' ‘ ’ ' ‘ ’ ’ ' ‘ . hey a) EN) MANAG mires ' , Lin veree ay an Pie ret Ba roh'y } vy b eee y ‘ ry , wee ’ viel ’ MUNG Maint, Ver I EAN; \ nh yy ROH . ‘ vyrapeys 4 peaays 1 ’ | : Ay, APSA U4 ‘ aan . p . ' ; . : iy DG ao ' i wey Paty? Wh y3 nat ; Ay AMAL, % i i ’ ‘ pi ‘ ab mi 4 : ‘ eee: y Ks y vert 5 e vi uae : prea ‘ MAUR ATE Ht bios yi , Aes 1 peaks a eh i j Nn Ny ithe ‘ ' ia Caan \ t ; i ‘ ' iY, eRuy “ t ti ty of) ‘ ty ‘ , , at ; , mT sae i ih ’ vy ‘| i . , wh i ’ Se eat ; , } Y i a Ss ’ \ VA Ns \) " Maids ee aire ax ey O not sista as /e'gee os a Nee * , MPR OTR | tn Oo Bana Be i if ug 7 24% eet {* Bh Beier Bay, ¥ if VAs ‘ at 4 7 tf af; ‘i f AT UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY URBAINA-CHiAMPA : BOOKSTACKS iN. Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 | http://archive.org/details/vegetationofozar00glea THE VEGETATION “ oe lhe sOZARK REGION IN SOUTHERN ILLINOIS BY HENRY ALLAN GLEASON,B. S., 1901 IMESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER: OF SCIENCE IN BOTANY IN THE | GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 1904. Bete gy Vint Al a0) i AAT : 7 AOL ATASO: See 308 Vili nant loa? rit YOSAA TA (MOLE , oJ ts bri ales PAT OR | 2 wt Al LOO HORM UPA HPAP eG ave MO ie ' 4 i ; a iJ CIOL LA) Oe WT bea ee | ue " i ot a wh oy 7 = ORIVERSIEY OF WMLINOIS Ra ohirvelean ohana May25:;5~ ThUmMETHet eesti prin, Dee 4 ES OC: aaa ceace saeco rescence sso aesseasnnebnnasbyoo uiesfuanunuasessuogancnhcwsscasyavuscescnsontstansssevcvscoGsansionbvss aesas4ssosshaessascustevdyoconesonsassasdvsouvtdcdaensenapeesssuudasdecersushnavsdeasveseoesneigtcchtssudas INN ar Tas asec tassezcncxipinceeesecnonanncapnnchreutoenvsqasyQasays¥sahasnnsesésnavenssbdssoncssonnsns¥e sent dostfeantsesivecté css susheseasaesscassssssoesseeabargroctasonsornstpcom beasesreae q HEAD OF DEPARTMENT OF........ ASO 9), ee eee a 210 WLS bk ee ve ee ae oe riety vreie rey hl DAO PORT a Ont EN TS 4 Topography So ay Os ee Vegetation Pt eCisemereieit +e. @ is « © @ 6) @ List oF Species ere e) (6 “6 6 6. & Oe se 8 | Phytogeography . eR ahs io ue 5" al thy : 4 > a he i" is Prey - ‘ “ , > ue ae 2 Chepter 1, Introduction The general surfrce of the state of Illinois is a vast plain, gently end uniformly sloping from the north to the south until with- | the Ozark uplift, extends across the state from west to east, preaching eltitudes fer above the general level, and rivalling “those of the higher northerm portion. The chenge in vegetation is equelly greduel; from north to south species disappeer and others | eppeer in the landscape, but the generel espect of the plant assoc- )ietions veries but little over most of the state. But in the region | distribution, epperr, resulting in a flora strongly in contrast | with that of central end northern Illinois. The vegetation of this region is of interest not only on eccount of the difference in |} species, but also through the geographicel relationships and assoc- detions of the plants. Notwithstanding the extreordinary interest of the flora, xt reme Sitiern Illinois hes received but little attention from botanists. Andre Micheux wes undoubtedly the first botenical col- lector to treverse the region, and the type localities of many of t e species named by him ere in southern Illinois, seldom with ea more definite location. To quote Gray #, Micheux, in August, 1795, "ascended the Wabash to Vincennes, crossed the country to the Ill- inois river, and devoted the months of September, October, and Nov- meer to diligent herborizations along the course of that river, # Scientific Pepers, 2: 30. Mi hs Ae hae Ce e's he Ber pee be ty fea? wei ols ae ae ee 1ifgor welt “ Le uy se oul Sede - +h ° oe tan oe - . ” BIS Ci ooh " f =a be . Pas 3 \the Mississippi, the lower part of the Ohio, and throughout the country included by these rivers." While it is possible thet Thomas Nuttell and c. W. Short botenized in southern Illinois in the first helf of the nineteenth century, but little more was done until 1850 or later, when the organization of the State Netucal History Society ceused renewed interest in scientific matters. Kobert Kennicott, of Chicego, col- lected there in the early fifties, discovering among others, the Umbrella-tree, Megnolie tripetala L. In Petterson's Cetalogue of the Plents of Illinois Lapham is quoted: "My herbarium contains @ specimen of leaves from the late kobert Kennicott merked ‘No. 6, | Cucumber Megnolie, Ceche bottoms.’ As the leaves gre too narrow and | too much tufted at the ends of the branches to egree with M. ecun- inate, I edded to the lebel the specific neme Umbrelle: this is my | authority for including it in the list of Illinois plants.” De. Frederick Brendel, of Peoria, author of the Flore Peoriana, end now | retired from active work on account of advanced ege, collected in |) Jackson, Union, Alexander and Pulaski counties in 1860. Professor of the yellow pine, Finus echinata Mill., in the state, and discov- ering a new species of saxifrege, nemed in his honor by Dr. Vesey ‘Sexifrege Forbesii. Other early collectors in this field were John Wolf, of Canton, and Dr. George Vasey, of Rikahoad. Professor G. H. French, of the Southern Illinois Normal University, and Dr. Jacob pSchneck, of Mt. Carmel, heve been ective students of the flore for 2 bf , : . ; = © . x , i ? 7 & , oo a : vr ‘o - : i De. y 2 or SU ie i¢ ’ A on “a4 xerod is mo a = er | . 2 719 ¢!)%, Sa8nF oe j co fed? # ht 27'S f ? a _ edit eiont tte hee ee a 7 —) ’ ' oot orm » ’ ? at | & @ - rae @& old ; ie 2 7 7 Ah Se 4 | , 7 % - - ‘~ | er wi Sele A~4 ~* > Pe 2RA PG, neko: ae ore l ioe “wites 6g 1 as ’ : ® , ° Pa oor I » ay J2¢4 » lon lal I . + ea ‘ ¢ Ne ae « oan) Ce Rot a SP: L 1 oY mm © Or A : rl ae | §=/P 4 neny years, the one in the Ozerks of Jackson an‘ Union counties, m " > the other in the Wabash velley. Dr. Schneck and Robert Kidgewey | were the first adequately to describe the forests of southern I1l1li- yo nois, end Dr. Schneck'’s neme is perpetuated in Quercus Schneckil De ritton. Professor French was the first to observe a veriety of | shooting-ster native in the Ozerks, and now known as Dodecatheon | Meedia Frenchii Vesey. Ihe list of southern Illinois species in | Petterson's catalogue is almost entirely the work of these eerly botanists, Kennicott, Brendel, Forbes, Vasey, Wolf, Schneck, end Of later years Dr. F. S. Herle, Mr. M. B. Weite, end partic- ularly Mr. 4. B. Seymour have studied the plants of the region. | me work of the latter was especially full, and added much to the “knowledge of the flore. Still more recently Mr. Cc. F. Baker, then ® the St.Louis High School, and Dr. G. P. Clinton, Sonar of the “University of Illinois, now of the Connecticut Agricultural sxper- iment Station, heave cerried on field work in southern Illinois. The field work of the writer, upon which this thesis is besed, hes extended through portions of four summer vacations, from 1900 to 1903, and one spring visit in May, 1902. During this time every county of the Ozark range hes been covered, and some hundreds Wi ies! faa) Pipe Sw ae -_ oft? “atk prem NG Coe rie ‘ale (> ait Se may aes CS ban) pente cet i aay oT ’ aid 56 ot a \ j © > i oaeeaee Bass: At ~e] ay “, # ‘eu oie. ¥ , i fyi ps yu - Fees Hi > y Oe . ss oh ee “ont ah h bet — x oun ; herentaees } ’ te a # i, ‘ 2M rotees pers mom hire.’ sree , o aa rtp sat a ALL 53 { ee Rai 5 It hes not been possible to construct a complete bibliogrephy bee Southern Illinois botany, but there ere many articles upon it in the more easily eccessible periodicels and reports, end these ere here listed. Other works of e more general neture, not bearing directly upon the subject, but used by the writer in his work, ere also included. BIBLIOGKAPHY A. Articles referring directly to the botany of Southern ‘Illinois. 1857. Lapham, I. A. Catalogue of the plants of the State of Jllin- : Mae. wrerg. Ill. Agr. Soe, 2: 492. ------ » The native, naturelized end cultivated grasses of the State of Illinois. Ibid. 2: 551. 1859. Brendel, Frederick. Additions and annotations to Mr. Laphem's cetalogue of Illinois plants. ‘Trans. Ill. Agr. SOc. S$: 582. ------ » the trees and shrubs in Illinois. Ibid. 3: 588 and a; 405 ( 1861 ). ------ pane Ofks Of Illinois. Ibid. 3: 605. 1861. Vasey, George. Additions to the flora of Illinois. Trens. 111. | Agr. Soc. 4: 667. L870. Brendel, F. Occurrence of rare plents in Illinois. Amer. Net. 7 4: 374. Forbes, S. A. Botanicel notes. Amer. Ent. and Bot. 2: 317. French, G. H. Some interesting plants of Southern Iilingtia. Amer. Ent. end Bot. 2: 3823. Vasey, G. Editorial jottings. Amer. Ent. and Bot. 2: 191. fe , 2 | . z tai £ mt ' oo) ona u ghd ks enn 14 O19 94. eee ae ace ; hres ; bee fe thc ‘9g @ ir [amegeae. + ; lace, 70 © fo eeeee \ Sete Se, Teeter 7 . PtP bo nti © hao en! ae ts , “a a. aa ay) 2 17 ~Rk peone ' z ’ Us woe «Dea P ‘ Va ¢ me ~tie SDS ciao erates? ‘Ss 4 oe othe td) Sat ieee ta Reel ae ing he Ve ae } k ‘hin “at RB) Hs i Zz} 308; F of a . a ‘~~. , 7 aw 7 ae: . 2 at » ie - - aa. os pth. eEo hie } . if : : : s; aaa ce LS om ; a _ . bh 6 Vasey, G. Plants to name. Amer. Ent. and Bot. 2: 256. ------ » Plents to neme. Ibid. 2: 288, sconce » Anew and peculiar form of Heuchera. Ibid. 2: 210. 1873. Ridgeway, Robert. Notes on the vegetation of the Lower Wabesh velley. Amer, Nat. 4: 3274. Ri etna, Geo. H. The vegetation of the Illinois lowlands. Amer, Net. 6: 658, 724; 7: 154, Wood, A. A new eyeenin: Bev. G86. Li 37, ------ seoyperus WOlT1i n.-sp. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 6: 78, Petterson, H. N. Cetglogue of the plants of Illinois. Schneck, J. Some plents of the lower Webesh. Bot. Gaz. 2: 83. heia, Be Ond Wolf, J. Lichens of Illinois. Bull. I11. State beau. Net. Hist. 2: 27. Engelmann, G. Catalpa speciosa Warder. Bot. Gaz. 5: l. Schneck, J. Ked calyx in Sambucus Canadensis L. Bot. Gaz. 5: “40. Schneck, J. A new station for Lysimachia cure tigre Li. BOts Gaz. 6: 246, | Engelmann, G. Vitis palmate Vahl. Bot. Gaz. &: 254, Ridgeway, x. Additions and corrections to the list of native trees of the lower Wabash. Bot. Gaz. 8: 345. Seymour, A. B. Notes from southern Illinois. Bot. Gaz. 8: 108. Schneck, J. Notes on Phoredendron flevescens. Bot. Gaz. 9: 94. Gray, Ase. Ambrosia bidentata X trifide. Bot. Ges. 11? “339. Schneck, J. How the humblebee extracts necter from Physostegia Virginians. Bot. Gaz. a1t 276. st P b . e. . 27 Tees” oneal Ot Pony By! * " P20 > (bigt arene eee Ape ‘rh rere 42 Tiream hn tay Y I otovey sit Hi(8s>0 atlanta” . | ‘ et . ot 2S 80h 4s) . v6 Hebestocev of! Je (a9 “p00 949 4a eo t ‘ "OQ iatsve Vi it amo , ; fa a) 4 . 0 ; vis Fat "s ni svileao b¢ tlog~afey J 32% notlero “eens Pee ter . tox? apedden ee teaveee erichTreanho BAe aro? TiNbA ch ©‘: sed .202 ie tel seer” eae to Bs my By ia? sont brt Ah aNeese pry wa solr * ft Pe r . aR ry Grreiirie has o% ne #020 i one vepeven ? & acttrente! bane a “ethan WeSeaeae age Domi Sars watt tS 7 aa * lava 2nr cpa i ena acy ; ; ' ie sgh . 7 Schneck, 7. How the humblebees extrect nectar from Mertensie Virginice DC. Bot. Gaz. 12: lll. Schneck, J. Note on some Illinois grapes. Bot. Gaz. 13: 95. Trelease, W. The subterranean shoots of Oxelin violacee. Bot. Gas. 13: 191. Sehneck, J. Some effects of the mild winter. Bot. Gaz. 15:209. Sietetietad , Poisoning by Buphorbia marginata. Bot. Gas, 15¢t 277s ren. Thened, Helianthus mollis. Bot. Gaz. 16: 312. Sehneck, J. Further notes on the mutilation of flowers by insects. Bot. Gaz. 16: 312. 2. :, Mutilation of the flower of Tecoma redicans. Bot. Gaz. 16: 314. —a SS. SE ee Et ------, Lespedeze striete. Bull. Jorr. Bot. Club 18: 375. a Eggert, Henry. Catalogue of the pheenogamaus and vasculer eryptogemous plents in the vicinity of St.Louis, Missouri. Schneck, J. The host plant of Aphyllon Ludovicienum. Bull. feere DOt, Club 19: 195. Glatfelter, N. M. A study of the relations of Salix eer and Salix amygdeloides, together with the hybrids arising from them as these species exhibit themselves in the vic- aty Of St.Louis. Trans. Acad. Sci. St.Louis 6: 427. Small, J. K. lwo species of Okelie. Budd Tore. Bet.» Club Bl? 471. Sargent, C. S. (editor) the forests of the Wabesh valley. Gerd. end For. 8: 101. Sehneck, J. Fhacelia Covillei at Mt. Carmel, Illinois. Bot. ; 17 TOPN Bite ees oo = teense “norte xevlioemeauly. Tidiiee adi osan anect aa ratty nbd Le: y yoet eae Sed = ‘ a ee. v j — > na Shares oe wien Ieteaies sap SEE 204° .ga0 toe Rare Team phoma ttl enna no est teat oY 2 ‘ Pa . 2 ; * 0 eTonitin heres Foe ori s ” i q eh . a ; ar H W620 . iy Pow v {i ne tri : f coset Of sat iy Csi nes | » Seton Dm o/ % — elem |: awe sea ‘ he : = ad -. ,38t. 306 . aa enoool Tt 9 , lo Notte l $c al f . 44 ot ty 2 Tein: syahecneadam ; : : we. ‘LIM f on? -2o -sisoters . wus cf : M 20 9 r treba, tt ine te -avenenate ' vay E fared, * treat uit au? I, isi aA, Avi ms i I a4 paeryeey aaa oF ¢ seer rf dni: Sees + a 1 P 2s , : Ae Bred : fe .: Pay Oo. YEws a. my | . hl {2988 a e ‘ .. . | 3 vA ans @rte 4é6cftane? , =a 4l)o bebeven eee ‘ Loe ) Foe aon Aen? , whew 7% tere avn > Sa vee to vouneqa awe. a 4 pee: “ Pe é rete afer: py aPaeso? oni Se rar 1a ; ay rt fot “ae 4 oe / Gaz. 27: 395. Sehneck, J. Pteris Cretica in Illinois. Bot. Gaz. 29: 201. Sergent, C.S. New or little known North Americen trees. III. Bot. Gaz. Sl: 217. Sargent, C.S. New or little known North Americen trees. IV. Bot. Gez. 32: 108. Gleason, H. A. Notes on some southern Illinois plents. Tor- reye 3: l. B. Climetology, Geology. 1882. Worthen, A. H. Economic geology of Illinois. | 1890. Wright, G. F. The slecial boundery in western Pentinylventay Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, end Illinois. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 58. 11894. Rolfe, C.W. A list of altitudes in the state. of Illinois. Batts 1121, State Lab. Nat. Hist. 4: 36. 11901 to 1903. Illinois section of the climete and crop service of the Weather Bureau. Annual reports.’ omonier, J. G. Climate of Illinois. Bull. Ill. Agr. Exp. Sta, R6. Cc. General articles. Grey, Asa. Scientific Papers. Coulter, J. M. Geographical distribution of North American Umbelliferae. Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 39: 292. Bush, B. F. Notes on a list of plants collected in southeast- ern Missouri in 1893. Ann. Kep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 5: 129. Merriam, C. H. Life zones and crop zones of the United States. itt oe 1088 ‘Wess : cack Bid coir Riaasa see ; a DES OP mol WON ete 2. ae WV RED ; C&M yo “om «! chat 17, wa AR et rt aa hetam “amor io re tl! ae 1 Vee .f 23% ne toed 4 yyonen : nt fmanesa$. if oe LAr ‘Is an? .¥°s@ : oni noathgeT ,VaeurInea Bien 5 tn nto taht} ihe : # : ste] eves ~ike “43 tae ofoml (so en} ®». corises isattlt f ‘ hs da wif aA 5 Revise. aartiegt ; fb vetenifll. te oteait® 7 2am - 48 FOL TAR I | ; rasaes orth sas LoB = 90 De vente ‘—e int Lrigat goet iy ~ , re. > _—>e A ton sve. seek het ace pres ne 699 eee i) TO SBeweierwh “ve oe Tae ee < a a \ a . UG team wil soc eo nna rec eee rr > eat avol ( Tega ss ranete fr : whi } on! we ~*~ red bs J i +7) { e lee bh tree si ™“ at fy e9 att 3 ‘faucet us. OF : Ja nea oe Tae A oy Ss, 4 ' ay > all i . ra acs ] e Tan ‘Tries sw Pie | ‘ ” al Leruat. Afje @#e2? th nolo’ Fareee Leni $oiag hme sun bteta mpdat ' e et Leo poloew Gmneim He a * +6, e _SA%"-1 Oo “a Se8E- 4407 Ciiee snob nih { “tir 6 Mona vaneg ‘footeolons rv a Ge rs : © & ; ? Din” ryt 7A PAs oo; foetege “fs ue ae ea rt ne Lhd SE ee ign «at ey Leaeoet vanreett - ae ; eee cm. Soll im eS fovern Wwe sattede Poem wet ets) Ae Sin bt velte? ro7 fh one ee Bs Liat . | a we _ 7 ; : gab El if tpi . aT put t's Bai ei ’ 7" ow on 4 ‘ 7 = ne © i) pe Meen monthly and annual temperature (in degrees Centigrade) end rainfell ( in millimeters ). Temperature neinfell Cobden Kaum Cobden Keum January 0.9 Das 86 RQ February 2.2 2.6 90 96 March ee ey a April 13.9 14.6 101 94 May 19.6, 10.8 124 102 June 23.7 24.1 142 102 duly 26.1. 26.1 94 R5 —— 25.35 25.5 92 76 September ise. 21.8 68 os October £519. 15.6 RB 68 November 8.0 8,1 113 108 December, 1.2 2.9 97 85 Year 13.8 14.2 12820 1095 1901, 8, average length 17 days, maximum 24. In a hilly country, like the Ozark region, the surface drainege is more complete, and = while a temperature of 40° or ebove was reached on seven deys. The luxuriant vegetation which formerly covered the whole of the fre a | i, ) 7 s _— \ i 7 = . vy Jie ytg 2) Daun Bai nS -\. O78 JencR bier gt 2) ia Dee. att}. * - « aed 4 *Iy2ei, eine oe ae tray int oa oe ui rehgoeu ys y : — 2 & » - ° t f wh : std r r 7 f a > ¢ - [.-@ 7 - a>" a - ~ ea: ae | Ro i a a = ; bs : ramhaen. ~ayeP Te aoe. ee J am heh: . of? ~ nobel aA ai ” ae tid op te wt Jeo rT: a tw eu - ettalteh of ia? ett 7 .& Tal. ‘corta fer : ; tilnw. trw20nd ef? SO eee i = S755) ae 2 7 - rn ’ 4 ' j m ‘ ion » F ‘ **% : ba = Set qgisvoe . at iindadesy taf aire .megRits ihume lt, ,.melseore Ya in Fome? 1a Bigg 14°41. nae. 26 ifte RAD 2 ; : ete ® > Geattey 25%, at ' ” | a | we Lo Se iin pia sit foe i : 14 i af im wo - ty i a 14 iv sice inlend in the vicinity of Alto Pass, Union county, end the ‘erest of the ridge is camped with this rock from that place east to he Ohio river. South of the crest the country is mainly underleid with Lower Carboniferous limestones of the Chester and 5t.Louis Réoupe, which outcrop elong the southern boundary of the uplift. South of the uplift the broed flood-plains of the Ohio and Mississ- ippi rivers are filled with Tr Cherent soil of great depth, but in Puleski end Massac counties there are also extensive deposits of Tertiary clays, forming hills 200 to 250 feet ebove the Ohio river. The following is @ geological section of the eects: “adenine (from Worthen's report on the geology of illinois. Quatemaery Alluvium end loess, 0-200 feet. uxtensive deposits of loess cap the hills through- out the length of the range, extept in the extreme western perts of Jeckson end Union counties. Tertiary Lafayette (?), Pulaski and Messae count- ties. Upper Carboniferous. Conglomerate sandstones, 500-600 feet. Lower Carboniferous. Chester group, 800 feet. St.Louis group, 250 feet. Keokuk limestone, 150 feet. Burlington limestone, 100 feet. Kinderhook group, 100 feet. ‘Devonian Bleck slate, 40-60 feet. Hamilton limestone, 40-75 feet. Atbdr aei> % t at aot; y ne : a y i A: 4 | ° ota8 2 a *" | | 9 ; 4 earl . alco 4 ' peeve ibs f ing] ‘ } aa = rie i Cpe oe ER 4 - i ie if oO ag Cormiferous limestone, 20-30 feet. a. Onondaga limestone, 20-60 feet. Quartzose sandstones, 40-60 feet. Clear Creek limestones, 200-250 feet. a re Silu e Silurian 7 ro lurien Lower Helderberg limestone, 200-250 feet. p Cincinnati group, 150 feet. Trenton limestone, 75 feet. ie = fi" 16 Shepter 4, Topography. the hills of the Ozerk uplift stand in such prominent relief | ebove the edjacent plains that they have attracted attention since | the time of the earliest settlements as the most prominent physio- | graphic feature of that part of the state. The uplift is in the | form of a broad ridge, crossing the southern end of the state from west to east, and occupying all or part of Jackson, Union, Alexan- der, Williemson, Johnson, Saline, Pope, Gellatin and Hardin count- | tes. The general surface of the state slopes gently to the south to | the northern edge of the ridge, end south of it are the low Tertiary j hills end alluvial deposits of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The generel altitude of the country at the north is about 410 feet above tide, and that of the extensive bottoms et the south only | 360 feet. Above this low flat country the Ozarks rise to 2 height of from four hundred to six hundred feet, reaching an average ele- souri in southwestern Jackson county, and extends southeast across Union county, the towns of Cobden (594 feet) and Alto Pass (752 |feet) being situated upon or near it. The principal elavations in this county ere Bald Knob (985 feet) at Alto Fass, and Wing Hill /(870) east of Cobden. The crest of the divide then turns to the east across the north pert of Johnson, Pope and Hardin counties, passing near Goreville (700 feet), Tunnel Hill (661 feet), Ozerk =F ue dalle — 1 ah ee | ive jode! = : ' 1°) fon! Sy eG eee As “with nas ‘ahthale ‘ty os Vi oehe Jy ipee ae « pet? Qo rene rai? a ~ — } “ne lanlhts ‘ ( Sites hee . r 5 7) # ” = ° ne. 4 , = ; 's onto De be 4 Ley See.s On: or 1239 er ae f, “rn Ss a oe 4 ‘ or “in pigeagiiles i 7 eS . Sant _. Tie > ii T Ole rim one “ font. Sine ar 7 sods oat hehe? =e 3 Pi: oe pest. jate as rey facnhiuy i ae a eri we on 17 (698 feet), Eddyville (660 feet), and Herod (450 feet), and resach- lang altitudes of 800 feet or more. In the noctheast part of Pope “county, end extending into Hardin, Saline and Gallatin counties, is | one of the roughest perts of the range, locally, known as the tagle mountains. Williams Mountain, near Herod, in Pore county, has a height of 1046 feet, nearly 700 feet above the bottomlends of the . Sealine river at its base, and the highest point in southern Illin- Oils. Along the crest of the ridge to torography is , for Illinois, exceedingly rough and broken. The creeks flow through nerrow fllood- plains in deep valleys, usually bounded by towering cliffs; the hill a ere steep and rocky, and the greater portion of the land is too rough for cultivetion. The scenery throughout the length of the ridge is without rival in Illinois for picturesque ruggedness. South of the crest there is a broad, gently rolling belt with én average altitude of from 500 to 600 feet, and usually sepereted from the crest by e# conspicuous escarpment. Here the hills are ‘brosder end with gentler slope, the flood-plains are wider, high cliffs and rocky gorges are less frequent, end in genersl the region is much less mountainous in cherecter. It might well be spoken of “48 @ Piedmont plateau. A third type of landscepe occurs along the bluffs of the Miss- \ i i ‘issippi river from Jackson county south to Alexander, where the - Sd ad 4 any Ta per OY he Pe 9 aera ae. pant hn ian , fet 28a tae Tea ornk 4 ' , Syren. 4 pr T° 0% ee é & oh a io Shot, 4 ; i : q 7 a" = iy ? tray i ie: . . . oie rit: - 7 x | ieee ays y * i | Fa ’ em ae } ‘ ' | i of . - 9 ‘ aL - +f = » veo Cnet e eas : " 4 ae oe 44°92 nc Oo, Fae ok _ “ J ne = atte ine Me - : 18 Issippi bottoms to aheight of three to four hundred feet, and so jarrow at the top that, as Worthen says, there is scarcely room for » road upon them. In the northwestern pert of Imion county the especially high hills of this character are known as the Pine Hills, i] e and heve long been noted as the Illinois home of the yellow pine. * Drainsge is effected by numerous small streams, which rise near the crest and flow north or south into the lowlends. North- Loming streams at the western end of the uplift empty into Crab Orcherd creek, end Big Muddy river, and thence into the Mississippi, mynd at the eastern end into the Seline river, a tributary of the Ohio. South-flowing streams empty into the Ohio river in Hardin and Pope counties, or into the Mississippi in the westerm part of Union county. The centrel portion in 'nion and Johnson counties dreins into the Sache river, which empties into the Ohio a short distence above Cairo. 19 Chepter 5, The Vegetation. Ihe plant associations in the Ozerk region fell naturally “into three great groups, the upland societies, the cliff societies, lend the flood-plain and swamp societies. In each of these groups ‘there ere minor divisions, usually intergreding one with the other, ‘end thus producing e complex of associations. By normal processes jof Bbaion and bese-leveling the chacacter of the plant growth on ny one area is constantly changing, on society giving wey to enoth- ler better suited to the changing ecological conditions. Thus, 6s 2 Beevine is eroded back into the uplands, the land formerly occupied iby e typicel upland forest is replaced by a cliff florea, which in jturn gives way to the associations of flood-plain or swamp. Such changes are very slow ina cregion like the one under discussion, where the rock surface lies st such little depth, and offers such efrectusl resistance to erosion. More repid is the change produced )through the agency of man in the drainage of swamps and the cleering of timber, thereby altering the conditions of light, moisture end soil. During the repid development in the last few years of study and description of plent societies some confusion in nomenclature las erisen, 80 that it becomes necessary to explain the use of cer- tein words in this article. By plent society or plant association, here used inte rchengeably, is meent en assemblage of plents growing together under uniform conditions of soil, light, heat, and moisture, Jinor differences in the associations, due to the greater ebundence ne or more species end usually denoting biological rether physical at ; —— 4 —F ye iD )4 -ieetere . i > biehores Si a: aa a oi? Serge Oe | a — n4re Pe eee | a =". mz ; Ve e ‘Tee Ep hay © tr: - 7 er a o ait - |< 94 eee MA) y 7 ie + a Le = Dhol My ! ‘ My ree Li rrieicy. Te oe rao + or [nities Bred of. .v idee nro see - ; ereirtMeor wiekkars aii r sca ert 1é. Re 3 vT> “a8 I ; 7 ite Rare! ‘| oom Ex® met - ; oo eer. . ie ae ha UA vl es 20 fferences, are here termed facies, or else neglected entirely. Facies; in this sense of the word, have by different suthors been @essociations or formetions. The term formetion, seldom used in this article, refers to an assemblage of associations all characterized by the same vegetation form, such es forests or prairies, and pos- | sessing essentially the seme developmental history. | The societies of the Ozark uplift may be classified as fol- ows: A. The uplend group. The xerophytic: forest association. The mesophytic forest association. The rock barren association. - B. Ihe cliff group. 3 The cliff association. 0. Ihe flood-plain group, The flood-plein forest essociation. The honey-locust end cypress swamp associstion. dhe sand-bar end river-strend association. D. The cultural group. The sessefras berren association. Garden, field, and roedside weed association. The uplands are composed typically of broad, rounded hills, traversed by steep or rocky ravines, which carry away the excess of hoisture and frequently are eroded so deeply that they reech into he underlying rock strate. The soil is loess, with occeasionelly anf ° ey fe ae is ; =] = as — a ~ 6 > 3 < . 7) } e + 3 J ee =) , “1 = grr a 2) on £ sy § t i é ’ i a > fe . i. 7 * elfe- . halkenqued: os TA fates , weelve Waa ae etn y¥ 21 small tracts of shely residuel soil along the cliffs, and of 8 depth which veries with the locelity, but is alweys sufficient to support a heavy forest growth, except near the rock outcrops, where 4t becomes greduelly thinner until in many places the surface of the rock is exposed. There are no extensive areas of level ground, but /the gently sloping hili-tops descend either directly to the cliffs 'or into the numerous revines. the flora of these steeper hillsides “4s closely relsted to thet of the uplands proper, and will be con- | sidered with it, although it represents another stage in the life- ‘history of the vegetation, the trensition from upland to flood- | plein. | The cheracter of the vegetation upon the upland hills is gov- _ erned Btnsipsiiy by the water supply eas affected by the degree of slope, the exposure to the light, the depth and slope of the under- “lying strate, end the physical nature of the soil. The slope and / exposure to light have elso some effect on the temperature and ‘eliffs which face the north, and which consequently have a slightly lower mean temperature in summer end are much less exposed to the intense heat of summer efternoons. The distribution of forest trees is apperently governed entirely by the water relation, except in “the Pine Hills in western Union county, where the presence of the “yellow pine is doubtless due to the physicel character of the resid- (uel soil. The herbaceous and shrubby vegetation, while no less de- ida ryt hve » a banat Outar der tas | [* ™ i: ; ey, 7 . - ’ 7 roalea- te f raah: Peevey \ fase fon oe * Riengl-arnt ay ie fe ae 5 tows RP, i “very heer Ee : i OF “4 fi.-#% 4. aut * " At Ae j 7.5 ; ee) a: ra ; ; + ary * {a ‘ t NTR 7 - ar T ’ f ~~ yee JNeE Ee ‘as ? . ; kate ® ‘ "97a Oe. foie ofsot ai? \ eee - bye palm faa {ula ges wel J « one J24-. eRe a + al aa. o” : @ (i opt Tr. BO Oo eee sodyod of tat. pve tes ie oct? ot ant Goad rdee i rl ge Vee oun”. bee eee Sra Pb) ; on aa a “——ver. . ei may 5 atti ok ous} 7 - 7. : y ‘" f . directly by the amount of light. Under the heaviest forest growth ‘the vegetation is usually sperse, and the individuals of each spec- des frequently gregarious. In lighter shade gresses and sedges are | more numerous, and both species and individuels generally more abun- dent. When the timber is removed the aspect of the herbaceous veg- - etation is entirely chenged on account of the abundant growth of certain formerly secondary species, such as Solidzgo nemoralis and Bupetorium serotinum, but this mey be due as much to a change in moisture es to the increesed amount of light. The depth of the soil, while it affects the amount of moisture in it, also limits directly the growth of plants. Forest trees cennnt reach full size in thin oot, so that near the brow of cliffs the vegetation may be limited to shrubs or herbs, or a scanty tree growth may develop in the 8011 lodged in fissures and cavities of the rock. The upland forest shows two distinct facies, one mesophytic “in charecter, the other xerophytic, but the two intergrade so closé diy thet only the bresdest distinctions can be drawn between them. | Geratin features ere common to both, while others, affecting the ater reletions of the soil, are suffiwient to cause the difference in vegetation between the two extremes. The xerophytic upland forest covers, except where the lend | as been cleared for agricultural purposes, by far the greater por- tion of the uplands. It extends down the gently sloping hillsides ‘to the brow of the cliffs if the depth of the soil is slight or the exposure is southerly, or, when the hillside soil is full of tock fragments, even to the level of the flood-plain. At other it a a \ , > ! ; ek: adhe 1 i “4 : oe - gio ly 68 Bias Yale cs ra vee -* (Oise neee sf sere ee F a "” A. = frac: 60 (208 Faas ‘ * a i oe fa a « 9 ol ae 7 “lune Goce bee 2: . =r . whee Dogue ed —— e ve f ve ™ p o7 y pol’= _ ‘i 7 Py 23 places it grades imperceptibly into the mesophytic society of the hillside end uplend, or into the rock barren society et the edge of the cliffs. The forest flora is especially characterized by the oaks, which predominate both in species and in number of individuals. Among the dominant forms are the white oak, Quercus alba, the bur oak, Q. mecrocarpa, the chestnut oak, Q. acuminata, the red oak, Q. rubra, and the bleck oek, Q. velutine. The order in which they ere named represents approximately the importance of the different species. In the most xerophytic places, especially in the thin soil neer the cliffs, e different facies ie developed, with the post oak, Q. minor, and the scrub oek, Q. Merylendica, as the cheracteristic /species, while the white end bur oaks are less prominent. The ceas- on for this chenge in character is the depth of the soil, which in /the latter facies is much thinner than in the typical white oak- our oak portion. In still thinner soil the post oak disappeers and | the scrub o#k remains es the dominant species of oak, elthough not jlarger then a shrub in size. There is, therefore, in these two fac«.. | es of the upland forest e@ gradual transition to the rock barren Maciety, where the depth of soil is only 2 matter of inches. The (fiest five species of oak mentioned reached gigantic size in the “originel forest, but at present the trees ere mostly small and of second growth stock. Post oak is not only a pip 6 x tree, but, from _ the limited use which has been made of it, appears to be of poorer ‘quality. It is usually crooked, gnarly, end full of dead brenches. T The scrub o#k is at best 2 small tree, and never reaches a size nz cetpe? Rs Lie at ay 24 suitable for lumbering. Associated with the orks are severel other erborescent spec- des, the most characteristic of which are (!lmus alata, Hicoria ove- te, Hicoria microcarpe, vyornus florida, Ostrye Virginiens, Juniperus Virginiana, end Sessafreas Sessefras. Still other species more typic- pl of other societies may occur occasionally, such as Diospyros Virginiena, Acer saccharun, ¥reaxinus lenceolata, or Liquidember Pstyrecifius. While the oeks are the dominant species throughout ost of the area covered by this society, certain ones of the sec- ondary forms may be locally of such abundance thet the oaks become “there ee minor importance. Thus there are different facies in which UWlmus alate, Cornus florida, or the hickories ere the most prominent tree species, and in the thinner soil a different facies may be _ formed by the substitution of the red cedar. Juniperus Virginiana, for the post oak. On the xerophytic rocky slopes of the Devil's | Backbone, near Grand Tower, the gum, Liquidambar Styraciflua, ses- \sefras, and ash are the principal tree species. the undershrubs and Shrubs are poorly developed, both in number of species and in “individuals. The most abundant are Rhus copellina, xhus arometica, | deanothus Americenus, and Batodendron @rbdoreum. ihe latter species )sfows normally in the post oak-scrub oak facies, while the first ‘three are equally common throughout. Batodendron is typical of the | rock barren society; it seldom extends fer awey from it into the “uplands, end its presence in the uplend societies may may elways be taken as indicative of the presence of rock within 2 short distence ~ ¥ 1h bia Oy nie eT at A a “ 4 nf 5 ; “a Gc Peetiaa£ ° ef; - he re Th a Ati . th ° 6S 2 ‘ear Atte ie ! ) 7 - 2 "76 i 2hon * t 4 “¢c7? waif) cop eee : * len ob Ly ieee _ vt tite do ‘ ‘i a - re eM ie, 1 ge iS svi : 7 t 25 f the surface. Shrubby species of secondery importance are ydrengea aroorescens, Hydrangee cinerea, Ascyrum hypericoides end Salix tristis. The occurrence must also be mentioned of some wemp species of southern affinities in the uplend woods. On the ocky slopes of the Devil's Backboneere found Khemnus Ceroliniene, dinaria tecta, Celtis Mississippiensis, Adelia ecuminete, end Planers equatica. The significence of this will be discussed later. The lienas of the society are Parthenocissus quinquefolia, Khus redicens, Menispecmum Zanadense, Bignonia crucigera (elso 2@ swamp Bpecies), Cebatha Carolins, Celastrus scandens, and Vitis aestivalis. Here, as in other associetions, the herbaceous flora depends “prinsipally upon the light. ‘In the more open woods sedges and gresses, especially species of Panicum of the dithotomum group, re abundent, growing in scettered stools. Danthonia spicata is likewise abundant, end might be called the most characteristic gtess of the uplands. No plant is entirely limited in its growth to y or to shady woods, but many ere more abundant in one ne in the other. Thus Lespedeza striate, Desystoma Virginica, and Rud- eckia fulgida are more plentiful in the Shade, and Solidago Kadula, Jassie nictitans, and Psoralea pedunculete in the sun. On the driest pots or over thin soil Agave Virginica, Kneiffia linegris, and yther rock berren plants are associated with the rock berren shrub, Jatodendron erboreum. The flora is rich in species, and is especiat- y distinguished by the large number of legumes. These plents are * most striking feamre of the vegetetion in July and August when es | ot rs Vie « Gtcevge , eons il 7 hs cw ae 14 nae ft] } ale: a. ai 7 ist oie © ; ' ; 7 | a an P € + 4, r¢e ' WE oun 3 meats 3 , ae iat ie earere 4 grime “Soe ri oat? GS wilt < te ; PS >a Pal ; ¥ 7 26 ypical species of this society: Danthonia spicate Penicum barbulatum Penicum polyeanthes Tricuspis seslerioides Carex glaucodea Cerex triceps Cyperus ovuleris Tradescentia reflexe Anychia ae aketoné Renunculus hispidus Agrimonia pumila Cracca Virginiena Cassie nictitans Lespedeza hirta Lespedeza striate Lespedeza Virginica Meibomia nudiflore Meibomia peniculeta Psoralea pedunculeta Stylosanthes biflora Viola pedata Lechea tenuifolia Passiflora lutea Polyteenia Nuttellil Ipomoea pandurate Cunile origenoides Koellia incana Monerde Bredburiene Desystoma Virginica Galium pilosum Houstonie longifolia Specularia perfoliata Hieracium Gronovii Antenneria plantaginifolia Breuneria purpurea Carduus altissimus Coreopsis tripteris Coreopsis pubescens Helianthus divaricatus Rudbeckie fulgide Solidago nemoralis Solidago Randula The xerophytic vegetation of the Pine Hills in western Union ounty calls for speciel notice. ‘the characteristic topography of this region, steep narrow ridges of rocky residual soil, hes lready been mentioned. ‘he underlying rock, which by its decompo- a. wi * : ; ae P _2¢Qg0_ 2g ' py | et Lend iaieh . 4 : o4~ tonwhee = Pipl) oo -. 7 Se ‘ bade + | ‘ : if r y bi | . Aled t 47 400g j e a ‘ j he bd » ; : ry ot Prfeg ‘ : = ae - mf. ‘ > : y y trna + i (sa 170450% 7 > ¢ at a 27 sition hes produced the sterile stony soil, is probably Clear Oreex limestone, an impure siliceous stratum of the Devonian group. Dreinege from these hillsides is very rapid, especially since there is no protective covering of leaf mold, except near the bottom of \ the more sheltered ravines. There, where the ecological conditions Dire entirely mesophytic, a luxurient vegetetion is developed, con- ‘sisting of.species typical of such localities in southern Illinois. | cimicifuge racemosa, pelaeren pulchellus and Cynoglossum Virginicun, | species rere or infrequent elsewhere in the region, were especially | oted. Arelia racemose is very abundant and reaches 2@ large size. jit-ts on the sides and tops of the hills, where the xeropnytic con- ) ditions prevail, that the peculiar end characteristic flore is ‘found. The pine trees, Pinus echinata, which give the place its ame, grow most abundently along the crests of the ridges, or 2 Boho rt distence down the slopes. They are quite abundent, some of them two feet or more in diemeter and of considereble height. Cones “are produced plentifully, and seedlings are springing up under the ‘lercer trees. Other species of trees are post oak, scrub oak, end Biickory, common in 211 similar sterile soils in the Ozark region. \Azalee nudiflore, ea smell, stiffly branched shrub, is quite abun- t, and, so far as known, is limited in southern Illinois to this Single station. The herbeceous species observed in early May were Pentstemon canescens, Asclepias quedrifolia, Houstonia longifolia, lonarda Bredburiana, Cracce Virginiane, Viola pedata end its | pacti-colored form known es variety Sever, Adopogon Dendelion, | nd Plantago aristeta. ihe bluffs along the Mississippi river have z icitif @nane 1 snéy GOS 9 Awe 2R eg similer topography south in to Alexender county, but the cidges gare usually covered with leaf mold end ere consequently more meso- phytic in character. Pines ere seid to occur near #lco, in Alexan- der county, and until recently there were @ few trees on Pine Knob, west of Mill Creek, in southern Union county. The foregoing descriptions apply only to the most typically | xerophytic portions of the uplend forest. No sharp line can be drawn between them and the mesophytic extreme, but the two intergrade | imperceptibly. Species after species of mesophytic nature eppear in _ the flora es the conditions of soil moisture or shade become suited to their needs, and the xerophytic species as gradually disappear. | some of the most xerophytic ridges support » few specimens of such | mesophytes - Sercis Canadensis or Houstonia lenceolatea, while others, Bes Ranunculus recurvatus and Arissema triphylium occur only in | thick leaf mold under dense shede. Similarly, certein xerophytes are _ occasional in the moisture places, while Polytaenia Nuttaliii hes never been observed beyond the dries places in the uplends, or on the rock barrens. Distinction must eslso be made between the differ- nt quantitative moisture requirements of erborescent end herbac- 80us species. ‘ihe forest cover, whether mesophytic or xenon: Pecéives practicelly uniform insolation and its ecological cherac- ter depends 2lmost entirely on the amount of available moisture in the soil. The herbaceous species require less soil for their devel- spiment and are protected by the trees from the drying influence of the atmosphere. On that account 2 flora of mesophile herbs may de- elop under a cover of xerophytic trees if the shade is sufficient- q 4 bal z. : hed — t j id ’ * ~ | a fa . * ¢ ; o» y Ye ' ’ ch) mi ' ’ litteoe Jae : LT \ ew nt “~ Poet ¢ **¢ % & a i) n f . @ — A ° ine ae 2 we 7 re “f ,Ve Ad > = re r ~ I , oO M y< pT Seni it Pea "ifs? Pi Titan | ef; vi dl — if casting: ¥4ieeR nt whew th tayeehnd T 1 oat vere mer a + vite het th ROOT ra : 2 das * torgoag ratte, Sie b ot qua TPs oi f ; 29 ly Rinse. Instance of this are by no meens care in southern I111- nois. For the same reeson thece is less difference between the tree Plora of the two extremes then between the undershrubs end herbs, binee in the one only the moisture varies, in the other the heet end light elso. The most pronounced areas of the uplands ave the sloping sides of the numerous smell ravines, which, starting in the higher Bit. of the uvland, greduell aiden end deepen until they reach the flood-plain. The smaller of these ravines are covered almost entire- ly with mesophytic forest, while the larger, if the exposure to the sun is direct or especially if they have cut deep enough to Beacon the cliffs, are frequently xerophytic in nature. An illust- Betion of the effect of exposure may be taken from Fountain Bluff. the south and north ends of this hill ere high cliffs and in the - erior the surface rises until it reaches an elevation of one qund red and fifty feet or more above the level of the cliffs. Ihe drainege is by numerous small ravines, few of which have cut deeper then the top of the cliffs. At the south end, where the exposure to the sun is more direct, the mesophytic flores is confined to the fides of the steeper revines, wnile the smaller ravines end the intervening ridges are all covered with a typical xerophytic soe- ety. At the north. end, where the general exposure is away from the un, all of the slope, whether crest or cliff, is occupied by a lesophytic flora. ° :. The forest trees on the mesophytic hillsides and uplands clude some species common @lso to the drier soils, such as 15 Soe _ TT ae H | > i.e Rea! Sco. ge0ey Tae ae ‘ose att gia \ Als y bs? none Fs [ay 5e1 w Ets eva = - | efi ¥. a0 : ac 4 7 f ora bigs -vivsst senee hi : von Ife eae ecaieae me ies Nall Ad aT is Pid | , ° . vem jeer oe ere: peleies fh ita sities ia - _a end Hicoria vate, es well es # number of typicel mesophytes as Liriodendron qulipifers, Acer saccharum, Acer nigrum, and Gymnocladus dioices. Other trees are Celtis occidentalis, Liquidamber Styreciflua, Diospyros Virginiane, Fagus Americana, Ulmus Amecicane, Ulmus fulve, Tilie Americans, Frexinus quedrenguleta, and Quercus imbricaria. The growth of these trees in the original forest was exceedingly heavy, but by fer the larger part hes been removed for lunber. Logging is still in progress in southwestern Jeaekson county, but elsewhere the stend is principally second growth. The undergrowth of shrubs is much better developed then in the xerophytie forest, and consists principelly of the following species: Cerpinus Caroliniane Ptelea trifoliata Morus rubra. Staphyleea trifolia Benzoin Benzoin ~ Gormus Amomum Jercis Canadensis Sambucus Canadensis Amelanchier Canedensis Viburnum prunifolium Malus coroneria The density of the undergrowth and of the herbaceous flora as fell veries with the emount of light, so that under the heaviest hade both shrubs and herbs are almost entirely absent, leaving the oil covered only with a thick deposit of leaf mold end dead leaves, hile in the more open places there is a dense undergrowth of plants. bine of the more cheracteristic species of the herbaceous flora are: 5 Adiantum pedeatum Filix fragilis = os y po) ,_o -S oe ~. & > to tee ede = : ? ce of? Tag vol" nh ae” We . : eats e34 “P- on = & a P it »? * \Fiyoue ° q rg? a dn Whe j és 42 "4 “aR . ‘ J ve ene eo? " wert a = a” we eree 7 > i e : r : *, 7 “Aeeal fatt @ frie hn " 7 -_ ‘ - % ‘ j avqe eng nertete 7 » '. Plants common to both hillstdes. Bupetorium purpureum Monarde Bradburiana Cercis Canadensis Leptandca Virginica Quercus rubre Morus rubra Sessafras Sassafres Panicum polyenthes Oxalis cymose Cempanule Americana Leptilon Canedense Silene stelleta Ulmus Americena Scutellaria incena 2. Plants observed only on the cleared hillside. Helienthus strumosus Solidego serotina Cessia Chamaechriste SOlidego Canadensis Sambucus Canadensis Solidego nemorelis Tradescentia flexuosa Lactuca sp. Apocynum cennabdinum Phisnva ct dweueatets Mesadenia atriplicifolia Cicuta maculata Heliopsis helienthoides Koellia Virginiane Eryngium equaticum Uniole letifolia Fraxinus Americana Ambrosie trifide Corylus Americene ; Ambrosia ertemisiaefolia Carduus discolor Prunelle vulgaris Onagere biennis 3. Plants observed only on the wooded hillside. Agrimonie sp. Verbesina alternifolia Pheyina leptostachya Blephilie hirsuta Aster Shortii H#rigeron ramosus _ Impatiens biflore Polystichum achrostichoides = = 7 é ec? Ot *Age -y : — ie hc ule" lesley i | ' ' oer «cos 1 4peRe? \ E ” ae 5 i ; pe ks ty * r ; r a ‘ ti ' : ” a. >| ; f ‘ e ‘ . 2s ee | era s i 5) a0 digiae 5 o¢ ste es : : “ep lore 5 7 lA: 2 ee : se lange 7 = - = ® se ttig, error Af. y feo. Se VR " ay Pi » 4 wer - i 4 , » et fected ft { eurce free. a7 i ; aa . 7 ‘ oo Lage ree fAeaeghie .; nat ° , eet es Line te te mre A q : ; oO “A & 34 Adiantum pedatum Solidego ulmifolia Hicoria evata Quercus albe Smilax hechacea Tecoma redicens Hystrix Hystrix hudbeckia hirta Ostrye Virginiana Acer saccherum Anemone Virginienea Koellie incene A transition between the cliff societies end the xerophytic cuplend forest is seen in the rock barren society, the flora of which, however, is closely celated to thet of the uplands. Where the dip of the strate is up into the hill much of the overlying soil is Washed ewey, leaving strips of nearly naked rock, Known as rock a7 These mey be small in size, or may extend for long disten- ces along the edse of the cliffs. The meager suprly of soil is either weshed down by rains from the loess deposits above or is formed in situ from the decomposition of the rocks themselves. ‘he farther from the cliffs, the greater is the averege depth of the soil, until the vegetation merges insensibly into that of the typ- ical uplend forest. In the thinnest soil only small plants can grow, Such aes Plantsgo aristata Nuttellii or Polygonum tenue; when the deposits ere thicker other larger herbs appear, and in the deeper crevices some shrubs grow to a considereble size. It mey be stated nerelly, that where the soil is thick enough to accomodate any Batodendron arboreum is the most cheracteristic species of he rock barren flora. On account of the size which it attains a + : Pea pe . 1m ones wit sis face + Aris taken ¢ Mt ’ ’ : e : ts ee = K _—P » y ; z. ' . > be | > » 7 a ° r . 4 = ay % rs " ry & . . Flea off 35a yoah ; Ay : a . i doevo? Ann EP aa . . “| Pi i (? 5 ' ab t Ve »Asf ween? i's) ~ » sy axte . it ca ene Bera: , . - if 7, f a | mh a Pat 35 greater depth of soil is necessary for its growth then for most her- baceous species, but it is seldom found in soil of a depth exceed- ing two feet. Deteched patches of it in the forest usually surround @ large rock, or soundings show thet the rock is nearer the surface that point. Juniperus Virginians is also prominent in the rock barrens, end may reach a height of thirty feet. Ulmus alata, Quercus minor, and Quercus Marylendica, which ere trees in the upland forest, are on the rock barrens bushy, widely brenched shrubs, rarely over ten feet high, except where larger fissures in the rock permit the development of a more extensive root system. Rhus arometica is very “e@bundent es en undershrub, growing in dense circular patches. The principal herbeceous species are the following: Lechea tenuifolia Plant ego elongeta Ruellia ciliosa Plantago earistata Sedum pulchellum Peatece arcistata Nuttallii Sedum telephioides | Plantago Virginice Speculerie perfoliate Agave Virginica Adopogon Dandelion Pentstemon hirsutus Crotonopsis linearis Polygonum tenue Kneiffie linifolia Opuntia hunifuse As erosion progresses the deepening of the revines is cerried through the overlying deposits of soil into the rock Strate. there results from this ravines with their sides broken by cliffs , av , ; : > : ese, a2 4 . - « , aed + Oi lox 14) Se ‘i - Ole@ Amg@enned » eget od bed A ewthh eae Der tal sy ie e 49744 rc » | % et ™.. ~ | Fa ® —- acl: epenguyougpeae nl — i a ie “a: : ‘~ es dives Raa +i can ' . a ge ? "se. ory ~~ r : J f ae. > 4 e * ’ | > ricthbeen < i Lee y {TEE GRET “ Aig SO we PY a sa, 4 , ' i—« a see) be nl 4 ee ee ae 36 the uplands. Jhere is no relation between the size or depth of the ravine end the amount of outcropping. In some of the deeper velleys two hundred or three hundred feet of rock may be entirely covered with earth so that no outcrops occur, as in some places in Drury Greek valley, while agrin some of the smallest ravines mey have cut gorges with sigh verticel wella of rock. The position of the stream in its flood-plain affects the character of the adjoining bluffs, 60 thet those more distant from the streem have smaller outcrops, ile the nearer bluffs, where erosion is more active, present Numerous cliffs and ledges. Throughout the Ozark region the rock is @lways neer enough to the surface that cliffs of considerable size may be formed. Some of the highest along the Big Muddy river in dackson county exceed two hundred feet, and cliffs of one hundred feet height are frequent along all of the streams. The ecological factors heat, light, and moisture, which in- fluence the vegetation of the cliffs, are extremely varied, and nearly all the differences in the flora are due to one or more of them. The composition of the rock, whether limestone or sandstone, is of minor importence, since only three species are found exclus- vely upon limestone, Cheilanthes Feei, Selidsge ‘Drummondii, end Pelleea atropurpures. On most of the rock outcrops there is sufficient light to ermit the growth of many species of plants. In deep gorges or under verhenging ledges the light is weaker, excluding certein forms, f even all green vegetetion. In these derker recesses the most eo een ee e 7 a ae i a a is 7°. _ ————_ a ~ ae. oe ) —— = ae > 6 eS . ? ver tofen @¢a pho en » boos tlt Stig adit i as . ‘ ras% te = ied STF 7 » pat 6° Lay hy Tt a9 - \ccee ga eae —* oe, / ikea Denk 4, tet eee “- | ool ls itt wo SS ong 9 ee dy , 7H! 5-98 e ’ i . e Lad . 37 re, end Asplenium irichomenes, end of these three the latter extends farthest back into the shede. The temperature in the sheded ravines is not only less sub- ject to extremes of heat on account of the low insolation, but the daily mean is always below that of the uplands. From these condit- ions in the more sheded places there is every gradation to the expossg ed cliffs, receiving the maximum insolation through the full length of the summer dey, where the rock itself is sometimes so hot that ‘the hand cennot be borne upon it. But a2 number of species, as a eilanthes Feei and Phlox Stellaria live end epparently thrive in f | these torrid conditions. y | In the moisture relations the cliff flore is also subject T to widely different conditions. ‘he eveilable water for the growth of plents must either drip down from above, or be held in pockets d crevices in the rock, where it is protected from evaporation by the rock end the feliege above it. In the deep gorges, sheltered both from the sun and the wind, the atmosphere is always humid, and }the cliffs often dripping with moisture, while the flora comprises Such typically mesophytic species as Adicee pumila and Impatiens jiflora. On exposed cliffs where the heat is intense evaporation j/is very repid and the water supply is at a minimum. In such places jSut few plants are able to live in pockets in the rock, which soon tose their moisture, but most species have long roots or root- ttocks which penetrate far into the crevices, reaching to depths here the moisture is better conserved. Even with these adaptations Many species roll up their leaves and become stiff and dry in | >= Shen yy ot ee . a on : | ey 24 ¢ anne ot ie } | ; Nene wilt tray : ‘ * * Tt. 4 od rf “aic¥ ' ; : ‘1 the Sais ne > vote t c y be a we coal beatae | treéleart rasiteam 3dr Oe r € 5 : - 6 { , ) ai , ‘ ‘ el ' : : - ra i. , reg ind (ey = ; , ‘ tag ¥% 4 é : A ; oq . rt Te , 7 \aeorw , A rete P ts sh. ¥ [ery se .42%¥ vie! DftK; r : 5 - a? nl eteteon wl ome er » icaeeee re \ 5 4 ae ree! @vanmy eeisectn Sate: 30 swe?s f a oe = }», <4 , us 7846 win’ orn sag orm ie higelt Arie cpwiie Povi ened sis 4 |:tgee, O° >? ile. «th ae 8®? rom z: i) 38 exture during the hot months of July and August, showing unmi 8 - takeable evidence of injury by drought. thus stems and leaves of Phlox Stellaria, which are green and in full bloom in May, ere nearly ell killed completely by the first of August. No flowering p!ant lives directly upon the rock itself, but in soil which collects in pockets and crevices, or on ledges, and which is formed by the direct decomposition of the rock, or is weshed down by rains from the soil deposits above. The emount of oil thus collected may very from extremely small quantities to deposits of such depth that trees may grow upon them. Mosses and Piichens are the pioneers upon the cliffs, and by their activities pave the way for flowering plents. Only 2 small quantity of soil in | necessary for the growth of some species. A cavity in the rock half J Bin inch across and the same in depth filled with soil will support @® fruiting plant of Pellgeez atropurpuree, and two or three stems )of Solidago Drummondii will grow from a pocket of soil containing “not more than two cubic inches. In respect to the soil, at least, | only arbitrary distinctions can be drawn between the cliff, the }Upland, and the flood-plain societies. A soil deposit six inches )Geep on @ ledge of a moist shaded cliff may be sufficient to sup- port such a plant as Impetiens eurea,,which strictly speaking does hOt belong to the cliff flora. For the Impatiens the six inches S0il, sheltered by its location from excessive heat, light, and evaporation, is not at all different from the deep soil of the flood- | plein. But with it mey be growing an ironwood, for which the thin ayer of soil alone is not sufficient, and which with its roots > ie? at a ; sai De EG te Pay. : ] ; : ~~ } | " out? tigen? tt ‘- 7 0 JP iTolqigues t<8 wiP So* rl ane Rb . . +oNOOt m2) hiewas ~ by hp ote ogg ; ‘ ; "i Se - « = ho (oe Be | = = " ifs : 5 Me . I ' . “eons to aa oa <3 ‘2 i: co ie ’ font obtiws Re tere wily a4 rg} -hoadi Cy h } | eo ‘as ‘ och A ae = [cue ama mo « trole — > in * ; 7 ae ~i te et. | . ee . ee 682 oi @ft ¥¢ het 4 . oo ” ans mont tnese) Det Jee ee ane ay ¥ * * : j fx + iy % 4 “e,® * is Lat ( ob ae b noopne | ohne had en | nd. me sr Ph Aite 917 Bite gaat =f | 3 : vu ; ' Y ‘ . 39 penet cates deeply into fissures in the rock. Thus the seme area is Tes eting species, which, according to their ecologicel require- nents at least, belong to two different plant societies The cliff flora must be regarded as a complex of species Jerived not only from the mesophytic and xerophytic uplend woods, but elso from the flood-plain, with @ limited number which, because of their peculier physiological requirements, or possibly through competition with other plants, are confined to the cliffs. The vegetation shows a mesophytic end a xerophytic extreme, as well 2s #11 gradations between the two. Possibly the best idea of the cliff flora mey be given by 8 description of some of the most typical cliffs. As exemples of mesophytic sendstone clif*s those of Fount- @in Bluff and Makende will be teken. At Fountain Bluff the cliffs outcrop zlong a deep revine, Shich shelters the plants from the sun. The rocky ledges are covered vith thick leaf mold, and only in few pleces is muck of the bare rock exposed. In the thicker soil deposits are growing numerous ferns of the following species: Dryopteris marginelis, Polystichum chrostichoides, Adiantum pedatum, Asplenium angustifolium, and Mlix bulbifera. With them are Adicee pumile, Impatiens peallide na piflora, and other shade-loving heros. Trees of beech, tulip, nd hard maple indicete a close relationship to the flore of the esophytic woods, while the two ironwoods, Ostrya and Jacpinus, ere lore typicel of the cliffs themselves. On other rocks, which be- use of their surface or position cannot hold large quantities of ! il, smaller ferns grow in profusion, Polypodium vulgare, Aspleniun | Ww es = : fi : ~ he fone ene ian a! Bead: wine & i i wt ye eieane Anta thee tie et? Le ea saa Se Roe arcane ‘c “Rae wrk? T Ae atty Nite ean ony monty { eeiri~ os le lqeneore et finan tosise i reyng ere tyme ane etq sate ak tetas oto apa Se a iouseg « c veh .¢ V0 ga é » loaues be (OR scneall nb rei ‘lao hie. fom ripogebotinn teaeatn? a0 tae ; 4 tay adh i ‘an 145000 entonl Taam jee Lore wp sehen mares ths oe > Jigs seer. ane ment wie te ie ee ‘ sno” (adem salbrot-@baher sense - iturin teied onels ® steahiae rs ie pedckspes . wnt ag? elles ' pith BG + eat Le varerdT torts’ ta he p> ras “hy nels oes mete, | ‘ ‘ad va ee ; ; ‘ a ay [ a: Po. oes ny _ ~~ & 7 40 letyneuron, Filix fregilis, and Camptosorus rhizophyllus. The latter covers the rock with a dense met of fronds, which root eat the ends. On the vertical wells of rock are Heuchere perviflora,. Aquilegie Canedensis, Hydrengesp erborescens, end a few ferns. Other members of the cliff flores here, but less common, ere Vaccin- yn vacillans, Dodecatheon Meediea, and Cempenule rotundifolia. In similer situetion at Mekenda there ere no large trees, and fewer shrubs, most of the.shade received being from trees growing upon the telus slopes below the cliffs. Growing on the soil deposits on ledges and shelves of the rock are chus radicens, Staphylee tri- olia, Feaxinus Americana, Ostrya Virginiane, and Juniperus Virgin- Rens, ell of smell size except the ironwood, with the following i herbs: Hydrophyllum apnendiculatum, Aster Drummondii, Perietaria Pennsylvenica, Geum elbum, Solidego caesia, Carex mirabilis, Adicea pumila, Aralia racemose, Vegnere racemosa, Ariszema triphyllun, and Polystichum echrostichoides. ihe distinctive cliff flora of the crevices and pockets, each species of nem grows also on the led- ges, are Heuchere parviflora, Parthenocissus quinquefolie, Polypod- jum vulgere, Hydrangea erborescens, Camptosorus rhizophyllus, Iryopteris merginelis, Asplenium pletyneuron, Asplenium Tricho- enes, Baxifress Forbesii, end Conocephalus conicus. On the xerophytic cliffs overlooking the Mississippi river at wand Tower the most charecteristic plents of crevices and pockets e Heuchera hirsuticeulis, Pellaea at ropurpurea, Yheilanthes Feel, nlox Stelleria, end especially Solidego Drummondii. Fully seventy ve per cent of the individuels belong to the latter species. ee eae le ® « _ ‘ae -fao2 Peay MHeTHAVOCSE TSAR Re | : »f ten .eeser tp fS zee . & becca wet eins noettaret ——————————! -ClC( CO OT °° = b ' ~ | | , f : . fe j Gu } | ” a ’ . s— : : ; (Noa . -_ P : . 7 ' it ? ee a4 4 . begat ° oe tg RIOR , f 7 “7 7 , ii ATi ae , en i ©. yay 4100 : i e . & & - i re 4 + pie" <" , a 4) ee [fe veshye i : | | ne > ae See ee . LecteweBant Key y DER OTOE aa cide fase: STPEEs “1 nepal e Te fveata of 74] obentvatio ae oe euginns® 4301 tem yebtungyt L ty . 2 Suoewtayete BOeP hte ut tete a) ee | hae os or ser! wf va is A ee At iin = 41 ther species are Slymus Virginicus, Scutellaria cordifolia, Oxalis eymose, Croton monanthogynus, Lepidium Virginicum, end Ostrye Vir- piniene. None of these are common except Scutellaria, which prefers jositions which are shaded at leest part of the afternoon, On shelves end ledges there are many more species, all of which, how- ever, extend also into other societies. lhe most abundant are Croton monanthogynus, Khus aromeatica, Perthenocissus quinquefolia, Ulmus Alata, Solidago Drummondii, Scutellarie cordifolia, Tecome radicans, md HKhus radicans. Other species, less abundent, are Oxalis cymosa, Carduus eltissimus, Zuphorodiea nutans, Oenotherea sinuata,,Hragrostis nejor, Lepidium Virginicum, Silene antirrhina, Quercus ecuninate, Ostrya Virginiane, Solanum nigrun, Ahus glabra, Arundinaria tecta, Monaerde fistulose, Verbene stricta, oss humilis, Cenchrus tribu- oides, Cercis Janedensis, Solanun Carolinense, Cornus Amomun, Viburnun rufotomentosum, Opuntia hunifuse, Celtis Mississippiensis, Verbescum ihepsus, Vitis vulpina, Vernonia sp., Juniperus Virgini- ane, and Juniperus communis. Other species occur on the cliffs et different pleces, but zOing lists. One species needs individual mention, Polypodium poly- odioides. This fem, which never grows on trees in LE inois,.i¢ fOund on the driest es well as the moistest cliffs, end although rot common, is usuelly ebundent wherever it grows. In conclusion it may be seid thet the cliff fleore,in the » ea vn 4 a ., a bia tee le 7h coms Ki Reps rocco eantne gi oe Jqsgee tooad Se onal (9 Ye chen Foe tt $ehecte ove of ae @bom “sri 1® every 4 , SES it? op : oe a" i nna g —_—- ‘ 4 oR bi Th oh aia ~ i - t c7 c ’ ' + 1 ; a a? were” ie ar, | f ra ; | | be (7a nimee f "Stle' erh he nese Be hee e ' faiqaye + elo tan reanes ¢ ito ele. ovryes .. ater iby , ,@ tfew ne ree yi “i . ye . Po) YaVarsAy i A S| 4 ec i” eatoanr «! ee ae, aly le 42 ew species, therefore, are in themselves chrracteristic of the eliff society, nut the association of species constitutes a typical and distinctive group, redically different from any other society 9f the regian. The finel stage in the erosion series is represented by the flood-plains which border all of the larger streams throughout the region. The Mississippi river flows through 2 flood-plein from three to six miles wide in Jackson and Union counties, and there is similar extensive development along the Big Muddy, the Saline, end the Cache rivers, where they run through or elong the Ogark up- lift. The smaller streams, like Drury creek, Lusk creek, Grand Pierre creek, and Mill ereek have bottomlands with an average width of one-fourth to one-half a mile. The soil is all of elluvial origin nd elone the larger rivers is of immense depth. When subject to. inundation by annual floods fue depth is increegsed each year by deposits frequently exceeding a foot in thickness for e single flood. Over such a level area the variation in the vegetation is iveimined by the elevation, those flood-plains subject to heavy overflow being quite different from those in which the inundetion Slight or irreguler. On the lerger flood-plains, like those long the Mississippi river, a secondary drainage system has been rorked out. The level surface is then intersected by shallow but road depressions, sometimes full of standing or slowly moving ater, and always occupied by 2 pronounced hydrophytic plent so- iety. | i | im ) | | a hr apy } oe ay nec hegre i+ @ > ptt ey: Ti " pate Th a ) pet (oegh Lo oelte one ey f ays i 7 oe foie eng ‘ E aye Se c oleae ae 3 ‘ lew p> aie : , ) rw ‘i ' 7 " 2 al rt * rs & 0] 7 | en ere i shoe’? radical 4 on? ® nirthee Dea: 2 Pe r evxe Ievel @ uta : Te olftevals itt fy pomaott ric fns1e72IP Sie MP, -HReott sewmial erry abana eons fs Teiy satdlen yaebnosen .§ paavin Latas | ’ : * S ‘a Toemesil cad? of sos tae eieaey (uate “ce SAthnese In iio wee ‘ T 9S J “ 43 the flore of the flood-plains consists of » dense growth of forest with or without undergrowth. ‘The principal arborescent species are: Liquidember Styreciflue Liriodendron Tulipifera Quercus alba Hicorisa Pecen Quercus mecrocarpe Ulmus Americane Quercus platanoides Ulmus fulva Quercus imbricaria Gleditsie triacanthos Quercus palustris Catalpa speciosa Celtis occidentalis Celtis Mississippiensis Acer Negundo Populus deltoides Populus heterophylla Platanus occidentalis Acer saccherinum Fraxinus profunda Acer sacchearun Frexinus quedrengul ata Acer rubrum Fraxinus Manéeelate Fagus Americana Nyssa sylvatica Tilie Americana Gymnocladus dioica Juglans cineree Betul2 lenta Juglens nigra Betule2 nigra Hicoria oveta Not ell of these species are found together. On the higher bottoms which are but little subject to inundation such species predominate as Tilie Americena, Liriogendron Tulipifera, Acer acchearum, Fraxinus quedrengulata, and Fegus sylvatica, while thers, including Acer rubrun, Gleditsia triacenthos, Hicorla 2ce » end Celtis Mississippiensis grow in the wettest places of e flood-plains, where the lend is inundated every year. Ihe trees “ead , anes arte beab a | = & [rttotide a? aera OB OE SS hake nl® Poe . | a Pi : al ; t aivisned ' giapek | nm “ Few ; : “ iG t. eilegraiae ] .' Bry ‘ ib per teieee? ‘Laos tegteme . ' d oan 7 a 2 chy oo - p ope lweqt noc ae a 7 w — ora Bt nba nie ' AY [ts shev °an? x . e hoor A ; 1 fe ge 82 | . a? 7 ey 204 0k ep ay et { + a5 215 i oe af F , , , e . TLiel: «49 peloenn evant TOY = ; rs Ss & ; ret as Saw Fb nlg¢if Jus =e N r ~ ‘ieltlict oebrenois id ,.“ _ ae. on a ) @f? telipse wiev gaa party ‘ > « ’ 24 ° sf) mafity bres sarfe OF 'G ; . z- = » ~ rd f J sean WA foeen eosin . Aliewes! ay yo Sac ideas . . —— ; of be. ay ot Tee? Ae fe Tre bate etapaerve I'L 548s. eee a ~_SAL 92 Tait noo he hea hy Fa — Ss , oe ry T f iO) ar}, { ' P r ’ ia ‘ ] ; ¢ , ryo4 tri?! Lisl 7 j ‘co “4 7 : 94 ¢ ri bDaxael Liat sae teed me ; a 4 * we - al ry) fi has 4 TH a i | ’ -) Jalan eS tae o onln nfonteg “a. -s4 R24. eect * aa [er LOS 1 eer ( ! ini . - u a tn ett eh pte tad Re fone Agr fa va? er _ in hs evra hra Peale. | < a ‘oan wbent Iioenm re econ: es éticuge wismebd OA ane hak! "8 eirners in epyeo sgrtsht +. 404 °4 Reyes, b 45 Arelie spinose Rosa Carolina Adelia acumineta Asiming triloba Xanthoxylum Americenum Alnus rugosa _ Avundinerie tecta Lienes: Rhus radiceans Smilax gleuca Smilax bona-nox “Smilax hispida q Menispermum Caenedense Calycocerpum Lyoni Cebathea Caroline Tecoma radicans Ampelopsis cordeta Botrychium Virginieanun Panicum Porterianun -Panicum rostratum Uniolea latifolia | Dinaineris tecta Carex Asa-Greyii ‘Carex Frankii Celtis crassifolia Jeltis Mississippiensis Benzoin Benzoin Cercis Cenadensis Stephylea trifolia Morus rubre Celastrus scandens Bignonia erucigere Parthenocissus quinquefolia Bredleya meacrostechys Vitis vulpine Vitis cinerea Vitis palmata Vitis cordifolia The herbeceous florea is so veried that only a portion, senting the most typical species, is here given. Dioscorea villosa Seururus cernuus Brunnichie cirrhosa Polygonum Virginisnum Anemone Cenedensis Tradescentie pilosa Penthorum sedoides rep re- e a! i . e é Clie € cry. as as 2 wv i] ee = { . S ry t 3 or { * i i ‘ ; ev ab eal beers ae ¢ Pe $7y..¢{ i aa EO0ge Teed, ey ny | Fe nsnolh itv eegennedt ; mre teinel¥ 5 : SUMED Bae run iy 78 reormrvuto aleoliguat : ms tan tae ep. * atfotsy ‘se 2 mureiniven Dy mygege 16 cn Sra if ats Nag ta , grog i . | ; ea iim mbaiepmenen f i Ge s : ie “ DSH TO Gh RMR O Ts 1a . ae | , ‘ ae Oe Carex squecrose Cassie Marylandica Impetiens eurer Impatiens biflora Cubelium concolor Pessiflora lutea Rhexia Virginica Circaee Lutetiansa Steironeme ciliatum Fraserea Carolinensis Asclepies incerneta ieiemonium rept ans Phlox divericeta Phlox maculeta 46 Hydrophyllum eappendiculetum Phecelie Purshii Agastache nepetoides Acuen Illinoense Pentstemon Digitalis Pheyma leptostachye Lobelie syphilitice Sitilias Ceroliniens Ambrosia trifida Bidens bipinnete Hlephantopus Carolinienus Stachys tenuifolia tupeatoriumn purpureum Verbesinege alternifolia Verbesina Virginica Vernonia maxima Helenium eutumele Mesedenia reniformis Pluchea petiolate Secutelleria incena Agastache scrophuleriaefolius Polymnia Canadensis rzediata A considerable portion of the bottom lends, especially along the Mississippi and Cache rivers, are covered for a pert or all of the year with water, ceusing the development of extensive sweip elong the Mississippi in Union county have originsted mostly from ox-bows of the Big Muddy river; the lergest of these re known locally as lakes, as Wolf Lake, Clear Lake, and Grass sake. Those of the Ceche river ere epperently due to the general evel of the country, which is so little above the Ohio that the mmf OTL. “ciara. U Nem retie? towy 3} fede ' 1o% af iterre riRos eA d Prekte a, iy ie Pee F .aa = 1% I ese or i gq Taeias ¢ - ‘ Arn ge sTap 120 of ; = miu tedwo threes > irtasy nob foc em ¢ wert freer i Torvess : D) 1 a. 7s ° ¢ etri PD On ‘ee lde¢t ; £ 28 na ,aueairhy aMpe> One Fe = ‘ » tern oft anteyaro, eer ee ; : = iz srl beaten til esi? wag es meetin. yhdvit giant? tee yd = Ey - y potG eae 26%, ae enero oe (ttma a s£onwnayg? 349 novia. ors rvotdieeityil oon 40 be 2 i : a =e . . 47 reinege is not sufficient to remove thw water completely. The bala cypress is found only in the Ceche river swamps and plong some of the smaller tributaries of the Ohio. fhe swamps in the Mississippi river bottoms are inundated every yeer, end in the lereer lakes there is alweys standind weter. The principal trees there ere the following: Acer rubrum | Platanus occidentalis Acer saccherinum Populus heterophylle Acer Negundo Populus deltoides Gleditsia triaceanthos Quercus palustris Hicoria Pecen Liquidambar Styreciflua Paarix amygdaloides Nyssa sylvatica Salix nigra | Fraxinus lenceoleta Celtis Mississippiensis All except the two willows reach large dimensions and ere | ‘often conspicuous because of tne conicel besal portion of the trunk. | One specimen of Gleditsia triacenthos measured eleven feet in cir- | sumference at the base, but only three feet six inches at a height sf four feet from the ground. Of the shrubby species Cephalenthus occidentalis is every- yhere ebundent, growing not only in 211 of the wettest places of the lend, but extending some distence into the water. Other typical ibe are! Rose Carolina Planerea aquatica Adelia acunineta CD aetix Lluvietilis B emnus Carolinians Ilex decidua ‘> ae = fl va : ; Pty ot? gotmenw OF Inv kDe eee vernal ew ba aylaeti ot’ at ying thy oft) e:ff ‘to wee fart (ara. Seqtuelaai aries oy + » le sind? ode! .eoted effin \ ‘umipotloy eit =+4 Saar ; Tree » ia! 7 . t t mt 7 . A“; 6 ' ‘ a rl rrace £6 J ~~, > mah top su me = >» rive eReYy Re fy Val Oe 'haceel rmikens' of Lio bore ee ‘ raf wal iin ‘ oe famed festren ent Yo eevabed enone r eA ine oe 4 7 9 a? ibe te ° bon ? —; ona’? panel? y | 'G Tig ,oaer acts - Srtvo1y ‘oT mova (a tie tt ait trian feryea® saltoeqe Yodan “: So tte at yfrte, tom SuLeoig ia 1 art ofl aoretels epon SAlbicetees - ve & F . Sy ¥e2 Pups a,Ae [7 etwied? al Tat ovlpget x21 i . ane pz ne > ay 7 TT: 49 Benzoin Benzoin ‘he seme species of lienes occur in the swemps es in the ' ‘lood-plain society. Herbaceous species: Jussiagea diffuse Boltonia asteroides Jussiaeea decurcens Ludwigie alternifolia Seururus cernuus Typhe latifolia Alisme Plentago-equetice Bregrostis hypnoides Sagitteria latifolia Zizania aquatica Scirpus cyperinus Polygonum incarmetum Scirpus etrovirens Polygonum incarnatum Repu lineatus Acnide temarascina Scirpus lecustris Koripe palustris Saathorun sedoides Ammennia coceinea isnerdie pelustris Ciecuta maculata - Semolus floribundus . Asclepies perennis | Ipomoee lacunosa Lippia lanceoleta | Spermecoce glabra Eclipta alba Helenium tenuifolium Senecio lobetus Teucrium Americenun Mentha Cenadensis ‘ Qonobes multifide Monniera rotundifolie Ilysenthes attenuate Mimulus elatus Ilysenthes dubie Mimulus ringens All of these species ere likewise found in the cypress lamps, end in addition the following: 4 | raed) Sry otic AitahwAs:] oe ge ¢ » he 5 aed i = ‘ [ A > ¢ ; ¢ = © poo 1 . : 3 ° : : \ ‘wa he -? at . . : * - ‘oe » ? ~~ ‘ Ie Ae a * a fy +? is ’ ri * z ‘ i » ie - # A« 7 ate i eu 6 Si er ¢ ‘ ae aks pip icieaay ‘peroe evueit 76 Aims aj as fei da ay 2 ~ eG ive ai i aie ree en oe 5 =r? : 7 rary j fd 1 | “Mae te "ho Lpege rol Teupeae at eltilotis eH nsirk p anes oe whi ‘prune neh aha Yau evbosd 1S ay soa evou lee - gystiotig _manec to shritt ia ee it i es f i AS eyierwot fo onit aot. ny a 49 Fraxinus profunda Shrubs. Styrex Americene Itea Virginice Heros: Pespelum mucronetum Passiflore incarneta Pluchee petioletea Hymenocellis occidentalis fhe largest cypress swamps are along the Cache river in Jonn- bon and Messac counties, just south of the Ozark hills, and in the flat undrained country between the Cache river and the head-weters of Big Bay creek. lhe drainage is very poor, so that at most seesons of the year the ground is covered one to two feet with stagnant iter, and some of the swamps, particulerly neer Big Bay, Massac bounty, are inundated at all times. The Cache river, however, hes chennel that serves to remove the water, so that the swamps bor- dering it are usually dry for 2 portion of the summer. Artificial aansce, together with the partial cleering of the river chennel, las also aided in cerrying off the water and leaving parts of the wamps open for cultivation. The swamps neer Big Bay are between Vache river end Big Bey creek, and at flood time empty indiscrinm- inately into either or both of them. An extensive system of dredge itches will be necessary to drain them thoroughly. Cypress swamps lso occur north of the Ozerks in Saline county, and along the Abash river as far north es Wabash county. Nearly all of the largest trees have been cut for lumber, Ad some sawmilis are even yet in operation, “on ere many small nees and seedlings, and the size which cypress may reach in this fy . — i. daa? yen 3 7 1ggD fejive vale ory, nea: F, a fafa e914 ponte aeeavaes 4 VG aeliales ® a ‘ heowied yo trareay { ¢ - oe ri 5 Bel ~ : f ‘¢ AAavaLr ni NUGI BR. , sar i r 5 ~~ : styt aw acl «| 4 mer? ne? Cee >. i fa -2 ea ne tana “a vw ms - > : » r = o el ’ > wT rye " r 7 n avee n a iii s gpeiLraca @ “102 ¥ vi jl ¢2eag f " i4en iD tec 798¢ J T fe.¢ 1 AAT - . _— 5 1*e patiyase0 Me 4 iv “ag dave of! .cekPevesl iro ee , —— A +“ to e 4H ke Oe (se git bh, e ; ' nb pends to trod a6 Vente " re 6 fepuesorts wert? otet@ of ytareesen aa °F a] "3 ~ w@biey mt oivaded ett Fo rs eon mrace #@ FPGA 42% - ip ees awed meers Teepe em te fie ae erie 4. nap! Siekteiece nt ey, ere eee +4 i ‘| J m4 — oe 2 3). 50 . fs tude is evidenced by huge stumps sometimes eight feet scross, ~ ian | by an occasional immense tree, which was left by the lumbermen, p . which by its rounded sprersding top stands in sharp contrast th the pyremidel shepe of the younger trees. Kidgeway reports t the tree may surpess one hundred and fifty feet in height. Field work upon the river-bank and strand and the weed soc- es has not been carried on sufficiently to warrant description “a the vegetation here. * j we (Xt? Teo pops enum 7% f ane me haw Pe ey sath i eRe por erie ueuTOY: ore "te - Rep. MM > Sew th fae Bead -iov Pt, Oe aad Ul tw or VP DINER ws no Resta ores 51 Shaepter 6, List of species. Sufficient informetion is not availeble for the publication f 2 complete list of the species composing the florea of southern Illinois. Patterson's catalogue of Illinois plents is entirely out of dete, and the accessible herbaria contein few specimens or none at all of the more difficult genere, such as Fenicum, vratee- bs, Sisyrinchium, Viole, or Antenneria, and generally but a poor representetion of the others. Until further collections are meade, end further field study given to the flora, a complete list will pe iinpossible. On this account it has been deemed advisable to ) limit the following list to species actually collected or observed by the writer in his field work, and to exclude ell others, even yhough there is not the slightest doubt of their occurence. The nomenclature followed is that used in Britton's Manual | | } . , I : bf the flore of. the northern States and Canada, that being at pres- bnt the most comprehensive work on the flora of the region, and 5 therefore best suited to the use of the ecologist who does not trish to become involved in the nomenclatoriel discussion which is till attracting the attention of systematists. Species with limited range in the state or in the Ozark egion have their range indiceted, as well as the plent societies wich they occur. + Las a a > hia ie ©] ‘ f i? pr #4 rey * . ‘ ; F ‘ P ; hod f “yy. t ° . “ * * = ¢ 6 eine 2 ; \s tor aa oe an. a : ; i? at Sere a iy oA : r fe? AY oar Lier ra ay 2-A% "4 oy, r7o al? ae , » : a. oe . tweet " #0 . oP HI49I8 #i77..me oR te pier? sg - ay oa : : fe. n F +4) DAL eres Se auras 4 52 Subkingdom PTERIDOPHYTA OPHIOGLOSSACHA# Bot rychium Virginianum (L.) Sw. Mesophytic woods and the higher flood-plains. OSMUNDACEAE Osmunda regelis L. Flood-plain woods, Jackson county. Osmunde cinnamomea L. Kich woods and on shaded cliffs. Osmunda Claytoniane L. In similer situations. 7 POLYPODIACHA:. Polypodihm vulgare L. Mesophytic cliffs. Polypodium polypodioides (L.) A. S. Hitchcock. Mesophtic or xerophyt | ic sendstone cliffs. Illinois: the Ozark region. Adientum pedatum L. dich woods and mesophytic cliffs, perticulerly on shaded hillsides. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Mesophytic and xerophytic cliffs, | ary rand woods, perticularly in the limestone region. Pelleea atropurpurea (L.}) Link. Limestone cliffs. gheilenthes lanosa (Michx. }Watt. Aerophytiec cliffs. Illinois: the r Ozark region and bluffs elong the Mississippi river from St. Louis south. Gheilenthes Feei Moore. Dry limestone cliffs, Jeckson and Union counties. Jllinois: bluffs of the Mississippi river throughout its length. | , .splenium platyneuron (L.)Oakes. Mesophytic cliffs. splenium Trichomanes L. Shaded candstone cliffs. ‘Splenium angustifolium Michx. Rich uplend woods end sheded cliffs. —oe NL tite A pen an EX J = = Sa rs BSES Ses Sarat SS eee eee ” ae a Ba i 5 scott, ae oa ee tye. 40 i ’ ‘ eee! « Pa r mittee oS j Pd rf .* ! ‘ : = ¥ » re ue 4% , Hoey Tae Oe y 1] var? ty ‘ * . erie » = ite bre ded yt ©1600 Shr ar. ‘ee nto . v 53 Biveniun Wilix-foemina (L.)Bernh. Kich woods, especially in the flood-plains; occasional on cliffs. Tc oncrus rhizophyllus (L.)Link. Damp shaded sandstone cliffs. ivaticnun achrostichoides (Michx.)Schott. Shaded cliffs end moist upland hillsides. Dryopteris merginalis (L.) Gray. Shaded sandstone cliffs end occes- ional in rich upland woods, one of the commonest ferns. Dryopteris spinulose (Retz) Kuntze. Shaded uplend hillsides, some- times on cliffs. | Phegopteris hexegonoptere (Michx.) Fee. Kich sheded upland woods end cliffs. Pilix ana tore (L.) Underw. Mesophytic sandstone cliffs. Filis fregilis (L.)Underw. Mesophytic upland woods. Moodsia obtusa (Spreng. )iorr. Ledges of sandstone cliffs, Jackson | county. | Onoclee sensibilis L. Mesophytic flood-plain woods. | BQUISETACHA | Equisetum ervense L. Springy pleces on hillsides end cliffs. iquisetum laevigatum A. Br. In similar situations. Subkingdom Spermatophyta PINACEAg Pinus echinete Mill. Dry rocky limestone soil, Union end Alexender eounties. illinois: The Ozark region. jexodiwn distichum (L.jL.¢.xich. In swamps along the Ohio river end its tributeries in Alexender, Union, Pulaski, Massac, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Saline, Gallatin, and White counties. Illinois: \(? ; « f a 7 _ —— Z if a ; “4 _ 0 4 se 2? ak mie ee! io y 2s Do Syrty , SO ET Lp" ~ he 7 t a tc so Lene ha ae meen. Pere mp 4! ae onl [ores ~* im ,se0!™) ghia z ij ‘ ; fi Le : a a WZ aRE . eat ae iM a . LJeeo eves eRe ta lonibiags Aap a : 7 ‘> bevel) cua nuns hg ate siete nt £4 . - oti ‘ >? ; fA . par va Avan arigehce pita Lies art ing te re a Va; 2 . , 4 aa 54 distribution eas given. Juniperus communis L. Dry upland woods, cock berrens, and xero- phytic cliffs. Mmiperus Virginiana L. Dry uplend woods, xerophytic cliffs, end common on rock berrens. INPHAC HAE ppha latifolia L. In openAswemps tai along the edge of ponds. j ALISMACEAS Alisme ties pqustice L. In swamps and wet river bottoms. Bchinodorus cordifolius (L.)Griseb. In swamps and on muddy river benks. Illinois: central end southern portions. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Ponds, swamps, end glong slow streams. VALLISNsRIACBAS Philotria Canadensis (Michx.)Britton. Still or slowly running water. GRAMINBAd | Andropogon scoparius Michx. Dry upland woods and sessafras barrens. ndropogon Virginicus L. Dry upland woods. Illinois: centrai and southern portions. ndropogon furcetus Muhl. Dry upland woods and sassafras barrens. Sorshastrum evenaceum (Miehx.)Nesh. Dry uplend woods. orghun Halepense (L.)Pers. In gardens end on roadsides, Union county. Illinois: the extreme southern part. aspelum mucronatum Muhl. In cypress swamps, Johnson county. Illi- oie: St.Clair county end southward. aspelum laeve Michx. Dry uplend woods, rock hereene: end weste places. Illinois: Marion county and soutnwerd. i eel" revi ea rTve err “a Lonet iv ‘ oa a ae. . nd oe & ea » _ ( F . ww fyPe 1 t . - ” =¥ . F r 1 Ot a © I “ PF ut tit. ore / s o efited . * nt - . ny f ja OP ieee, o pamaer asenqre |aqt cae Gay _ Pa rf ee, ET ae } Ne a ; 5 r 7 a 70 gag8 .abece (unui Nae ; ‘ is es 55 Paspalum seteceum Michx. Dry upland woods. Illinois: centesl and southern parts, Kankakee county and southward. therisme sanguinalis (L.)Dulac. Weste places. @chinochloe Crus-Galli (L.)Beauv. Swemps and waste places. Penicum cepillare L. Common in waste pleces and in upland woods. Sad oun Philsdelphicun Bernh. Dry upland woods, Union county. Ill- inois: distribution not known, probebly only in the southern part. Panicum cognetum Schultes. Dry rocky uplend woods, Jackson county. Panicum proliferum Lam. Waste places and especially along river- banks. Panicum virgeatum [,. Dry upland woods, rare. Penicum agrostoides Spreng. Wet river bottoms, Jackson county. Illinois: Hancock county end southward. Panicum rostratum Muhl. ‘let river bottoms and along streams, Jack- son and Johnson counties. Illinois: central and southern perts. Penicum barbuletum Michx. Dry upland woods, common. Illinois: prob- ably throughout. P@nicum Tennesseense Ashe. Very common in dry upland woods. Illin- ois: probably throughout. -anicum meridionale Ashe. Dry upland woods, Illinois: the Ozark region and north along the Mississippi to St.Louis. nicum polyanthes Schult. Dry upland woods, one of the commonest of southern Illinois grasses. enicum Forterianua Nash. ich shaded woods. anicum pubifolium Nash. Rich wooded hillsides, Union county. I1ll- —- =- = s x . i 1 ° s " ' i ry = ¥ ieyniag ; Um: iceem (esis (On aes a teeta ‘Tosces4 river én Wena é = ry 4 et) «3 enola diaon dV set a iy RA = aaa er ms nt MeManee at tay bl ails | a \ ~ ea A =P tc i ine > hr ae rire fT ee et ye ueiee ft * » ® Ps runt. acy” . fea Sti : 7 7 d L ane Xie . { AY nit Pals Te sane’ et enlt ; te wae i al® "> (ig Im ie : Rye . ry ae : 7 56 “4nois: probably only in the Ozark cegion. etochloa gleuce (L.)Serion. Waste pleces. eheus tribuloides L. Sandy rivec banks and waste pleces. malocenchcus oryzoides (L.)Poll. xiver bottoms and in wet upland woods. ristlae ei ebathe Michx. diy upland woods and waste places. J Illinois: iAavion county end southwerd. lhlenbergia diffuse Willd. Rich woods and in geedens end roadsides. rechyelyt cun erectum (Seheed.)Beauv. Kich wooded hillsides. hleum pratense L. Fields and roadsides. ‘in a latifolia (irev.)Griseb. Rich uplend woods, Jackson county. srostis Siva L. Dry uplend woods and sassafras barrens. Jenthoniea spiceta (L.)Beauv. Xerophytic upland woods. partina eynosuroides (L.)Willd. Open swamps. theropogon curtipendulus (Michx.)Fourn. Rich upland woods, Jackson county. eusine Indica (L.)Geertn. haat pleces, ebundeant. Cicuspis seslerioides (Mienx.)Torr. Dry uplend woods and sassefras berrens. Illinois: central and southern portions. ‘agrostis Frankii Steud. Waste places and along river banks. ageostis major Host. Waste pleces, common. ‘egrostis pectinacea (Michx. )Steud. Dry upland woods and sassefras barrens. egrostis hypnoides (Lam.)B.S.P. Muddy river banks. eleria cristata (L.)Pers. Dey uplend woods and rock barrens. Lice mutica Welt. Dry uplend woeds and rock berrens. - L = — — _—__—_ = = 7 = wu i a ae es s % 2 "ea alo? i pi taal ie owt ol ee ° » unponti fre ; nese vat a? . w iy 5 = ft 7 a] » , owl i _ ie ce in. Pe 2 w i ii oe 200 : . vale no hte " > es! 14 soe St pe ait ye On ey T% ® sé 7s Lis - oy. reel ole i eh) aaa ee > Para n 4’ | , _ * .¢ » - , . pit eal ated } » ' - 4 . . 4 ¥ ; , we 1p) ji “ad ae Vi 7 7” 4 ns 7 is ; ee miola latifolia Michx. Mesophytic woods. Illinois: central and southern portions, Macon county and southward, pratensis L. Upland woods and roadsides. f compressa lL. Dry upland woods and rock barrens. lanicularia nervata (Willd.) Kuntze. Swamps and especially along x slow streams. 7 lestuca octoflora Walt. Dry upland woods, common on rock barrens. Bromus ciliatus L. Mesophytic upland woods and shaded hillsides, Bromus secalinus L. Introduced in waste places. Hordeum nodosum L. Waste places, common. Hordeum pusiljum Nutt. Waste places, abundant.Illinois: western portion, from Henry county southward in the Mississippi valley. fordeum jubatum L. Fields, gardens, and roadsides. Elymus striatus Willd. Mesophytic upland woods and cliffs. Mlymus Virginicus lL. Dry upland woods, cliffs, and sassafras bare rens. Blymus Beeadensis L. Open sunny places, especially in bottoms. Beatrix Hystrix (L.) Millsp. Xerophytic hillsides and cliffs. rundinaria tecta (Walt.) Muhl. wet bottom lands and swamps. ' Union county and southward and occasional in mesophytic uplend woods and cliffs throughout the Ozark region. Illinois: the Ozark region and southward. A characteristic member of the swamp flora producing small cane breaks and often attaining a heisht of twelve feet. CYPERACHAE J. yperus diandrus Torr. River bottoms and sand bars. - 58 = rperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Wet bottom lands and muddy river banks. Rens strigosus 1. River bottoms, marshes, and introduced in waste places. yperus ovularis (Michx.) Torr. Xerophytic upland woods, rock barrens, sassafras barrens, and cliffs. 4 Kyllinga pumila Michx. Sandy river banks. leocharis obtusa Sch. Swamps, common. Meocharis acicularis (L.) R. & S. Muddy river bans. 1 ocharis acuminata (Muhl.) Nees. Muddy river banks. tenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britton. Sand bars and gravelly creek beds. ‘| Fimbristylis autumalis (L.) Re & S. Gravelly stream banks,Massac | county. | cirpus lacustris L. Open swamps and along creeks. | cirpus atrovirens Muhl. Swamps. | cirpus lineatus Michx. Swamps and wet bottom lands, Birpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Gravelly creek beds in Massac county. lemicarpha micrantha (Vahl.) Britton. Sandy river banks. arex fen Gray! Bailey. Mesophytic flood plains. Brex Frankii Kunth. Wet bottom land woods. Jackson county, and | southward. Illinois: the extreme southern portion. arex squarrosa L. Wet bottom land woods. Illinois: from Macon county southward. rex Shortiana Dewey. Wet flood plain woods. rex triceps Mi chx. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens. rex @laucodea Tuckerm. Dry ena woods and occasional on rock “barrens. Illinois: central and southern portions. - } ' | f 4 ) a4 f +i Dmg » «? )yoigbwa aes nen \ ee x : 4 7 es | * ’ L me 4 . f ¥ \ ° t Es , > ’ . P - , rc? f a? us 7 * + Ln a \ o é . > 1A ee + Ps j 7 st on ofl . wy ite ta? |", Cope : , FS ’ ; et art aS (eanie e 3 x. a4 a ae 47) ' H ? ryno pit re ee x - + = = : . i 5 = 60 @ arex vulpinoidea Michx. Wet ground, arex rosea Schk. Dry upland woods and sassafras barrens. arex straminea Willd. Mesophytic soil. ARACHAE risaema triphyllum (1.) Torr. Mesophytic upland woods and flood | plains. risaena Drachontium (1L.)Schott. Flood plain woods. faerie ine Virginica L. Escaped or introduced along road sides. Fommelina hirtella Vahl. Cypressswamps in Johnson county. Illinois: extreme ‘southern portion. rradescantia Virginiana I. Uplant woods. fradescantia reflexa Raf. Xerophytic upland woods, Union county. Illinois: apparently only in the central and southern portions. fradescantia pilosa bkehm. Shaded mesophytic woods. JUNACHAR funcus interior Wieg. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens, Jackson county. funcus tenuis Willd. Very abundant in xerophytic upland woods and Sassafras barrens, | uncus Torreyi Coville. Swamps and wet grounds. uncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze. Mesophytic upland woods and hiyisides, 4 WEL ANTHACKAR pularia grandiflora J.H.Smith., Wesophytic woods. 4 . LILIACEAE emerocallis fulva L. Escaped from cultivation. ms i : < i tas ej hagelt ‘T= a curs a5 * gp . : 7 fae : “eth cea ee i - a - o_o =| 60 eo ‘ . ‘lium Canajense 1. Open bottom land woods and frequently as a weed along roadsides. sthoscordun bivalve (I..) Britton. Bottom land woods, especially in sandy soil. Illinois: from Macon county southward, ilium Canadense 1. Mesophytic upland woods, rythronium albidum Nutt. Mesophytic wood lands. luamasia hyacinthina (Raf.) Britton. Upland woods and frequently in cleared soil. CONVALLARI ACEAR Sparagus officinalis L. Escaped from cultivation. era racemosa (L.) Morong. Mesophytic upland woods and flood= _ plains. agnera stellata(l.) Morong. Wesophytic wood lands, a@lomonia commutata (R. & S.) Britton. Mesophytic upland woods , and flood-plains,. Pit2ium recurvatum Beck. Wesophytic upland woods and cormon in flood-plains. rillium erectum 1. Mesophytic upland woods yackson county. SMILACHAX milax herbacea L. MWesophytic woods and flood plains. nilax pulverulenta Michx. Wet river bottoms,Union county. lax glauca Walt. Very abundant in a variety of situations, "especially in swamps. , lax hispida Muhl. Mesophytic woods, lax Bona-nox lL. Flood-plains and swamps, AMARYLLIDACEAE menocallis occidentalis (le Conte) Kunth. Cypressswamps, Johnson -) - » 5 Al iM ’ a Dos - ae .» et CaaS t - [> eee no? as +) Al oe we) | + etd & 7 nn , oe ‘ oe ) A. ul gaat a / wate eee a o*7 _ aha i- hit aa) 4 a county and southward. Illinois: in tne extreme southern portion. wave Virginica L. Xerophytic upland woods and rock b-rrens. Illinois: the Ozark region. Hypoxis hirsuta (.)Coville. Mesophytic upland woods. DIOSCORRACHAR Dioscorea villosa lL. Mesophytic woods. TRIDACKEAX Tris versicolor L. Open swamps. Gemmingia Chinensis (l.) Kuntze. Escaped from cultivation in Bei» a > Se Ee | ‘ i - ~ ~ . . , " . . ' . a wae On . t * Ces 7 Las } . r Se et a ae - 7 . ‘ 4 stgogell Ty at i : hd *. | 2. afer a « a ‘riz ) 4 Dam ; bs ' . t = i 2 , aes. ._-* SP mal . ry : : a na the valleys of the larger rivers as far north as Vincennes, Peoria and Keokuk. Heoria ovata (Mill.) Britton, Mesophytic upland woods. ficoria laciniosa (Michx. f. ) Sarg. River bottoms. Wicoria microcarpa (Nutt.) Britton. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens. RETULACEAE arpinus Caroliniana Walt. wesophytic upland woods, cliffs, and very abundant on flood-plains. strya Virginiana (M111. ) Willd.’, Upland woods, rock barrens, and Xerophytic cliffs. yius Americana Walt. Upland woods. letula nigra. L. River bottoms and along the smaller streams. inus rugosa (Du Roi) K. Koch, Along the shores of streams and ponds. FAGACHAE aeus Americana Sweet. WMesophytic woodlands from Jackson county | southward. In the mesophytic flood-plains of Union county it is one of the commonest and largest trees, Illinois: the ' shore of yake Michigan and the Ozark region, iercus rubra L. Upland woods. ercus makers DuRoi. Flood Fiean.woods. Sous velutina Lam. Upland woods. ercus Marylandica Muench. Upland woods and rock barrens. e Me imbriceria Michx. YFlood-plain woods, ercus alba IL. ercus minor (Marsh.) Sarg. Xerophytic upland woods and rock ‘" ~(% Aol wearin St ate yal ; ify nb etere ate 0 see “ig oad mevit” Laver (VF teas bak ili ee cane ee (tee eer ie Fy a Ak F 5 j ’ é we mca tg=ie | - put u . ieioiabiets 6 oe", weet, aby wT rove et coe at cee au tetq-BOwnd, of magne sh Ose sd, i ee ee POA Sa aponmnace m 4 » i say | yet eaepiive pain tet bi eboow Hes lel De _ebacn get e boo lt “yt OFek? aes + eboom etadga. sega ae: ‘ hurt. 6 ee canted , hore n AST Me nie tinig-boats smetol® pe : / : exe ors pith Abecnh: Reaia pert wks he hen abi. ake ileal as a ? = « Ps - 63 = barrens, rcus macrocarpa Michx,. Upland woods and flood plains. ercus platanoides (Lam. ) Sudw. Flood plain woods, srcus acuminata (Michx. Upland woods. ULMACEAK Americana lL. Mesophytic woods. alata Michx. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens, mus fulva Mich. Mesophytic woods. al xerophytic upland woods, Jackson county .and southward, Illinois: the Ozark region and southward. tis occidentalis L. Mesophytic upland woods and common in flood | plains. 2 is crassifolia Lam. Wet f lood-plain woods, Illinois: the “Ozark region and southward. ltis Mississippiensis Bosc. Wet flood plain woods and swamps and occasional in xerophytic upland woods. JIliinois: the Ozark re- gion and southward. MORACEAE s rubra lL. wesophytic woods. ’ URN ICACHAR ticastrum divaricatum (1..) Xuntze. Mesophytic flood-plain woods and cliffs. icea pumila (l.) Raf. Flood-plains and shaded mesophytic cliffs. ehmeria cylindrica (1.) Willd. wesophytic woods and cliffs. 3 “4 e taria Pennsylvani ca Muhl ) Upland woods e anera aquatica (Walt.) J. PF. Gmel. Wet flood plains and occasion= — — — = — hoow ottecdena ie: ASA DENSE. ‘ . ; i, ont? of Seal: ene f wi rt tan hSay Ve ™ 4” Pm ; 1 uteadan } «ig hae wibnte-baeni =A. iw : een at, ; ~— L~) , aheinenees Raed) 2 Te | —— s eee tae nhewe Ue fe’ gig ~64 = LORANTHACEAE dendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. On tupelo, elm, and maple. Illinois: the Ozark region and southward, ARISTOLOCHIACEAR reflexum ambi guum Bicknell. Moist shaded hillsides. istolochia tomentosa Sims. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens, Jackson county. Illinois: Wabash county to Jackson county and southward. POLYGONACHAR Acetosella L. Waste places. inex crispus L. Waste places, road-side, and cardens. obtusifolius L. Waste ees. mex persicarioides L. Sand bars of the Mississippi river, Jackson Beeunty. lygonum emersum (Michx.) Britton. River bottoms and sand bars. lygonwa incarnatium Ell. River bottoms and swamps and common along the shores o7 ‘he Mississipnp! river, Bonen lapathifolium lL. Roadsides and gardens. Lygonum Pennsylvanicum 1. Nf sie saa roadsides and low places. lygonum hydropiperoides Michx. Swamps and wet srounds. dygonum punctatum Ell. Swamps and rock barrens. lyconum Virginianum L. Mesophytic woods. lygonum aviculare Le. Yards and waste places. Lygonum erectum L. Roadsides and waste places. lygonum tenue Michx. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens. ygonum Convolvulus lL. Waste places. lyconum scandens L. Mesophytic woods. in ee de SAP : . ete eet (het) ee — nance hon aoe Srna = ie AD. (Ve OOPOTSERR | 7p ° Se 2 Oe i etrin ® oo .. 8 a : t oto eA ae -e70n< . 7 iwes Se =, ates .) Taveten of ys -7 phd oat ~Inqw las Mite «oe et » an WAT, BIR! TH earl ohaes ah “i png «tne bet igi” & fy ovek. te i % > 6 ' ¥ an a ee ,encoli? Cray. + vs ; i ‘4 - ‘ d - ie oF , ‘asa ri? - {= has Lae — a: * 5 aa rn - ) lygonum sagittatum 1... Wet river bottoms, Jackson county. Illinois: extreme southern portion. CHENOPODIACKAR enopodium album L. Waste places and gardens, lenopodium album viride (L.) Mog. Upland woods. enopodium hybridum L. Mesophytic woods, Jackson county. lenopo dium Botrys L. San’ bars of the “ississippi river. henopodium ambrosiodes 1. Roadsides, yards an’ waste places, Jackson county. ycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Sand bars of the 4 Mississippi river. triplex hastata L. Waste places. te AMARANTHACHAR aranthus retroflexus L. Roadsides gardens, and waste places. aranthus hybridus L. Waste places, not common. maranthus spinosus L. Roadsides and pardens. Illinois: southern Der tion. gradually extending its range northward, shida tamariscina (Nutt.) Wood. Swamps and river banks. PHYTOLACCACEAE . tolacca decandra J,, Comnon in moist ground, NYCTAGINACEAR lionia nyctaginea Michx. In dry soil. ATZOACEAE llugo verticillata IL. River banks, sand bars, and waste places. ichia cirrhosa Banks. Shores of the Ohio river, Massac county. a 4 ‘ % % "Uan 4 Sac, NOOR . j ’ 1 ri \ Be hs ve (ol? Ses F 5 : * . Ps gi ; ent fab ; at r i , : ; ; : an) . . Y ees ‘ ~ 2 y Rae ery ae Se ’ * — > fey ek | -. . 7 7 = \ Pia : athe i) «i... eaneke nage m4. ‘ : oe PORTULACACEAR onia Virginica L. Mesophytic upland woods and flood-plains, Mlace oleracea L. Cultivated soil.’ CARYOPHYLLACEAE grostemma Githago L. Roadsides,waste places,and cultivated fields, especially in wheat , . ilene stellata (L.) Ait. Mesophytic upland woods and shaded cliffs lene antirrhina Le Dry upland woods, waste places and xerophytic cliffs. | aponaria officinalis L. Escaped from cultivation. Lsine media L. Naturalized in waste ground. ’ astium vulgatum L. Road sides, lawns, and waste places. erastium longipedunculatum Muhl. FExceedingly common in mesophytic upland woods and on shady cliffs. agina decumbens (H11l.) T. & G. Xerophytic upland woods and cliffs. nychia dichotoma Michx. Dry upland woods. NYMPHARACKAR ymphaea advena Soland. Abundant in ponds. ) - MAGNOLI ACEAE agnolia acuminata L. Mesophytic upland woods and flood-plains. riodendron Tulipifera IL Mesophytic woods, ANONACEAE imina triloba (L.) Dunal., Mesophytic woods, especially common in flood-plains at the base of cliffs. ih * ee Cea ast iuteys cACRAD. ae . TS * . re6 'W Pa { : - ep 8 Bi ot 1A o said ‘7 2et oc tyeg OTe re ; ‘ i] el me! Le “PATRe, . 1 tee) and 4 r W | 7004 at i , Carmel ‘cal ade re ’ 7 3 saTitte to seem id tatanted >in a . e se Rees Ler * RANUNCULACEAE ydrastis Canadensis L. Mesophytic upland woods and flood-plains. sopyrum biternatum (Raf.) T. & G. Rich, shaded woods. staea alba (1!) Mill. . Moist or dry upland woods and cliffs. imicifuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Shaded hillsides in the Pine Hills, Union county. iquilegia Canadensis IL. Mesophytic upland woods and especially common on cliffs. Sinius tricorne Michx. Mesophytic woods. Inemone cylindrica A. Gray. Xerophytic upland woods. Anemone Virginiana J. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens. Anemone Canadensis lL. Mesophytic woods and flood-plains. lepatica acuta (Pursh) Britton. Shaded hillsides, Jackson county. Syndesmon thalictroides (L.) Hoffmg. Rich, upland woods. Mlematis Virginiana L. Alluvial soil. Clematis Simsii Sweet. River-bottoms. Myo surts minimus L. Waste places and road sides. tanunculus abortivus Ll. Rich, moist woods. lanunculus recurvatus Poir. Mesophytic upland woods and hillsides. anunculus septentrionalis Poir. Wet places in alluvial soil. 2anunculus hispidus Michx. Xerophytic upland woods. Phalictrum dioicun L. Rich woods. halictrum purpurascens L. Moist shady places. RBERBERIDACEAE Saulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Mesophytic woods, odophyllum peltatum L. Mesophytic upland woods and flood-plains. i J ‘ ace rot ea ym eo | 4 ~ tet - 4 ORR = , ><), t A oe o Any 7 = * ' P = ay ’ ‘ + of ; z : ; ; a " » Setyee t . F » r p a yee . Tl eet ay = a 9 ve 4 . ci BA r 1) .": 7 ett t 4 : ; ; : : a Se : iyi a fal ih tqa. i . 7 * , shicw fghs) . 2 peas 2 ce ; : Pi ithiede mere {03 esbito-a - p te ‘ , < S ' =~ = a MENISPERMACEAE alyocarpum Lyoni (Pursh) Nutt. Rich shade hillsides. Illinois: _ the Ozark region and southward, atha Carolina (L.) Britton. Alluvial soil along rivers and occasional on rock barrens. Illinois: the Ozark region and southward. fenispermum Canadense L. Mesophytic woods. LAURACHAR a@ssafras Sassafras (L.) Karst. Dry upland woods and sassafras barrens. enzoin Benzoin (L.) Coulter. Mesophytic woods especially along ‘rivers and in the cypress swamps. PAPAVERACEAE suinaria Canadensis lL. Moist shaded woods. tylophorum diphyllum (Michx.) Nutt. Rich moist woods. Micuculla Cucullaria (L.) Millsp. Mesophytic wood lands. apnoides flavulum (Raf.) Kuntze. Moist flood plain woods, Jackson county. Illinois: Wabash county and southward. CRUCIFERAE . epidium Virginicum L. Road sides and waste places. epi dium apetalum Willd. Dry soil. isymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. Gardens and lawns and along roade sides. ar. ‘assica nigra (IL. ) KOch. Fields, roadsides, and waste places. magica campestris Le Wet, cultivated fields, Jackson county. odanthus pinnatifidus (Michx.) Steud. Wet, low woods. ipa palustris (lL.) Kess. Wet soil and muddy river banks. | . in oe 6 . 2 4 a ot wise 4 ae ino ae ' » is Beane asey we > a / iy) = ‘ ” ® {oF 4 ' man ce", of rer Gee ripa sessiliflora (Nutt.) Banks of the Mississippi river. Jackson county. Iliinois: the central and southern portions from Peoria county southward, mine Pennsylvanica Muhl. Moist soil and shaded cliffs. ardamine arenicola Britton. ledges of sandstone cliffs, Jackson county. Illinois: the dintic recion. | ardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) 5.S.P. Moist shaded alluviel soil. | entaria lacinata Muhl. Mesophytic wood lands,' ursa Bursa-pastoris (L.) Britton. Yards, road sides end waste | places. amelina sativa (1l.) Crantz. Introduced in waste places, Jackson . county. raba Caroliniana Walt. Dry soil. raba brachycarpa Nutt. Dry upland woods and waste places. I1li- nois: the southern portion, | ophia intermedia Rydb. Dry sandy soil, Stenophragma Thaliana (L.) Celak.) Mesophytic cliffs end rocky soil, rabis Virginica(l.) Trelease. Common on mesophytic cliffs and | shaded rocky soil. rabis laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Shaded wooded hillsides and mesophytic cliffs. rabis dentata T. & G Moist shaded woods. CRASSULACEAE edur telephioides Michx. ledges of cand stone cliffs, Pope county. Illinois: the Ozark region, } > dur pulchellum Michx. Mesophytic sand stone cliffs and ledges. Illinois: the Ozark region. : , =e. wet 19.2 (oa Cea, ote + te tect aaa ~ ’ Sekt. ee - Fa oe ‘s t At “> Ai fee , . 7 Pe, x © fie 1 P f 2 * “Ve 7 “m1. (Ai ot! c _ yy. seal a 5 ° ° : 4 a. 4 . . ’ a if to a = s* . ’ . rs * wr ’ ' ’ a te x : ) re {am ANT. | OLA is MORK “he PENTHORACHAK enthorum sedoides L. Wet, shaded places. ' SAXIFRAGACKAR ixifraga Forbesii Vasey. Heavily shaded sand-stone cliffs. Makane- da, Jackson county. Illinois: the Ozark region. the Ozark region. gq * db- euchera hirsuticaulis (Wheelock)&0' Me sophytic or xerophytic lime- _ . stone or sand-stone cliffs. Illinois: the Ozark region and the % . HYDRANGRACKAR ydrangea erborescens. Le. Mesophytic upland woods and shaded sand- | Beate cliffs. Illinois: the central and southern portions. . drangea cinerea Small. Xerophytic upland woods and cliffs. Tllinois: the Ozark regi on and north to Vermillion county. ITFACKAR tea Virginica L. Cypress Swerip S of Johnson county. Illinois: the extreme southern portion. GROSSULARIACHAE ibes Cynosbati L. Moist shaded hill sides, Jackson county. HAMAMELIDACEAE iquidambar Styraciflua L. Mesophytic woods; flood-plains and _ swamps. Occasional on xerophytic hillsides. Illinois: the Ozark region and southward. uchera parviflora Bartl. Damp, shaded sand-stone cliffs. Illinois: bluffs of the Mississippi river as far north as Madison county. ‘ Don ia ms = a (> a p = OF a if A ; et Ie via “ 7 tH } ; Y ; y, : : 14 : ; Mal hit. rr yoy a — ‘ 178 t os»! ; ‘ r 7 . , ' . . ‘ Mier 1A. G2 0A0 ’ . tml rae QS oe PLATANACKAR atanus occidentalis J... Wet low woods and along streans. ROSACEAE cus Aruncus (L.) Karst. Moist shaded hillsides. orteranthus stinuletus (Muh. ) Britton. Moist or dry upland woods. Illinois: the central and southern portions, . | yous occidentalis I. Common in moist soil. ibus sp- A form known as dewberry. Abundant in dry uplend woods and especially on sassafras barrens. | ragaria Virginiana Dichesne. Dry dpidad woods. Stentilla Monspeliensis L. Road sides, gardens, and waste places. otentilla paradoxa Nutt. Ranks and sand bars of the Mississippi . river. otentilla Canadensis L. Dry upland woods, cliffs, and barrens. | eum vernun (Raf. ) T. & G. Mesophytic upland woods. Canadense Jacq. Moist shaded soil, rrimonia striata Michx. Dry upland woods. Illinois: probably only | in the central and southern portions, srimonia piwmila Muhl.. Dry upland woods. Tllinois: the Ozark region, frimonia Brittoniana Bicknell. IN open sunny bottom lands. 4 Osa setigera Michx. Open places in alluvial soil. Osa Carolina L. Swamps, and river hottoms. bSa humilis Marsn. Dry upland wocds. POMACEAR alus coronaria (L.) Mill. Mesophytic wood lands. nelanchier Canadensis (lL.) Medic. Upland woods and mesophytic eliffs Py ‘ - 6 e ster ie; ia CAM, WA Se Pee ; eA Oem wiht tw ‘a Tis "ABT 5 ; Js ; i* 7 , iM “ on ts wy : = he anak? ' went ‘gi te, alel«' esd ae = . “a £ « ' sete ae | i . . . ¢ . ‘ “ . - > . = ng ‘ 9 £ ‘ = — a Pee | % ’ , . - i { ~ . “ ’ ‘ : 4 Phe . aan i (tie a a On te naire > ee ataegus Crus-galli L. Moist woods and thickets. . DRUPACKAR ‘nus Americana Marsh. Mesophytic woods, unus serotina Ehrh. Rich woods. MIMOSACRAE tuan Illinocensis (Michx.) Kuntze. Banks of the Mississippi river. ‘ { . CARSALPINIACEAR reis Canadensis L. Rich upland woods and flood-plains, ssia nictitans lL. Dry upland woods and cliffs, TIllinois:-the central and southern portions, assia Ghemascrista L. Dry soil. 1ssia Marylandica L. Rich alluvial soil. A form from Vienna, _ Johnson county has ascending, sharply acute leaflets,and may be a distinct variety. . Jeditsia triacanthos L. Swamps and flood-plains. ymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch. Mesophytic woodlands. PAPILIONACRAZ fotalaria sagittalis L. Dry upland woods. sdicago sativa L. Introduced or escaped along roadsides. zlilotus alba Desv. Naturalized in waste places. rifolium procumbens 1. Dry upland woods and waste places, Jackson county. rifolium pratense L. Naturalized along roadsides, and southern portions from Peoria cainty southward. . ‘ifolium reflexum L, Moist shaded hillsides. Illinois: the central cA EE = —t re ae WAY . ; 4 i - +f j i iy “16 : BFL. ; a hal en ‘ate! mW tekioria «eee : 9 t ivy F L er “fF . : . ‘ “ @ fa re isieuwviandle both tease 2 ' 7 . 7 CAM i Pe ee yee = 75 = ifolium repens 7. WNaturalized in lawns and roadsides. ralea pedunculata (Mill.) Vail. Drv upland woods and barrens. Illinois: from Marion county southward, lorpha fructicosa LL. River banks. rosela Dalea (I.) Britton. Muddy river hanks and sand bars of the Mississippi river, tackson county. Illinois: the western part along the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. uhinstera wrhataa (Willd.) Kuntze. Dry upland woods. ahnistera purpurea (Vent.) MacM. Dry upland woods. racca Virginiana L. Dry upland woods, particularly in rocky soil, and on rock barrens. obinia Pseudacacia L. prequently escaped fran cultivation. tragalus Carolianus IL. Me sophytic woodlands. ylosanthes biflora (L.) B.S.P. Dry upland woods. Illinois: the Ozark region. Sihonia nudiflora(l.) Kuntze. Xerophytic upland woods. eibomia grandiflora (Walt.) Kuntze. Moist shaded woods. eibomia pauciflora (Nutt.) Kuntze. Rich moist woods particularly in flood-plains. Tllinois: central and southern portions. eibomia canescens (L.) Kuntze. Moist sunny places. eibomia paniculata.(L.) Kuntze. Dry soil. sibomia Dillenii (Darl.) Kuntze. Upland woods. sibomia Marylandica (1.) Kuntze. Dry upland woods. sibomia obtusa (Muhl.) Vail. Dry upland woods. Illipois: the - Ozark region. espedeza violacea (LL. ) pene. Upland woods. Spedeza prairea (MacK. and Bush.) Small. Dry upland woods. Ill-= inois: the Ozark region. a tal e ‘syst Lalor vee | ) (coy? ete MIO! *i1( eae nf eS tR" tae a. ee. ~ ca tee ; col CCR : ‘ : ( . \ i A} i. ) n ( ' et) its ‘ ore. oo iia 1 ’ (tay < ‘ fri) | ' 6) rw open a fe , - wie? ws vf oh aus tf i , pare = 94 yspedeza frutescens (IL.) Britton. Dry or moist upland woods. espedeza Virginica (L.) Britton. Upland woods, spedeza hirta (1..) Ell. Upland woods. espedeza capitata Michx. Dry upland woods. espedeza striata (Thumb.) H. & A. Moist or dry upland woods, Illinois: the Ozark region and north to Wabash county, litoria Mariana L. Dry upland woods, Pope county. Illinois: the " Ozark region. inlcata comosa (1..) Kuntze. Moist shaded woods, pios Apios (1.) MecM. Rich woods, haseolus polystachyus (I1.) B.S.P. Upland woods and thickets. Tllinois: the Ozark region. trophostyles helvola (L.) Britton. Moist, sunny places. Common on sassafras barrens.. trophostyles umbellata (Munl.) Britton. Dry sandy soil and | Sassafras barrens. Illinois: its southern portion. trophostyles pauciflora (Benth.) S. Wats. Sand bars of Mississippi river. GERANIACKA eranium maculatum L. Rich woods. sranium Carolinianun I. Dry waste places. oy ~ 2 OXALIDACEAE calis stricta L. Moist soil. calis Bushii Small. A form at present referred to this species is Se frequent in moist shady woods, alis cymosa Small. Open places in woods and on cliffs. rl. om CASOATY akties ingh! : “Ax : aay -ie84 ¢ oo jena ii a - oo WE LINACHAE inum sulcatum Riddell. Xerophytic upland woods, RUTACRAR anthoxylum Americanum Mill. Moist woods. telea trifoliata I. ~ Rich, upland woods and flood-plains. EUPHORBI ACHA hyllanthus, Carolinensis Walt. Gravel beds of Massac Creek, Massac county. Illinois: ithe central and southern portions from the Sangamon river southward, roton glandwlosus Le Dry soil. Illinois: southern. and south- . western parts from Peoria and Henderson county southward. roton capitatus Michx, Dry soil and road sides. Illinois: the southern portion,extending north to the Wisconsin moraine, noton monanthogynus cis: Upland woods, waste places and xerophy~— c, tic cliffs. Jllinois: the southern portion, Mtoncpsis linearis Michx. Rock barrens. Illinois: the central and southern parts fram LaSalle county southward, Misha Virginica.t, Moist soil. calypha g@racilens A. een Mesophytic woodlands. Illinois: the | * Ozark region. uphorbia maculata Le Moist open places, and on sand bars, yphorbia nutans Lag. Gardens, road sides and waste land. uphorbia corollata L. Dry sunny places. uphorbia dentata Michx. Moist or dry upland woods and xerophytic cliffs. e VePan ig = Migiae «sq ae es b - a1. - $ 7 1) Oe : a aoe al Pa) el yi Bs | or ¢* On 7 ray ee. : } = “ m4 a4 ‘i \) or , ieee leg 5. : : a, a > a >) A 1 iia r= ; ‘ lee ol 9 Nagai i“ ot (ei 0et ea ee ANACARDI ACKA® hus copallina L. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens. nas glabra L. Dry or moist upland woods, the rock barren society. g thus radicans L. Common in al} kinds of soil. ILICASTAS Ilex decidua walt, Flood-plains and swamps. uonynus obovatus Nutt. Moist shaded cliffs, Jackson county. uonymus atropurpurens Jacq. Rich woods, especially in ailuvial soil. Celastrus scandens L. Damp woods. ST APHYLEACEAH taphylea trifolia &. “oist woods and thickets. ACERACEAR Acer saccharinum L. Moist. “eee neal soil. eer rubrum I. Wet river bottoms and swamps. Acer Saccharum Mar sh. Bech upland woods and occasional in ‘the bottom lands. jeer nigrum Michx. Rich upland woods. cer Negundo L. Wet woods and swamps in alluvial soil. HIPPOC ASTANACHAH lesculus glabra Willd. Rich upland woods and flood-plains. us aromatica Ait. Dry upland woods and a characteristic member o - -_ == A] ol’ 54 » ry a i eiut eel ri yy ws pe ln\ ff. De ee BALSAMINACHAK Impatiens biflora Walt. Moist shaded places , especially in alluv- ® ial soil. mpatiens aurea Muhl. Damp shaded places. RHAIMNACKAR hamnus Caroliniana Walt. Rich shaded flood plains and swamps. Illinois: extreme southern portion. Seanothus Americanus J.. Dry upland woods, VITACHAE tis aestivalis Michx. +zry upland woods and sassafras barrens. ; Illinois: the southern portion extending north to Wabash county. Vitis vulpina L. Alluvial soil and along streams. Vitis cordifolia Michx. Moist woods. | ) | Ampelopsis cordata Michx. Rich moist flood-plain woods. Tllinois: extreme southern portion. | Parthenocissus quinauefolia (L.) Planch. In dry or moist soil , especially on cliffs. TILIACEKAEB Tilia Americana 1. Mesophytic woodlands, MALVACHAH falva rotundifolia L. Yards and waste places. Sida spinosa l.. Roadside gardens, and waste places. ibutilon Abutilon (.) Rusby. Fields, gardens, and waste grounds. libiscus lasiocarpus gav. Wet river bottoms, and swamps, especially where the timber has been cleared. fJ1llinois: the southern por= - tion from Macoupin county southward, —ioq mrai{tiuon afd : . Line : wei! fod, 08 a toes nen 8 pa , bout iee oboe: cmd rah bruswittron taM0n w em’ “XY asl co «taaty ah Dei Se 7 j 7 -_ tale ‘ee Catt rm Py 7 a sey mm yy F a ove = a "WS 1 ~ aa fh al ¥ WS j ay , ’ 7 ‘ 6 ‘ ¢ hi , ‘ oF? he AAT ‘ ® % - : fs IC, A ‘ | #4 Te 4 A “a 4 6! ‘iF tit 4 at » 4 ’ sok Wo» , ioe wee e : : « 7 if P ATS ti ti nm note « Ta (26767) 7050) ) he a 7 r > ~ iH , , s) ; airs aa tese hae | eae h over" Iie. aged copies the extreme southern portion. tassiflora lutea L. Moist or dry upland, woods and thickets. Ill- inois: from Macoupin county southward. CACTACHAE Mpuntia humifusa pef. Rock barrens and xerophytic cliffs. Illinois: the southern and western parts. ba 7 ' Lr Ass +d) Po o, | a dot dd UL * Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Swamps, river banks, and open places in Sd] the bottoms. Parsonia petiola‘a (L.) Rusby. Dry, sunny places. MELASTOMACHAK thexia Virginica L. Open swamps, Massac county. Illinois: the i” Ozark region and in La Salle county. - a 5 ONAGRACEAR Merdia palustris L. Swamps and muddy river banks. Tudwigia alternifolia I. Wet, sunny places. dussiaea diffusa Forskl. Swamps and muddy river banks. Illinois: the southern portion from Madison county aoeeeeea, Tussiaea decurrens (Walt.). DC. Gravelly creek beds. Illinois: the extreme southern portion. The stems root in the sand on the creek banks or in shallow water. Lateral roots extend for some distance under the water and send up at intervals short vertical branches which reach to the surface and are thickly covered with aerenchyma. Inagra biennis (L.) Scop. Dry soil. ORnothera laciniata Hill. Dry sandy soil. Illinois: the central i < sa Ve % a 2 . io See ; . : ' c ’ = — , . ’ , ‘ ‘ V " ; i i oo "s . ~ AJ : ‘ _ { - 9 . ue, 7 4. 4 y . @ mai ' 14 ad 7 p “ (.°.29) eae f . i Hy —1h . ted sural . ’ 4 ; ” : . « (iogt @0 Sh qlee ae " » AA hl y yar? rahe Hoe ee Gl e 4 und southern portions from Mason county southward, meiffia linifolia (Nutt.) Spach. Rock barrens. Johnson and Jack- son counties. Illinois: the Ozark region. aura biennis L. Dry sunny places, ircaea Lutetiana IL. Me sophytic upland woods and flood ;lains. a ARALIACEAE ralia spinosa L. Mesophytic woods and flood plains. Sometimes ; twelve to fifteen feet high. Illinois: the extreme southern portion. — ia racemosa lL. Moist shaded hillsides. fanax quinquefoliuvm I. Rich wooded hillsides, rare, UMBELLIFERAE icula Marvlandica es Upland woods, Sanicula Canadensis I. Upland woods. iryngium aquaticum L. Open, sunny swamps and on rock barrens, Shaerophyllum procumbens (1.) Crantz. Mesophytic woodlands. Some 5 specimens from Jackson county may be referable. to Chaerophyllun. Teinturieri Hook., which is reported from southeastern Missouri by B. F. Bush. | | fashingtonia Claytoni (Michx.) Britton. Mesophytic woodlands, rigenia bulbosa (Michx.) Nutt. Rich, moist woods. fizia aurea (L.) Koch. Mesophytic upland woods and flood-plains, jicuta maculata 1. Swamps and wet places, leringa canadensis (L.) Kuntze. Damp shaded soil. aenidia integerrima (lL.) Drude. Dry hillsides and xerophytic Soe@lLitfs. > PE - > a“ ; » PG ‘tin maser s 4! "0 450K); |." Oe He ie . P one i 7 : ae ' J he feel? ad? 36 tom aS < ,OOURAg Vie é > = = * . am ’ i | - * ’ t > teehig ales yaad , tvuesg tem uP BA ol 6g alee bf) haspium trifoliatum (L.) Britton. Xerophytic upland woods, espece lally in cleared soil. Illinois: the Ozark region. haspium trifoliatum aureum (Nutt.) Britton. With the type. teens Nuttallii DC. Dry upland woods and rock barrens. astinica native TZ. Naturalized in waste places. . cus Carota L. T ara “ , $ 4 a - bie joes , 7 WW 2a = . ut} atynor a ‘ — baal F , tne inhale te ide 4 coke D TAT We + ieee wee Adie ahoite fea’ ‘- ae, atk anes Ome? Pus Bho ee arr ni Ae) oe wal i, 0 » . Sates ‘uke Bee at ro 5 oa aie a ylepias quadrifolia Jacq. Xerophytic upland woods and hillsides, itn the Pine Hills Union county. Slepias Syriaca J.. Fields, roadsides, and waste places. slepias perenris Walt. Wet bottom lands and swamps. Illinois: ; extreme southern portion anil along the Mississippi river to St. Clair county. sclepias verticillata 1. Dry soil. mnolobus laevis Michx. Moist, shaded sround and becoming a weed in gardens. CONVOLVUTLACKAR moea pandurata (Il.) Meyer. Dry upland woods and sassafras parrens. pomoea Jacunosa L. wuddy river banks. Illinois: the central and southern portions from Macon county southward, pomoea purpurea (L.) Roth. Escaped from cultivation, Mites hederacea Jacq. Escaped. | = Onvolvulus sepium L. Dry or moist open places. > CUSCUTACKAK uscuta Gronovii Willd. River bottoms and wet places. POLEMONT ACEAR hlox maculata L. Wet woods. ylox pilosa 1. Dry upland woods, hlox divaricata L. Rich moist soil, especially in river bottoms. 1lox Stellaria A. Gray. Xerophytic lime-stone or sand-stone cliffs, Jackson and Union counties, Illinois: the Ozark region. OQlemoniunm reptans. L. Mesophytic woodlands. ied pitligh) re) ae a ies rutrik eee iS oe ft i eT ose F y Meee 2? a ’ nT 4 ‘ s i "hom . + a ’ a yl rey TiK¢ * bn - “iPaG (oop a Gh = HYDROPHYLLACHAK vd ophylilum appendiculatum Michx. Mesophytic upland woods and flood-plains. vor ocalyx Nyctelea (lL.) Kuntze. pamp shaded soil. lacelia Purshii Buckl. Rich moist woods, Tackson county, BORAGINACEAE eliotropium Indicum L. Naturalized in waste places. Illinois: the southern portion, ynoglossum Virginicum L. Rich wooded hillsides in the Pine Hills ‘Union county. ppula Virginiana (L). Greene. Moist or dry upland woos, ertensia Virginica (L.) DC. Bottom land woods. yosotis Biteinice (L.) B. SP. Dry soil. ithospermun officinale lL. Dry waste places. dithospermum Gmelini (Michx.) A.S. Hitchcock. Dry rocky hillsides. ithospermun canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Xerophytic upland woods, Mosmodium Carolinianun (Lam.)DC. Dry rocky hillsides, Jackson countye . ‘ VERBHNACKAR erbena urticifolia lL, Moist shaded soil. erbena hastata L. Wet, sunny places. c erbena stricta Vent. Dry soil. rbena bracteosa Michx. Dry sandy soil, especially along rivers. ippia lanceolata Michx. . Open wet places and river banks. LABIATAE eucr ium Canadense lL. > - Moist shaded eround, Pa oe it Sees Oe, ee ; =) ¢ - > ow ante ae - 85 - richostema dichotomum 1. Rock barrens and ledges of sand stone eclliffs, Pope county. sutellaria lateriflora I. Wet botton land woods and swamps, sutellaria cordifolia Muhl. Dry upland woods and xerophytic cliffs. cutellaria campestris Britton. Dry rocky woods and ledges. cutellaria incana Muhl. Moist or dry upland woods. farrubium vulgare I. Naturalized on dry rocky soil, Jackson county. gastache nepetoides (IL.) Kuntze. Rich woods. gastache scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Kuntze. Rich, low woods. fepeta Cataria L. Naturalized in moist waste places. lecoma hederacea L. Wet low woods, nella Radkeris L. Dry upland woods and sassafras barrens. hysostegia Virginiana (L.) Eenth. Low wet woods and swamps, eonurus Cardiaca L. Naturalized in shaded waste places. tachys tenuifolia Willd. Moist shaded woods, alvia lyrata L. Dry upland woods, IJIllincis: the Ozark region. onarda fistulosa lL. Dry upland woods. | Onarda Bradburiana Beck. Upland woods, abundant. Illinois: the Ozark region and north along the Mississippi river to Hancock - county. | dephilia ciliata (L.) Raf. Motat or dry upland woods, jephilia hirsuta (Perch) Torr. Mesophytic wood-lands. edeoma pulegioides '(1.) Pers. Upland woods. edeoma hispida Pursh. DrYledges of lime stone cliffs, Jackson county. Illinois: the northwestern portion and south along the Mississippi river to Jackson county. yellia flexuosa (Walt.) MacM. Dry, upland woo 4s and sassafras _ barrens. ae — = = —--— * ‘ - > ; ‘ q is > i se = ( P qapia = ¢ rs i : : ae aay to ton a ’ 7 aaanat ay Poa. ai } J 7 we >. i. r : = —_— :. oo sa + St vy wet ¥ ae Tas foellia Virginiana (L.) MacM. Dry upland woods and barrens. foellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britton. Upland woods. Jllinois: the cen- tral and southern portions from Champaign county southward, foellia incana (L.) Kuntze. Moist upland woods and thicket, common. Illinois: the Ozark region. Cunila origanoides (J..) Britton. Dry upland woods, rock barrens and mesophytic cliffs. Illinois: the Ozark region and north to Jersey county. Lycopus Virginicus L. Swamps and river tanks. Lycopus rubellus Moench. Swamps and wet places. copus Americanus Muhl. Wet ground. Mentha piperita L. Escaped or naturalized in wet soil in the Mississipp! river bottoms and in the cypress swamps. Mentha Canadensis L. Wet low woods and swamps. Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton. Naturalized in waste places and roadsides. Illinois: the Ozark region. SOLANACEAK Physalodes physalodes (l.) Britton. Naturalized in gardens and along roadsides, Physalis pubescens L. woe at sandy soil. Bolanum nigrum L. Damp shaded places. Solanum Carolinense 1.. Dry soil. Datura Stramonium L. In waste places. Datura Tatula L. With the last. SCROPHULARI ACEAE Verbascum Thapsus 1. Dry upland woods, rock barrens and xerophytic eliffs. @%, o - 87 = srophularia Marylandica lL. Mesophytic woodlands. lentstemon hirsutus (1.) Willd. Xerophytic upland woods and rock barrens. ntstemon canescens Britton. Xerophytic rocky hillsides, in the Pine Hills, Union county. Illinois: the Ozerk recion. Easily distincuished from the preceding species by the shape of its leaves and the character of the corolla. entstemon Digitallis (Sweet) Nutt. Mesophytic woodlands. entstemon Pentstemon (L.) Eritton. Mesophytic upland woods, lanlownia tomentosa (Thumb.) Baill. Young specimens growing along the roadsides in Pope county: may have escaped from cultivation. imulus ringens 1. Wet woods, swamps and river banks. 4mulus alatus Soland. In similar situations. TJIllinois: the south ern portion, north along the rivers to Schuyler county. oOnohea multifida (Michx.) Eenth. Muddy river banks and sand bars. Illinois: the central and southern portions from Kankakee county southward, Onniera rotundifolia Michx. Swamps. Illinois: the central e nd | southern portions from Hancock and Menard county southward. lysanthes dubia (L.) Barnhart. River banks and sand bars. santhes attenuata (Muhl.) Small. In similar situations with the preceding and not easily distinguished in the field, ronica peregrina J.. Moist ground, eronica arvensis I. tes waste places. eptandra Virginica (1.) Nutt. Xerophytic or mesophytic upland woods. fzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze. Mesophytic upland woods. syst oma flava (L.) Wod. Dry upland woods. er a" \ ’ - 88 - asystoma Virginica (1..) Britton. Mesophytic woods. erardia tenuifolia Vahl. Upland woods. dicularis Canadensis L. Dry upland woods and hillsides. BIGNONIACKAE ignonia crucigera lL. River bottoms. Common in the cypress swamps. Tllinois: southern portion, north along the Wabash to Wabash county and along the Mississippi to Madison county. fecoma radicans (L.) DC. River bottoms and mesophytic cliffs. Illinois: from peoria county southward. latalpa speciosa Warder. River bottans and cypress swamps. Illinois: extreme southern portion. North along the Wabash river to Wabash county. MARTYNIACKAK artynia Louisiana Mill. Naturalized or native in moist sandy soil. ACANTHACEAE ellia strepens Jl. Mesophytic woodlands. tuellia ciliosa Pursh. Sassafras barrens. Dry upland woods and rock te rrens. ianthera Americana L. In slowly flowing water. PHRYMACHAE nryma Leptostachya J.. Mesophytic woodlands. PLANTAGINACEAE la tago Rugelli Dec. Waste places and vards. lantags lanceolata IL. Naturalized along roadsides. lantago aristata Michx. Dry upland woods and rock barrens. i a na) erat a (oe / y ¥! ‘ Ng afqt . thee : ; * ; * 7 ve) eT A Te ‘ o Ant fed Vora fi m | a Ao tc eau Ps aur > : - Le 5 rq (vaisae i< ant . 4 ) Tera FR oa t ag - é od ¢ Ty id = é ! ti x [ a= 5 Lett. al i RASA ; ie 1. f ~ : hig LL Lee 4! Atanas above. Lael iy! ema? ' Daal se tedaeny wit ve Layee ae eT ee ‘ : : ov i. 8 _? as eb ont antago Virginica lL. Dry upland woods, rock barrens and xerophytic cliffs. Bantazo elongata Pursh. Dry rock ledges, § RUBIACFAR foustonia lanceolata (Poir.) Kritton. Mesophytic uplend woods. Houstonia purpurea L. Dry upland woods. Illinois: central and southern portions from Menard county southward, Houstonia longifolia Gaertn. Dry rocky woods, in the Pine Hills, Union county. Illinois: the Ozark region. Cephalanthus occidentalis 1. Along the margins of ponds and streams. Spermacoce glabra Mich. Swamps and muddy river hanks. Diodia teres Walt. Dry sandy soil. Illinois: central and southern portions from Hancock to Champaign county and southward, Jiodia Birginiana L. Wet river banks, Massac county. Illinois: from Marion county couthward. ae Aparine lL, MOist wods. ium pilosum Ait. Xerophytic upland woods. Illinois: from Menard county southward, valium circaezans Michx. MWesophytic woods, malium triflorum Michx. Mesophytic woodlands. valium concinnum Torr, & Gray. Mesophytic upland woods. CAPRIFOLIACKAR ambucus Canadensis I. Mesophytic woods. iburnum prunifolium lL. Upland woods and hillsides. num rufotomentosum Small. Dry ledges of lime stone cliffs, | = Jackson co unty. Illinois: the Ozark region. i : : ' ° Pp! am oe “a4 , oo ian tee Dio ce. emul =. srs rut with ar INTER See va ee ae er ee a. Deter Qn = ’ ! . PARIO S nye ay (1's “a wn mrok 4 t et — & ¢ en Lia mt ny ome LLo% aft ” ] in Lee! ut i - ¢ U atin a otis el pa (ie ‘ ‘ ‘ 3 , H , bl * ft} . ; che be * AT ae of od ; 4 bree vigiror net l,onnal ‘ wt . ate a & fo SLD POW > ait — qe {ss : . now trig “ae ‘ : } 5 baa ubece : taken otshedeetet SG rip ;: eed of saheweW tits ae ae obi are oboydgo.am axio tie of hy) GO gigi? 4 Sas Pie ey : ' 4 < | wes P alten ye 9° 8: hone’ of eee urs ote. by RS ge eae 8:1; ne bev kag if rmyel vote oc tf leleeaies tm “aes iosteun perfoliatun 1.. Mesophytic woodlands. Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos (L.) MacM. Dry upland woods, honicera Sullivantii A. Gray. Mesophytic sand stone cliffs, Jackson county. VALERI ANACKAR Valerianella radiata (L.) Dufr. Waturalized in moist soil along 7 streams and on mesophytic cliffs. CUCURBITACHKAR Sicyos angulatus L. Wet river bottoms, Jackson county. CAMPANULACKAR Campanula rotundifolia lL. Mesophytic sand stone cliffs, Jackson county. Campanula Americana L. Mesophytic woodlands. Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC. Dry upland woods and rock barrens, Lobelia cardinalis IL. Wet flood-plain woods and swamps. Lobelia syohilitica L. MOist woods. Lobelia inflata lL. Mesophytic woods, CICHORI ACEAE Serinia oppositifolia (Raf.) Kuntze. In moist sandy soil along the -viver and in mesophytic upland woods, Perry county, Missouri, opposite Jackson county Tllinois; also collected by E.S. G Titus © in Saline county, Illinois, Adopogon Virginicum (l.) Kuntze. wesophytic upland woods, Adopogon Dandelion (L.) Kuntze. Dry upland woods and roc barrens. Illinois: the extreme southern portion. wraxacum Taraxcum (LL.) Karst. tH H Lai ett ol bape ML! u oa aligns b fear 1m te fF jo ee “Pipe Mogi + Laer ae we” ‘he slow iia At . ndiadli 6) : yo a A SS ee ae me — hgh Sn © Jr ~ "AN et ont Lk SMEINgHgtee gen Ras K AREY OF 4 tanthat lat Cae et | ; ~' eAeoeag ¢ t 4 + “ — na —— eo | ‘j Fu = ‘ » RoI 1€ { +) ail * F A. ey Bt . t¢ = , ” ‘ ae } & tATLED Awe it om FI tite ¢ wy atl alt - , > RDS ay ‘ce nid enates ¥ ‘ = ! rx iV) et KaPe THOAITY a ot nba (eh aot’ 5, Ob re ‘te Mt , cute PE bare me da = Ure eas eds [qr a2 agRo re, om li faith s APT os rind ae penny i) » Ss - Oo) onchus oleraceus I. Roadsides and waste places. mactuca Scariola L. Dry soil. factuca Canadensis I. MOist ground and low woods. wactuca sagittifolia Ell. Wet flood-plain woods, especially in the cypress swamps. sactuca villosa Jacq. wMesophytic woodlands. $itilias Caroliniana (Walt.) Raf. Wet woods, Massac county. I1lli- nois: the extreme southern portion. deracium Gronovii IL. Mesophytic upland woods. AMBROST ACHAK mbrosia bidentata Michx. Dry soil. Illinois: the central and southern portions, Morth to the Shelbyville moraine and to Pender son county. Ambrosia trifida i Wet bottom lands and along river banks. Ambrosia bidentata X Ambrosia trifida.Wet river bottoms, Jackson county. mbrosia trifida integrifolia (Muh],) T. & G. Common with the type. fanthium commune Britton. Cultivated fields, river banks and sand bars. COMPOSITAR jernonia maxima Small. Mesophytic flood-plain woods. Johnson county. fernonia fasciculata Michx. Wet ground, ernonia Drummondii Shuttlw. Forms possibly referable to this species are abundant in: dry upland soil, They will probably require separation as a distinct species. F Rephartopus Carolinianus Willd. Upland woods. Illinois: the q southern portion from St. Clair county southward. patorium purpureum L. Mesophytic woods, in * alot te: 2a ' , os ul bis frigny germ hal vr : OW AAPL 00) InF I re? ie (Jat if “igo Rat . ere Say. wht) iam) 4 sar. ™e ban 4 * — a8" n Wes ? ‘ r a é -206-é F j owe \ i i j inmA. = 4 Pv ié. , Pie | ( Priea ): ete ‘ ’ riier™ Ej? iy veh ATT sO ' jut » § ) rl J ro, owl’ wit ete iat a ae shutuc-s. 768 sate Ie a frey hia eviews Re OF ff acnel LEME sf ’ : ra a tik bid tol oh) net ‘eet onl A dont seth ont Ks CCl". ,e Cctal Lew [oft EELS 7 Pow aoe arene hele at's aa | a ahd 7! ss Ae p 7 a © “4 : Z re ra he ae s 922 wpatorium serotinum Michx. Dry upland woods and common on sand | bars. patorium perfoliatum L. Wet places. lupatorium ageratoides I. Mesophytic woods. upatorium coelestinun 1. Wet woods. Illinois: the central and southern portions from Mason to Champaign counties southward. fluhnia eupatorioides L. Upland woods and mesophytic cliffs, Johnson county. Olidago caesia L. Mesophytic upland woods and sassafras barrens. Solidago flexicaulis L. Moist upland woods. Olidaso ulmifolia Muhl. Upland woods, rock barrens, and mesophytic cliffs. serotina Ait. Moist ground. Canadensis L. Dry open places, nemoralis Ait. Dry upland woods, rock barrens and sassa« barrens. Radula Nutt. Dry upland woods, Jllinois: the western por= from yenderson county southward, Solidago Drummondii T. & G Dry lime stone cliffs, Jackson and Union counties. Illinois: the bluffs of the Mississippi river from St. Clair county southward, luthamia graminifolia (IL.) NUtt. In wet sunny places. Johnson county. uthamia Caroliniana (LL.) greene. In similar situations, Dltons a asteroides (L.) L'Her. Wet woods and swamps. ster Shortii Hook. Mesophytic upland woods, ster sagittifolius Willd. Upland woods ana hill sides. ter patens Ait. Xerophytic cliffs and rock barrens. east ; owe PONT | not Dy is : Lina hee ‘ , St wi, TTA, ta ea A ai.G ’ Pel |. gaboew Saati eat . JOR » “ASeriigas er iriorn Foareae aa é ae fe ee ? ® at | iA >? ee have bf PT nal t : ¥ =, «—@™ abot, ve haeron ~ ba = ; ' tio Ad asvy (ald sti Z , =~ , sels es tq Sot art 4 g eae + Ey ee 4 2 tn. mee ri >= % : : ; ‘ rst * : é ‘¢ 54 ie ras! ‘ ne) Aven ‘ ' ; savy ve it f ; 1 1 f ~ wa j ‘| t f DiLgo"@ § , A no: Ari a . ton 7 > ; - as ee 4 vit ’ ‘ ’ r 1fAri * - : a “ne ‘ iter g . Kh” sais Mm mui tings a) Cn nil nl A a ee she a ee of wk) nol’! pyar ; sitthhr oes ae EM enh . eesti ay > Ai imac “2 0) got) ith ,ebhcel BMRB Cee » li 2 ar hoa — y ual 7 or? = awe Dabeckia laciniata 1. Wet low woods. tatibida pinnata (Vent.) Barnhart. Dry upland woods, Breuneria purpurea (L.) Britton. Dry upland woods. IJllinois: the central and southern portions from Stark county southward, Yelianthus annuus L. Naturalized in waste places. Helianthus microcephalus T. & G. Mesophytic woodlands, TJ1llinois: the southern vortion from Wabash county southward. Helianthus divaricatus lL. Dry upland woods. Helianthus strumosus 7.. Dry upland woods and hillsides. Verbesina Virginica 1. Cypress swamps and wet flood-plain woods. Tllinois: the extreme southern portion. | Verbesina alternifolia (I.) Britton. Mesophytic flood-plains. ) icnins helianthoides Michx. Dry upland woods and sassafras barrens. Coreopsis pubescens Ell. Dry uplend woods and sassafras barrens. Illinois: the Ozark region. Coreopsis tripteris L. Dry uplana woods. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. Muddy river banks. Bidens bipinnata lL. Moist shaded places. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Wet ground. Helenium autumnale L. Wet rround. Yelenium eed folie Nutt. Wet river bottoms, Jackson county, Illinois: the extreme southern portion, ebera papposa (Vent.) Rydb. Dry sandy soil. Achillea Millefolium lL. Yarrow. Dry upland woods ana in waste places. Anthemis Cotula lL. Yards and roadsides. Qeaherkin fPulgida Ait. Dry upland woods. Illinois: the Ozark region, a ai Aw?) oe hE ghee itech oo oe Show Woe Ci Ae ) | eS ae tusea 0) a a ofp Yul «tee tet doi a 4 Rhine ‘7a Far ore te po | ty ah tee) be Cer ; ct a ey eutiaessip: 2 - tot eek : aly ae " eee . g Sige aac y Wik theses ut 7 i moped: (583 és CM ; be , , _ OT are i ale ae 5 ‘ tna ver hs wih OA tae NL: Hee. TeLOM be : ebro ja 4, 4au eae) ¥ | » rats pot - pena, ,—(Oltod sel) tam mer r rab voy hy conwet tec | EU LN A Sigelaian sed julia Ps 0°06 feu eer oe Heel a Ce ee u mee ts mara ~ ons a sie . varies ” i « 05 « nrysanthemum Leucanthemun 1. Neturalized along roadsides and in waste places. the extreme southern portion. esadenia reniformis (Muhl.) Raf. Mesophytic flood-plain woods, Union county. Illinois: the central and southern portions from Peoria county southward, esadenia atriplizifolia (L.) Raf. Dry upland woods. enecio Balsamitae Muhl. Mesophytic upland woods, Jackson county. Senecio lobatus Pers. Wet river bottoms and swamp3e Illinois: the extreme southern portion, Arctium minus Schk, Naturalized in waste places. -duus lanceolatus Le. Dry woods and pastures. duus altissimus 1. Dry upland woods. rtemisia annua I. Wet river bottoms along the Onio river. T1llinoia: 4 ? » Ula ae. Dol Cah) atiete i'n PSRIES cA Ls . , : iy | 77 Pity eh apiots ct Qaeny SAP we hry pee “Oty a Eas og 8 Devtece Ane teten REE ; i baw items ” Ie me ve OP el 1 i fre. ' - of ij y « ,ow JT ' ai @ } & ep La lal = 96% Chapter 7.- PHYTOGKOGRAPHY Refore considering in detail the phytoreographical relations of the flora of southern Illinois, it may be well to discuss the rene al principles of plant distribution. The vegetation of any repion is the response to a series of factors, which, though widely varied themselves, exert each some influence on the plant life. The result- mt of these different factors determines the vegetation. Since the individual factors are never identical at two different. places, the resultant is a variable, and the ccrresponding plant growth differe- ing for each locality. To determine and correctly to interpret the @ifect of these ecological factors is the problem of phytogeography. In the systems of biogeography that have appeared in the past few years, different investigators have selected various ones of the Ole set of ecological factors as the principal poverning cause of Biant and animal distribution. So Schimper, in his Pflanzengeograph- le aur physiologischer Grundlage, has stated that the vegetatimis controlled primarily by three sets of forces, heat, rain-fall, and scil; the a the flora, or specific composition of Bemetarion, the second the character of plant growth, whether forest prairie, chapparal or desert, and the last causes the minor local segmentation into associations. Engler in Versuch einer Entwickelungs ‘geschichte der Pflanzenwelt seit der Tertiarperiode, places es-~ pecial emphasis on the past history of the vegetation, and would Pind in the geological fluctuations since the Tertiary period an#& xplanation for the present distribution of plants on the earth. ferrian, applying the results of his field study to biogeography in rS she United States, concludes that temperature is the chief factor, b ton “) ive? aie aes not aie ins Vere ae ihobesty sa) hana ie ry) ttaie we orm tt bah ~ eM \veoto ehh sibrig’ Oy pos) ae a2 at? an @eo hr eee Semee = 2 _ ase ere beaghin fs ef omt Sr ' jet 4n0 Ue i st q BEATE % o Mirage er 9 eat } ‘ ' f i ' 7 : wn Lae rahe) = o2 rs re . , An Poh ; \ ‘ ~~ j ’ — ; * Cc ' ~ t we; . zu fing i wwe sin + «8? Lago + nF va , 71H “oF “A ‘Laake ar re Ye, ra . mer i tat hones i abii«nwant an" A) ‘then r + talon eet pUOl Tt nyu wit tn yo east a) hah o ne ato EA as bette oe | i od chalehalt «tet: Sor ostguse Gee Suite aw as sole veipen's seid oatoeeas “>. s 0 - et Je pe: - 7 y A is na a a ha in his Life Zones and Crop Zones in the United States he divides North America into a series of zones, each of which corresponds with certain type of temperature and includes a characteristic fauna and flora. Cowles has narrowed the historical view of the question fo the changes in local physiography, and in them he sees the expla- nation of the differences in vegetation of upland,flood-plain, and cliff. Warming, in Oekologische Pflanzengeographie, has made the available water supply of the soil the chief basis for the separa- tion of plant societies. Adans has explaired certain peculiarities ‘of life in the eastern United States by the inter-glacial and post= glacial migrations of species. Greebner, in Die Heide Norddeutsch= lands, takes account of the developmental history of the vegetation, ‘put would classify the societies primarily according to the avail- maple t00d supply in the soil. _ There is in each of these systems s nucleus of truth, but not one of them contains the complete explanation of the question. Any "one of them is sufficient to separate the plant societies of a region, because the differences are usually obvious, but in that respect they are all like the generic keys in a manual; they serve Only to distinguish the societies, not to define them or explain Shen. In Schimper's already classic work the cause of the forest Nandprairie of the central and eastern United States is given as the amount and distribution of the rain-fall. No account is taken of the fact that the flora of the prairie is distinctly southwestern ain its origin, that of the forest southeastern. Yet the character of the plant associations in the two formations is probably due as much to their origin as to the present conditions of rain-fall, A. and if the two regions were reversed,the arid portion drawing its st ego | Fare oe | ©} Bete Sere ‘ = «" — Le 4 : 4 ’ ; «i An j hat 7d —] amy meat i.Ac P 4. Té af ore a4 ' of o « a | i n We. Tian eas * ff *.. Wii te eee . i . ys ( il @iotetee . i ‘ P Sa iM oEn 2 Gon t Pe tt at ge 4, ’ " Cogeyape 4 1 ¢s a bee ni bia ny? a : il ai ying \) sauti tip om ‘on paeliateos wt! «elegae ; an i ach a’ Saget rent! an bah tevine gee a } ,»Etaten le sf.) 3 pineal : st @ to vf? Sir itary eit { aT we » eae “st 7997 \ iets 1s tag . “ te/gret Gees, ooh t ae Tele eo Pe Se ee) a) a One smetation from a southeastern oricin, and the humid portion deriv= ing its species from the southwest, the result would doubtless be trikingly WF rsyent from the present actuality. Again, the life ‘ones of Merriam do not correspond exactly with a certain type of pemperature; southern Illinois, which is placed by him correctly ith in the Lower Austral zone, does not have a temperature requisite for *t, and in arranging his zones to correspond with the facts of plant and animal distribution he has overstepped his own boundaries. Similar flaws could be picked out in the others, but it is not nec- ssary to multiply examples. Drude was among the first to recognize that to Schimper's three factors heat, rain-fall, and soil there must be added a fourth, history. To the present time, however, no one has offered a classi- fication of vegetation which includes all of the factors regulating plant srowth, nor can it be done until ecologists have at hand more exact data on the present physiological requirements and past history Bf plant species. Ganong, in the conclusion to his recent article on the Vegetation of the Bay of Fundy marshes has commented on this lack of precise knowledge, and has suggested some lines for future ecological investigation. They may well be repeated here. "First, ) collection and description of the actual facts as to the kinds of plants which occur in a given region, as to their visible features, d as to the way in which they are grouped. Second, an exact Study and a clear expression of the facts as to the physical features of the environment which can affect plant life. Third, there must ,¢ made a thorough study not only of the structure and deve lopment of the important plants gcd character to iwe different parts their of a vegetation but also of , physiological character quantitatively a oe F ‘ of = } ) aime a Cae o* re Pt fa soiree 7a F 7 meh , vii as Ngoc ely ta “YE, an : ‘ i629 LAAT @Paes ean oF F tea taba 0 Crees we ns > oot aaa \ ae 4 To ® Ports £74 "ye beat rrr 6 ci @setG TRaATE: i : * - raf ? = | q ? t are ‘ : Tt mrs ' ‘ ul 13 ea8 sat} | ; ' stvige F Ny ‘ a : 4 es j i a ahs be ; ‘ P28 kdl S Pie Paes Diag AIOE 08% f | | Pees pode Se My ee UT? ee Oe wile Cee Saga fat a ahi Aer, mee. oO Sig it? @ ie “a +, . a a ' 718 6p aon fi "6 «wv SP Oe “ht , bie? |, oth. onal, soetle ee Ho Lied , : . im eteeea we ia vtliek Bie wine tga of Sees Greta refit ate ‘ ! past TINTS , ; roea tccon fal a a hed « tee aye wee) = OOo xpressed. Fourth, a knowledge of the true nature of plant compe- bition and cooperation is essential. " Certain Be inoiples will now be stated, upon which depend the ecurrence of any species in a given locality and therefore, collect- vely, the whole flora of the area: 1. The conditions of temperature and moisture must at all times tne year be within the cardinal points for the species. "2. The chemical and physical nature of the soil must not vary beyond certain limits. 3. The biological environment, including parasites and symbionts, mast also be of such nature as to allow the growth of the species. 4, The power of seed production must be sufficient to maintain the number of individuals. 5. Between the locality and the center of distribution of a species there must be, or must have been, a continuous route, along which conditions 1, 2, 3, and 4 were fulfilled, and the species must have some means of dispersal suited to this migration highway. 6. Time must be allowed for the species to reach the locality n question. When all six of these points are satisfied for one place the plant will be found growing in that locality. It is seldom possihle, thouh 4 determine the lack of which condition is responsible for the aaa itation of a species to a certain geographical range, and even when bne boundary of a plant coincides with gome change of physical or biological environment, it is not conclusive proof that this change © alone prevents further extension of the range in this direction, mor it is well known that the phsyiological requirements of a oo) ander Ge ee ; sur tity & St tam r . mad ore a on ae ee bgt obey Rrra met i, i oe ena - ric ret > Th) eee , i} \pet cee 63, Dad rte in tp al e oon Apt jie m oat. F pi Selgtamne ey & 4 ry tees? +) “Se HALO acytit tor it allo arene bea ee toy ee it ai : A - =a yray Y ihe - 100 «= plant may be altered by different conditions. Thus to cite a single @xample, plants require more potassium at a high than at a low temperature. Many species of plants find in southern Illinois their northern limit, and for some of them there is evidence as to the cause re- stricting their growth farther northward. Some of them may be men= tioned. Taxodium distichum, lack of sufficient seed production or of means for seed dispersal. The species extends northward to the @lacial boundary, but, witn one exception, never crosses it, Since it succeeeds well in cultivation much farther north, it seems prob-= able that it is almost incapable of extending its range. Phoraden= dron flavescens, too cold winters. Doctor Schneck states that during two successive mild winters its range in the Wabash valley was ex- tended many miles north, and that it has several times been almost exterminated near Mt. Carmel by cold winters. This species is cap- able of rapid dispersal by birds, which eat the berries. Fagus ‘Americana: the distribution of the beech in Illinois is very pe=- muliar , and seems to indicate some relation to the rainfall. It occurs along Lake Michigan and in southern Illinois south of a line extending from wt. Carmel southwest to Jackson county. Both of these areas are characterized by heavy winter rainfall and the range of the beech is possible d&@ermined by that factor. | For most species, however, the northern limit is not fixed by ae one factor but by a resultant of several. Cowles cites as an ex- ample two species of the southern Illinois flora: “Again, in the ‘Bot. Gaz. 153211, Bot - faz e OLiBo. _ i 4 ae | fi AS - 4 4 — i 7 é “er - “ae ed | : oo 17.9 SEE ae ; maa >< | , te enteows oe sostee Se é ie ; ; i ee . — t 4 : “ey ni ‘ ‘ iar? ‘2 ansife hy _ : a ’ Rad Va \ “ap = é 4! “5 ait fwat ‘iw iy : F : D | * ae) itt = = 2 . t ; ' F _. F er @ fvepea ee "iG [ i \ si wd) , ’ = ae yw Ta nt a he . iad ar > wees ,aela - ; , - : a y 4 . a )@ 4 ae Stn A S10 i >| ; " a Zé e/a {Jf rite) ito a eee “ery: ¥ ° ‘ } i > ti 4 ia - 101 - Chicago region the tulip tree and buckeye are rare and confined to the floodplain forest, while in Tennessee these trees are found in many other plant societies. We may perhaps summarize these data by ving that each species varies in habitat in different regions, and that in genera] a species can grow in the largest number of BS exit societies at its center of distribution, since there the climatic conditions favor it most hirhly." To state the matter menerally, as one ecological factor appraoch= es an optimm the others may approach minima. So the austro-riparian ‘Species which in the southern states are widely distributed on vare- ious types of soil become gradually restricted to the northward, antil in Illinois they are mostly confined to the optimun edaphic conditions in the floodplains. The cactus which srows in a number of Misctations in the southwest, is limited in a region of greater Tainfall to certain types of soil where the water content is low, and in southern Illinois, with four times the rainfall of the south- west, it occurs only on the rocks, where the available water supply resembles that farther west, The southern portion of Illinois has long been know as the nortl» ern limit for many austro-riparian forms, and its flora has a special interest on that account. There are also small -representa~ tions of an Appalachian and a Texan flora, which, while they are of Little importance in the vegetation, serve to indicate lines of plant migration. A large proportion of species belongs to tnat large group known as the flora of the Atlantic province, species whose general range is from the Atlantic Ocean west to Minnesota, cn 9 lebraska, Kansas, and Texas. ad a r § rr ae i : o i ~ Sr - _ Ww o! : i PG 5 > @ q wa ere is: on rcre sr (oa ~ ~~ . EXS we - 3 \ op A ie " Iw Se : 2°! 7e Loe ~ , ate 7 wa ey A 1 Nida? 69) 2egaa , 7 RPE = ; . on ‘eof ih ; ‘ (! ove?’ epee 10%. Be t ve bd Zo heer te ‘ oA p if br, 09 afi ‘ { t af 7 ‘ ‘ e- 1s OR rata f, =~ ri<¢ '. bP easA : i “af “ ee - : a ee eiconic, «Lae ay _ i 1 d a LJ oe 7 i : i S xy 47 | ; t =r: - 102 - Thers is but limited evidence as to the origin of the present flora of the Ozarks. The Illinojanglaciers reach the northern oundary of the uplift, but did not cross it. What effect they had on the preglacial flora can only be imagined, unless the pres= ence of certain species in the present flora may be taken as indicae tive of conditions during glacial times. It is known that plants nay live in soil upon the glacial ice itself, as seen in some of the glaciers of Alaska. If the same conditions obtained formerly in Zilinois as now in Alaska, the vegetation of the Ozark region during Glacial times might have been but little different from that of either the preglacial period or the present time. | _In such a country as Greenland, where the cold due to high latie tude alone is sufficient to allow the accumulation of ice, a similar arctic climate extends for hundreds of miles south of the edge of the glaciers. But when other factors cause a change in climate, and) @iacier ice pushes south as far as latitude 38 degrees, tne effect of ice upon the local climate can not extend far beyond the glaciers, the annual mean en is above the freezing point, and the ice itself melts as rapidly as its slow Ref dau Gaertn it to the south. Under such conditions a temperate flora could persist even within a short distance beyond the glacial boundary, and the arctic and sub= arctic floras would he crowded in a narrow belt alongs and upor the edge of the glaciers. | Conclusive evidence for this statement is not available. A few Eeacies of plants, however, give us some idea of the climate, and therefore of the flora, of extra-glacial southern Illinois during the glacial period. Taxodium distichum, the bald cypress, is uni- ; . an ; i i a b Aye att, L a) ‘4 €& wav ea Poet ‘ee 4 ‘ ir a 4 ia 70! ale nolo tht eet 2 ‘ ‘3 " i — ret _ ; % i ; : wy EAL i. = ‘4 ; 2 ’ 14 e:TZ iw aute ' © 7 a5 6's ay o . 2%. 1) i . i ogg 4 i i P [4 oeti al Lf wt % : > +7 on of - S Tao . | rol; 1h 1g ao + af 4 4. Vile hen yas b Tatar 9; ee . ots) ag] | ; i a@ehivs “hey 107 @oj' aia hot lg rail eglamannaal Vega 908 | Tet twt ie ES = <7 ‘¥ - ess Of i) Me ite bi Faire i VJ _ 7 . ~J/& — - 10 3 - miy distributed along the coastal plains from Delaware south, nd in the ‘interior along the Mississippi river and its tributaries orth into Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana. It succeeds well in mltivation in central Illinois, and according to Sargent in Massa- husetts, and the conditions of soil, temperature, and moisture in he river floodplains are suitable for its natural growth much L . | lL. | arther north than its present distribution. Yet the northern limit | yf the cypress never crosses the glacial boundary with the doubtful sxception of Knox county, Indiana. If in the thirty thousand years that have elapsed since the retreat of the Illinoian glaciers the sypress has not extended its boundary northward to any appreciable Biistance, it is highly probable that during the glacial age the tree jas growing in or near its present nome in southern Illinois. And, miess the physiological requirements of the tree have changed creatly Bince the close of the glacial period, its associates then probably included many of the species which stilt grow with it, There are Sther facts which possibly sive eniieuee concerning the inter-glacial Beetation of the region, put they are far from conclusive and but hittle weight can be given to them. Leitneria Floridana Chapm., the Dnly species of the family Leitneriaceae, has a peculiar distribution in the southern United States, being found in Florida, in Texas and northeastern Arkansas, and in southeastern Missouri. The latter station is not far distant from the glacial boundary in Illinois. There is no paleontological evidence as to the age of the species, but the family is related to old groups, and the three disconnected sta- tions also point to a history extending back through a considerable period of time. Tf Leitneria was forced to migrate to the southward during the glacial period, or has extended its area into Missouri a thatree fe vn > “at : tat ig : ; 1) ermetedee Fy ‘a re am TP See aw \ . 1 oe se’ Rg are Pe Tone TR REE we $ ° oq LST » a. » 6 Cee y = — i i : 7 } ' ‘uns 4 % ; 4 ‘ 5 { ‘ 4 J ' t™ i ‘ eG ia 4 Ss Jas ‘ es 1 ’ eg » re « ¥ ® ; 4 oe prs ‘hoettne alo jan, 4annel “4 ; vac Pelra ‘sett Jae tatk wee « . ita? an aseid ton, Conthofesdrhmtae . ott? war hee ,nqnime Si ioee tage q | i. (oS Sli abe hee ein bs fa A ‘i % - ? 7 : b -7 * OF. Owe od aa ee h (al naz : ; o's 4e0- Ss wtf iP ls) » eg - 104 - only since the close of the ice age, it seems probable that there would be other stations in the Mississippi river and coastal plain ; amps between its present three stations. The absence of these points, indefinitely to be sure, to a continued existence for a ‘long time in the swamps of southern Missouri, not far from the south= lern edge of the ice sheet. Catalpa speciosa Warder, the hardy catale. Ipas is native in the alluvial bottom lands of southern Indiana, ‘Tllinois, and Missouri, eastern Kentucky and Tennessee, and western kansas, a range entirely discontinuous from that of the related | | lits hardiness argue not only for its origin somewhere near the mouth | species C. Catalpa (L.) Karst. The distribution of the species and Ot the Ohio river, but for its presence there during the glacial period. It may be assumed therefore for the purposes of this thesis that ithe vegetation of the Ozark uplift and the lowlands south of it has a continuous history extending back beyond the glacial period; that | | it has served to some extent as a source of the present flora of | central and northern Illinois; and that it consisted of about the Same species that now comprise the bulk of the forests in the eastem United states, the oaks, ashes, elms and maples. The Ozark region pay be included in the larger area termed by Adams " Southeastern ‘United States" and regarded by him as a center of post-placial ‘distribution of both plant and animal life to the northeastern states. | The Oaks, elms, maples and hickories of the preglacial forests lana their associates are still the dominant species over much of ithe area of the eastern United States, and in southern Illinois | they constitute the bulk of the species. Their general range is iz . Hie tat ee aaah at yi Ter he omy oe y Logae ny ee mt 4bSi2 tH wll goon 4 coe fers 4 = ‘eet F ry , er eae a} a2) ors i I wna Pee htm wt wae % (HAD art? 1%") ae Pe APY i ee ee maa wale Py? : ten nek or f f . ¥ Ls ; . a 7, as (Sts ae toto, 7 tad i ~ ; Ne AF Ah ypiht fi pas My ie eS Sa , wy 7 My te Sis i” 39 Poa EE a ee > 408 north into the dominion of Canada and west to Nebraska and Texes. ¥ e members of this rroup in southern Jllinois have nothing peculiar in their distribution. The other floral elements, however, which ‘reach southern Illinois from the south, southwest and southeast, demand special attention. | C.C.Adams'has spoken of a southwestern center of post-placiel Biiserspntion, and Coulter ~has also referred to the presence of 1. F | |/mnumerous endemic species of Umbellifereae in the southwest, denoting | ‘a center of distribution or of preservation. Bush, ° in writing on the flora of southeastern Missouri, states " that we now know that _ we have a Floridian and Georgian flora, which extends up the Miss- issippi valley in a northwesterly direction to southeastern Mis-= | souri, where it meets a Texan flora, which extends southwestward to reaches Illinois. The natural highway, or line of least resistance, ‘elong which this flora has migrated is the Ozark uplift, and rep- resentative species are found along it in ever increasing numbers to the southwestward. The number that cross the Mississippi river “into fiiinois are relatively few in number, but they point definite } ty and conclusively to their southwestern origin. The principle ‘species of this group, some of which are included in it with doubte | ful propriety; are the following: i = A portion of this Texan flora extends across Missouri and | i { | | | Atheropogon curtipendulus Ptilimmium Nuttallii | Allionia nyctaginea Verbena bracteosa | Astragalus Mexicanus Mertynia Louisiana / Opuntia huni ?usa Vernonia Baldwinii *+Geographical Distribution of North American Umbelliferae. | ‘The Southeastern United States as a center of postglacial dise- _ tribution. . Notes on a list of plants coll. in S.E.Mo. in 1893. — ——————————— ee —— = —— AD Asia? 3 Pry a ant eee : hi 7 +t ata ~ we ba) ' may be mentioned: Solidago Drummondii Polytaenia Nuttallii As .¥ Aster turbinellus Hedeoma hispida Boebera papposa Plantago aristata ' Hordeum pusillun Solidago Radula Sophia intermedia Aster anonalus Rergia Texana Leptilon divaricatiun. Megapterjum Missouriense Some of these extend so far beyond the limits of the Ozark range that their affinities with the Texan flora are doubtful, and a few even occur so far northward that they may be confused with the flora of the prairie province, which is similarly southwestern in Origin, but reaches Illinois by a different route. | | ; Three species of northwestern origin are common along the Mississippi river where they have been introduced in comparative- no recent time by the river itself, They are Parosela dalea, Cycloloma atriplicifolium and Rumex Persicaria. A third group is southeastern in distribution, and has a geo= @raphical range coinciding broadly with the limits of glaciation on the north and extending west to Kansas and Texas. A number of factors may be concerned in controlling their northern limits ,| and no general statement can be made whether the climate o the soil is of chief importance. The evidence at hand however, points to the climate as tne deciding factor. As examples of this group Pinus echinata, Agave Virginica ; | Uniola latifolia . Ulmus alata yal vy “hea ot nn Cork? ae _ né wreak 7 (peg egies . I yew Tay L Beran ina f 7 eS Hfint of Ue un reg age tae - Sole? pega ‘ty tale Ale Se co hh alata ec dee of ry «107s Phoradendron flavescens Clitoria Mariana Magnolia acuminata Crotonopsis linearis Draba brachycarpa Passifilora lutea / Psoralea pedunculata Kneiffia linifolia Stylosanthes biflora Batodendron arboreum Viburnum rufotomentsum Pent temon canescens Coreopsis pubescens jhe plants in this «list are in Illinois almost entirely members of the xerophytic upland association. Owing to inversions of tem= perature caused by ascending air-currents tic nills and ridges upon | which this society occurs have a generally higner temperature than > the surrounding hillsides and valleys, and especially are less sub= | ject to late frosts in spring or to early ones in fall. It may be | therefore, that the habitats of these species near their northern | Limit are regulated to some extent by the temperature, and that they prefer the warmest situations available. i A small group, also southeastern in origin and distribution is distinctively Appalachian and the ranges of the component species | extend but little beyond the mountain region of the southeast, except in the case of a few species extending out into Illinois. | The hill country of southern Ohio contains many such species, most — of which extend no farther west. Some extend into Indiana, as | the scrub pine, Pinus Virginianaand a few cross Indiana and the Bighiands of Kentucky into the Ozarks of southern Illinois. In | Tlilinois they grow especially in dry upland woods and on cliffs | where the ecological factors most nearly resemble those of the lower Appalachian mountain region, and never in the floodplains. i a AY! =) ety mE | 5 a eh Meo ty MOE hem q * ‘ ae Ve i] e ; : : ‘7 — A. SE) Senne e at ‘} r We ts > a0 fae Lb) cvuliggs tectem j ee | Ls ay “a? ons 4 * geri » brig rv ain ; is ¢ W wi Et my, ? otind minh a ee tates { ft a ute ir gece acne é ave } Vee, ce late ‘ : 5 : al oa eels e me - 108 - Some of the svecies are: Helianthus microcephalus Hydrangea arborcscens Rudbeckia fulgida Heuchera hirsuticaulis Agrimonia pumila Heuchera parviflora Sedum telephioides Cunila origanoides Sedum pulchellum The range of the bald cypress may he taken as typical of the austro-riparian group. It extends along the coastal plain from Delaware south and west to ‘fexico, and along the alluvial bottoms of the Mississippi and its tributaries north into Indiana. Other species of the group are not confined so closely to the coastal plain, and some occur even in the lower Appalachian mountains, but generally speaking they all occupy a U-shaped area, with one | stem on the Atlantic coast, the other in the Mississippi valley. | In the southern states, where the climatic conditions are more fav-_ | Ets : Grable, they are found, in accordance with out general rule, ina | variety of soils, but in Illinois with temperature approaching a minimum they are mostly confined to the plant associations with optimum soil conditions, namely the*flood plains. A few, including Celtis Mississippiensis, Planera aquatica, Adelia acuminata and sone others, are occasionally found on upland hillsides with a south | front, where they have a higher temperature and are consequently able to withstand the unfavorable soil. There is no definite boundary for austro-riparian species in Illinois, but they extend up the rivers various distances, some, like the pecan, as far as Peoria or Keokuk, while others, like Hymenocallis occidentalis and Itea Virginica, live only in the extreme southern portion. ' | N i) Teg - ail swede eto get! ot elon ew hoe muh de > “ia et i ta? yee j » A + HOF \ ( ' ees - ? :. ad * & Wy * j Pan wis overeat ain hed a Wy | if Vids \ anon Shien ky P41An cathe bth te“ tr eee, Lee ee ‘cago toe Eee byvaeee 40s ; "a ~~ i] | ® 4 _ om. SS Ee aie Ro : a fe oie Arundinaria tecta Paspalum mucronatum Taxodium distichum Carex Frankii Commelina hirtella Hymenocallis occidentalis Populus heterophylla Hicoria Pecan Planera aquatica Celtis Mississippiensis Itea Virginica Bradleya macrostachys Berchemia scandens Rhamnus Caroliniana Ampelopsis cordata Hibiscus lasiocarpus - 109 ~ A partial list of the most typical species of the group follows: Triadenum petiolatum Jussiaea diffusa Styrax Americana rraxinus profunda Adelia acuminata Asclepias perennis RBignonia crucirera Catalpa speciosa Ludwigia glandulosa Spermecoce glabra Diodia Virginiana Pluchea pétiolata Verbesina Virginica Helenium tenuifolium Senecio lobatus. = (Ogee 7 eee wt i i | Z 5 wa y . i ‘ia : P : J a af FNL Ty? Jeers Se pat ae ai * nek. : ie. ea ie Ba) oe 7 ante : . 2S a Pe x d % > / Fie EXPLANATION OF PHOTOGRAPHS All photographs were taken in June 1993 in the vicinity of Makanda, Jackson county. 1. General view of the Ozark range from the uplands near Makanda, altitude about 650 feet. The hills in the distance indicate the erest of the uplift, and rise to a height of about 800 feet. The hill tops have been cleared and cultivated, but lines of trees stil? mark the course of the ravines. 2. General view of Drury creek valley looking south; sassafras “parrens On the low hill at the left center, cultivatedfields and | stream-side vegetation in the lowlands, and upland woods on the hills 3. Pond with Nymphaea advena. The margin is occupied with a | hydrophytic flora of sycamore, willow, and birch, with undergrowth for alder. 4. The bed of Drury creek grown up with Dianthera Americana; on ee — ee ee the left a clay hillside with various shrubs, and in the back sround the bluffs covered with upland forests. } 5. Xerophytic cliffs bordering a stream valley. Rock-barrens | extend along the crest, followed by xerophytic upland forest on the ri ) gett. On the right the forest has been partially cleared and | a to orchard.. 6. Heavily shaded, mesophytic sand-stone cliff, covered with cliff | Be onkytes, especially Sedum pulchellum. At the left a mesophytic — — ee of oak and maple. | 7. Rock barren association; Agave Virginica and Batodendron ar- | | | boreum. es Lil = | ck bi ens with a growth of lichens andi mosses. The trees | | ‘ a acker ot nd are Quercus Marylandica, Ulmus alata, and Ratoden= | - ey. mifusa on the rock barrens. In the right foreground a ; es ae ia . »’ ¥ We hea i Parts: eran te VY 4e Pees ta ag +4 Suigetee vailg ee ats wwe ‘ ays Veecyig ce ih ta cay re 0 Ag 1s Ut tees age eles * 4 tires e« veae AX AM ssc ay ‘ fare * ¢ See CEL ates ¢ Pet yereagrs oh Fa SY AAR Ba Prue ARR IMAR ALAN Saye "ey 4 . ‘elaas" SAB A (AGIA Let aaine NSC a a See n'y gn Malate re wysiglate #4 ie 4 bd Ce Ou dene ey at Pi e ‘ Goldsteatatehtede.! pin Pet LGTY ATS Midung MEF tH a +e Lee ne ees Re UOT Arg) sea 3 ‘by aweer eee hy ee oe s¢ eee e oped we et CEP EMOR OC Eee Paar ou as + eae Ot oe a bs ee Lek ‘* CPi giiewes sete cre rely ei et os ems es One Oe fee ete eta 4 Ue. ee Uva ere a © sie C18 ered be Dah Men ee ee eee ‘ eek es Js AES SOR MM PF * ‘ ete dere E} * ? ’ Cieeere elder a gute eten * te eige te ute Any" ite alee eel fat eta 4 ea) Uh, ee oe a ieee mo send hee ed am ae Pe eee ir oe) Ot oe eens P| (eee ee eC ek re eras (Peso eee rire eke ee Lear ' = “eee AE hel aed ae a Poe ear ae eee $08 poe tty . et ee Ot He TES erg be Cie ret i Or he ees i) 4 Tie te tee 444 Ae Ph eR F S ReAds badd fy un 11 ed as ys «eae rete hAty PTAA ee eer ee Bae » Teheh Pai edie es aes ee Ve ewes Ae PAP oe ark ie Seam ae Ba Teeth ese @etela te Waid scale ett teh 1 Tels tg A eehF EMU sh Soke ‘ ie a gelgelgin cath ay sathata Crake eae APM ee Ree ew SGU GUL rr eee ‘ De tee PL te Se ee De ee eer teteens nee Hoh PAM eee eMac w gill abetgle ar HAGE wee th eG eeeea eee Miele PFs hug eb dee bik eats eee ee rere hoa moa eh eam Ses el ETT? i ie SEAS BILE ae Ces tin hiding 64044 C04 4 AES Sa AY AD DH ab With eee eee Coes CPOE LAS, tA Ola tree. Ae eta een hae 4 Cd ee ee CeCe ree | tere meet eye ghee amr alot4 male ah ang tod wateawee roeeiie “ere terieie Sav ihe Pp hide ay VIM eh baa ade *g gigigigit Pe shie'd tb ey eos edb we eh € Ae eS ee Se Aa ee Ce era rey caer a a) GA CE Fae TE eee EEG Ma hig odin LE Os ROO Rein ede ee ene’ ham ead ys Abate Be pala ayia waite y aro’, Ma 9? Tt fe ee tn ean een ee eats lea eu fs akg tpt 4 eM ek ter EM 4 we ie OH OE UAT etm WPS tad at's gh ONE tvs bon ate i her Lavaye ¥4 i Varad eg re Aig aie le ide ¢ (eee wie ot See eee | Aint Ste ta" $Y om 38 ope 8 le ee he PEM ESM TI gC aia ad as Se eh wart eae gag We ibd ee it a ag € situ lg ar ee 4 eRe le 3 ate ny 9 Sage 258 Pale JG\as ple wales gia pale eit e Cyt ala gs PU 2 Fog he eee eb Faribergurn oleh tris A ysAge 8 bho | Wie eUSTL Varee tae the tebe e were Ly ak ae ad ‘ eh nb Mas kewes i oy oo ee ‘ ‘ WAS ey yess ENA } Te Ae a { Wa POR tHe } Ree eit sey f ‘ Bach BURA BAA Ce Hk ei tone tie en Pe | 5 . 4 — Lr eer obese Sy hee Rs ee be OR Ok Be Ue ‘ f { hy CCN beh > eX 4 OR et Na, { . MAP MRS tae het ry ‘ SA Nay 8.08 CAV ah Eee Ee Peed be ties Peck erence} sao 4 Ot are) ake SNS FOSS Metey oa rnneabairk TATE Se eee Ce VM bran WR aA eee ; Ch PLE ra AAR EERE See tS heey RL rh hl RSI Abie gh) RRR At eet Heme ee nhs een gk ey mere do et hint * ea ee) Oe ore oe eT ) MMW Wed BAPE tabs hil Moa thek (Lk BANAAN SARL en Reet mute Oe Cut Ce DR ee ee aes WARN Amn heat may eee roe bib en MIC ROLL eee MTT © om APE AMA ea, y. we LeP A GALE ae eae SEEN UN fyye ste ~~) ” Sekt a tee et Soke wa ee whee +e yn a fp eitewd ay tye tsb VORA NORE RNA CHAM RRR Ohne hk | iy uy Aad . eRe we beh Wie teh Poh ok er Sen . a Wiehe. Oral vrrunn) teen gd ne Pareto ST tas Ne Sees MPEPC RL SIT Brn }) Uwe acs Cee Ci ek CAN Pett ae ekg ae CEE PON en CE rey MGA Wee Ue Lae a WAC e oa whee ‘ Ear me EAM wah y the ea te poe Le Ora rr a Pear are ey PORE Mt BEN) UT LO RCO ROTO 0 re ea re ‘. LAER Veheve Vr behe se rte Fer Oink Vat eele ek Gt ish theese bacge ts ae WO “~ erwee me « Pertiis ‘ Ph Ls ae yee Cis (LER eee Cobb VN ENC a tr ehah t AA Oe ere ee ar mr er fided Arh eo ULE see te TV CRNA A eee ad OAS CUA © Mit: 8 (tat ae ead ee eke pay NSE, crane ‘ VB kscrarts hag a We eer a) 12%)" alas . vey | rr eneen’ om wh mah On bzhet eee trtacneseal UNIVERSITY oF ILLINOK IS-URBANA 762843