,
produced at the apex into an acute or obtuse horn.
The pseudo-paraphyses, with few joints, bilobed at
the tips. In this instance the sporidia are large
(40 — 48 X 6/i), curved and hyaline.

There is sufficient distinctness and character in
this parasite to make it a prominent feature amongst
its allies, some six or eight of which (plate 3, fig. 32),
to the uneducated eye, present a degree of sameness,
only varied in minute points. Here, by means of the
prominent horn, we recognize a new departure, suffi-
cient for identification by other than mycologists. It
is one of two parasites, belonging to the same family,
occurring on the same insects. There can scarcely,

^ Peyritsch, " Mon. Laboulbenia," p. 258, figs. 35-39; Saccardo,
Sylloge," viii. No. 3619.

VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

however, be any suspicion of their not being perfectly
distinct.

Clawed Beetle Hanger.
Chitonomyces mdantirtis, Peyritsch.^

This is another minute entomophyte, technically
removed from Laboulbenia on account of slight
differences. It has been found on the same insects
as Heimatomyces; that is to say, on Laccophilus ininu'
ills and Laccophilus hyalimis in Austria.

The perithecia are three-lobed at the apex, three
times as long as the short yellowish stem. The
pseudo-paraphyses become blackish with two pellucid
lines, the apex spirally incurved. The blackish
pseudo-paraphyses and yellow perithecia and stem
are notable, and the sporidia are very small (plate 3,
fig. 34). Instead of a bundle of pseudo-paraphyses at
the side, the one organ in this species, which takes
their place, is black, with a curved hook or claw at the
apex. This must not be confounded with the curved
hyaline trichome, seen in the figure, proceeding from
the pore of the central lobe of the perithecium. The
stem also is remarkably short, as it is in Heimato-
myces, and the perithecium proportionally long.

1 Peyritsch, " Mon. Laboulbenia," p. 250, figs. 30-34 ; Saccardo,
"Sylloge," viii. No. 3618.

COLEOPTERA. 89

Water-Beetle Hanger.
Lahoidbenia Guerini. Rob.^

Amongst the Gyrinidce it is recorded that a species
named Gyrites sericeus, from the cascades of Caraccas,
had this very minute parasite attached to the surface
of the thorax, between the thorax and abdomen, and
the margins of the elytra. This, Mr. Gray remarks,
is the only true aquatic insect which has hitherto
been recorded as having a parasitic fungus attached
to it. The insects of this family pass their larva and
perfect states in the water ; but when the larva is
about to assume the pupa-state, it creeps out of the
water up the stems of some plant that grows on the
margin, and then envelops itself in an oval cocoon,
which is pointed at each end.

This minute entomophyte is a little over four
hundred micromillimetres long, bay-brown, with a
nodule at the base. The perithecia are rather conoid
and pierced at the apex, and about one-third of the
entire length. The curious appendages, or pseudo-
paraphyses, are in a tuft, and numerous, forked, and
jointed in a bead-like manner, separating readily at
the joints, pale-coloured. Sporidia spindle-shaped
and two-celled. Observations on the form and

* Robin, " Veg. Par.," p. 624, pi. 9, figs. 1-3 ; Saccardo, " Sylloge,"
viii. No. 3606.

90 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

structure have been given under Laboulbenia Rougetii.
It will be seen, on comparison of figures, that it is
unusual for the lateral appendages to be forked as
they are in this species.

Beetle Hangers.

Species of the Laboitlbeniacccu.

During the past year or two a large number of
new species of those peculiar parasites which we have
termed " Beetle hangers " have been described for the
first time, as infesting various kinds of insects.^ The
peculiarities of these new forms are of more scientific
than popular interest, and it would serve no useful
purpose to enter upon minute details. We shall,
therefore, confine ourselves to their enumeration.

On Harpalus P ennsylvanicns Mr. Thaxter has
found Laboiilbenia harpali, which occurs on the
inferior surface, always on the left side of the anterior
inferior face of the abdomen ; Laboiilbenia elegans in
single tufts on the inferior surface of the thorax,
always on the right side ; Laboiilbenia araiata^ and
Laboiilbenia conferta ; all four on the same species of
beetle.

^ Notes on U. S. Laboulbeniaceoe, by Roland Thaxter, in Froc.
Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences ^ 1890, and "Supplementary Notes"
in the same journal, 1 891.

COLEOPTERA, 91

On Platyniis cincticollis he has seen Peyi'itschiella
airvata and Labouibenia elongata, the latter being the
largest species known, as well as a small species,
named Labotilbenia fumosa, on the elytra of the same
beetle. Later on he discovered another species, which
he has called Peyritschiella minhna^ on the same host.

On Platyniis extcnsicollis the same author has
indicated two species, called respectively Labotdbenia
pauper cula and Laboulbenia scelepJnla. On Patrobus
longicornis also he has found a large species, in Con-
necticut and Maine, which he names Labotdbenia
brachiata. On Bembidiuni, in addition to the species
previously known, he has found Laboulbenia tnmcata.

To these must be added Cantharomyces verticillata
on Simins longinsculus in Illinois, and Cantharomyces
Bledii on Bledius assiniilis in the same State ; Zodio-
inyces vorticellaria upon Hydrocombiis palustris ; Hes-
perovtyces viresce^ts on Chilocorus bivulnerns ; and
Labotdbenia casnonice on Casnonia pemisylva7iica.
Although the mere mention of these names can
convey no definite ideas, yet we felt incumbent to
render the catalogue as complete as possible, even at
the risk of offering incomprehensible names. One
fact will at least become evident, that the order of
Coleoptera, or beetles, are favoured with a large pro-
portion of the numerous species of that interesting
group of insect-fungi, termed the Laboulbetiiacece,

92 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Lamellicorn Parasites.

Mr. Gray has alluded to entomophytes on large
lamellicorn larvae, and others have been met with, in
too incomplete a condition to determine to what par-
ticular species of Cordyccps they may belong. As to
the insects, he says, "From the formation of their
antennse, they are placed provisionally in the family
DynastidcB, although, from our own imperfect know-
ledge of the peculiar characters of the various larvae,
it is impossible to affix any generic or specific names."

These larvae ^ are usually found in tropical countries,
buried a few inches beneath the surface of the soil,
which generally consists of leaves, fibres, and roots of
plants in a state of decomposition, and are especially
fond of places that are used as potato-patches by the
inhabitants, even on the elevated plateau of the
Andes, to the height of two thousand four hundred
feet above the sea. They form themselves chambers
in which they reside, by feeding on the decayed vege-
table matter that surrounds them. They remain for
four or five years in their larva-state before they
undergo their change into the pupa, previous to their
final metamorphosis into the perfect insect ; so that
it may be easily supposed that the larvae have ample
time to get infected with the germ of the fungoid

* Gray, "Notices," pi. i, figs. 5, 6.

COLEOPTERA.

92

parasite, especially during rainy seasons. There can
be no doubt that it commences its growth internally,
as specimens have been met with having the fungus
just bursting forth from the mouth and other parts
of the body, " resembling a green pea/' but the most
usual place is from the pectoral surface of the thoracic
segments, and from between the segments, and from
the spiracles of the abdomen, the specimens varying,
however, much in position, number, and mode of
growth. These larvae, from their unwieldy propor-
tions, lie on their side within the chamber amidst
the decaying vegetable detritus, and thus cause the
fungus to partake of various contortions arising from
the limited space in which it is confined, from its
incapability to make its way through the vegetable
detritus, or from the depth it might be when grow-
ing. It invariably projects upwards towards the
surface of the earth, even should it commence its
growth from the side of the jaw, or of the abdomen,
in which the larva lies. The larvae are usually found
dead, and sometimes partially decayed ; but this
latter circumstance may greatly depend on the length
of time during which they have lain in the damp
soil after death, their death having been occasioned
in the first instance by the growth of the parasite.
On the other hand, it has been recorded by Mr.
Mackay^ that the larva obtained at Maracaibo,

* Mackay, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1839), p. 146.

94 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

where it is known to the natives under the name of
Projojoy, " was alive when first found," and it is
added that " this is by no means a solitary instance
in which these vegetable productions have made
their appearance on living insects."

Though the larvae of these insects are numerous,
and easily found in some localities, yet it may be
remarked that periods of several years often elapse
before specimens with fungi are again discovered,
which seems to depend entirely on the return of a
wet season at certain periods of the year, producing
a certain condition of the insect which appears to
be essential to the development of the fungoid parasite.

Again, he adds, further on, that Mr. Jervis had
mentioned that " he was acquainted with a Scarabaeus
(Dynastes ?) apparently in the perfect state, which
had been found in the hotter parts of New Grenada,
having a fungoid excrescence attached to it. The
natives gravely assured him that this excrescence
would be transformed into, or becom.e, a large tree^
Called *Diomato,' a name which is applied to a
species of Diospyros, remarkable for its hard and
beautifully veined wood."

Proceeding with the record of these instances of
doubtful forms, we may mention that Professor
Westwood exhibited to the Entomological Society,^

^ Trans. Eht. Soc. London (1841^43), iii. p. 5, pi. 6, fig. 6.

COLEOPTERA,

95

in 1838, a large lamellicorn larva from South America,
from the pectoral surface of the thoracic segments of
which a long and slender
curved vegetable production
was produced, nearly equal-
ling the entire body in
length (fig. 19).

Whether having any re-
lationship to this family or
not, Mr. Gray has noticed
that a large kind of brown

. Fig. 19.— Parasite on Lamellicorn

beetle is recorded by the Beetle (after westwood).

Rev. Mr. Taylor,^ under the New Zealand name of
"Mumutana," as abundant amongst the sand-hills
in the vicinity of the sea. This insect, he says, is
sometimes found completely filled with the nut-like
substance, but in no instance has he noticed any plant
shooting from it.

Another instance is alluded to hi another work,
in which it is stated ^ that Mr. Drury had a beetle in
the perfect state, from every part of which small
stalks and fibres sprouted forth ; they were entirely
different from the tufts of hair that are observed in
a few Coleopterous insects, such as Biiprestis fascia
tularis of the Cape of Good Hope, and were certainly

» Taylor's "New Zealand," p. 423.
' Donovan's " Insects of China, " p. i^*

96 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

a vegetable production. No one can speculate from
such a vague note whether the parasite was a Laboid-
benia^ or an Isaria, or anything else.

May-bug Club.
Cordyceps vielolonthce. Tul.^

A species of Melolontha^ which the Americans term
" May-bug," the larvx of which are found in great
profusion in meadows at certain seasons of the year,
when it is not unusual to find some which have
attached to them a vegetable sprout. In some
instances this sprout is three inches in length ; it
generally proceeds from between the head and the
under part of the thorax, and in a few instances from
the mouth. There is generally one to each grub,
though some are found with two ; and the larvae
were not only dead, but in a state of decay, and the
sprout rising above the ground indicates where they
are found. It is a vulgar but prevailing notion that
such grubs are changed to briars.^

This entomophyte is the species named by Tulasne
Cordyceps melolonthce, the clubs of which are either

* Tulasne, "Selecta Fungorum Carpologia " (1865), t. iii. p. i:i,
pi. I, fig. 32 ; Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. 5044.

" "History of Insects" (Murray's Family Library), vol. ii. p. 296
(1838).

COLEOPTERA. 97

solitary or in pairs, on buried larvae of species of
Melolonthay and the same author refers to this parasite
the description and figures of Fougeroux de Bon-
deroy, and the descriptions hereafter alluded to by
Mr. J. Cist. The clubs are in themselves simple and
swollen above into a clavate head, being very similar

FiGS. 20 to 22. — l\Iay-l)ug Club. Cordyceps jneloloniha: (pL^iei Fougeroux de Eonderoy).

in habit to Cordyceps Miqtielii, on Cicada. The know-
ledge of this species is up to now very imperfect, for
the well-matured heads with ripe sporidia have not
yet been found, or at least recorded.
F It was in 1824 that Mr. J. Cist^ related his ob-
servations on the entomophyte which is now known
under the above name. " It is not unusual," he says,

* Cist, on "May-bug," in Silli mail's Journal {1^2^), viii. id. 270. pi. 4.

f
II

98 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

" to find a number of the larvae which have attached
to them vegetable sprouts, in some instances three
inches long. These excrescences generally proceed
from the space between the head and under part of
the thorax, and in a few instances from the mouth."
He further remarks that "in every case where he
observed the vegetation the grub was not only dead,
but in a state of decay. The sprout arising above
the surface of the ground is the indication where the
animal lies."

Mr. Gray thought it was the same larva that is
referred to by Mr. Mitchell^ as " found in wood-yards,
around the stumps of dead trees, and often in sward-
ground ; in the latter it does extensive damage by
devouring the roots of grass, and of plants that fall
in its way. The fungus at times appears in many
places, rising to the height of several inches above
the surface of the earth."

According to Gray, the larvae were considered by
Count Dejean to be those oi Ancyloncha piincticollis.
In the description given in a few words by Tulasne,
he simply says, " on buried larvae of Melolonthay
commonly called ' May-bug,' in North America."

The observations of Fougeroux de Bonderoy oa
these parasites, contained in the same memoir as
those on the vegetable fly of the Carribeans, viz.

^ Silliman's Journal, vol. xii. p. 26.

COLEOPTERA. 99

Cordyceps sobolifera^ are of some interest as far as
they go, and are often alluded to, so that by quoting
them we shall have fairly exhausted the memoir.

" The grub," he says, " resembles those which pro-
duce beetles ; it is of the size of the larvae, which turn,
after their metamorphosis, to a small kind of cock-
chafer ; its body is composed of many close-set rings ;
its large and scaly head is of short length, and there
are seen upon it two jaws, or falces, set somewhat
forward, and two small antennae composed of three
articulations. The grub has some hair distributed
upon the rings of the body. It has six feet, of which
the two near the head are slightly the smallest, and
more within the body of the animal.

"It cannot be supposed that the grubs of which
we speak are those which produce, by a second
metamorphosis, the nymphs of the Cicada, because,
according to the account which M. de Reaumur has
given of these grubs, they have no resemblance to
those which we are describing, since the Cicadse upon
leaving the Q^g% pass into the state of hexapod larvae,
the two very large nippers of which show their great
affinity to the forms which they will take as nymphs ;
these nippers make them to differ essentially from
the larvae we are describing now. Here, then, is a
second insect upon which the Clavaria is found, and
this is an interesting fact in the history of this singular
vegetation*

loo VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

" From the state of preservation in which I have
these insects, it appears that the plant has grown
some time upon the living animal, for the Clavaria
upon some of these insects is two inches in length.
The larvse are entire, very sound, and not dried up.
In fact, we know how short a time is requisite for the
perfect production of a fungus."

Mr. Gray remarks of the above quotation that
the larva most probably belongs to Rliizotrogus or
Ancyloncha. " The parasite on this larva is repre-
sented by the author as growing from a broad base
of thallus, which is deposited externally on the upper
side of the larva, in which respect it differs from
most others that have been recorded. In proof of
his opinion, he states that in some specimens which
had been preserved in spirit of wine the plant had
separated from the body of the larva, and exhibited
the under surface of the basal part of the stem or
thallus of the parasite, fluted as if occasioned by only
lying close to the outer surface of the abdominal
segments of the insect. This mode of separation,
however, may have been entirely caused by the
action of the spirit upon the Entomophyte ; but as
the larva retains in some measure its perfect form,
it may be inferred that its interior was previously
filled with the thallus, and that, as in other recorded
Entomophytes, it was not until after this had taken
place that the fungus showed itself externally, as is

COLEOPTERA. ,01

evidently exhibited where it is represented bursting

forth between two of the dorsal segments of the

thorax. The manner of growth of the parasite may

probably be caused by the position of the insect at

the time it was exhausted by the progress of the

thallus internally, the point of external growth being

the nearest portion to the surface of the earth. The

latter remark is also applicable to the other figures,

which at the same time afford evidence that the

plant had grown above the surface of the soil. It is

usual to find only one parasite on each larva, althouo-h

' fc>

in some two, and in others even three, have been
noticed, varying much in length and form."

We have it on the authority of Mr. Gray that
♦' some larvae were discovered near S'a Fe de Bogota
by the late Mr. Stevens, which may possibly belong
to the genus Ancyloncha, but certainly to a smaller
species than those just noticed. These larvse bear
a great similarity to those mentioned by Mr. Cist,
and, like them, the parasite invariably arises from
beneath the head and the prothorax. In one specimen
it had just made its appearance, in another it is about
two inches long, while in a third it reaches to about six
inches in length, of nearly equal thickness throughout,
and having the tip somewhat acute and of a light
colour. These examples were no doubt discovered,
like those observed by Mr. Cist, by the principal
portion of the fungus appearing above the surface

102 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

of the vegetable soil." ^ From the figure of one of
these, it is evidently a young and imperfect form of
a Cordyceps, with a slender flexuous stem, but without
having the capitulum properly developed. It has
a much more attenuated form, and seems to suggest
a species of Cordyceps distinct both from Cordyceps
vielolonthcB and Cordyceps Raveiielii.

There is a record in the Boston Proceedmgs ^ of a
Cordyceps on Melolontha from the Philippine Islands,
which may be alluded to here, although, if it had
been mature, it might possibly not have been referred
to this species. The specimen was found in 1866
on Mount Mahahai, an extinct volcano, about fifty
miles from the city of Manila ; it was found about
three thousand feet above the level of the sea, in a
clearing in the forest, which had been made a coffee-
plantation ; the soil was black and rich, and quite
moist from the daily heavy rains which prevail at
this season of the year. The caterpillar when found
was dead, somewhat dry, though not decayed, and
was lying on its side, the under surface resting in
the moist rich soil. The attention of the gentleman
who picked it up, and who gave it to me, was
attracted by the peculiar colour and aspect of the
vecretable growth, which reminded him of the delicate

1 Gray, "Notices," p. 4.

^ Kneeland, on "A Caterpillar Fungus," in Proc, Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist. (June, 1867), vol. xi. p. 120.

COLEOPTERA.

103

roots of a hyacinth, as seen growing in water ; their
size was about that of the hyacinth roots, but the
colour was more yellowish, and the structure more
tough and elastic ; the plant was living when found.
The larva on which this parasite was '^growing is,
according to Messrs. Osten Sacken and Scudder,
that of a Lamellicorn beetle of the family Melolon-
thidcB,2inA coming r\t3.Y Melolojttha, or the May-beetle,
or May-bug.

The body of the specimen appeared filled with the
fungus, and ft had burst out in six different places,
from the head to the tail, in filaments about an inch
and a half in length. The fungus was so far
perfect, but it had not proceeded to fructification,
although Mr. C. J. Sprague considered it a Cordyceps,
It must be rare, as none of the natives or foreign
residents had ever noticed anything of the kind
before.

The remarks of Mr. Sprague on this insect parasite
when submitted to him do not contain much in
supplement to the foregoing account. He says, " I
have no belief myself that the fungi investing insects
are at all peculiar to them ; " but this opinion is no
longer tenable in respect to the species of Cordyceps^
whatever it may be of moulds. He proceeds to say,
''But I am not prepared to say that the Isaria may
not develop into SpJicEria under favourable circum-
stances. These things are so strange in their growth,

104 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

that a certain form may for centuries never appear
as other than a warty excrescence, never producing
asci and spores, but propagating itself by mycelium,
and then it may take an ascoid. growth quite dis-
similar from its long non-developed appearance.
Until you have asci and spores, you can never decide
beyond any doubt as to the species of a fungus.
You may even mistake as to its genus. The mycelium
accommodates itself to its matrix, and takes on, there-
fore, excessively varying forms. This fungus is like
Cordyceps entomorrhiza in habit, so much so that it
has no peculiar characters to distinguish it. It has
no perithecia, and consequently no fruit. It has not
reached a development which warrants a name. I
should say that it has all the appearance of Cordyceps,
but, in the absence of all fructification, it is impossible
to further name it." He concludes by reiterating his
opinion against the " belief in the exclusive attach-
ment of certain fungi to certain insects. Fungi," he
says, "grow on everything organic. Some species
have as yet been detected on certain things ; but
this is so peculiar an exception, I place no reliance
on the mere fact of an individual discovery of this
sort. Should you place the larvae of all sorts of
insects under the same favourable conditions, I
believe that the same fungus would grow from them
all," etc.

Mr. Gray has two figures in his memoir which

COLEOPTERA. 105

present a great resemblance to forms of Cordyceps
melolonthcB, occurring on larvae of Lamellicorns. One ^
represents a young larva, "which does not exhibit
the appearance of having the body so entirely filled
with the thallus internally, yet from the dorsal portion
of the thoracic segments, where the thallus is spread
over the surface, grows a long thick fungus, of the
length of two inches and a quarter, having a some-
what lengthened clavate head. Another ^ example
consists only of the head and thorax of the same
kind of larva, but which is not in any way infested
with the thallus; though from the pectoral portion
springs a lengthened stem of a fungus, which is
curiously divided, as if cut into two slender branches
for about half its length, each of the branches beino-
much curved, and furnished with an oblong head at
the apex. Both these fungoid parasites have evidently
grown for some part of their length above the soil,
and they exhibit an entirely different habit from any
previously described. They were brought from New
Grenada."

A parasitic fungus which has recently been very
destructive to the larvae of the cockchafer in certain
districts of France, was from the first believed to be
a near ally of the muscardine. M. Giard thinks that
it is a form of another fungus, found on the same

Gray, '* Notices," pi. i, fig. 9. 2 Gray, pi. i, fig. 10,

io6 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

host, which is Isaria densa, whereas the mould has
been named Botrytis tenella, but M. Giard contends
that the mould, even in its simplest form, is rather
an Isaria than a Botrytis}

Carolina Beetle Club.

Cordyceps Ravenelii. Berk.^

Similar kinds of larvae to those of Ancyloncha are
found in South Carolina during the spring and
summer months. "But their parasites differ entirely
from those usually found in this kind of insect both
in their manner of growth and general appearance.
They are composed of a long and somewhat thick
stem with a lengthened and subclavate head, and
plainly evidence that part of the fungus had been
exposed above the surface of the vegetable detritus." ^
These larvse have been affirmed to be those of a
species of Ancyloncha or of Rhizotrogns, and the
parasite described under the above name is said to
be brownish, with an elongated flexuous stem, which
is compressed and sulcate, at first rather downy,
becoming smooth (plate i, fig. i). The head, or capi-
tulum, is three quarters of an inch long, cylindrical,

2

'Comptes Rendus" (1891), p. 1079.

Cordyceps Ravenelii. Berk, and Curt., Jonrn. Linn. Soc. (1857),
p. 159, P^- ij fig- 4; Saccardo, «^Sylloge," iv. No. 5035.
5 Gray, "Notices," p. 4.

COLEOPTERA.

107

attenuated upwards, enclosing, as usual, the peri-
thecia with their asci and sporidia. The latter are
thread-like, breaking up into small frustules two and
a half or three micromillimetres in length. The
entire height of the fungus is not more than two
or three inches, and hitherto it has only been found
in South Carolina and Texas. Altogether this para-
site bears some resemblance to the celebrated "plant-
worm " of the Chinese.

Ceylon May-bug Club.

Cordyceps Barnesii. Thw.^

Unfortunately, our information of this Ceylon
species is exceedingly limited, it having been found
only by Dr. Thwaites and Beccari, but it is recorded
as occurring on buried larvae oi Melolontha, The stem
of the parasite is cylindrical and velvety, with a some-
what cylindrical club-shaped head, the apex of which
is sterile. The conidial form has also been found,
which assumes rather a Stilbttin shape, with a branched
stem, and globose heads bearing minute conidia two
and a half micromillimetres long. The entire length of
a usual-sized club is about two to two and a half
inches, of which the fertile head occupies about half an

^ Berkeley and Broome, ** Ceylon Fungi," No. ^"j^j ; Saccardo,
"Sylloge," ii. No. 5052.

io8 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

inch, or a little more, and is somewhat thicker than the
stem, of a reddish colour, whilst the stem is yellowish
white (plate I, fig. 2). One important peculiarity
is that the capitulum is terminated at the apex by
a little sterile horn, or apiculus, present in all the
specimens, and sometimes curved. The perithecia
are prominent, but immersed, and the fructification
is entirely that of the genus. When dried there is
but the slightest indication of a velvety stem, or
at most only a little mealiness. In the Kew Library
there is an original coloured drawing of the species
when living, whence our figure is derived.

Nothing can be said of the so-called Lycogala
/r<7^///.s-, which was stated by Holm^ to have occurred on
a broken and decayed specimen oi Melolontha vulgaris^
infesting the sides of the body and legs with small
round spots. It was certainly not a Lycogala, but it
might have been a Labo7ilbenia, or even Leocarp2is
vernicosiis.

In the family CetoniidcB Mr. Gray calls attention
to two instances, recorded by M. Reiche,^ "one of
which occurred on a species of Cetonia, from Mada-
gascar, having a fungus proceeding from its head ;
while the other was on a species of Gymneiis, having

» Holm, " Acta Hafn" (1781), p. 258, fig. 5.
* Bullet. Soc. Entom. de France (1849), p. Ivi.

COLEOPTERA. 109

a similar production on the thorax. As he gives
neither further description nor figures of these two
entomophytes, they must remain thus briefly
noticed."

Tailed Beetle Club.

Cordyccps stylophora. Berk, and Br.^

Of the Coleopterous larvae which suffer from this
entomophyte, Mr. Gray^ has given the •

following information : " In South Caro-
lina," he says, "there have been observed
during the autumnal months several larvae,
which showed that they were but slightly
buried in rotten logs, as they had roots
springing from around the base only of
the stem. These insects, judging from the
figures, may possibly belong to the Elateridce.
The parasite differs in form from any of
those previously known, being long, slender,
and with the middle of each stem swollen,
to contain the enclosed perithecia, but the

^ ' F1G.23.— Tailed

stem is sometimes found perfectly simple," ^If}^ ceS^^t"'-
and then in its barren state (fig. 23). f^^^^^' °"

^ Berkeley and Broome, Jotirn. Linn, Soc, vol, i. p. 15S, pi. i,

fig. 3.
* Gray, "Notices," p. 44

110 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

The stem is from a half to three quarters of an inch
long, and a quarter of a line thick, smooth, about
as long as the cylindrical head, which is produced
upwards into an acuminate sterile process, as long,
or longer, than itself The perithecia are immersed
in the cylindrical head, which thus holds a central
position. On the whole, this Cordyceps is a very
characteristic one, and is found attached to larvae
buried in rotten logs. It is unusual for the axis
to be prolonged beyond the capitulum, or head, but
in this species it is carried to an extreme ; as in
Cordyceps Barnesii, it is quite rudimentary — almost
an apiculus.

0

Cape Beetle Club.

Early in the present year {1891) Dr. McOwatl sent
over to this country, from the Cape of Good Hope,
three larvae of some Coleopterous insect, and, we are
assured, belonging to the family Elateridce^ with a
Cordyceps growing from the front of the head, but
unfortunately in an imperfect condition. Two of the
specimens had the terminal capitulum broken, and in
all of them the perithecia were only commencing
formation. The stems are from one and a half to two
inches long, and the clavate head about half an inch,
in habit and appearance it approaches Cordyceps
Barnesiij but without the sterile apiculus at the apex.

COLEOPTERA. lH

It is certainly an interesting species, both from its
locality and its host, but it would be folly to apply
a name without evidence of fructification, although
there is not the slightest reason for doubt of its being
a true Cordyceps^ and not referable to any described
species at present found in this order. The indications
of the perithecia are immersed in the substance of the
club, at its periphery, and not at all superficial. In
one instance there is a second club in process of
growth. The lower portion of the stem is slightly
velvety.

Beetle Endophyte.
EntomophtJiora lanipyridariun. Thaxter.^

An American Eiitomophthora on beetles, especially
on the imago of ChauUognathus Pennsylvanicus^ has
recently been discovered. The affected beetles were
found firmly attached by their mandibles to grass or
leaves in open fidlds. Unfortunately, for lack of
material, the description is not quite perfect, but the
species is relied upon as distinct.

The conidia are regular, ovoid, slightly tapering
towards the apex, with an abrupt, broad, slightly
papillate base, contents granular, without large oil
globules (average 15 X 35/^). The conidia-bearing

^ Thaxter, "Entomophthorse U.S," p. 169, pi. 17, figs. 161-172.

112 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

threads digitate, or divide like the fingers ; secondary
conidia either like those of the first generation, or
more commonly elongated, cylindrical, rounded at
either end, and borne vertically on hair-like spore-
bearers. Resting-spores unknown.

"The melon-shaped secondary conidia are pro-
duced in great abundance, even in a fairly moist
atmosphere, and, in only one or two instances, I
observed a second form like the primary condition in
process of formation. In many cases the more
common secondary conidia were larger than the
spores from which they were produced, and this,
together with the apparent thinness of the spore-wall,
seeijis to indicate that they are not as resistent as is
usually the case with secondary conidia when borne
on hair-like spore-bearers. It will be noticed that
the secondary spore-bearers are much less thread-
like than is usually the case."

Weevil Club.

Cordyceps ciirailioniun. Tul.^

It is generally known amongst entomologists that
specimens of Cnrcidio are collected in tropical
countries, and sent home with the collections, which

^ Tulasne, " Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," iii. p. 20; Robin,
•' Veg. Par.," p. 650 ; Saccardo, '' Sylloge," ii. No. 5013.

COLEOPTERA,

113

have club-shaped parasites attached to them. Foreign
collectors, or collectors abroad, have generally a keen
eye to the monetary value of such "varieties," and
are seldom satisfied with their weight in gold to
part with them. The golden opportunities are per-
haps rather too rare. The Rev. F. W. Hope exhibited
one of these, in 1836, from Brazil, at the Entomo-
logical Society. From between the prothorax and
elytra two very long and clavate fungi had been
produced, one of which was entire, the other branched.^
This gives a general idea of the character of this
fungus, to which Tulasne gave the
name of Cordyceps curaUioninn.
The fertile stem is almost erect
or curved, and whitish, with a
brownish tint below. The head
is shortly clavate or egg-shaped,
rather acute at the apex, two to
two and a half millimetres lone

o

and one and a half to two milli-
metres thick, of a yellowish-grey colour, and granular
with the perithecia (fig. 24). The internal structure
corresponds with other species, the long thread-like
sporidia breaking up into joints, eight or nine micro-
millimetres long, and about one and a half thick. They
have been collected in Brazil, Peru, and we read that a

Fig. 24.— Weevil Club. Cor-
dvceps burculiottiivt (after
Tulasne).

* Proc. Ent. Soc, Lond. (1837-40), vol. ii. fig. 3.

I

114 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

species of Cttrculio, in the perfect state, from Mexico
had long slender filaments attached to various parts of
its body ; and another specimen was remarkable for
having one on the rostrum, which gave it an appear-
ance of an additional horn.^

Mr. Gray has figured several in which growth
seems to have been arrested before the club-heads
had been developed ; as, for instance, on Heilipus
celsns from Cayenne,^ on Heilipus brachyptertLS^ and
Heilip2is hylobioides^ from Brazil, on a species of
Heilipus from Ega, and on Chalcoderma ^ from Para.
These insects, he says, " have the fungus protruding
from the proboscis, the joints of the body, and along
the suture of the elytra ; while from between the
thorax and elytra spring one, two, or even three long
slender excrescences ; and others sometimes proceed
from different parts of the body. The apical portion
of these fungi is usually tapering and light-coloured."
He then refers to others, in which the capitate heads
are developed, as in Heilipus from Lima, Dionychus
from Brazil,^ and Auchonus from St. Vincent. He
says that "the lengthened fungi noticed on these
insects also proceed from between the thorax and
elytra, but they have at the apex of each projection

» " History of Insects " (Murray's Family Library), ii. 296 (1838).
« Gray, " Notices," pi. i, fig. 15. =* Ibid., pi. 5, fig. 4.

4 Ibid., pi. 5, fig. II. ' Ibid., pi. I, fig. 14.

« Hope,/^/^r«. Proc. Ent. Soc.y ii. p. iv. pi. 8, fig. 8.

C0LE0P7ERA.

"5

a clavate head of a pale colour. In some examples
the stem has been observed to be branched." These
are the perfect Cordyceps, as desciibed by Tulasne.
A specimen of Calandra is referred to by Kirby and
Spence^ as having a fungus projecting from the
rostrum.

" The insects of this family, which are very numerous
in tropical countries, live entirely on vegetable sub-
stances, and many of them are apterous ; they are
not unfrequently seen on the leaves, or in cracks and
cavities in the bark of trees, and in the interior of
stems of plants. Some species are, however, found
by turning over the partly decomposed leaves on the
ground and the rotten trunks of fallen trees ; such
localities probably facilitate these insects becoming
during rainy seasons the bases of the different kinds
of fungoid parasites." ^

It is not improbable that the Coleopterous insect
alluded to by Mr. Gray as belonging to the family
ErotylidcB (the Erotyhis tceniatus of Columbia) was
attacked by a form of this same Cordyccps. "It is
remarkable for producing occasionally from the head,
from between the head and thorax, and from the
sides of the body, a number of very * slender vegetable
appendages,' the apex of each ending in a small

^ "Introd. to Entom." (1826), iv. p. 208.
* Gray, *' Notices," p. 4.

n6 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

tuberculated head of a yellowish colour.^ The figure
resembles Cordyceps curcidionnm.

The species of this genus are seen flying about
during the day in the dense forests of the tropical
regions of the New World. When in repose, they
seek the leaves of plants ; while in the larva state,
however, they live under the bark of trees or in fungi,
but they chiefly feed upon decayed vegetable matter.

Beetle Stilbum.

Stilbinn Buquetii, M. and R.^

A minute capitate compound mould, of the large
genus Stilbinn, attacks various insects in tropical
countries. The erect compound threads are very
gregarious, each complex stem bearing a capitate
spherical reddish head, which is covered with the
oblong naked conidia, or spores. The stem.s are thick
and black, downy, composed of a number of delicate
threads, which are agglutinated together into a common
stem ; in this respect resembling Isaria, but difl'ering
in having a distinct capitulum, or head. The species
of this genus are common on vegetable substances,
but rarely attach themselves to insects, or other

^ V dixvy, Joiini. Proc. Ent. Soc. (1847), p. iv.

2 Montagne and Robin, "Veg. Far.," p. 640, pi. 9, figs. 4, 5;
Saccardo, " Sylloge," iv. No. 2678.

COLEOPTERA.

117

animal substances. Another species is recorded in
North America, Stilbiun rauiostim (Peck ^), on " insect
larvae," but it is not stated to what order of insects
the larvae belonged.

Gray says that the species of Curculionidae, \vliich
are subject to become the bases of this fungus, are
Hypsonotus clavidus^- from Brazil, Pycnoptis biifo^ from
Brazil, and a species of Rhyssoinatus from the Amazon.
" These insects," he says, "have the thallus surround-
ing the abdomen, and sometimes extending between
the thorax and elytra, from which spring numerous
short excrescences, having tuberculated heads of a
yellow colour" (plate 2, fig. 25). In external appear-
ance the species of Stilbitui much resemble miniature
species of Cordyceps, but of course differing in internal
structure.

Little HELors Club.

Cordyceps helopis. Ouel.^

One of the most recent additions to the parasites
of the Coleoptera is this species, found upon Helops

^ Peck, "Twenty-sixth Report N. Y. State Museum," p. ^Z\
Saccardo, " Sylloge," iv. No. 2696.

2 Robin, " Veg. Par.," p. 640, pi. 9, figs, 4, 5.

' Gray's " Notices," pi. i, fig. 12.

^ Quelet, ''Diagn. Nouv." (1879), p. 235, Cordyceps larvicola -
Quelet, "Esp^ces Nouv." (1878), ii. p. 292, t. 3, f. ij Saccardo'
"Sylloge," ii. No. 5025.

ii8 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

cavahoides in the Jura, and afterwards in other places
in France. It occurs on the putrescent larvae, and
has thus, been described : The head, or capitulum, is
oblong, from five to six millimetres long, fleshy and of
a tawny saffron-yellow, dotted with dark purple points.
The stem is slender and flexuous, shining white,
marked with rosy streaks (fig. 25). The elongated
sporidia break up into nearly cubical joints from two
|\ and a half to three micromillimetres in

diameter. Very slight information is
given of this handsome species, but from
the description and figure it would certainly
seem to be quite distinct from any before
knotvn. These minute species are very
liable to be overlooked, especially when
growing upon the ground, or amongst
dead leaves with no more than the head
exposed above the surface, and then not
so large as a grain of wheat — perhaps
something like an ant's ^gg (as they are
Fig. 2s.-Littie called) set on end. The larvse or pupas

Helops Club. t_ • 1

cordycep he- are generally more or less buried, and m

iopis (after ° •'

Queiet). ti^js condition the entomophyte is de-

veloped, thrusting the stem upwards, and forming a
capitulum as soon as the apex reaches the air. It
requires close searching to find much larger species
than the present by its only visible portion.

COLEOPTERA. 119

Red Endopiiyte.

Taricliia 7tvella, Krassilstchik.^

Under the above name a fungus has been described
as growing on Coleopterous larvae, producing a mass
of brick-red spores, cohering in small grape-like
clusters. These spores are said to be round, papillate
(8-iOju diameter), surrounded by a wall of no great
thickness. In fluid these spores germinated in four
days, producing septate hyphae, which, after a week,
grew out of the culture fluid, and produced single
terminal, cylindrical, uncoloured spores (9 x 3/x).
What it may be is uncertain, but not apparently
related to Einpiisa^ to which it was at first supposed
to be allied. With only such meagre information,
this is never likely to be more than one of the
mythical names scattered over the pages of botanical
literature, representing nothing but an incident ot
individual experience. It is to be regretted that such
names are not permitted to be forgotten, but as this
has been alluded to again so recently it cannot be
ignored. Whether the original object is still in
existence is unknown.

* Krassilstchik, Mem, Soc, Nat, Nou. Rtiss. (Odessa, 1886), xi. p. 95 j
Thaxter, p. 190.

120 vegetable wasps and plant worms,

White Beetle Mould.

Sporotrichum densum. Link.^

On dead insects, both beetles and wasps, this
mould has been observed in Germany, and it appears
also to have occurred in Australia. As is usual in
this genus, it forms a rather thick and dense stratum,
composed of sparingly branched hyaline threads,
bearing here and there, scattered over them, minute
globose conidia, or spores. It has been suggested
whether it has not some affinity with the well-known
silkworm disease {Botrytis Bassiana), but this we see
no good reason to suspect. The species of Sporotri-
cJmm^ like moulds of some other genera, will flourish
on almost any kind of decaying vegetable and animal
matter, some of them like this ; only having been
found two or three times, and in each case on insects,
it follows that they should be supposed to occur only
on insects. No species of the genus is known to
have occurred on living matter, as they are sapro-
phytes pure and simple, and then probably only as
the stroma or conidia of some fungus of higher
organization, possibly the Splicer iacei.

» Link, "Obs. Myc," i. p. II ; Nees, "Syst. Pilze," fig. 45 ; Sac-
cardo, " Sylloge," iv. No. 507.

COLEOPTERA. 121

Woolly Beetle Mould.
SporotricJmin globulifericm. Speg.^

On the decaying bodies of certain Coleoptera, as,
for instance, Monocrepidis and NaitpactJts xantJio-
grapkus in South America, this mould has been re-
corded. It forms tufts of one millimetre and a half
in diameter, white and floccose, penetrating into the
interior of the insects. The thready are creeping,
sparingly jointed, hyaline, from three to four micro-
millimetres thick, closely branched and anastomosing,
bearing here and there clusters of the globose, or
nearly globose, spores, which are two and a half
micromillimetres long, and one and a half to two
in width.

The remarks made under the previous species are
applicable also to this, which is not entitled to rank
as a parasite, but rather an accidental development
upon one out of many forms of decaying animal
matter.

Globose Endophyte.

Empusa apicitlata (van major). Thaxter.

This variety of Empusa apicnlata was found on the
imago of a Coleopterous insect, Ptilodactyla serricollis,

* Spegazzini, "Fungi Argentini," ii. p. 42; Saccardo, " Sylloge,"
iv. No. 505.

122 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

in North Carolina. The type-form occurred on Lepi-
doptera and Diptera.

In this variety the conidia are more nearly spherical
(38 X 45 to 55 X 6o/x), with the basal papilla smaller
in proportion to the body of the conidium than in the
typical form, the description of which must be sought
in the order Lepidoptera in the present work.

( 123 )

LEPIDOPTERA.

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

'"T^HE Lepldoptera are divided into two sections,
-L the first of which embraces the Rhopaloceva,
or diurnal Lepidoptera. These, however, have hitherto
remained unrecorded as being the bases of parasitical
fungi, or even of filamentous species or moulds {Colias
only having been since announced as the host of one
of the species of Entomophthora), and this notwith-
standing the fact that most of these insects pass their
existence, and undergo their metamorphoses, as it may
be said, in the air, where the spores of these singular
plants are stated to float, and thereby, in the opinion
of some writers, get affixed to insects in their different
stages of life ; notwithstanding also that their food
entirely consists of vegetable matter, which is sup-
posed to be one of the chief channels by which the
spores are conveyed into the interior of insects, where
they are thought to be dormant until some extra-
ordinary coincidence awakes them into active life.
Yet this section of Lepidopterous insects has, so far

124 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT t^ORMS.

as is known (with the one exception), escaped from
becoming the bases of these fungoid parasites." ^

The Nocturnal Lepidoptera, or Heterocera, have by
no means been so fortunate, for the number of ento-
mophytes associated with them is very large, and
the parasites themselves the most imposing of the
whole series. The species of Cordyceps alone, not
less than twenty, including the well-known Cordyceps
Robertsii of New Zealand, the Cordyceps Giuinii of
Tasmania, the very large Cordyceps Taylori of the
Murrumbidgee, the Chinese "plant-worm," and the
rather common British species Cordyceps inilitaris
and Cordyceps entomorrJiiza. Species of Isaria appear
also to affect Lepidoptera more than any other order.
The small species of Laboulbenia are remarkably
absent, and the number of species of Entoniophihora
but few. This deficiency is in part compensated by
the silkworm diseases, which have no parallel in any
other order. The Lepidoptera must be held to be
the most prolific in Cordyceps and Isaria, and almost
exclusively so ; and these occur on larvae, pupa^, and
imagines. Entomologists may be able to account
for this circumstance better than those who concern
themselves more with the entomophytes than with
their hosts.

* Gray, "Notices," p. 5.

LEPWOPTERA.

125

Sphinx Isaria.

Isaria sphingmn. Schw.^

When Mr. Gray ^ wrote his " Notices," he was able
to enumerate many species of Sphingidce which had
been known to act as hosts to parasitic fungi, mostly
of the Isaria form. Since then others have been
recognized, leading to the conclusion that almost any
species in that family are liable to attack. Those
referred to by Mr. Gray were Pachylia achemenides of
Surinam, Macrosila collaris of St. Domingo, Sphinx
Carolina of North America, Anceryx dlo of Para,
Anccryx pinastri of Europe, Smerinthus populi of
Europe, a species of SpJiinx from Jamaica, and
another from Guadeloupe. The majority of these
have been referred to the present species, and we
have determined it as occurring on Spiranta retorta,
and a species of Hypena, from Darjeeling.

All these insects, he says, are infested in their
imago, or perfect state, and are usually found, prin-
cipally during or after the rainy season, attached to
a leaf or trunk of a tree, sitting with their wings at
rest, as if they had been suddenly exhausted by some
peculiar action that progressed internally. This even-

* Isaria sphingtnn, Schwein, "Syn. Car.," No. 129S ; Robin,
" Veg. Par.," p. 610 ; Saccardo, ".Sylloge," iv. No. 27S1J Isaria sphin-
gophila. Link, " Sp. Plant." (1824), ii. p. 114.

2 Gray, "Notices of Insects," p. 5, pi. 3, fig. 12.

126 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

tually shows itself in the form of a fungoid matter or
mould, entirely covering the external surface of the
body and the principal nervures
of the wings ; at the same time,
the margins of the latter and
the basal joints of the legs be-
come firmly attached to the
leaves or trunks of trees ; the
fungug then grows rapidly on
Fig. 26.— Sphinx isaria. isa- the head and thorax, and espe-

ria sphingum, on imago of n r 1 • •

Yii^^&n2i{,science Gossip). cially from the jomts of the
abdomen, in the form of slender filaments of various
lengths and thicknesses. The parasite varies in
different specimens. In some the filaments are rather
thick and sometimes flattened, especially at their
base, reaching, in the longest example, to the length
of about nine lines; while in others they are slender
and minutely branched on the sides, attaining the
length of an inch and a half to two inches. There
seems no doubt, from the position in which these are
discovered, that the parasite was, as observed by Dr.
Halsey,^ evolved whilst the Sphinx was yet in a state
of existence, "but the fungus does not become fully
developed externally until after the death of the in-
sect ; and it is usually more or less in a state of decay,

^ Annals Lye. New York (1823), p. 125. See also Cramer, ** Pa-
pilio Exotic," t. iii. (1782), p. 135, pi. 267, figs. A, B; Ernst,
*' Papillons d'Europe," t. iii. (1782), t. cxv. fig. 162.

LEPIDOPTERA, 127

dependent upon the length of time it has remained
on the leaf or trunk after the development of the
parasitical mould before it was discovered. The
caterpillars of this family pass their life exposed to
the atmosphere, in the same manner as the Diurnal
Lepidoptera, which appears equally to protect them
from the attacks of parasites. The chrysalides, on
the contrary, bury themselves in the earth, to await
their final metamorphoses, yet they also have not been
found affected with fungoid parasites."

Sphinx Club.
Cordyceps spJiinginiL Tul.*

Although the Isaria form, which bears naked spores,
or conidia, had been known for many years, it was
Tulasne who first discovered the perfect condition
which bears the above name, although it is thought
that an indication of this had been manifest to M.
Lebert^ in 1858, when he called the production which
he then described Acrophytiun tuberculatum, without
recognizing its true character and affinities.

The stroma of the parasite rises from a thin, pale
ochraceous crust over the matrix, in thin, rather
rigid tapering processes, chiefly from the joints of the
abdomen, and resembling the Isaria (fig. 27). The

^ Tulasne, " Selecta Fung. Carp." (1865), iii. p. 12, pi. i, figs, i, 2.
2 Sieb. and Koll, Zoolog. Zdt. (1858), ix, p. 448, pi. 17, figs. 13-17.

128 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

perithecia are not immersed, but free on the surface
of the crust, or attached to the stroma, either sh'ghtly
csespitose or crowded together in a spike, of a pale-
reddish colour (fig. 28). In the interior are produced the
long characteristic asei, with the thread-like sporidia.

Fig. 27.— Sphinx Club. Cordyce}>s sj>hiiiginn, Fig. 28.— Fertile stipe oK Cordy
on imago Spirama retotta {Science Gossi/). cej>s spkingum, magnified.

This perfect condition has been found in Switzerland,
North America, and in Brazil, and is said to occur
also on OrtJioptei'a. The superficial perithecia, seated
on the stroma, and only slightly immersed at the
base, is not a common feature in Cordyceps, but it is
very marked" in this species, and in Cordyceps memo-
rabilis, as well as Cordyceps siiperficialis. They are

LEPIDOPTERA, 129

less immersed than usual, becoming free in the uppcr
portion, in Cordyceps Robertsii, Cordyceps acicularis, and
Cordyceps Ravenelii.

Red Isaria.
Isaria cinnabarina. Preuss.^

The pupa of Sphinx ligitsiri has been the subject
of attack from Isaria cinnabarina in Germany. The
stroma is csespitose, from six to eight millimetres
high, of a deep flesh-colour, approaching scarlet ; the
stems and clubs are indistinct from each other, but
repeatedly branched, everywhere equal in colour,
floccose and powdery ; the conidia ovate, and of the
same red flesh-colour. There is only one record of
its appearance, the first and last, above described, and
therefore it is not possible for us to add any informa-
tion beyond that on the record. It has not been
figured, and no one knows anything of it except the
individual responsible for its name. It may be re-
marked that red species of Isaria are not common,
the majority of those which are entomophytes being
white, or whitish, so that a red species is not likely
to escape notice in the future, any more than it is
likely to have done in the past, without record.

The erroneous notion, once entertained, that Sphynx

* Preuss F. Hoyersw,, No. 343 ; Saccardo, " Sylloge," iv. No.
2780.

I30 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Cai'olina was the host of Cordyceps Robertsii was soon
dispelled, and it is only alluded to here as an exploded
figment. It is rather remarkable that so few parasites
have been recorded on the SpJiiiigidce ; practically,
indeed, only one, for Isaria sphingjiin and Cordyceps
sphingum are different states of the same thing, and
Isaria ciimaharina hardly deserves to count.

HEPIALID^.

As this family contains so many of the caterpillar
fungi, their special descriptions may be preceded
by some general observations which are contained
in Mr. Gray's memoir. " In this family," he says,
" the horny shields partake more or less of the
character of the transverse scales on the separate
segments of the thorax, as is exemplified in the cater-
pillars of the European species of Hepiahcs. It may
be remarked that more than one-third of the described
species of this family are found in what are designated
the Australian regions, viz. New Zealand, six ; Aus-
tralia, nine ; and Tasmania, ten — making in all twenty-
five species. As their metamorphoses are at present
unknown, it is impossible to appropriate with certainty
the generic and specific names to all the caterpillars
on which parasites are found." ^

''Certain localities of Australia and Tasmania^ are
more favourable for procuring these caterpillars with

1 Gray, " Notices," p. 5. * ibi^j., p. 8.

LEPIDOPTERA.

131

their -parasites than others. The occasional humidity
of the country greatly encourages the appearance of
this singular fungus ; at least it is always after their
tubes have been filled by the heavy rains, which fall
in immense quantities at lengthened intervals, that
the entomophytes are found."

In this country it is reputed that Cordyceps entoinor-
rhiza is more commonly found on the larva of Hepi-
ahis than on any other insect, albeit it was Mr. Gray's
opinion that the larva figured by Dickson for this
parasite was coleopterous, belonging to the family
Silphidce,

New Zealand Vegetable Caterpillar.

Cordyceps Robcrtsii. Hook.-'-

The first succinct account of this entomophyte we
have met with was the report of its exhibition at
one of the meetings of the Entomological Society in
1836,^ when the caterpillar was presumed to be that
of a Sphinx feeding on the sweet potato {Convolvidtis
batatiLs)^ an error which probably originated with
Dieffenbach, as this passage occurs in his " Travels." ^

^ Hooker, "Icon. Plant.," i. pi. 11 ; Joiirn. Bot. (1841), iii. pi. i ;
QoX^Xi'&o, Lond. Joiirti. Bot. (1842), i. p. 304 ; Berkeley, in Lond.Joiirn.
Bot., ii. 209.

2 Children, Froc. Ent. Sac, (1836), p. 6 ; Evans, ibid. {1838), iii.
p. 4, f. 4.

' Dieffenbach, " Travels in New Zealand," ii. 284.

132 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

The caterpillars feed on Convolvulus batatas; the
Sphcsria Rohertsii is found parasitical on this cater-
pillar, which only
occurs at the roots
of the rata tree
(Metrosideros robiis-
td). It was called by
Thompson the " bul-
rush caterpillar "
soon after, and
seems somehow to
have got the name
of SphcBvia larva-
rwn} soon followed
by that of Sphceria
Robertsii,3x\d some-
how Sph(27'ia For-
besii^ which soon
dropped. Whilst
mentioning syno-
nyms, it may be
observed thatCorda
figured it in his
"Icones " under the
name of Sphceria
Hugelii, and when the old genus Sphceria was split

Fig. ■zg.—Cordyceps Rohertsii ow New Zealand
caterpillar.

* Westwood,y^/^r«. Ent. Soc. (1836), p. vi.
2 Lond.Joiirn. Bot. {1848), vii. $78.

LEPIDOPTERA. 133

up into smaller genera, this, with all similar ento-
mophytes, came under the genus Cordyceps, for which
Tulasne endeavoured to substitute Tornibia, but it
settled down to Cordyceps.

The report of the exhibition at the Entomological
Society, by Mr. Children, of specimens of a caterpillar
from New Zealand, from the back of the neck of
which a long dry vegetable protuberance had been
produced, was to the following effect : " The grub of
New Zealand in appearance resembles that of a
large caterpillar. It lives entirely on the sweet
potato {Convolvuhcs batatas^ or Kumera of the New
Zealanders). During the season it continues healthy
and active, but ultimately dies ; it retains its natural
appearance, but becomes dry and hard, when an
appendage sprouts from the tail from four to six
inches long, resembling a small twig." With the
view of exciting inquiry into the particulars of the
growth of this vegetable, which was believed both
by Messrs. Robert Brown and J. Bennett to be most
probably a species of Clavaria, he mentioned that
O. F. Muller had published a memoir on the subject
of vegetable excrescences found upon animals, all of
which, however, were dead at the time of their dis-
covery ; but that Dr. Mitchell had published a paper
in Silliman' s Joitrnal, in which he stated that he had
noticed many similar instances, especially in a wasp's
nest, the larvae of which were not full grown, but that

134 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

incipient vegetation had commenced in the bodies of
these larvae, which, however, continued growing, as
well as the vegetable substance within their bodies,
until the latter burst out and killed the larvae sub-
sequently to its attaining its size. The circumstance
of the growth of mould on the outside of living
chrysalides was also mentioned, as proving that it
was not essential that the animals should be dead,
and also that the introduction of the germs of a
plant, or the larvs of ^estridae, into the stomach of
an animal, had not the effect of destroying their
vital properties, and therefore that it was not con-
trary to nature that the Clavaria found upon these
caterpillars had grown within their bodies whilst still
living.

When described and figured, for the first time, under
the name of SpJiceria Robertsii, only the following
notes were given, after stating that it came from New
Zealand. " It is there not uncommon, always growing
on the dead larvae of a peculiar insect which feeds on
the sweet potato {Convolvulus batatas)^ and in all
the specimens I have seen it springs from the back
of the neck, just below the head. The larva, though
probably when living of a very soft or fleshy cha-
racter, when dead becomes perfectly hard, and almost
horny, so that were it not for the colour it would
appear to form one substance with the parasite.
Although my specimens are simple, yet there is on

LEPIDOPTERA. 135

each an appearance that would indicate the stipes
to be sometimes branched. The whole plant is of a
perfectly black colour, and both the stipes and head
are much elongated." The supposed indication of
branching is the little nodule on the stem, which is
present in all specimens, and does not develop further.
The whole plant being of a black colour might pos-
sibly refer to badly preserved specimens, but is not
applicable to the many specimens we have seen. As
to the contents of the caterpillars, the remarks of
Professor Westvvood here following will suffice.^ " He
stated that he had examined the internal appearance
of one of these caterpillars, and that the interior was
filled with a hard dry whitish matter, like the kernel
of a nut, and that a very slender tortuous black line
ran down the centre of the body. Dr. Buckland
considered that the substance found in the interior
of the body of the caterpillar was vegetable, burning
with the odour of hay, without any smell of animal
matter, being, as he apprehended, analogous to the
subterraneous plant (mycelium) which produces for
its fruit the common mushroom."

Bearing also upon this subject, an extract was
published from a letter by Dr. J. D. Hooker,^ then
upon a voyage of discovery in the South, to the

* Trails. Entom. Soc. London (1841-43), iii. p. v,
"^ l^ooV.&x\ Journal of Botany^ vol. ii. p. 209.

136 ■ VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

following effect : " About Sphceria Robertsii I col-
lected all the information and as many specimens as
I could, but am still much at a loss to account for its
development. They are found in spring generally
under tree-ferns ; the caterpillar is buried in the
ground, as is the lower portion of the fungus. Now,
both these fungi {i.e. this and C. Taylori) belong to
caterpillars which bury themselves for the purpose
of undergoing the metamorphosis ; and both Mr.
Taylor and Mr. Colenso hold the same opinion, that
in the act of working the soil the spores of the fungus
are lodged in the first joint of the neck, and the
caterpillar settles head upwards to undergo its change
when the vegetable develops itself *I do not re-
member,' you have remarked in your ' Icones,' * that
the entire body of the insect is filled with a pith or
corky vegetable substance, and that the intestines are
displaced, which my specimens in spirits show well,
and then what does the muscular fibre of the animal
become ? It must, I suppose, be all turned into vege-
table, for the skin of the creatures remains quite sound
all the time. This change may take place from the
displacement of one gas and development of another ;
it also occurs in the dark, and is hence somewhat
analogous to the formation of fungi on the timber-
work in mines. However this may be, the whole
insect seems entirely metamorphosed into vegetable
with the exception of the skin and intestines." To

LEPIDOPTERA. 137

this M. J. Berkeley adds, " As in silkworms attacked
by Botrytis Bassiana^ it is most probable that the
caterpillar lingers a short time till the vital organs
are clogged up with the mycelium. It does not
appear that in any case it has made any progress
with its cocoon."

Before entering fully upon the entomological aspect,
as interpreted by Mr. Gray, we will quote the re-
marks of Dr. Pereira on this point, made in 1842.
" Dieffenbach suggests that the insect is a species of
sphinx which feeds on the sweet potato {Convolvulus
batatas) ; but the absence of any spine or horn on
the last segment of the larva is an objection to this
suggestion. Mr. Doubleday thinks that it may be
Hepialus virescens, which is found at the root of the
rata tree. He has a caterpillar apparently identical
with that on which the fungus grows, and which
is believed to be the larva of Hepialus virescens'' ^

With this suggestion as to the relation of the host,
we revert to the account given in the " Notices " of
this caterpillar and its affinities. " It has ^ the pro-
thorax entirely covered. The mesothorax has an
interior and a posterior transverse shield, with a
somewhat quadrate spot of the same horny substance
on the lower part of the side ; while the metathorax

^ Pereira, in PharmaceiUical Journal {l'^\2)^ vol. ii. p. 592.
"^ Gray's "Notices of Insects," pp. 6, 7.

138 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

is furnished with a narrow anterior transverse shield,
with a subtriangular and a subquadrate small shield
on each side beneath it. The anal segment of the
body is also apparently protected by a horny
covering."

These caterpillars are usually found in certain dis-
tricts during spring beneath the " rata " and the tree-
ferns that grow in a light porous and peaty soil,
under which the caterpillar burrows perpendicularly in
search of its food, consisting of the young and fibrous
roots of those trees, and afterwards forms horizontal
chambers in passing from one root to another. These
roots generally extend to a distance from, and form
a circle round, the trunk ; the moisture that drops off
the leaves keeps the soil in a certain degree of soft-
ness, which is beneficial in several ways to the insects.
These reside entirely in the earth during the first
two states of their existence, as caterpillar and as
pupa, and it is not until the third, or perfect state,
that they are seen flying about, or settling on the
plants in the neighbourhood of their late abode. The
perfect state is known to entomologists under the
name of Chm'agria virescens. It is of a buffy white
satiny colour, with green irregular lines distributed
over the surface of the upper wings, while the under
wings are of a greenish white. There is also a
second species, named C, ritbroviridans, which is of a
larger size, and has the under wings of a pale rusty

LEPIDOPTERA. 139

colour. The caterpillars of both these species may
readily become the bases of this fungoid parasite, as
their habits are altogether similar."

" The female deposits her eggs in the crevices of the
bark of trees and between the fronds of the tree-ferns
near the surface of the earth, which the insects of this
family are enabled to do by the attenuation of their
abdomen and its great capability of extension, which
allows it to become an ovipositor of considerable
length. As soon as the young comes into existence,
it burrows into the earth in search of its food, and it
is certain that the caterpillar does not pass any portion
of its life on trees, as is supposed by some writers ;
but the insect remains in the earth during the first
two stages of its existence. It is probable, therefore,
that the parasite becomes connected with the cater-
pillar by means of the seed being taken with the food,
and thus passing into the interior of the insect, which
had previously become sickly and weakened by the
rains which fall at times in great quantities, saturating
the earth around it. It is certainly only after such
atmospheric influences that the germination of the
plant predominates over the growth of the insect,
which is found of various ages with the fungus in
different stages of growth."

Taylor says that the New Zealanders' name for this
plant-caterpillar is " Hotete," *' Aweto," " Weri," and
"Anuhe." The natives eat the plants, which when

140 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

fresh have the flavour of a nut, and also use them
when burnt as colouring-matter for their tattooing,
rubbing the powder into the wounds, in which state
it has a strong animal smell.^

"The interior of the insect becomes completely-
filled by the inner plant, or thallus (mycelium) ; after
which the growing head of the outer plant or fungus,
passing to a state of maturity, usually forces its way
out through the tissue of the joint between the head
and first segment of the thorax. The fungus grows
to various lengths, reaching in some examples to the
length of ten or more inches ; of course, this depends
in a great measure on the depth to which the cater-
pillar may be buried at the commencement of the
outer growth of the fungus. It is stated that this
caterpillar settles head upwards to undergo its change,
when the vegetable develops itself

"But it is evident that the caterpillars are subject
to the full development of the parasite at various
periods of their growth ; certainly some of them,
from their size, are attacked long before they are
sufficiently matured to place themselves in that
position which it is necessary for them to assume
before they undergo their final metamorphosis. This
idea may have originated from the specimens having
the parasite usually projecting forwards, but it may

* Taylor, Tasmanian Journal (1842), p. 307.

LEPIDOPTERA, 141

readily be observed, on examining them, that the
base of the plant invariably rises perpendicularly
from its origin before it is bent, as if the caterpillar
had become stationary in a horizontal position in con-
sequence of its being affected by the internal thallus,
and the plant had then naturally made its way
directly upwards through the peaty soil to the sur-
face, which it would eventually appear to surmount by
two or three inches, which portion becomes granulated
when matured. It may be added, from information
conveyed to the writer, that the fungus, after appear-
ing above the earth, has been gradually withdrawn
through the loose soil with the caterpillar attached
when the latter has been found in the living state ;
of course, in such a case the caterpillar was not buried
far in the soil, and therefore the fungus was short
and easily removed.^

" The stem of this parasite, it may be remarked, is
sometimes slightly coated on the part which is near
the surface of the earth with a white woolly matter ;
the stem is also slender, and somewhat weak in pro-
portion to some others, and it appears to be often
broken when a new stem arises from or near the same
place — which, it is said, is ' not known to occur in

* A similar caterpillar has been found perfectly changed into a vege-
table substance, but in want of the external fungus, numerous examples
of which were dug up in a garden at New Plymouth, New Zealand
(Taylor, " New Zealand," p. 424).

142 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

any other plant with which we are as yet acquainted
in the vegetable kingdom.' " ^

The figure by Corda^ represents the plant pro-
ceeding in a perpendicular manner from the "tail,"^
or anal portion of the caterpillar. Such examples
must be rare ; for though a great many specimens
of this entomophyte have been examined by the
writer, yet he has never met with it in a single
instance. A specimen has also been recorded " with
an undeveloped stipes growing out of the tail of the
caterpillar, as well as one from the back of the head."*

Great confusion has existed as to this caterpillar.
" One writer evidently confounds it with that of the
Sphinx Carolina, which cosmopolitan insect is ex-
tremely common in New Zealand, as elsewhere,
feeding on the Convolviilns batatas, to the great
annoyance of the natives, who cultivate that plant
for food. This insect, when in its perfect state, is the
one referred to by the same writer ^ as attracted by
the scarlet flowers of the * rata,' flitting from blossom
to blossom, seeking the honey which abounds -within
them. A wood-boring larva has also been sent from
New Zealand as the same as that with which the

* Medical Times (1844)^ p. 200.

' Sphczria Hugelii, Corda, " Icon.," vol. iv. p. 44, t. ix, f. 129.
^ Jonrn. Proc. Ent. Soc. (1836), ii. p. 6.

* Tasmanian Journal {1849), p. 75.

* Colenso, Loud. Joiirn. Bot., i. p. 304,

LEPIDOPTERA. 143

parasite is connected. These mistakes probably
originated through the misinformation conveyed to
travellers by the natives."

Amongst the features presented by this Cordyceps,
it is worthy of note that the stem is always very long
and slender in proportion to other species, and that
there is a little nodule or projection on one side of
the stem, scarcely half-way up. The fertile portion
is also very long and cylindrical, the perithecia being
arranged around the central axis, closely packed
together, nearly free, and not immersed in the stroma,
as in the majority of species (fig. 29). The perithecia
are very small, and densely packed together, so that
the peculiarity is not so observable as it would be if
the perithecia were larger and not so densely packed
together. There is often a suggestion of a cuticle
covering the perithecia in the young condition, which
is probably the case.

Australian Vegetable Caterpillar.

Cordyceps Gtinnii. Berk.^

Although collected some years previously, in
Tasmania, this entomophyte was first made known in

^ Berkeley, in Hooker's Lomf. Journ. Bot. {1848), vol. vii. p. 563,
pi. 22; Currey, Limu Trans., xxii. pi. 45, figs, i, 2; Saccardo,'
"Sylloge," ii. No. 5030.

144 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

1848, when it was described and figured, since which
period it has been several times found both in Tasma-
nia and in parts of Australia. " The stem, with cater-
pillar attached, is
from five to eigh-
teen inches long,
rarely branched,
flexuous, rugged
below, cylindrical,
solid, white, collect-
ing particles of sand
by means of a few
downy threads.
The head is from
two to three inches
long, one-third to
one quarter of an
inch thick, perfect-
ly cylindrical, or
lanceolate, obtuse,
or a little acute
at the apex, some-
times compressed,

Fig. lo.-Cordyceps Gunnii, from Tasmania.

yellow below, with
the top of the stem becoming black above. The
mouths of the perithecia scarcely projecting ; sporidia
breaking up into truncate (almost quadrate) joints."
This description is accompanied by an extract from

LEPIDOPTERA. 145

the letter of Mr. Gunn. "The caterpillar burrows
in the ground to various depths, from four inches to
one foot, and the fungus seemed to fill up the hole
made by the caterpillar, which in all cases is erect
(we figure one in which it was at angles with the
caterpillar). The caterpillar and stipes varied from
five to eighteen inches in length, and were white,
except about two or three inches which projected
above the surface of the ground, and were shaded
off from the white colour below the ground to yellow
at the surface, and thence to a deep olivaceous black
at the extremity."

The specimen figured differs from those ordinarily
seen in some important particulars (fig. 30). It was
from a dried specimen, selected for its short stem,
and it is smaller and less robust than usual ; more-
over, the parasite rises at right angles from the cater-
pillar, whereas it is usually continued in a line with
the body. The specimens figured by Berkeley ^ are of
the more usual size and proportions, and that given
by Gray ^ is also equally good (plate i, fig. 4). There
is also to be found in the fructification of this species
a good feature not to be overlooked, in that the linear
sporidia are broader than usual, and break up into
quadrate joints ; in other species, as a rule, they are

* Berkeley, in Hook er's/^z^rwa/ (1848), pi. 22.
« Gray, "Notices," pi. 11, fig. 6.

L

146 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

considerably longer than broad. It is found not only
in Tasmania, but in many parts of Australia, espe-
cially in the south, and though constantly obtained
by collectors without the caterpillar, and sometimes
only a fragment of the stem, there is no difficulty in
its identification.

As to the insect which is subject to the attacks of
this entomophyte, we could not presume to write with
authority, although Berkeley supposed it was a Cossiis
or Hepiahis, but fortunately we can fall back upon
Mr. Gray for his opinion on the subject, and the
evidence on which it was based.

First of all, as to a caterpillar bearing a species of
CordycepSy doubtless only a variation of C. Gunnii,
with an abnormal head, Mr. Gray says, " Among a
series of Entomophytes from New Zealand (?) was
found one ; ^ but whether it had been accidentally
placed among them for preservation, or had come
with them from that country, is unknown. It, how-
ever, differs greatly from its companion in the horny
shields on the thorax, each segment of which is
strongly protected in front by a somewhat crescent-
shaped shield ; that on the prothorax is the largest,
while the other two gradually decrease in size ; the
one on the metathorax has beneath it on each side
a spot of the same kind of horny substance. It may

^ Gray, pi. 2, fig. 6.

LEPIDOPTERA, 147

be remarked that in the formation, and position, of the
shields it approaches very nearly to those seen on
the caterpillar of Hepialus hipuliims of Europe. It is
probable that the habits and food of this caterpillar
are similar to those of C. Robertsii ; but in this case
it evidently endeavours to seek the mouth of its
perpendicular tube after it becomes affected by the
internal germination of the seed of the fungus, which
eventually checks its progress when near the orifice,
where it remains stationary, after which the external
growth of the fungus takes place while the insect is
in an upright position, causing it to burst forth
apparently through the suture above the labium, and
thus it grows on the same plane with the caterpillar.
Its growth having taken place in a ready-formed
tube, also allows of the free development of the stem,
which so increases in thickness as to split the head
into two equal parts ; while a portion of the fungus,
when fully developed, always appears above the
orifice, and the end spreads out into a palmate form."
Then follows an account of the normal form of the
same. "The caterpillar of Cordyceps Gtmnii was
found in Tasmania.^ The prothorax is almost
entirely covered by a horny shield ; the mesothorax
is furnished with a semicircular shield in front, and
a lengthened subtriangular spot of the same horny

' Gray, pi. 5, figs. 7, 8.

148 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

substance on each side close to the posterior margin ;
while the metathorax has a moderately-sized sub-
quadrate spot on each side, of a less horny substance.
Another caterpillar^ was brought from Victoria, and
differs from the former in possessing an additional
narrow semicircular shield in front of the metathorax.
Another caterpillar is also known to the writer,
which is found in New South Wales ; but it is only
furnished with a semicircular shield on the front of
the mesothorax, and with a small subquadrate spot
on the side of the metathorax, both of which are
apparently of a less horny substance than that which
entirely covers the prothorax.

" Such variations of the shields are observed in
those found in the European species of the genus
Hepiahis. The similarity of their modes of life, how-
ever, causes these three caterpillars to become the
bases of the same kind of fungus parasite ; and it is
probable that these caterpillars are all referable to
species of the genus Pielus, or of some closely allied
forms." 2

"Certain localities of Australia and Tasmania^ are
more favourable for procuring these caterpillars, with
their parasites, than others. The occasional humidity

» Gray, pi. 2, fig. 7. ^ Gray, "Notices," p. 7.

' Melbourne and Hunter's River ; but it is in the neighbourhood of
Launceston, Tasmania, that the greatest number of specimens have
been found.

LEP2D0PTERA. j^^

of the country greatly encourages the appearance of
this singular fungus ; at least, it is always after the
tubes have been filled by the heavy rains, which fall
in immense quantities 1 at lengthened intervals, that
the entomophytes are found. The caterpillars that
become the bases of the fungi vary much in size,
reaching in some examples to the length of four and
a half inches ; this may be considered to show that
the caterpillars become possessed of the germ of the
parasite at various periods of their age, and that it
must be obtained while residing in the burrows,
wherein they pass the chief portion of their existence,
and which they form, quite regardless of the nature
of the soil, whether it be composed of sand or clay.
The tubes are sometimes made to the depth of two
or three feet, and are lined when formed with a
coarse web, which greatly facilitates their progress
within them ; and these tubes are sometimes extended
in a horizontal position, while seeking for the various
roots that are buried beneath the soil, and which
constitute their food. When the caterpillar feels
the effects of the inward growth of its enemy, it
no doubt, from the position of the plant, which is
longitudinal with the insect, seeks the orifice of its
perpendicular tube, but it is apparently checked in

* The fall of rain on one occasion, in Tasmania, during February,
1854, was equal to eight and three quarter inches in thirty-eight hours!

150 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

its progress at a distance from the opening, which
distance is shown by the length of the fungus on the
different specimens of the entomophytes, reaching
in some examples to a foot and more. After the
thallus (mycelium) has filled the interior, the outer
portion of the plant invariably bursts forth about the
head and prothorax, which two portions are usually
covered by the mycelium from which the parasite
takes its rise ; it then appears for about two or three
inches above the earth, ending in a lengthened oval
velvety head, of an olivaceous black colour, while the
stem beneath the ground is white, shadowing off into
yellow above it. In some cases two, and in others
three, fungi take their rise from the same base. It
may be further remarked that the caterpillar is
sometimes discovered coated with a white mould ;
and it may be added that chrysalides were also found
by Mr. Hawkes at Franklin Village, Tasmania, each
of which had a fungus growing from it. The germ
from which the fungus sprung had probably been
taken by the caterpillar before its metamorphosis
into the chrysalis state, and, the rainy weather
happening to set in soon after, caused the germina-
tion of the spore."

LEPIDOPTERA, 151

Tasmanian Vegetable Caterpillar.
Cordyceps Hawkesii. Gray.^

This entomophyte is, in many particulars, dis-
tinguished from Cordyceps Giinnii, and, like that
species, is found in Tasmania. Mr. Gray was the
first to point out its distinctive character and apply
to it the above name. The entire length of the club
and its host is from five to nine inches, of which the
club does not occupy an inch; it is cylindrical,
slightly narrowed and truncate at the apex, dotted
with the immersed perithecia. The stem is irregular,
flexuous, from two to four or five inches long, but
slender, and for a great part of its length clad with
a fulvous woolly coating (plate i, fig. 8). It is not
thicker than a straw in many specimens, and alto-
gether of a much more slender habit than C. Gtmnii.
Two clubs arise together from the same spot In some
instances, or from different parts of the same cater-
pillar, and occasionally there are three or four clubs
on one individual. The internal structure is un-
doubtedly the same as in this genus, but the dimen-
sions of the sporidia are not named.

The specimens were obtained by Mr. Hawkes in
Tasmania in the month of April, and after him the

^ Gray, "Notices of Fungi," p. 8, pi. 5, figs. 10-12; GreviUea
(1891), vol. xix. p. 76.

152 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

species has been named. It can scarcely be con-
founded with Cordyceps Guniiii, for the club is not
nearly so thick or dark, and has a different form.
The stem, besides being more slender, is irregular,
contorted, and knotted, besides being woolly. From
Cordyceps Robertsii, again, it differs in the broader and
shorter head, as well as in the character of the stem.
A comparison of the figures of the two will show that
there is no difficulty in distinguishing them. To the
entomologist an important difference from both the
other species will be recognized, in the clubs springing
from any part of the body of the insect.

This species has not been noticed in recent myco-
logical works, partly on account of the memoir in
which it was recorded having been privately printed,
and hence comparatively unknown, and partly from
the absence of any definite technical description.
Although Cordyceps Gtmnii appears now and then
in different localities in Australia, the present species
has not as yet been recognized outside of Tasmania.

We must, however, advert to the account which
Mr. Gray^ has given of this entomophyte from his
own point of view, and his opinion of the host upon
which it establishes itself "It bears," he says, "a
great similarity to those of New Zealand, and, from
its manner of growth, one is induced to suppose that

» Gray, " Notices," p. 8.

LEFIDOPTERA.

133

the external plant also forces its way at once through
the sandy soil, wherever the insect may happen to
be situated in its burrow when overtaken by the
effect of the internal development of the thallus.
Judging from the various lengths of the plant, this
takes place at different depths from the surface ; and
it is sometimes evident that the two ends of the
caterpillar, when so affected by parasites, are buried
at unequal depths. Thus the plant emerging at the
anal portion in one example was apparently buried
for three and a half inches, while that originating at
the anterior part was not buried for more than two
and a half inches, showing a difference of one inch
between the two ends, and at the same time proving
the justice of the opinion previously expressed in
reference to the New Zealand entomophytes, that
the plant takes its rise from the caterpillar while
in a horizontal or nearly horizontal position. The
specimens in general show that the stem above the
surface {i.e. between the earth and the fructification)
did not exceed a half or a quarter of an inch in
length ; and the buried portion of the stem, it may
be remarked, especially that nearest the surface, is
covered with a quantity of fulvous woolly matter,
which matter sometimes extends itself to the body
of the caterpillar.

"The most curious feature, however, of this parasite
is that it grows from various portions of the body of

15 1 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

the caterpillar, and in this respect offers a great
difference from that of the New Zealand kind.
Various examples of this distinction are among the
specimens sent by Mr. Hawkes to the British
Museum. One exhibits two fungoid tubercles forcing
their way through the head, two fungi growing from
the same base on the side of the abdominal segments,
and a short fungus proceeding from the anal seg-
ment posteriorly. Another specimen was apparently
in the act of progressing head upwards, but which
had been checked in its progress, and the fungus had
thus grown from both its ends ; yet the two plants
had appeared above the surface of the earth near to
each other. That from the head is about five and a
quarter inches, while the one from the anal portion
is eight and a quarter inches in length ; the latter,
however, proceeded from a short stem which had
first apparently grown downwards before the plant
turned towards the surface. The stem is irregular
in its length, and in places is very woolly, especially
the part near the surface, and is more so on the one
from the head. Some of these caterpillars bear a
fungus composed of a short stem at the base, which
has evidently been broken, and has then given origin
to several branches ; these branches are more slender
than where the plant consists only of a single stem
throughout. The discovery of this species of parasite
has dispelled the idea which had been entertained up

LEPIDOPTERA. 155

to the present time, that Cordyceps Gunnii was the
only one to be found in Tasmania. A similar one,
or perhaps the same species, is also found in Victoria.
" The caterpillar may be that of a species of Piehts,
or of some closely allied genus ;lDut the perfect insect
is unknown at present. The fungus was found in a
sandy district, but the exact locality was not men-
tioned, and from its appearance it is not improbable
that the mode of life, and food of the caterpillar, are
extremely like those of the New Zealand entomo-
phytes. It is, however, of a peculiar deep reddish
purple colour, about three or four inches in length,
partaking of the same form as the others ; but the
shields on the thorax differ. The prothorax is
almost entirely covered ; the mesothorax has a
narrow shield forming a cresent towards the anterior
margin ; the metathorax is only furnished with a
very narrow crescent-shaped shield, and a sub-
quadrate spot on the side."

MURRUMBIDGEE VEGETABLE CATERPILLAR.

Cordyceps Taylori. Berk.^

The largest and finest of all entomophytes is that
which was brought originally from the banks of the

» Berkeley, Hooker's >//r;/. Bot. (1842), ii. p. 210, pi. 7; Sac-
carclo, "Sylloge," ii. No. 5041.

156 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Murrumbidgee, in Australia, and thus described by
the Rev. M. J. Berkeley : " Springing from the head
of an extremely large caterpillar. About six stems
grow from the same point, forming a compact cylin-
drical mass two and a half inches long, three quarters
of an inch thick, connate, slightly branched and anas-
tomosing ; expanding slightly upwards, and giving
off a branch of short, much-compressed, forked, and
palmate branches, which are dotted above with the
perithecia. The apices are somewhat pointed. The
colour of the whole is a deep red brown, inclining to
tawny when dry. The whole of the branches are
clothed with a very thin coat of extremely short
forked irregular flocci, which give the surface a dull
appearance when dry. They are at first solid, but at
length become hollow. A portion of the caterpillar
is filled with a white corky substance, for the root is
more or less coated with a spongy mass, consisting of
very slightly branched wavy threads.

"The only specimen I have seen was not mature,
but probably arrived nearly at its full growth, as the
incipient perithecia were evident towards the tops of
the branches."

The following notes are from a letter of Dr. Joseph
Hooker. The information, he states, was received from
the Rev. Mr. Taylor, of Waimate. " This caterpillar
fungus was picked up on the banks of the Murrum-
bidgee river, ten miles from the township of Yap (in

LEPIDOFTERA. 157

New Holland), in a rich thick alluvial soil, with many
others of the same kinds. When fresh it was eight
inches long, and three inches of the fungus from the
nape of the neck were buried underground, on the
surface of which is the oval or circular flower-like
bunch of branches of a brown velvety appearance
when fresh. The caterpillar has a great resemblance
to the green wattle caterpillar, which produces a large
brown moth. The discoverer, Mr. John Allan, the
only person who has heard of it, found many empty
holes near, as if the chrysalis had been hatched, and
he saw many empty shells of these grubs scattered
about the same place, and at night the brown moths
were so numerous as to be quite troublesome. The
body of the insect was soHd and pithy ; the outer
skin attached to the substance of the centre, which
has no roots in it ; and, moreover, the pith is of the
same substance as the stem, which is as thick as, if not
thicker than, the body of the caterpillar. Both the
pith and stem when burnt have a strong animal smell.
Mr. Allan saw nearly thirty about March, 1837."

Another specimen, sent over a year or two since,
was in excellent fruit, being fully mature, and with
this the technical description was completed (fig. 31).

Mr. Gray has some observations on this species
which may be added to the above, although not
containing much additional information, still leaving
the grub undetermined. "The remarkable large

158 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

caterpillar found in the neighbourhood of the river
Murrumbidgee, New South Wales (probably also
found at Murray River, Port Macquarie), may ulti-
mately prove to be a species of the same family ; but
it is to be regretted that no opportunity has occurred
for carefully examining an example."

The caterpillars of these entomophytes, each of
which measures some six inches in length, were
found in a rich black alluvial soil ; and nearly thirty
examples were secured by Mr. Allan in 1837.-^
Attention was directed to them in consequence of the
ground being perforated in many places. From some
of the tubes were seen emerging numerous pupa-cases,
and from others these entomophytes, partly projecting
above the surface of the earth. Many of the pupa-
cases were open, as if the insects had performed the
last act of their transitional life, i.e. throwing off the
pupa-case, or last skin, before appearing in their aerial
condition. The perfect insects afterwards showed
themselves as night approached, and became extremely
troublesome to travellers by flitting about their lights.
On obtaining one it proved to be a large 'brown
moth,' which may turn out to be an undescribed,
though known, species of Piehis, or of an allied
genus. The female measures, in expanse of wings,
nearly fen inches, while the male is rather less.

^ Taylor, Tasmanian Journal (1842), p. 308, fig. 2; Thompson,
Medical Times (1844), p. 200.

LEFIDOPTERA.

159

Fig. 31 — Cordyce^s Taylori (from Ga7'denet '5 Chronicle),

i6o VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

"The parasite is, however, totally different from
any of the others in the manner of its growth ; it has
a very thick stem, which is apparently formed by the
close union of several stalks (this is its condition
when immature, but when fully matured the separate
stalks divide from each other, and each becomes
distinct and free), having the apical portion distinctly
divided into a series of short irregular branches of
a brown velvety texture. The anterior portion is
just seen above the surface at the orifice of the tube,
and affords the means of discovering it. The basal
part of the parasite is apparently forced through the
front of the head of the caterpillar. These latter
portions are hidden within the perpendicular tube
which the caterpillar had originally made, causing
the plant to be on the same plane with the insect,
which accounts for the peculiar manner of growth of
the fungus."^ To this entomophyte a second and
later name was also given,^ which, of course, now
only reckons as a synonym.

GoAT-MOTii Fungus.
To this family, Mr. Gray^ remarks, belongs the

' Gray's "Notices," p. 9.

^ Sphctria in7iominata^ Taylor, Tasmanian Journal (1842), p. 308,

fig. 2 ; Medical Times (1844), p. 200.

' Gray's "Notices," p. 9.

LEPIDOPTERA. i6i

goat-moth {Cossiis ligniperdd), "the caterpillar of
which was found by Mr. Bond in England, in a
burrow that it had formed in a tree, wherein it was
attached by one side of the body to the surface of the
tube by means of a mass of white cottony mould.
The mould also extended partly round each segment,
and appeared through the spiracles of the unattached
side of its body, and also through the false feet,
showing that the interior of the body was completely
filled with it ; but the body was somewhat contracted."
It would be futile to make any suggestion as to the
parasite on the basis of such meagre information.

"The caterpillar of this insect always resides in
the trunks of trees, such as willows, oaks, and elms,
feeding on the wood, and at the same time perforating
it in all directions. The number of burrows which
these insects make during the period of three or four
years that they are stated to live, greatly weakens
the trees, so that they are sometimes blown down by
the wand, or they even fall by the weight of the top
part of the tree. Wherf the caterpillar is about to
pass into a chrysalis, it seeks the entrance of its
burrow, where it is surrounded with a cocoon, composed
of pieces of rotten wood glued together, a portion of
which always remains apparent from the entrance, so
that the perfect insect, after a time, may easily make
its escape."

It is possible that the fungus alluded to in the

M

l62 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

following note may be the same, or allied to, that of
the Cossus, and is thus cited by Mr. Gray : " A wood-
boring caterpillar has been mentioned by Mr. Hawkes
in a letter in the following terms: *The grub so
destructive to the wattle trees in Tasmania has also
been found converted into a fungus, the growth of
which has been two or three feet, filling the channel
the grub had made through the heart of the tree in
the process of boring.' This may be the grub of
which Mr. Milligan^ mentions having picked up
the skin, distended with the fungus-like substance
characteristic of the parasite, in a grove of young
wattle trees on the eastern side of the Windmill Hill,
near Launceston. The writer has since been informed
by Mr. Bakewell that the caterpillar which is so
destructive to the wattle trees is that of Zeuzera
litiirata. It is extremely common in many parts of
Australia, where it is much sought after by the
natives, who devour an immense quantity of them,
as a favourite article of food." We have seen such
borings in trees, filled with a kind of imperfect fungus,
entirely mycelium, of the kind known as Xylostroma,
but wholly unconnected with the insect. Examples
are occasionally sent over from the Australian colonies.

* Proc. Royal Soc. Van Dit'mc7i''s Laf!c^l2>$2), p. I49.

LEPIDOPTERA. ,63

Goat-moth Mould.
RotcBa flava. Cesati.^

This mould appears in the form of minute superficial
tufts, united and compacted at the base, so as to form
little globose protuberances held together by a kind
of gluten. These clumps are not more than half a
millimetre in diameter, with a roughened surface.
The conidia or spores are club-shaped, with from five
to seven septa or divisions, lengthened downwards
into a kind of stem, such stems being compacted into
a sort of stroma. The spores are rounded at the apex,
yellowish ; involved in a glutinous mucus from thirty-
five to forty micromillimetres long, and five or six-
broad.

This entomophyte is stated to occur on the Cosstis,
but whether on caterpillar or imago is not recorded.
It is a very peculiar kind of mould, which we have
never met with ; but it would appear, superficially, to
be somewhat related to the species of Microcera. Yet
Saccardo has placed it in quite a difTerent section ;
hence we presume that he had doubts of its relationship
to the Titberctdariece.

» Cesati, Botan. Zeitung (1851), p. 180; Bonorden, Botan. Zeitung
(1853), p. 283, pi. 7, fig. 3 ; Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. No. 1085.

i64 VEGETABLE tVASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Common Caterpillar Club.
Cordyceps entomorrhiza. Dicks.-^

This British species of entomophyte was described
by Dickson in 1785, and figured, although in a
peculiar slender form, with a globose head, in which
it differs from the examples seen
in more recent times. Mr. Gray
says that the larva represented by
Dickson may probably belong to
the SilpJiidcE, the typical example
of the SphcEria springing from the
pectoral portion of the thoracic
segments. "Manyof these insects,"
he adds, " frequent decomposed
animal and vegetable substances,
both in their larva and perfect
states. Others reside under the
bark of trees and in fungi." The
original figure by Dickson suggests
a distinct variety much more than
the gracilis of Greville, which some continue to retain
as a distinct species.

5w^

Fig. 32. — Common Cater-
pillar Club. Cordyceps
entomorrhiza, on larvae.

1 Dickson, "Plant Crypt. Britt.," p. 22, t. 3, f. 3; Kirby and
Spence, **Introd. to Entom.," iv. 208 ; Berkeley, " Outlines," p. 382,
pi. 23, fig. 5 ; Persoon, " Syn. Fungi," p. 3 ; Tulasne, " Selecta Fung.
Carp.," iii. p. 14, pi. 45. fig- 6; Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii. No. 5012;
Currey, Liiifu Trans. ^ xxii. pi. 45, fig. 6.

LEPIDOFTERA. 165

On one occasion we collected one hundred speci-
mens in a brickfield at Hitchin, in Bedfordshire, in
the space of two or three hours, and yet it is not
generally common. In most instances only a single
fungus is seen on one larva, but occasionally two.
It consists of a white, branched mycelium, spreading
externally over the insect, and internally absorbing
the natural structure, converting it into a kind of
pulverulent sclerotium. From near the head of the
larva, as we observed, generally from the second
joint, and at the back of the head, arose a stem of
from three quarters of an inch to two inches in length,
bearing at its summit a small ovate, or egg-shaped
head, in which the fructifying organs are imbedded,
the length and direction of the stem being influenced
by the position of the insect (fig. 32). When, as is
often the case, the larva was imbedded at right angles
to the soil, head uppermost, and near the surface, the
stem was short, and in a line with the body ; but if
more deeply imbedded the stem was lengthened, so
that the head was elevated about a quarter of an inch
above the surface. If the insect lay in any other
position the stem was contorted, or arose at right
angles to the larva, always striving to appear above
the surface, and there produce its rounded head.
The stem was externally of a dirty yellowish colour,
and the head of a brick-red, or livid brown. The
whole substance is fleshy and fragile when fresh, so

i66 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

as to snap readily when roughly handled. Our
figure (fig. 33) represents two specimens, natural
size, and in the position in which they were found,
the upper portion only, to the length of about half
an inch, appearing above the surface.

If the head of this parasitic fungus be cut either
vertically or horizontally, there
will be observed near the margin
a number of small cells which
contain the perithecia, or flask-
shaped vessels, within which the
fruit is generated (fig. 33). These
perithecia puncture the surface
of the head with their ostiola, or
necks, through an orifice of which
the sporidia are ultimately ex-
cluded. Within the perithecia
are a number of long cylindrical
asci, or transparent membranace-
ous vessels, at first attached at
the base, and closed at the sum-
mit, in each of which are pro-
duced eight long thread-like sporidia (fig. 33 a, top of
ascus, the lower portion being removed to show the
sporidia). Each sporidium ultimately breaks up into
a number of small joints (fig. 33 b). A similar struc-
ture prevails in all the species of the genus Cordyceps^
to which this fungus belongs.

Fig. 33. — Section of the head
of Cordyceps with sporidia,
variously magnified.

LEPIDOPTERA. 167

A curious notion prevails In the district where
these parasites were found, that they, and the insect,
are somewhat mysteriously associated with the colts-
foot {Tnssilago farfaj'ci)^ that plant being common
in the same locality ; and, certainly when breaking
through the ground, the buds bear some resemblance
to the Cordyceps. One individual transplanted into
his own garden some larvae with their parasites,
confident that he should obtain from them as many
plants of " coltsfoot." By the present time he is
probably convinced, by failure, of his error.

var. gracilis. Grev.^

The form found In Shetland and in Scotland, and
figured by Greville under the name of Sphceria
gracilis, differs only in its rather more graceful habit
and in a rather more yellowish tinge. It really does
not merit to be considered even as a variety, although
Saccardo ^ has thought fit to maintain it as a distinct
species. It has also been found in Algiers,^ and in
the neighbourhood of Paris. The specimen figured
by Mr. Gray as C. entomoi^rkiza^ appears to be this
slender form. He says of it, *' From the appearances

1 Greville, "Scot. Crypt. Flora," pi. 86; Berkeley, in «'Eng.
Flora," V. pt. ii. p. 232.

^ Saccardo, " Sylloge," vol. ii. No, 501 1.

' Durieu and Montagne, " Flore Algerie," 449, pi. 25, fig. 2,

* Gray's "Notices," p. 12, pi. 3, fig. 10.

i68 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

exhibited by the caterpillar it is supposed to belong
to the LithosiidcB. It was found at Bulstrode, in
Buckinghamshire, and had probably, while feeding
on the low-growing plants, come in contact with the
germ of the parasite. The caterpillar would seem
afterwards to have buried itself among the damp
vegetable debris, apparently to the depth of an inch
and a half. While thus located it germinates, and
the parasite grows from it, having the basal half of
the lengthened stem furnished with short slender
roots, proceeding from various parts within that
length, while the apical portion is smooth and with-
out any such appendages, which shows that it was
exposed above the surface of the earth. The apex
terminates in a small (nearly) globular head. The
parasite grows from the thorax, which is completely
covered by the mycelium. The body of the insect
has minute roots springing from it."

The description given by Greville ^ of this variety
is as follows : " Root composed of a few stout divisions,
each throwing out fibres, but not freely. Stem one
to two inches long, erect, a line or more in diameter ;
form somewhat flexuous, equal, ochraceous-brown, of
a coriaceous texture. Receptacle roundish ovate, one-
fourth to one-third of an inch long, smooth, between
carnose and coriaceous, and of a darkish brown

> Greville, "Scot. Crj^pt. Flora," ii. pi. 86.

LEPIDOPTERA. 169

colour. Sphserules (perithecia) very pale, occupying
the whole exterior of the receptacle ; oblong, with a
short narrow neck, which is seen only on dissection,
as the mouth does not project from the surface of
the receptacle. I have not detected anything like
regular sporules, but the sphaerules (perithecia) con-
tain a mass of filaments, which are very fragile
towards their extremities, where I observed a few
dissepiments. These, by separating, may perform
the office of sporules." Of course, Greville was not
acquainted at that time with the
peculiarity of the sporidia, which
are long and thread-like, separating
into short joints.

van menesteridis. Miill.^

In 1878 Baron von Mueller, and
the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, described
in conjunction, under the name of
Cordyceps menesteiddis, a form which ^'"*
is hardly even a variety of this
species from Australia. We fail to
detect any divergence from the
type, and only retain the name here FiG.34.-CommonCater-

^ ^ ' -^ pular Club, Australian

for the sake of recording it, and out ':::^j£::^^te::::::.
of respect for our friends, who in "^- Cafter Berkeley).

this instance were evidently misguided. It is said

* Gardener's Chronicle (1878), p. 791, fig. 130.

I70 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

of it that "the stem is slender, and attenuated up-
wards at first, with the elliptical rufous head dotted
with the orifices of the perithecia. The stem is three
quarters of an inch in length, becoming of a sienna
brown, sometimes sending down a long root." It
was found on the larva of Menesteris laticollis, in the
neighbourhood of Melbourne, Australia (fig. 34).

American Caterpillar Club.

Cordyceps insignis. Cooke and Rav.-^

This claims to be the largest of the North American
species of Coi'dyceps, and appears to have grown upon
buried Lepidopterous larvae. It was collected on the
seaboard of South Carolina, by the late Mr. Ravenel,
and has somewhat the habit and appearance of
Cordyceps entomorrhiza, but much larger and more
robust. The stem almost straight, from three to four
centimetres long, thick and longitudinally sulcate,
of a dirty white or pale ochre colour. The head, or
capitulum, nearly globose, or oval, or pear-shaped,
one centimetre and a half long, and one centimetre
broad at the broadest part, livid purple, dotted and
rough with the mouths of the imbedded perithecia,
reminding one, in size, form, and colour, of Cordyceps
capitata, which, however, does not grow on insects.

* Grevillea (1884), vol. xii. p. 38.

LEPIDOPTERA. 171

The asci are very long, and the thread-like sporidia
nearly half a millimetre long, breaking up into
frustules, about twelve micromillimetres in length.
One of the specimens, which was attached, sprang
from the back of the head of the larva (pi. i, fig. 9).
The shortness of the stem seems to indicate that the
larvae were not buried at any great depth, certainly not
more than an inch, beneath the surface, and possibly
not so much. When living and moist, the whole
fungus was probably larger than the dimensions we
have given from the dried fungus.

Indian Caterpillar Club.
Cordyceps falcata. Berk.^

Of the species of Entomogenous fungi brought
home from India by Dr. Hooker, this is one of the
most characteristic. It was found growing upon
dead caterpillars at Myrong, but the species, or even
the genus, of the host cannot readily be determined.
The fertile stems are about an inch and a quarter
in height, and a line thick, two or three growing
together, with a quantity of sterile, thread-like, acute,
abortive processes at the base. The fertile clubs are
cylindrical, swelling gradually upwards into an

^ Berkeley, in Hooker's yi?/^;-;/. Bot. (1854), p. 211, pi, 8, fig. 2;
Saccardo, " Sylloge," ii. No. 5040.

172 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

oblique sickle-shaped head, or capitulum, the surface
of which is rough with the projecting mouths, or
ostiola, of the imbedded perithecia. The long asci
and imperfect sporidia within them seem to be of the
usual type of the genus (pi. 2, fig. 14). Botanically
this species differs from all others known in the
caespitose falcate heads, which are naked at the base
on the convex side. From dried specimens it is
almost impossible to say what was the colour of the
living fungus.

All that can be said on the entomological side of
the question is contained in the following note by
Mr. Gray : ^ " The Indian caterpillars are represented
as having parasitical fungi growing from their heads.
It must be remarked that the figures of the caterpillar
are not sufficiently characteristic to make out exactly
whether they belong to this family {Hepialidce) or
not ; the manner of growth of the plants, however,
induces the supposition that their habits, especially
those of the caterpillar, which bears the Cordyceps
falcata, most probably accord with those that have
been previously given, and therefore they may also
be species of the same family."

* Gray's "Notices," p. 10.

LEPID OPTERA . 173

Knob-headed Club.

Cordyceps racemosa. Berk.^

Another of the Indian species of entomophytes
brought by Dr. Hooker from Myrong is the above
named, on a dead caterpillar, which Mr. Gray
evidently thinks may belong to the Hepialidce. In
this species the stem is nearly two inches high,
soiled below with fragments of earth, above very
dark, smooth, and swollen at the top into a little
ovate head, which is covered with short processes
each tipped with an ovate knob. The fructification
is immature, but otherwise it agrees so well with the
general character of the genus that there is no room
for doubt (pi. I, fig. 9). It grows from a smaller
caterpillar than Cordyceps falcata, and the stem is
very different, so that it cannot be any form of that
species. Except for its place of growth it might
easily be passed over as an imperfect Balanophora,

Red Caterpillar Club.
Cordyceps militaris. Linn.^
The well-known red Cordyceps viilitaris is a familiar

* Berkeley, in Hooker's yi?//r«. Bot. (1854), p. 211, pi. 8, fig. 3;
Saccardo, " Sylloge," ii. No. 5049.
2 Linnseus, *' Sp. Plant." (1562); Tulasne, '' Selecta Fung. Carp."

174 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

object to most field naturalists in this country, and
its bright colour prevents its being often overlooked.
The clubs are either solitary or in clusters,
fleshy and red or orange, sometimes purp-
lish, about one and a half or two inches
high ; the club is ovoid or club-shaped,
but variable in form, and rough from the
projecting perithecia ; the stem is equal
and comparatively short. Internal struc-
ture as in other species, with elongated
asci, containing thread-like sporidia, which
break up into short joints.

Mr. Gray refers several of his figures
to this species, but of some of these we
Fir., ^^^.-cordy eutcrtaiu doubts, but from mere figures

ceps militaris.

a decided opinion is scarcely possible.
The chrysalis represented on one of his figures,i he
says, " no doubt belongs to the family NotodontidcE,
and is remarkable for being armed with hooks on the
anal projection, each of which is bifid near the end,
which character points it out as belonging to Phalera
biLcephala. The caterpillar of this insect undergoes
its metamorphosis into the chrysalis state during the
month of September, when it buries itself, without

(1865), iii. p. 6, pi. I, figs. 19, 20; Berkeley's "Outlines," 382, pi.
23, fig. 2; Gray's " Notices," pi. 3, fig. 4; Saccardo, " Sylloge," ii.
No. 5031.

1 Gray, pi. 3, fig. 6.

LEPIDOPTERA. 175

any cocoon, near the surface amongst the decayed
leaves and moss in damp woods, where it awaits
the period for its transition into the perfect state.
While thus buried, some of the chrysaHdes, during wet
seasons, form the bases of this parasite, the germ
of which had probably been conveyed into the
interior of the caterpillar previous to its undergoing
its metamorphosis. The plant does not make any
external appearance until after the interior of the
chrysalis-case has become completely filled with
the mycelium ; it usually bursts forth in the form of
a club-shaped fungus, and takes its rise from the
sutures between the various cases that separately
cover the wings and antennae ; these together compose
the anterior part of the chrysalis.

" Another figure ^ represents a great variation in
the manner of growth, viz. the anterior portion of
the chrysalis is covered with a mass of mycelium,
from which proceeds a series of slender roots spreading
in various directions, while anteriorly it has two fungi,
with club-shaped heads, growing from the apex of
the thallus. Such examples are stated to be found
in the autumnal months. It is supposed -that the
caterpillars represented in another figure ^ may belong
to the same species. Though in a great measure
filled with the mycelium, yet they present a wrinkled

1 Gray, pi. 3, fig. 5. « n^id., pi. 3, figs. 8, 9.

176 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

appearance, while the parasite afterwards makes its
way through the joint between the head and pro-
thorax (pi. 2, fig. 15). They had probably buried
themselves among decayed leaves or moss, with the
intention of undergoing their metamorphosis into the
chrysalis ; but this transition was hindered by the
internal development of the parasite having pro-
ceeded too far to allow of the change taking place."

It is to these figures of parasites upon caterpillars
that we take exception, as doubtfully belonging to
Cordyceps militaris, of which we have seen a large
number of examples, but never a one that we
remember on the caterpillar, but always on the pupa.
So again the very interesting csespitose specimens on
caterpillars, of which the following are the details :
"Two figures^ represent the parasite growing on
the surface of each segment ; this peculiar mode of
growth is especially shown in one of the figures,
where numerous fungi are proceeding from the
different segments of the caterpillar under the same
circumstances. Such an example has not been met
with in any collection."

The bright attractive colour of this species makes
it a marked object, when growing amongst moss or
short grass, and hence it is extremely popular with
the young mycologist. It is not unusual to find it,

1 Gray, pi. 3, figs, i, 2 ; Holm, "Acta Hafn " (1781), 289, figs. 8, 9.

LEPIDOPTERA.

177

with the base buried in the ground at the foot of a
wooden fence, and occasionally in a tuft of moss,
into which the larva had crept to undergo its change.
Only a single specimen, or at most two or three,
are commonly found at the same time, or even on
the same day, and some seasons have passed without
our having met with a single example. It must be
conceded that it is not a common fungus, for, with
its bright colouring, it could scarcely escape notice,
and possibly nearly every specimen is collected, out
of curiosity or otherwise, yet even amongst the
numerous botanists and entomologists who go to
make up the excursion party of a local Natural
History Society it is always regarded as a special
prize.

van polycephala, Pers.^
Of the recorded varieties of this entomophyte one
is rather of small size, but the clubs are divided.
The whole plant is said to be about an inch high,
with from three to five clubs, and is mostly found
in cracks of tree-trunks, presumably upon some
hidden pupa.

var. sphcerocephala, Schm.^
In this variety the stem is very long and flexuous,
consequently thinner than usual. The head, or
capitulum, is nearly globose. On pupae of insects

* Persoon, "Synopsis." 2 Schmidt, ATiw/. I/eff,\. 106.

N

178 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

in Saxony. We have seen nothing corresponding
to this in Britain, and it is unknown whether any
particular species of Lepidopterous insect is its host.

var. Wallaysii. West.^
This pecuHar little variety was found in Belgium
in 1859, on minute dead larvae in the culms of grasses.
The stem is short and twisted, a little more than a
millimetre long, saffron-yellow, terminated by an
oval head, which is rugose ; about two millimetres
long and a millimetre and a half broad, of a red
colour. The internal structure, sporidia, etc., corre-
spond with the type. It is very probable that this
is only a form of the variety sphcBvocephala with a
very short stem.

Mealy Isaria.

Isaria farinosa. Fries.

The conidial forms, or what are assumed to be the
conidial forms, of Cordyceps inilitaris are numerous
and variable, of which perhaps the best known is
Isaria fariJtosa^ which was the Clavaria farinosa of
Sowerby's " Fungi." ^ Three or four of the so-called
species were considered by Fries as merely varieties

1 Westendorp, Bull. (TAcad. Roy. Bot. de Belgique (1859), vii. 365 ;
Tulasne, "Sel. Fung. Carp.," iii. p. 8.

2 Fries, " Syst. Myc," iii. 271; Holm, " Ot. Bot.," i. 94, pi. 7;
Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. 2772 ; Gray, "Notices," pi. 3, fig. 7.

=» Sowerby's "Fungi" (1803), pi. 30S.

LEPIDOPTERA. ^^g

of this species. It is tufted in habit, and white, one
to two inches high, with a distinct simple unbranched
smooth stem, proliferously branched above into
thickened clubs, which are mealy from the profuse
spores, the latter being globose, about two micro-
millimetres in diameter. When young
there is a profuse white mycelium over-
running the pupa. It is found on the
dead pup^ of various Lepidoptera, princi-
pally amongst dead leaves, from which it
" grows in a palmate manner. The para-
site proceeds from the chrysalis through
the surface of the cocoon." fig. 36.-Meaiy

Tulasne has deliberately recorded his farinosa''''''^

1 1 . pupa.

opmion that this, and two or three other
forms of Isaria, must be regarded as conidial states
of Cordyceps viilitaris, but it seems difficult to obtain
the evidence which would substantiate this as a fact.
It is generally accepted as matter of belief, but rather
as a question of faith than of demonstration.

Velvet-stemmed Isaria.
Isai'ia •velutipes. Link.^
Fries considered this also as a variety of Isaria

> Link, «'Obs. Diss." (1809), 1. p. 20, pi. I, fig. 32; Ditmar, in
Stiir?n. Flora (1817), iii. fasc. iv. pi. 54; Nees, " Syst. Pilze," p. ^6,
pi. 7, fig. 85 ; Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. No. 2776.

i8o VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

farinosa, with a floccose stem and entire club ; gre-
garious in habit, white, the stem-Hke base white and
velvety. The pupae are mostly overspread with a
coating of mycelium, from which arise several stems,
four or five or more, which are slender, and from half
to three quarters of an inch in length, expanding at

the apex into a pear-shaped
or egg-shaped club, white
and powdery with the pro-
fuse spores. The stems
are not smooth, and almost
shining, as in some species,

Fig. 37.— Velvet-Stemmed Isaria. Isaria but pubcSCCnt with a short

t/^/k/z/^"^ (after Ditmar).

velvety down (fig. 37).
There is a marked difference between this and the
usual form oi Isaria far inosa in general appearance.

Thick Club Isaria.

Isaria crassa. Pers.-^

One of the varieties of Isaria farinosa, according
to Fries. The clubs are simple and thick, rather
conical, with a distinct smooth stem. The stems are
seated upon a white crust, and although simple are
variable in form and breadth, sometimes compressed,

1 Persoon, " Synopis," p. 637; *' Comm. de Fungis Clav.," 231;
Holmsk., " Coryph.," fig. a; Saccardo, " Sylloge," iv. No. 2774.

LEPWOPTERA. l8i

and sulcate or striate, covered above with the very
mealy conidia. The smooth stem tinged with yellow.
As already stated, M. Tulasne regards this, as well
as Is aria farinosa and I salvia tnnicata, as conidial
forms of Cordyceps militaris. It is desirable that
more certain evidence should be obtained of this
dimorphism, and the relation of other species of
Isaria with Cordyceps established.

The only occasion on which we have met with this
species in Britain occurred on a much larger pupa
than those on which we find Isaria farinosa. In
general appearance it resembles a large form of
Isaria vehitipes, but with a smooth stem. Three or
four clubs arise from the same pupa.

Truncate Isaria.

Isaria tr7mcafa. Pers.^

Another of the varieties of Iscaria farinosa of some
authors, and presumably of the conidia of Cordyceps
militaris. It is white, growing in tufts, at length
very much branched, branches truncate and crenu-
late, everywhere floccose and covered with the spores.

* Persoon, "Comm. de Fungis Clav." (1797), p. 231; Holmsk.,
"Nova Acta Dan.," p. 279, fig. 6; Schweinitz, '« Syn. Fung. Car,,"
p. 99, No. 1296; Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. No. 2773; Kirby and
Spence, " Introd. to Entom.," iv. p. 207.

iS2 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

As far as description goes, this approximates much
more closely to Isaria farmosa than either of the two
immediately preceding species, but it must be rare,
as it is seldom found in collections. It is said to
occur in Northern Europe, and the United States.
In the genus Isaria very much must depend on the
form and dimensions of the spores in the discrimi-
nation of species; yet there are so many of the
presumed species of which the character of the spores
is unknown, so that the names must only be accepted
as provisional.

The caterpillar of Lasiocampa nibi has been found
in France subject to parasitism. The insects, says
Mr. Gray,^ usually appear towards the end of summer
and beginning of autumn, in woOdy plains and ex-
tensive heaths, feeding on the bramble. They conceal
themselves throughout the winter among the large
plants (under the leaves of which they are protected
from the severity of the winter), where they await the
arrival of spring, when they undergo the change into
the chrysalis, and it is not until the end of May or
beginning of June that they assume the perfect state.
It is found to be very difficult to rear these cater-
pillars through their different stages of existence
while in confinement, as most of them die, and
become the bases of fungi. Others, in the middle

* Gray's " Notices," p. lo.

LEFIDOPTERA. 183

of March, are discovered more or less enveloped by
a whitish down or mould ^ (resembling Botrytis),
which fungoid mould is even found on some cater-
pillars while in a living state, when it generally
appears on several of their segments, and on the
anal segment particularly. These caterpillars after
a short time become immovable, and eventually die,
either straight or slightly curved. The body, how-
ever, keeps its usual bulk, and attains a singular
firmness, while at the same time the fungoid mould
makes rapid progress, completely covering the body,
and scarcely leaving the Ipng hairs visible.

Dingy Pupa Club.

Cordyceps ftdiginosa. Ces.^

In its botanical aspect this is rather a peculiar
species, since it has the appearance of Xylaria scopi-
formis, with the soft flesh and incipient structure of
Cordyceps, but unfortunately was in a young and im-
perfect condition, and it has not been found since.
Moreover, none of the species of Xylaria have been
found growing on insects or animal substances, so
that this is only a case of analogy and not of affinity.

* Tulasne, Ann, des Set. Nat. (1857), p. 36.

* Cesati, Giorn. dclP Inst. Lomb. Milan (1848), p. 31 ; "Linna^a"
(1848), xxi. p. 27; Attl. Soc. Critt. IlaL, i. p. 67, pi. 6, fig. i;
Tulasne, " Selecta Fung. Carp.," iii.j Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii. No. 5042,

i84 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS,

The clubs are cylindrical, with an attenuated but
rather obtuse apex, from fourteen to sixteen milli-
metres long, and one millimetre thick (pi. i, fig. 5)«
The stem thinner, and greyish downwards, but in
the club darker, and sooty. It was found on the
pupae of Bornbyx (Orgyia) antiqna in Italy.

As far as can be judged from the figure, the head
was not formed, and it cannot even be guessed what
its form would have been. That it would ultimately
have been small there is no doubt, and its colour and
habit indicate the probability of its being distinct,
as a species, from anything before recorded ; but
until perfect specimens are found it must be held to
be a doubtful species.

Latterly M. Giard has decribed an Entomoph-
thorus parasite on the larva of the brown- tailed moth
Liparis chrysoi'hcsa, which he has called Chromostylmm
chrysorhecB.

"Erie" Mould.

Sterigmatocystis ferruginea. Cooke.

It was in 1878 that this mould first came under
notice, on the pupa of the Erie silk-moth from
Cachar. The greater part of its exterior was covered
with a bright rust-coloured mould, to which the
above name was applied. The woolly effused patches
had just such an appearance as that of the common

LEPIDOPTERA.

185

Aspergillus glaucus, except for its bright rusty colour.
The long slender septate threads, or stems, were
about one-hundredth of a millimetre in thickness
terminated by a globose head of rusty spores, the
stem itself being transparent, and almost colourless.
The base of the threads was effused in a matted
intricate mycelium, penetrating through the joints
into the pupa. The most interesting part of the
structure, however, was the capitulum, or head, of
spores. By careful manipulation it soon became
evident that the supporting threads were expanded
at the apex into a globose knob, nearly three times
the diameter of the thread. This was surrounded
on all sides by a compact stratum of wedge-shaped
bodies, four times as long as broad, and each of
these bearing on its summit three or four elliptical
cells, which cells were individually crowned by three
or four short papillae. To each one of these papilla
belonged a rough globose spore, nearly one-hundredth
of a millimetre in diameter, or about the thickness
of the primary thread, or stem. It was impossible
to demonstrate with certainty whether the spores
were produced solitary, at the tips of the papillae, or
in chains (plate 2, fig. 23). No evidence could be
found that the spores were ever concatenate. Hitherto
this interesting mould has only been found on the
dead pupae of Lepidoptera,

i86 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

MUSCARDINE.
Botrytis Bassiana. Bals.^

Enough to fill volumes has been written about
the silkworm disease, or Muscardine, which it is by
no means our intention to reproduce here, and it
is but a passing reference that we shall make to it,
since all who are thoroughly interested in the subject
will seek more detailed information in the treatises
devoted to this subject. It is enough to say that
through many years it produced great havoc amongst
the silkworms on the Continent, and no effort was
spared in search of some means to counteract its
baneful influence. The chief agent was a white
mould, under the above name, which is effused in a
woolly stratum over the surface of the larvae. The
fertile threads are erect, and either simple or forked,
with numerous short branchlets, scattered over the
threads. The spores, or conidia, globose, collected
together in rather globose heads, at the ends of the
branchlets. This is the external character and
appearance of the mould, the mycelium of which
fills, absorbs, and destroys the interior of the larvae.

The silkworm is liable, at any period of its growth.

^ Robin, "Veg. Par.," p. 560, pi. 6, figs. 3—8; Saccardo,
"Sylloge," iv. No. 608.

LEPIDOPTERA, 187

to become attacked by this destroyer. The cater-
pillars, when they come in contact with the infinitely
minute diffused spores of the mould, are infected by
them, and soon become torpid and stationary. It is
recorded of them that " the spores are so minute and
numerous that they are only visible when aggregated
in masses of thousands together, although they exist
everywhere suspended in the air." It is believed that
they adhere readily to leaves and other objects, and
thus find their way with the food into the interior
of the caterpillar, " where, during some humid seasons,
which occasionally happen in spring and autumn, the
germination of the parasite takes place with great
rapidity, filling the interior, and thus eventually the
vital organs are clogged up by it, and the caterpillar
becomes still. While in this state, the mould soon
shows itself on the external surface, as a white
efflorescence, which is the fructification." The
conidia, or spores, being developed in clusters at
the apex, and at the tips of all the lateral branches
of the filaments. "Before the outer skin is com-
pletely covered the insect dies, when the body, being
filled internally, and coated externally, becomes so
hard that it easily breaks into two pieces when bent,
In some seasons, which from their humidity are
favourable for the development of the mould, the
entire crop of domesticated silkworms is rapidly
destroyed, as if by contagion, occasioning a heavy

VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

loss to the rearers of the caterpillars for the purpose
of collecting the silk." ^

By way of supplementary note, it may be added
here that, of other silkworm diseases, the one termed
" la flacherie," which is of a contagious character, is
caused by one of the Schizomycetes ; very minute,
and somewhat aberrant fungi, the particular species
being Micrococcus bombycis^ composed of minute oval
cells, produced either singly or in chains. And also
it is supposed that the epidemic disease called
"pebrine" or "gattine" is produced by the oval
cells of another species known as Micrococcus
ovatiis ;^ but this is not so certain. It is assumed
to be this entomophyte that Mr. Gray alludes to
when he writes of " another kind of fungoid parasite
which first made its appearance in France, and
became common in 1845, after which it appeared in
Italy and Spain in 1854, and then extended itself
into Switzerland and Germany. The caterpillars
are not affected by it until after the second casting
of the skin, and many perish without any external
appearance, to the naked eye, of being so attacked.
On the caterpillar assuming the third or fourth skin,

* F. E. Guerin-Meneville, "Muscardine" (Paris, 1847); "Etudes
sur les Maladies des Vers-a-Soir " (1849); C, Montagne, Rapport sur
un Memoire, " De la Muscardine," etc. (1S57).

2 Grove's " Synopsis of Bacteria and Yeast Fungi," p. 12.

' Grove, ibid., p. 14.

LEPIDOPTERA. 189

it becomes weak, and of a greyish colour, after which
the insect gradually dies by the progress of the
fungus ; and the caterpillar then assumes a dusky
yellow colour, which pervades the whole system,
with some brown or black spots, which are formed
by the concentration of a series of fungoid tubercles.
Some caterpillars, however, live sufficiently long to
form their cocoons ; after which a part die, while
others live long enough to transform into the
chrysalis, and a few even undergo their metamor-
phosis into the perfect state. Should they, however,
attain this last state, they always appear with their
wings crippled ; these organs, with the antennae,
legs, and body, show signs of black spots, around and
in which is found the parasite.^ It is further thought
that after they have reached the perfect state they
are capable of propagation, and thus the disease
becomes hereditary. In this state it has been termed
"pattes noires," or "maladie de la tache."

Floccose Isaria.

Isaria floccosa. Fries.^

One of the conidial or Isaria forms, which is but
little known, is the above ; it is reported to have been

* Lebert, Berl. Entomol. Zeit. (1858), p. 149.

* Fries, "Syst. Myc.,"iii. p. 274; Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. No. 2778.

190 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS

found in Britain and Germany. It is a minute species,
and might be a dwarfed variety of the very variable
Isaria farinosa, but the fruit seems to be unknown.
It is described as of a caespitose habit, with short
awl-shaped processes, not more than from two to four
millimetres long, presenting the appearance of a re-
supinate Hydnum, white, and everywhere powdered
with the conidia. Referring to this, Mr. Gray says,^
" To the family Lithosiidcs belong the Callimorpha
Jacobece, the caterpillars of which are clothed with
short hairs, and are of solitary habits, feeding on
the flowers of the Ragwort, and while thus engaged
are subject, during very humid weather, to become
the bases of Isaria fioccosa. This parasitical mould
no doubt commences internally, and afterwards pro-
gresses externally, like that which grows on the
Sphingides, etc. The chrysalis is only enveloped in
a slight kind of cocoon, and has been recorded to
have been found covered by the same kind of mould,
which had probably come in contact with the cater-
pillar when on the point of undergoing its meta-
morphosis."

It must be remembered that this species is credited
with attacking both larvae and pupse.

1 Gray's "Notices," p. ii.

LEFIDOPTERA. 191

Encrusting Isaria.
Isaria leprosa. Fries.^

This parasite is normally flesh-coloured, the short
clubs, or processes, being gregarious, short, thickened,
and obtuse, covered everywhere with the profuse
powdery spores, or conidia. In one form the clubs
are nodding, thickened upwards, and simple and
regular; in another form the clubs are irregular,
compressed and incised, or tubercle-like and sessile ;
in a third form it is reduced to a crust, which is
equally effused over the matrix, in which condition
it is mostly sterile, consisting entirely of mycelium.
The chrysalis of Tceniocampa instabilis is reported to
be subject to the attacks of this species.

Fries has a variety of this which he calls corallina?
still regarded by Saccardo as a distinct species, which
infests the pupa of Noctna instabilis in Germany, and
the larvae of other Lepidoptera in Italy. The colour
of the whole fungus is said to be vinous, with the
stems paler. The processes are very much branched,
fasciculate, long and slender, with many pendulous
clavules at the tips. The conidia are said to be

* Fries, "Syst. Myc," iii. p. 272; Robin, ''Var. Par.," p. 608;
Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. No. 2784.

"^ Isaria comllina, Saccardo, " Sylloge," v. No. 2775; Fries, " Syst.
Myc.," iii. p. 273.

192 VEGETABLE WASPS AND FLAN2' WORMS.

rounded or elliptic. Nevertheless, it must be admitted
to be a very rare and uncertain species.

Spiny Isaria.

Isaria strigosa. Frics.^

This is reputed to be altogether different from
Isaria floccosa, like which it is, white. The mycelium
forms somewhat determinate spots, from which arise
spine-like processes which are mostly fasciculate,
slender and simple, or, when coalescing, becoming
branched ; from two to three lines long, sprinkled
as if with flour with the conidia, but becoming at
length naked and smooth, with a tinge of straw-
colour. It is the pupa of Hania upsilon which has
been recorded as subject to the attacks of this para-
site. The spine-like habit marks it as distinct in
external appearance from other allied species, but,
in the absence of any indication as to the form and
size of the conidia, it must be considered problematical.
It would seem to be analogous, on a small scale, to
the Isaria sphingutn of the Sphinxes.

^ Fries, '* Syst. Myc," iii. p. 274; Robin, "Veg. Par.," p. 607;
Saccardo, *' Sylloge," iv. No. 2777.

LEPIDOPTERA. 193

Tawny Isaria.

Isaria exoleta. Frles.^

The species under this name is an obscure one,
which is said to attack the larvae of Noctica exoleta.
It consists of a fibrous myceh'um, which is effused
and leprous, consisting of fragile compressed threads
of a pale tawny colour, everywhere powdery with the
conidia. There are no distinct stems, but the surface
is unequal, and the flocci are scarcely visible. It
seems to be a low and degraded form of Isaria,
approaching to a Sporotrichwn ; the description, in^'
deed, as far as it goes, calls to mind the latter genus
rather than Isaria. It is a misfortune that so many
names are kept up in connection with imperfect
descriptions, the types of which are nowhere, so that
the identity could scarcely be established were the
true species to be found again. It would be different,
even, if the character and measurements of the fructi-
fication were known, because that would be a com-
paratively stable test ; but modifications in external
form are so liable to occur, almost inevitable, in these
complex moulds, that characters based upon external
features alone are not to be trusted.

Fries, "Syst. Myc," iii. p. 275 ; Saccardo, " Sylloge," iv. No. 2779.

194 vegetable wasps and plant worms.

Black-stemmed Isaria.

Isaria nigripes. Schweiii.^

Of North American species of Isaria two or three
were described by Schweinitz, and amongst them the
above. The stroma is simple, from one to two centi-
metres high ; the stems are thin, tapering, black and
smooth up to the middle, then passing into a simple
obtuse club, which is greyish-white, and powdery
with the conidia. Sometimes the clubs are curved.
It occurs upon buried chrysalides, but of what species
is unknown.

Forked Isaria.

Isaria fu?'cata. Schwein.^

Another of Schweinitz's species, on unknown chry-
salides, covered by dead leaves. It is very large and
conspicuous, being from six to seven centimetres
high. The stroma pallid, rather thick and twisted,
smooth at the base, divided upwards into a forked
white club, which is powdery with the spores or
conidia, interspersed with the tips of the flocci. We
can add nothing to this description.

^ Schweinitz, " Syn. Amer. Bor.," No. 3068; Saccardo, " Sylloge,"
ii. No. 2782.

2 Schweinitz, " Syn. Amer. Bor.," No. 3067; Saccardo, *' Sylloge,"
ii. No. 2783.

LEPIDOPTERA. 195

Thin-stemmed Isaria.
Is aria tenuipes. Peck.^

Another North American species is equally deficient
of information concerning the host. Like Isaria
ftircata, it is reported to occur on pupae hidden under
fallen leaves. The stroma is lemon-yellow, smooth,
and elongated to from two to four centimetres in
length, divided in the upper portion into a few
unequal branches, which are mealy with the oblong-
ellipsoid conidia, or spores, which measure from four
to five micromillimetres in length.

There are more hopes of this species being recog-
nized again than many which we have felt compelled
to enumerate. The fruitful portion is rather large,
and the presence of a lemon-yellow colour is impor-
tant, in connection with a decided indication of the
form and size of the conidia. It approaches some-
what to the Australian species, Isaria sitffruticosa,
but is more decidedly coloured, and less intricately
branched.

Numerous instances have been recorded of the
attacks of some species of Isaria upon the Noctindce.
" The caterpillar of Eurois tincta ^ was found in some

^ Peck, *« Report of State Museum, New York ; " Saccardo,
Sylloge," iv. No. 2786.
* Gray's " Notices," p. 12.

196 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

part of Kent, perfectly free from any appearance of
having a parasite upon it, and was conveyed to a
breeding-cage in London to undergo its metamor-
phosis, but was discovered some time afterwards
completely filled with a fungoid substance, and at
the same time exhibited two long very slender para-
sites, which grew from the back of the thoracic
segments.

" Another caterpillar of this family was obtained in
the autumn of 1843 from off palings, to which it had
apparently been attached by a spider's web, and thus
it was kept exposed to the influence of the weather.
Its body was entirely coated by a white creamy
mould, like that v/hich attacks silkworms, and is
termed Muscardine ; the insect is so completely filled,
that even the feet, especially the false ones, are fully
stretched out by the internal thallus."

Perfect insects are also equally infested with mould,
both at home and abroad. Mr. Gray mentions Erebus
odora from Ega; a variety of the same insect from
St. Domingo, Plaxia macarea from Surinam, and
Cerastis vaccinii in Europe. Also undetermined
species of NocUice ; one found in Devonshire, attached
to a leaf ;^ another in St. Mary's Isle, Kirkcudbright,
attached to a branch of a tree ; ^ and a third from the
New Forest, attached to a branch of heath. These

» Gray, pi. 3, fig. 14. ^ jbj^.^ pj, 3^ f,g, j^^

LEPIDOPTERA. 197

imago insects are all apparently infested by some
species of Isaria.

The caterpillar from the East Indies, figured by
Robin in his ''Vegetable Parasites,"^ and Mr. Gray,^
" is apparently furnished with slender hairs all over
the body, and with short fascicles of hairs along each
side, as well as with four fascicles of long strong hairs
placed two anteriorly and two posteriorly, leading
to the supposition that it may belong to the family
LiparidcB ; but further information cannot be given,
as the parasite so completely covers the caterpillar
as to obliterate all those minute specific characters
which might assist in determining its name.

"The caterpillars of this family, it maybe observed,
are usually hatched in April, and consequently they
remain in that state until the month of June, when
they change to the pupa ; from this latter state they
do not change to a moth until towards the end of
July.

"The parasitical mould had no doubt commenced
as usual in the interior of the caterpillar and then
covered the exterior, after which a series of lengthened
filaments grew from the upper surface of the body.
It is probably a species of Isaria, though M. Robin
considers the structure of the plant to be like that of
vS. entoniorrhizaP

1 Robin, " Veg. Par.," t. ix. fig. 6.
* Gray's *' Notices," p. 12, pi. 3, fig. 3.

198 vegetable wasps and plant worms.

Shrubby Isaria.
Isaria siiffriiticosa. Cooke and Massee.^

Parasitic upon a hairy caterpillar from Australia,
we have found a distinct species of Isaria of notable
appearance. It was in tufts about three centimetres
high, and white. The stem quite distinct and smooth,
or mealy, divided in the upper portion into very
slender interwoven branches, bearing lateral branch-
lets up to the acute tips ; the whole compacted of
delicate threads, the extremities of which were free,
and bore the minute ellipsoid conidia (four to five by
one and a half micromillimetres). It will be seen
from this that it differs much from the ordinary
Isaria farinosa, and other ^British species, in the very
slender and attenuated branchlets, and altogether
more delicate habit, but resembles, except in colour,
the North American Isaria tenuipes. As the type
specimen is still in existence, and in a public her-
barium, it may be identified again. There is a strong
resemblance in appearance to some such species of
Clavaria as C. Kunzei, but in structure and fructifi-
cation a true species of Isaria.

"A species of the family of Arctiidce has been
recorded by Professor Lebert^ as affected by a fun-

* Cooke and Massee, in Grevillea, vol. xviii.
« Berl. Ent. Zeit. (1858), p. 178.

LEPIDOPTERA. 199

goid mould. He collected in the neighbourhood of
Berlin, during the summer of 1826, a great many
caterpillars of Arctia villica for the purpose of
watching their growth. These insects, on arriving at
their full size, became quite soft, and then suddenly
died ; soon after they became hard, and if bent,
would easily break into two pieces. Their bodies
were covered with a beautiful shining white mould.
If some of the caterpillars affected with the parasitic
mould were placed on the same tree with those
apparently free from its attack, the latter soon
exhibited signs that they also were attacked in the
same manner, in consequence of the two series only
coming in contact with each other." ^

AuLicA Endophyte.

Emptisa miliccE. Reichardt.^

This species, found on the larvae and pupae of
Eiiprepia aulica, Eiiprepia villica, and Trachea pini-
psrda, in Germany, as well as on Lepidoptera in the
United States, is considered by Roland Thaxter to
be identical with Empii-sa grylli. This point, however,
of specific identity does not concern us much here,

' Gray's " Notices," Addenda, p. 22.

' Reichardt, in "Bail Uber Pilzepiz," in Schrift. Nat. Ges. zu Daiit-
0z>(i869), p. 3; Saccardo, " Sylloge," vii. 971.

200 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

as we have included both. The fertile threads are
erumpent after the death of the insect, forming tufts
of about a millimetre in height. The conidia are
ovate, and obtusely apiculate at the apex, from twenty-
seven to thirty-eight, by twenty to twenty-seven micro-
millimetres in size.

Chinese Plant Worm.

Cordyceps sinensis. Berk.^

As early as 1726 Reaumur^ seems to have seen
and mentioned this curious production, which at that
time was a mystery. Nearly ten years later, and it
is spoken of by Du Halde^ in his " History of China."
In March, 1841, Professor Westwood^ exhibited
specimens at a meeting of the Entomological Society,
and made some observations to the following effect :
" It is a Chinese larva, from the back of the neck of
each of which a slender fungus, twice as long as the
body of the insect, had been produced (pi. 2, fig. 18).
This insect, when thus attacked, is esteemed of great
efficacy as a drug in China, where, from its very great
rarity, it is only used by the emperor's physicians; and

^ Berkeley, Hooker's yi?;/;-;/. Bot. (1S43), "• P* 207.
= Reaumur, Mem, dePAcad. Set. (1726), p. 302, pi. 16.
3 Du Halde, -"Gen. Hist, of China " (1736), vol. iv. p. 41.
* Westwood, ill Ann. Nat. Hist. (1842), viii. p. 217 ; Joicrn. Proc.
Ent. Soc. (1838), p. vi. \ and 1841, pi. 6, fig. 5.

LEPIDOPTERA.

an extract was read from Du Halde's ' History of
China,' in which its virtues are elaborately detailed,
being especially serviceable in cases of bodily debility,
particularly when a small portion of it is boiled in the
body of a duck. The Chinese philosophers consider
it as a herb during the summer season, but as soon
as winter appears it changes into a worm. It is
named by Du Halde * Hia Tsao Tchong,' the first
two names meaning 'summer herb,' and the last
two 'winter worm.' Mr. Reeves had stated that its
proper name was ' Hea Tsaon Taong Chung.' It is
brought to Canton, tied up in small bundles, each
containing about a dozen individuals. The parasitic
plant is analogous to that which infests the larvae
sent from New Zealand."

In 1842 Dr. Pereira transmitted an account of it
to the Pharmaceutical J oicmal} afterwards embodied
in his "Materia Medica," ^ and he calls it "summer
plant, winter worm." Reproducing some of the re-
marks already quoted, he adds that it is known in
Japan, and there called " Totsu Kaso." ^ " Each indi-
vidual is about three inches (a little more or less)
long. About half of it is a caterpillar of the usual
cylindrical form, and having a light yellowish-brown
colour. The head, neck, segments of the body, and

^ Pereim, in Pharmacetttical Journal [I'^i^'^^ ii. p. 590.
^ Ibid., "Materia Medica," vol. ii. p. 51 (4th edit.), 1S55.
2 Thunberg's " Travels in Japan," vol. iii. p. 68.

20^ VEGETABLE WASPS AN^D PLANT WORMS.

legs (thoracic, ventral, and anal) are all distinctly
recognizable. Projecting from the back part of the
neck is a slender club-shaped body. This is the
fungus. It is, I think, a species of Sphcsna, and is
closely allied to Sphcsria entomorrhiza.

"The Lepidopterous insect, on whose larva this
fungus grows, has not at present been determined.
Mr. Doubleday, who has carefully examined a very
perfect larva, is of opinion that the insect is a species
of Agrotis.

*' Du Halde says that the insect fungus is scarce,
and that at Pekin it is considered to be a foreign
production. It grows, he adds, in Thibet ; but it is
found also, though in small quantities, on the frontiers
of the province of Se-tchuen, which borders on
Thibet or Laza.

" I now proceed to notice the opinions of the
Chinese regarding its medical properties and uses.
Thunberg states that it is reputed to possess cordial
virtues. According to Du Halde, its properties are
considered to be similar to those of ging sing. It
strengthens and renovates the powers of the system,
which have been reduced either by over-exertion or
long sickness. The physicians of the Emperor of
China stated that they used it only at the palace on
account of its scarcity. Black, old, and rotten speci-
mens cost four times their weight of silver.

*' The mode of employing it is very curious. The

LEPIDOPTERA. 203

belly of a duck is to be stuffed with five drachms of
the insect fungus, and the bird roasted by a slow fire.
When done take out the insect fungus, the virtue of
which will have passed into the duck's flesh. The
latter is to be eaten twice a day for eight or ten
days."

There is a little addition to the romantic aspect
of the subject given in the "History of Insects," ^
where, after briefly describing the object, it proceeds :
** Father Parenin, who sent it to France, observes, in
his account of it, that it was a scarce plant ; being
found only at the palace of Pekin there, where also it
was not a native, but brought from the mountains of
Thibet, and some other places on the confines of the
Chinese dominions. This father had never seen the
leaves or flowers of the plant, but only its roots,
which were in high esteem there, not only because
of their miraculous changes, but from their possessing
the virtues of the ginseng {^ging sing). This plant, we
are informed, is still in great estimation by the Chinese
nobles. The roots had nothing particular in their
figure or appearance ; but, with these, the father sent
home those which were supposed to be changed into
a worm. The Chinese suppose that this is a plant
during the summer season, but that in winter its stalk

' " History of Insects" (Murray's 'Family Library), vol. ii. p. 300
(1838).

204 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS

dies, and the root becomes a worm ; concerning
which the father observed, that nothing could more
exactly express a worm or caterpillar ; the head, the
eyes, the feet, and the mouth, being all plainly dis-
tinguishable, as well as the several folds and cuttings
in of the body. This account was found to be per-
fectly true, but the mistake was owing to the want
of proper accuracy in the observation ; for the body,
which was supposed to be the root transformed, had
in reality never been any part of the plant, but was
found to be really and truly a caterpillar. Some
fanciful persons have supposed that when the time
of its change approached, it always selected the roots
of this plant as of a proper size and dimensions for
its purpose, and, gnawing off the end, hollowed away
the stump, so as to introduce its tail into the cavity,
where it remained covered with the bark of the root,
which so nicely joins to it, that those who observe
it in a slight way cannot but mistake it to be a part
of the root, or the remainder of the root a continua-
tion of the body. On opening the body of larvae,
however, we find that the root of the fungus entirely
occupies the whole interior portion, from the head to
the opposite end."

It was at first, and for a long time, considered
doubtful whether the plant was not collected for the
Chinese in an immature state, since the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley, and others who had examined it, had never

LEPIDOPTERA. 205

succeeded in finding sporidia ; but an examination
made by ourselves was more successful, for we
obtained quite mature sporidia, breaking up as usual
into truncate joints.^

Fougeroux de Bonderoy has, in his "Memoir," ^
made reference to the Chinese worm. He says, " The
plant-worm of which M. de Reaumur has spoken ^
is found upon a larva, and not upon a chrysalis ; but
the plant, in the specimens which M. de Reaumur
has examined, was situated upon the last ring of the
larva, near the anus. It seems that the plant presses
and takes hold of the extremity of the insect's body.
This position of the plant, with regard to the insect,
is very different to that presented by those of the
Caribbeans, and caused M. de Reaumur to think that
the insect was thus attached to the plant, because it
had chosen it in order to adhere to it, there to undergo
the second metamorphosis, and to become a chry-
salis, this position being common to many other
species of insects when they change into nymphs.

" Indeed, it should cause no surprise (in the opinion
of M. de Reaumur) to find the insect always attached
to the same plant, since it would select it, as do

^ Grevilleat vol. xii. p. 78 ; Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii. No. 5051.

^ Fougeroux de Bonderoy, " Memoires de I'Academie des Sciences."
Paris.

' M. de Reaumur, in " Memoires de I'Academie'des Sciences," annee
1726, p. 302. Paris.

2o6 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

many other species of insects, which, born upon a
plant, there undergo all their metamorphoses.

" The plant-worm of the Chinese would prefer the
extremity of the root in order to remain adherent to
it, as is the case with other insects which continue
always attached to the fibres of a leaf, and constantly
upon the same part of the plant. In short, a plant,
the proportions of which are so conformable to those
of the insect, the animal which in its native place was
perhaps living, and still moved about when the plant
had attached itself to it, have induced the Chinese
to maintain the change of an animal into a plant,
whilst they did not affirm the same wonder in other
circumstances, when the insect had attached itself to
any other parts of the same plant, to undergo its
metamorphosis ; and it never occurred to them, in
this latter case, which did not favour the idea as did
the first, to assert that the branches of these vege-
tables, to which insects were attached, transformed
themselves into animals, or bore insects, as they
produce fruits and seeds.

"Although there may be analogous facts which
might lead M. de Reaumur to establish his way of
regarding the plant-worm of the Chinese, we never-
theless admit that here it is the plant which seems
to attach itself to the insect, and not the insect to
the plant, and that the vegetative insects of the
Caribbeans embarrass greatly M. de Reaumur's

LEPIDOPTERA. 207

explanation. We confess also, with Mr. Needham,
that the opinion of M. de Reaumur by no means
explains how any of the specimens which we have
just described come to be produced. We will add
that the few carefully examined circumstances of the
country do not yet put us in a position to speak
with certainty upon these mysterious facts, and con-
sequently I shall refrain from hazarding any con-
jectures."

Having given the history and mystery of this
notable production, little more remains to be said
except what relates to the identification of the insect,
and for these entomological notes we must be in-
debted, as usual, to Mr. Gray.^

" In the great family of NoctuidcB must be placed
the caterpillar of the far-famed Chinese ' summer
plant, winter insect,' which exhibits, amongst other
characters, that of having the prothorax entirely
protected by a shield, and, from its general appear-
ance, seems to form part of the genus Gortyna, The
caterpillar, which is of a light yellowish-brown colour,
probably bores into and feeds on the roots of aquatic
plants, that grow abundantly in the marshy ground,
on the sides of the numerous rivers and canals of
China,^ and they are also stated to be brought from

^ Gray's " Notices," p. 12, pi. 3, fig. 31.

« pereira, "Mat. Med.," ii. p. 52, figs. 43, 44.

2c8 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Japan ^ and Thibet. The insect can only be dis-
covered by the appearance of the plant, which, soon
after it is attacked, begins to droop and look sickly.
After the parasite comes in contact with the cater-
pillar, the latter buries itself in the earth ; it first
turns with its head upwards ; and then, being ap-
parently checked by the presence of the parasite
internally, it remains in that position, and the outer
plant naturally grows upwards, and breaks its way
out, probably through the suture of the labium. As
it increases in size, it splits the head into two parts,
as is shown in the figure. Like the others that grow
in the same manner, the stem is thick throughout,
with the apex somewhat flattened, and rather broad,
so much so as to be palmated in some specimens.

" Reaumur, who in 1726 first published a notice of
this curious fungoid insect, stated that the parasite
was attached to the anal portion of the caterpillar,
and he represented that when the parasite was de-
tached from the insect, the end gave the appearance
of lengthened roots, as if they had surrounded the
last segment of the body of the insect. The parasite,
however, springs from the head, and the Rev. M. J.
Berkeley says that it is attached by simple or very
sparingly branched, very slender flexuous threads,
which spread more or less over the surface of the

» Where it is known as '' Totsu Kaso " (Thunb., " Trav.," iii. p. 68).

LEFWOPT^RA.

209

caterpillar. The substance of the caterpillar is
replaced by a rough mass of very fine-branched
threads, which are far more compact than those in
the substance of the fungus, mixed with colourless
oil-sflobules."

Black Muscardine.
Tarichunn viegaspenmnn. Cohn.*

" This species is known only from its resting^
spores, which have been thoroughly described and
figured by Cohn, and is parasitic upon the larvae of
Agrotis segelum, which are turned black by the
disease." The resting-spores are zygospores, pro-
duced by conjugation, with a dark brown outer coat,
or epispore, marked by sinuous furrows (average 50/x
diameter). It has thus been described : " Mycelium
at first sacciform (5 — 25^ broad), hyaline or a Httle
blackish, not at all, or sparingly, septate, with uni-
cellular branches, resting-spores solitary, or two to
three together, globose or pear-shaped {'^,6 — 55^
diameter), covered with a dark brown epispore."
I It will be seen that nothing whatever is known of
the conidia, and consequently of the conidia-bearers,
There is some probability of its being quite a distinct

^ Cohn, Beitrage der PJlanzen (1875), p. 58; Thaxter,
189; Saccardo, " Sylloge," vii. No. 982.

210 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

species, when properly known, as indicated by the
blackening of the caterpillars, which possibly origi-
nated the name of " Black muscardine."

Greenish Endophyte.
EntGinophtJiora virescens. Thaxter.^

The following report will serve as introduction to
the entomophyte above named : " In the spring of
1884, from the middle of May until the end of the
first week in June, all the gardens and fields in the
neighbourhood of Ottawa were severely attacked by
the larvae of Agrotis fennica. The disease pervading
these larvae was first observed in May, and was ex-
tremely virulent. Dead larvae were to be found in all
directions, on stone walls, on fences, and particularly
on the tops of stems of grasses. The Entomophthora,
however, was undoubtedly ///^influence which brought
this insect down again to its normal rare occurrence
at Ottawa." The specimens received were black and
shrivelled, the fungus appearing as a greenish-yellow
coating, emerging in small tufts, which, in the more
mature specimens, appear to have coalesced over
the body (plate 4, fig. 41).

The conidia are oval or oblong, of irregular shape,
with a bluntly rounded base and apex, the former

* Thaxter, " Entomophthora U.S.j" p. 178, pi. 18, figs. 251-261.

LEPJDOPTERA. ^u

often hardly papillate, and not well distinguished from
the apex ; colour greenish yellow in dried material,
containing numerous small irregular, often rod-like
fat bodies (average size 14 x sOfx). Conidia-bearing
threads digitately branched, arising individually from
spherical hyphal bodies, which germinate in all direc-
tions, giving rise to very numerous threads, which
subsequently become conidia-bearers. Secondary
conidia like the primary. Resting-spores unknown.

Geometrid^e.
Several species of European Geometridc^ have been
found with some species of Isaria growing upon
them ; some have called it Isaria arachnophila, but
this we venture to doubt. The species quoted are
Speranzia brunneata, Erannis defoliaria, Nyssia zonaria,
Biston betularia, and Oporabia dihaoria, while Bjipalul
piniaria has been found covered with a parasitic
mould.

In addition to these, Mr. Roland Thaxter has made
known two species of Entomophthorce which attack
the imagines of Geometrid(E in North America.

Globose Endophyte.

EmpiLsa apiculata. Thaxter.^

^ Of this species Mr. Thaxter observes that this is

» Thaxter, - Entomophthor.^ U.S.," p. 163, pi. 15, figs. 63-70, 74, 75.

212 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

the first recorded instance of an Emp7isa growing
upon a Lepidopterous imago as its host, although
this is not a unique case. The geometrid moth, men-
tioned as one of its hosts, was taken on the wing,
flying slowly with an unnatural fluttering motion,
and being placed in a collecting box, it was soon
fastened to a leaf by five or six long and powerful
rhizoids terminating in a disc. The typical form is
recorded on the larva of Hyphantria textor, imagines
of a species of Tortrix and Petrophora, and on
numerous genera of small flies or gnats in Maine and
South Carolina.

The conidia are nearly spherical, with a prominent
papillate base, terminating in a short sharp and
abrupt point (28 — 30 x 30 — 37^). The conidia-
bearing threads sometimes with a tendency to be-
come digitate, originating directly or indirectly from
nearly spherical hyphal bodies (plate 4, fig. 43).
Secondary conidia like the primary. Resting-spores
(azygospores) formed from the hyphae, spherical and
hyaline.

' Geometrid Endophyte.

Entomophthora geometralis. Thaxter.^
Geometrid moths of the genera Petrophora, Eiipi-

^ Thajcter, " Entomophthorae U.S.," p. 170, pi. 17, figs. 173-178*

LEPIDOPTERA. 213

thecia, Thera, etc., have been attacked by this ento-
mophyte in pine woods, in North America. " It is
usually the habit of these insects to rest with the
abdomen curved upwards, and, at one point of the
under surface, resting on whatever object the moth
may have lighted upon— usually a pine needle. At
this point of contact, as far as observed, nowhere else,
the rhizoids (rooting-fibres) are produced in a tuft
which thus fastens the insect by its abdomen. The
rhizoids appear before death, and I have found," says
Mr. Thaxter, "a small Etipithecia fluttering violently
in its efforts to free itself from a pine needle to which
the rhizoids had already become firmly attached."

In this species the conidia are short, elliptical or
ovoid (15—22 X 10— I2^t), with contents finely
granular, and a hyaline nuclear body. The conidia-
bearers digitate, or branching like fingers, and
coalescing. Secondary conidia are like those of the
first generation, or long almond-shaped, and borne
obliquely on thread-like spore -bearers. Resting-
spores lateral or terminal on short hyphae, spherical,
and colourless (average thirty micromillimetres
diameter).

The conidia are peculiar, and may be at once re-
cognized by their short thick form.

214 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Slender Caterpillar Club.
Cordyceps aciailaris. Rav.^

A South Carolina entomophyte was described by
Berkeley from specimens communicated by Mr.
Ravenel, but the insect is difficult of determination,
and Mr. Gray could not say to what family of the
Lepidoptera the larvae belonged. In this species the
stems were three inches or more high, not half a
line thick, brown below and tomentose, smooth above
and tawny, grooved when dry. The heads about
three quarters of an inch long, cylindrical, brown,
studded with the perithecia, barren above and acumi-
nate. Asci and sporidia as in the genus, the latter
breaking into very small frustules, not more than
five micromillimetres long.

There is something characteristic about this grace-
ful species of Cordyceps^ which terminates above in a
short sterile beak, a peculiarity which has only been
observed in a few species (plate 2, fig. 17). It cannot
be very uncommon in South Carolina, since Mr.
Ravenel himself collected upwards of a hundred
specimens.

* Berkeley, in Linn. Join-n. (1856), i. p. 158, pi. i, fig. 2 ; Saccardo,
" Sylloge," ii. No. 5037 ; Cordyceps CaroUnensis^ Ravenel, ** Fung.
Car.," iv. No. 29.

LEPIDOPTERA, 215

Little Red Club.

Cordyceps typlmlcefonnis. Berk, and Cookc.i

Amongst the fungi collected in Java, in the Berkeley
Herbarium, we discovered a minute Cordyceps which
appeared to have originally been parasitic, but no
trace of the insect could be found. The clubs were
veritably club-shaped and red, resembling in miniature
Cordyceps militaris, but not larger than some species of
Typhida or Pistillaria; that is to say, not more than
half an inch in total height. The clubs attenuated
downwards into a very slender stem. The perithecia
were rather prominent, so as to render the clubs
rough when dry, and the fructification was fully
developed and of the usual type, save that the
sporidia showed no evidence of breaking up into
joints. Failing to discover any notes or the least
indication of its host, we can only assume it to have
been parasitic. It was collected by Kurz in Java.

French Insect Club.
Cordyceps Doassaiisii. Pat.^
Another parasite on Lepidoptera, but without any

^ Cooke, in Grevillea (1884), vol. xii. p. ^'^.

2 Patouillard, "Tab. Analyt. Fungorum," fasc. v. p. 213, f^ 40. .
Saccardo, '' Sylloge," vol. suppl., No. 75 1 1. ^^^ '

2i6 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

clue to the name of the insects on the pupse of which

it is accustomed to make its home. The head, or

capitulum, is from five to eight millimetres thick, ovoid,

short, villose, and white, dotted with the prominent

yellow ostiola of the contained perithecia (fig. 38).

The stem very short, or as much as

one centimetre long, also tomentose

and white, girt at the base with a

white downy mycelium. Internal

structure corresponding to other

species, save that the thread-like

sporidia, which are very thin and

continuous, do not separate into

frustules. On the same mycelium

^Q\^^'~clrTc}p^Doal conldia arc produced on a floccose

?£f Caft^r Patouii- gi^b^ig ^^ith a slender brown stem,

from five to eight millimetres long. The conidia,

although called " sphseroid," are said to measure four

and a half by two micromillimetres. It is presumed

that this species was collected in France.

Slender Red Club.
Cordyceps caloceroides. Berk, and Curt.^
The description of this species is remarkably short

» Berkeley and Curtis, "Cuban Fungi" (1868), No. 749; Saccardo,
/'Sylloge,"'No. 5050.

LEPIDOPTERA. 217

and unsatisfactory, but on looking at the specimen
one becomes convinced that it is really an entomo-
phyte, without being able to suggest the order of
insects to which it belongs ; but as it is so charac-
teristic in itself, there can be no difficulty in its
identification should it ever occur again (plate 2, fio-.
16). Altogether, it is nearly five inches in height, but
with a stem as slender as a darning-needle, and a very
long cylindrical head, two inches long, about double
the thickness of the stem, or rather more. The stem,
in the type specimen, is forked about halfway up, of a
bright reddish colour, and quite smooth, each branch
with a capitulum. These clubs are rather pointed at
the apex, and the surface is very finely dotted with
the minute perithecia. The base is rather abrupt,
with a rooting thread or two, as if torn away from
some buried larva. The fructification is immature.
It was stated to have been gathered from the ground
in the island of Cuba, but it could scarcely have been
developed on the naked soil, since all the species are
parasitic either on insects or subterranean fungi

Two-headed Club.
Cordyceps bicephala. Berk.^
It is by no means a good specific name for any of

^Berkeley, in Hooker's Jorcrn. Bot. (1856), p. 2^Z, Saccardo,
**Sylloge," 11. No. 5029. *

3i8 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

the Species of Cordyccps that its distinguishing feature
should be the production of one or two heads upon
a single stem. Several species could be referred to,
although normally with a single head, occasionally
producing two, and even the present may be mono-
cephalous, for aught we know to the contrary, since
only a single specimen has hitherto been seen.

In this species the stem is slender and erect, about
two inches long, smooth, and brownish,
dividing near the top in a forked manner,
producing a small globose head at the apex
of each branch (fig. 39). The heads are de-
scribed as elliptic, but in the dried specimen
they "are as nearly as possible globose and
powdery. The internal structure and fructi-
fication partake of the character of the
genus. The base of the stem is abrupt,
and there is every probability of its being
a true entomophyte. Berkeley says it is
almost intermediate between Cordyceps and
^head^ed"ciub' Xyluvia, approaching the latter in substance,
^ephaili'rtm but being trwly fleshy, and not corky, to say

specimen in r ^ •< • ^ . i

Berkeley nothuisr of colour, it IS provcd to be a

Herb. ^ -11

genuine Cordyceps with characteristic fruit.
The locality from whence it came was Rio Negro,
in South America.

LEPIDOPTERA.

219

American Swamp Cluc.
Cordyceps pahistris. Berk, and Br.^

Another of the South Carolina entomophytes,
found attached to larvae in moist putrid logs, cannot
be referred to any place, since no larvae are preserved
with the fungi. The whole plant is from one to two
inches high when fresh, much shorter when dry, of a
dull brownish purple, or flesh-colour. The stem is
cylindrical and powdery, divided above into two or
three clavate heads, the stem about as long as the
head, but not so thick. The heads rough with the
mouths of the perithecia. Asci and sporidia as in
other species, the ultimate frustules of the sporidia
being very small, not more than two micromillimetres
long.

The commonest form assumed by these species
of Co7'dyceps is that of a simple club, either with a
globose, or more or less elongated head, but in this
instance the club is divided or branched, each di\ i-
sion being somewhat club-shaped (plate 2, fig. 20).
The figures given in this work will illustrate the
different modes of branching in the few species in
which the head is divided, the most notable example
being the large Australian species Cordyceps Taylori.

^ Berkeley and Broome, Linncean Journal (1856), vol. i. p. 159, pi. i,
fig. 5 J Saccardo, " Sylloge," ii. 5018.

220 vegetable wasps and plant worms.

New York Club.
Cordyceps siiperficialis. Peck.-^

As far as its entomological aspect is concerned,
this is another of the uncertain American species,
which was described by Peck in 1877. It is slender,
and about one inch in total height, the stem and club
being of about equal length. Clubs cylindrical,
gradually tapering to a point at the apex, which is
sterile. The perithecia are crowded together and
superficial, more loosely placed at the extremities of
the club, which imparts to it a somewhat fusiform
shape. The elongated asci and the thread-like
sporidia are in accord with the genus. The specimens
found are stated to have occurred on buried larvai
beneath hemlock trees. It may be intimated that
the species in which the perithecia are free and super-
ficial, and not immersed in the substance of the club,
are remarkably iQ^\^. In three species only do they
appear to be entirely free, and in three others the
upper portion of the perithecia become free and ex-
posed, but do not appear to have been so in the early
stage of development. Of the three species in which
the perithecia appear to be always free, this is one,

^ Peck, in " Twenty-eighth Report of New York State Museum"
(1877), p. 70 ; Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii. No. 5036.

LEPIDOPTERA. 221

the others being Cordyceps memorabilis and Cordyceps
sphingicm.

West Indian Club.
Cordyceps sp.

Mr. Gray has figured an interesting minute species
of Cordyceps^ which may possibly be different from
any hitherto described. It was growing upon a small
caterpillar from St. Vincent, and the fungi upon it
were elongated slender club-shaped spines, little more
than half an inch in length, growing from the upper
surface of the thoracic segments, while from beneath
the abdomen sprouted various short fungi of different
lengths and forms. The characters of the insect were
so obliterated, by the fungoid matter, that it was im-
possible to give any idea of its position in the system.

With such a meagre description, and only on the
faith of a figure, it would be imprudent to attach any
name to this entomophyte, but it is alluded to in the
hope that it may be found again, and then better
characterized.

* Gray's "Notices," p. 13, pi. 3, fig. n.

i22 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

DIPTERA.

TWO-WINGED FLIES.

THIS order is notable for the very large number
of species of destructive EntomopJithorecs with
which its members are visited. It is probable that
the four very minute species of Cordyceps referred to
this order are not all of them really distinct ; but, at
any rate, all of them are rare. The three species of
external parasites, belonging to the Laboulbeniacece,
are of interest, but cannot be considered destructive ;
whereas eighteen species allied to the very common
mould of the house-fly make up for the absence of
other entomophytes. And, whatever their relation,
if any, the Empiisa is supplemented by a variety of
the salmon disease {Saprolegnia), which establishes
itself upon dead flies in water. Mr. Gray gives the
following insects as subject to Enipusa muscce, namely,
Dexia canina, Musca domes tica, Musca vomitoria^ An-
tJiomyia pluvialis, and ScatopJiaga stercoraria ; these
are probably but a few of its hosts. Some persons
have denied the fungous nature of this disease, which

DIPTERA. 223

is now established beyond any reasonable doubt, and
attributed it to the result of plethoric disease. The
Rev. M. J. Berkeley ^ combated this view at the time
it was advocated in the pages of the Athenceum^ and
firmly asserted that it was a fungus mould.

After enumerating the different species known to
him" as subject to attack, Mr. Gray proceeds to say,
"All these insects may occasionally be seen, after
autumnal rains, dead on the bark of trees, on portions
of various plants, on the windows and ceilings of
houses, etc., adhering by means of a whitish fungoid
matter or mould,^ which seems to have emerged from
between the last segments of the abdomen beneath,
and the joints of the legs. The body and wings also
become entirely covered by the same parasite, which,
under a highly magnifying power, * appears to consist
of elongated filaments in close contact' When sepa-
rated from the mass, some are found simple, and
others terminated by a minute globule ; those upon
the wings appear merely globules.^

" These flies, which are in the perfect state, become
while in activity suddenly overtaken by the effect of
the parasite internally, which causes the insect to settle
on any object that may be in its way. Death soon
after ensues ; and the rapid growth of the parasite

* Trans. Ent. Soc. Loud. (1841-43), iii. p. v.
- Sporeiidonema miiscce. Fries, " Syst. Mic."

* Westwoocl,y(?//.'7^. Proc. Ent, Soc, (1837), ii, p. Ixiii. pi. 20, fig. 2.

224 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

having first affixed them by the abdomen and legs to
the object on which they had rested, it then develops
itself entirely on the outer surface of the insect, and
even spreads itself for some distance around it, as
may easily be noticed in those seen on windows, etc."

Dung-fly Club.
Coi'dyceps Forquignoni. Quel.^

The only perfect Cordyceps yet recorded on Dipt era
in Europe is one which has occurred in France on a
dung-fly — MtLsca rtifa, or Dasyphora pratoruni. The
stem is not more than half an inch
long, slender and thread-like, cream-
coloured, with a white floccose
base. The head, or capitulum, is
Fig. 4o.-Dung-fly Club. Cylindrical, half to three quarters of

Co7-dyceps Forquignoni

(after Queiet). a millmietre long, torn at the base,

so as to be free at the edge round the top of the stem,
and a little yellower than the stem, punctate with
the ostioles of the perithecia. The asci and sporidia
are elongated and minute. Small conidia were also
found, which were ovoid, and about eight micro-
millimetres long. The only locality yet recorded
was in the Vosges (fig. 40).

It will be observed that this species is primarily

^ Quekt, Association Fran^aise (1887), pi. 21, fig. 18.

DIPTERA.

225

distinguished from Cordyceps dipterigena in having
a cyhndrical instead of a globose capitulum. The
fruit in these minute species is very difficult to dis-
criminate in respect to size, and reliance has to be
placed almost exclusively on external characters.
The difference between a cylindrical and globose
capitulum is an appreciable one ; but when there are
two or three claiming specific distinction with such
a character in common, discrimination is scarcely
possible,

American Fly Club.

Cordyceps armeniaca. Berk, and Curt.^

This little obscure parasite was found in South
Carolina, on the excrement of birds, apparently, but
really, it is suspected, upon the minute larvae of some
unknown insect imbedded therein. This, however,
must remain a mystery until the species is found
again. The whole plant is apricot-coloured, and
consists of a flexuous or twisted stem, one-third of
an inch long, and paler than the head. The capitulum
nearly hemispherical, and rough with the ostiola (plate
I) fig- 7)- Internal structure, asci and sporidia the
same, except in size, as in other species. In Berkeley's

* Berkeley and Curtis, Linnce an Journal (1856), vol. i. p. 158, pi. r,
fig. I; Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii. No, 5016,

Q

226 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

*' Herbarium," on the same sheet, and under the
same name, there are specimens of a Cordyceps from
Rangoon on a fly, and another from Ceylon, also upon
a Dipterous insect. Berkeley evidently considered
them all to be identical, and therefore the entomo-
phyte belongs to Diptera. Further than this, it is
impossible to detect any difference between the speci-
mens named Cordyceps armeniaca and those called
Cordyceps dipterigena ; hence we are strongly of
opinion that both are the same species, if not also
Cordyceps flavella.

Ceylon Fly Club.
Cordyceps dipterigena. Berk, and Br.^

There is but a very short description, and very
scant information about this parasite on Diptera in
Ceylon. It was described from specimens sent over
to this country for determination about 1870, and was
stated to be of the total height of an inch and a half,
pallid in colour, with a slender stem and a globose
head. Whether occurring on pupa or perfect insect
is not intimated.

Very similar to this is a specimen figured by Mr.
Gray,^ of which he writes, " A minute pupa of a

* Berkeley and Broome, "Ceylon Fungi," No. 980; Saccardo,
" Sylloge," ii. No. 5653.
2 Gray's "Notices," p. 17, pi. 4, iig. 16.

DIPTERA.

227

Dipterous insect, which was found buried in moss,
having a long, slender, smooth stem, that rises from
the middle of one side, and a globose head at its
apex. It is referred to a species of Claviceps of Wall-
roth's by Gray, but this is most improbable, as that
grows only upon an ergot. Its appearance certainly is
that of a Cordyceps, and we cannot detect any difference
between this figure and the description of Cordyceps
dipterigena. It is not stated in what locality it was
found, or if it was British."

Again, Mr. Gray alludes to another parasite which
he has also figured ^ on a Dipterous insect {Tabamts ?),
having a long fungus, which springs from one end of
the pupa ; it gradually enlarges to the apex, where it
is somewhat truncated. It is difficult to form an
opinion of this, which may only be a simple Isaria.

West Indian Fly Club.

Cordyceps flavella. Berk, and Curt.^

A small species was found in Cuba amongst dead
leaves in a wood, growing, as it was stated, upon
some small Sclerothim. The above name was given
to it on account of its yellow colour, and although

1 PL 4, fig. 17.

2 Berkeley and Curtis, ''Cuban Fungi" (1868), No. 74S ; Saccardo,
Sylloge," ii. No. 5022.

228 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

the slender thread-like stem was stated to be an inch
in length, it is hardly more than half an inch in the
dried specimen. The head is globose, and not more
than a line in diameter. Two or three may be found
growing together from the same matrix, and a barren
specimen, in which no heads have been produced ;
the stems are more elongated and flexuous, and ten
or twelve together, with the appearance of an Isaria.
The whole plant is yellow, and the fruit, as far as it
is perfected, accords with the genus (plate i, fig. lo).
As to the SclerotiuiHy we imagine it to have been an
error, as it is not so hard, or possessed of the internal
character of a Sclerotium ; it resembles rather the
abdomen of some fly, or other insect, filled with
mycelium, and the Cordyceps itself has a strong re-
semblance— a close affinity, at least — with Cordyceps
dipterigena. Mr. Sprague remarked of a fly in the
feoston Museum, many years ago,^ that " from its
back grow two little fungi, undeveloped, looking like
two black pins ; I doubt not that they are some
species of Cordyceps. But in the absence of perithecia
it is futile to attempt to name it ; it may be a Stilbinn,
but that is now thought to be immature Sphaeria."

* Proc. Boston Soc, Nat. Hist. (1867), vol. xi. p. 124.

DIPTERA. 229

Fly Stilbum.

Stilbiim Kervillei, Quelet.^

The species of Stllbiunh^we a superficial resemblance
to minute forms of Coi-dyceps, but of course differ in
internal structure and fructification. Dr. Quelet has
described one on Leria ccssia^ from two or three
localities in France. The head, from a fifth to more
than a half a millimetre In diameter, is hemispherical,
or lens-shaped, smooth, and of a bright yellow colour.
The stem slender, thread-like, two to five millimetres
long, often branched or proliferous, fibrillose and
woolly, or frosted and quite white, arising from a thin
yellow tomentose mycelium. Conidia ellipsoid, about
two and a half micromillimetres long, scattered over
the head, borne on the tips of the central septate
radiating threads, at first enveloped in mucus. Stilbum
Biiqiietiiy also mentioned in this volume, has a rather
woolly stem, whilst that in another species, Stilbum
fonnicarum, has a smooth black stem. The wooUIness
of the stem in Stilbum, or its absolute smoothness,
have always been regarded as important characters,
and almost of generic value. Specifically the colours
of the stem and head, combined with the form and
size of the spores, are sufficient to delimitate species.

^ Quelet, in "Gadeau de Kerville Champ. Entom.," p. 4, \\\\^\ fig. j
Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. No. 2679.

2-,o VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

House-fly Endophyte.
Evipusa vuLscce. Cohn.^

We commence this notice with a popular narrative,
which did its duty twenty years ago,^ and will
accomplish that purpose even now.

"In the month of September last, the weather having
being exceedingly humid and oppressive for several
days, we observed, as the dusk of evening approached,
that an unusual number of unhappy flies had come to
an untimely end in various parts of the house, not
on the windows only, but, as a closer examination
showed, they were tightly fixed to the wainscoted walls
and other smooth and polished surfaces. Varnished
and glass-like objects had been generally selected,
although rarely rougher surfaces had sufficed, the
smoother being evidently preferred as being probably
better adapted for adhesion. We could remember
the time when we had seen dead flies sticking to the
windows, surrounded by a little cloud, which in our
ignorance we then thought was only dust ; but
the time arrived when we learnt that the so-called
dust was a vegetable growth, and we were now aware
that these flies had died in consequence of the over-
powering attack of a fungus, to which they had

* Cohn, " Nova Acta Ces Leop." (1855), p. 301.

* W. M. B., in Science Gossip, January, 1865.

DIPT ERA. 231

succumbed. The curiosity which at times had
possessed us so strongly as to make us look with
longing eyes at the victims on our neighbour's windows,
and wish we might be allowed to cut out a small
piece of his glass, say * three inches by one,' induced
us now to investigate a little more closely than
hitherto the humble subjects of our remarks.

"A diligent search rewarded our endeavours, for
after some time had been spent in watching our small
friends, we perceived one which was not so lively as
its companions, but rather in a semi-torpid condition,
which ha'd extended its proboscis and by aid of its
two fore feet appeared to be clutching the glass
with a spasmodic effort. Here then, at last, was an
opportunity of obtaining a good specimen for further
examination. One minute sufficed to fetch a slip of
glass, and then, carefully placing the fly on the centre
of it, we were gratified at beholding the victim again
extend its proboscis, and, with the assistance of all its
legs, resume the position in which we first saw it.
For security we placed a large bell-glass over it and
resumed our hunt. Another ' incurable ' quickly met
our fond gaze, and in its turn was placed on another
glass slide. It proved as docile and tractable as its
fellow, and readily adhered to the glass. Feeling we
were now sufficiently supplied, we proceeded to watch
with some attention, but were not enlightened by any
movement on the part of the patients. Unlike the

232 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

Davenport Brothers, they were evidently unable to
release themselves from the bonds which restrained
them, so we left them quietly for an hour, and at the
end of this period observed a dulness on the glass,
though it was so slight as not to be easily discernible.
At the end of two hours, another peep revealed the
fact that what had appeared as only a dulness before
had now developed to a distinct white cloudiness,
which extended for a short space from each side of
the abdomen, and gave evidence of forthcoming work
for the microscope, as soon as the slides might be
safely moved, without risking the somewhat fearful
calamity of disturbing the innocent subjects of our
notice. We therefore left them for the night, full of
hope that the returning day would reveal a further
development of this interesting parasitic plant.

" With the ' cock's shrill clarion ' we awoke on the
following morning, and no follower of the chase ever
left his bedchamber more eager for the sport than
we were to ascertain the state of our prisoners ; nor
were we disappointed in our hopes as to the result of
the last eight hours. The flies were dead, but we
did not grieve ; on the contrary, we rather preferred it,
for it prom.oted the object of our inquiry, by rendering
the vegetation of the plants more complete, as was
proved by the first glance we took at the glasses.
The white dust now extended to the edges, although
not at all in a regular and even film, but seemed

DIPTERA, 233

radiated in waves more or less opaque, while the flies
had maintained theiroriginal position and consequently
had all the appearance of life.

" Desirous to see the end of this parasitic growth,
we refrained from disturbing it until more than a
week had elapsed, when we submitted one of the
slips to examination under the microscope. We then
perceived that what appeared to be a white dust,
consisted of innumerable small disc-like spores or
seeds, which were flat and circular, each having a
nucleus and a few markings or rays extending from
the centre to the edge, so that they might be familiarly
compared to cart-wheels in appearance. The fly itself
also proved an interesting subject for examination,
as the hairs which covered it in all directions were
beautifully decorated with snow-white globules, like
bunches of grapes. The wings, legs, and proboscis
were likewise dotted with similar spores, while they
were abundant at the less horny parts, between the
plates of the abdomen."

This fly-mould is now known by the name of
Empiisa mtiscce} and is found upon house-flies, and
other species, in Europe and North and South
America. The mycelium pervades the body of the

> Cohn, "Nova Actce Nat. Cur." (1855); Fresenius, "Insekten
rilze," p. 883 ; ** Entomophthora," p. 202, figs. 1-23 ; Thaxter,
" Entomophthorece U.S." (18S8), p. 155, pi. 14, figs. 1-9; Saccardo,
" Sylloge," vii. No. 968.

234 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

insect, thrusting out conidia-bearing threads through
the joints of the host, and producing the conidia on
the surface ; these, again, have the power of pro-
ducing secondary conidia direct from themselves.
The myceHum within the insect has the power of
producing resting-spores internally, so as efficiently
to provide for the reproduction of the mould. In
this species the conidia are nearly spherical, with a
rather truncate base, and minutely pointed, or
apiculate, apex (i8 by 20, or 25 by 30//), containing
a large oil-globule, surrounded after discharge by a
mass of protoplasm. The fertile threads simple,
broad, and stout, tapering gradually downwards to a
narrow base ; emerging in white rings between the
segments of the fly, without coalescing over the
body (plate 4, fig. 39). Secondary conidia like the
first, or rather ovoid, smaller, rounded at the apex,
and formed by budding direct from the primary form.
Resting-spores produced from hyphae within the host,
spherical, colourless (30 — 50^ diameter).

Clustered Fly Endopiiyte.

"' Empusa conglonierata. Sorokin.^
To this species Mr. Roland Thaxter has assigned

^ Sorokin, "Ueber zwei Entomophthora," p. 388, pi. 13, figs.
i-ii ; Thaxter, " Entomoj[ihthore£e U.S.," p. 162, pi. 15, figs. 56-62.

DIPTERA. 235

the entomophyte found on larvae, and imagines of
Tipula^ in North America, and, if the determination
is correct, it occurs also on gnats in Europe. The
larvae were met with amongst moss over which water
was running. These larvae were dead, having a
milky colour, and after being placed upon slightly
damp moss, which absorbed the excess of moisture
from them, produced conidia with great rapidity, but
not in very considerable quantities. The conidia are
broadly ovoid, usually with a single large oil-globule
(22 X 25 to 25 X 40/x) on simple fertile threads, or
conidia-bearers. Secondary conidia like the primary.
Resting-spores (azygospores) produced from spherical
hyphal bodies, and borne on a neck-like process of
variable length.

The large number of species of Einpusa^ and
Entomopkthora, now recognized as growing upon
Diptera affords a strong contrast to only a few years
ago, when Empusa imcscce w^s the only known
species, and had been so for almost half a century.

Gnat Endophyte.
Empusa adicis, Braun.^
There is some feeling of personal gratification that

* A. Braun, " Unicellular Algae," p. 105 ; Thaxter, " Entomophthorei^
U.S.," p. 157, pi. 14, figs. 10-16; Saccardo, " Sylloge," vii. No. 969 ;

236 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

the gnat, which has no compunction in its refined
tortures of the human subject, should at last be
compelled to succumb to a pervading mould, similar
to that which fixes the house-fly on the window-
pane. It is a minute entomophyte common to
Europe and the United States, having been found
also in Britain. Sometimes the infected insect
attaches itself to die on the under side of leaves, and
sometimes to the sides of tanks, or to stones and
rocks by water-courses, being fixed by rooting-
threads, which proceed from the mycelium in the
under portion of the body, and attach themselves by
a glutinous surface ; these threads of attachment
being called rhizoids (plate 4, fig. 40).

In the present instance the conidia are nearly
spherical, with a rather truncate base, and sharply
pointed or acuminate apex, as in the fly-mould, of
an average dimension of eleven by twelve micro-
millimetres, being one-third smaller, at least, than
those of the house-fly, usually with a large oil-
globule, surrounded by a mass of protoplasm after
discharge. Fertile threads simple, or with a tendency
to become compound, broad at the apex and
attenuated downwards to a narrow base, producing
white or greenish masses, which may or may not

Eniomophthora Hmosa, Sorokin, p. 393, pi. 13, figs. 12-19; Saccardo,
" Sylloge," vii. No. 979.

DIPTERA. 237

overrun the body of the gnat. Secondary conidia
like the first, or ovoid, with a rounded apex, budding
direct from the primary spore. Resting-spores pro-
duced internally from the hyphse, spherical and
uncoloured.

Little Gnat Endophyte.
EmpiLsa papillaia, Thaxter.^

Mr. Thaxter first noticed this species on the wet
Sphagmtm surrounding a spring, in the United
States. He also found a number of examples upon
minute gnats in the beds of mountain-brooks, on
moist logs. The conidia are of a very large size,
and are even visible to the naked eye ; they are
broadly ovoid, evenly rounded, with a very large
tongue-like, slightly truncate papilla, clearly defined
from the spore body (35 X 50^). The conidia-
bearing threads are stout and unbranched. Secondary
conidia the same as in the first series. Resting-
spores, produced without conjugation apparently,
spherical, and slightly brownish. The gnats were
attached to the objects on which they were found
by means of a few rooting-fibres, or rhizoids, with a
sucker-like expansion at the extremity.

Hitherto it seems to be confined to Diptera, having

\ Thaxter, ♦' Entomophthgrese U.S.," p. 166, pi. 15, figs. 82-90.

238 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

only been found on minute gnats, and is, so far, an
entirely North American species.

Carolina Tipula Endophyte.
Empiisa caroliniana. Thaxter.^

This parasite on Diptera is considered by Mr. R.
Thaxter to be decidedly different from any form
known to him, and easily recognized by its shape-
less conidia, borne upon threads which are rarely
branched, within the body of the host, and perfectly
simple at their extremities. The insects affected
were a brown Tipula, with mottled brown wings, and
were found in a small group of hemlocks, among
deciduous woods, and occurred invariably hanging
from the lower dead twigs, about which the extremities
of their long legs were knotted in such a manner that
it was impossible to disengage them.

The conidia are ovoid, oblong, or elongated
elliptical, with rounded extremities, the base hardly
separable from the apex, without large oil-globules
(lO X 26 to 15 X 45iu). The conidia-bearing threads
unbranched, barely projecting beyond the body of
the host between the segments of the body and from
the thorax, originating directly from rounded hyphal
bodies. Secondary conidia like those of the first

» Thaxter, " Entomophthorece U.S.," p. 167, pi. 16, figs. 91-105.

DIPTERA. 239

generation. Resting-spores, without conjugation,
spherical and hyaline, averaging forty-five micro-
millimetres diameter. The insects attached by their
legs. Only found hitherto in North Carolina.

Rooting Fly Endophyte.
Entomophthora muscivora. Schroeter.^

This entomophyte occurs on large flies, which are
attached by numerous rooting -fibres. The same
species appears to have acquired two names — that
given above, and Entomophthora calliphorce (Giard).
The resting-spores are of a deep chestnut-brown
(24 — 28/i diameter). The conidia are ovoid, with a
blunt papilla (20 — 24 K 1 1 — 13^).

Mycelium formed of branched threads (24^ broad).
Conidia-bearing threads branched, expanding outside
the host, yellow or whitish ; conidia ovate, obtusely
papillate. Resting-spores evolved from the hyphse
of the mycelium, globose with a thick chestnut-brown
epispore.

* Schroeter, " Entomophthorei in Flora von Schlesien " (i886), p. 223;
Tha.xter, p. 188; Saccardo, " Sylloge," vii. No. 978.

240 vegetable wasps and plant worms.

Egg-spored Fly Endophyte.

Entomophthorti ovispora. Nowakowski.*

This European species occurs also on flies, as on
Lonchcea vaginalis, SyrphidcSy Sapromyza, etc., in wet
situations, on damp ground, planks, etc. The conidia
are described as being somewhat^ long-ovoid, with a
papillate base and rounded apex, containing numerous
small oil-globules, and also with very large cystidia.
The conidia measure 22 to 28 by i4"micromillimetres,
and the resting-spores are zygospores, produced by
conjugation (31/i diameter).

Anthomyia Endophyte. '

Entomophthora pellicidosa. Sorokin.^

Another imperfectly described species, said to have
occurred in Europe on Anthomyia pagajta. It is said
to "resemble the ordinary Empnsa inuscce, but the
discharged conidia have the strange peculiarity of
being covered with several layers concentrically dis-
tributed, as if a drop of protoplasm discharged
simultaneously with the conidia had dried at several

* Nowakowski, * ' Entomophthoreae " (1883), P* 160, figs. 33-58;
Thaxter, ibid., p. 188; Saccardo, " Sylloge," vii. No. 981.

2 Sorokin, "Entomophthora" (1883), p. 240, fig. 629; Thaxter,
ibid., p. 189.

DIPTERA. 241

different intervals, forming each time something in
the shape of an envelope. This characteristic is so
constant that all the conidia scattered alongf the
substratum were surrounded by sharply defined con-
centric lines."

Curved Spored Fly Endophyte.

Entomophthora cicrvispora. Nowakowski.^

Parasitic upon a small fly, Siimilia latipes^ in Europe,
this species is little known. The conidia are strongly
curved, elongated, rounded at both ends (10 — 15 X
25 — 40^). The secondary conidia are said to be
perfectly spherical. The resting-spores are true zygo-
spores, produced by conjugation. "Tufts whitish,
soft, conidia thickened at the base, zygospores formed
by scalariform conjugation, globose, even, guttulate."

Variable Fly Endophyte.

Entomophthora variabilis. Thaxter.^

This minute parasite on Diptera has been found
on minute gnats of various genera in North Carolina;
It seldom occurs in any abundance in one locality,

* Nowakowski, " EntOmophthorcK " (1883), P- 163, figs. 68-70;
Thaxter, ibid., p. 189 ; Saccardo, " Sylloge," vii. No. 980.
^ Thaxter, " Entomophthorea; U.S.," p. 183, pi. 20, figs. 327-343.

R

242 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

and is very difficult to find from the minute size of
the insects which it attacks, yet it is almost always
recognizable by the olive colour of the conidia-bearers,
which, though not invariable, usually affords a ready
means of separating it from other species with which
it may be associated.

The conidia usually vary according to the period
of their discharge, those first formed being ovoid,
short and stout, with a papillate base and broadly
rounded apex (about 15 X ii/x). Those formed
later are much more elongate, either shaped like
a short straight club or strongly curved (18 — 30
X 7 — 9iJi)' Conidia-bearers having in the mass, as
a rule, a distinctly olive tint. Cystidia in small
numbers, slightly tapering, larger than the conidia-
bearers. Secondary conidia, like the primary, of two
general types. Host attached by rhizoids.

Large Tipula Endophyte.

EntoniopJitJiora sepiLlcJiralis. Thaxter.^

• This species has been found commonly on the
largest Tipidce, which occurred in considerable
numbers, adhering to wet logs, or similar objects,
along small brooks, in the Carolina Mountains.
Although the abdomen of the insect is usually

^ Thaxter, " Entomophthoreee U.S.," p. 181, pi. 19, figs. 306-326.

DIPTERA, ^43

narrow, and not more than a few millimetres broad,
the conidia-bearers, after bursting through the in-
tegument about the thorax and between the segments,
become confluent, and spread to some distance on
either side of the body, forming a clear white mass
of considerable dimensions.

The conidia are long-ovoid to long-elliptical, or
rather spindle-shaped, rounded at the apex, and with
a papillate base, commonly bent to one side, hyaline,
with numerous large oil-globules (35 — 48 x 10 — 15/i
in size). Conidia-bearers digitate, arising from large
spherical hyphal bodies, and coalescing over the body
of the host in a clear white mass. Cystidia very
large, slightly expanded, or commonly becoming
branched at their apices. Secondary conidia like the
primary, or short-ovoid. Resting-spores (zygospores)
spherical, hyaline (35 — 50/x diameter), formed as the
result of conjugation between two hyphse, and arising
by budding from the connections.

Slender Gnat Endophyte.

Entomophthora gracilis. Thaxter.^

This species attacks the most minute gnats, and
has only been known in South Carolina. The
conidia are slender, and somewhat spindle-shaped,

^ Thaxter, " Entomophthores U.S.," p. 185, pi. 21, fii^'s. 379-391.

244 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

with a neck-like papillate basal portion, and attenu-
ated apex, strongly curved, rarely straight, contain-
ing large oil-globules (average size, 40 X 8/x). The
conidia-bearers are digitate, coalescing over the host
in a white mass (plate 4, fig. 46). Secondary conidia
like the primary, or nearly spherical and papillate.
Insects attached by rooting-fibres, or rhizoids.

Of no particular interest except from the peculiar
type of the conidia. Resting-spores are unknown.

Conical Fly Endophyte.
EntoDiopJitJiora conica. Nowakowski.^

This European, and North American, species is
found on Diptera, on the imagines of Chironomus,
and other small gnats. It occurred on moss along
the borders of small brooks.

The conidia are long, slender, conical, often strongly
curved, with a rounded papillate base, tapering to
the usually blunt extremity (25 — 80 x 10 — 14^).
Conidia-bearers digitate, arising, as a rule, directly
from nearly spherical hyphal bodies, and coalescing
over the body of the host in a clear white mass.
The cystidia are larger than the conidia-bearers,

^ Nowakowski, "Entomophthoreoe," p. 155, pis, 8, 9, figs. 1-32;
Thaxter, " Entomophthoreae U.S.," p. i86, pi. 21, figs. 392-410;
Saccardo, *' Sylloge," vii. No. 982.

DIPTERA. 2iS

rounded at the apex. Secondary conidia like the
primary, or broadly ovoid, rarely pointed at the apex.
Resting-spores (zygospores) produced by conjugation,
usually budding from one of the connections, spherical,
colourless (30 — 50/x diameter). - Insects attached by
numerous rooting-threads.

European Tipula Endophyte.
Entomophthora tipJtlcE. Fresenius.^

This species was found on a large Tipula, which
was wingless and adhering to a rush. The mass
of spores and threads had a greenish-brown colour.
The conidia are ovoid, with a short, broad, rounded
projecting base (33 — 40/x long).

M. Giard has also described an endophyte on the
larv^a of some Dipterous insect, and he naaies it
Halisaria gracilis. It is formed of slender slightly
branched filaments, bearing greatly elongated, cylin-
drical spores.

Spiny-spored Fly Endophyte.
Entomophthora echinospora. Thaxter.^
The imago of the Dipterous insect Sapromyxa

^ Fresenius, " Ueber der Pilzgattung Entomophthora," p. 206, figs.
46-50; Thaxter, " Entomophthoreae U.S.," p. 188; Saccardo,
"Sylloge," vii. No. 976.

2 Thaxter, " Entomophthorese U.S.," p. 180, pi. 19, figs. 286-305.

246 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

longipennis, and other small Diptei-a, were found
first in 1886, attacked by an Entomophthora, with
the peculiarity indicated by the specific name.

The conidia in this species are ovoid, tapering to
a papillate base, usually nearly symmetrical (20 —
25 X-io — 14/i), containing one or more large oil-
globules. The conidia-bearers digitate, coalescing
into a mat-like covering, which turns rust-coloured
on exposure. The secondary conidia are like the
primary, or varying very slightly. Resting-spores
(zygospores) spherical (30 — 40/^ diameter), the outer
coat, or exospore, spinose ; commonly produced ex-
ternally as well as internally, and in the former case
held slightly, after maturity, by a delicate mesh of
hyphae (plate 4, fig. 45). The host-insects are attached
by rooting-fibres (rhizoids), coalescent around the
abdomen in the conidial form.

Mountain Gnat Endophyte.

Entomophthora montana. Thaxter.^

Another mould on Diptera, found in abundance in
1886, on small gnats common about a brook, and
some hundreds of the diseased insects were found
amongst the Sphagiumi, on the borders of the brook.
"The species presents no peculiarities of interest

1 Thaxter, " Entomophthoreoe U.S.," p. 180, pi. 18, figs. 274-285.

DIPTERA.

247

beyond the shape and size of the conidia, which are
readily distinguished by their usually pointed base
and broad apex, which give them the appearance of
a long top."

Conidia from ovoid to top shape, usually tapering
from a broadly rounded apex to a somewhat attenu-
ated, slightly pointed base, containing numerous large
oil-globules (11 X 18 to 15 x 25^^). Conidia-bearers
digitate, coalescing over the host in a livid white
mass, and arising directly from rounded hyphal
bodies. Cystidia tapering, or rounded at the apex,
larger than the conidia-bearers. Secondary conidia
like the primary, or shortly ovoid. Host attached by
numerous rhizoids.

American Fly Endophyte.

EntoviophtJiora americana, Thaxter.^

The Diptera are furnished with a rather numerous
company of mouldy foes, of which the above is com-
mon in parts of North America. It is frequently met
with from June to October on the borders of woods
near brooks, or in shrubberies about houses. The
host is generally found fixed to the under, rarely on
the upper, side of the leaves, or on bare twigs, a few
feet from the ground. The rooting-threads (rhizoids),

^ Thaxter, " EntomoiDhthoreDe U.S.," p. 179, pi. 18, figs. 262-273.

248 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

instead of growing out in the form of numerous scat-
tered threads, are developed in an even layer around
the host's body, forming, with the conidia-bearers, a
continuous mat-like covering, which becomes often
dark rust-coloured on exposure to the weather.

The conidia are elongated ovoid, with a broad,
evenly rounded apex, tapering for some distance to
a papillate base, often slightly bent on one side.
Within the spore are usually numerous fatty bodies,
often very regular in size and shape (average size
28 — 30 X I4iu). Conidia-bearers regularly digitate,
arising from large irregular, roundish, hyphal bodies,
and coalescing over the host in a mat-like covering,
which becomes slightly rust-coloured on exposure.
Secondary conidia like the first. Resting spores
colourless, hyaline, spherical (average size, 38 — 45^0*
The host is attached by numerous filamentous threads,
without terminal root-like expansions, forming an
even mat-like attachment continuous around the
abdomen of the host.

Found on Mnsca domestica, Musca vomitoria,
Lucilia Ccesai-, and numerous other large flies in
New England and North Carolina.

DIPTERA. 249

Thaxter's Fly Endophyte.
Entomophthora dipterigeua. Thaxter.^

A somewhat remarkable mould on Diptera, espe-
cially on small Tipidce, and other small flies or gnats,
has been found in the United States. The species is
not uncommon, occurring only on the under side of
leaves, in woods or thickets, in several States. The
conidia are variable in shape, ovoid or oblong, or
rather fusiform, with a papillate base, often bent to
one side, and containing numerous large oil-globules
(average size, 1 1 X 22/x). The conidia-bearing threads
digitate, coalescing over the body of the insect in
a clear white, very rarely bright pea-green, mass.
Cystidia slender, tapering towards the apex. Secon-
dary conidia like the primary, or broadly ovoid.
Resting-spores produced externally in grape-like
clusters, spherical, hyaline (20 — 40/i diameter). The
host is attached, to whatever stratum it is affixed, by
means of a few rooting-fibres, or rhizoids, with a
discoid extremity (plate 4, fig. 47).

It will be observed that in this species the conidia
and resting-spores are produced simultaneously and
externally,

1 Thaxter, " Entomophthorere U.S.," p. 177, pi. 18, figs. 241-250.

2,-0 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Russian Fly Hanger.
Stigniatomyces imiscce. Karst.^

This entomophyte is similar to Labonlbenia, to
which it is sometimes referred, but differs in the
perithecia being thickened in the middle, terminating
in a thick neck, and in the pseudo-paraphyses being
single and curved, with tooth-like projections on the
convex side. The present, and only species, occurs
on the bodies of flies in Russia and Austria.

Stem cylindrical, two-celled, with a nodule at the
base ; perithecia elongated-conoid, thicker below the
middle, attenuated about the apex ; brown, with a
two-lobed mouth. Pseudo-paraphyses lateral, single,
acuminate at the apex, curved on the convex side
with five or six acute teeth. Asci and sporidia as \\\
Lahoulbenia.

American Fly Hanger.

Appendicuiina entomophila. Peck.^

This entomophyte was found in North America
on small flies, Drosophila nigricornis, in March. The

^ Karsten, "Hedwigia " (1888), p. 141 ; Peyritsch, p. 250; Saccardo,
" Sylloge," viii. No. 3615 ; Lahoulbenia juuscis, Peyritsch, " Laboul-
benia," p. 444, pi. i ; *' Lahoulbenia Baeri Knoch." (1S67).

2 Peck, "Thirty-eighth Report of New York State Museum," p. 96,
pi. 3. figs. 1-4; Saccardo, '* Sylloge," viii. No. 3617.

DIPTERA.

251

fungus grows upon almost any part of the body —
the head, thorax, abdominal rings, occasionally on
the costse of the wings, but most frequently on the
legs. Attached to one leg were seven well-developed
specimens, and one or two imperfect ones. The
whole fungus is about one-fortieth of an inch long,
or less than one-third of a line ; it would not then
be readily seen by the untrained naked eye of an
observer. The perithecium, which is of a beautiful
amber-brown colour, appears like an enlargement
of the central part of the fungus, its long rostrum
or beak extending above it, nearly as far as its
pedicle does below it. The pedicle has one septum
a little below the perithecium, and another a little
below the middle. At the apex it is slightly
thickened, which gives it a somewhat clavate shape ;
and this enlargement is obscurely marked by short
transverse and longitudinal septa or wrinkles. On
one side, at the base of the perithecium, is the
singular erect appendage, the office of which is
involved in obscurity. It is even and glabrous on
the side next the perithecium, but elsewhere it is
roughened by short ascending projections or serra-
tions.

The above is the original account of this parasite,
which is allied to Laboulhenia^ and is thus briefly
described —

Perithecia ovoid, brown, produced above into an

252 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

acute straight or curved "pallid neck ; stem two-celled
below, upwards thickened and many-celled. Pseudo-
paraphyses inserted laterally at the base of the
perithecium, oblong, single, external edge serrate,
or bearing tooth-like appendages (plate 3, fig. 28).
Sporidia fusiform, acute, septate at the middle,
expelled from the mouth of the ostiolum or beak of
the peritheciurn (30—35 X 3— 4m)-

Peck did not observe the asci, but in this group
they are so delicate, and soon dissolved, that this is
by no means surprising.

Nycteribia Hanger.

Helminthophana ny etc rib ice. Peyritsch.^

On account of some technical difference this little
parasite has been removed from Laboidbcnia, to which
it originally belonged ; the principal difference being
that the pseudo-paraphyses are produced at the
base instead of the side. It occurs on the living
insects of the genera Nycteribia and Megistopoda.
The entire fungus is from three hundred to seven
hundred and fifty micromillimetres long. The
perithecia are cylindrical below, attenuated upwards
in a neck of equal length, crowned by a many-lobed

^ Peyritsch, " Mon. Laboulbenia," p. 250, p. 45, pi. 2, figs. 1-3 ;
Saccardo, "Sylloge," viii. No. 3616.

DIPTERA. 253

mouth. The pseudo-paraphyses are many-celled, the
lower cell forming a cylindrical stem, above which
are three whorls of three to four spicular appen-
dages ; the pseudo-paraphyses being single, and
seated at the base.

Fly Muscardine.

Bctrytis Bassiana, van tendla. Sacc.^

A thin variety of the Muscardine, under the above
name, has occurred on the larvae and pupae of
Diptera, and Wasps, in Italy, and on cockchafers
in the Austrian Tyrol. The minute globose spores
are stated to be about a micromillimetre and a
half in diameter. In habit and appearance it
does not seem to differ from the typical form, with
variations consistent with such differences as might
be caused by a difference in the host.

^ Botrytis tenella^ Saccardo, "Fungi Italiei," pi. 692; Saccardo,
" Sylloge," iv. No. 60S.

254 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

AQUATIC INSECT MOULDS.

' I ^HESE differ so much from the ordinary moulds,
-* are not in any sense parasitic on Hving insects,
but truly saprophytic, that our remarks upon them
had better come together, as it would serve no useful
purpose to scatter the various species over the
different orders to which their hosts are suspected
to belong. Although there is no doubt of one of
the included species being fearfully parasitic upon
fish, yet it is not upon aquatic insects that it occurs,
and hence only after death. The Saprolegniacece
for some time hovered between fungi and algs ; but
since they are now recognized as fungi, it would
have been imprudent to have ignored them, whilst
at the same time any extended notice or profuse
illustration is unnecessary.

The order to which they are referable is that
termed PJiy corny cetes, the leading feature of which
is their sexual reproduction, as tile result of a kind
of conjugation, resembling that which prevails in the
Conjugatce of the fresh-water algae. Systematically
the entomophytes of the family EntomophtJwracece

AQUATIC INSECT MOULDS. 255

belong to the same order, as will be seen on reference
to the mycological synopsis at the end.

Aquatic Fly Mould.
• Saprolegnia ferax. Nees.^

It has long been known that when the house-fly,
infested with Empiisa nuiscce, falls, or is thrown into
water, a more complex mould is developed, which
really is identical with the salmon disease. This
would seem to indicate that the EmpiLsa is a conidial
form of the Saprolegnia^ which view has been asserted,
even by mycologists, whilst we venture to doubt
whether there is really any genetic relationship be-
tween them.

These dead insects are soon surrounded by a mass
of long and intricate mouldy threads, which are
attached to the body of the insect by a creeping
mycelium. From these root-like threads the fertile
threads proceed in all directions, gradually increasing
in number, until the whole insect is enveloped. When
the growth has once commenced it is very rapid, and
the microscope must be used to trace the details of
its development. When these threads are fully
mature their outer extremities become more dense,

^ Nees, in "Kutz. Phyc. Germ.," p. 157; INIax Cornu, " Mono-
graphie des Saprolegniees " (1872: Paris).

256 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

and the contents undergo differentiation into a mass
of nearly globose minute bodies, which at length are

a little pointed at
one extremity, so as
to be almost egg-
shaped, furnished at
the thin end with
a pair of delicate
movable threads, not
visible until these
bodies make their
escape from a pore at
the apex, into the sur-
rounding water (fig.
4 1 ),in which they move
with great agility,
and are recognized as
zoospores. They are
capable of coming to
rest after a short
period, germinating
and reproducing the
original plant by this
simple method of
asexual reproduction.
But there is another
and more complex
mode by which a continuance of the species is assured,

YiQ, 41.— Aquatic Fly Mould. Saprolepiia
ferax. Extremities of threads magnified,
with zoospores.

AQUATIC INSECT MOULDS. 257

and this is by means of resting-spores, which provide
against the vicissitudes which might befall the zoo-
spores, and, after a period of rest, themselves reproduce
the plant. The oogonia, or female cells, are sub-
globose terminations, formed at the apex of short
branches of the threads. These differ a little in the
different species and genera into which the family-
is divided. Some ultimately contain one oospore,
and others many. Beside these are lateral branches,
the upper portion of which becomes an antheridium,
or male receptacle, the lower portion, or stem, being
of variable length. The antheridia are cut off by
a septum from the lower portion of the branch, and
may be either simple or branched. When the time
arrives for fecundation, the oogonia contain usually
several globose oospores ; the extremities of the
lateral branches approach the oogonium ; sometimes
one, and often more, delicate tubes are evolved from
the antheridia, which penetrate the oogonium, and,
seeking out the oospores, attach themselves to them,
and the connection is complete. In some species the
outer wall of the oogonium is perforated with pores,
to facilitate the entrance of the tubes from the anthe-
ridia, and this is the case with Saprolegnia ferax.
This is also a dioecious species, without lateral
branches, so that there are separate male and female
threads, the antheridia crowning the apices of the
male filamentSi

258 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

MoNOicous Water-mould.

Saprolegnia monoica. Prings.^

There Is also a monoecious species of Saprolegnia,
which is developed on dead flies ; hence there are
dioecious species, in which the male and female
elements are on different filaments, and monoecious,
in which the same filament bears the oogonia and
antheridia. The present species is Saprolegnia
motioica} and has the oogonia either at the apices
of the threads or lateral, the outer wall being per-
forated for facility of fecundation, the antheridia
being formed from the apices of lateral branches
(plate 4, fig. 51). . The oospores' are one- third smaller
than in Saprolegnia ferax, the oogonia containing
each a number of oospores.

Star-Scored Water-mould.

Saprolegnia asterophora. De Bary.^

A very characteristic monoecious species, as above,
has occurred in Belgium and Germany on dead flies ;
the oogonia are stellate, or star-shaped, each con-
taining from one to three oospores (plate 3, fig. 38).
The antheridia are worm-shaped.

^ Pringsheim, ya/if-^., i. 292, pis. 19, 20.

^ De Bary, in Pringsh.,/a/;ri!'., ii. p. 189, pi. 20, figs. 25-27.

aquatic insect moulds. 259

Proliferous Water-mould.
Pythiuni proUfcrnin. De Bary.-^

The technical differences between Pythiuni and
Saprolegnia will not, probably, be fully appreciated
by other than nnycological readers. The zoosporangia
are formed from the protoplasm, then enclosed in
a very delicate cuticle, like a soap-bubble, called the
vesicle. In Saprolegnia the zoospores are perfected
within the zoosporangium, but in Pythliim they are
not perfected, and furnished with cilia, until after
escaping from the zoosporangium. The oogonia
contain but one oospore, and the oospores are at
length cristate. The species above named is found
on dead insects in water In Britain, Belgium, and
Germany, and has elongated, or sometimes lemon-
shaped, papillate zoosporangia ; when mature the
zoospores make their exit at the papilla by the
breaking of the cuticle.

Of the present species it may be said that the
mycelium is often profusely branched ; the zoospores
are kidney-shaped, with two cilia, escaping through
the teat-like projection at the apex of the zoospo-
rangium. A second zoosporangium commonly is
produced from the base, and within the empty one.

^ De Bary, in Pringsh., Jahrb.^ ii. p. 182, pi. 2ij figs. 28-37 ; Ward,
Qiiarlerly Journ. Micr. ScL^ vol. xxiii. p. 497, figs. 11-2I.

25o VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Leitgeb's Water-mould.
Biplanes saprolegnioides. Leitg.^

It is supposed by M. Cornu that this is an unne-
cessary genus, which bears the name of Biplanes, and
that it is no other than Saprolegnia. The minute
difference suggested, that the zoospores are first
covered with a membrane within the zoosporangium,
and afterwards, when expelled, naked, whilst in
Saprolegnia there is never a membrane, is even
dubious. The threads are a little branched. The
oogonia are produced at the apices of the branches,
and are perforated, containing numerous oospores.
Antheridia produced on lateral branches (plate 4,
fig- 50)- The zoospores are ovoid when coated, and
trifoveolate, but when naked are bean-shaped and
unifoveolate, with two cilia. Whatever may be said
in favour of the numerous genera of Saprolegniacece,
it must be confessed that the distinctions are infini-
tesimally minute, and difficult of discrimination.

It is recorded on dead insects, of various kinds, in
water, in France and Germany, and is also stated
to have occurred in Britain.

^ Leitgeb, in Pnngsh.,/^//^^^., Vii. p. 374, pi. 24, figs. 1-I2.

AQUATIC INSECT MOULDS. 261

Proliferous Water Mould.

A chlya prolifera. N ees.^

The species of Achlya have very much the habit
of those in Saprohgnia, and are sometimes confounded
with them. One distinction insisted upon is that in
Saprolegiiia the zoospores are always destitute of a
membrane, whilst in Achlya the zoospores are naked
when in the zoosporangium, but covered with a
membrane when outside. The zoospores are of two
kinds — the first agile, with two movable cilia ; and
after a time these come to rest, and produce a second
kind of zoospore, which is kidney-shaped and flattened.
Some of the species of Achlya are also monoecious,
and others dioecious. The species to which the above
name is applied is dioecious, in which no lateral
branches are produced to carry the antheridia, which
are borne on separate threads. The oogonia contain
numerous oospores, and the wall is perforated to
assist in fertilization. This is one of the oldest
known species of Saprolegniaceae, and occurs on
putrescent insects, presumably of almost any order,
and has occurred in Germany, and other parts of
Europe.

' Nees, De Bary, Botaii. Zeit. (1852), pi. 7, 5.g?. ,-23

262 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

AcJilya dioica. Prings.^

If Achlya dioica is really a distinct species from
Achlya prolifera, it is very much like it, occurring
under the same conditions and in the same places ;
and some have ventured to doubt if there is any
manifest distinction between them, which is not re-
vealed by the description.

POLYANDROUS WaTER-^IOULD.

Achlya polyandra. Hilde.^

Of the monoecious species of Achlya, we have an
example here, which occurs on dead flies in water
in Germany, and rarely in Britain. In this instance
the oogonia are oblong, and not perforated, and the
oospores are numerous in each oogonium, and brown
(plate 4, fig. 48). Antheridia are lobed and very
numerous, proceeding from lateral branches, and
everywhere concealing the oogonium. The zoo-
sporangia are apical, very long and solitary, never
broader than the filament which bears them. The
specific name is derived from the fact that from two
to six antheridia will be seen attaching themselves
to the same oogonium.

* Pringsh.,y(2/zr^., ii. p. 206, pi. 23, figs. 1-9.

2 Hildebrand, in Yx'mg^., Jahrh., vi, p. 258, pi. 16, figs. 7-1 1.

aquatic insect moulds. 263

Stellate Water-mould

ApJianomyces stellatus. De Bary/

Technfcally the species of ApJianoinyces differ from
those of Saprolegnia,'3ind its more immediateassociates,
by the very long and narrow zoosporangia, in which
the zoospores are arranged in a single row. The
oogonia contain one, or rarely two, oospores. The
species named above has been found on putrescent
insects in water, in Germany and Belgium, and is
also recorded as having occurred in Britain (plate 3,
fig- 36). The erect fertile threads arise from the
creeping mycelium, and the oogonia are large, and at
length stellate, containing mostly a solitary oospore,
but sometimes two. The rays of the oogonium are
from four to five micromillimetres long.

Smooth Water-mould.

ApJianomyces levis, De Bary.^

Another ApJianoinyces has also occurred upon dead
insects in water, in Germany and BelgiQm, which
differs at once from the foregoing in the globose
oogonia being quite even, and the oospore having

* De Bary, in Pringsh.,yh;/;r<5., ii. p. 170, pi. 19, figs. 1-13.
2 Ibid., p. 199, pi. 20, figs. 17, 18.

264 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

one large central oil-globule. As far as we are aware,
this has never been found in Britain (plate 4, fig. 49).
It would be easily recognized by the even oogonia,
which are deficient of the small projections found in
the next species, or the larger and stellate processes
of the former.

.; , Rough Water-mould.

Aphanomyces scaber. De Bary.^

The third Aphanomyces differs from the other two,
already enumerated, in that the oogonia have the
outer cuticle rough with small projections (plate 3,
fig, 37). The mature oospores contain a large oil-
globule. This species is also found on decaying
insects in water, amongst aquatic plants, in Belgium
and Germany.

* De Bary, Pringsli.,/a/!;-i^., ii. p. 178, pi. 20, figs. 14-16,

( 265 )

NEUROPTERA.

NERVE-WINGED FLIES.

THE Neuroptera are for the most part free from
Entomophytes ; the only two species at present
known to us belong to the E7ttoinophtJiore(E, that de-
structive group of parasites to which the well-known
disease of the house-fly belongs. They undoubtedly
attack their victims in the living state, and the in-
ternal mycelium is gradually developed, until at
length the whole internal structure is disintegrated,
and the fungus becomes supreme. As death ap-
proaches, the insect attaches itself to some object,
either by its proboscis or feet, or by the production
of rooting-threads from the body, which fix the insect,
as if it were glued down, to some near object, and
in this position it dies.

Neuropterous Endophyte.
Entomophthora rhizospora. Thaxter.^
There are but few entomophytes which attack

* Thaxter, in " Entomophthorece U.S.," p. 183, pi. 20, figs, 347, 348.

266 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Neuroptera, and hence this one, which occurs on
several species of Phryganeidce, is of interest. The
affected imagines were found concealed under satu-
rated logs, or very commonly under stones, partially
exposed in the bed of shallow wood streams, or in
swampy places in woods, in Maine and North Carolina.
No affected larvae have been seen.

The conidia in form were like a straight short club,
varying to almost crescent-shaped, very variable,
tapering more or less at either extremity ; the basal
portion of the spore neck-like, bearing the rounded
papilla of attachment, and containing large fat globules
(30 — 35x8 — 10^). Conidia-bearers digitate, coalesc-
ing in a livid white mass over the insect. Cystidia
large and slightly tapering. Secondary conidia like
the primary, or spherical, with an abrupt delicate
papillate base. Resting-spores (zygospores) spherical,
with a brownish epispore (40 — 60yu) budding from
conjugating connections, and subsequently surrounded
by rhizoid-like outgrowths, which are closely applied
to the spore, and originate at its base. The hyphae-
producing zygospores are always external, and sub-
sequently become thickened and horny, turning
dark chocolate-brown, and holding the spores in a
spongy mass. The insects are attached by rooting-
fibres, or rhizoids.

NEUROPTERA. 267

Phryganea Endophyte.

En tomophthora phryganece. S o ro k i n }

The above entomophyte was found on Phryganea
grandis in i88r, in Europe, growing only on the
lower surface, between the first and second pair of
legs, being wholly superficial, and not appearing
within the body of the host. The hyphse consist of
two portions, separated by a septum. The conidia
are round (8 x ^—JiJi)- It seems doubtful whether
this belongs to the Entomophthorese at all, and
indeed it must be regarded as a doubtful species
altogether, named from insufficient material. Thus,
then, of the two entomophytes accredited to the
Nenroptera, only one can be regarded as positively
certain, and that a North American species.

Recently M. Giard has made known an ento-
mophyte, to which he gives the name of Epichlcea
divisa, found on the body of an Ephemeron. It is
composed of short cylindrical cells, bearing one or
two spores at each of their extremities.

» Sorokin, "Entomophthora" (1S83), p. 239, figs. 57S, 628 a I"
Thaxter, ibid., p. 189. '

268 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

ORTHOPTERA.

CRICKETS AND COCKROACHES.

IN Mr. Gray's time only one species had been
noticed as attacked by a fungous parasite. A
specimen of Gryllotalpa ainericajia was found " in a
wood near Newark, Delaware, upon turning over
a log. The insect was seen standing very quietly
at the mouth of its oval cell, which is formed in the
earth, having a short curved tube to the surface.
Upon taking it up it exhibited no signs of movement,
though perfectly fresh and lifelike in appearance."
On examining it next morning "it still presented
no signs of life. Every part of the insect was perfect,
not even the antennae being broken. Upon feeling
it, it was very hard and resistant ; and on making
an incision through the thorax it exhaled a fungoid
odour. The insect had been invaded with a parasitic
fungus, which everywhere filled the animal, occupying
the position of all the soft tissue, and extending even
into the tarsal joints. It formed a yellowish, or
cream-coloured compact mass, and, in the abdomen,

ORTHOPTERA. 269

enclosed in its centre the stomachal teeth of the
insect."^ This fungus is thought by Dr. Leidy^ to
be the same as that which sometimes attacks the
larvae of lamellicorn insects. Evidently it was only
in the early condition, in which only the mycelium
was developed internally. The entomophytes since
added belong to the Entomophthorece, which are
analogous to the common mould of the house-fly.

Grasshopper Endophyte.

Empnsa grylli. Fresenius.^

Roland Thaxter^ says, " I have observed numerous
epidemics of the grasshopper form at Kittery, in
Maine, near Boston, and in North Carolina ; and the
caterpillar form seems also very common, assuming
an epidemic character 'among the Hyphaiitria larvse,
which have recently done considerable damage to
the shade trees in Washington." He then argues
that the mould on the larvae of many genera of
Lepidoptera, which has been called Empiisa auliccu,
is only a form of the present species ; however we

» Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL PhiL (i 851), pp. 204,210; SrnitIVs
" Contrib. to Knowledge," v. p. 53.

2 Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. (1851), p. 235.

3 Fresenius, " Entomophthorae," p. 203, figs. 24-43 ', Saccardo,
«*Sylloge," vii. No. 970; Fresenius, Bot. Zeit. (1856), p. 883.

* Thaxter, " Entomophthorce U.S.," p. 159, pi. 14, figs. 17-485

270 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

have assumed It to be different by including it in
the section devoted to the Lepidoptera. In the
present species the larvae seem to be attached to
the object on which they are fixed by a contrac-
tion of the legs. The conidia are ovoid or pear-
shaped, with a broad papillate base, and rounded
apex (30—40 X 25 — 36/^), hyaline, and containing
one or more large globules. The fertile threads are
simple, coalescing externally when growing luxuri-
antly, and arising directly from rounded irregular
hyphal bodies, either with or without branching. The
secondary conidia are like those of the first series.
Restlng-spores spherical and colourless, produced
from the internal hyphse, directly within or by
budding from hyphal bodies, or by a kind of pseudo-
conjugation between two divisions of a single hyphal
body. Adverting to this peculiar phenomenon of
pseudo-conjugation in the present species, Roland
Thaxter says, " In the first place we have, before
reproduction of either type, a condition characterized
by the presence of irregular rounded hyphal bodies
of various size and shape. Instead of producing a
resting-spore (azygospore) by any of the usual
methods, one of these bodies may become septate
by the formation of a median cross partition. An
elevation of the cell wall presently appears around
the hyphal body, between the cells thus formed,
which develops into a two-lipped fold. The partition

ORTHOPTERA. 271

between these two cells is then apparently absorbed,
for the contents of one gradually pass into the other
to form a ' zygospore.' " -^ The process, he adds, is
not uncommon, occurring chiefly in the femorse ; but
in all cases the usual resting-spores (azygospores)
arc by far the most abundant form of resting-spores.

This entomophyte is found on the larvae, pupa:,
and imagines of many genera of Acridians in different
States of North America.

European Grasshopper Endophyte.
EntoniopJithora colorata. Sorokin.^

This species, which occurs in Europe on grass-
hoppers, is peculiar from its coloured conidia, which
are described as reddish brown and spherical. In
this species Sorokin observed peculiar amoeboid bodies
within the host, which produce resting-spores laterally
or terminally.

It must be admitted that this species is very
imperfectly known, resting entirely upon its first
observation by Sorokin, which was also its last. It
was ignored by Saccardo, in his " Sylloge," and if
not characterized as doubtful, it must at any rate be

^ Thaxter, " Entomophthoroe U.S.," p. 149.

2 Sorokin, " Memoirs Imp. Acad. Sci. St. Petersburg" (1880), p. 6j,
pi. 13, figs. 5, 6, 19-27 ; pi. 4, fig. 28; Thaxter, p. 187,

±^± VEGETABLE IVASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

considered at present as an obscure species, concerning
which further information is desirable.

Under this order we may refer to the remarks of
Piso, who, speaking of the Mantis, says, "Those
little animals change into a green and tender plant,
which is of two hands breadth. The feet are fixed
into the ground first ; from these, when necessary
humidity is attracted, roots grow out, and strike into
the ground ; thus they change by degrees, and in a
short time become a perfect plant. Sometimes only
the lower part takes the nature and form of a plant,
while the upper part remains as before living and
movable ; after some time the animal is gradually
converted into a plant. In this nature seems to
Operate in a circle by a continual retrograde motion." ^
This little romance may receive some illustration
from what has been written of " Vegetable Wasps,"
but it is difficult to separate fact from fiction.
Donovan (" Insects of China ") seems to think that
Ovid's account of the transformation of Phaeton's
sisters into trees had its origin in some such idea
as this.

Locusts, which have contributed no little to the
annoyance of mankind, by the destruction of crops,
in their turn have to submit to parasitism. A white

^ Cowan's " Curious Facts " (1865), p. 9]

ORrnOPTERA. 273

mould, to which the name of Botrytis acridiormn has
been given, is very destructive to locusts in North
Africa ; ^ whilst another mould, Oospora ovonnn,
forms a white efflorescence upon Acridhiin pere-
grinum, producing clusters of from twenty to thirty
long chaplets of spores. Two other fungi have been
credited with attacking locusts, one of which belongs
to the yeast-fungi, or Saccharomycetes^ and will pro-
bably prove to be very destructive. This is some
little consolation to those who have suffered from the
devastations of the insect.

* Bonnier, " Rev. Gen. de Bot.," iii. 1891, p. 401.

274 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

HETEROPTERA.

DR. GRAY was unsuccessful in finding examples
of the attacks of entomophytes upon insects
of the order Heteroptera, and he quotes the observa-
tion of Dr. Leidy, that, as " they suck the juices only
of plants and animals through a delicate proboscis,
they were placed under circumstances the most
favourable of all animals to avoid taking in, with
their food, spores and plants of a parasitic character."
The only two species cited would not appear to be
true parasites, but only moulds which attach them-
selves to dead animal matter.

Garden-bug Mould.

Penicillmm Fieberi. Cord a.

Corda described and figured (in 1846), in his
splendid work, " Mucedines de I'Europe," a mould
found upon a Hemipterous insect {Pentatoma
prasina), under the name of Penicillmm Fieberi of
Corda, which was afterwards (in 185 1) figured in part

HETEROPTERA. 275

by Bonordeu, and called by the same name. Pro-
fessor Saccardo has, in his "Sylloge" (vol. iv. No.
388), ignored Corda, and given Bonorden as the
authority, contrary to all precedent and justice. It
is possible that this mould is not really entomo-
genous, but would develop on various dead animal
substances ; yet it is only recorded on insects. It
is effused over the insect, particularly the thorax afid
legs, of an olive or brown colour, with the creeping
threads of mycelium branched, the fertile threads
erect and septate, uncoloured. The chains of spores
which are produced at the apex of these threads are
at first crowded together in an ovoid head, or capi-
tulum ; but afterwards they separate, and become
divergent and nodding (plate 2, fig. 24). The spores
forming the apical chains are globose, with a warted
surface, and of an olive colour, the terminal spore
being the largest. Although there is no information
on this point, it is improbable that this mould attacked
the insect when living, but simply established itself
upon the dead body, in accordance with the general
habit of moulds of this genus.

The other parasite alluded to in this order rests
upon the exhibition by Professor Westwood,^ at the
Entomological Society, of a large species of Acan-
thocephahis (so-called), but which we presume is the

* Trans, Eutom, S(\c, Lojid. (1841--43), iii. pi. 6.

276 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

same as Metapodius latipes. From the scutellum of this
a great number of filamentous fungi had been produced,

each being as long as
the entire body (fig.
42). The only inter-
pretation we are able
to suggest is that the
entomophytewas some
kind of Isaria, the
long threads being
woolly, or with pro-
jecting filaments
throughout their
length, which corre-
spond to the ends of
the delicate threads
combined in each

Fig. 42.— Parasite on Heteropteron (after

westwQod). filament.

Stilboid Isaria.

Isaria stilhiformis, Speg.^

On a minute species of Pentatoma^ in Italy,
SpegazzinI discovered a peculiar Isaria, which he
named as above. It was either solitary or gre-

* Spegazzini, in "Michelia," vol. i. p. 476; Saccardo, "Sylloge,"
iv. No. 788.

ITETEROPTERA. 277

garious. The compound yellowish stems, from three
to seven millimetres high, formed of bundles of
hyaline yellowish threads firmly agglutinated
together, diverging at the apex, and forming a
tomentose, almost spherical or pear-shaped head,
like a Stiibum. The tips of the threads swollen in
a club shape with an acute apex, and quite colour-
less, bearing a cylindrical spore or conidium, rather
attenuated at each end, and from eight to eleven
micromillimetres long, and two to two and a half
broad. Technically, it only differs from a species of
Stiibum in not having the conidia at first involved
in a kind of mucus.

278 VEGETABLE WASFS 4ND PLANT WORMS.

HOMOPTERA.

PLANT-SUCKERS.

THE order Homoptera contains the various
species of Cicada, which are liable to attack
from different species of entomogenous fungi. The
New Zealand Cicadae suffer from one species, and
those of the West Indies from another; whilst in
South America a new and distinct parasite is on the
alert ; and, so far as it can be guessed, the Cicada of
the United States has to bear the infliction of an
entomophyte differing from all the rest.

The ApJiidcE are extremely subject to attack fram
species of Entomophthorece, which are so destructive
and so readily communicated, that the proposition
has been made to introduce some one or more of
the most favourable kinds of moulds of this class
amongst the Aphides in greenhouses, with a view to
their destruction.

The Coccidcs also are the hosts especially of the
Sphserlaceous kinds of Entomophytes, both in their
perfect and conldial conditions.

BOMOPTERA.

279

For observations on the entomological aspects of
this portion of our subject we must again be indebted
to Mr. Gray's memoir.

" These insects {Cicadce) reside, during the first two
periods of their existence, in the earth, into which
they descend immediately after being released from
the eggs (which had previously been deposited by
the female in slits in dead branches, by means of an
ovipositor), seeking the roots of trees, ferns, and other
plants, to which they cling, and extracting the sap
by the insertion of their proboscis into the bark, thus
causing even large trees and plants to wither and die,
from the countless number of their assailants. They
continue to reside in the earth even after they have
undergone their metamorphosis into the pupa state,
in which condition they are equally active and de-
structive to the roots of trees, etc. ; indeed, the only
difference between these two states is that the pupa
possesses rudimental wings, visible on the sides of
the body. They usually remain near the surface, but
as winter approaches they descend into the earth,
to the depth of two or three feet, which they are
enabled to do by means of the great strength of the
anterior legs of the larvae and pup^, which can even
penetrate through the most solid and hard-trodden
road ; but the digging apparatus is transformed into
legs resembling the other four, on the insect assuming
the last or perfect stage of life. It is during the first

2So VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

two stages that these insects, especially in rainy
seasons, become the bases of the parasite, which first
commences in the interior of the insect ; after a time
the thallus bursts forth at that part of the outer case
from which the insect would escape at the period of
assuming the different states of pupa and imago ;
that is to say, at the longitudinal suture on the
middle of the upper surface of the head, and on the
dorsal portion of the prothorax and mesothorax. It
is from this thallus that the fungoid parasite takes
its rise, either from the head or from the prothorax,
and even from the mesothorax ; but this may depend
upon the position of the insect at the commencement
of the outer development of the fungus. In some
specimens, however, the fungus springs from the
joints of the upper and under surface of the abdo-
men, and sometimes also from the joints of the two
fore legs. The examples all show that the insect was
only imbedded just below the surface of the earth,
or in vegetable matter, during the period of the
growth of the fungus." ^

New Zealand Cicada Clubs.
Cordyceps SiiiclairiL Berk.
Some of the small species of Cicada in New

^ Gray's "Notices of Insect Fungi," p. i6.

HOMOPTERA. 281

Zealand are subject to the attacks of a species of
Cordyceps, as above, which has been specifically in-
volved in some confusion, caused in the first instance
by Tulasne describing it as Cordyceps ccespitosa} after
it had already been described by Berkeley under the
above name,^ and apparently not only from the same
locality, but from the same set of specimens. Sac-
cardo has repeated the same error, by including both
species, as if they were perfectly distinct, instead of
being synonymous, in his late work.^ Truly, how-
ever, there is but one species, figured by Berkeley
in his "Cryptogamic Botany," and by Dr. Gray in
his memoir (pi. 4, figs. 9, 10). It is described as
"yellowish, from three quarters to an inch high.
Stems cylindrical, slender, simple or forked, some-
times confluent, divided above into numerous more
or less cylindrical, either simple, or slightly lobed
heads, which are sometimes disposed into a flabelli-
form mass, clothed with innumerable oblong conidia."
This was the only condition of the specimens ex-
amined by Berkeley, for he adds, " the specimens are
unfortunately destitute of perithecia ; " and Tulasne
obtained no more than this, in which, as in other
particulars, the two independent descriptions will be

* Tulasne, " Selecta Fungorum Carpologia," vol. iii. p. ii.

2 Berkeley, in Hooker's "New Zealand Flora," vol. ii. p. 338;
''Ciypt. Bot." (1857), p. 73, % 17.

3 Saccardo, *' Sylloge," ii. Nos. 5043, 505 j.

282 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

found to agree. The only variation being that the
one describes its habitat as " on the larvae of some
Orthopterous insect," and the other "on buried
Cicadae." As if two names were insufficient, Taylor
mentions what is probably the same thing under the
name of "Locust, or Sphaeria Basili."^ Berkeley

Figs. 43 45. — New Zealand Cicftda Clubs. Cordyceps Sinclair ii (a a''ter
Berkeley, ^ and c after Gray).

proceeds to state of this entomophyte that " the pale-
yellowish tint, inclining to lemon-yellow, seems cha-
racteristic, and forbids, in the first instance, their
union with C. sobolifera, a West Indian species, which
also occurs on Orthopterous larva. In that species,
however, the normal form seems to be simply clavate,
as in C, entomorrhiza, and the divisions are merely
proliferous. There does not seem, in the present
case, to be any indications of such a primitive form,

^ Taylor, "New Zealand," p. 424, fig. on p. 421.

HOMOPIERA. 283

and in consequence I suppose the head to be essen-
tially divided, as in C. Taylori. I have, therefore, no
hesitation in considering it as new, more especially
as the West Indian species is a purely tropical form,
and does not ascend as far as the southern United
States, which produce some New Zealand species,
but is represented by an allied form, still normally
simple, on the larvae of cockchafers."

As for the species of Cicada on which this fungus
is found, we have the authority of Dr. Gray ^ for
saying that it is difficult to determine, out of the ten
species recorded for New Zealand. "As the insects
thus infested are always in their larva and pupa
states, it becomes impossible to correctly affix to
them their proper specific names, but as the habits
of all the species are similar in every respect, it
is most likely that all those species which usually
inhabit localities where the germs of these fungoid
parasites exist are equally liable to become the basis
of them."

The parasites usually grow from the head and
thorax in a series of short stems, that are sometimes
matted together, each ending in several tuberculated
proliferous processes ; sometimes the fungus also
springs from the joints of the fore legs (figs. 43-45).

Specimens exhibited very recently, at one or two

* Gray, "Notices of Insect Fungi," p. 17.

284 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

of the meetings of the Entomological Society of
London, do not appear to differ at all from the
present species, and they also occurred on the larvae
of some species of Cicada. The clubs are branched,
of the usual size and appearance of the original
examples. By the courtesy of F. D. Godman, Esq.,
we have seen the specimens in his collection, and
arrived at this conclusion concerning them.

Brazilian Cicada Clubs.
Isaria cicadce. Miq.-^

This is another instance in which we cannot think
that Tulasne was justified in applying to an Isaria^
with external dust-like spores, the generic appellation
of Torruhia or Cordyceps, which assumes a more
perfect fructification immersed in the substance, and
enclosed in asci. Such speculations in advance are
only an embarrassment of science by the introduction
of unnecessary synonymy.

The present parasite is found on the larvse of some
species of Cicada in Brazil, and Miquel states dis-
tinctly that he considers it developed after the death
of the insect, and not, as in some other instances,

» Miquel, "Bullet, des Sci. Phys. Neerl." (1838), p. 85, t. i, fig. A;
Robin, "Veg. Par.," p. 665 ; Mulder, «' Chim. Phys. Gen." (1851),
i. p. 90.

IIOMOPTERA, 285

on the living animal. It is described as having a
harder and more compact stroma than in most
species, consisting of a central resistant white tissue,
and a floccose brown sporiferous bark. It is elon-
gated, cylindrical, tough, branched in the upper por-
tion, and produces cylindrical, obtuse conidia, the
dimensions of which are not given. Whether, as
suggested by Tulasne, the same species has occurred
in North America on some lamellicorn beetle, we
cannot affirm, but must take leave to doubt.^

West Indian Cicada Clubs.
Cordyceps sobolifera. Hill.

This, which is one of the most notable of Insect
fungi, is the celebrated "Vegetable Fly," of which
remarkable stories have been told. Originally, it was
considered to be peculiar to the West Indian species
of Cicada^ but some authors have of late attributed
it also to certain beetles, possibly without much
justification.

The Rev. M. J. Berkeley, in determining its scien-
tific affinities in 1843, writes of it thus : "This species
is extremely variable in form, but in its most perfect
state has a subglobose head and proliferous stem.

^ Tbrrnhia Miqtielii, Tulasne, " Selecta Fungi Carpologia," iii.
p. 11 ; Cordyceps Miquslii, Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii. No. 5046.

286 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Sometimes the terminal head is not developed, and
the stem is terminated by a number of little heads,
which form a cluster, as in a recorded variety of C.
militaris ; sometimes the stem is branched above,
each branch being terminated by a little clavate
head ; sometimes a single head only is developed, but
tuberculated, and in this case there are no proliferous
processes on the stem ; and occasionally not only the
stem is even, without any proliferous processes, but
the head, instead of being subglobose, is absolutely
linear, as in C. sinensis. I have in vain examined
specimens, both dry and preserved in spirits, in the
hope of finding perfect asci; but the perithecia, though
tolerably well formed, contained merely a few threads,
which broke up into short cylindrical portions. These
are probably imperfect strings of sporidia, and, if so,
differ materially from those of C. enfonioii'/ii.za and
C. RobertsUr

It is undoubtedly true that this parasite varies much
in its mode of branching, but there is a general resem-
blance in habit in the majority of forms (figs. 46-48).
Mr. Gray attempts to particularize some of these
variations, thus : A lengthened stem with proliferous
processes at or near the middle, and a subglobose
head at the apex ; ^ a short stem with proliferous
processes, but without terminal head ; ^ several stems

* Gray's "Notices of Insects," pi. 4, fig. ii.

^ Fougeroux de Bonderoy, "Memoires," pi, 4, fig. 4.

HOMOPTERA,

287

proceeding from one base,^ terminating in subglobose
heads ; a lengthened and smooth stem ending in a
clavate head;^ a lengthened and smooth stem with
short tubcrculatcd heads ;^ a smooth stem with irre^

Figs. 45-47 — West Indian Cicada Clubs. Cordyceps sololifera (after Fougeroux
de Bonderoy).

gular formed heads ; ^ a lengthened and smooth stem
with a very long granulated head;^ proliferous pro-
cesses proceeding at once from the head or thorax ; ^
and the fungus also appearing from the joints, either
in the upper or under surface of the abdomen^ and

^ Gray'.s "Notices of Insects," pi. 4, fig. 13.

2 Ibid., pi. 4, fig. 12.

^ Fougeroux de Bonderoy, pi. 4, fig. 4.

* Ibid., pi. 4, figs. 5, 6.

5 Gray, pi. 4, fig. 14 ; Fougeroux de Bonderoy, pi. 4, fig. 7.

6 Gray, pi. 5, figs. 1-3. \ Ibid., pi. 5, figs. 2, 3.

258 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

sometimes from the fore legs. This is supposed to
include the principal forms under which the present
fungus appears, but under each form there will pro-
bably be some variation of detail. Mature specimens
exhibit the linear sporidia breaking up into joints, as
seen by Berkeley, but smaller than in many other
species.

As far as we can ascertain, the first detailed account
of this entomophyte is contained in the communica-
tion by Watson to the Royal Society in 1763.^ In
order to save reference, we will quote the salient
points in this paper. " The Vegetable Fly is found in
the Island Dominica, and (excepting that it has no
wings) resembles the drone, both in size and colour,
more than any other English insect. In the month
of May it buries itself in the earth, and begins to
vegetate. By the latter end of July the tree arrives
at its full growth, and resembles a coral branch, and
is about three inches high, and bears several little
pods, which, dropping off, become worms, and from
thence flies, like the English caterpillar." This is
the account as communicated to Dr. Watson by his
friend Dr. Huxham, and in narrating it the former
remarks that the latter can by no means think the
above relation true in all its circumstances, yet he is

* *' An Account of the Insect called the Vegetable Fly," by William
Watson, M.D., in Philosophical Transactions (1763), vol. liii. pp. 271-
274.

IIOMOPTERA. 289

persuaded that there is something of reality in it,
which perhaps further accounts and observations may
set in a full and true light, though at present, as
represented, it seems quite repugnant to the usual
order of nature. Dr. Watson then states that he had
never seen this production before, but had been in-
formed that Dr. Hill had examined some of them ;
therefore he wrote to that gentleman, desiring to be
informed of the result of his examination, to which
he received the following reply : " There is in Mar-
tinique a fungus of the Clavaria kind, different in
species from those hitherto known ; it produces soboles
from its sides — I called it, therefore, Clavaria soboli-
fera (fig. 49). It grows on putrid animal substances,
as our fungus from the dead horse's hoof. The Cicada
is common in Martinique, and in its nymph state,
in which the old authors call it * Tettigometra,' it
buries itself under dead leaves to wait its change, and
when the season is unfavourable, may perish. The
seeds of the Clavaria find a proper bed on this dead
insect, and grow. This, you may be assured, is the
fact, and all the fact, though the untaught inhabitants
suppose a fly to vegetate, and though there exists a
Spanish drawing of the plant's growing into a tri-
foliate tree, and it has been figured with the creature
flying with this tree upon its back.

* So wild are the imaginations of man,
So chaste and uniform is Nature.'"

290 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Dr. Watson then refers to Mr. Edwards, who, he
says, in his ''Gleanings of Natural History," has
given a figure of this extraordinary production. He
concludes with the intimation that he had carefully
examined the specimen, and confirmed Dr. Hill's
account.

As Edwards has been referred to, and as his account
must have preceded 1763, and therefore
been a prior allusion to the fungus, we
quote a portion of his remarks. " The
insect figured (pi. 335) has a kind of fungus
growing out of the head. It was brought
from Dominica, in the West Indies. Many
of them were found together, buried in the
earth, all having the like fungus shooting
from their heads. The moisture of the
earth, I suppose, causes these funguses to
shoot. The imperfect insect, or nymph,
^indiln"c)rada on whlch thcy grow seems to be the
ceps 'soboiife.-a Cicada in its infant state, as described by

(after Dr. Wat- ^

son). Reaumur. I suppose, before the Cicada

arrives at its perfect state, the fungus dries, and falls
off."^

Shortly afterwards, or in the early part of the year
1769, M. Fougeroux de Bonderoy submitted a memoir

^ Edwards, " Gleanings of Natural History," pt. iii. p. 263, pi. 335 ;
see also "History of Insects" (Murray's Family Library), ii. p. 298
(1838).

IIOMOPTERA. 291

on this subject to the French Academy/ but as it is
not easily accessible, and has never been translated,
we venture to give such portion of it as refers to the
present species. After referring to Dr. Watson's com-
munication, and Mr. Needham's notes on his transla-
tion of Abbe Spalanzani, he says that the latter " sees
in these plant-animals a proof of the passage and
mutation of animal species into the vegetable, and
reciprocally from the vegetable to the animal. My
intention," he adds, " is not to examine whether this
mutation is proved in such a manner as to leave no
doubt, and whether the decomposition of one body
can produce, whilst developing itself, other living
beings. I shall here confine myself to adding obser-
vations to those which have already been given con-
cerning the plants which vegetate upon insects. It
may be that, in multiplying the remarks which have
reference to these singular facts, we shall be led to
find their true explanation ; at all events, it is certain
that they will induce educated travellers to study
these plant-animals in the places where they are
common, and under circumstances which should give
a complete account of the manner in which they are
produced.

" I propose in this memoir to bring under notice

^ " Memoire sur des Insectes sur lesquels un trouve des Plantes,"
by M. Fougeroux de Bonderoy, in Memoires de PAcad. Roy, dds
Sciences {Vzxis : 1769).

292 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

different species of insects upon which plants are
found. I will describe a worm upon which is found
the plant which is most usually found upon the larvae
of the Cicada ; and, after having described the states
and sizes of these plants as I have been able to pro-
cure them, I will point out a plant of a kind different
from that which I have just brought under notice
but still like it — a kind of fungus, which I have had
the opportunity of examining, upon a Cicada from
Cayenne. Finally, I shall conclude this memoir by
considering the opinions most likely to explain this
reunion of the animal and the plant.

" Many of these plant-animals which I have seen
in collections of Natural History present a plant
which vegetates upon the chrysalis of a species of
Cicada, and upon the (Tettigometra) larva, as described
by Mr. Hill. We cannot doubt but that these insects
are chrysalides of Cicadse, because we can recognize
upon many two characteristics which principally dis-
tinguish them — the proboscis or sucker, and the two
large feet or claws.

" The plant grows upon the head of the insect upon
its corselet, or upon the body of the animal ; the part
of the insect upon which this plant is placed is not,
therefore, always the same, since upon those which I
describe the stems vary in their position, and there
are found upon the insects one, two, or three stems,
placed upon different parts of their bodies. Some

HOMOPTERA, 293

bear one or two stems upon their head ; others have
them upon the corselet, or upon the body of the
insect ; others, again, have even three separate ones,
the positions of which vary.

" It appears to me that the plant vegetates almost
always upon the upper part of the body of the animal,
and not underneath; I say, nevertheless, almost
always, because 1 have seen a beginning of these
plants under the body of a chrysalis of a Cicada,
which carried another on its head.

" There are also remarkable differences in the plants
which are found upon these insects ; they vary much
in length. The highest which I have seen were two
inches in height, and were surmounted by a head, or
mass. There are, nevertheless, some which bear only
a simple fillet, of an almost equal thickness through-
out the whole length of its stem. In the plants which
have only one stalk, it is terminated by a head more
or less inflated, or it carries at its extremity a mass ;
or, again, the head ramifies, and the branches are
terminated by Httle tubercles. The Tettigometra
bears upon its head a plant which terminates in two
pretty large tubercles, of which one is hollow.

" The examination of these plants leaves no doubt
as to what class they belong ; they must be placed in
that of Clavaria, described by Linnaeus, because he
has included with them the genus which Micheli has
called Lichen-agariais, with which our plant has still

294 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS.

more affinity than with the Clavaria described by
Vaillant (since separated from Clavaria under the
name of Cordyceps).

" The root of the plant only covers the body of the
insect upon which it vegetates. When the insect and
the plant are preserved in spirits of wine, and have
not been dried, the plant may be raised and separated
from the animal without any injury to the latter. We
then perceive, under the stipe of the plant, flutings
which may be produced by the rings of the insect's
body. Thus the roots of the plant do not penetrate
the body of the animal at all.

" The plant, which has not yet put forth its capi-
tulum, and which is not yet at its last stage of growth,
is filled ; it is as if composed of longitudinal fibres.
When they are dried, on the contrary, they are hollow,
and it often happens that the apices are pierced by an
opening, which appears to have served as an outlet to
an insect ; but we know how common it is to find fungi,
eaten by worms (maggots) which are metamorphosed
on leaving these plants."

Then follow some remarks on a filamentous fungus
found on the imago of Cicada in Cayenne, and de-
scriptions of other entomophytes on larvae. These
are followed by the quotation of Dr. Watson's com-
munication, principally as regards the explanation
by Mr. Hill, and then he proceeds —

*' There can no longer be any doubt as to the

IIOMOPTERA. 295

principal facts, which numbers of specimens, con-
tained in our cabinets, tend to confirm ; it is a plant
of the order of fungi, and of the genus Clavaria, the
root or stipe of which is implanted upon the body of
an insect. Such are the principal facts. That decep-
tions practised in the native country change this
peculiarity, by putting seeds in the stalk of the
Clavaria, should not be the occasion of exciting the
attention of the natural philosopher ; there remain
without that, plenty of difficulties to explain, how
established and received facts take place, after having
separated from the accounts of travellers circum-
stances wrongly interpreted, which should induce us
not to seek for explanations all the more useless, in
that they bear upon false and imperfectly observed
details."

After referring in some detail to the Chinese plant-
worm, he concludes thus : " We will add that the
few carefully examined circumstances of the country
do not yet put us in a position to speak with cer-
tainty upon these mysterious facts, and consequently
I shall refrain from hazarding any conjectures ; I ask
only to compare the opinion of Mr. Hill with the
principal facts, which are certain, and it can be deter-
mined whether it is not the most simple and the most
probable of those which have been advanced.

" It is known that there are fungi which live only
upon one species of plant, or which derive their

296 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

nourishment from one particular substance ; thus one
kind is found solely upon the hoofs of dead horses ;
certain fungi come only upon such or such roots of
plants ; in short, parasitic plants or bulbs derive their
nurture only from the same kind of plant. We should
not, therefore, be more astonished to see the Clavaria
always attach itself to the larvae, or nymphs, of
Cicada, and with insects that bury themselves, than
we are to find the same fungus upon the hoofs of a
dead horse ; a sponge and a species of Alcyoniiim
upon crabs ; mushrooms upon the root of the horn-
beam ; the tacon upon the saffron ; the hypocist upon
the cistus, etc.

"We have seen that the fungus is placed upon
every part of the insect's body; these different
positions of the plant may depend, in Mr. Hill's
opinion, upon that which is the most usual to the
body of the insect when it is about to undergo its
metamorphosis, and when the plant begins to vege-
tate upon the animal.

" In short, the great number of these aurelias,
which continually, in the country of the Caribbeans
at certain seasons bear these plants, adds nothing to
the wonder that an isolated case would cause. When
there are many of these larvae, or of these chrysalides,
the circumstances w^hich produced one of these plants
will be repeated upon many others, and if the plant
grew in a country where we do not find it, when the

IIOMOPTERA.

297

insect itself would be living there, we should never
see the phenomenon happen of which we speak."

Mr. Gray gives the species of West Indian Cicadae
as Cicada albiflos and Cicada mesochlora for Jamaica,
Cicada chariclo for Cuba, and Cicada tomentosa for
St. Thomas.

Fougeroux de Bonderoy described and figured in

Fig. 50.— Exudation from body of Cicada, resembling a parasite (after Fougeroux
de Bonderoy).

his memoir something which resembles an Isaria
on the imago of Cicada. " This latter," he says, '' is
a native of Cayenne, and the plant is a species of
fungus, but different from those we have described.

298 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS

It is formed of long and silky filaments, which cover
the whole body of the insect, and project about seven
to eight lines above and below the belly of the animal "
(fig. 50). It is quite true that the figure has some
resemblance to an Isaria, but as a similar specimen
came into the hands of Mr. Gray, he consulted with
the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and in consequence of their
examination they came to the conclusion that it was
not a fungus at all, but an exudation from the body
of the insect. We have given a copy of the figure in
question, which has certainly an appearance which is
misleading, but which is not a parasite after all.

" The Delphax saccharivora of St. Vincent is some-
times found," says Mr. Gray, "adhering to the midrib
of the under surface of a leaf by means of a fungoid
matter, in the same manner as flies, and from its
body also spring lengthened filaments having a sub-
ovate head at their apex.

" It is on the young and tender shoots of the sugar-
cane that these insects are usually seen in immense
quantities, sitting on the midrib or large sap-vessels
of the leaf, probing them with their proboscis to
obtain the saccharine juice on which they regale
themselves, and thus often causing, from their number,
the death of the plant, to the serious loss of the
o-rowers. It is apparently while thus engaged that
the parasite shows itself on the perfect insect." ^

1 Gray, "Notices of Insects," p. 17, pi. 4j ^g- i5-

HOMOPTERA, 299

The description of this entomophyte suggests at
once some species of the EntomophthoracecB, but this
can only be a suggestion for lack of evidence.

Katydid Endophyte.
Massospora cicadina. Peck.^

This entomophyte on the seventeen-year Cicada
is peculiar to North America. It occurs on larvae,
pupae, and imago of Cicada septemdecein, and its
affinities are not yet quite certain. Conidia are pro-
duced from short hyphae, or hyphal bodies, within
the host, and are nearly spherical or ovoid, tapering
towards a small basal papilla of attachment, smooth
or papillately warted (10 X 18 to 18 X 25/^), form-
ing a yellowish mass in the abdominal cavity, exposed
as a coherent mass by the falling away of the
abdominal rings. The supposed resting-spores are
spherical, roughly reticulated, slightly coloured {l'^~~
SOjj.). The host is not attached.

This description at once suggests an explanation
of the observations made by Dr. Leidy, in 185 1, on a
parasite of the same insect. Mr. Roland Thaxter
believes it to be related to Eiiipusa and Entomoph-

^ Peck, "Thirty-first Report of New York State Museum" (1879),
p. 44; Thaxter, " Entomophthorese U.S.," p. 190.

300 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

thora, and is therefore included by him in the same
family, although Professor Saccardo has given it a
different position in his " Sylloge." ^

The seventeen-year Cicada of the United States
{Cicada septemdccem), according to Dr. Leidy,^ is
liable to suffer from a fungus parasite. The posterior
part of the abdomen has been observed, in several
instances, to be filled with a mass of oval spore-like
bodies, embossed upon the surface, but becoming
smooth from endosmosis when placed in water. Of
course these details are insufficient to indicate v;hat
kind of fungus it may be.

In alluding to this parasite, Mr. Gray gives the
following notes on the insect, which may interest our
younger readers. "The specific name," he says,
"indicates that the remarkable period of seventeen
years recurs with perfect regularity, before each
generation, numbering many millions of individuals,
attains sufficient maturity to change into the imago,
or perfect state. Their appearance varies in different
districts, though this lengthened interval always
passes before each series appears, and must occasion
the insect to undergo many changes of temperature
and weather. The same reason probably causes it
to be liable to become the basis of the fungoid

^ Saccardo, " Sylloge," iv. No. 19.

2 Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel. ( 185 1), p. 235.

HOMOPTERA.

301

parasite. It dwells chiefly in localities abounding in
trees, and even on land which was free of them
before, when trees, especially those bearing fruits,
have been planted upon it, although it remains, in
some localities, even after the trees have been removed,
and then feeds on the roots of grasses, etc., still
making its appearance regularly, after the allotted
period of seventeen years is passed. Their meta-
morphosis usually takes place in the night ; but their
reappearance is anticipated by the inhabitants of
some localities, who register the year when they may
be expected, so that they appear without creating
much surprise.^

The manner in which this disease attacks the
United States Cicada is given chiefly on the authority
of Dr. Leidy, but the proper determination of its
botanical affinities does not appear to have been
made.

During the spring of 185 1, some twelve or twenty
specimens were found from amongst myriads of
Cicada septemdecem, which, though living, had the
posterior third of the abdominal contents converted
into a dry powdery ochreous yellow compact mass of
sporulioid bodies. The outer coverings of that portion
of the insect were loose and easily detached, leaving
the fungoid matter in the form of a cone, affixed by

' Gray's ''Notices of Insect Fungi," p. i^.

302 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

its base to the unaffected part of the abdomen of the
insect. The fungus may commence, says Dr. Leidy/
its attacks upon the larva, develop its mycelium, and
produce a sporular mass within the active chrysalis
(pupa). When in this condition many are probably
destroyed ; but should some be only affected so far
as not to destroy the organs immediately essential to
life, they might undergo their metamorphosis into
the imago, in which case they would be affected in
the manner previously described. The reason he
assigns of the fungoid production being always
found in the last-mentioned situation, arises probably
from the fact that the access of the sporules to the
interior of the animal is much easier through the
generative and anal apertures than through the more
delicate passage of the proboscis.

Cicada Mould.

Sporotrichiim mimitiduin. Speg.-

This species of mould belongs to a genus not at
all uncommon on decaying animal and vegetable
substances, but not truly parasitic. The present
was found in South America on putrescent larvae

* ''Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," v. p. 53.
^ Spegazzini, "Fungi Argentini," ii. p. 42; Saccardo, "Sylloge,"
iv. No. 504.

HOMOPTERA. 303

of a Cicada (Fidicina boncBrensis). The tufts are
white and scattered, or gregarious and confluent,
very small, scarcely reaching a millimetre in diameter.
The threads are creeping, sparingly septate, and
thin, with short branches, bearing at the tips from
one to three elliptical conidia, the ends of which
are rounded, not more than three to four micro-
millimetres long, and one to one and a half broad.
Most of the species form rather thin velvety patches
on dead leaves, rotting bark, and wood, plants, rags,
leather, and all kinds of rotting materials. Some
are white, others yellowish, brownish, greenish, or
grey, very simple in structure, and with minute
conidia or spores.

Jassus Endophyte.

Einpusa jassi. C ohn. ^

This entomophyte of Jasstcs sexiiotatus has been so
imperfectly described that very little can be said
about it, except the meagre account by Cohn, that
the mycelium is evolved within the body of the
insect, and appears on the surface in a velvety
stroma. The conidia are simply stated to be globose,
and twenty micromillimetres in diameter.

1 Cohn, xwjahres d. Schles. Ges. f. Vaterl. Cult. (1877), p. u6 ;
Saccardo, " Sylloge," vii. No. 972.

304 vegetable wasps and plant if0p!ms.

Universal Endophyte.

Entoviophthora sphcsrospernia. Fresenius.^

One of the most universal of entomophytes is the
present species, which has been observed on all
orders of insects excepting Orthoptera, and it often
produces epidemics of considerable proportions. Mr.
Thaxter writes, " I have observed two epidemics
caused by this species ; one among certain small flies
in a wood, near marshy ground, at Kittery, Maine,
where the hosts occurred in considerable numbers,
fixed by the fungus on the under side of the lower
leaves, a few feet from the ground. The second
instance occurred in two orchards in the same locality,
where the hundreds of the previously mentioned
epidemic were replaced by tens of thousands, the
host in this instance being the leaf-hopper {Typhlocyba
mali and roses), a pest only too well known to
cultivators of roses. Having first observed it in some
abundance on roses in a garden, I was led to make
an examination of adjacent apple-orchards, and
found the lower branches of the trees literally covered

* Fresenius, " Entomophthora," p. 207, pi. 9, fig. 68; Thaxter,
*' Entomophthorese U.S.," p. 172, pi. 17, figs. 200-219; Saccardc,
"Sylloge," vii. No. 974; Entomophthora radicans, Brefeld, Bot. Unt.
Ent. (1881), iv. p. 97; Entomophthora phytonomii Arthur, Bot. Caz.,
xi. p. 14.

nOMOPTERA. 3o|

with the affected hosts, a dozen or more being often
fastened to a single leaf.

"The whole mass of conidia-bearing threads coalesces
over the body, often leaving only the middle of the
thorax uncovered; but instead of presenting the
rounded form usual in other Empus^e, the upper
surface has a flattened appearance, and is the only
portion from which conidia are discharged. This is
due to an oblique tendency, observable in the growth
of the main hyphae. The basidia thus have a general
tendency to point upwards, instead of in all directions,
as is usually the case. The occurrence of specimens
in which the mass of conidia-bearers is coloured
green or greenish is not common, and the colour
fades on drying; but in two cases, in the epidemic
among leaf-hoppers just mentioned, I found specimens
in which it was coloured a vivid pea-green— a circum-
stance that can hardly be due to any colouring matter
from the host, which is of a pale-yellowish tint."

The conidia are long-elliptical to nearly cylindrical,
papillate at the base, and tapering very slightly near
the rounded apex (average about 20 by 5^^), usually
with a fine granular contents and a central oval
nuclear body. The conidia-bearers are much-
branched, digitate, and confluent over the body of the
host, forming usually a mass, the upper surface of
which is flattened. Colour of the fungus as a whole
white, varying to a bright pea-green. Secondary

X

3o6 VEGETABLE WASFS AND PLANT WORMS,

conidia like those of the first generation, or else
elongated almond-shaped, and borne on a hair-like
spore-bearer. Resting-spores borne lateral, or terminal,
from the hyphae (20 — 35^), spherical and hyaline, or
very slightly yellowish.

Found in Europe as well as in the United States.

APHIDES.

PLANT-LICE.

These minute pests of the cultivator have at
length been discovered by fungoid enemies, and
suffered retribution. No less than five entomo-
phytes of the Einpusa kind have been recorded as
destroying them, and this so effectually, that it has
been proposed to utilize the fungus in order to reduce
the number of insect pests in the conservatory. The
three other parasites may possibly only be Sapro-
phytes, but they find a place here, since they have
never been found on any other substances. The
Isaria is the only one which offers a probability of
its being truly parasitic.

Star-like Isaria.
Isaria stellata. Cooke.^
Some Mango-leaves from India came into our

\ Cooke, in GreviUea ; Saccardo, " Sylloge," iv. No. 2785.

HOMOPTERA. 307

hands some years since, and upon the under surface
were found beautiful star-like, snow-white objects,
almost like crystals of snow. Minute examination
proved them to be minute insects, apparently Aphides,
encrusted with an Isaria, about two millimetres in
diameter, and sometimes confluent. The rays were
numerous, radiating from a sort of discoid centre,
regular, and not at all corresponding to any members,
or projections, of the imbedded insects ; the latter
impossible to extricate for identification. The whole
mass of fungus was composed of delicate agglutinated
threads. As often is the case, a considerable number
of Aphides were congregated on the leaves, so that
when they were close together, the encrusting Isaria
united, becoming confluent in an irregular crust ; but
in cases where the insects were isolated, the star-like
shape of the parasite was maintained.

Planchon's Aphis Endophyte.

Empiisa Planchoniana. Cornu.-^

The above-named parasite, and that found by
Thaxter, in the United States, on several genera of
Aphides, appear to be identical ; it occurred on
numerous Aphides infesting the white birch, and

^ Cornu, Bull. Soc. Bot. de France (1873), '^x. p. 180; Thaxter,
•' Entomophthorece U.S.," p. 165, pi. 15, figs. 76-78.

3o8 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Other plants, in late summer and autumn. The
conidia are nearly spherical, or broadly ovoid, with
a papillate base, which is sometimes furnished with
a short point (28 — 33 x 30—40^). The fertile or
conidia-bearing threads simple, partially coalescing
over the host. Secondary conidia like the first series.
Resting-spores (azygospores) produced internally on
the hyphae, and spherical. The attachment of the
host to the matrix accomplished by the insertion of
its proboscis.

Whether this is really the species of M. Cornu
need not concern us much, as his description is rather
too meagre for certainty. It differs from E. apictilata
in the absence of rhizoids, as well as by the variability
of the conidia, which are rarely pointed.

Common Aphis Endophyte.

Entomophthora aphidis. Hoffman.^

Under the above name is included a parasite which
has been of considerable advantage to the culturist
by facilitating the destruction of a grievous pest.
The experience of Mr. Thaxter on this species in
the United States commenced in a greenhouse,

* Hoffman, in Fresenius's " Entomophthore?e," p. 208, figs. 59-67 j
Thaxter, " Entomophthorere U.S.," p. 175, pi. iS, figs. 220-240; Sac-
cardo, '* Sylloge," vii. No. 975.

HOMOPTERA. 309

where, he says, it acted as a decided check to the
multipHcation of the Aphides, yet did not spread
with sufficient rapidity to render " smoking " in the
greenhouse unnecessary. At Kittery he found it on
numerous genera of Aphides, and especially destructive
to the forms which injure the hop. In one case he
observed a large hop-vine, some twenty feet high,
completely covered with Aphides, which were killed
off by this fungus in about two weeks, the affected
hosts being fastened to the under side of the leaves and
to the young shoots in vast numbers. The destruc-
tion of colonies of Aphides, by this species, seems
to be the rule rather than the exception, and is at
least of very common occurrence. He also mentions
the case of a great quantity of Aphides dying of the
disease on clover at Washington. It is a species
common to Europe and North America.

The conidia are ovoid, or elliptical, or subfusiform,
commonly unsymmetrical and very variable, with a
papillate base, and containing numerous oil-globules
(average size, 25 X 12//). The conidia-bearing threads
digitately branched, sometimes simple. Hyphal bodies
spherical, germinating in all directions, and giving
rise to numerous contorted hyphae, which grow into
conidia-bearing threads. Cystidia rather slender and
tapering at their extremities. Secondary conidia
like the primary, or shortly ovoid, with a single large
oil-globule. Resting-spores spherical, terminal, or

3IO VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

lateral. Host attached by rhizoids ending in a disc-
like expansion.

Birch Aphis Endophyte.

Entomophthora occidentalis. Thaxter.^

Another of the entomophytes which infest the
Aphis of the American white birch is the above.
It has nothing very peculiar in its structure or habits,
and depends for its characteristics on microscopical
features. Conidia elongated elliptical, sometimes
slightly fusiform, often tapering strongly towards
the apex, with a broad, rounded, papillate base
(average 35 X 10^). The contents usually finely
granular, sometimes with larger fatty bodies. The
spore-bearers irregularly branched in a digitate
manner, coalescing in a white or slightly yellowish
mass. Secondary conidia like the first, or else long
almond-shaped, borne obliquely on hair-like spore-
bearers. Resting-spores borne laterally or terminal
by budding from the hyphae, colourless, spherical
(20 — 35/x diameter). The insects are attached by
rooting-fibres (rhizoids) to the objects (plate 4, fig. 44).
Mr. Thaxter remarks that "the resting-spores often
occur in specimens also producing conidia, and are
commonly formed by lateral budding, from short

^ Thaxter, " Entomophthorece U.S.," p. 171, pi. 17, figs. I79-I99-

irOMOPTERA. 311

hyphae, in an apparently non-sexual manner ; but
numerous instances also occur where the budding is
associated with a partition, which may perhaps indi-
cate a sexual process. In a few cases, spores develop-
ing from long hyphae, growing in the legs, seemed to
result from a process which may be considered a form
of conjugation.

Flask-shaped Endophyte.

Empusa lageniformis. Thaxter.^

An entomophyte on Birch Aphides has been found
in North America, which is of systematic interest,
since it is possible that, in conjunction with another
similar species, they may constitute the types of a
new genus, for which the name of Ti'iplospormin has
been suggested. This, however, is a technical question.
The parasite itself possesses conidia which are slightly
smoky, flask-shaped, with a truncate but scarcely
papillate base, and rounded apex ; the contents are
granular (20 x 35/x). The conidia-bearing threads
are simple, or when young sometimes fasciculate, or
spreading like one's fingers, terminated by a weak
tapering spore-bearer. The secondary conidia are
like the first, or almond-shaped, and set obliquely on

* Empusa ( Triple sporuan) lageniformis, Thaxter, " Entomophthorece
U.S.," p. 169, pi. 16, figs. 141-160.

312 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

hair-like spore-bearers. Resting-spores at present
unknown. The affected insect attaches itself by the
insertion of its proboscis. This is a larger species
than the next {Emptisa Fresenii), and it is probable
will be found to exhibit a true conjugation. Numerous
examples were examined for resting-spores, but none
were found ; perhaps the favourable moment may be
discovered when the species is better known. Mr.
Thaxter thinks that it has such an undoubted close
affinity to E. Fresenii, that he anticipates eventually
to discover similar fructification.

Fresenius's Aphis Endophyte.

Empiisa Fresenii. Nows.^

Another Aphideous mould, common both to Europe
and the United States, found upon the Aphis of the
apple tree, and several other species. The production
of the resting-spores, by means of a process of con-
jugation, demand special notice. The conidia are
nearly spherical or shortly ovoid, often with a short,
truncate, or commonly slightly papillate base, with
granular contents, without large fat globules, and
slightly smoky in colour (either 15 x 1 8yu or 18
X 20;i). The conidia-bearing threads unbranched,

^ Empusa { Triplospori7ini) Fresenii, Nowakowski, " Entomoph-
thoveoe," p. 171, pi. 12, figs. 115-125 ; Thaxter, '* Entomophthoreae
U.S.," p. 167, pi. 16, figs. 106-140.

HOMOPTERA.

13

arising directly from small spherical hyphal bodies of
a yellowish colour. Secondary conidia of two kinds ;
the one like the first generation, the other almond-
shaped, and borne obliquely on hair-like supports.
The resting-spores, or zygospores, elliptical or sub-
ovoid yellowish, often becoming smoky and opaque,
formed by the conjugation of
two small spherical hyphal
bodies (fig. 51), by means of
slender connections, above the
point of junction of which
the spore rises as a bud (30
X 19^). The insects were
attached to objects by the in-
sertion of the proboscis.

The explanation of the
sexual process in this species
is thus given by Mr. Thaxter :
" The hyphal bodies, as they occur in the host just
prior to the production of conidia, or zygospores, are
almost perfectly spherical, and very uniform ; and are
derived from large shapeless bodies which have the
appearance of naked protoplasm. The spherical
hyphal bodies, lying side by side within the host,
proceed to conjugate in this manner. A slight pro-
jection first appears from the upper inner end of
either hyphal body. These projections soon meet
midway between the hyphal bodies, after which a bud

Fig. 51. — Secondary spores of
E71 tomophthora .

314 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

begins to rise directly above their point of union.
The contents of both bodies pass into this bud,
forming the mother-cell of an elliptical zygospore,
which, I believe, affords the only known exception
to the usual spherical shape. After the spore is
mature, the two hyphal bodies usually persist for
some time, as bladder-Hke appendages, which slowly
disappear."^

Aphis Chain Mould.

Oospora aphidis. Cooke and Mass.^

Pumpkin-leaves, the under surface of which were
attacked by Aphides, were sent to us from Queens-
land for examination, and we found that the dead
insects were covered with a minute mould, having but
very short and almost inconspicuous threads, but a
profusion of spores, produced regularly in chains. In
form they had resemblance to a lemon with an
apiculus at each end, containing nuclei at first, but
without colour, from seventeen to nineteen micro-
millimetres in length, and twelve in breadth. The
same mould did not appear on the leaves, apart from
the insects, so that it is evident it did not spread
from the plant to the dead insects (plate 2, fig. 21).

* Thaxter, " Entomophthore£e," p. 148.

- Cooke and Massee, in Greviliea, vol. xvi, p. 76.

nOMOPTERA.

At first there might seem a suspicion of this, since
the species of Oidium and Oospora are common, and
injurious to the foHage of living plants.

Aphis Black Mould.
Cladosporhtin aphidis. Thum.^

Black moulds are common enough on putrescent
substances, vegetable and animal ; but such as these,
even if confined to insects, only appear on them in
decay, and then, however interesting they may be to
the mycologist, have little charm for the entomologist.
The present small species was found on dead Aphis
syviphyti in Austria. The fertile threads growing in
tufts, branched a little, and very obscurely jointed, of
a pale brown colour, bearing at the tips oblong spores,
acute at each end, sometimes without a division, or
longer, and divided in the centre, or occasionally
with two divisions, six micromillimetres long when
simple, ten to twelve when once divided, or eighteen
to twenty when twice divided. These spores, or
conidia, are very numerous, and almost of the same
colour as the threads.

Species of this genus of moulds are exceedingly
common on all kinds of decaying vegetable matter ;

» Thumen, in (Esterr, Bot. Zeit. (1877), p. 12 ; Saccardo, "Sylloge,''
iv. No. 1772.

3i6 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS,

scarcely a dead leaf or stem which has lain upon
the ground for a few days is without them. So com-
mon are they as to be almost a nuisance to the
fungus-collector, and have produced much vexation
of spirit, because indeterminable without the use of
the microscope, and then one after another the leaves
are discarded as only bearing a Cladosporhim.

At p. 331 we have alluded to other Cladosporice
which have been found on insects, but our own
opinion is that they have not an established claim to
be regarded as true parasites, although one or two
authors have contended that they are destructive to
insects, by closing the tracheae. Hitherto we have
doubted if they occur upon insect hosts until after
death, and hence not destructive. We have contended
rather from analogy than experience, inasmuch as
the majority of the black moulds are not destructive
to vegetable life, and only make their appearance
subsequent to the early stages of decay. In two or
three genera the moulds are destructive, such as
Cercospora and Fiisicladmin^ but these are exceptional.

HOMOPTERA. 317

COCCID^.

SCALE-INSECTS.

The scale-insects affected by parasites are for
the most part the attached females, which, from
their position and habits, are especially liable. Two
species of Cordyceps, of course of minute size, have
been described, one of them British and North
American, and the other from New Guinea. The
only entomogenous Nectria, a species of Sphceria
without a vertical stroma, has been found in Paraguay.
Two compact moulds of the genus Microcera, allied
to the common Tnbercularia, have been found in
Europe and Australia. It has long been supposed
that, as far as the European species is concerned, it
represents the conidia of some sphseriaceous fungus,
but there is no direct and positive evidence. This
completes the catalogue of coccigenous species
hitherto known.

Grey Coccus Club.

Cordyceps pistillaricBfojnnis. Berk, and Br.^

In 1 861, Messrs. Berkeley and Broome described a
little club-shaped fungus found on elm-twigs, but did

^ Berkeley and Broome, Aim. Nat. Hist. (1861), No. 969, pi. 16,
fig. 22 ; Saccardo, "Sylloge," ii. No. 5019.

3i8 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

not at the time give it so much attention as it de-
served. The whole plant was about two lines high,
with an oblong-ovate head, granulated from the
perithecia, which were sunk in its substance, rather
longer than the pallid cylindrical stem, which was
slightly swollen at the base. They observed that it
"grew upon a sclerotpid substance, but whether a
part of it or not we cannot say." And they add, it
"has not at present been gathered with perfect fruit"

Being very much interested in this curious pro-
duction, we obtained the specimens from the Rev.
M. J. Berkeley for re-examination, when we found
that the sclerotoid substance at the base was a female
Coccus, upon which the parasite had been developed.
Its interior was filled with fungoid matter, so as
somewhat to resemble a sclerotium ; but the shell of
the Cocctts was still present, and there was not the
slightest ground for doubt (plate 2, fig. 19). Further,
we examined the fungus itself, and the perithecia in
the clubs contained true asci with long thread-like
sporidia, as in other species of this genus.

In the United States, Peck published, in 1887, his
"Twenty-eighth Report of the New York State
Museum," in which he described, under the name of
Torrubia clavidata (Schwein.), a species of which
authentic specimens were distributed,^ that proved to

* Thumen, " Myc. Universalis," No. 1258.

HOMOPTERA, 319

be identical with the fungus described by Berkeley
and Broome. The observations on this parasite were
to the following effect: " Schweinitz describes his
Sph(Eria davitlata as growing on a fibrillose mem-
branaceous, shield-shaped subiculum, which adheres
closely to the bark of living branches of oak trees.
Our plant grows on the flattened, discoloured, or
blackened bodies of a scale-insect found on living
branches of Fraximcs, Notwithstanding this differ-
ence in habitat, and a slight discrepancy in the
arrangement of the perithecia, the species is so re-
markable and so well characterized, that I cannot
believe our plant to be specifically distinct. It is
the smallest Torntbia known to me, and does not
well agree with the generic character. It occurs on
young and half-grown as well as on full-grown in-
sects; but I have not been able to determine
whether it attacks the insect while living, or only
after death." 1 Examination of authentic specimens
resulted in their being identified with the British
pistillariceformis.

Subsequently Mr. J. B. Ellis, of New Jersey, dis-
tributed what proved to be the same species, under
the name of Torritbia cinerea, presuming that it was
the species so called by Tulasne.

These determinations show that the entomophyte

* Peck, " Twenty- eighth Report," p. 70.

320 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

on Coccus is the same in England and in the United
States, and it is perhaps the smallest Cordyceps
known, since the club is not more than four milli-
metres long, and the stem about the same length.
Berkeley, in his Herbarium, has called the selfsame
fungus Cordyceps pachybasis^ apparently forgetting
his previous name.

New Guinea Coccus Club.
Cordyceps coccigena. Tul.^

This species is based upon specimens collected by
Dumont d'Urville in New Guinea, parasitic upon a
Coccus. It is small, not exceeding from five to seven
millimetres, with a rather stout, smooth, flexuous
stem, and a globose head, about the size of a rape-
seed. The perithecia are immersed in the substance
of the head, but are not prominent on the surface.
Although perfect fruit has not been obtained, there is
little room for doubt that it should find a place in
this genus. There is sufficient difference in appear-
ance to enable any one at a glance to distinguish it
from C. pistillaricefonnis.

The conidia-bearing condition is unknown, for it
can scarcely be contended that there is any reason, or

10 ;
Saccardo, *' Sylloge," ii. No. 5047,

HOMOPTERA. 321

analogy, in the supposition that another Coccophilous
fungus, presently to be described as Microcera, has
anything to do with this Cordyceps, although it is
possible that it may have some relation to the
European species (plate i, fig. 11),

Coccus Nectria. I

Nectria coccorum. Speg.^

It may be that the occurrence of a species of
Nectria on dead Cocci is more accidental than para-
sitic, since the perithecia appear to occur sometimes
on the bark as well as on the insect, but having been
described under the above name, from Paraguay, it
is included here. The perithecia are only hke
minute red dots to the naked eye, but under the
microscope are seen to be globose and smooth, of
an orange or orange-red colour, either solitary or
from two to five together, with a minute brownish
ostiolum, or mouth. In substance it is rather fleshy
but membraneous, and not at all carbonaceous, as in
Sphceria generally. The sporidia are cylindrically
fusiform, or elongated elliptical, obtuse at the ends,
and with a septum across the middle, each cell having
nuclei, from twenty-two to twenty-five micromilli-
metres long, and five broad, and hyaline (plate 2, fig.

» Spegazzini, in '* Fungi Guaranitici," i. 234; Sa(c. Syll, Stipp., 7190.

Y

322 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

26). The character of the sporidia is of the prevailing
type in Nectriay and very different from those in
Cordyceps.

Coccus Tubercles.

Microcera coccophila. Desm.^

This well-known parasite on dead Coccus is not
uncommon in Europe, and has been found several
times in Britain. They form little rosy knobs, with
a short, whitish velvety stem-like base. Some-
times it is conical and sometimes club-shaped, and
rather hard and horny when dry. The whole mass
is composed of parallel hyaline delicate threads,
densely compacted together, bearing at the apex very
long curved conidia, or spores, which are acute at
each extremity, and with three or five septa, or divi-
sions (but sometimes evidently more), from seventy
to one hundred micromillimetres long, and five thick.
It is supposed to be the conidia stage of some more
perfect fungus, but at present this is merely a sup-
position (plate 2, fig. 22). The bright-red spots on
dead cocci are recognizable by the naked eye.

^ Desmazieres, Attn. Set. Nai. (1848), p. 359; Saccardo, •* Sylloge,"
iv. No. 3473.

HOMOPTERA,

323

Orange Coccus Tubercles.

Microcera rectispora. Cooke and Mass.^

Corresponding to the European species oi Microcei^a,
we have found a similar one on the dead Coccus of
the orange in Australia. In appearance it differs so
little from the European species, that apart from the
fructification they would be regarded as the same.
So much importance has of late years been given to
minute differences in spores, that new species have
become inevitable. In this instance the spores are
quite straight and spindle-shaped, acute at both ends,
with about seven transverse divisions, and attaining
a length of from one hundred and fifty to two hundred
micromillimetres, and ten broad (plate i, fig. 13).

* Cooke and Massee, in Grcvillea^ vol. xvi. p. 4.

324 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WOPMS.

HOSTS UNDETERMINED.

WE have been compelled to place at the end of
the orders a few entomophytes of which
the hosts are undetermined, without even a well-
founded suspicion of the order to which such hosts
might belong. Entomologically, it is a great dis-
advantage not to know even the order of insects
attacked ; but this, of course, has no influence upon
the botanical character of the entomophyte, which
so far is independent of its host. Some few species
have been noticed at the end of the section devoted
to Lepidoptera ; but these are believed to be asso-
ciated with that order, although the several families
cannot be determined. The majority of records in
which the parasite is accurately determined, or the
information is sufficiently precise to attach a name,
are mycological, and the mycologist is usually only
interested, from his own point of view, in the parasite,
and not in the host ; hence the identification of the
insect has not received that attention which satisfies
the entomologist, and consequently there are a few
species which to him are imperfectly described. On

HOSTS UNDETERMINED.

the other hand, many of the notices of entomophytes,
in entomological works, and journals, are deficient in
that precise detail of description which would enable
the mycologist to determine, without doubt, the genus
and species of the parasite, so that in turn the record
is to him incomplete and unsatisfactory, and he can
only leave such cases open for further inquiry.

Montagne's Club.

Cordyceps larvaia, Mont.^

Montagne described, in 1855, under the above
name, a fungus which so much resembled C. viili-
taris, that in another place he called it by that
name. Saccardo has,^ as we think erroneously,
placed it in another genus. It is characterized as
fleshy, orange, with a cylindrical head, and an equal
stem, continuous with the capitulum. The surface
of the club dotted with the ostiola of the immersed
perithecia. The asci are described as filiform, with
numerous globose sporidia in rows. The query (16?)
of Saccardo is gratuitous. The globose sporidia
doubtless represent quadrate segments of thread-
like sporidia breaking up into frustules. It is stated

* Montagne, A^in. des Sci. Nat. (1855), iii. 98, p. 341 ; Mont.,
*'Syll.,"p. 200.
^ Hypocrea larvata, Saccardo, " Sylloge," ii. No. 4884.

326 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

that the specimens were found on bark, perhaps in
the cracks of bark, or larvae or pup^, or amongst
moss on bark. It is hardly conceivable that M.
Montagne would have mistaken it for Cordyceps
militaris had there not been a close resemblance.
And why call it larvata if there were no relations
to larvae? On the whole, from the description, we
determine in favour of Montagne, and against Sac-
cardo, that it is an entomophyte, on some insect
unknown, and closely allied to Cordyceps militaris
derived from Guiana.

Jura Pine Club.

Cordyceps ahitacea. Ouelet.^

Dr. Quelet has described a species, under the above
name, found by M. Cornu in the Jura, amongst pine-
leaves, but he has failed to give any information as
to the insect on which it was growing. It is scarcely
probable that, in a genus like the present, there should
be one exception to the general rule of the species
being either found upon insects or subterranean fungi.
That minute larvse concealed amongst pine-leaves
should bear a Cordyceps is probable, and that, in
collecting the fungus, the stem should be separated

* Quelet, "Champ, Jura et Vosg.," p. 487 ; Saccardo, *'Sylloge,"
ii. No. 5023.

HOSTS UNDETERMINED. 327

from its host, and the host left behind, is also very
probable — far more so than that the species should
not be entomogenous. The stroma is described as
clavate, attenuated downwards into the stem, and
tan-coloured ; but no intimation of dimensions are
recorded. The clubs are stated to be tuberculose,
which is supposed to mean that the perithecia were
prominent. The sporidia conform to the general
character of the genus, and therefore there can be no
doubt of its relationship.

Branched Stilbum.

Stilbtmi ramosum. Peck.^

A species of Stilbum has been described, in the
United States, as occurring on dead larvas of insects,
buried in rotten wood, without the least intimation
of the order to which the insects were believed to
belong. The head was nearly globose, and either
whitish or pale yellow, with a thick smooth branched
stem, whitish above, and pallid or brownish below,
sometimes creeping, and sending up branches at
intervals. The spores scattered over the surface of
the head were minute and oblong. There are a few
known instances in which the compound stem of a

^ Peck, in "Twenty-sixth Report of New York State Museum," p.
78; Saccardo, "Sylloge," iv. No. 2696.

32S VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

Stilbum divides into two or more branches, each
terminated by a capitulum ; but this is the only
entomogenous species having that peculiarity. The
stem is composed of a number of parallel threads
agglutinated together, so that the division, after all,
is only a kind of pseudo-branching, caused by the
separation of the threads, at some portion of their
length, into two bundles instead of one. It is almost
a marvel that, in the rage for genera-making, some
enthusiast, aspiring to everlasting fame, has not con-
stituted a new genus for such species of Stilbum as
possess a divided stem.

Larva Tubercle.

Ftisarmm larvarum. Fuckel.^

This IS a peculiar form of entomophyte on the
larva of insects, which appears in the form of little
red convex dots, not unlike a small red Nectria in
shape, but composed of closely compacted short
threads, firmly agglutinated together into a kind
of hemispherical cushion, bearing on the circum-
ference, at the tips of the component threads, curved
fusiform conidia, or spores, with from one to three
transverse septa, or divisions, twenty-four micromilli-

* Fuckel, "Symbolje Fungorum," p. 369 j Saccardo, "Sylloge,'
iv. No. 3355.

HOSTS UNDETERMINED.

metres long and five micromillimetres broad. It
might be compared with a miniature form of Micro-
cera coccophila, with much smaller spores. It will be
observed that the structure of the two has very much
in common, save that there is no indication of a stem.
There are a great number of species of Fiisariitin
known, and they occur on many kinds of animal
and vegetable substances, some of them being un-
doubtedly the incomplete, or conidia, stage of species
of Nectria, which in olden times would have been
called a Sphceria with bright coloured fleshy perithecia.
Although the above is recorded as a European species,
from the Rhine provinces, it is evidently very scarce.

Insect White Mould.

Corethropsis pidchra. Sacc.^

A white mould of the genus Corethropsis has been
found in Italy on putrescent insects, of undetermined
order. The sterile threads are creeping and jointed ;
the fertile threads, rising at right angles from the
sterile hyphse to the height of one hundred and ten
micromillimetres, with only one division nearly at
the base, and at the apex expanded into a spherical
head, from whence radiate in all directions the some-
what clavate basidia. Each of these basidia have at

Saccardo, "Fungi Italici," pi. 46; " Sylloge," iv. No. 298.

330 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

their apex from three to five prominent points, or
sterigmata, at the tips of which is produced a solitary
minute spore, or conidium. The conidia are oblong,
about three micromillimetres long, and one in
diameter, and uncoloured. To the unaided eye, and
even under a lens, this mould has the appearance of
an Aspergillus ; but examined more closely, and with
a higher power, it is found that the spores are not
produced in chains, as in that genus, but singly, at
the tips of the radiating basidia, or conidia-bearers.

White Chain Mould.

Sterigmatocystis Candida. Sacc.^

This white mould, on the rotting larvae of insects,
has occurred in Italy, but the order of insects has not
been stated. It forms effused floccose white patches,
with the fertile threads erect, and thread-like, without
joints, inflated at the apex into a somewhat globose
bladdery vesicle, about forty micromillimetres in
diameter, rough, and bearing basidia all over the
surface. These basidia are club-shaped and radiating,
each one having at its apex three or four sterigmata,
or projecting points, on which are seated the conidia,
or spores ; these latter are produced in chains, like a
necklace of beads, the upper ones globose, and about

> Saccardo, "Fungi Italici," pi. 80; "Sylloge," iv. No. 345.

HOSTS UNDETERMINED. 331

two and a half micromillimetres in diameter, the
lower ones elongated, all of them being uncoloured.
It will be observed that this mould differs from the
preceding in having the conidia, or spores, produced
in chains, and, like that, is also saprophytic.

Whorled Larv^ Mould.

Verticillmm viinutissimtim. Corda.^

A minute white mould on the surface of the larvse
of small insects, in a state of decay, can hardly be
assumed to be a parasite, and yet it may not be quite
out of place in a work of this kind. This one appears
in small tufts, almost like little white points, consisting
of erect threads, which are branched in whorls ; that
is to say, the short branches are given off at the same
level, each branch being itself simple or forked,
bearing at their tips the curved slender conidia, about
four micromillimetres long. It is especially European,
and, as far as we are aware, exclusively Bohemian.

M. Giard has enumerated a group of Entomophytic
Fungi, which he terms Entomophytic Cladosporias,
which kill the insects on which they grow, not by
destruction of the tissues, but by closing up the
trachea.

* Corda, " Icones Fungorum," vol. i. p. 20, fig. 274; Saccardo,
Sylloge,"iv. No. 788.

332 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

We might have increased considerably the list of
pseudo-parasites, or species which we deem to be
saprophytic, by adding those which have sometimes
occurred on insects, but also on other decaying
substances. This would have served no useful
purpose, and only proved a hindrance to those in
search of information respecting veritable entomo-
phytes. Beyond the redoubtable Botrytis Bassiaiiay
there is scarcely a Mucedine known which is fatal
to the health and life of the inhabitants of the insect-
world.

( 333 )

ARACHNIDS.

SPIDERS.

SPIDERS, and their allies, do not appear to be so
liable to attack from fungal parasites as many
orders of insects ; nevertheless there are a few species
of entomophytes which are restricted to them,
particularly moulds of the genus Isaria. The dead
bodies of spiders, found in water, are commonly
attacked by a kind of aquatic mould, either identical
or closely allied to the well-known " salmon disease."
In this case, however, it is not parasitic and destructive,
as it only occurs upon the dead bodies in water, as
found also on the dead bodies of flies under similar
Qircumstances. Hence no very detailed account is
necessary beyond what is given previously, on Diptera.
In addition to the species alluded to here, it may
be added, on the authority of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley,
that "the eggs of spiders, which are usually found in
numbers together, carefully preserved in bags formed
of web, also form the basis oi Isaria fai-inosa',' and its
more perfect condition, Cordyceps militaris}

* Berkeley, "Eng. FL," vol. ii. p. 232.

334 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

The reference to a species of Verticillitim ^ on the
pupa of Biipahis piniaria is too imperfect to determine
whether it is the Verticillmm miniUissiimun^ Corda.

European Spider Isaria.
Isaria arachnophila. Ditm.

The earliest reference to this parasite was by
Ditmar, in Sturm's " Flora," where it was figured and
described under the above name^ in 1817. Dr. Gray
copied this figure in his "Notices of Insect Fungi"
(plate 4, fig. 18). It was, as he says, attached to a
piece of rotten wood by means of the white fungoid
threads which had emerged from the interior of the
body, and had, after death, covered the upper part of
the back, and then extended itself into several upright
stems, enlarging towards their apex. The host was
a species of Ctirms. According to Saccardo, it has
been found in Germany, Italy, France, Holland,
Belgium, Great Britain, and America. Professor
Oudemanns recorded it from Leyden in 1874, and
gave a new figure,^ the colour in his specimen being
somewhat flesh-colour, and he describes the conidia

* Lebert, Berlin Entom. Zeit. (1858), p. 179.

2 Sturm, "Deutsch Flora," vol. i. p. iii. pi. 55; Pers., '*Myc.
Eur.," p. 45; Fries, "Syst. Myc," iii. p. 274; Saccardo, "Sylloge,"
iv. No. 2791.

' Oudemanns, "Aanwinsten" (1874), P^- 4> %• 4«

ARACHN2DM. 335

as oblong, or fusiform (3 J to 4J X i\\i). In other
cases the whole fungus is said to be whitish.

It has been stated by Dr. Gray, on the authority of
Robin,^ that a small species of spider has been found
in Europe attacked during the autumn months by
Isaria tartarea ; but as this is not an entomophyte,
probably the name is an error, or the Isaria may
haye spread to the spider from the subjacent wood.

American Spider Isaria.

Isaria aj'anearum. Schwein.

The descriptions given by Schweinitz of the species
of parasitic Isaria'^ found by him in North Carolina
are very deficient in detail, but there is sufficient in
them to show that the above-named species is very
different from the ordinary European form. It forms
an effused yellow crust, from which arise the un-
branched clubs in divergent tufts, the basal portion
of the clubs being of a bright lemon-yellow, and the
upper part paler, and powdery with the conidia, or
spores, with somewhat a flesh-coloured tint. It is
said to be parasitic on some species of Araiiea and
Phalangium ; that on the latter having borne at one

» Robin, "Veg. Par." (1853), p. 608.

^ Schweinitz, "Syn. Car.," No. 1299 \ Fries, ** Syst. Myc," iii. 273 ;
Saccardo, "Sylloge," No. iv. 2792,

335 VEGETABLE WASPS AND PLANT WORMS.

lime a special designation,^ now merged as a synonym.
The colour of this species is significant, in a genus
where so many are white, that there should be no
difficulty in recognizing it should it be found again.
Unfortunately, most of the IsaricB are very erratic in
their appearance, and at all times rare, so that it is
not surprising when we hear of species, bearing marked
characters, not occurring a second time for half a
century, or not twice within the memory of any living
man. Curtis and Ravenel collected for many years
in North and South Carolina, and we are not sure
that they ever encountered this species.

Cuban Spider Isaria.

Isaria gigantea. Mont.

In the Island of Cuba, Ramon de la Sagra collected
the indigenous species of Mygale, the body and legs
of which were infested with the species of Isaria
which Montague described under the name of Isaria
gigantea? This has never been figured, but was
described as growing either solitary or in clusters,
thread-like, long and slender, attenuated upwards,
and either simple or branched, externally whitish and

* Isaria phalangiophila, Link, " Sp. Plant.," ii. p. 114; Schweinitz,
"Amer. Bor.," No. 3057.

2 Montagne, "Cuba," p. 309; "Sylloge," p. 293; Saccardo, iv.
No. 2790.

ARACHNIDS. 337

powdery, but brownish within. The form and size
of the conidia do not appear to have been deter-
mined, and there is no record extant of its having
been found since that time.

Berkeley and Curtis were hardly justified in
assuming this condition as evidence that the perfect
form, when developed, would be a Cordyceps, and
therefore, on this assumption, called it Cordyceps
Montagiiei} Certainly it is probable ; but a name
and position should not be based upon a probability,
and that is all the evidence we have for Cordyceps
Montagnei, the ascigerous condition of which Berkeley
himself confesses has never been seen, and perhaps
never will be. It is a common error, but we fear not
a justifiable one, to give to an imperfect, or incom-
plete, fungus a name which it would bear if fully
developed. It is at least misleading, and we imagine
no one would contend that, upon an assumption, any
organism should be placed in a genus of which it
does not actually possess the essential generic
character.

1 "Fungi Cubensis," No. 747; Saccardo, " Sylloge," ii. No. 5048.

338 vegetable wasps and plant worms.

Spider Torrubiella.

Tomihiella aranicida. Boud.^

This entomophyte, the type of a new botanical
genus, was made known in 1885, on spiders in a
rotten trunk in France. The perithecia are elon-
gated conical, rather flexuous, sixty-five to seventy
millimetres high, and half as broad ; ochraceous, or
tinged with orange ; seated in company, either
scattered or in clusters, on a thin white byssoid
stroma, differing in this from Cordyceps that there is
no stem or club. The long asci are similar to those
in Cordyceps, and so are the thread-like spores, which
are faintly septate, and granular, three or four hundred
micromillimetres long, but apparently not breaking up
into joints (plate 2, fig. 27). This peculiar fungus re-
sembles some Nectria in appearance, with elongated
necks, seated, as some species of Nectria are, upon
a byssoid stroma, but possessing the long thread-like
sporidia of Cordyceps. Although a technical point,
we fail to recognize any sound generic distinction
between this and Ophionectria agaricicola, found on
putrid Agarics in Tasmania. The only apparent
difference is a byssoid stroma. One may suffer from
too much of a good thing, and a plethora of new
genera portends a new disease.

^ Boudier, in- Revue Mycologique (1885), p. 227, pi. 56, fig. 4;
Saccardo, " Sylloge," vol, supp., No. 7248.

ARACHNIDM. 339

Spider Hanger.

Lahoulbenia armillaris. Berl.^

This entomophyte occurred on the body of living
Antennophorus caputcarabi in Paraguay, the entire
fungus being about three hundred micromillimetres
high, and pale brown. The stem was clavate, attenu-
ated at the base, and ending in an obconical nodule ;
the perithecium elongated-ovoid, or rather cylin-
drical, ending in a black neck ; the pseudo-para-
physes furcately branched, with a black ring at the
base of the branches. These superficial parasites
are rather numerous on Coleoptera, but this is the
solitary instance of one being found on Aj^achnidcs.
We must direct attention to the figures given in an
earlier portion of this volume to appreciate their
habit and character. As already observed, they
attach themselves externally to their host without
penetrating the cuticle, but are fixed by a disc, or
sucker, at the base, so that, although they may be
more or less of an incumbrance, they inflict no direct
injury. The most prominent difference presented by
this species from all the rest consists in the black
ring at the base of the branches of the furcate
appendages.

^ Berlese, ** Laboulbenia," p. 14, pi. 11 ; Saccardo, '* Sylloge,"
viii. No. 3608.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES

ARRANGED UNDER THEIR RESPECTIVE FAMILIE5.

Order I.— ASCOMYCETES.

Definite perithecia ; sporidia produced in asci,

FAMILY I.— HYPOCREACE^.
Composite, or simple. Perithecia fleshy ; stroma soft.

Genus i. — Cordyceps. Fries.

Stroma vertical, clavate ; sporidia filiform, breaking up into
joints.

* Capitulum globose or ellipticaL

Cordyceps entomorrhtza. Dicks. On larvae and pupae of Z^//-

doptera. England, N. America, Australia.
Cordyceps msigitis. Cke. and Rav. On larvse. N. America.
Cordyceps ar7nemaca. B. and C. On insects. N. America.
Cordyceps flavella. B. and C. On Diptera (?). Cuba.
Cordyceps dipterigena. B. and Br. On Diptera. Ceylon.
Cordyceps cocctge?ta. Tul. On Cocci. New Guinea.
Cordyceps Lloydii. Fawc. On Camp07iotiis atriceps. Guiana.
Cordyceps Sheeriiigii. Mass. On ants. Grenada.
Cordyceps Ditinari. Quel. On Vespa crabro. Jura.
Cordyceps myrmecophzla. Ces. On ants, etc. Britain, Italy,

Finland, N. America, Ceylon, Borneo.
Cordyceps Humberti. Rob. On Icaria ciiicta. Senegal.
Cordyceps helopis. Quel. On larvas of Helops. Jura, France.
Cordyceps cinerea. Tul. On Cole opt era [Carabiis). France.
Cordyceps tmilateralis. Tul, On ants. Brazil.
Cordyceps austi'alis. Speg. On Formica. Brazil.

542 CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES.

Cordyceps atrculionum. Tul. On CurcuUo. Peru, Brazil.
Cordyceps Ody?ien. Quel. On Odytierus. Vosges.
Cordyceps Doassaitsiu Pat. On chrysalids of Lepidoptera.
France.

** Stroma furcate^ capituhwi siibglobose.
Cordyceps bicephala. Berk. On insects (.?). Rio Negro.
Cordyceps sobolifera. Hill. On Cicada^ etc. West Indies,

Ceylon.
Cordyceps palustris. B. and Br. On larv«. Carolina.

^*^ Stroma swiple, clubs elongated.
Cordyceps Gtmnii. Berk. On larvae of Pielus. Tasmania,

Australia.
Cordyceps Hawkesii. Gray. On larvae of Pielus. Tasmania.
Cordyceps sphecocephala. Klot. On wasps. West Indies,

Brazil.
Cordyceps stylophora. B. and Br. On larvae. S. Carolina.
Cordyceps goitilis. Ces. On Sphecoidece. Borneo.
Cordyceps pistiliaricEformis, B. and Br. On Cocci. Britain,

N. America.
Cordyceps ^nilitaris. Linn. On larvae and pupae. Britain,

Sweden, Finland, Germany, Belgium, France, Italy, N.

America, Ceylon, Borneo.
Cordyceps typhiilcBforims. B. and Cke. On larvae. Java.
Cordyceps falcata. Berk. On larvae. India.
Cordyceps sinensis. Berk. On larvae. China.
Cordyceps Barjtesii. Thw. On Melolontha. Ceylon.
Cordyceps melolonthcB. Tul. On Melolontha. N. America.
Cordyceps Forqiiig7ioni. Quel. On Dipt era. France.
Co7'dyceps alutacea. Quel. Hab. uncertain. Jura.
Cordyceps sp. On Elateridce larva. Cape.

**** Stroma ftcrcaie ; clubs elongated.

Cordyceps caloceroides. B. and C. On larvae. Cuba.
Cordyceps Taylori. Berk. On larvae {Hcpialidce). Australia.
Cordyceps Siiiclairi. Berk. On Orthoptera. New Zealand.
Cordyceps racemosa. Berk. On larvae. India.

***** Clubs various ; perithecia free.
Cordyceps acicularis. Rav. On larvae. Carolina.
Cordyceps sphitigtim. Tul. On Sphingides. Brazil, N. America,
Switzerland.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES. 34^

Cordyceps memorabiHs. Ces. On SfaphyliJies. Italj^
Cordyceps superjicialis. Peck. On larvas. N. America.
Cordyceps Robertsii. Hook. On larvas Hepialidce. New

Zealand.
Cordyceps Ravcnelii. Berk. On Ancylonychus. S. Carolina.

* * *
* *

^ Species iviperfect.

Cordyceps fuliginosa. Ces. On pup^e of Bombyx. Italy.
Cordyceps larvata. Mont. On — (?). Guiana.

Genus 2.— Torrubiella. Boud.
Stroma horizontal ; perithecia free.
Forrubiella aranicida. Boud. On spiders. France.

Genus 3.— Dialonectria. Sacc.

Stroma absent ; perithecia free, fleshy ; sporidia subelliptical,
uniseptate.
Dmlonectrza coccoricm. Speg. On Cocci. Argentina.

Family 2.— LABOULBENIACE^E.

Superficial, without mycelium. Receptacle stipitate ; stem
bicellular ; asci diffluent.

Genus i.— Laboulbenia. Mont.
Perithecia mamillate ; pseudo-paraphyses filiform, jointed.

Laboulbenia Rougetii. M. and R. On Brachimcs, Staphylines

etc. France, Germany. '

Laboulbe?iia Guerinii. Robin. On Gyretes. Caraccas.
Laboulbenia flabellaia. Peyr. On Bembidium, etc. Austria.
Labo2tlbe7iiaarimlla7is. Berl. On A7itennophorics. Paracrua'y.
Laboulbe7iia anceps. Peyr. On Anchonevius. Austria. ^
Laboulbenia fasciculata. Peyr. On Chlcejiius. Austria.
Laboulbenia luxurians. Peyr. On Bembidiicin. Austria and

United States.
Laboulbeiiia vulgaris. Peyr. On Beinbiditcm. Austria and

United States.
Laboulbenia nebrice. Peyr. On Nebria brtmjtea. Austria and

United States.

344 CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES.

Laboulbenia gracilis. Peyr. Host unknown. Austria.
Laboulbenia brachiata. Thax. On Patrobus longicor7iis.

United States.
Laboulbenia fumosa. Thax. On Platymis ci?tcticollis. United

States.
Laboulbenia elo7tgala. Thax. On Platynics cincticollis. United

States.
Laboulbejiia harpali. Thax. On Harpahis pe?tsylvanicus.

United States.
Laboulbe7iia elegans. Thax. On Harpahis pensylvafiicus.

United States.
Laboulbenia casno?iice. Thax. On Casnonia pensylvanica.

United States.
Laboulbenia iruncata. Thax. On Bejnbidiuin. United States.
Laboulbenia arcuata. Thax. On Ha7'palus pensylvanicus.

United States.
Laboulbe7iia co7iferta. Thax. On Harpahis pensylvanicus.

United States.
Laboulbe7iia paupercula. Thax. On Platy7ius exiensicollis.

United States.
Laboulbe7iia scelephila. Thax. On Plaiynus exte7isicollis.

United States.
Laboulbenia co77ipacta. Thax. On Be7nbidiu7n. Maine.
Laboiilbe7tia variabilis. Thax. On 077iophro7i^ Chlce7tius,

Nebria^ Platy7ius, Patrobus, etc. United States.
Laboulbe7iia galeritce. Thax. On Galerita Ja7ius. United

States.
Laboulbe7iia gyri7iidaru7n. Thax. On Gy7'i7tus. Connecticut.
Laboulbenia braclmti. Thax. On BracJmius. Virginia.
Laboulbe7iia curtipes. Thax. On Be77ibidiu77i bi77iaculatu77i.

Washington.
Laboulbe7iia parviila. Thax. On Platy7tus exte7isicollis and

Be77ibidiu77i. United States.
Laboulbe7iia i7iflata. Thax. On Be77ibidiu7n. Dakota.
Laboulbe7tia recta. Thax. On Platy7ius extetisicollis. Con-
necticut.
Labotilbe7tia co7itorta. Thax. On Platy7ius exte7isicollis. Con-
necticut.
Laboulbe7iia gibberosa. Thax. On Platy7tus exte7isicollis.

Connecticut.
Laboulbe7iia Schizoge7iii. Thax. On ScJiizoge7iius li7ieolatus.

Connecticut.
Laboiilbe7iia pedicellata. Thax. On Be77ibidiu7n. Maine.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES. 315

Genus 2.— Acanthomyces. Thax.
Perithecia as in Labotdhcnia ; receptacle with a series of
appendage-bearing cells on the inner side.
Acantho?nyces lasiophora. Thax. On Atrajius pubescens. Con-
necticut.

Genus 3.— Peyritschiella. Thax.

Pseudo-paraphyses arising from several different points on
either side of the perithecium.

Peyritschiella curvata. Thax. On Platynus cinciicollis. United

States.
Peyritschiella miiiima. Thax. On Platynus cincticollis. United

States.

Genus 4. — Stigmatomyces. Karst.

Perithecia thickened in the middle, ending in a thick neck.

Stigmatomyces Musccb. (Knoch.) On flies. Russia, Austria.

Genus 5.— Helminthophana. Peyr.
Perithecia cylindrical, with a cylindrical neck ; pseudo-para-
physes basilar.
Helminthophana itycteribice. Peyr. On Nyctcribid. Austria.

Genus 6.— Appendiculina. Peck.
Perithecia globose, with a very long cylindrical neck ; pseudo-
paraphyses inserted at base of perithecia.

Appe7idiculi?ia etttojuophila. Peck. On Dj'osophila. N.
America.

Genus 7.— Chitonomyces. Peyr.

Perithecia ,three-lobed at the apex ; pseudo-paraphyses lateral,
not jointed or appendiculate.

Chitonomyces melanurus. Peyr. On Laccophilus. Austria.

Genus 8.-— Heimatomyces. Peyr.

Perithesia produced at the apex into a horn ; pseudo-paraphyses
lateral.

Heimatomyces parodoxus. Peyr. On Laccophilus. Austria
and United States.

346 CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES.

Heii7iato7nyces swiplex. Thax. On Laccophilus maatlosus,

etc. Connecticut.
Heimatomyces hyalinus. Thax. On Laccophilus mactdosics.

Connecticut.
Heiinatojnyces affi?tis. Thax. On Laccophilus maculosus^ etc.

Connecticut.
Heimatomyces appendiculatus, Thax. On Laccophilus macu-

losus. Connecticut.
Heimatomyces Halipli. Thax. On Haliplus ruficollis^ ect.

Connecticut.
Heimatomyces lichanophorus. Thax. On Laccophilus 7nactc-

losus. Connecticut.
Heimatojnyces rhyjichostoma. Thax. On Laccophilus macu-

losus. Connecticut.
Heimatomyces tmcinatus. Thax. On Laccophilus macu losus.

Connecticut.
Heimatomyces marginatics. Thax. On Laccophilus maculosus.

Connecticut.

Genus 9. — Ceratomyces. Thax.

Perithecia highly developed, with antheridial appendage at
the base.

Ceratomyces mirabilis. Thax. On Ttvpistermis glaber. Con-
necticut.

Ceratomyces camptosporus. Thax. On Tropisfernus glaber.
Connecticut.

Genus 10.— Corethromyces. Thax.

Receptacle reduced to a basal, with two or three terminal cells.

Corethromyces cryptobii. Thax. On Cryptobium pallipes.
Virginia.

Genus ii.— Cantharomyces. Thax.

Pseudo-paraphyses, one or more, arising from the supra-basal

cell.

Cantharomyces bledii. Thax. On Bleditis assimilis. Illinois.
Cantharomyces vorticillata. Thax. On Sunius lo?igicollis.

Illinois.
To these must be added —
Zodiomyces vorticellaria. Thax. On Hydroco7nbus pahcstris.

United States.
Hesperomyces virescens. Thax. On Chilocorus bivulnerus.

United States.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES. 317

Oeder II.— PHYCOMYCETES.

Mycelium unicellular ; fructification agamic or sexual.

Family i.— SAPROLEGNIACE^.

Aquatic. Threads producing zoosporangia. Agamic reproduc-
tion by zoospores ; sexual by oogonia and antheridia.

Genus i.— Saprolegnia. Nees.
Zoosporangia clavate ; oogonia mostly many-spored.

Saprolegjtia monoica. Prings. On spiders, larvae, etc. Ger-
many, France, Belgium.

Saproleg?iia asterophora. De Bary. On flies. Germany
Belgium. ■"

Saprolegnia ferax. Gruith. On flies. Universal in Europe.

Genus 2. — Pythium. Prings.

Zoosporangia formed from the protoplasm ; zoospores always
naked ; oogonia one-spored.

Pythium proliferum. De Bary. On insects. Germany
Belgium. '

Genus 3.— Biplanes. Leit.

Zoosporangia perforated ; oogonia many-spored.

Biplanes saprolegnioides. Leit. On insects. Germany
France.

Genus 4.— Achlya. Nees.

Zoospores disposed without order in zoosporangia, naked after
exclusion ; oogonia many-spored.

* Dioecious.

Achlya prolif era. Nees. On insects. Germany.
Achlya dioica. Prings. On insects. Germany.

348 CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES.

** MofKSCiOKS.

Achlya polyaiidra. Hilde. On flies. Germany.
Genus 5. — Aphanomyces. De Bary.

Zoosporangia very long, zoospores in a single series ; oogonia
one-, or rarely two-spored.

Aphanomyces stellatiis. De Bary. On insects. Germany,
Belgium.

Aphanomyces scaber. De Bary. On insects. Germany, Bel-
gium.

Family 2.— ENTOMOPHTHORACE.E.

Threads producing conidia. Agamic reproduction by conidia
and resting-spores, sexual by zygospores.

Genus i.— Empusa. Cohn.

Mycelium evolved within the bodies of insects, soon broken
into fragments ; conidia-bearers simple.

Empusa miiscce. Fries. On Miisca. Britain, Germany, Austria,

Switzerland, Italy, Netherlands, United States, S. America.
Empusa culicis. Braun. On Ciilex. Germany, N. America.
Empusa grylli. Fresen. On Oclex, Locusta. Germany, United

States, Newfoundland.
Empusa aulicce. Reich. On larvae and chrysalids of Euprepia,

Trachea^ etc. Germany.
Empusa J assi. Cohn. On Jassus sexjtotatus. Germany.
Empusa Fresenii. Nowa. On Aphis cracca, etc. Germany,

Poland, United States.
Empusa apiculata. Thax. On Lepidoptera. Maine, N. Carolina,

U.S.
Empusa tenthredinis, Fres. On larvae of Tenihrcdo. Germany,

United States.
Empusa Plancho7tiana. Cornu. On Aphides. Europe, United

States.
Empusa lagoiiformis. Thax. On Aphides. United States.
Empusa cojiglomerata. Sor. On Tipula and Culcx. Europe,

United States.
Empusa papillata. Thax. On Diptera. N. America.
Empusa caroliniana. Thax. On Diptera. N. Carolina.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPIIYTES. 349

Genus 2.— Entomophthora. Fres.

Mycelium at first innate, then emitting threads from the dead
body ; conidia-bearers branched.

Entomophthora sphcerosperma. Fres. On larvae of Pieris and

Livunophilus^ and various orders of insects. Germany,

United States.
Entomophthora aphides. Hoffm. On Aphides. Germany,

United States.
Entomophthora tipulcB. Fres. On Tipula. Germany.
E?ttomophthora mtiscivora. Schrot. On Musca^ Calliphora^

etc. France, Germany.
Entomophthora curvispora. Nowak. On Simtilia, etc. Poland.
E7itomophthora ovispora. Nowak. On Lonchcea^ etc. Poland.
E?itomophthora cojiica. Nowak. On Diptera. Poland, United

States.
Entomophthora lampyridarum. Thax. On Coleoptera. N.

Carolina.
Entomophthora virescens. Thax. On Agrotis fennica. Ottawa,

Ontario.
Entomophthora geometralis. Thax. On geometrid moths.

United States.
Entomophthora coloraia. Sor. On grasshoppers. Europe.
Entomophthora rhizospora. Thax. On PhryganidcB, United

States.
E?itomophthora phryganecB. Sor. On Phryganea grattdis.

Europe.
Entomophthora occidentalis. Thax. On Aphides. United

States.
Entomophthora pelliculosa. Sor. On. Antho?nyia. Europe.
Entomophthora variabilis. Thax. On Diptera. United States.
Entomophthora sepulchralis. Thax. On TipididcB. United

States.
E7itomophthor a gracilis. Thax. On Diptera. N.Carolina.
Entomophthora echijtospora. Thax. On Diptera. United

States.
Ento7nophthora montana. Thax. On Chironojnus. N. America.
Entomophthora aDiericana. Thax. On Diptera. United States.
Ento7nophthora dipterigena. Thax. On Diptera. N. America.

350 CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES.

Genus 3.— Tarichium. Cohn.

Mycelium evolved in the body of insects, simple, then branched ;
resting-spores formed at the end of branches of the
mycelium.

Tarichium inegaspenmmt. Cohn. On larvae of Agrotis

segetum. Germany.
? Tarichia 2wella. Krask. On coleopterous larvae. Russia.

Genus 4.— Massospora. Peck.

Conidia loosely coherent, forming a powdery mass ; mycelium

evolved in the body of insects.
Massospora cicadina. Peck. On Cicada. United States.

Order IIL—HYPHOMYCETES.

Superficial. Threads simple or branched, bearing naked conidia
or spores.

Family i.— MUCEDINE^.

Pale or bright coloured, rarely brown. Threads lax, not com-
bined into a common stem.

* AMEROSPORiE. Spores coniifiuo'us.

Genus i. — Oospora. Wallr.

Threads short, simple ; conidia globose or oblong, produced in

chains.
Oospora aphidis. Cke. and Mass. On Aphides.

Genus 2.— Corethropsis. Corda.

Threads decumbent ; sporophores simple, capitate at the apex

bearing sterigmata, each surmounted by a spore.
Corethropsis pulchra. Sacc. On putrescent insects. Italy.

Genus 3.— Sterigmatocystis. Cram.

Threads inflated at the apex, the head bearing verticillately

branched basidia, surmounted by chains of spores.
Sterigmatocystis ferruginea. Cooke. On pupae of Lepidoptera,
India.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES. 351

Sterigmatocystis Candida. Sacc. On larvae of insects. Italy.

Genus 4.— Penicillium. Link.

Fertile threads unequally branched at the apex, bearing chains

of subglobose conidia.
Penicillium Fieberi. Corda. On dead Pentatoma,

Genus 5.— Sporotrichum. Link.

Threads vaguely and repeatedly branched, creeping; conidia
produced at the ends or sides.'

Sporotrichu7n densum. Link. On Coleoptera^ etc. Europe.
Sporotrichum globuliferutn. Speg. On Coleoptera. Argentina.
Sporotrichum miniUuUcm. Speg. On larvae of CicadcB. S.

America.
Sporotrichujn minijnmn. Speg. On Formica. Argentina.

Genus 6.— Botrytis. Mich.

Fertile threads erect, branched ; conidia loosely congregated
about the tips of the branches.

Botrytis Bassiana. Bals. On silkworms, very destructive.

Europe.
• var. tenella> Sacc. On Diptera^ Vespa^ etc. Italy.

Genus 7.— Verticillium. Nees.

Fertile threads erect, branched ; branches and branchlets in
whorls ; conidia terminal.

Verticillitmi 7nimitissimum. Corda. On larvse. Bohemia.
** Phragmospor^. Spores septate.

Genus 8.— Rot^a. Ces.

Sterile threads creeping ; conidia erect, clavate, many septate,
united together in globose tufts.

Rotcsaflava. Ces. On Cossus. Italy.

352 CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES.

Family 2.— DEMATIE^.

Threads brown or black, rigid.

Genus i.— Cladosporium. Link.

Threads simple or sparingly branched ; conidia apical or
lateral, sometimes produced in short chains, at first simple,
then with 1-3 septa.

Cladosporium aphidts. Thum. On Aphides. Austria.

Family 3.— STILBE^.

Fertile threads erect, combined into a stem or stroma bearing
conidia at their apices.

Genus i.— Stilbum. Tode.

Stroma tapering, capitate, with a single head.

Stilbum Btiqiietii. Mont, and Rob. On various insects. Tropics.
Stilbum for7nicarmn. Cke. and Mass. On dead ants {For?nica),

Australia.
Stilbum ramosum. Peck. On insect larvae in rotten wood.

N. America.
Stilbum Kervillei. Quel. On Leria ccssia. France. •

Genus 2.— Isaria. Pers.

Stroma vertical, clavate or branched, bearing conidia every-
where, from the tips of the combined threads.

Isaria farifiosa. Dicks. On chrysalids. Britain, Germany,

Italy, France, Sweden.
Isaria truncata. Pers. On chrysalids. Germany.
Isaria crassa. Pers. On chrysalids. Germany.
Isaria corallina. Fries. On pupa of Nocttia instabilis, etc.

Germany, Italy.
Isaria velutipes. Link. On chrysalids. Germany, Sweden.
Isaria strigosa. Fries. On Noctua ypsilon. Germany.
Isaria fioccosa. Fries. On larvae and pupae of Bombyx JacobecE.

Britain, Germany.
Isaria exoleta. Fries. On larvae of Noctua exoleta. Germany.
Isaria cimiaharina. Preuss. On pupa of Sphinx ligustri.

Germany.

CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES. 353

Isaria sphiiigiim. Schwz. On imagines of SpJiinx and other

Lepidoptera. N. America, India, Britain.
Isaria nigripes. Schwz. On chrysalids. N. America.
Isaria fiircata. Schwz. On chrysaHds. N. America.
Isaria lepi'osa. Fries. On chrysahds. Germany.
Isaria teiitnpes. Peck. On pupse. N. America.
Isaria stellata. Cooke. On Aphides. India.
Isaria suffruticosa. Cooke and Mass. On hairy caterpillar.

Australia.
Isaria sphecophila. Ditm. On Vespa crabro. Germany.
Isaria Saussurei. Cooke. On Polistes Americana. Antilles,

Cayenne.
Isaria stilbiforniis. Speg. On the body oi Pentaio?na.
Isaria eleutheratoru?n. Nees. OnhtQi\Qs{Carabus). Germany,

Italy, France.
Isaria gigantea. Mont. On My gale. Cuba.
Isaria aracJmophila. Ditm. On spiders (^Epeira^ Drassus,

Mygale, etc.). Italy, France, Holland, Germany, Belgium,

Britain, N. America.
Isaria arafiearuvi. Schwz. On spiders. N. America.
Isaria cicadce. Miquel. On Cicada. Brazil.

Family 4.— TUBERCULARIE^.

Stroma compact, rather thick, wartlike or subglobose, waxy or
rather gelatinous ; conidia produced from the side or tips
of the agglutinated threads.

PHRAGMOSPORiE. Conidia septate.

Genus i.— Fusarium. Link.

Stroma pulvinate ; conidia fusoid or falcate typically, three or
more septate, hyaline.

Fusarium larvarum. Fckl. On chrysalids. Germany.
Genus 2. — Microcera. Desm.

Stroma conical or pulvinate ; sporidia fusiform elongated, many
septate, hyaline.

Microcera coccophila. Desm. On various C^^^/. Britain, France,

Italy, Austria, Belgium.
Microcera rectispora. Cke. and Mass. On Cc'^ra of the orange.

Australia.

2 A

354 CLASSIFIED LIST OF ENTOMOPHYTES.

Order IV.— SCHIZOMYCETES.

Minute, unicellular. Multiplication by division ; spores of two
forms.

Genus i. — Bacillus. Cohn.

Cells cylindrical, usually combined in rows, transversely
dividing.

Bacillus alvei. Chesh. On larvae of bees. Britain, Germany.

PL. 1.

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

PL. 2.

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

PL. 3.

^ %

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

PL. 4.

ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI.

INDEX TO INSECT HOSTS.

Acanthocephalus, 275
Acridium peregrinum, 273
Agrotis fennica, 210

segetum, 209

Anceryx ello, 125

pinastri, 125

Anchomenus albipes, 79

marginatus, 79

viduus, 82

Ancyloncha puncticollis, 98
Antennophorus caputcarabi, 339
Anthomyia pagana, 240

pluvialis, 222

Anthophora acervorum, 58

Aphidse, 306

Aphis symphyti, 315

Apis mellifica, 62

Arctia villica, 199

Arctiidge, 198

Atta (Formica) cephalotus, 33

Lundii, 37

Auchonus sp., 114

Bembidium lunatum, 79

varium, 80

Biston betularia, 2H
Bledius assimilis, 91
Bombyx mori, 186
Brachinus crepitans, 77

explodens, 77

sclopeta, 77

Bupalus piniaria, 211
Buprestis fascicularis, 95

Calandra sp., 115
Callimorpha Jacobeoe, 190
Camponotus atriceps, 34, 37
Carabus hortensis, 75

sp-, 73

Casnonia pensylvanica, 91
Cerastis vaccinii, 196
Cetoniidse, 108
Chalcoderma sp., 114
Charagria rubroviridans, 138

virescens, 138

Chauliognathus pensylvanicus, 1 1 1

Chilocorus bivulnerus, 91

Chironomus sp., 244

Chlsenius vestitus, S^

Cicadse, 279

Cicada septemdecem, 299

Coccidse, 317

Cossus ligniperda, 161

Ctinus sp., 334

Culex sp., 235, 243

Curculionidse, 112

Dasyphora pratorum, 224
Deleaster dichrous, 80
Delphax saccharivora, 29S
Dexia canina, 222
Dionychus sp., 113
Drosophila nigricornis, 250
Dynastidse, 92

Echinopta melanarctos, 34
Elatei-idcC, 109

35^

INDEX TO INSECT HOSTS.

Erannis defoliaria, 21 1
Erebus odora, 196
Erotylus tseniatus, 115
Euglossa sp., 61
Eupithecia sp., 212
Euprepia aulica, 199

villica, 199

Eurois tincta, 195

Fidicina bonoerensis, 303
Formica atriceps, 32

tufa, 31

sexguttata, 32

Geometridoe, 211
Goerius olens, 86
Gortyna sp., 207
Gryllotalpa americana, 268
Gyrites sericeus, 89

Harpalus pensylvanicus, 90
Heilipus brachypterus, 114

celsus, 114

hylobioides, 114

Helops caraboides, 118
Hepialidse, 130, 173
Huma upsilon, 192
Hydrocombus palustris, 91
Hypena sp., 125
Hyphantria sp., 269

textor, 212

Hypsonotus clavulus, 1 1 7

Jassus sexnotatus, 303

Laccophilus hyalinus, 87

minutus, 87

Lasiocampa rubi, 182
Leria csesia, 229
Liparis chrysorhsea, 184
Lithosiidse, 168
Lonchaea vaginalis, 240
Lucilia cKsar, 248

Macrosila collaris, 125
Megistopoda sp., 252
Melolontha, 96
. vulgaris, 108

Menesteris lalicollis, 1 70
Metapodius latipes, 276
Musca domestica, 222, 248, 255
— rufa, 224

vomitoria, 222, 248

Mygale, 336

Naupactus xanthographus, 12 1
Nebria brunnea, 76

villse, 76

Noctua exoleta, 193
Nycteribia sp., 252
Nyssia zonaria, 211

Odynerus parietum, 40
Ophonus brevicollis, 86
Oporabia dilutoria, 211
Orgyia antiqua, 184

Pachycondyla striata, 34
Pachylia achemenides, 125
Patrobus longicornis, 91
Pentatoma prasina, 274

sp., 276

Petrophora sp., 212
Phalangium, 335
Plialera bucephala, 174
Phryganea grandis, 267
Phryganeidse, 266
Pielussp., 148, 155. 15S
Platynus cincticoUis, 91

extensicollis, 91

Plaxia macarea, 196
Pcederus riparius, 86
Polistes americana, 50, 53

mexicana, 50

rubiginosus, 50

Polybia sp., 41
Polyrhachis merops, 34
Ptilodactyla serricollis, 12I
Pycnopus bufo, 117

Rhyssomatus sp., 117

Sapromyza longipennis, 246
Sapromyza sp. , 240
Scatophaga stercoraria, 222
Simulia latipes, 241

INDEX TO INSECT HOSTS,

357

Smerinthus populi, 125
Speranzia brunneata, 211
Sphinx Carolina, 125

ligustri, 129

Spirama retorta, 125
Staphylinidse, 84
Sunius longiusculus, 91
Syrphidse, 240

Tabanus sp., 227
T^niocampa instabilis, 191

Tenthredo larva, 156
Thera sp., 212
Tipula sp., 235, 238, 24:
Trachea piniperda, 199
Typhlocyba mali, 304
rosae, 304

Vespa crabro, 57
sp., 41

Zeuzera liturata, 162

245> 249

GENERAL INDEX.

Achlya dioica, 262

polyatidra, 262

prolifera, 261

American caterpillar club, 170

fly club, 225

fly endophyte, 247

fly hanger, 250

spider Isaria, 335

swamp club, 219

Anthomyia endophyte, 240
Ant mould, 37
Ants, wasps, bees, etc., 30
Ant stilbum, 38
Aphaiiomyces levis, 263

scaber, 264

stellatus, 263

Aphides, 306

Aphis black mould, 315

chain mould, 314

Apidse, 58

Appendiculma entomophila^ 250

Aquatic fly mould, 255

insect moulds, 254

Arachnidae, 333

Aulica endophyte, 199

Australian vegetable caterpillar, 143

Bacillus alvei, 62
Bee-family, 58
Beetle endophyte,

hangers, 90

Isaria, 74

stilbum, 116

III

Beetles, 72

Birch aphis endophyte, 310

Black muscardine, 209

stemmed Isaria, 194

Bornean entomophyte, 56
Botrytis acridiortwi, 272

Bassmna, 186

tenella, 106, 253

Branched stilbum, 327
Brazilian ant club, 34

cicada club, 284

Butterflies and moths, 123

Cantharomyces Bledii, 91

verticillata, 91

Cape beetle club, no
Carolina beetle club, 106

Tipula endophyte, 238

Ceylon fly club, 226

May-bug club, 107

Chinese plant worm, 200
Chitonomyces melamirus^ 88
Cicada mould, 302
Cladosp07-in7n aphidis, 315
Clawed beetle hanger, 88
Clustered fly endophyte, 234
Coccidge, 317
Coccus Nectria, 321

tubercles, 322

Coleoptera, 72

Common aphis endophyte, 308

beetle hanger, 76, 86

caterpillar club, 164

GENERAL INDEX.

359

Conical fly endophyte, 244
Cordyceps acictdaris, 214

ahitacca, 326

armejiiaca, 225

australis, 34

Barnesii^ 107

bicephala^ 217

caloceroideSy 216

chierea, 73

■ coccigcna^ 320

cicrculionem, 1 12

dipterigena, 226

Ditfuari, 55

Doassaiisii^ 215

entomorrhiza^ 164

falcaia, 171

flavella, 227

Forqiiignoni, 224

fuliginosa, 183

gen/ilis, 56

gracilis, 167

Gunnii, 143

Hawkesii, 151

helopis, 117

Htimberti, 5 1

insig7iis, 1 70

larval a, 325

Lloydii, 36

melolonthce , 96

memorabilis, 84

uioicsleridis, 169

i?iililaris, 173

myrmecophila, 31

Odyneri, 39

pahislris, 219

pistillariceforniis, 318

racemosa, 173

Ravenelii, 106

Roberlsii, 131

Sheeringii, 35

Sinclairii, 280

sinensis, 200

sobolifera, 28 5

, species of, 221

sphecocephala, 40

sphingtim, 127

slylophora, 109

stiperjicialis, 220

Cordyceps Taylori, 155

lyplmhvforniis, 215

iinilaleralis, 33

Coi-ethropsis pulchra, 329
Crickets and cockroaches, 268
Cuban spider Isaria, 336
Curved beetle hanger, 82
spore fly endophyte, 241

Dingy pupa club, 183
Biplanes saprolegnioides, 260
Diptera, 222
Dung fly club, 224

Egg-spored fly endophyte, 240
Empztsa apiculata^ 121, 211

aiclicce, 199

caroliniana, 238

citlicis, 235

Fresenii, 312

glovierala, 234

s^y^^U 269

yaj-j-/, 302

lageniformis^ 31 1

mils CCS, 230

fapillata, 237

Planchoniana, 307

tenthredi7iis, 5 7

Encrusting Isaria, 191

Entomophthorese, 7

Ento7nophthora americana, 247

aphidis, 308

colorata, 27 1

conica, 244

ctirvispora, 241

dipterigena, 249

echinospora, 245

geometralis, 212

gracilis, ^ 243

lampyridarjcni^ III

montana, 246

miiscivora, 239

occidentalis, 310

ovispora, 240

pelliculosa, 240

phryganecB, 267

-^— rhizospoj'a, 265
scpidchralis^ 242

36o

GENERAL INDEX.

Entomophthora sphcerosperma^ 304

tipuus, 245

variabilis, 24 1

virescejis, 21a

Erie mould, 184
Euglossa parasites, 61
European ant club, 31

grasshopper endophyte, 271

spider Isaria, 334

Tipula endophyte, 245

wasp club, 39

Fan beetle hanger, 81
Flagellate beetle hanger, 79
Flask-shaped endophyte, 311
Floccose Isaria, 188
Fly muscardine, 253

stilbum, 229

Forked Isaria, 194
Foul brood of bees, 62
French insect club, 215
Fresenius' aphis endophyte, 312
Fiisarium larvariifu, 328

Garden bug mould, 274
Geometridae, 21 1
Geometrid endophyte, 212
Globose endophyte, 121, 211
Gnat endophyte, 235
Goat moth fungus, 160

mould, 163

Grasshopper endophyte, 269
Greenish endophyte, 210
Grenada ant club, 35
Grey beetle club, 73

coccus club, 318

Guiana ant club, 36

Heimatomyces paradoxjis, S7
Helminthophana nyderibice^ 252
Hepialidoe, 130
Hesperoniyces virescens, 91
Ileteroptera, 277
Ilomoptera, 278
Horned beetle hanger, 87
Hornet club, 55

Isaria, 56

Hosts undetermined, 324

House fly endophyte, 230
Humbert's wasp club, 51
Hymenoptera, 30

Indian caterpillar club, 17]
Insect parasites, 14

white mouldy 330

Introduction, I

Isaria arachnophila, 334

ara7teanim, 335

cicadcz, 284

cijtnabarina, 129

crassa, 180

densa, 106

eleutheratorum, 74

exoleta, 193

farinosa, I 78

floe cos a, 189

fur cat a, 194

gigantea, 336

Iep?'osa, 191

nigripes, 194

Saussiirei, 53

sphecophila, 56

sphingiwi, 125

stcllata, 306

stilbiformis , 2']6

strigosa^ 192

suffruticosa, 198

tenuipes, 195

truncata, 1 8 1

velutipes^ 179

Tassus endophyte, 303
Jura pine club, 326

Katydid endophyte, 299
Knob-headed club, 173

Laboulbeniaceae, 6
Laboitlbcnia anceps, 82

arciiata, 90

armillaris, 339

brachiata, 91

casnonice, 91

conferia, 90

eiegans, 90

elojigata, 91

GENERAL INDEX,

361

Lahoulhcnia fasciailala, 83

flagcliata, 79

Giicrini, 89

harpali, 90

luxiirians, 81

nebrice, 75

paupercula, 91

Roiigeiii, 76, 86

scclep/iila, 91

tniucata^ 91

vulgaris^ 80

Laniellicorn parasites, 92
Large Tipula endophyte, 242
Larva tubercle, 328
Leitgeb's water mould, 260
Lepidoptera, 123
Little gnat endophyte, 237

Helops clulo, 117

red club, 215

Lycogalafragilis, 108

Massospora cicadijia, 299
May-bug club, 96
Mealy Isaria, 178
Microcera coccophila^ 322

rectispora, 323

Monoicous water mould, 258

Montagne's club, 325

Moulds, 13

Mountain gnat endophyte, 246

Murrumbidgee vegetable caterpillar,

155
Muscardine, 186

Nedria coccojttm, 321
Nerve-winged flies, 265
Neuroptera, 265
Neuropterous endophyte, 265
New Guinea coccus club, 320
New York club, 220
New Zealand cicada club, 280

vegetable caterpillar, 131

Nycteribia hanger, 252

One-sided ant club, 33
Oospora aphidis, 314

ovorum, 273

Orange coccus tubercles, 323

Orange wasp Isaria, 53
Orthoptera, 268

Penicilluun Fiebcri, 274
rcyi'itschiella atrvata, 91

• minima, 91

rianchon's aphis endophyte, 307
Plant lice, 306
Plant-suckers, 278
Polyandrous water mould, 262
Proliferous water mould, 259, 261
Pythitun prolifertim^ 259

Red caterpillar club, 173

endophyte, 118

Isaria, 129

Rooting fly endophyte, 239
Rotcrajiava, 163
Rough water mould, 264
Russian fly hanger, 250

Saccharomyces, 273
Saprolegniaceae, 254
Saprolegnia asterophora, 258

ferax,^ 255

moitoica, 258

Saw fly endophyte, 57
Scale insects, 317
Schizomycetes, 62
Shrubby Isaria, 198
Slender caterpillar club, 214

gnat endophyte, 243

red club, 216

Smooth water mould, 263
Sphceriacese, 2
Sphinx club, 127

Isaria, 125

Spider hanger, 339

Torrubiella, 338

Spiders, 333
Spiny Isaria, 192

spored fly endophyte, 245

Sporotrichiim deiisum, 120

globidifcrwn, 12 1

viiniiimm, 37

mintttuhi/n, 302

Staphyline club, 84
Star-like Isaria, 306

362

GENERAL INDEX.

Star-spored water mould, 258
Stellate water mould, 263
Sterigmatocystis Candida^ 330

. ferruginea, 184

Stigmatomyces vmscce, 250
Stilboid Isaria, 276
Stilbiwi B^iquetii, 116

. formicarum, 38

• Kervillei, 229

ramostcm, 327

Tailed beetle club, 109
Tarichia tivella, 119
TarichhiJJi 7negaspernmni, 209
Tasmanian vegetable caterpillar, 1 5 ]
Tawny Isaria, 193
Thaxter's fly endopliyte, 249
Thick beetle hanger, 80

clubbed Isaria, 180

Thin-stemmed Isaria, 195
Torj'ubiella aranicida^ 33S
Truncate Isaria, 181
Tufted beetle hanger, 83

Two-headed club, 217
Two- winged flies, 222

Universal endophyte, 304

Variable fly endophyte, 241
Vegetable wasp, 40
Velvet-stemmed Isaria, 179
Verticillium fiimutissimiun, 331

Water beetle hanger, 89

Weevil club, 112

West Indian cicada club, 285

club, 22 1

fly club, 227

Whip-end beetle hanger, 75
White beetle mould, 120

chain mould, 330

Whorled larvae mould, 331
Woolly beetle mould, 121

Zodiomyces vorticellaria 91

FIG.

REFERENCES TO PLATES.

PLATE I.

1. Cordyceps Ravenelii, nat. size, after Berkeley.

2. Cordyceps Barnesii, nat. size, from specimens.

3. Cordyceps insignis, nat. size, from specimens, with section

of capitulum and joints of sporidia.

4. Cordyceps Gunnii, nat. size, after Gray.

5. Cordyceps fuliginosa, nat. size, after Cesati.

6. Cordyceps cinerea, nat. size, from specimen.

7. Cordyceps armeniaca, nat. size, after Berkeley.

8. Cordyceps Hawkesii, nat. size, after Gray.

9. Cordyceps racemosa, nat. size, after Berkeley.

10. Cordyceps flavella, nat. size, and conidiophores, from

specimens.

1 1. Cordyceps coccigena, nat. size and enlarged, after Tulasne.

12. Stilbum formicarum, enlarged, with conidia.

13. Microcera rectispora, nat. size, with conidia magnified.

PLATE 2.

14. Cordyceps falcata, nat. size, after Berkeley.

15. Cordyceps militaris, nat. size, from specimen.

16. Cordyceps caloceroides, nat. size, from specimen.

17. Cordyceps acicularis, nat. size, after Berkeley.

18. Cordyceps sinensis, nat. size, after Berkeley.

19. Cordyceps pistillariasformis, nat. size and enlarged, after

Berkeley.

20. Cordyceps palustris, nat. size, after Berkeley.

21. Oospora aphidis, conidia X 350.

22. Microcera coccophila, nat. size, enlarged, and conidia

magnified.

23. Sterigmatocystis ferruginea, nat. size, head enlarged, with

conidiophores and conidia magnified.

24. Penicillium Fieberi, enlarged, with conidia further mag-

nified, after Corda.

364 REFERENCES TO PLATES.

25. Stilbum Buquetii, enlarged, after Robin.

26. Nectria coccorum, nat. size, perithecium enlarged, and
sporidia, X 400.

Torrubiella aranicida, perithecia enlarged, after Boudier.

-/

PLATE 3.

28. Appendiculina entomophila, after Peck.

29. Laboulbenia anceps, X 125, after Peyritsch.

30. Laboulbenia luxurians, x 250, after Peyritsch.

31. Laboulbenia nebri^, x 115, after Peyritsch.

32. Heimatomyces paradoxus, x 250, after Peyritsch.

33. Laboulbenia fasciculata, x 125, after Peyritsch.

34. Chitonomyces melanurus, X 350, after Peyritsch.

35. Laboulbenia flagellata, x 125, after Peyritsch.

36. Aphanomyces stellatus, oogonia.
yj. Aphanomyces scaber, oogonia. _

38. Saprolegnia asterophora, oogonia.

PLATE 4.

39. Empusa muscae, basidium with conidium, x 430.

40. Empusa culicis, basidium with conidium, x 430.

41. Entomophthora virescens, conidiophore, and conidium, x

430, with hyphal body germinating, X 230.

42. Empusa tenthredinis, conidium, x 430.

43. Empusa apiculata, conidiophore, x 230, with conidium

X 430.

44. Entomophthora occidentalis, conidiophore, x 230, with

conidia, and same germinating, with mature resting-
spore, X 430.

45. Entomophthora echinospora, conidia with mature resting-

spore, X 430.

46. Entomophthora gracilis, conidiophore, X 230, with conidia,

X 430-

47. Entomophthora dipterigena, conidia, with one producing

secondary conidium, x 430.

48. Achlya polyandra, oogonium with antheridia.

49. Aphanomyces laevis, oogonium with antheridia.

50. Biplanes saprolegnoides, oogonium with antheridia.

51. Saprolegnia monoica, oogonium with antheridia.

Figs. 39 to 47 after Thaxter.

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