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VELIGER

A Qbartaily published by
CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC.

Berkeley, California

VOLUME 15 January 31, 1973 ye, Supplement

A Systematic Revision
of the Recent Cypraeid Family Ovulidae
(Mollusca : Gastropoda) |

BY

CRAWFORD, NEILL CATE

FEB 131973

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Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Plate 1

Figure 131 C Figure 185 C
Delonovolva labroguttata (123) Spiculata michaelkingi (163)

Figure 193 C
Sandalia rhodia (169)

Figure 196 C
Hiata brunneiterma (171)

Figure 229 C Figure 228 C
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) gracilis (198) Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) weaveri pseudogracilis (197)

Color photographs by Jean M. Cate

aE

VELIGER

A Quarterly published by
CALIFORNIA MALACOZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY, INC.

Berkeley, California

A Systematic Revision

of the Recent Cypraeid Family Ovulidae
(Mollusca : Gastropoda)

BY

CRAWFORD NEILL CATE

Research Assistant, Department of Invertebrate Zoology
Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, Los Angeles, California 90007

and

905 Strangler Fig Lane, Sanibel, Florida 33957

(51 Plates, 4 in Color)

7 vi, S way i
LN ARN oie a ahh) ree

Vol. 15; Supplement

THE VELIGER

Preface

FORTY YEARS HAVE ELAPSED since Professor Schilder at-
tempted to bring the molluscan family of the Ovulidae
into modern arrangement; reappraisal is now overdue.
The present work on the Ovulidae commenced in 1968,
and many of the problems encountered were discussed at
length with the late Professor Franz Alfred Schilder. In
one of his last communications to me, he said: ‘I am very
glad that you continue an intensified study of the Ovuli-
dae. I myself, as you are aware, concentrated these last
fifty years chiefly on the true cowries, and the semi-cowries
(Triviidae, Ovulidae) were a second class matter for me; I
am glad that your plan to specialize in this forgotten group
continues.” Professor Schilder passed away 11 August
1970; with deep respect I dedicate my work to this great
scholar who first attempted to bring the Ovulidae into
conformity with modern concepts. It is my great regret
that he could not have lived to see it in print.

Schilder (in the above communication) called the Ovu-
lidae a ‘forgotten family’. There seems little doubt of the
accuracy of his statement. ‘The monumental problems en-
countered in the present work, including species identifi-
cation, the number of new species involved and their
illustration; the need for redescription of previously in-
adequately described species; past indiscriminate relegat-
ing of many species into restricted, inadequately proposed
genera; and the widespread misidentification of species
in important museum collections, all attest to the correct-
ness of Schilder’s conclusion.

Page III

Page IV

AGSN

AMNH
AM
ANSP

S5MNH
BPBM
BUMQ

CAS

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Abbreviations and Conventions

Accademia Gioenia di Science Naturali, Catania,
Sicilia

American Museum of Natural History, New York
Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania

British Museum (Natural History), London, Engiand
Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii
Bairstow Coilection, University Museum, Oxford,
England

California Academy of Sciences Geology Depart-
ment Type Collection, Golden Gate Park, San Fran-
cisco, California j

Cate, Crawford N., Sanibel Island, Florida
Delaware Museum of Natural History, Greenville,
Delaware

East London Museum, Cape Province, South Africa
Schilder, Franz Alfred, Halle-Saale, DDR 402

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois
Florida State Museum, Gainesville, Florida
Geological Institute, Yokohama National University,
Yokohama, Japan
Hirohito Collection
Tokyo, Japan)
Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noir, Dakar, West
Africa

Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique,
Bruxelles, Belgium

Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History,
Los Angeles, California

Linnaean Society of London, London, England
Azuma, Masao, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College,
Cambridge, Massachusetts

(National Science Museum,

Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland
Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
Schilder, Maria, Halle-Saale, DDR 402

National Museum of Victoria, Victoria, Australia

National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
The National Science Museum, Ueno Park, Tokyo,
Japan

Oxford City and County Museum, Oxford, England
Philippine National Museum, Manila, Philippines

Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie, Leiden,
Holland

South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South Australia
San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego,
California

Stanford University Paleontology Type Collection,
Stanford, California

University of Manchester Museum, Manchester,
England

Université de Paris, Faculté des Sciences, Labora-
toire de Paléontology, Orsay, France

United States National Museum (Smithsonian In-
stitution), Washington, D. C.

University Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, Den-
mark

West Australian Museum, Perth, West Australia
Zoologisch Museum, Universiteit van Amsterdam,
Holland

by origina! designation

by subsequent designation

by absolute tautonymy

shell specimen in collection of C. N. Cate

Vol. 15; Supplement

INTRODUCTION

THE FAMILY OVULIDAE, as understood today, comprises
several well known species. Their nomenclature dates
from the six species of Linnaeus (1758). Since that time
our knowledge of the species has broadened, with new
taxa having been added over the years. Recognition of
these species has been slow because of the many complex-
ities of their shell morphology; only in most recent times
have efforts been made to study their anatomy, but even
this is limited perhaps to less than a dozen dissections.

The purpose of this work is to furnish a revision of the
family Ovulidae. In the present work, 94 new species, 7
new subspecies, 19 new genera, and 7 new subgenera are
described, and a reevaluation of the generic structure as
a whole is presented. The type specimens of all species
have been illustrated, wherever possible; in addition, the
type specimens of many of the synonymous species are also
illustrated, to enable the student to assess for himself the
judgments that have been made in synonymizing them.
In a few instances where only a type specimen has hereto-
fore been known, or for other reasons the identification of
a species seems uncertain, recently collected specimens are
also illustrated.

Monographs of the Ovulidae commenced with KIENER
(1843), who listed 23 species; this was followed by
Sowersy 7 (1848), who recognized 43 species. REEVE
(1865) listed 66 species; RoBERTs (1868-70) briefly re-
corded 72 species, mostly without comment; WEINKAUFF
(1881) included 72 species; Ron (1885) monographed
48 species, placing many more into synonymy. SCHILDER
(1932), 47 years later, with a modified prodrome of a
monograph, listed 72 species in what was apparently the
first modern attempt to arrange them systematically and
to record localities, range, shell description, and distribu-
tion; his locality data, however, seem to be based upon
information taken from labels and not entirely from veri-
fied, first-hand field collections. To avoid similar difficul-
ties only confirmed localities, or localities otherwise
reasonably to be assumed accurate through extrapolation,
will be recorded here. In cases where the labels accom-
panied misunderstood species, these records are, of course,
of doubtful value.

Recently ScHILDER & SCHILDER (1971) use 9 genera and
4 subgenera to list all the presently known recent and
fossil ovulid species, with reference to them in the litera-
ture. Additional recent references in the literature appear
‘to offer pertinent identifications relative to those in this
present work; these are: ANDREws (1971: 98) wniplicata
(= marferula), and Witson & GILLETT (1972: 62; pit. 44,
fig. 8) philippinarum (= angasi).

THE VELIGER

Page |

Since this is the first major revision of the Ovulidae
since SCHILDER (1932), it seems appropriate to reassess the
relative systematic positions of the currently accepted
genera. The present study has revealed that the most
outstanding characteristic to be seen in this group is the
transverse dorsal striation present in nearly all of the
species (with only a few exceptions); only the cyphomids
and a very small number of species in other genera lack
this typical sculptural character. The dorsal striation may
vary from being restricted in number over either terminal
process, toa complete ornamentation of the dorsal surface,
the base, and even the columella. Unlike the shells in the
closely related family Cypraeidae, the ovulids are not, as
a general rule, as spectacularly colored and ornamented.

After much study of these shells, it becomes increasingly
clear to me why collectors and serious students alike have
tended to avoid confrontation with them. Many of the
species are extremely srnall and thus have been ignored,
or simply classified as some unknown, vaguely similar
form. The shells of many of these species are white or
nearly so; others are punctate, with similar spotting merely
adding to the confusion; several have similar overall shape,
often even possessing the same shell color, yet appearing
decidedly distinct specifically for other reasons. These are
only a few similarities that have met the appraising eye.
Additionally, confusing museum labels and the erroneous
work of some recent authors after studying their shell
identifications, tend to emphasize the difficulties encoun-
tered in this group.

If one will compare the species’ shell measurements in
this text with the corresponding illustrations, it will be
noted that magnification (sometimes to x 12) has been
planned to facilitate comparison of material from the field
with established species dimensions. The author readily
agrees that this monograph leaves much to be done, and
many questions are left unanswered. Even so, for the first
time in most instances, the presently known species will
be photographically available for future research.

One difficulty encountered in the search for the type
specimens was the presence of more than one species in
some of the type lots; while this situation was a problem,
the original author’s description and illustration often
made it possible to isolate the correct specimen.

To further simplify the understanding of this compli-
cated group of shells, there seemed to be need for addi-
tional taxonomic division among them. Because of the
discovery of many new species with various shell forms, it
seemed necessary to add several new genera and subgenera
to accommodate them. Due to the lack of knowledge of the
radulae and soft parts of nearly all the species, it has been
necessary to base these new taxa on shell morphology
alone; therefore future study of this group will probably
make further taxonomic revision necessary. For the pres-

Page 2

ent, however, the systematic arrangement used here seems
to me the most appropriate.

A number of early original descriptions are without
reference to any illustration; in these cases I have listed
the first subsequent figure to appear in the literature as
that for the species. In the interest of further economy of
space. abbre.iations are used to identify well known meas-
urerents, locality names, geographic direction, etc.

LOCALITIES

The animals of the Ovulidae are widely distributed
throughout the world seas and, interestingly, seem to
parallel the distribution and ranges of the Cypraeidae
(true cowries). As with this group, the greatest concentra-
tion of species is found on the west and east coasts of Aus-
tralia, the Philippines, and Japan.

The time interval between modern studies of the Ovu-
lidae has permitted the accumulation of much material
in museums; except for the well known species, most of
the material is without proper identification. A large part
of the material has resulted from formal collecting expedi-
tions into the field in recent years, which produced many
shell lots, all with excellent station data. These expeditions
have been an important source for the locality information
noted for various species in this present work. The num-
ber of unknown “Ovula sp. 2” species that have accumu-
lated in the various collections will be noted herein.

In the text will be found the type locality as designated
by the original author for a species. If it is listed as ‘Un-
known’, or js substantially inconclusive, or is evidently
incorrect for the species as its present distribution is
known, a confirmed locality will be given as an indication
of the presently known range for the species.

SYSTEMATICS

The systematics for the family Ovulidae, as arranged
under the superfamily Cypraeacea, will include the gen-
era and subgenera currently accepted in the literature as
valid, with some new genera and subgenera added, and a
new arrangement of the old. The outline of this work will
be based upon the ‘Generic Classification of Cowries
[Ovulidae]” (Scurtper, 1968). The superfamily Triviacea,
which includes the families Triviidae and Pediculariidae,
will not be considered in this work; only the genera and
species of the family Ovulidae will be considered.

Very few of the species are of common occurrence, and
they are usually founc living on zorgonians, sea fans (in-
cluding sea whips), various species of kelp, even occasion-

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

ally on algae-covered substrata. Their benthic range varies
from tide mark, depending upon the species, to very deep
water—the latter notably off the Kii Peninsula, Japan,
and in the area NNW of Madagascar, Indian Ocean.

It is important to mention that several well known,
long-established ovulid species appear to lack designated
holotype specimens. It would seem evident that early
authors had selected a specimen from the type lot of shells
to describe a new species, eventually returning the type-
shell to the lot, where its identity became lost; this would
have been especially true had not hand-drawn figures
assisted in selecting lectotypes, as designated herein. No
attempt will be made to designate neotypes, although some
type shells seem to have become lost, and no original shells
remain for the species.

SYNONYMY

No attempt has been made to include more than a brief
outline of secondary synonymy in this work. Most refer-
ences are readily available elsewhere and would only add
unnecessary volume to the monograph. However, the im-
portant primary synonymy has been listed, and where
possible the synonymous species have been illustrated, in
order to give the reader his own option in determining the
validity of the synonymy proposed here. Despite careful
search it was found impossible to locate many of the type
specimens of synonymous taxa and it appears that many
have been lost.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In searching out the ovulid types of Linnaeus for use in
this work, I had personal communication with Mr. S.
Peter Dance, NMW. Because of his personal involvement
with the curation of the Linnaean collection (LSL), his
remarks are pertinent to an understanding of the Lin-
naean ovulid types: “I worked on the Linnaean collection
for several months and segregated representatives (I don’t
call them types) of several hundred Linnaean species. The
collection is fully labeled by me, is well stored and is avail-
able for study.” Further remarks by Mr. Dance will be
quoted elsewhere at the appropriate place; i.e., under each
of the Linnaean species in the text.

To accomplish much of this work it was important to
have the assistance of individuals and museums the world
over; the latter will be indicated by code letters listed
below. As mentioned above, the scope of this work is
worldwide, and is based to a large extent upon the knowl-
edge, field work, and curatorial ability of many collectors

Vol. 15; Supplement

various colors
overlaid

left side of shell

Wu side of shell

adapical terminal

columellar
depression right margin
\ outer lip
fossula —
\ outer lip dentate
terminal ridge \

abapical terminal

Terminal Endings

aperture opening

spatulate terminal
y

to side adapically

outer lip

edentate

shell

spindle shaped

/denticulate
or crenulate

THE VELIGER

y aperture open,

Page 3

terminals
reflected

terminal
reflected

shell
recurved

terminal h
end marginal
callus \..

closed 7 >

outer lip Fess 4 transverse
shoulder Lf

~¥ transverse

adaxial longitudinal rst See
incised striation

carinal ridge

Illustrations of Terminology used in the Ovulidae

and colleagues, literally everywhere. The following can
only be a partial list of those persons who contributed of
their time and energy in my behalf, to make this revision
of the Ovulidae possible. There were countless other
friends who assisted in various ways who remain unidenti-
fied, yet without whose help this work could not have been
completed. To all of them I express my deepest ap-
preciation. Because the list is so voluminous, nearly as
long as the list of species herein, only the following are
mentioned:

From Australia: Mollie Bowman; Donald Byrne; Philip
H. Coleman, AM; Leslie Figgis; IT. A. Garrard, AM;

W. A. Howland; Neville Jennings; Helene M. Laws,
SAM; Tom Neilsen; William F. Ponder, AM; Lorraine
Rutherford; Alex Schelechoff; Shirley M. Slack-Smith,
WAM; Brian Smith, NMV; Archer Whitworth; Barry
Wilson, WAM.

Europe: W. Adam, IRSN; Alec Anderson, NRS; E.
Binder, MNH Geneva; A. Capart, IRSN; Henry Coo-
mans, ZMA; Gerda de Groot, RGM; E. Fischer, MNHN;
Henning Lemche, UZMC; Franz and Maria Schilder;
A. M. Testud, MNHN.

The United Kingdom: Bryan P. Blake, OCCM; Stanley
Peter Dance, NMW; Robert Gay; W. H. T. Tams,

shell lanceolate

restricted
concentric
dorsal striation

Page 4

BM(NH); J. D. Taylor, BM(NH); Norman Tebble,
BUMO; Kathie Way, BM(NRF).

Japan: Masao Azuma; Tadashige Habe, NSM; Sadao
Kosuge, NSM; Tokio Shikama, GIY;

Taiwan: Barbara Wilson.

United States: Twila Bratcher; Walter J. Byas, USNM;
Jean M. Cate; Fugene Coan; George M. Davis, ANSP;
Bertram Draper; Helen Du Shane: William K. Emerson,
AMNH,; Mary and Flynn Ford; Leo G. Hertlein, CAS;
A. Myra Keen, SU; Okano Kikuyu; Michael King; Elsie
Malone: Virginia McClure; James’ A. McLean, LACM;
Maude and Harvey Meyer; James Moore; Edith Mug-
ridge; William E. Old, AMNH; Forrest and Roy Poor-
man; George E. Radwin, SDNHM; Harald Rehder,
USNM; Emily Reid; Robert Robertson, ANSP; Gladys
Rodrigue; Joseph Rosewater, USNM; Nancy Rulon,
\NSP. Aliyn G. Smith, CAS; Allene Snow; Alan Solem,
FMNH,; Gale G. Sphon, LACM; Ellen and James Starr;
Franz Steiner; Rudolf Stohler; Takeo Susuki; Fred
Thompson, FSM; Kuniko Watanabe; Clifton S. Weaver.

South Africa: Hazel Jeffries; R. N. Kilburn, NM.

Worldwide: Igor Marche-Marchad, Abidjan, Ivory
Coast; Thomas Montgomery, Guam; Ottavio Priolo,
AGSN; F. J. Taylor, Auckland University, N.Z.; Richard
Willis, Yacht Rambler, Pacific Ocean; Victor Dan,
Manila; Fernando G. Dayrit, Manila.

Special thanks are extended to Jean Cate and Bertram
Draper for the many excellent photographs illustrating
the various species. The film was specially processed by
Takeo Susuki.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

Pseudocypraea Schilder, 1927'
Arch. Naturgesch. 91/A (10): 71

Type species: Cypraca adamsonii Sowerby "4, 1832 [OD]
Conch. Illust., London: fig. 7

syn.: Sulcorypraea Conrad, 1865
Amer. Journ. Conchol. 1: 31
‘Type species: C'ypraea lintea Conrad, 1847 [M]
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 3: 282
: Sphaerocypraea Schilder, 1927
Arch. Naturgesch. 91/A (10): 74
Type species: Cypraea bowerbankii Sowerby "4, 1850 [OD]
in EF Dixon: Geol. Foss. Sussex: 189; plt. 8, figs. 1, 2
: Marginocyprava Ingram, 1947
Bull. Amey, Paleo., Ithaca, N. Y., 1947
ype species: Afarginocypraea paraguana Ingram, 1947 [OD]
= Sphacrocypraca wegenert Schilder, 1939
Abh. Schweiz. Palaont. Gesell. 72: 1

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Vol. 15; Supplement

The shells of this genus are cypraeid in form, with Trivia-
like bold transverse dorsal striation (lacking the central
dorsal longitudinal furrow of Trivia), and having well de-
veloped teeth throughout both the outer lip and the colu-
mellar base.

1. Pseudocypraea adamsonu (Sowerby 7°, 1832)
(Figure 1: holotype)

1832 Cypraea adamsonit Sowerby "4, Conch. Illust., Cypraea:
fig. 7

Description (holotype): “Cypraea adamsonii—Shell pear-
shaped, with numerous transverse ribs, decussated by less
distant and more distant longitudinal ribs; whitish,
mottled with pale brown; teeth numerous, close set and
sharp” (SOWERBY 7", 1832; fig. 7).

Description (hypotype): Shell small, sub-pyriformly ovate,
cypraeiform, strong; terminals barely produced; dorsum
broadly humped, incisedly transversely ridged with nu-
merous uneven, upraised lines, which are unevenly inter-
rupted by longitudinal growth lines, forming lateral
ridges, knobs, and depressions; margins thickened on right
side, semi-shouldered, and incisedly striate; aperture fairly
narrow, gently curving throughout; columella broad,
shallowly depressed, transversed by numerous fine ridges;
fossula somewhat deeper, with an inner wall adaxially, and
abaxial teeth without; base broadly, bulbously inflated,
and numerously incisedly ridged, with these ridges termi-
nating as teeth at columellar edge; outer lip broad,
strongly, deeply, sharply denticulate; color basically off-
white, with pronounced light brown blotches on lip-
margin, and with large irregular fields of light brown on
dorsum (C2597).?

Measurements, type: ‘‘Length, 0.4, breadth, 0.25.”
Measurements, [hypotype*:] L- 11.1; W-7.1; H- 5.9mm.
Type Locality: Capul Island, Philippines.

Distribution: Tahiti; New Caledonia; South-Central
Pacific to eastern Samar, Philippines; Mauritius; Shanzu
(Mombasa), East Africa; Eilath, Israel, Red Sea.

Type: BMNH, No. 1969139 [holotype].

‘ For an explanation of the presentation of the synonymy see
ScuiLper (1968: 270 - 272)

* The reference number preceded by a C denotes a catalogued
specimen in the author’s collection (ex.: C3616)

3 Hypotype, as used here, refers either to the animal or the shell
of an established species whose presence in the literature is pre-
cisely identified by being listed, measurements recorded, whose
shell is described, or whose likeness is figured

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures J to 5

Figure /
Pseudocypraea adamsonu (1) Jenneria pustulata (2)

Figure 2a <a
Jenneria pustulata (immature) (2) Galera hervieri (3)

Figure 4 Figure 4a Figure 5
Galera manifesta (4) Galera manifesta (4) Galera aenigma (5)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Discussion: This species is well placed in the Ovulidae,
rather than in the Triviidae [adamsonii and pustulata are
survivors of the Eocypraeini—F. A. Schilder, personal
communication]. The hypotype listed here is from New
Caledonia, and in addition to the measurements given
above, has 22 teeth on the outer lip and 22 on the
columella.

(Cyproglobinini Schilder, 1932)

Foss. Cat. 1: Animalia, part 55: Cypraeacea: 202
Type species Cyproglobina parvulorbis Gregorio, 1880
Fauna S. Giov. Ilarione 29, Palermo
Syn.: Jenneriini Thiele, 1929, Handb. syst. Weichtierk. 1/1: 267

Jenneria Jousseaume, 1884

Natural. 1884: 414, nom. nud.
Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 1884, 9: 98

Type species: Cypraea pustulata Lightfoot, 1786 [SD]

Cat. Port. Mus., London, 1786: 106 (2330)
= C. pustulata Solander, 1786
non C. pustulata Lamarck, 1810
Syn.: Pustularia Melvill, 1888 (nom. van.), [ICZN Art. 33a (ii)]

Mem. Manchester Lit. Soc. (4) 1: 245

Type species: Cypraea pustulata Lamarck, 1810

: Transovula Gregorio, 1880 (nom. nud.) ; Faun. S. Giov. Ilari-
one, Palermo, 1880: 27

Type species: Transovula scheffert Gregorio, 1880 [Cossmann,
1903: M and SD; fide ScuitpeEr, 1968]

Shells are cypraeiform, having well developed teeth on
both the outer lip and columellar base; they are boldly
distinct, and are continuous to the side margins; on the
dorsum there are large, bright red pustules each encircled
with a brown ring.

2 Jenneria pusiulata (Lightfoot, 1786)
(Figure 2: C3820)

1786 Cypraea pustulata Lightfoot, Cat. Portland Mus., Lon-
don: 106 (2230 [err. = 2330]

1941 Cypropterina (Jenneria) pustulata; Schilder, Arch. Mol-
luskenk. 73 (2/3): 106

Description, (neotype): Shell oval, somewhat flattened,
cypraeiform, with a narrow, almost central, barely curving
aperture; terminals are broad, blunt, and open at either
end; margins are slightly flanged; base and outer lip are
convex; apertural teeth traverse both base and outer lips
as sharply elevated white ridges; pale grey dorsum is
divided by a mantle line, and the overall dorsal surface is
thickly overlaid with bright orange pustules, which are

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Page 5

encircled each by a brown ring; there are two large brown
spots superimposed over the area inward from either
terminal; (C3820).

Measurements, type: L- 19.0; W- 12.5; H- 8.0mm.

Type Locality: (here designated): Puertecitos, E Baja
California del Norte, Mexico.

Distribution: West coast of Mexico, Guaymas; Ei Dorado
Bay, 32 miles N of Manzanillo to Venado Beach, Pacific
Panama. It has also been collected at Puerto Escondido,
Baja California east.

Type: LACM, No. LACM-1422 [neotype].

Discussion: I have been unable to locate the holotype of
this species; it now seems likely the type may have been
lost in the Portland Museum collection sales (1786).
(Dance, 1966: 107): ‘Portland collection was dispersed
widely and only a few of the Duchess’s (of Portland) shells
can now be traced.” Therefore the specimen described
and illustrated here is proposed as neotype to represent
the species (Art. 75, ICZN).

OvuLInaeE Fleming, 1828
StoticzKa, 1867, Paleo. Ind. (5) 2: 45

Ovulini Fleming, 1828
Scuitver, 1968, The Veliger 10 (3): 271

Galera Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Ovula hervieri Hedley, 1899

Shell elliptic, sub-circular, helmet-shaped; rear terminal
barely produced; frequently with a curving, flexuous keel
on the base; lip teeth do not reach the outer periphery of
outer lip edge. The new genus name is derived from the
Latin galerus, meaning bonnet, cap, hat, helmet.

3. Galera hervieri (Hedley, 1899)
(Figure 3: holotype)

1899 Ovula hervieri Hedley, Mem. Austral. Mus., Sydney,
3 (7): 448; fig. 34
1941 Prionovolva hervieri; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 106
1956 Primovula (Primovula) hervieri; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 120

Description, holotype: ‘Shell small, broadly ovate; color
pale yellow, with four spiral bands of rose, visible alike

Page 6

within the aperture, across the callus and on the dorsal
surface—these bands are in equal breadth to their inter-
stices. Sculpture: about thirty-five spiral lyrae, separated
by narrow, sharply incised grooves around the shell; the
outer lip is much thickened and reflected without, and
bears within about ten slight and widely parted denticles.
The callus on the inner lip is very heavy, its surface
shagreened, posteriorly it rises into an abrupt boss and
anteriorly is heaped in a longitudinal ridge” (HEDLEY,
1899: 448).

Measurements, type: “Length, 4, breadth, 3mm.”

Type Locality: Funafuti [Ellice Islands]; “Taken alive
from the deep water Gorgonidae raised from the western
slope [of the island] in eighty to forty fathoms.” (HEDLEY,

op. cit.)
Type: AM,No. €.5962 [holotype].

Discussion: Having not seen this shell, I shall repeat Hed-
ley’s further comment: “This very distinct little species,
the smallest of its genus known, appears to find its nearest
relation in Ovula caledonica, Crosse; from which it is
easily separated by smaller size, greater proportional
breadth, coarser sculpture and fewer labial denticles. It is
named in compliment to the Rev. J. Hervier, the author
of many clear descriptions and admirable drawings of
Pacific shells.”

Our present knowledge of the Ovulidae would suggest
that the Hedley species now most closely approaches the
new Japanese form, Galera aenigma (Cate, 1971). See that
species for a comparison.

4, Galera manifesta (Iredale, 1936)
(Figure 4: holotype)

1936 Diminovula manifesta Iredale, Rec. Austral. Mus. 19 (5):
313; plt. 24, fig. 10

1941 Prionovolva manifesta; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 107

Description, holotype: “Diminovula manifesta—Shell is
narrowly ovate, thin, surface shining, [glossy], outer lip
denticulate [21] all its length; inner lip quite smooth, a
nodule at the posterior (apex) end, and a rather prominent
columellar tooth [funiculum] in front of the short canal.
Coloration glassy white, with three rows of brown
blotches, the ends each being marked with brown, the
outer lip medially unmarked. There are about thirty
crenulations on the ‘outer lip, which is a little variced
[varicated], and the denticulations cross the pseudovarix”’
(IREDALE, 1936: 313).

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Vol. 15; Supplement

Measurements, type: L-9; W-5.5mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L-7.0; W-4.7; H- 3.9mm.
(MCZ 197902).

Type Locality: “New South Wales; on the Continental
Shelf.”

Distribution: off Port Stephens, in 30-40 fathoms of
water.

Type: AM,No. C.60687 [holotype]; paratype, MCZ, No.
197902 (Figure 4a).

Discussion: The type was dredged in 55-60 fathoms, ap-
proximately 10 miles east of Sydney. Iredale speaks of the
denticulations as being crenulations; in the paratype
(Figure 4a), the teeth appear to be fairly well developed.
It should be further noted that there are transverse incised
dorsal striae, wavering and widely spaced, emanating
from either terminal beak, the distance of coverage greater
adapically, with the central surface almost smooth. This
species appears to be much like Testudovolva nipponensis
(Pilsbry, 1913); however, a close examination reveals they
are generally quite distinct from one another.

3. Galera aenigma (Azuma & Cate, 1971)
(Figure 5: holotype)

1971 Prionovolva (Prionovolva) aenigma Azuma & Cate, The
Veliger 13 (3): 261; fig. 1

Description, holotype: “Shell small, roundly pyriform;
terminals produced, curved left, semi-pointed in back,
rounded, slightly recurved in front; dorsum smooth,
glossy, except that surface shows evidence of breaks, cracks,
and repairs; base ovate, smooth, glossy, tapering sharply,
thickly (ridge-like) to the front; a small triangular elevated
eruption of callus forming a funiculum on rear base;
columella smooth, very broad (extending from interior
adaxial carinal ridge out to a perceptible central ridge on
base), which deepens and converges to the front to form a
fossula (a circular injury is also visible on columella); aper-
ture crescent shaped, broad, becoming exceedingly bread
to the front; outer lip semi-circular, thick, though barely
shouldered above, with inward plane of lip flattened and
numerously dentate with 14 fairly well formed large teeth;
shell color basically a honey-ivory color, with four broad
bands of deep rose extending over dorsum from the outer
lip shoulder, across the base and columella, to the interior
adaxial carinal ridge” (Cater, 1971: 181).

Measurements, type: L- 5.0; W- 3.5; H- 2.8mm.

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 6 to 10

Figure 6 Figure 7
Galera choshiensis (6) Testudovolva nipponensis (7)

Figure 8 Figure 8a
Testudovolva orientis (8) Testudovolva orientis

Figure 9 Figure 10
Testudovolva nebula (9) Testudovolva intricata (10)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Type Locality: 1-2km, off Kirimezaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 30m of water; leg. M.
Azuma.

Type: MA, No. 14826A [holotype].

Discussion: This relatively new ovulid species derives its
name from its original confusion with Ovula [now Galera]
hervieri Hedley, 1899; (See AzuMa 1970, 28 (4): 179; text
fig. 1, spec. 2 from left). It can be seen that the Hedley
species (Figure 3) differs considerably from the Azuma
shell which was originally included as a second specimen of
G. hervieri. Galera aenigma (Cate, 1971), differs from the
G. hervieri by being more rounded and globular in shape;
by lacking the significant, incised dorsal striae over all—
by being smooth, glossy; by having a differently formed
funicular projection on the adapical base; by a greater
number of outer lip teeth, differently formed and consti-
tuted; and by a different arrangement of shell colors.
Future investigation of these animals, however, may sug-
gest relating them subspecifically to each other.

6. Galera choshiensis Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 6: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, broadly ovate, inflated,
humped; dorsum exceedingly finely transversely striate
with wavy lines, which does not impair the dorsal glossi-
ness; base convexly ovate, narrowing toward the front,
where an upraised callus, thickened ridge originates to
cross the base longitudinally in a curving manner, broad-
ening gradually to the front; outer lip thick, rounded,
shouldered above, with numerous (19) very highly de-
veloped teeth, seven of which protrude in the manner of
the genus; shell color an even mauve-yellow throughout,
with the outer lip, terminal ends, curving basal callus-
ridge, and funiculum, off-white.

Measurements, type: L- 9.2; W-6.4; H-5.2mm.

Type Locality: Choshi, Japan (35° 40’N; 140° A Saki):
known only from type locality.

Holotype: CAS, No. 13320.

Discussion: This new species has been likened to that of
Galera hervieri (Hedley, 1899), but it differs from that
species by being larger; by having a solidly colored dor-
sum; by lacking the dorsal striae; and by having more
numerous and a decidedly different type of labial teeth.
The type locality lies at the eastern end of the Chiba Pre-
fecture, on the southeast coast of Honshu, Japan, at the
northern end of the warm Kuroshio ocean current.

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Page 7

Testudovolva Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Testudovolva orientis Cate, spec. nov. therein]

The shells of this new genus appear to have an unusual
outline, roundly oblong, often of a flattened, compressed
nature; they may or may not be dorsally striate; and they
may be without dorsal coloring. The name is derived from
the Latin testudo, meaning turtle.

de Testudovolva nipponensis (Pilsbry, 1913)
(Figure 7, 7C: C3831)

1931 Ovula nipponensis Pilsbry, Nautilus 26: 114; plt. 7, fig. 9

1941 Prionovolva nipponensis; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 107

1956 Prionovolva brevis; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 125

Description, holotype: “Ovula nipponensis—The shell
is oval, angular at the ends, glossy, bright flesh-pink grad-
ually becoming paler towards the lip; very indistinctly 4-
banded with brown [in a series of specimens the banding
may consist of irregular spots], maculate with brown on
the back and behind the ends of the outer lip, which is
fleshy yellowish on the face. Sculpture of irregular growth
lines and weak, microscopic spiral striation, scarcely visible
except under compound microscope. At each end there
are about seven spiral grooves, which are widely separated
except close to the ends. The outer lip is very convex on
the face, somewhat thickened outside, incurved and armed
with about 28 unequal, but very strong teeth. The grooves
[interstices] between the teeth extend as far as the middle
of the face of the lip. The columella bears a strong white
fold [terminal ridge], terminating outwardly in a vertical
callus on the ventral side of the base of the shell. There is
scarcely any anterior notch [abapical canal opening]. Pos-
teriorly the callus of the peristome extends downward
from the apex and toward the aperture. Deep within the
aperture there is a longitudinal callus ridge on the parietal
wall of the aperture” (Pitspry, 1913: 114).

Measurements, type: “Length, 13.5, diam. 9mm.”
Measurements, hypotype: L-8.0; W-5.0; H-4.5mm
(Figure 7: C3831)

Type Locality: “Fakara, Awaji [E of Harima Sea, island
S of Honshu & NE of Shikoku I.], Japan.”

Type: CAS, No. 13684 [hypotype]. I have been unable to
locate the holotype of this species (it may be in a private
collection in Japan?); its whereabouts is unknown at
ANSP; Japanese workers appear not to know where it is.

Page 8

Discussion: This species has been put into the synonymy
of Prionovolva brevis (Sowerby ™, 1828) and Pseudosim-
nia caledonica (Crosse, 1872) by ScHiLper (1941: 107).
This may have been done by using the Pilsbry measure-
ments, which may possibly be erroneous for this species.
None of the shells I have examined approach those of
Pilsbry in size; the Schilder synonyms, on the other hand,
are large, do generally agree with those cited as Testu-
dovolva nipponensis in the literature. The C3831 hypo-
type agrees almost exactly with the Pilsbry description
and illustration.

8. Testudovolva orientis Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 8: holotype)

Description. holotype: Shell small, bulbously ovate; ter-
minals restrictedly produced; dorsum roundly inflated,
smooth, centrally with broadly spaced transverse, incised
striae emanating a short distance from either end; base
convexly ovate, converging in front with a short terminal
ridge, elevating adapically to form a long, low, thick funi-
cular projection, which forms the left side of the curving
rear canal; aperture fairly broad, curving, acutely so in
back; columella broad, smooth, concave, deepening in
front to form a large, deep fossula, an upraised longitudi-
nal ridge within providing a wall for both adaxially; outer
lip thick, broad, longitudinally elevated centrally, sloping
to either side, numerously, though somewhat weakly den-
tate (26) along inner edge of lip, smooth on outer lip sur-
face, which is very broad, shouldered above; shell color of
holotype off-white over all (dead shell); hypotype: porce-
lain white over all, with two small round red-brown spots
above each terminal beak, and three sets of two spots each
on dorsum.

Measurements, type: L- 7.0; W - 4.7; H- 3.0mm.
Measurements, hypotype: L- 9.0; W-6.4; H-5.3mm.
(Figure 8a: MA 14826)

Type Locality: USNM Smithsonian Sta. 5311; in 160
meters; on sand and shell bottom; off Pratas Island, China
Sea (21°00’N; 117°00’E).

Distribution: North to the Kii area, Japan.
Type: USNM, No. 285039, [holotype].

Discussion: Pratas Island is among a cluster of islets and
reefs in the China Sea, between Hong Kong and Luzon,
Philippines; Pratas is about 200 miles SE of Hong Kong,
and belongs to the Chinese Democratic Republic. The
new species derives its name from the Latin word of the

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Vol. 15; Supplement

same spelling, meaning east; a variation of the meaning
refers to the rising sun. This new species approaches
Testudovolva nipponensis (Pilsbry, 1913) in a general
way, but differs from it by being more roundly ovate; by
having a more flattened shell form, less humped; by having
a broader, more oblique outer lip, especially in front, with
weaker, less distant teeth thercon; there is less constriction
of the abapical base in these shells, and the color spotting 1s
distinct, not run together forming dorsal color banding.

S), Testudovolva nebula (Azuma & Cate, 1971)

(Figure 9: holotype)

1971 Prionovolva (Prionovolva) nebula Azuma & Cate, The
Veliger 13 (3) : 262; fig. 2

Description, holotype: ‘Shell small, evenly ovate,
humped, solid; terminals only barely produced, with rear
projection somewhat curving left and fairly sharply
pointed, beaked; dorsum dull, sub-glossy, with fine trans-
verse incised lines emanating limitedly from either termi-
nal, central dorsum is without striation; base ovate,
smooth, inflated, narrowing as a thick ridge to the front; a
large triangular elevated funiculum is on rear base; colu-
mella is broad, smooth, conspicuously concavely de-
pressed, broadening and deepening in front as a fossula;
aperture broad, evenly curving; outer lip thick, broad,
with a central longitudinal ridge, which causes adaxial
plane of lip to slope inward at a sharp angle; outer portion
of lip thickly rounded, shoulder above; teeth (22) are
evenly formed, well developed, the length of adaxial lip
plane; shell color dorsally light beige, with three longi-
tudinal, very irregular color stripes of reddish-brown;
funiculum, outer lip, and teeth are off-white.” (AZUMA &
CaTE, 1971a: 262).

Measurements, type: L - 6.6; W - 4.0; H - 3.5mm

Type Locality: 1-2 km, off Kirimezaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00'N; 134°48’E); in 20-30 fathoms; leg. Azu-
ma, 15 February 1970.

Type: MA, No. 14826B [holotype].

Discussion: The shell derives its name from the Latin
word meaning cloud. This species appears to most closely
resemble Testudovolva nipponensis (Pilsbry, 1913) but
clearly differs from that species by its more elongately
narrow shell; by its more narrowly projecting adapical
terminal beak; by a flatter plane on the outer lip, by the
more fully developed teeth on the outer lip; and by pos-
sessing a distinct dorsal color pattern.

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 10 a to 14a

Figure 10a Figure [1
Testudovolva intricata (10) Testudovolva quaestio (11)

Figure 12 Figure 13
Testudovolva adamsi (12) Testudovolva adamiana (13)

Figure 14 Figure 14a
Prionovolva brevis (14) Prionovolva brevis (14)

Vol. 15; Supplement

10. Testudovolva iniricata Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 10: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, evenly ovate, inflated;
terminals produced, sharply adapically, bluntly so in
front; dorsum glossy, smooth centrally, with transverse
incised striae emanating from either terminal area; base
mostly striate, inflatedly ovate, tapering sharply to the
front, to parallel the terminal ridge—fairly smooth, right
angular funicular projection becomes obscure on the base,
almost suggesting a curving callus line to the front ter-
minal ridge; columella broad, shallow, depressed, deepen-
ing to a well formed fossula, both columella and fossula
longitudinally defined by an adaxial carinal ridge; aper-
ture of average width for the genus, curving; outer lip
broad, more so in front, somewhat flattened ventrally,
numerously, weakly dentate; color off-white overall, with
numerous (13) large, irregular, semi-obscure, pale, light
brown, cloudy color areas; unusual color blotches at either
side of the terminal collars, and three additional blotches
along shell margin, a condition not usually seen in the
punctata species complex.

Measurements, type: L- 6.5; W-=3.4; H- 3.1mm.

Type Locality: USNM, Smithsonian Expedition, Sta.
5164; at 33m, in green mud; off SE Tawi-Tawi Island,
Sulu Sea. (5°12’N; 120°00’E).

Type: USNM, No. 283713, [holotype]. (Figure 10a:
BMNH 1891.7.28.2a.)

Discussion: ‘These shells look somewhat like those of
Testudovolva nebula (Cate, 1971), but differ by having a
straighter aperture, more numerous, finer, and less dis-
tinct teeth on the outer lip, and the shell color pattern-
markings are fewer and more obscure. In the type lot at
BMNH of Prionovolva pulchella (H. Adams, 1873), one
of two shells is different, without name, without locality,
and without reference in the literature, the other shell
apparently adequately satisfies the description and illustra-
tive aspects of Adams’ species. The second shell, (No.
1891.7.28.2a), without an indication, appears to resemble
most closely the new species, Testudovolva intricata, with
which I associate and illustrate it. (Figure 10a.)

The name is from the Latin intricatus, meaning per-
plexing.

11. Testudovolva quaestio Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure //: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, roundly ovate, sub-
pyriform; terminals only barely produced, though promi-

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Page 9

nent, narrowly beaked, sub-spatulate in back; dorsum
glossy, numerously, transversely, incisedly striate through-
out; base striate, convex, ovate, tapering sharply to the
front to converge with terminal ridge—a low, two-
humped, funicular ridge projection terminates at rear
canal; columella smooth, broad, depressed, deepening
slightly to the front to form a broad shallow fossula, which
exhibits a longitudinal mid-ridge; aperture fairly wide,
curving; outer lip broad, somewhat flattened, gently an-
gled inward, with numerous (17), lengthened, fairly well
developed teeth; shell color greyish off-white over all, sub-
translucent.

Measurements, type: L- 5.2; W-3.1; H- 2.5mm.

Type Locality: USNM, Smithsonian Expedition, Sta.
5192; from 58.5m, living on green sand; off SE Bantayan
Island, Philippines (11°14’N; 123°44’E).

Type: USNM, No. 280946, [holotype].

Discussion: The derivation of the name for this new
species is from the Latin word for problem, uncertainty;
for eventually this species may prove to be conspecific with
Testudovolva intricata Cate, spec. nov.; however, under
microscopic examination I am tempted to separate the two
shell forms. Aside from reasonable geographical separa-
tion (southern Sulu Sea to the central Philippines), this
species differs from T. intricata by having a smaller shell;
a narrower body whorl; differently formed abapical ter-
minal process that involves the combination of the front
base, terminal ridge, and the constriction of the outer lip
abapically; a narrower base; a broader, flatter, less curving
columella; lacking a dorsal color pattern; the outer lip
teeth are larger, less numerous.

12. Testudovolva adamsiu (Reeve, 1865) =
(Figure 12: lectotype)

1865 Ovulum adamsii Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: plt. 5,
fig. 24

1881 Ovula adamsi; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 184; plt. 47, figs. 13, 16

1932 Primovula (Diminovula) concinna Schilder, Proc. Malac.
Soc. London 20 (1): 51

Description, holotype: “Ovulum adamsii—Ov. testa
ovata, inflata, alba, dorso medio elevatiusculo, transversim
inciso-striato, extremitatibus subobtusis, labro modicé in-
crassato, apertura curvata latiuscula, columella vix pli-
cata.” ““Adam’s Ovulum. Shell ovate, inflated, white, back
rather elevated in the middle, transversely incisely striated,
extremities rather obtuse, lip moderately thickened, aper-

Page 10

ture curved, rather broad, columella scarcely plicated”
(Reeve, 1865; plt. 5, fig. 24).

Measurements, type: L - 9.0; W - 5.0mm.
Type Locality: “Hab. New Caledonia; Cuming.”
Type: BMNH, No. 1961142 lectotype herein.

Discussion: Reeve comments: “‘A delicate rather inflated
bubble-shaped shell, elaborately sculptured with engraved
striae.”’ He does not record the shell’s measurements; how-
ever, a millimeter scale accompanying the type photograph
indicates the approximate dimensions given above. In the
literature this species has been relegated to the synonymy
of other ovulid species, notably Adamantia concinna (A.
Adams & Reeve, 1848); this seems to have been a mistake,
as a study of the types indicates.

13. Testudovolva adamiana Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 13: holotype)

1931 Primovula dautzenbergi Schilder [pars], Bull. Soc. France
47; 366; fig. 2

Description, holotype: Shell roundly ovate, thinly
formed; terminals gently produced; dorsum bulbously
rounded, with numerous distinct, incised, transverse striae
covering entire surface; base convexly inflated, with a
continuation of the dorsal striae over all; there is a com-
pound, weak funicular elevation at rear extremity of base;
aperture evenly broad, gently curving; front terminal
ridge short, curving; outer lip broadly rounded, with very
short, evenly formed teeth; color, pale yellow.

Measurements, type: L- 3.2; W- 2.1; H- 1.3mm.
Type Locality: “Mer de Chine, coll. L. Morlet.”’
Type: IRSN, presently without number [holotype].

Discussion: This unique specimen was discovered by Pro-
fessor Dr. W. Adam, in charge of the Section of Recent
Invertebrates, IRSN, as one of four shells in the type lot of
Primovula dautzenbergi Schilder, 1931. It has now been
removed from that shell lot to become the holotype of the
new species; its catalogue number is undecided, pending
rearrangement of that institution’s type collection.

It seems probable that Dr. Schilder recognized an un-
usual significance in this shell, because he qualified it,
using the word ‘jeune’ [cf. Festudovolva dautzenbergi],
and went on to say in a footnote, ‘Extremities less rostrate,
labial folds shorter and less serrate, the two posterior colu-
mellar plaits less strong, but well marked; internal fossula
straighter and less deep.” These qualifications are impor-
tant, as they explain many of the differences between

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Testudovolva adamiana and T. dautzenbergi. Both species
will undoubtedly require more field work to further satis-
factorily proclaim them as fully unrelated ovulid forms.

This new species seems also to somewhat closely ap-
proach Testudovolva quaestio Cate, spec. nov.; eventu-
ally a longer series of these animals and their shells may es-
tablish the extent of their specific separation, but at the
present time T. adamiana appears to differ in many subtle
ways: mainly by being more of an inflated shell form; by
being more pyriform, with a longer, narrower, reflexed
abapical terminal beak; by having the more distinctly de-
veloped dorsal striae, and by having a much weaker,
shorter, curving front terminal ridge.

Prionovolva Iredale, 1930

Mem. Queensld. Mus. 10 (2): 85
Type species: Ovulum breve Sowerby 't, 1828 [OD]

Shells are roundly ovate, helmet shaped, with the outer
teeth uniquely cutting through the outer lip-edge in a
comb-like manner, visible from the lateral aspect of the
right lip (Fig. 16a).

14. Prionovolva brevis (Sowerby ‘*, 1828)
(Figure /4: holotype)

1828 Ovulum breve Sowerby '*, Zool. Journ. 4: 152

1843 Ovula brevis; Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv. 2: 12; plt. 3, fig. 3
1861 Ovula bullata Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. 7: 385

1935 Prionovolva brevis; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2) : 385
1956 Phenacovolva brevis; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 125

Description, holotype: “Ovulum breve—Shell nearly
oval, rather short, [comparatively broad for its length,
dorsum glossy, although faintly transversely incisedly
striate limitedly away from either terminal end, with
central surface smooth—there are numerous fine longi-
tudinal growth lines apparent—base is ovate, smooth and
glossy], obtuse at both ends, white [also pale greyish-white
to beige-white—lip margins, terminal end, funiculum,
and terminal ridge off-white]; inner margin of outer lip
toothed; columellar lip forming a strong pliciform teoth
[funiculum] at the upper end, thickened on the outer
edge, depressed near the base, and forming a tooth-like
fold [terminal ridge] at the lower [abapical] end, both
canals very short. [Aperture very wide; columella per-
ceptibly flattened, with a low longitudinal ridge within,
which lengthens to the front forming a broad, shallow fos-
sular area; front terminal ridge is adaxially oblique, form-
ing a right angle with the columellar base.| The outer lip
of the only specimen I have seen is rather sharp, and a few

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 15 to 17

Figure 15 Figure 15a
Ovulum fruticum (15) Prionovolva pudica pudica (15)

Figure 15 b Figure 16
Prionovolva pudica (variant) (15) Prionovolva pudica wilsoniana (16)

Figure 16a Figure 17
Prionovolva pudica wilsoniana (16) Prionovolva pulchella (17)

Vol. 15; Supplement

teeth extend from the inner to the outer [lip] edge near
the center of the lip [see Fig. 14a] (SowERBy *', 1828:
152).

Measurements, type: L - 13.5; W - 8.6mm. [approximate].

Measurements, hypotype: L- 10.5; W-7.2; H- 6.6mm.
(Figure 14a: C3697)

Type Locality: “I am not acquainted with its locality”
(SoweERBy **'). Here designated as Keppel Bay, Queens-
land, Australia (23°29’S; 151°14’E), (at or below low tide
line, living on soft coral; C. Coucom, Yeppoon, Queens-
land).

Type: BMNH, No. 1969.131 [holotype]; CNC, C3697
[hypotype].

Discussion: Although this species is distinct, one must use
caution in separating it from the white form which still
retains the distinguishing pale color blotch at the adjoin-
ing base of either terminal beak as in Prionovolva frutica
frutica (Reeve, 1865), this latter species usually having a
much larger, more elongately oval shell, with a narrower
outer lip edge, and a comparatively thinner shell for its
size (see listing of P. frutiea-fruttca for its identifying shell
characters). nana

15. Prionovolva pudica pudica (A. Adams, 1854)
(Figure /5a: lectotype)

1854 Amphiperas (Ovula) pudica A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London: 131 (Figure 15: holotype)

1865 Ovulum fruticum Reeve, Conch. Icon. Ovulum: plt. 4,
figs 16a-b (Figure 15: holotype)

1865 Ovulum pudicum; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Ovulum: plt.
2, figs. 6a-b

1881 Ovula fruticum; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 181; plt. 47, figs. 1, 4

1881 Ovula pudica; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 172

1941 Prionovolva fruticum; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 107

1958 Prionovolva nubeculata fruticum; Kuroda, Venus 20
(2): 168

Description, holotype: “Amphiperas (Ovula) pudica—A.
testa ovata, ventricosa, carnea, albo-varicosa, laevi, canali-
bus brevibus, vix emarginatis; apertura angusta, alba;
labio postice tuberculo elevato, subacuto instructo, antice
producto, angulato, ad canalem uniplicato, labro intus
crenulato, margine serrato.”’ Shell ovate, pinkish-white,
back smooth, extremities rounded, scarcely emarginated,
lip thickly varicose, columella callously ridged above and
below, one plaited” (A. Apams, 1854: 131).

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Page 11

Measurements, lectotype: L - 9.5; W - 6.5mm. [approx.].

Measurements, hypotype: L- 18.4; W- 11.0; H- 9.1mm
(ANSP 275439)

Type Locality: New Caledonia; here restricted to reef off
Noumea, New Caledonia.

Type: BMNH, No. 1961147 [syntype; lectotype herein].

Discussion: The distributional range of this species is
somewhat obscure, as many localities that have been re-
corded in the literature for it are known to actually belong
to-Prienovotva caledonica (Crosse, 1872), with which this
species may have been confused in the past. An ovulid |
specimen in the collection ANSP (No. 39423), [see Figure
15b], is very much like P. pudica pudica (A. Adams, 1854);
interestingly enough it shares the same New Caledonia
locality with the Adams species. This unusual specimen
differs by being all white (rather than the typical various
shades of pink to almost lavender); it lacks the dorsal stria-
tion and the dorsal transverse angular ridges; and it is de-
cidedly without the prominent color blotches so charac-
teristic of P. pudica pudica, seen at the rear of both front
and back terminal beaks. The dimensions of this shell
are L- 16.7; W- 10.3; H- 7.0mm.

16. Prionovolva pudica wilsoniana Cate, subspec. nov.

(Figure 16: holotype)

1970 Primovula fruticum (Reeve, 1865), Azuma, Venus 28
(4): 179; fig. 3

Description, holotype: Shell small for the species; evenly
ovate, somewhat thinly formed, lightweight; dorsum
glossy, with numerous longitudinal growth lines, and the
very faintest indication of spiral striae at the adapical
terminal beak; terminals bluntly, barely produced,
though clearly defined; base ovate, narrowing gradually
to the front, with a white, curving carinal ridge connecting
funiculum and front terminal ridge; funiculum forms
left side of rear canal wall, and has a series of fairly well
developed nodular projections on its summit; front ter-
minal ridge is short, curving downward, inward; aperture
very wide, becoming more so in front; outer lip barely
thickened, flatly broad, almost perpendicular to base,
weakly shouldered above; outer lip teeth numerous cen-
trally, except that at either end of lip, to a greater extent
abapically, teeth are absent or occasionally vaguely cre-
nate; central lip teeth project sharply to outer lip edge
(there are approximately four: Figure /6a), a character of
the genus; color: rosy-pink, with broad color banding (3)
a deep rose; right margin lip callus pink; lip, teeth, termi-

Page 12

nal ridge, basal carina, funiculum are white, and the
characteristic deep pink color blotches are at the base of
either terminal collar.

Measurements, type: L- 16.2; W - 9.8; H- 8.1mm.

Type Locality: Kaohsiung, SW Taiwan (22°44’N; 120°
21’E); trawled from deep water.

Distribution: Ogokuda Beach, in Shionomisaki, S Kii,
Japan (Shikama); Ryukyu Islands; Taiwan; ‘Turtle Island
(SW Sulu Sea off N Borneo), in 36-55 meters, ex V. Dan.

Type: ANSP, No. 275439 [holotype].

Discussion: This new subspecies appears to be geograph-
ically remote; otherwise it differs from the typical species
and other related forms by having generally a smaller shell
of thinner construction; by lacking the transverse dorsal
angular ridges; by having a broader, more open aperture,
well developed, more pronounced funiculum, sub-ser-
rated nodules, a thinner basal callus, and a more distinctly
defined, arching carinal ridge over the base; the teeth are
sharper, more distinct, and in bolder relief. I am naming
this new subspecies in honor of Barbara Wilson (Mrs. D.
L. Wilson), who has provided me with extensive amounts
of ovulid material from Taiwan for this study, including
the holotype of this subspecies.

17. Prionovolva pulchella (H. Adams, 1873)
(Figure /7: holotype)

1873 Amphiperas pulchellus H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don: 206; plt. 23, fig. 5

1885 Ovula var. pulchella; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 249; plt.
3, fig. 73

4887 Ovula pulchella; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 325

1941 Prionovolva pulchella; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Prionovolva) pulchella; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 125

Description, holotype: ““Amphiperas pulchellus, sp. nov.
A. testa ovato-globosa, solidula, longitudinaliter leviter
striatula, dorso liris capillaceis distantibus transversis et
ad extremitates striis profundis transversis sculpta, pallide
carnea, rubro variegata; apertura lineari; labio antice ex-
cavato et plica dentiformi munito; labro varicoso, sulcato,
canali anteriore angusta et canali posteriore obliqua, callo
circumdata, instructo” (H. Apams, 1873: 206)

Measurements, type: ‘“‘Long. 10, diam. 6 mill.”
Type Locality: “Hab. Mauritius (coll. Barclay).”
Type: BMNH, No. 1891.7.28.2 [holotype].

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, globosely
inflated, sub-glossy; terminals are barely produced, with
right margin flaring at a barely perceptible angle from the
shell side; dorsum transversely spirally incisedly striate at
either end, and lined with distinct, slightly upraised angu-
lar ridges over remainder of dorsum; base ovate, smooth,
layered with callus, and having a curving indication of
ridge from funiculum to front terminal ridge (cf. Priono-
volva frutica wilsoniana Cate, subspec. nov.); aperture
broad, curving, with a large, thickened funicular projec-
tion forming the rear apertural wall; columella broad,
longitudinally depressed, smooth; outer lip broad, angled
in, with numerous (25) well developed teeth; flesh-colored,
variegated withred, the margins and outer lip light beige.

Discussion: It should be noted that the type lot of this
species contained two ovulid specimens; one seems to
represent this species adequately; the second does not. Be-
longing to another species and genus, it had already been
described elsewhere as a new species, Testudovolva intri-
cata Cate (herein; see species 10).

18. Prionovolva bulla (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)
(Figure 18: holotype)

1848 Ovulum bulla A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang Moll.
Ovulum: 21; plt. 6, fig. 5

1859 Ovula bulla; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 272

1941 Prionovolva bulla; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
107

1956 Primovula (Prionovolva) bulla; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 125

Description, holotype: “Ovulum bulla. Ovul. testa ventri-
cosa, subcylindracea, laevi, antice sub-acuminata; canali-
bus integris; labio externo in medio sub-rotundo, intus
crenulato; labio interno posticé tumorem parvum ferente,
ad canalem angustato, uniplicato, intus paululum exca-
vato” (A. ApaMs & REEveE, 1848: 21). [Shell pyriformly-
ovate, bulbously inflated; terminals barely produced,
though in a narrowed, short beak adapically; dorsum
smooth, sub-glossy; base roundly inflated, tapering
abruptly to the front, with a restricted plate on adaper-
tural base; terminal ridge short, well defined, oblique;
funiculum long, low, only barely elevated; aperture wide,
curving; columella broad, shallowly depressed, longitu-
dinally ridged adaxially, deepening slightly as a fossula in
front; outer lip broadly thickened, rounded, shouldered
above, with lip teeth exceedingly well developed (25)
entire length of lip; shell color pale tawny brown through-
out, except that base callus, internal ridge, lip and termi-
nal tips are contrastingly light beige. ]

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 18 to 2]

Figure 18 Figure 18a
Prionovolva bulla (18) Prionovolva bulla (18)

|
|
|
|

Figure 19 Figure 20
Dentiovula dorsuosa (19) Dentiovula mariae (20)

Figure 20a Figure 2/
Dentiovula mariae (20) Dentiovula colobica (21)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Measurements, type: L - 8.0; W - 5+mm. [approximate].

Measurements, hypotype: L- 9.0; W-6.0; H-4.7mm.
(Figure 78a: ANSP 321581).

Type Locality: ‘‘Hab. China Seas.” Hypotype, “ex. Shira-
saki’ on ANSP label; I have been unable to find any such
locality ; Shirasaki could be the name of the collector.

Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.238 [holotype].

Dentiovula Habe, 1961

Col. Illustr. Shells Japan 1961: 41
Type species: Ovulum dorsuosum Hinds, 1844 [OD]

Shells of medium size, either sub-ovate or diamond shape
(rhomboid), with labial teeth, more often than not con-
spicuously protruding, extending beyond the periphery
of adapical terminal edge and outer lip.

19. Dentiovula dorsuosa (Hinds, 1844)
(Figure 19: holotype)

1844 Ovulum dorsuosum Hinds, Zool. Voy. Sulphur 2, Moll.:
47; plt. 16, figs. 3, 4

1881 Ovula dorsuosa; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Gonch.
Cab.: 187; plt. 48, figs. 6, 7

1885 Ovula dorsuosa = striatula; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7:
250; plt. 3, figs. 77, 78

1941 Primovula (Primovula) dorsuosa; Schilder, Arch. Mol-
luskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1958 Primovula dorsuosa; Kuroda, Venus 20 (2): 169

Description, holotype. “Ovulum dorsuwosum—Testa elon-
gata-ovata [pyriform, sub-rhomboid, enlarged and inflated
centrally], laevissime striata [finely striate throughout],
utrinque subacuminata; [terminals produced (almost per-
pendicularly on left side adapically), beaked at the rear,
squarely so in front]; dorso supra mediam rotundato, in-
ferne attenuato; [base, with a thin coat of callus, is ovate,
narrowing toward the front, where it becomes a sharply
calloused, upraised edge as a broad funiculum, which
forms the left wall of a tortuous canal of a projecting beak;
aperture of medium width, somewhat wider abapically];
labro antice planulato, sulcato [outer lip thickened,
broadly flat on ventral surface, narrowly broad on the side,
acutely angled above; teeth numerous, well formed, ir-
regularly positioned, with long, curving projections (saw-
toothed) within and without the aperture]; columella
inferne subexcavata, intus plica longitudinali munita.
[Color basically milk-white, dorsum with cloudy pale rosy-
pink formations on it, except for an obvious colorless band
traversing the summit; a pale yellow line is at the angles
of the marginal shoulders and extending over the terminal

THE VELIGER

Page 13

collars; terminal canals pale rosy-pink; lip, basal anterior
ridge, thin base callus, funiculum, and upper terminal
surface are milk-white]’’ (Hinps, 1844: 47).

Measurements, type: L - 11.0; W - 6+mm. [approximate]

Measurements, hypotype: L- 15.0; W- 8.6; H-7.1mm.
(GIY 3791)

Type Locality: ‘“Inhab. Straits of Malacca: in nine fath-
oms, among mud.”

Distribution; Banka, East Sumatra; Singapore, Malaysia;
Philippines; off the Kii Peninsula, Japan. Type locality
here designated: off Ogokunda Beach, in Shioncmisaki,
S Kii, Japan (Shikama, GIY). (34°00’N; 134°48’ E)
Type: BMNH, No. unassigned,
herein.

[syntype]: lectotype

Discussion: The syntype is apparently the specimen
Reeve figured (Conch. Icon., plt. 6, figs. 27a-b). Hinds
gave no measurements for his holotype, a shell that seems
not to have been so designated.

20. Dentiovula mariae (Schilder, 1941)
(Figure 20: holotype)

1941 Primovula mariae Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
107; plt. 9, fig. 37

Description, holotype: ““Primovula mariae nov.—Zwei
Sch. von ‘Providence, Cargados, 50fth.’ (leg. Stanley
Gardiner, col. Tomlin): 7.(49)19: + (Typus) und 7.5(49)
18: +, birnfomig, mit schwachem Querkiel, dicht gest-
reift, 2. AZ. grob, lang, am AR. als Sagzahne wieder er-
scheinend (beim Paratypus in ganzer Lange der AL!); ‘TZ.-
Spuren quer, Funiculum schwach gesagt, 2. HK. tiefer als
der 1. HK., Co.-Furche bis hinten deutlich; hellrosa, R,
mit Orange-farbiger Linie umsdumt und mit 2 ebensol-
chen Querlinien wie bei Diminovula cristallina (S. 32A),
Querkiel, E, und Funiculum weisslich; Z. und Farbe tren-
nen diese schone Art von allen ihren Verwandten’”’
(ScHILDER, 1941: 118) [the capital letters refer to descrip-
tive detail; see ScHILDER 1941: 114].

Description, hypotype: Shell small, rhomboid, with a
transverse acutely elevated angular ridge sub-centrally
over dorsum; terminals squarely produced, with protrud-
ing digital teeth (approx. 4) thereon, teeth more pro-
nounced adapically; margin on right side slightly flanged; »
dorsum dull, transversely striate over all; base inflated,
partially striate, partially thinly calloused, narrowly rhom-
boid, with thickened, pinched ridge longitudinally to the
front; base faintly constricted abapically; a slightly
knobbed funiculum projects rather starkly on rear base;

Page 14

columella base and columella thinly calloused, the latter
narrowly depressed, gently deepening to the front as a
fossula, a longitudinal carinal wall within defining both;
aperture narrow; outer lip broad, flat, slanting inward; lip
teeth mostly weakly formed throughout, the stronger
lengthening beyond the inner and outer lip edge; shell
color pale orange-beige dorsally, with base, outer lip,
teeth, and shell interior off-white; terminal canals are deep
rose.

Measurements, type: ‘Length, 7.5; width, 49” [average
relative breadth as a percentage of the length].

Measurements, hypotype: L-8.3; W-4.1; H-3.4mm
(Figure 20a: C3886).

Type Locality: Cargados, Providence Island, NNE of
Madagascar, a dependency of the Seychelles.

Distribution: USNM, Smithsonian Exped. Sta. 5192, in
58 meters, on green sand (USNM 280956); deep water,
off Kii Peninsula, Japan (CNC C3886).

Type: FAS, No. 5252 [holotype].

Discussion: A noticeable shell character in this species is
the dull, roughened shell surface, due to striation. There
is some similarity to Dentiovula dorsuosa (Hinds, 1844);
however, this latter species is broader at the side angles,
and the striation is much finer; the shell outline is more
rounded at the sides as well. The measurements of the
USNM specimen are: L- 8.0; W- 4.0; H - 3.4mm.

21. Dentiovula colobica (Azuma & Cate, 1971)

(Figure 2/: holotype)

1971 Primovula colobica Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13 (3):
263; fig. 6

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, sub-bulbously
rhomboid, angularly elevated sub-centrally, with numer-
ous transverse incised striae (these are disturbed cen-
trally on the type due to a shell wound); terminals acutely
produced, blunt in front, squarely beaked in back, with
three protruding tooth processes; base inflated, ovate,
faintly striate, tapering sharply to the front; funiculum
on rear base is thickened, triangular, an undulating erup-
tion of nacreous callus; columella is wide, only slightly
depressed, faintly striate, then deepening, with the aid of
an interior wall, to form a significant fossula; aperture
fairly narrow (distorted in this specimen), curving gently;
outer lip is narrowly thickened, with numerous large,
weak teeth most of its length; shell color is light beige
(ivory) over all, except that dorsum and base are variably
three-banded with bright orange; terminal canals are deep
orange.

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Measurements, type: L- 10.6; W-5.0; H- 4.3mm.

Type Locality: Off Kirimezaki, Kii Peninsula, Japan
(34°00’N; 134°48’E); in from 55-91 m; leg. Azuma, 1970.

Type: MA, No. 14848 [holotype].

Discussion: This species carries some resemblance to Den-
tiovula mariae (Schilder, 1941), and may, upon discovery
of additional series of shells, be considered subspecific to
it. However, despite the mutilation of the type specimen of
D. colobica it seems to differ from the Schilder species in
the following respects: it has a more pyriform outline of
the shell; the outer lip teeth are not so lengthened; it has
a more rigid, elevated and narrowed abapical base; it has a
broader, more flattened fossular inner wall flange; and a
much more colorful shell.

22. Dentiovula tadashigei Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 22: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, rhomboid, sub-glossy
dorsally, acutely humped and angled transversely; ter-
minals narrowly produced, squarely so adapically, arch-
like, rounded in front; dorsum tapers rather steeply to
either end, is densely transversely striate over all; right
lateral side margin broad, thick, extending over both ter-
minal tips; base rhomboid, convexly rounded, smooth,
glossy, narrowing thickly as a longitudinal ridge abapi-
cally, parallel to a weak terminal ridge; a triangular, up-
raised funicular projection is transversely denticulate (6);
columella fairly narrow, striate, deeply depressed, becom-
ing broader and deepening as a fossula in front, both
columella and fossula longitudinally walled within; aper-
ture narrow, curving acutely to the rear; outer lip fairly
broad, edge rounded, weakly shouldered above; lip teeth
numerous (38), rather fine, but distinctly formed, though
less prominently so centrally, front % barely reaching
center of lip, rear teeth (approx. 10) extending to periph-
eral edge of lip, some protruding slightly beyond; shell
color milk-white over dorsum, outer lip, base, funiculum
a contrastingly lighter shade of white; both terminals and
adapical canals are orange.

Measurements, holotype: L- 10.5; W-5.5; H-4.8mm.
Type Locality: Sagami Bay, Japan (35°17’N; 139°41’E);
ex His Majesty, Emperor of Japan, Hirohito coll.

Type: NSMT, No. 10. [holotype].

Discussion: This new species appears similar to Denti-
ovula dorsuosa (Hinds, 1844), but differs from it by lack-
ing the projecting teeth on the terminal edges; by having
a more complex funicular form and dentition; by more

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 22 to 26

Figure 23
Dentiovula masaoi (23)

Figure 23 a Figure 24
Dentiovula masaoi (23) Dentiovula takeoi (24)

Figure 26
Dentiovula saturnalia (25) Dentiovula eizoi (26)

Vol. 15; Supplement

numerous, more finely formed outer lip teeth; and by a
much broader shell. This new ovulid species is named to
honor Dr. Tadashige Habe, NSMT, for his outstanding
contributions to malacology.

23.

Dentiovula masaoi Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 23a: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, sub-rhomboid, broad-
est sub-centrally, where an angled shoulder transverses
dorsum; dorsum slopes abruptly adapically, gradually
toward front terminal; dorsum heavily, incisedly, trans-
versely striate over all; terminals are produced and square
at ends, coarsely protruding posteriorly, arched and with
or without slightly protruding teeth in front; terminal
canals short, open at either end; base almost triangular,
transversely angled at rear, heavy nacreous callus on base
obscures continuation of dorsal striae; columella broad,
distinct, flatly depressed, with an elevated longitudinal
carinal wall within; funiculum large, thickly formed,
knobbed; aperture almost straight, faintly constricted ab-
apically; terminal ridge on front base nearly absent; outer
lip fairly broad, angled inward, more obscurely centrally;
a few large teeth at front end of outer lip; shell color
basically milk-white to lavender-red over all, with a very
faint yellow blush; pale yellow deepens to bright yellow at
edge of side margin, often encircling shell at shoulder of
margin; at the terminal callus suture, under magnification
three exceedingly pale yellow bands can be observed
traversing dorsum; adapical terminal canal deep rose, ab-
apical channel paler rose, and adaxial carinal ridge white;
a broad band of beige crosses dorsum on crest of shoulder.

Measurements, holotype: L- 12.0; W- 6.0; H-5.1mm.
Measurements, paratype: L-8.3; W-4.1; H- 3.4mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 40-50 m of water.

Type: MA, No. 15605 [holotype]; paratype: MA, 14974
[Figure 23].

Distribution: Off Bantayan Island, Philippines (USNM
sta. 5192: No. 280956).

NUR : stains
Discussion: This new species is named to honor Masao
Azuma, who has contributed much to our knowledge of
new Japanese ovulid fauna.

aol g® B iy
yf a! 9” ( Cm,
eh ra \ok gt
aa 0 15 yytt
int Whine
\§ \ 54
a ; no ar
ASIN ST
ir (* at
AN ie.
Ur \co*

THE VEEGER Vas

(77

Page 15

24, Dentiovula takeoi Cate «x Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figures 24, 24C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrowly rhomboid,
acutely angled at sides and on dorsum; terminals squarely
projected, somewhat flattened in front, with curiously
spread, short, broad digitation on rear terminal edge;
dorsum slopes concavely away from sub-central angular
ridge; dorsum coarsely, numerously, transversely incisedly
striate over all; base elongately diamond-shaped, striate,
converging narrowly to the front with a multi-knobbed
funicular ridge on rear base; terminal canals open straight
out; columella slightly flattened, striate, broadening deep-
ly abapically as a fossula; columella and fossula outlined
within by an upraised carinal wall; aperture narrow,
wavy; outer lip obliquely reflexed inward, narrowly flat,
with numerous prominent teeth on rear third; front of lip
smooth, except for some crenulations along periphery;
shell color bright blood-red, with crest of dorsal angle yel-
low; three yellow bands cross ventral surface of outer lip;
faint yellow spots near dorsal terminal margin suture; in-
ternal carinal wall off-white.

Measurements, holotype: L- 6.9; W - 2.9; H- 2.5mm.

Type Locality: 2 - 3km, off Kirimezaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 55 - 73m; leg. S. Habu, 10
April 1971.

Type: MA, No. 15640 [holotype].

Discussion: These shells have some of the appearance of
Crenavolva striatula (Sowerby **‘, 1828) in general out-
line, but can be easily distinguished from that species by
the extraordinary formation of the rear terminal process,
by the brilliantly red shell, which is decorated with yellow
in an unusual manner, and by a usually smaller shell form.
This new ovulid species is named in honor of Dr. Takeo
Susuki, Los Angeles, whose contributions to paleontology
are well known.

25.

Dentiovula saturnalia Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 25: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, rhomboid,

) broad and angular sub-centrally; thin, translucent, almost

transparent in places; terminals squarely produced, slight-
ly recurved, especially abapically, with projecting digital
teeth on edges of both terminal openings; dorsum inflat-
edly humped, transversely angled; numerously, deeply
transversely incisedly striate over all; base inflatedly rhom-

Page 16

boid, roundly angled sub-centrally, with a continuation of
dorsal striae over base thinly covered with transparent
nacre; base pinched in front, thickened, sharply upraised,
with a low, thick, heavily formed funicular projection on
rear base; columella broad, faintly depressed, broadening,
widening in front to form fossular area; a low, massive up-
raised carinal wall outlines both within; aperture narrow,
acutely curving; outer lip broad, slanting inward, with
front of lip surface smooth, except for 3 lengthened teeth
at front canal opening; glossy, the rear third with 5 or 6
loosely placed, large, heavily formed teeth, which continue
up and around peripheral edge of adapical terminal; shell
color a festive combination of gold-beige, orange-red, and
light beige; a spot just to the rear of adapical terminal end
is light beige, as are the terminal peripheral teeth; front
base ridge, adaxial carinal wall, and the outer lip teeth are
a slightly lighter beige.

Measurements, holotype: L- 11.3; W - 5.9; H- 5.1mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km, off Kirimezaki, Kui Peninsula,
Japan; in 40 - 50m; (34°00’N; 134°48’E) leg., M. Azuma,
30 March 1970.

Type: MA, No. 14974A [holotype].

Discussion: This new ovulid may be only an exaggerated
variation of Dentiovula masaoi Cate, but there are several
noteworthy visible differences; this species has a smaller,
more delicate form; it has more recurved terminals; the
shell is roundly inflated, rather than rigidly straight-lined;
the aperture is broader and curved, rather than rigidly
straight; many small differences are visible in the shells
themselves; and their combinations of shell color are en-
tirely different from one another. The name is suggested
by the festive, bright coloring of the species, and is taken
from the Latin word of the same spelling, meaning riot-
ously merry.

26. Dentiovula eizoti Cate & Azuma, spec. nov.
(Figures 26, 26C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, inflatedly rhomboidly-
ovate, roundly humped sub-centrally, acutely declivous,
declining sharply to either end; terminals sub-cylindri-
cally, narrowly beaked, with complex, numerous curious
digitations at both terminal openings; dorsum thickly,
deeply striate over all (in fresh shells with a sub-glossy
appearance from the reflection of the interstices); both
terminal collars faintly twisted; base pyriformly ovate,
smooth, with base a long, narrow, solidly thickened callus;
a knife-lke ridge to the front, where a terminal ridge is
lacking; a triangular multi-knobbed funiculum at rear

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

base; columella rounded, smooth, glossy, flattening and
deepening abapically to form a significant fossula; colu-
mella and fossula lined within by a long, low carinal wall;
aperture evenly narrow, undulating; canals curiously,
deeply formed (especially in front), open at both front and
back; outer lip fairly broad, reflecting inward, with a
limited number (approx. 5) of large, rudimentary knob-
like teeth at the back; inner lip of adapical canal also
crudely dentate; shell color basically pale grey overall,
with three uneven, cloud-like broken bands of rich mul-
berry color; funiculum and internal carinal wall off-white.

Measurements, type: L- 8.1; W - 3.1; H- 3.0mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km off Kirimezaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan; in 30 - 40m; (34°00’N; 134°48’E) leg. Eizo Azuma,
3 January 1971

Type: MA, No. 15608 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species is named by Masao Azuma
for his son Eizo, who is credited with collecting these
shells. This shell form, because of its peculiar protruding
teeth at the terminal ends, brings to mind the ovulid
species Dentiovula colobica Azuma & Cate, 1971. Other-
wise, this new form differs from it by having the digital
denticulation at the abapical terminal end as well; by
being transversely roundly humped, rather than acutely
angled dorsally; by having more numerous dorsal striae;
by having fewer teeth of a different type on the outer lip;
and by having an unusual shell color. The shells of this
genus are remarkably alike morphologically, their differ-
ences less striking than in most other genera.

Margovula Iredale, 1935
Type species: Ovula pyriformis Sowerby 't, 1828 [OD]

Shells are broad to the rear, margined, narrowing rather
abruptly toward the front, becoming typically pyriform.
The name appears to be derived from the Latin word,
margo, for border, having a border, margin. Iredale com-
mented, ‘This group is easily separated from either
Diminovula or Prionovolva by its shape and the columel-
lar features.”

27. Margovula pyriformis (Sowerby ‘“*, 1828)
(Figures 27: holotype; 27C: C3565)

1828 Ovulum pyriformis Sowerby 't, Zool. Journ. 4: 151;
(Sowersy, 1830: figs. 21, 22 & 25)

1854 Amphiperas pyrulinus A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don: 131 (Figure 28 :lectotype herein)

THE VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 27 to 30a

Figure 27 Figure 27 a
Margovula pyriformis (27) Margovula pyriformis (27)

Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 29a
Amphiperas pyrulina (27) Margovula kosugei (28) Margovula kosugei (28)

Figure 30 Figure 30a
Margovula bimaculata (29) Margovula bimaculata (29)

Vol. 15; Supplement

1859 Ovula pyriformis; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 272

1865 Ovulum pyrulinum; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: plt.
4, figs. 19a, 19b

1881 Ovula pyrulina; Weinkauff, Mart. & Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.:181; plt. 47, figs. 1, 2

1935 Margovula pyriformis; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 103

1941 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) pyrulina; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

Description, holotype: “Ovulum pyriforme—Shell pear-
shaped [humped to the rear, lightweight in form, though
strong], whitish [shell varies from white, pinkish, to coffee
brown, and is weakly, almost obscurely two-banded at
times], with a pale flesh colored tinge; back ventricose,
[numerously, distinctly] transversely striated [over all];
lower [abapical] canal straightish, slightly reflected [aper-
ture narrow; both base and outer lip constricted in front,
curving aperture and lip angle sharply at the rear; central
base swollen, narrowing quickly, and distinctly longitudi-
nally ridged to the front, with a heavily formed triangular
funiculum on rear base, whose surface is faintly dentate],
columella with an excavated [longitudinal] depression
within, near base [broadening in front to the terminal
ridge as a fossula; both columella and fossula smooth, out-
lined adaxially by a modified carinal ridge], and a strong
pliciform tooth [funiculum] at the upper end; outer lip
sloping from edge [margin] inwards, inner edge plico-
denticulated [inner edge of outer lip is numerously, sharp-
ly denticulate, with variously sized teeth], rather depressed
at the lower part [fossula]—Of this elegantly formed and
rare species a few specimens were received from New
South Wales by Mr. G. Humphrey.” (SowerBy **', 1828:
151) [these shells are rarely found south of Moreton Bay,
Queensland today].

Measurements, type: “long. 17/20, lat. 5/10, poll.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 16.5; W-9.7; H-7.9mm.
(Figure 27a: C3565)

Type Locality: “Hab. ad littora Novae Cambriae Merid-
ionalis [N.S.W.].’’ Here designated, in what now appears
to be a more accurate locality: below low tide mark,
Mackay, Queensland (C. Coucom, Yeppoon).

Type: BMNH, No. 1969135 [presumed holotype].

Distribution: Clairview; Keppel Bay; Port Denison;
Townsville; Bowen; Lizard Island, Queensland; Torres
Strait and eastern shores of Gulf of Carpentaria, NE
Queensland.

Discussion: This species is now considered to be fairly
common, with a general distribution along the northern
Queensland coast, and at some of the adjacent coastal is-
lands. The animal is dark, almost black-brown; the color

THE VELIGER _

Page 17

is uniform, including the numerous papillae on the
mantle, the proboscis, and the antennae; the foot is some-
what short, and seems wide for its length. This description
of the animal was taken from a color transparency, kindly
sent by Donald Byrne, Rockhampton, Queensland.

A. Adams says of his Amphiperas pyrulina, “A neat
pyriform species very much resembling A. bimaculata, but
the interior of the beaks wants the orange spots seen in
that species, and the general form of the shell is pyriform
and constricted anteriorly.’ Adams seems not to have been
aware of Margovula pyriformis (Sowerby ***, 1828) at this
time; it is true that Sowerby had previously thought his
species rare.

28. Margovula kosuget Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 29: holotype)

1941 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) pyriformis; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107 j

1956 Primovula (Diminovula) pyriformis; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 123 ;

1958 Pseudosimnia (Margovula) pyriformis; Kuroda, Venus
20 (2): 168

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, broadly ovate,
inflatedly humped sub-centrally; terminals protrude
roundly abapically, somewhat pointedly so in back; dor-
sum smooth, though finely incisedly striate over all; base
smooth, glossy, inflatedly ovate, narrowing as a sharp,
longitudinal ridge to the front, where it merges with an
oblique terminal ridge; a multi-knobbed, lengthened
funicular callus forms wall of adapical canal, which opens
to the side in back; columella very broad, concavely de-
pressed, widening even more in front, forming a fossula;
both columella and fossula lined within by an upraised
carinal ridge; aperture very wide, almost straight; outer
lip ventral surface broad, numerously dentate (19), many
teeth both front and back, extending beyond periphery of
outer lip edge; color pale grey over all dorsally, upon
which are six brown spots in two longitudinal rows of
three; outer lip, terminal beaks, base off-white; and there
is a very pale-pink blush of color in terminal canals.

Measurements, holotype: L- 10.5; W-6.4; H-5.2mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 12.0; W-7.5; H- 6.9mm.
(Figure 29a: MA15446) :

Type Locality: 2km SSW of Jogashima, Sagami Bay,
Japan (35°20’N; 139°20’E); in 65 - 67m of water; ex His
Majesty, Emperor of Japan, Hirohito coll.

Page 18

Distribution: in 37 - 55m, off Minabe, Kii, Japan; leg. M.
Azuma, 6 December 1970.

Type: NSMT, No. 6 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species appears to resemble Margo-
vula pyriformis (Sowerby “*, 1828), but differs from it by
being smaller; by being much more finely striate dorsally;
by having: a less flatly inflected plane of the outer lip
abapically; larger, more heavily formed outer lip teeth;
a more narrowly formed shell in front; and an entirely dif-
ferent combination of shell colors, with dorsal banding in-
cluded. Although their shell morphology seems to agree in
most detail, the color and pattern of the hypotype (Kii)
differs from that of the type in the following manner: shell
color is basically deep, rich orange-beige, over which are
three broad, irregular dorsal bands of reddish-brown; base
and outer lip beige; interior carinal ridge off-white.

This interesting species is named to honor Dr. Sadao
Kosuge, NSMT, whose contributions to Japanese malacol-
ogy are well known.

29: Margovula bimaculata (A. Adams, 1854)
(Figures 30: holotype; 30C: C3546)

1854 Amphiperas bimaculata A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don 22: 131

1865 Ovulum bimaculatum; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum:
pit. 3, figs. lla, 11b

1872 Amphiperas ovoideus H. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don: 10, plt. III, fig. 4 (Figure 37: holotype)

1881 Ovula bimaculata; Weinkauff, Mart. & Chem. Syst.
Conch. Cab.: 176; plt. 46, figs. 1, 4

1887 Ovula ovoidea; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 325

1941 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) bimaculata; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73(2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Diminovula) bimaculata; Allan, Cowries
World Seas: 123

Description, holotype: “Amphiperas bimaculata—A testa
ovali, subpyriformi, albida, fusciis tribus pallide fuscis,
transversis ornata, ad extremitates vix producta, transver-
sim striata, canalibus intus aurantico tinctus; apertura
angusta, labio postice callo crenato instructo, labro intus
crenulato” (A. ApAMs, 1854: 131).

Description, hypotype: Shell lightweight in form; shell
color pale grey dorsally, with clouded, irregularly dis-
persed, sub-banded (though uniformly patterned) pale
brown areas superimposed thereon; despite dorsal stria-
tion surface is sub-glossy; there is bright orange color
within the terminal channels; outer lip, margins, terminal
collars, teeth, funiculum, pale ivory; aperture fairly
broad; anterior terminal ridge straight, well formed; outer

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

lip thickened, shouldered above, with numerous (34) well
defined denticles within; columella barely depressed, with
fossula scarcely excavated and carinate within adaxially;
base narrowly, convexly ovate, becoming narrow and
sub-pointed in front, with a long, narrowly thickened,
crenate funicular projection at the rear, which forms the
left wall of the adapical canal.

Measurements, type: approx. L - 12+; W- 8.0mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 14.7; W-9.0; H-7.4mm.
(Figure 30a: C3546)

Type Locality: “Hab. New Caledonia. Mus. Cuming.”
Here limited to Clairview, Queensland (T. Neilsen, Yep-
poon, Queensland).

Type: BMNH, No. 1961146 [holotype].
Distribution: Keppel Bay to Moreton Bay, Queensland.

Discussion: This species is quite distinct, and is fairly
common. I have been unable to verify the New Caledonia
locality. The east Australian form hypotype C3546 (Figure
30a) is included here with Margovula bimaculata, but may
eventually be considered a separate subspecies as it seems
to exhibit certain minor morphological differences.

30. Margovula emilyreidae Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 37: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, ovate, sub-pyriform,
bulbously humped, sub-glossy; terminals short though
prominent, squarely terminated in front, recurved and
dully pointed in back; dorsum very finely transversely in-
cisedly striate over all; base sub-glossy, inflated, sub-pyri-
form, narrowing abruptly to the front, terminating par-
allel to a short terminal ridge; a fairly large, three-sec-
tioned, three-knobbed funiculum on rear base; columella
broad, curving with aperture, depressed, and longitudi-
nally half calloused and half depressed and striate; fossula
deepens in front, is adaxially, elevatedly walled within by
a carinal ridge that recedes in height to outline columella
as well; aperture wide, curving at the rear; outer lip thick,
broad, with numerous (21) very large, thick, boldly formed
teeth thereon, most of which protrude beyond the periph-
ery of ventral outer lip edge; shell color ivory-white -
dorsally, with outer lip, base, and teeth contrastingly
china-white, and there are two or three scattered, very
pale, almost obscure light brown spots on dorsum.

Measurements, type: L- 9.9; W-6.3; H-5.3mm.

Type Locality: Off Ogokuda Beach in Shionomisaki, S
Kii, Japan. (34°00'N; 134°48’E)

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 31 to 36

Figure 3] Figure 32
Margovula emilyreidae (30) Margovula schilderorum (31)

Figure 33 Figure 34
Margovula tinctilis (32) Margovula aboriginea (33)

Figure 35 Figure 36
Lacrima lacrima (34) Lacrima simulans (35)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Type: CAS, No. 133323 [holotype].

Discussion: This shell was one of a lot of three shells
brought to me by Dr. Shikama, GIY, for this work; all
were from the type locality given here; the other two speci-
mens were typical Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) punctata
(Duclos, 1831). The shells of this new species approach, in
a very general way in the dorsal outline, those of Margo-
vula bimaculata (A. Adams, 1854) but are distinct in prac-
tically every other aspect: M. emilyreidae differs princi-
pally by being a smaller species; by lacking the typical
dorsal coloring of the Adams species; by having a
straighter aperture, without the abapical base and lip
constriction, and by having the larger, peculiarly formed
lip teeth, many of which protrude beyond the periphery
of the outer lip edge.

The name of this new ovulid species is proposed in
honor of Emily Reid, Department of Zoology, University
of California, Berkeley, whose contributions to malacol-
ogy are outstanding, and whose artistry is on permanent
record in the molluscan literature.

31. Margovula schilderorum Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 32: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size for the genus,
pyriformly ovate, thin, translucent, roundly inflated; ter-
minals restrictedly produced, somewhat pointed adapi-
cally; dorsum sub-glossy, slightly roughened by very fine,
irregular longitudinal growth lines, otherwise wavy, trans-
verse, incised striae cover entire dorsum, though becoming
less distinct centrally; base inflated, ovate, narrowing and
constricting to the front; with a broad, thickened, knobby
upraised funiculum at the rear base; columella smooth,
shallowly excavated, deepening in the fossula area, with an
upraised, adaxial ridge outlining both; aperture wide, al-
most straight; outer lip thick, broad, rounded, with nu-
merous (23) well developed teeth on the inner half of lip;
color translucently grey-white, lighter beige-white on the
outer lip and terminals, with a golden line over both ter-
minal collars, and along right marginal sulcus.

Measurements, type: L- 12.4; W-7.5; H- 6.2mm.
Type Locality: USNM, Smithsonian Sta. 155; Minhow =
(Foochow, Fuchau). China; (26°05’N; 119°12’E) ex C.
Ping, Amoy University, Amoy, Fukien Prov., China.
Type: USNM, No. 333976 [holotype].

Discussion: 1970 marked the 50th anniversary year that
the late Dr. Franz Alfred Schilder and Dr. Maria Schilder,
Halle-Saale, German Democratic Republic, have worked

THE VELIGER

Page 19

with the Cypraeacea. I am naming this new ovulid species
in their honor on this occasion.

These shells, without having been formally identified,
have been erroneously referred to as a ‘dwarf’ form of
Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) marginata (Sowerby **‘, 1828);
however, the morphological differences between the two
species are so marked that a comparative description will
not be attempted here. This new species is, in fact, more
closely allied in form to Margovula pyriformis (Sower-
by **', 1828), but differs from it by being a smaller species,
with less narrowly projecting terminal processes; by hav-
ing a wider aperture; by having more fully developed lip
teeth, particularly on the front portion of the outer lip,
and by having a much lighter, thin, translucent shell.

32. Margovula tinctilis Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 33: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell large, inflatedly pyriform, of
lightweight construction, narrowing acutely to the front,
sub-glossy; dorsum faintly, incisedly striate over all, stria-
tion widely separated, with some shells almost smooth
centrally; base ovate, convexly swollen, narrowing as a
thick ridge abapically, with a long, thin, blade-like funi-
cular projection at the rear base; columella curves sharply,
is depressed, and becomes excavated as a fossula in front;
outer lip thickened, angled inward, with numerous (20)
sharp, rregular teeth within; aperture evenly, fairly widely,
curving in back; terminal ridge short, almost straight (per-
pendicular to canal opening), and terminates in fossula;
basic shell color beige-white, with clouded, irregularly ap-
plied, light fleshy-brown patterns, sub-banded at times;
right margin, terminals, part of base, columella, and outer
lip stark white.

Measurements, type: L-19.5; W- 12.4; H-10.1mm.

Type Locality: Off Kaohsiung, SW Taiwan; collected by
trawlers.

Distribution: Siasi Island, Sulu Sea, in 80 feet of water
(22°44’N; 120°21’E) (V. Dan).

Type: CAS, No. 13685 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species is trawled quite abundantly
from deep water off SW Taiwan (Kaohsiung), in the For-
mosan Strait and N China Sea; except for a single speci-
men from Siasi Island, Sulu Sea sent by Victor Dan, little is
known about its distribution otherwise. The name is de-
rived from the Latin word meaning dyed or painted. The
cloudy coloring of this species is a constant factor, and is
one of its most notable characters. ‘This new species ap-

Page 20

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Vol. 15; Supplement

pears in its general morphology to resemble Margovula
pyriformis (Sowerby **', 1828), with which it is often mis-
taken, but it differs in many distinct ways: the shell of
M. tinctilis is noticeably larger; it is much thinner, light-
weight, almost translucent; it is much more rounded and
inflated; also it differs by having a more sharply curving
adapical aperture, and the rear terminal has noticeable
changes in it; further, there is no central dorsal transverse
striation, instead there are widely spaced, upraised, trans-
verse dorsal ridges over the smooth dorsal surface; and it
differs further by having a very distinctive pale-brown
cloudy color pattern distributed over a basic pale grey shell
color (in M. pyriformis the shell colors are usually solid
over all, varying from solid off-white to deep coffee-
brown).

33. Margovula aboriginea Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 34: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell large for the genus, pyriform,
strongly constructed, semi-glossy; dorsum somewhat in-
flated, very finely transversely, incisedly striate over all;
terminals weakly produced, with adapical end very small,
rounded; base convexly ovate, narrowing to a point in
front, with a long, thickened, sharply-edged, calloused
funiculum projecting from the left wall of rear terminal
canal, obscurely crenate; aperture straight, except for
curving abruptly at the rear; outer lip thickened, scarcely
shouldered above, with numerous (30) well defined teeth
within; columella smooth, depressed, deepening in front
to form a fossula; shell color milk-white over all, with
three rows of large, very pale yellow spots that seem to
merge with one another transversely; pale yellow coloring
blotched above the adapical terminal, and faintly tinted
within the terminal canals.

Measurements, type: L- 11.5; W-7.2; H- 5.9mm,

Type Locality: Geralia, Exmouth Gulf, Western Austra-
lia (approximately 49 miles SE of Viaming Head Light,
North West Cape; 22°00’S; 114°15’E).

Distribution: Limited to Exmouth Gulf.
Type: WAM, No. 67 - 70 [holotype].

Discussion: Only in recent years have the Australian
aborigines moved inland from this still rather wild area.
This new species is named in their honor. These shells
belong to the large group of species (such as Psewdosimnia
alabaster (Reeve, 1865), P punctata (Duclos, 1831), etc.)
having a shell with a punctate dorsal surface, but seem to
differ from them all by having a very much larger shell
form; by having much more fully developed labial teeth;

by having a more pyriform rather than bulbously-ovate
shell; by having larger, less distinct, pale-colored dorsal
punctations, as well as coloring above the rear terminal
and in the rear terminal canal; and finally, by being dis-
tinctly isolated geographically from their congeners. It
may be compared with another previously described
species, Margovula tinctilis Cate (herein), because of the
apparently similar adapical terminal beak; however, the
similarity ends there. It differs by having a differently
formed rear terminal, a narrower aperture, finer, more
numerous teeth on the outer lip, and by being a smaller
ovulid species, with a shorter, broader terminal process
abapically.

Lacrima Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Lacrima lacrima Cate, spec. nov. [herein]

This ovulid group possesses a very unusual morphology;
the shells are small, roundly inflated at the main body
whorl, with stem-like projection at the front part of the
shell; the appearance of the shell form is reminiscent of an
inverted tear drop. The genus name is derived from the
Latin lacrima, meaning a tear.

34. Lacrima lacrima Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 35: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, sub-pyriform, tear-
shaped, inflated sub-centrally, with a perceptible reflec-
tion of the long, drawn out abapical terminal collar area;
terminal short, squat, semi-pointed adapically, arched and
squared in front; dorsum numerously, very deeply, in-
cisedly transversely striate over all, with a cancellate pat-
tern caused by the intersection of numerous longitudinal
growth lines and striae; dorsum otherwise sub-glossy; base
ovate, elongately so abapically, in the manner of a tear
drop; base sub-glossy, densely striate over all; front base
broad, without terminal ridge, rear base with a very low,
curving, narrow funicular projection; columella rounded,
striate, without depression; aperture very broad, gently
curving; outer lip thick-edged, rounded, sub-crenate; shell
color pale straw, with lip and terminal beaks a lighter off-
white.

Measurements, type: L- 7.2; W- 4.0; H- 3.2mm.

Type Locality: Jogashima, W 5km; 110-150m depth;
Sagami Bay, (35°17’N; 139°41’E) Japan; known only
from type locality.

Type: HNSM, No. 2 [holotype].

Vol. 15; Supplement

Discussion: This new ovulid is compared with its nearest
relative under the following species, Lacrima simuians.
The shape of the shell suggests a tear drop, from which its
Latin name is derived.

35. Lacrima simulans Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 36: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrowed, elongately
ovate, with a tapering, drawn-out front dorsal area, sub-
pyriform, like a tear drop in shell outline; terminals
produced, broadly, strongly, sub-pointed adapically, nar-
row in front due to constriction of outer lip; dorsum
rough, sub-glossy, with widely spaced, deeply incised,
transverse striae over all; right side margin and terminal
tips broadly, thickly calloused; base long, narrow, ovate,
striate, with long narrowed extension to the front; a short,
elevated, thickened, isolated funiculum at the rear base;
columella rounded, smooth; fossula not apparent; aper-
ture broad, gently curving; outer lip broad, thickened,
shouldered above, with lip-plane slanting inward, upon
which are numerous fairly well developed teeth (approx.
18); teeth extend to periphery of outer lip, a few extend-
ing beyond the edge; shell (holotype) is a dead shell; grey
in color over all.

Measurements, type: L- 7.5; W - 4.0; H- 3.1mm.

Type Locality: Jogashima, WSW 4km; D- 100m; Sa-
gami Bay, Japan. ex His Majesty, Emperor of Japan, Hiro-
hito coll. (35°17’N; 139°41’E).

Type: HNSM, No. 1. [holotype].

Discussion: This new species may be compared with the
preceding, Lacrima lacrima Cate, but it appears to have
enough differentiating shell characters to separate it; it
differs by having a curiously narrower shell form, more
well-developed outer lip teeth, a differently constructed
and situated funicular process, and a differently consti-
tuted adapical terminal beak. The Latin word simulans,
meaning imitating, imitative, seems an appropriate name
for this new ovulid form.

Globovula Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Globovula spatiosa Cate, spec. nov. [herein]

Shells nearly as broad as long, humped, inflated, usually
edentate, with terminals barely produced. The name for
this new genus is derived from the Latin, globus, for ball,
globular, spherical.

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Page 21

36. Globovula cavanaghi (Iredale, 1931)
(Figure 38: holotype)

1931 Diminovula cavanaghi Iredale, Rec. Austral. Museum,
(2/3): 107

1941 Prionovolua cavanaghi, Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
Sydney, 18: 222; plt. 22, figs. 13, 14

1956 Primovula (Prionovolva) cavanaghi, Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 123

Description, holotype: “Diminovula cavanaghi—Shell
small, subglobose [globularly ovate; sub-pyriform, bul-
bously inflated, solidly formed], pale pink above, white
below [pale pinkish-mauve, with whitish-beige outer lip,
terminals, terminal ridge, and thin basal callus; a pale
orange blush in terminal canals and on inner surface of
outer lip]. The dorsal surface is smooth [glossy, though
numerous fine, longitudinal growth lines are visible] save
for very fine radial growth lines, while very subdued
concentric distant keeling can be detected with a lens.
[Base convexly ovate, transparently calloused, narrowing
to a point, thickened ridge in front, with a small, thick
funicular projection forming the left wall of the posterior
canal; -columella smooth, faintly, concavely depressed,
becoming a broad, shallow fossula in front; terminal ridge
a continuation of a low, adaxial carinal ridge within;
aperture gently curving and broad]. Ventrally the outer
lip is well curved [thickened, rounded on the edge, barely
shouldered above, with very faint crenulations along inner
edge], advancing over the depressed spire in a sweep and
opposed by 2 raised ridge [funiculum] on the body whorl,
a minute posterior canal being formed. Anteriorly the
narrow canal is succeeded by a notable tooth [terminal
ridge], a depression [fossula] following, the inner lip being
a little sinuate. The outer lip is internally rounded
ridged” (IREDALE, 1931: 222).

Measurements, type: L- 18.0; W- 11.0 (approx.).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 11.2; W-8.3; H- 7.0mm.
(Figure 38a: C3695)

Type Locality: “Rare in Sydney Harbour. New South
Wales’”—IrReEDALE, 1931.

Distribution: Mackay (in soft coral); Port Curtis; Glad-
stone; Brisbane (Moreton Bay), Queensland. The species
is also found on the West Australian coast: Geralia, Ex-
mouth Gulf (C3695); Red Bluff (80 miles N of Carnarvon,
on the N Quobba Station boundary line). Leg. L. Figgis,
Geralia; leg. H. Firns, Red Bluff.

Type: AM No. €.57754 [holotype].

Discussion: ScHILDER (1932: 52) reports semi-pellucid,
but otherwise similar shells in the Ph. Dautzenberg col-

Page 22

lection, Brussels Museum, that were from Hong Kong
and Mauritius. I have seen this species only from Aus-
tralian waters; not having seen the Dautzenberg shells, I
can only conclude that their locality is in error, or, they
may be specimens of Prionovolva bulla (A. Adams &
Reeve, 1848), which slightly resemble the Iredale shells,
but inhabit the east coast of China (and not known from
Mauritius, it seems). The hypotype (C3695) is the largest
specimen of Glebovula cavanaghi I have seen; all of the
Queensland New South Wales specimens seen have been
smaller than the dimensions given by Iredale.

37. Globovula tripolia Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 39: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell roundly ovate, inflated,
solid; dorsum with one or two transverse, semi-circular
lines, and widely spaced, weak, angular ridges crossing
the dorsal surface as well. Dorsum covered with a semi-
smooth, light brown periostracum; base roundly, in-
flatedly convex, narrowing to the front, terminating as a
peculiar, calloused, blunt plait; terminal ridge short, fu-
niculum a broad, low, triangular callus which forms the
left wall of adapical canal; aperture somewhat narrow,
broadening noticeably in front; outer lip thickly, roundly,
smoothly formed, narrowly shouldered above, and barely
crenate; dorsum pale greyish-beige, lip, terminals and
funiculum, pale grey.

Measurements, holotype: L- 13.8; W-9.2; H-8.1mm.

Type Locality: Gulf of Oran, NW Algeria, North Africa.
35°45’N; 00°38’ W).

Type: NMW, No. 70.25 Z.1 [holotype].

Discussion: The species is unusual in its outward appear-
ance due to the light brown periostracum, a character
seldom seen in the Ovulidae. At the present time little is
known about this species; additional field work will be
needed to understand its distributional range and living
habits. It appears to be distinct, and only vaguely ap-
proaches Globovula cavanaghi in general morphology; it
differs by being more globose in outline; by having a thick,
rounded outer lip without any semblance of denticula-
tion, and by having a more acutely recurved and length-
encd adapical terminal beak.

The species name is derived from the general North
African area that was once a Phoenician colony.

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Vol. 15; Supplement

38. Globovula spatiosa Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 40: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell large, pyriformly globose,
lightweight though strong; dorsum smooth, dull; evenly
spaced, transverse ridges terminate at margins; base bulb-
ously smooth; terminals short in back (merely an exten-
sion of outer lip); the front terminal thinly, delicately
formed, sharply recurved; aperture wide, abruptly curved
to the left rear; outer lip thickened, recurved adaxially,
acutely angled at margin, constrictedly flattened to front;
lip crenulate almost throughout; columella broad, con-
cavely depressed; fossula fairly well developed, broad,
deep, longitudinally adaxially ribbed; funiculum rises
gradually from base, sharply edged, becoming perpendic-
ularly flattened adaperturally; color milk-white, except
margins, terminals, funiculum, and lip which are light
beige.

Measurements, type: L- 21.1; W- 15.7; H- 12.9mm.

Type Locality: At low tide, between Cottesloe Beach and
Leighton, WSW Australia (31°47’S; 116°00’E) (about one
mile S of Cottesloe Beach; leg. H. Firns, Bunbury).

Type: WAM, No. 68-70 [holotype].

Discussion: The shell was collected by Mr. Harry Firns,
Bunbury, WSW Australia, in beach drift. Perhaps the
most closely related species is Globovula tripolia Cate
herein; however, the West Australian shell differs by being
much larger and more thinly constructed; by its heavier
and more angular side margins; by having a broader,
flatter outer lip abapically; by a wider shell, tapering more
abruptly to the front; by its milk-white dorsum (rather
than greyish-beige), and the rich beige-colored ventral
area.

The name is derived from the Latin word for roomy,
large, commodious.

39. Globovula sphaera Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 4]: holotype)

Description, holotype: Sheil fairly large, globosely ovate,
broad, solid; dorsum glossy, without striation, often trans-
versely angularly ridged, thus forming flat-appearing sur-
face bands across the shell; terminals short, twisted left
adapically, though barely produced; base pyriform,
broader at the rear, tapering to a point in the front; aper-
ture fairly narrow, almost a semi-circular curve; long,
upraised, sharply defined funiculum forms rear columel-
lar wall; columeila broad, depressed, smooth; fossula
smooth, but more deeply excavated; abapical terminal

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 37 to 41

Figure 37 Figure 38
Amphiperas ovoideus (29) Globovula cavanaghi (36)

Figure 38 a Figure 39
Globovula cavanaghi (36) Globovula tripolia (37)

Figure 40 Figure 41
Globovula spatiosa (38) Globovula sphaera (39)

3 y -

Vol. 15; Supplement

ridge very short, boldly distinct, curving inward adaxially;
outer lip broadly thickened, vaguely crenate, with a flat,
unangled marginal band above; terminal canals very
short; dorsum grey-white, may be covered with a light
brown, periostracum-like cover; base, funiculum, termi-
nals, and outer lip, contrastingly brilliant white.

Measurements, type: L- 19.6; W- 12.9; H-11.1mm.

Type Locality: Deep water, off Kaohsiung, Taiwan (by
trawlers), (22°44’N; 120°21’E).

Type: CAS, No. 13321 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species perhaps most closely resem-
bles Globovula bulla (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848). It differs
by being larger, more globose, tapering acutely to the
front; by sometimes having light brown periostracum-like
dorsal markings; and, perhaps most prominently, by hav-
ing an edentate outer lip. This new species also appears
to approach Globovula cavanaghi (Iredale, 1931) in form,
but differs from it by being a generally larger species; by
having a narrower, straighter, less recurved aperture; the
adapical terminal beak is less acutely recurved and pro-
jecting, and it has a less crenate outer lip surface.

The name is adopted from the Latin word for sphere,
ball.

40. Globovula cottesloensis Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 42: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell short, broad, sub-pyriform,
humped, globose, solidly formed; terminals barely pro-
duced; dorsum smooth, glossy, without angular dorsal
transverse ridges; base smooth, glossy, broadly ovate, nar-
rowing to the front, where it gently constricts, forming a
terminal ridge; a low, oblique, thickened, crescent-shaped
funiculum is on the rear base; columella smooth, broadly
depressed, defined adaxially by a low, longitudinal, carinal
ridge, which becomes elevated in front to form a shallow
fossular depression; aperture broad, curving, semi-cir-
cular; outer lip broad, semi-circular, reflexed, slightly
crenulate; color pale grey to very pale grey-mauve.

Measurements, type: L- 11.6; W- 9.0; H-7.4mm.

Type Locality: One mile south of Cottesloe Beach be-
tween Cottesloe and Leighton, Western Australia (31°47’
S$; 116°00’E).

Type: WAM, No. 69-70 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species somewhat resembles many
other species, but it appears to be closest to Globovula
sphaera Cate (herein) in general appearance, differing

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Page 23

from it, however, by being a much smaller species; by
having a shorter, broader shell for its size; by having a
wider, more open aperture, with the base more inflated
and the fossula faintly constricted in front; also, the dor-
sum is pale grey, rather than pale brown.

41. Globovula margarita (Sowerby "*, 1828))
(Figure 43: lectotype).

1828 Ovulum margarita Sowerby '*, Zool. Journ., London 4:

150

1843 Ovula margarita; Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Ovula, 2: 11;
pit. 6, fig. 4

1848 Ovula umbilicata Sowerby 24, Proc. Zool. Soc. London:
135

1848 Ovulum umbilicata; Sowerby 2"4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum
2: 469; pit. 100, figs. 88, 89

1941 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) margarita; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Diminovula) margarita; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 123

Description, holotype: “Ovulum margarita—Shell oval,
nearly globular; obtuse at the upper [abapical] end, and
slightly acuminated at the lower [adapical]; perfectly
white [except that base, outer lip, funiculum, and lip teeth
are a more intense white; columella broad, smooth, de-
pressed]; lower part of the columella [fossula] depresso-
concave within; edge of outer lip rounded [broadly
thickened centrally], denticulate within [having numerous
(27+), small, very fine, fairly well developed teeth on inner
edge of lip, which lengthen onto exposed lip surface almost
to outer edge], canals very short, the upper end turned to
the left. [Dorsum sub-glossy, numerously transversely in-
cisedly striate overall; base smooth, glossy, though visibly
thinly calloused over basal striation, base tapering
abruptly to the front into a short, weakly formed terminal
ridge; a large, low, triangular crenate funicular projection
on rear base; aperture fairly broad].—Liciuwm margarita.
G. Humphrey, MS ined.” (Sowerby **t, 1828: 150).

Measurements, type: L - 8.0; W - 5+mm (approx.).

Measurements, hypotype: L-8.8; W-5.8; H-4.9mm.
(Figure 43a: C3827).

Type Locality: ‘Friendly Islands’. Here restricted to
Tonga (20°00’ S; 175°00’ W).

Type: BMNH, No. 1967613/1-5 [lectotype; 4 paratypes]
Distribution: Tonga Islands; Borongan, Samar Island,
east-central Philippines; Kaimana, New Guinea; E Aus- .

tralia, generally, including Purdy Island, Bismarck Archi-
pelago.

Page 24

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Discussion: The holotype, now apparently missing, meas-
ured: ‘“‘long. 11/20, lat. 4/10, poll.’’, according to Mr. G.
Humphrey; ‘“‘all the specimens in his possession, one only
excepted, were pierced and strung by the natives.” Most
of the specimens I have examined appear to have smaller
shell dimensions than those indicated by Sowerby, so that
the holotype would seem to be unusually large for the
species; I would be tempted to question the shell he used
for the type, preferring the now designated lectotype.
According to SCHILDER (1932: 51), the type specimen of
Globovula umbilicata (Sowerby *"*, 1848) appears to be
no more than a sub-adult form of G. margarita. Sower-
by 7", 1848: 135 says, “Agreeing with O. margarita in gen-
eral appearance, but the outer lip is thinner, the mouth
wider, the upper callosity elevated and denticulated.
There is also a small umbilicus behind the posterior ter-
mination of the outer lip.”

Pseudosimnia Schilder, 1927

Type species: Bulla carnea Poiret, 1789 [OD]
Arch. Naturgesch. 91/A (10): 81

Shell fairly small, pyriform, inflated, with unusually broad
projecting terminals, and, for the most part, lacking sig-
nificant dorsal and ventral incised striation.

(Pseudosimnia) Schilder, 1927

42. Pseudosimnia (Pseudosimnia) carnea carnea
(Poiret, 1789)

(Figure 44: C2541)

1789 Bulla carnea Poiret, Voy. en Barbarie, Paris 2: 21

1807 Ovula dentata Fischer, Mus. Demidoff, Moscow 3: 157

1810 Ovula carnca; Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 16:
111

1817 Bulla nucleus Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Shells 1: 473

1817 Bulla lepida Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Shells, London: 474

1817 Ovula cepula Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst.: 259

1823 Ovula nucleus; Mawe (nom. nud.), Linn. Syst. Conch.
London: 100

1848 Ovula rosea Requien (nom. nud.), Cat. Coq. Corse
(Avignon) : 85

1848 Ovulum carneum; Sowerby 2"4, Thes. Conch. Ovulum 2:
471; plt. 101, figs. 74-77

1856 Ovulum carnea; Hanley, Index Testa: 91

1856 Ovulum lepida; Hanley, Index Testa: 91

1875 Ovula albida Monterosato, Nat. Conch, Mediterr., Pa-
lermo: 45

1883 Ovula rubra Bucquoy, Dautzenberg « Dollfus, Moll. Mar.
Roussillon, Paris, 2: 134

1883 Ovula pallida Bucquoy, Dautzenberg « Dollfus, Moll.
Mar. Roussillon, Paris, 2: 134

1883 Ovula alba (Scacchi) ; Bucquoy, Dautzenberg « Dollfus,
Moll. Mar. Roussillon, Paris, 2: 134

1885 Ovula lepida Dill. = triticea Lamk.; Tryon, Man. Conch.
7: 248

1885 Ovula triticea Costa = carnea; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7:
248

1890 Ovula rufula Mollerat, Bull. Soc. Mal. France 7: 105

1900 Ovula major Pallary, Journ. de Conchyl. 48: 300

1900 Ovula minor Pallary, Journ. de Conchyl. 48: 300

1900 Ovula obtusula Pallary, Journ. de Conchyl. 48: 300

1800 Ovula globosa Pallary, Journ. de Conchyl. 48: 300

1900 Ovula elongata Pallary, Journ. de Conchyl. 48: 300

1900 Ovula violacea Pallary, Journ. de Conchyi. 48: 300

1913 Amphiperas carneum; Buchner, Schrift. Lehrer Ver. fir
Naturk. (29): 111

1941 Pseudosimnia (Pseudosimnia) carnea; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1941 Pseudosimnia (Pseudcsimnia) triticea; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1941 Pseudosimnia (Pseudosimnia) hordacea; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Pseudosimnia) carnea; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 124

Description, holotype: “Bulle carnea—Testa ovata in-
caranata gibba, labro arcuato incrassato, intus dentato”’

(PorreT, 1789: 21).

Description, hypotype: Shell pyriform, humped, solidly
formed; terminals produced, somewhat pointedly adapic-
ally; dorsum smooth, glossy, although very finely trans-
versely incisedly striate (concentrically) above each ter-
minal, becoming almost obsolete centrally; base smooth,
glossy, bulbously ovate, narrowing to a sharp, thickened
ridge in front; upraised funicular ridge forms left wall of
adapical canal; aperture curving, fairly narrow; columella
not depressed; fossula excavated, walled adaxially by a
short carinal ridge; outer lip numerously (35) sharply,
finely, and irregularly dentate, outer lip thickened,
broadly margined, scarcely shouldered above; color light
mauve-brown, with outer lip, terminals and funiculum
ivory to pale orange.

Measurements, type: “It is altogether 5 lignes in length
and three in width and 23 in depth.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 14.2; W-8.2; H-6.7mm.
(Figure 44: C2541).

Type Locality: “Mediterranean Sea’. Here restricted to
Oran, Algeria (35°45’N; 0°38’W).

Type: Disposition unknown.

Distribution: Northern Greece; Neapolis [NE Greece};

Macedonia; Malta; W coast of Italy; W Mediterranean
Sea; W coast of North Africa.

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 42 to 45 A

Figure 42 Figure 43
Globovula cottesloensis (40) Globovula margarita (41)

Figure 43a Figure 44
Globovula margarita (41) Pseudosimnia carnea carnea (42)

Figure 45
Pseudosimnia carnea Figure 45 A

expallescens (43) Pseudocyphoma kathiewayae (139)

Figure 44 A
Crenavolva (Crenavolva) borbonica (222)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Discussion: This species has a wide range of shell colors,
depending upon the locality from which it may have been
collected, varying from carnelian, grey, bluish, and beige
to off-white. I have been unable to locate the holotype of
Pseudosimnia carnea (Poiret, 1789); it is not at MNHN
(A.M. Testud, in litt.).

43. Pseudosimnia (Pseudosimnia) carnea expallescens

Schilder, 1967
(Figure 45: holotype)

Arch. Molluskenk. 96 (3/6): 197; fig. 2

Description, holotype: ‘“Pseudosimnia carnea expalles-
cens—The unique specimen resembles a small, almost
white Pseudosimnia carnea Poiret with strikingly coarser
labial teeth; dorsum with spiral lines towards the ends, in
the center almost smooth, but with a thickened transverse
inflation; outer lip thick, margined, convex, somewhat
declivous on both sides, with a longitudinal depression in
the anterior half, labial teeth regular, coarse, anteriorly
short, posteriorly crossing more than § of the lip; inner lip
spirally lined, anterior terminal fold along the canal with
a small knob at the proximal end, otherwise inner lip with
teeth; funiculum triangularly protruding, apparently
smooth but with two (2) barely perceptible transverse
grooves at the apertural margin; fossula broad, arch-like,
protruding, posteriorly somewhat constricted, columella
with longitudinal furrow, but inside with a longitudinal
fold extending to the posterior. Shell fairly solid, dorsum
almost white with a tinge of yellowish, outer margin and
bases pure white” (SCHILDER, 1967: 197).

Measurements, type: “The holotype is 7.9mm _ long,
breadth 58% of length [4.5mm.], with 17 labial teeth.’*

Type Locality: Dakar, West Africa, “it was probably
found as an empty shell at the shore near Dakar, a more
precise indication is not available’—Scuitper, 1967.

Type: IFAD, No. ? [holotype].

Discussion: Schilder compared his new subspecies with
Pseudosimnia vanhyningt (M. Smith, 1940); however,
with several specimens of the Smith species at hand, it
would seem to me that Dr. Schilder may have been over-
simplifying the relationship of these two species (it must
be said that he may have been handicapped by not having
actual specimens available for comparative study).

4 Shell dimensions as given by Schilder are: shell width is calcu-
lated by taking the average relative breadth in proportion to
shell length

THE VELIGER

Page 25

44. Pseudosimnia (Pseudosimnia) vanhyningi
(M. Smith, 1940)

(Figure 46: holotype)

1940 Primovula (Pseudosimnia) vanhyningi M. Smith, Nautilus
34 (2): 46; plt. 2, fig. 8

Description, holotype: ““Primovula (Pseudosimnia) van-
hyningi—Shell pale olive color; swollen in the center
[pyriform, sub-rhomboid, tapering abruptly adapically,
more gradually toward the front], extremities produced
[roundly beaked at the rear, narrow, arcuate at the front];
shell surface covered with interrupted regularly spaced
spiral lines which apparently are absent at the periphery;
marginal [outer lip] teeth [approx. 20] coarse and widely
spaced; [base acutely, rhomboidly pyriform, with a large,
heavy, weakly formed funicular projection on rear base,
weakly formed terminal ridge on the front base; columella
wide, distinctly concave, outlined within and without by
the angle of its excavation; fossula, a continuation of colu-
mella, is deeper, with more of an adaxial wall within]’
(M. Smitn, 1940: 46).

Measurements, type: “Length, 11.0; width, 7mm.”
Type Locality: Off Boynton Beach, Florida, in 91m.
Type: FSM, No. UF 11079 [holotype].

Discussion: This species was named for Dr. T. Van Hyn-
ing, curator of the State Museum [Florida]. The [then]
two known specimens were dredged by Frank Lyman. A
-USNM—No--44807-7;-has the "mneasurements7”
L-1-4-0;-W:~8 53H 7--mm: IE Gen

45. Pseudosimnia (Pseudosimnia) sphoni Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 47: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, inflated, pyri-
form; terminals produced, narrow in front, bluntly
pointed adapically; dorsum roundly, abruptly humped
centrally, tapering quickly to the front; dorsum glossy,
with numerous fine longitudinal growth lines, and a
limited number (6) of large, broad, distinct, transverse
excavated channels (width of interstices equal to that of
flat ridges) encircle adapical terminal beak; base inflatedly
ovate, smooth, glossy, with a thick layer of callus; base
tapers quickly to the front, where it becomes furrowed
with two distinct grooves that appear to form parallel
tooth-like (plicate) ridges; projecting funicular thicken-
ing on rear base; columella broad, flat, depressed, and
smooth; fossular area is slightly excavated, with an adaxial
wall delineating both fossula and columella; aperture

a+ fr"

We

Page 26

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

fairly narrow, straight in front, curving left at rear; outer
lip thickly rounded, constricted at adapical terminal to
form a narrow, projecting beak; lip sharply shouldered
above, with numerous (22) strong, well developed denti-
cles; color of shell either beige or straw colored over all.

Measurements, type: L- 14.0; W- 8.5; H-7.1mm.

Type Locality: USNM, Smithsonian Exped., Sta. 344;
from 183m off Key West, Florida (1916); (24°33’N;
81°47’W).

Type: USNM, No. 418078 [holotype].

Discussion: This species resembles the preceding species
closely, Pseudosimnia vanhyning: (M. Smith, 1940), but
differs from it quite markedly when the shells of the two
species are compared side by side. Pseudosimnia sphoni
is a very much larger form; it has a different adapical
terminal aspect, with a curiously marrowed and projecting
beak; the labial teeth are more numerous, more boldly
developed; and the front base lacks the formal terminal
ridge, substituting plait-like, parallel teeth.

The species is named for Gale Sphon, Curatorial Assis-
tant of Invertebrate Zoology, LACM, who has assisted the
author materially in this work.

46. Pseudosimnia (Pseudosimnia) pyrifera Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 48: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, pyriform, bulbously
humped centrally; terminals produced, beaked, rounded
and spatulate in back; dorsum sub-glossy, numerously
evenly,, transversely incisedly striate overall; base in-
flatedly ovate, faintly striate under a thin callus, tapering
abruptly to the front, with an unusual triangular, semi-
conoidal funicular projection at the rear (projecting in
such a manner that it is visible from the dorsal plane of the
shell); columella rounded, striate, without longitudinal
depression; fossula smoothly depressed, longitudinally
walled within; aperture fairly broad, curving; outer lip
broad, rounded, with numerous (18) well developed,
heavy, thickly formed teeth, short in front, longer in back;
dorsum brownish-mauve, with an indistinct pale grey
central band and with almost obscure touches of gold lin-
ing in the right marginal suture; terminal channels pale
yellow-orange; terminals, side margins, base, outer lip,
shell interior brilliant white.

Measurements, type: L-9.1; W-5.1; H- 4.1mm.

Type Locality: USNM, Smithsonian Exped., Barbados
Sta. 437; from 176m: rocky bottom; off telegraph station,
Barbados (15°15’N; 59°30’W). Lesser Antilles.

Type: USNM, No. 460466 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species resembles the Mediterra-
nean species, Pseudosimnia carnea (Poiret, 1789), in shell
shape, but differs distinctly otherwise. The most outstand-
ing differences are the dorsal striation in this species, the
unusual funicular development, the more sharply pyri-
form shell, and the different shell colors and color distri-
bution. The new name is derived from the Latin pirum
(pyrum), meaning pear.

(Diminovula) Iredale, 1930
Mem. Queensland Mus. 10 (1) 2: 85

Type species: Diminovula verepunctata Iredale, 1930 [OD]
= Ovulum alabaster Reeve, 1865

Shells are small, pyriform, sub-ovate, broadly humped,
dorsally incisedly striate, normally with characteristic
dorsal spotting (usually 6 in groups of two) in most
instances.

Discussion: On examining the species in this subgenus,
it becomes apparent that it comprises a complex com-
parable to the cypraeid genus Cribrarula wherein the
cowrie species all possess a common characteristic of dorsal
spotting; i.e. Cribrarula cribraria (Linnaeus, 1758), C.
cribellum (Gaskoin, 1849), C. esontropia (Duclos, 1833),
C. gaskoini (Reeve, 1849), and C. catholicoruwm (Schilder
& Schilder, 1938). In Diminovula the shells all have a
similar pattern of color-punctations usually in varying
intensities of brown. In some instances the intensity of
color is deep and significant; at other times it may become
almost indiscernible, on occasion with some of the shells
lacking color spotting entirely. The size of the spotting,
where present, may vary.

47. Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) alabaster (Reeve, 1865)
(Figure 49: holotype)

1843 Ovula cristallina Kiener, (auctt.), Icon. Coq. Viv., Ovula:
pit. 4, fig. 3 (Figure 50: type)

1865 Ovulum alabaster Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: pit. 5,
figs. 23a, 23b

1881 Ovula alabaster; Weinkauff, Mart. x Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 183; plt. 47, figs. 9, 12

1885 Ouvula lactea Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 247

1930 Diminovula lactea; Iredale, Mem. Queensld. Mus. 10
(1) 85 (Figure 57: holotype)

1941 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) cristallina = alabaster;
Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1941 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) vere punctata; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

THE VELIGcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 46 to 49b

Figure 46 Figure 47
Pseudosimnia vanhyningi (44) Pseudosimnia sphoni

Figure 48 Figure 49
Pseudosimnia pyrifera (46) Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) alabaster (47)

Figure 49 a Figure 49 b
Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) alabaster (47) Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) alabaster (47)

Palas pet

Lire

Vol. 15; Supplement

1956 Primovula (Diminovula) verepunctata; Allan, Cowries
World Seas: 123

1956 Primovula (Diminovula) cristallina; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 123

Description, holotype: “Ovulum alabaster—Shell some-
what pyriformly ovate [small, narrowly humped], trans-
parent white [milk-white toa very pale grey, with a distinct
golden line encircling shell at marginal suture, and dor-
sum may be punctate; often there are six uniformly ar-
ranged pale brown spots, although punctation may be
entirely absent], back transversely incisely striated [dor-
sum inflatedly humped, sub-glossy; base dull, convexly
ovate, narrowing toward the front, abapical terminal ridge
may be weak or it may be well defined], extremities rather
produced [with a peculiar projection and curvature at the
rear terminal beak], aperture curved [wide], columella
callously ribbed at the upper part [a triangular funicular
projection, crested with 3 or 4 heavy crenulations, which
defines left wall of adapical canal], excavated at the lower
[columella smooth, very broad, depressed, becoming
deeper in front to form fossula], scarcely plaited [longi-
tudinally carinate within; outer lip broad, curving, con-
vexly edged; numerously but weakly denticulate, with
teeth seeming longer at either end of lip]” (REEvE, 1865:
lige 32 3r

Measurements, type: not known.

Measurements, hypotype: L-7.5; W-4.5; H- 4.1mm.

(Figures 49a—b: C3700)

Type Locality: “Hab. Senegal—Reeve.” New type local-
ity here designated as Geralia, Exmouth Gulf, West Aus-
tralia (22°00’S; 114°15’E); this species appears to be
unknown from West Africa.

Type: BMNH, No Acc. no.-1829, lectotype herein; there
are two shells in the type lot, the second a paratype.

Distribution: Moreton Bay, Queensland; East Indies,
New Guinea to Singapore; Malaysia to India; Sulu Sea;
Philippines; Taiwan; Ryukyu Islands; Japan (Kii-Tosa,
off Kii Peninsula).

Discussion: Ovula cristallina Kiener, 1843, has been
alluded to by authors as identical with this species; it has
also been compared with Diminovula verepunctata Ire-
dale, 1930. Pseudosimnia verepunctata and P. alabaster
differ distinctly from the Kiener species by having a con-
stant, different shape, transversely incised dorsally (stria-
tion is unusually clearly evident even on well worn shells).
In describing his shell K1ENER (1843) was careful to say,
“La surface est lisse.’’ Kiener’s species, questionable at

THE VELIGER

Page 27

rt

best, becomes even more obscure since he cited no type
locality for the shell. ScHILDER (1932: 51) says, in regard
to the Kiener species, ‘““The type specimen preserved in
the Paris Museum is now worn and calcified—the de-
scription and figure seem to fit only a pellucid alabaster;
besides two shells labeled as cristallina in the coll. of the
late Dr. Dautzenberg, correspond to alabaster, Reeve.”
It should be noted that REEvE (1865) designated the type
locality of alabaster as Senegal [West Africa], which, as we
understand the distribution of the species today, appears
to be erroneous. I do not consider the Kiener species valid.

48. Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) aurantiomacula
Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 52, 52C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, ovate, thin, sub-trans-
lucent; side margins converge abruptly to form sub-
pointed terminal projections at either end, more so adap-
ically; dorsum inflatedly humped, transversely striate over
all; base evenly ovate, very finely striate, sub-glossy;
a weak terminal ridge may be seen abapically, with a long,
low funicular thickening at rear base; columella flattened,
barely concave, with a broad shallow fossula in front, and
a low adaxial longitudinal carinal wall outlining both;
aperture is broad, with an even, gentle curvature; outer
lip broad, reflexed convexly inward with widely spaced,
fairly well developed teeth (16) along inner edge; shell
color basically pale glassy-grey, with a pale lemon to but-
ter-yellow shade superimposed, over which are three bands
of bright orange color blotches; a bright orange line en-
circles right side of shell, extending over terminal beaks.

Measurements, type: L- 6.3; W - 3.8; H- 3.3mm.

Type Locality: 2km off Kirimezaki, Kii Peninsula, Japan
(34°00’N; 134°48’E); at 55-91m; leg S. Habu, March
LOMA

Type: MA, No. 15643 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species seems to approach Pseudo-
simnia alabaster (Reeve, 1865) in overall shell outline, but
differs from it in several ways: it is a slightly smaller, more
delicate form; it has considerably fewer teeth on the outer
lip, a more conservative funicular projection on the rear
base, and it lacks the crenulation seen in the Reeve species.
It also has a noticeably smaller, more rounded anterior
canal opening and a peculiar orange dorsal color spotting.

The name is derived from a combination of Latin words
aurantium, meaning orange and macula, meaning spotted.

Page 28

49, Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) caledonica (Crosse, 1872)

(Figure 53: holotype)

1872 Ovula caledonica Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl. 20: 62; pit.

2, fig. 1

1885 Ovula pudica Tryon, Man. Conch. 2: 247; plt. 2, figs.
29-31

1941 Prionovolva caledonica; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 106

1956 Prionovolva brevis Ailan, Cowries World Seas: 125

Description, holotype: ‘“Ovula caledonica-—Coquille
ovale-pitiforme [somewhat narrowly elongated, large for
the genus], atténuée et bri¢vement sub-rostrée aux deux
extrémités, peu luisante, paraissant a peu prés lisse, a l’oeil
nu, mais présentant en réalité, vue a4 la loupe, de petites
stries transverses, croisées par de petites lignes longitudin-
ales, peu nombreuses et peu apparentes. [Base smooth,
glossy, ovate, becoming constricted in front, with a fairly
sharp mostly smooth funicular ridge in back.] Coloration
d'un rose tres-clair [or white], avec les extrémités blanches,
et quelques petites taches peu visibles et d’un brun clair,
au sommet de la parties dorsale. Ouverture étroite [openly
wide, more so in front], arquée et d’un rose claire, a
l'intérieur. Péristome d’un blanc de lait; bord columel-
laire muni, a sa partie supérieure; d’un forte callosité, et
sensiblernent excavé, a sa partie inférieure; bord externe
[thickened, roundly formed] obscurément denticulé et
d'un blanc lacté uniforme, des deux cotés.”’ (Crosse, 1872:
62)

Measurements, type: ‘Plus grand diametre de la coquille
13 millimetres, plus petit 8, hauteur totale 7.” [L - 13.6;
W - 8.6mm, approx. |

Type Locality: ““Arnede islet,” at the lighthouse, near
Noumea, New Caledonia [22°14’ S; 166°30’ E].

Type: MNHN, presently without No. [holotype].

Discussion: Crosse made the following observations in re-
gard to this species: ‘Several specimens have been col-
lected with the animal by the aid of a dredge (E. Marie).
This species is very close to O. margarita Humphrey [sic]
and O. pyrulina Adams, but it is distinguished by its rosy
coloring, by the light brown specks on its dorsum, and by
the system of little striae, which intersect each other. More-
over, the first of those spp. is a clear white and the second
a livid white, whereas ours is a rosy color. ‘he 3 spp. have,
further, much resemblance among them in general form,
all three that peculiarity where, with respect to the spire,
the outer lip extends well beyond the inner lip.”

This Crosse species, it appears, may easily be only a
variety of Pseudosimnia alabaster (Reeve, 1865), seeming
to vary mostly in the make-up of the rear apertural-canal-

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

terminal area, and shell size. I have seen only the photo-
graphs, not the type specimen itself; therefore I am sepa-
rating the Reeve and Crosse species provisionally.

50. Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) incisa
Azuma &« Cate, 1971

(Figure 54: holotype)

1971 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) incisa Azuma & Cate, The
Veliger 13 (3) : 262; fig. 3

Description, holotype: Shell small, solid, narrow, ovate;
terminals produced, blunt in front, rounded in back;
dorsum sub-glossy, with evenly rounded, numerous trans-
verse incised striae overall; base ovate, smooth, sub-glossy,
narrowing thickly to the front; a thick, multi-knobbed
funiculum covers end of adapical base; columella broad,
deep, curving, deepening into a long concave fossula, both
columella and fossula outlined adaxially by a thick longi-
tudinal carinal ridge; aperture broad, curving; outer lip
broad, roundly shouldered above, with numerous large,
though weakly formed teeth; dorsum light grey overall
with irregularly sized large diffused punctations of bright
orange; base light grey; adaxial carinal wall, funiculum,
outer lip and teeth milk-white; terminal canals orange.

Measurements, type: L - 5.2; W- 2.7; H- 2.4mm.

Type Locality: 3-4km off Hinomisaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 91 - 128m, living on the
host, Solenocaulon chinense Kikenthal; leg. Azuma.

Type: MA, No. 14843 [holotype].

Discussion: This species may be compared with Pseudo-
simnia punctata (Duclos, 1831), but it differs from it by
being a much more slender shell with more elongate
terminal processes, a straighter aperture, a crenate funi-
culum, and its teeth at the rear of the outer lip project
beyond the periphery of the lip; also, the dorsal spotting
of P. incisa is less distinct than that of P. punctata.

51. Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) striola Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 55: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, ovate, evenly propor-
tioned; dorsum semi-glossy, deeply traversed with in-
cised grooves throughout; terminals curiously produced,
gently recurved adapically, semi-beaked and square in
front; base bulbously ovate, with a thickened nacreous
callus over most of base, base narrowing sharply in front
parallel to terminal ridge; a broad, many-sectioned funic-
ulum curves perpendicularly to rear shell base to form

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 50 to 55

Figure 50 Figure 51
Ovula cristallina (47) Diminovula verepunctata (47)

Figure 52 Figure 53
Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) aurantiomacula (48) Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) caledonica (49)

|

Figure 55
Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) incisa (50) Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) striola (51)

Ray
feu):

Vol. 15; Supplement _

an unusual terminal beak projection; aperture wide, curv-
ing; outer lip broad, flattened inwardly, sutured and
shouldered above, and heavily denticulate on inner edge
of outer lip, forming bumps and some irregularity on outer
edge; color pale beige-yellow, with teeth, outer lip side
margin, base callus and terminals a contrasting milk-
white.

Measurements, type: L- 4.0; W-2.1; H- 2.0mm.

Type Locality: Int. Indian Ocean Exped., Anton Bruun
Sta. 36A (13°00’N; 97°41’E), March 30, 1963; 68m; mud,
shell; 35 mi. W of Tavoy id., Andaman Sea, south Burma.

Type: ANSP, No. 292804 [holotype].

Discussion: The name of the new species is derived from
the Latin, and is suggested by the dorsal striation seen on
the shell. It vaguely resembles Pseudosimnia (Diminovula)
incisa (Cate, 1971) in general outline, but differs from it
markedly otherwise: it has a much heavier, coarser dorsal
striation, differently formed terminal processes, fewer and
larger outer lip teeth, and lacks the dorsal color spotting.
The type of P. striola is damaged by a hole on the left rear
dorsum.

52. Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) perilla Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 56: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, somewhat inflated,
though narrowly pyriform; rear terminal produced,
beaked, narrower and blunt in front; dorsum transversely
incised, grooved throughout; base roundly inflated, nar-
rowing sharply to the front, mostly smooth from thin
nacreous layering; front terminal ridge straight and well
formed; rear funicular projection very thickly, triangu-
larly formed, crenate, lengthening to form the terminal
beak on the left side at an oblique angle with the outer lip;
aperture curving, becoming wider abapically; columella
broadly depressed, with a longitudinally thickened carina
forming the inner wall; fossula long, deep, and sharply
angled with the base; outer lip broad, thickened, rounded,
and shouldered above, with fairly well developed, widely
separated teeth that cross the lip; color is milk-white
overall.

Measurements, type: L- 5.0; W- 2.5; H- 2.4mm.

Type Locality: Int. Indian Ocean Exped., Anton Bruun
Sta. 19; in 42m, sandy mud; 25 miles NNW of Phuket
Island, Andaman Sea, West Thailand (08°29’ N; 97°59’ E);
23 March 1963.

Type: ANSP, No. 291499 [holotype].

_THE VELIGER

Ease

Discussion: Another specimen, USNM No. 280946A,
from the Smithsonian Exped. Sta. 5192, was taken from
32 fathoms in green sand off SE Bantayan Island, Philip-
pines. This new species seems to be somewhat like the
preceding species, Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) striola
Cate, but on close inspection it exhibits more numerous,
much finer transverse dorsal striations; it has less tortuous
and recurved adapical terminal beaks, and the front ter-
minal end is more delicately formed; it has a smoother,
more continuous funicular ridge on the rear base, and
noticeably fewer teeth on the outer lip. The name is de-
rived from the Latin perillus, honoring an Athenian
metallurgist, [léei.Aec, who cast a brazen bull in which
criminals were to be shut up and roasted, and who was the
first to suffer death by it.

53. Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) punctata (Duclos, 1831)
(Figure 57: C3694)

1831 Ovula punctata Duclos, Mag. Zool. 1083: 7; plt. 7, figs.
23.83

1848 Ovulum punctatum; Sowerby 2"4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum
2: 471; plt. 101, figs. 90 - 92

1941 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) punctata; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Diminovula) punctata; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 122

Description, holotype: “Ovula punctata—O. testa ovato-
oblonga [shell fairly large for this group], inflata [bul-
bously pyriform], alba [shell color mostly porcelain white,
with a golden line encircling the shell at angle of the side-
margin suture and over the terminal beaks], utrinque
subrosata [broad sub-centrally], striata [dorsum finely
transversely striate (striations may be almost obscure on
the central dorsum)], rubro-punctata [with three trans-
verse rows of fairly large orange-brown spots on dorsum
(usually two spots to a row, widely spaced)]; labro mar-
ginato [outer lip numerously, though weakly dentate];
columella anterius concava’’ (Ductos, 1831:7) [fossula
fairly deep]; [terminals pointedly produced, well formed;
base smooth, bulbously-ovate, tapering abruptly to form
a straight terminal ridge in front; an evenly formed funic-
ular projection provides the left rear canal wall; columella
smooth, broad, concave, with a longitudinal carinal ridge
outlining it adaxially; aperture narrow, curving left
adapically].

Measurements, type: “Long. 7 mill.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 10.0; W-6.5; H-5.8mm
(Figure 57a: C3694).

Page 30

Type Locality: ‘““Habite l’ile Bourbon. Ma collection.
Duclos. Septembre 1828’; [= Reunion Island, Indian
Ocean (21°06’S; 55°36’ E)].

Type: Location apparently unknown. I have been unable
to locate the Duclos specimen; since his collection of shells
was sold indiscriminately (see DANCE, 1966: 201) it is prob-
able the type has become lost.

Distribution: Cabcaben, Bataan, Manila Bay, Philip-
pines, Mackay, Queensland, east Australia.

Discussion: Oi this species, Duclos commented: “This
little shell of rare elegance is remarkable in a particular
manner, by the fineness of its striae and its dorsal puncta-
tion, descriptien of which no one seems to have mentioned
in the different species which comprise the genus Ovuia.
It is ovai-oblong, inflated, white, the back ornamented
with six round points [spots] of a reddish color, placed two
by two in a uniform manner; the right border margin
[lip] is finely denticulate in the interior; the left or colu-
mella is very smooth and concave, in the form of a gout-
tiére [fossula]. This species is one of the most beautiful of
the genus.”

Many localities have been cited for this species
(ScHILDER 1941: 107), but since the identifications are un-
certain it will be necessary to reevaluate its distributional
range; those collecting stations listed in this work have
been verified. (Figure 57: orig. illustr.).

34. Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) whitworthi Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 58: holotype)

1970 Prionovolva brevis (Sowerby, 1828), Azuma, Venus 28
(4): 179; text fig. 2

Description, holotype: Shell small, pyriform, well propor-
tioned; terminals prominent, roundly pointed adapically;
dorsum humped, roundly inflated, very finely, numerously
striate throughout; base ovate, smooth, narrowing to the
front as a thickened upraised ridge; terminal ridge short,
inconspicuous; funiculum wide in front, narrowing as a
series (3) of knobs, to become left wall of adapical terminal
canal; columella wide, depressed, outlined adaxially by a
ridge, and finely, transversely striate, striation encompas-
sing the broad, deep, well formed fossula; outer lip broad,
roundly thickened, shouldered above, numerously denti-
culate (18) with well formed teeth; aperture moderately
wide throughout; shell color basically pale grey, with three
tran: verse bands of rose, upon which are superimposed six
largc, diffused spots of deep rose (cf. punctata for compar-
abl, arrangement); base pale beige-white, faintly pale rose-
handed; columella and fossula depression medium rose

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

color; terminal canals pink; outer lip, terminals, basal
ridge, and funiculum off-white.

Measurements, type: L- 8.3; W - 5.3; H- 4.4mm.

Type Locality: Ogokuda, Kii; Ogokuda Beach in Shio-
nomisaki, South Kii, Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E).

Type: CAS, No. 13322 [holotype].

Discussion: The species is a small one, but very beautiful,
and probably is not very distant from Pseudosimnia
punctata (Duclos, 1831). It differs from it, however, by
being a generally smaller form, more numerously and dis-
tinctly striate; by being more ovate in outline, less angu-
larly pyriform; by being smaller, less inflated on the base;
by having more highly developed labial teeth; by a much
less conspicuous basal ridge and by the outstanding color
and pattern.

(Inflatovula) Cate, subgen. nov.

Type species: Ovulum marginatum Sowerby", 1828

Shells are solid, well formed, inflatedly pyriform, with a
bulbous body whorl; the outer lip is usually dentate. The
name for this new subgenus is derived from the Latin
word, inflatus, for puffed up, swoilen.

55. Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) marginata
(Sowerby “*, 1828)

(Figure 59: holotype)

1828 Ovulum marginatum Sowerby 't, Zool. Journ. London 4:
151

1843 Ovula marginata; Kiener, icon. Cog. Viv., Ovula 2: 7;
plt. 3, fig. 1

1887 Ovula adamsi;Paetel, Cat. Conch. Sammi. 1: 325

1941 Prionovolva marginata; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3) 107;

1956 Primovula (Prionovolvua) marginata; Allan, Cowries
World Seas: 126

Description, holotype: “Ovulum marginatum—Shell of a
rather oblong oval form [shell large, inflated, sub-pyri-
formly ovate, sub-glossy, lightweight in construction], and
obtuse at both extremities [terminals weakly produced},
white, particularly in front [milk-white over all]; the back
with a number of slightly raised transverse lines [low
angular ridges, which may not always be readily apparent;
dorsum also very closely, finely, transversely, incisedly
striate overall; base smooth, glossy, convexly ovate];
border of the outer lip rounded, denticulated on the inner
edge [unevenly thickened overall, weakly shouldered
above], depressed and plicato-denticulated [teeth length-

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Plate 2

cats a

Figure 242C. Phenacovolva (Calca

= aes

ria) tokioi (211) Figure 103C Crenavolva (Crenavolva) renovata (100)

Vyas iy

lead

Banos 3 A (91)

Figure 52 C Figure 107 C

Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) Crenavolva (Crenavolva) Figure 101 C
aurantiomacula (48) rosewateri (101) Crenavolva (Crenavolva) striatula striatula (96)

Vol. 15; Supplement

THE VELIGER

Page 31

ened like folds] near the lower [abapical] end; upper
[adapical] part of columella with a strong pliciform tooth
[funiculum]; columella flatly depressed, near the base it is
depressed [into a shallow fossula], and below it has a prom-
inent fold or tooth [terminal ridge]; outer border of the
lips with an orange line [a golden line encircles shell prom-
inently, in the outer suture of the lip; front terminal ridge
is a continuation of a longitudinal carinal ridge which out-
lines columella and fossula within; aperture fairly straight,
curving gently to the rear, wide, becoming more open to
the front].”” (SowERBy ***, 1828: 151)

Measurements, type: “long. 17/20, lat. 5/10, poll.”

Measurements, hypotype: L - 23.1; W- 13.7; H-12.0mm
(Figure 59a: C3572).

Type Locality: Not given. Here designated as Carigara
Bay, Leyte, E Philippines (11°20’N; 124°40’E).

Type: BMNH (Taylor, zn litt), No. 1969138 [presumed
holotype].

Distribution: Malabar, India; New Caledonia; Taiwan;
Ryukyu Islands, and Japan.

Discussion: This species is only fairly common, with the
center of distribution evidently in the Philippines area. It
should be noted that the shells of this species are quite
variable in their morphology from one locality to another.
Some of these variations are illustrated in the figures of the
type and hypotype shown here. As seen in the type figure,
dorsal striation is almost absent [Sowerby mentioned
only ‘“—the back with a number of slightly raised trans-
verse lines [angular ridges]|—’’]. The shells from the
Taiwan area seem to agree most closely with the holotype
[according to the Sowerby observation], particularly in
outline, and the dorsal transverse angular ridges. ‘The
shells from the Philippines, as illustrated here by the hypo-
type, vary considerably both in outline and in dorsal
striation, and lack the angular ridges. No attempt will be
made here to separate these variants.

36. Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) coroniola
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 60: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell subfossil, fairly large, in-
flated, sub-glossy, pyriformly-ovate, rather highly humped
sub-centrally; terminals somewhat produced, almost
sharply so in back; dorsum smooth, without dorsal stria-
tion, except that a few very faint concentric lines emanate
from the rear beak (seen only under high magnification) ;
base convexly ovate, tapering abruptly to the front to
form a narrow callus ridge that ends obliquely on a very

short terminal ridge; in back a three-sectioned funicular
projection forms left wall of rear terminal canal; columelia
smooth, wide, depressed, deepening in front to form fos-
sula; both columella and fossula are adaxially defined by
an elevated longitudinal carinal ridge; aperture somewhat
wide, curving left adapically; outer lip thickened, round-
ed, subreflexed, with short, sharp, very highly developed
teeth (24); shell color autumnal-rose, with large diffused
spots irregularly distributed over dorsum; marginal callus
(left side) pale rose; base, funiculum, and teeth pale ivory;
interstices pale yellow; interior of shell and terminal
canals bright rose.

Measurements, type: L - 13.9; W - 10.0; H- 7.4mm.
Type Locality: Off the Kii Peninsula, Kii, Japan (34°
00’N; 134°48’ E)

Type: ANSP, No. 244834A [holotype].

Discussion: This new species seems quite distinct from
any other form. ‘The holotype was trawled in deep water
and is apparently unique. This species is smaller than the
preceding form, Pseudosimnia marginata (Sowerby ***,
1828), and differs from it by being mostly without dorsal
incised striation and upraised angular ridges, except for a
few limited concentric lines emanating restrictedly from
either terminal; by the lack of a heavy adaxial carinal wall
at the fossula; by having a weaker, poorly developed front
terminal ridge; and by having a beautiful combination of
shell colors, a condition never seen in P. (Inflatovula)
marginata.

The name is derived from the Latin word for autumnal
rose color.

57. - Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) sinensis
(Sowerby 34, 1874)

(Figure 67: C3598).

1874 Ovulum sinensis Sowerby 3", 1874, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don: 599; plt. 72, fig. 1

1887 Ovula sinensis; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 325

1941 Prionovolva sinensis; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Diminovula) sinensis; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 123

1958 Pseudosimnia (Margovula) sinensis; Kuroda, Venus 20
(2): 168

Description, holotype: “Ovulum sinense—Shell [sub-]
pyriform, ventricose, somewhat attenuated posteriorly,
slightly beaked at both ends, rather thin, semi-transparent,
white [milk-white], encircled with an orange line at the
margin [there are also four large, diffused, widely spaced,
pale brown spots, two at either end of shell away from ter-

Page 32

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

minal collars}, very obscurely decussated [dorsum is un-
even, sub-glossy, with very fine incised, transverse striation
overall, decussated longitudinally with numerous fine
growth lines, both of these are crossed by widely spaced,
transverse, slightly upraised, angular ridges, which par-
allel fine dorsal striae, and cover entire dorsum; base in-
flatedly ovate, glossy, thinly layered with transparent cal-
lus, permitting visibility of transverse striation and angu-
lar ridge beneath; base tapers quickly to a short terminal
ridge curving inward and downward in front]; aperture
rather wide, arched [curving|, milk-white within; colu-
mella with a thickened ridge [funiculum] at the upper
part [funiculum long, low, sub-serrated], somewhat exca-
vated below [columella fairly broad, shallowly ctepressed,
deepening, and with the aid of an adaxial wall, forms a
broad, shallow fossula], with a strong plait [terminal ridge]
at the [abapical] canal; outer lip denticulate [roundly
thickened, hardly shouldered above, and with numerous
(24) fairly well developed teeth]. (SoweRBy *"', 1874: 599)

Measurements, type: “long. 30, lat. 19, alt. 13. mill.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 21.0; W-13.7; H-11.4
mm. (Figure 61: C3598)

Type Locality: “Hab. Hongkong (Cuthill, two speci-
mens).

Type: I have been unable to locate the holotype. The
hgured hypotype, however, appears to be almost an exact
likeness of the Sowerby specimen.

Distribution: Kaohsiung, Taiwan (trawlers);
Islands; Southwest Seas of Japan.

Ryukyu

Discussion: Sowerby mentioned that there is a specimen
of this species in the British Museum, which was placed
with “O. adriaticum,” trom which he says it differs con-
siderably in form and structure, being much stronger and
more ventricose. It must also be compared with Pseudo-
simnia marginata (Sowerby **', 1828), from which it differs
by having more numerous, evenly formed teeth on the
outer lip; by its rounder, more inflated form; by the less
produced, lengthened terminal processes; by the basal
callus, and the more uneven, poorly developed funiculum.

58. Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) kandai
Cate x Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 62: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell large, inflated, pyriformly
ovele, terminals procuced, curiously reflected, especially
abapically; dorsum smooth, glossy, with limited concentric
striation emanating trom adapical beak, hardly any or

none at all from the front terminal; base large, roundly
ovate, smooth, glossy, with a narrow thickening of base to
the front, where it joins an acutely curving, oblique ter-
minal ridge; a large, heavily calloused, triangular funt-
culum on rear base; columella broadly depressed, deepen-
ing as a fossula abapically, with an adaxial carinal wall out-
lining both; aperture broad. vently curving, becoming
wider abapically; outer lip broad, edge rounded, with
numerous (28) well developed teeth; color pale beige over-
all, with large, irregularly placed pale brown blotches on
both dorsum and base.

Measurements, type: L- 12.0; W- 8.9; H- 6.2mm.

Type Locality: 2km off Kabae, Oita Prefecturate; in
2-37m (33°14’N; 131°35’E); leg. M. Kanda; ex M.
Azuma.

Type: MA, No. 15641 [holotype].

Discussion: ‘This new species may be compared with the
Philippine Pseudostmnia marginata (Sowerby **', 1828),
from which it differs by having a much smaller shell; by
having a broader, more curving aperture; the outer lip
has more fully produced teeth; the dorsum lacks the bold
striation seen in P. marginata; it also is a more colorful
species, with a characteristic surface ornament, and it lacks
the circumferential golden line at the margin seen on the
Sowerby species. The name of this species honors Mr.
Masato Kanda, Kyusyu, Japan, a friend and coworker of
Masao Azuma.

59. Pseudosimna (Inflatovula) translineata
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 63: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell sub-pyriform, inflated, sub-
globose, bulbously humped; terminals barely produced,
pointed adapically, less so in front; dorsum glossy, with
widely separated transverse incised grooves throughout;
base globosely ovate, incisedly grooved, becoming a sub-
terminal ridge in front, with a long, upraised, curving
funicular ridge that forms the left rear terminal canal
wall; columella broadly depressed, incisedly grooved, be-
coming deeper in front to form a distinct fossular cavity,
having an upraised ridge within; outer lip broad, thickly,
heavily formed, with large well developed teeth (26); color
ivory-grey throughout.

Measurements, type: L - 9.5; W - 5.6; H- 4.8mm.

Type Locality: Ostheimer, Orr, Powell Expedition; Sta.
511, in 15m of water; } mile off Kaipoeri Village, Koero-

Tue Veuicrr, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Care] Figures 56 to 59 a

Figure 56 Figure 57
Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) perilla (52) Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) punctata (53)

Figure 57a Figure 58
Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) punctata (53) Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) whitworthi (54)

Figure 59 Figure 59a
Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) marginata (55) Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) marginata (55)

Vol. 15; Supplement

THE VELIGER

Page 33

edoe Island, Geelvink Bay, New Guinea (02°30’S; 135°
30’E); 10 February 1956.

Type: ANSP, No. 277971 [holotype].

Discussion: Although distinct as a species, I have chosen
to compare it with another new taxon, Aperiovula jeanae
Cate; their only resemblance is in their shell outline.
Pseudosimnia translineata differs from A. jeanae by being
a much smaller species; by having a colorless, very pale
grey appearance; by having fairly well developed teeth on
the inner edge of the outer lip; by having the adapical ter-
minal less produced, less beaked; and by having a more
conservative front terminal, without any reflection. This
new species name is derived from the compounding of two
Latin words: trans, meaning over, across and, lineatus
meaning geometrical lines, a physical feature very ap-
parent in this species.

60. Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) culmen
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 64: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large for this group,
glossy, globosely pyriform; terminals produced, projecting
in a narrow, lanceolate manner adapically; dorsum numer-
ously incisedly transversely striate away from either end,
with more widely spaced, angular semi-carinal ridges cross-
ing the central dorsum; base smooth, glossy, inflatedly
ovate, tapering toward the front to become a sharp callus
ridge, ending on a short terminal ridge; a low, elongate
funicular projection forms the rear canal wall; columella
slightly thickened, flattened, hardly depressed, deepening
in front to form a broad shallow fossula, the latter defined
adaxially by a carinal wall; aperture curving, narrow in
back, becoming more open at constriction of outer lip;
outer lip roundly thickened, somewhat reflected, and den-
tate with numerous (22) fairly well developed teeth, whose
broad interstices often possess rudimentary teeth; shell
color rosy-grey over all, with medium sized irregular light
brown dorsal punctations dorsally (7 on the type), and a
bright golden-orange line encircling the periphery of the
shell at the sides and over terminal beaks; terminal canals,
outer lip interstices orange.

Measurements, type: L- 13.1; W- 8.3; H- 7.0mm.

Type Locality: Off the Kii Peninsula, Kii, Japan (34°
00’N; 134°48’E).

Type: ANSP, No. 244834 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species appears to resemble most
closely the species Pseudosimnia coroniola Cate, (herein);
however, it differs markedly by being more inflated, more
pyriform; by having distinct dorsal striae and central an-
gular ridges; by having a narrow, tightly formed rear
terminal beak and canal opening; by possessing a different
kind of dorsal spotting, and the rich rose color seen in the
shell interior, side margins, and in the terminal canals.

The transverse angular dorsal ridges are the basis for
this species’ name; it is taken from the Latin word
culmen, meaning a ridge.

(Labiovolva) Cate, subgen. nov.

Type species: Ovulum nubeculatum A. Adams & Reeve, 1848

The shells in this group are characterized by having very
thin, semi-developed, corded cuter lip edges. The name
is derived from the Latin, with emphasis placed on the
peculiarity of the lip.

61. Pseudosimnia (Labiovolva) nubeculata
(A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)

(Figure 65: holotype)

1848 Ovulum nubeculatum A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Moll., Ovulum: 23; plt. 6, figs. 12a, 12b, 12c

1859 Ovula nubeculata; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 272

1941 Prionovolva nubeculata; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Prionovolva) nubeculata; Allan, Cowries
World Seas: 126

1958 Prionovolva nubeculata fruticum Kuroda, Venus 20 (2) :
168

Description, holotype: “Ovulum nubeculatum—Ovul.
testa ventricosa, subpyriformi, pallidé rubro vel fulvo
nubeculato [Latin: a little cloud]; dorso obscuré costel-
lato; canalibus brevibus, vix emarginatis; apertura an-
gusta, labio externo intus crenulato, prope medium sub-
complanato; labio interno tumorem elevatum crassum
ferente, ad canalem breve et recedente, anticé tumido,
intus excavato, ad canalem sub-uniplicato.” (A. ADAMs &
REEVE, 1848: 23)

Measurements, Type: L - 19.0; W - 11.0mm (approx.)

Type Locality: “Hab. Isle of Basilan.” [among a group of
islands SW of Mindanao, Philippines (06°35’N; 122°
00’ E).]

Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.180 [holotype].

Page 34

Discussion: Not much seems to be known at present
about this species; I have examined nearly all of the major
collections in North America, and have never seen it
represented. Additional knowledge will depend upon
further field work.

62. Pseudosimnia (Labiovolva) nubila
Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 66: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, sub-pyriform,
inflated; terminals produced, roundly narrowly arched in
front, small, sub-spatulate adapically; dorsum glossy,
though numerously incisedly transversely striate overall,
except that lines become almost obsolete centrally; base
inflatedly ovate, semi-glossy, very slightiy striate; front
base constricted adaperturally, thickly narrowing (wedge-
like) abapically to merge with a very short terminal ridge;
a long, low, curving funicular callus thickening on rear
base; columella broad, barely visible, though deepening
to the front to become a fossula; aperture very wide,
gently curving; outer lip very narrowly thickened, cord-
like, sub-crenulate; color basically pale beige-grey, with
three bands of pale cloudy pinkish-brown crossing dorsum
transversely; terminal tips, funiculum, front base wedge,
and outer lip edge off-white.

Measurements, type: L- 11.1; W-6.3; H- 5.5mm.

Type Locality: In 55 - 91m, off Hinomesaki, Kii, Japan
(34°00’N; 134°48’E); leg. S. Habu, March 1971.

Type: MA, No. 15642 [holotype].

Discussion: This unusual new species somewhat resem-
bles the preceding species, Pseudosimnia nubeculata (A.
Adams & Reeve, 1848), only by having a similar shell out-
line, but differs distinctly from it in many other ways:
by being very much smaller; by being numerously trans-
versely striate overall, though not transversely angularly
ridged as seen in the Adams & Reeve species; by having
differently formed terminals; and by having different
colors and surface ornament.

The name is derived from the Latin nubilus, meaning
cloudy.

Xandarovula Cate, gen. nov.
Type species: Bulla patula Pennant, 1777
The species in this new genus are, for the most part, fairly

large, often thinly constructed, lightweight, broadly bul-
bous shells with wide apertures and with a rather thin lip

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

callus, or there may be no callus at all. The type species
of the genus normally seems immature in its lip con-
struction.

This generic name was derived from the Greek Xan-
dros, a fabulous sea monster.

63. Aandarovula patula (Pennant, 1777)
(Figure 67: holotype)

1777 Bulla patula Pennant, Brit. Zool., London, ed. 4: 117;
pit. 70, fig. 85

1825 Bulla haliotidea [Renier] Gerville, Mem. Soc. Linn. Cal-
vados: 203

1835 Bulla virginea Cantraine, Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles
2: 10

1843 Ovula patula; Kiener, Icon. Cog. Viv., Ovula 2: 6; plt. 3,
fig. 4

1848 Ovulum patula; Sowerby?™4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum 2:
478; plt. 101, figs. 105, 113

1847 Ovula pennantiana Leach, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 20: 209

1847 Ovula blainville Leach lem. syn.], Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
20: 269

1853 Simnia patula;H.« A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. III: plt.
29, fig. 2

1860 Ovulum patulum; Reeve, Elem. Conch. 1: 36

1875 Calpurna patula; Woodward, Man. Moll.: 234

1885 Ovula adriatica Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 247; plt. 1, figs.
16, 18

1885 Bulla virginea = patula; Tryon, Man. Conch. 2: 247

1887 Ovula virginea = adriatica; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml.
1: 326

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly large, elongately
ovate, thinly formed; dorsum sub-glossy, except that faint
longitudinal growth lines mar the surface, and there are
faint transverse lines over either terminal area, more ob-
scurely on the dorsum, but quite distinct on the narrowly
ovate base; base narrows sharply in front, with a curious
sub-fossular excavation; adapical terminal process tortu-
ously twisted; no funiculum is present; aperture flaringly
open, broad; outer lip thin, seemingly unfinished; colu-
mella and adaxial fossular ridge stark white, remainder of
the shell off-white to greyish-white.

Measurements, hypotype: L - 22.8; W- 11.1; H- 7.9mm
(C3789).

Type Locality: “England.” Here designated as Dover,
England.

Type: Whereabouts unknown.

Distribution: British Isles: Scotland; Ireland; Shetland
Islands; off N Scotland; S English coast; E English coast;
and Wales.

THE VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 60 to 65

Figure 60
Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) coroniola (56)

Figure 62 Figure 63
Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) kandai (58) Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) translineata (59)

Figure 64 Figure 65
Pseudosimnia (Inflatovula) culmen (60) Pseudosimnia (Labiovolva) nubeculata (61)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Discussion: An important reference to the Pennant mol-
luscan collection is that of Epcar A. SMITH (Journ. Conch.
London (1913-1915) 14: 38-41) in which are listed his
types along with his figured specimens. The ovulid
species, patula, does not appear therein. It seems signifi-
cant, therefore, to quote Smith in this regard: “Pennant
does not definitely state whether the species described and
figured were in his own or some other collection, but oc-
casionally they are said to be from that of the Duchess of
Portland.’ Many of the cowries species in the Portland
sales (1786) were without labels; many had the labels re-
arranged or the specimens were without labels. (Figure
67a: C3917; Figure 67b = Reeve, 1865, figured specimen).

64. Xandarovula xanthochila (Kuroda, 1928)
(Figure 68: C3798)

1928 Simnia (?) xanthochila Kuroda, Venus 1: 78; plt. 1, fig.
5 [1929]

1932 Neosimnia hirasei Schilder, Proc. Malacol. Soc. London
20 (1): 54

Description, holotype: “Simnia (?) xanthochila—Shell
large for genus; cylindrical, thin and fragile; semi-trans-
lucent, white; with a border of sulphur yellow about
1mm. in width at the margin of the outer lip, and also a
suffusion of the same color on the parietal wall as on both
anterior and posterior rostrations, that on the parietal wall
broadly spreads over, but gradually fades off towards the
left side of the body; posterior axis tortuous, with a spiral
ridge at the point of insertion, and terminated by a spout
shaped canal which is obtusely bordered by a sulphur
colored callus; columella straight, with a white somewhat
sinuous, axial ridge of callus, deeply seated on the colu-
mella; outer portion of the ridge is covered by a sulphur-
colored, somewhat heavy callus-deposition; canal wide,
with the margin abruptly recurved and widened at its
edge; axis pervious; aperture rather broad, lunate,
widened anteriorly; outer lip narrowly calloused, margin
on the outside, its posterior two-thirds feebly involved;
inside of the outer lip with a smooth callus of very pale
rosy tint. Surface roughened by axial sculpture, which
consists of rather rugose, irregular incremental striae, as
well as of microscopically fine but distinct spiral threads,
which are interrupted at the mesial [sic] portion of the
body; the reticulations are conspicuous at before and
behind, except on the anterior canal which is never
spirally sculptured, but with a trace of a feeble fasciole.”
(KuropA, 1928: 78.)

Measurements, type: “long. 28.6, diam. 13.8, width of
aperture, anteriorly, 5.3, posteriorly, 2.5mm.”

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Page 35

Measurements, hypotype: L - 23.5; W - 13.6; H- 10.9mm
(Figure 68: C3798).

Type Locality: ‘Central Japan” [east]. Type locality here
designated as: in 146m, off Tosa, Japan (33°20’N; 133°
45’).

Type Disposition: Mr. Chien Ishibashi coll., Japan.

Distribution: Deep water off the central east coast of
Japan: Kii and Tosa.

Discussion: Kuroda adds the following comment: “The
type, the only specimen that I know belongs to Mr. Chien
Ishibashi’s collection. It has a narrower aperture and a
more elongate body than the European S. patula (Pen-
nant), to which this species seems to bear the nearest
relation, though the generic position of the present species
is yet in doubt. This species is remarkable for its rather
rugose surface and yellow lips.”’

65. Xandarovula pagoda Cate, spec. nov.
(Figure 69: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell elongately-ovate, thin, light-
weight construction, translucent, though strong; dorsum
and base unevenly smooth, roundly inflated; aperture very
wide, gently curving left; terminals not produced, though
peculiarly formed adapically in relation to the posterior
base and outer lip—abruptly terminated, flaringly open
abapically; outer lip thin-edged, without callus or thick-
ening; base comparatively small, roundly, bulbously, con-
vexly inflated; color greyish-white overall.

L- 21.7; W- 12.4; H- 9.7mm.

Type Locality: In 183m, off Tosa, Japan (33°20'N;
133°45’ EB).

Type: ANSP, No. 277515 [holotype].

Measurements, type:

Distribution: deep water, off the Kii Peninsula, east
Japan.

Discussion: This beautiful, delicate, and very deep water
species has an unusual appearance which has suggested
its Oriental name. In describing this as new, thought was
given to the possibility of its being a varietal form of
Xandarovula xanthochila (Kuroda, 1928), but the visible
difference in the shells suggests their separation, at least
on a provisional basis. The new form has a more heavily
embossed dorsal striation; a more distorted shell outline,
with an irregular outer lip line whose edge is more thinly
terminated; its body whorl is more sub-globularly devel-
oped, and it lacks the yellow tinting of the Kuroda species
(Figure 69a: C3683).

Page 36

66. Xandarovula figgisae Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 70: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell obese, thin textured, sub-
translucent, lightweight; dorsum longitudinally finely
marked with growth lines, otherwise, dorsum and base
numerously transversely lined with evenly spaced, up-
raised, thread-like cords; terminals effuse, not extending
beyond length of outer lip; adapically, left side of terminal
is a narrow cylindrical column, a peculiar extension of the
columellar base; outer lip is an even crescent curve, edge
is thin, often irregularly finished and incomplete, and
lacks teeth; rear base short, abruptly bulbous, roundly
inflated, with front base narrowing sharply, with a twist-
ing ridge forming the outer perimeter of a semi-smooth
fossular area; color milk-white overall.

Measurements, type: L - 24.9; W- 13.0; H- 9.8mm.

Type Locality: In a tide pool on a reef just off the north-
ern tip of North West Cape, Western Australia (21°50’S;
114°10’E).

Type: WAM, No. 1454-70 [holotype].

Discussion: ‘The possibility exists that this may be only
an intermediate growth form of Ovula ovum (Linnaeus,
1758) (see Figure 139b); future field work will be neces-
sary to determine its correct status. It appears quite dis-
tinct, but may be compared with Xandarovula patula
(Pennant, 1777), from which it differs by having a much
broader shell shape, less narrowly ovate; by having a
differently formed adapical terminal process; by having a
larger, more roundly inflated base; and by having more
numerous transverse dorsal striae.

The new species name honors Mrs. Leslie Figgis, Ex-
mouth, West Australia, who first found the shell.

Aperiovula Cate, gen. nov.
Type species: Ovulum adriaticum Sowerby *st, 1828
Shells are fairly large, thin, often translucent, broad of
aperture, with minimal thickening of the outer lip. The

wide, open aperture in these shells suggests the Latin
word aperio, open.

67. Aperiovula adriatica adriatica (Sowerby ", 1828)
(Figure 7/: lectotype)

1825 Ovula haliotidea (Renier) Blainville, in Cuvier: Dict.
Sci. ferr.] Hist. Nat. Strasbourg 37: 131

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Vol. 15; Supplement

1828 Ovulum adriaticum Sowerby", Zool. Journ. London 4:
150

1843 Ovula adriatici; Kiener, Icon. Cog. Viv., Ovula 2: 9; plt.
2, fig. 4

1848 Ovula oblongata Requien, Cat. Coq. Corse: 84

1848 Ovula elongata Requien, Cat. Coq. Corse: 84

1859 Ovula adriatica; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 272

1885 Ovula oblonga [err.| = O. intermedia; Tryon, Man.
Conch. 7: 251

1941 Pseudosimnia (Pseudosimnia) adriatica; Schilder. Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 251

1956 Primovula (Pseudosimnia) adriatica;Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 124

Description, holotype: “Ovulwm adriaticum—Shell ob-
long-oval [large, thin, translucent, sub-giossy], rather ven-
tricose; somewhat acuminated at both extremities [ter-
minals prominent, tapering, narrowly drawn out, sub-
spatulate in front]; pale flesh color, hyaline [dorsum and
base grey-white, outer lip, terminals, funiculum, terminal
channels contrastingly white]; margin of the outer lip
narrow, denticulated on the inside [shouldered above,
entire outer lip numerously (approx. 38), minutely den-
ticulate, teeth fairly well advanced in their development]:
upper end of the columella with one oblique plait [funic-
ulum, sub-funicular callus barely projecting; columella
is smooth without longitudinal depression; a short carinal
wall adaxially delineates a pseudo-fossular area]; lower
end somewhat flattened, with a thick internal margin
(terminal ridge); base inflatedly ovate, thickening and
narrowing sharply to the front, terminal ridge straight
and separate; dorsum very faintly, almost obscurely, trans-
versely striate throughout, but with more incised defi-
nition approaching either terminal and with numerous
widely spaced, transverse, upraised angular ridges on
dorsum; aperture wide, evenly broad throughout].”’ (Sow-
ERBY **‘, 1828: 150.)

Measurements, type: “long. 9/10, lat. 5/10, poll.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 24.6; W-13.0; H-10.9
mm. (Figure 7/a: C2561).

Type Locality: “Hab. in mari adriatico; communicavit
Dr. Goodall.” Type locality here designated, Melilla,
Spanish Morocco, Mediterranean Sea (C2561) (35°23’N;
03°00’ W).

Type: BMNH, without register number [lectotype here-
in] is the shell figured by Reeve (1865; plt. 2, fig. 7) (Way,
BMNH, in litt.).

Distribution: Adriatic coast of Italy; Sardinia; Sicily; SE
coast of Spain; NW coast of Africa.

Discussion: In outline this species is peculiarly rhomboid-
ovate, with a long, tapering, drawn-out appearance.

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement

Figure 66
Pseudosimnia (Labiovolva)

nubila (62)

Figure 67 b
Aandarovula patula (63)

Figure 69 a
Xandarovula pagoda (65)

Figure 67
Xandarovula patula (63)

Figure 68
Xandarovula xanthochila (64)

Figure 70
Xandarovula figgisae (66)

[C. N. Cate] Figures 66 to 71

Figure 67a
Xandarovula patula (63)

Figure 69
Xandarovula pagoda (65)

Figure 7/
Aperiovula adriatica adriatica (67)

Vol. 15; Supplement

68. Aperiovula adriatica iberia Cate, subspec. nov.

(Figure 72: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, pyriformly ovate,
lightweight in texture, sub-glossy; terminals produced,
pointedly so in back, narrowly square abapically; dorsum
roundly inflated sub-centrally, with distinct transverse in-
cised striae overall; base ovate, striate, narrowing con-
strictedly to the front, with a low, narrow funicular pro-
jection on rear base; aperture broad, gently curving, canal
opening to the side adapically; columella rounded, with
depression, and striate; fossula a narrow furrow, striate;
outer lip fairly thick, roundly folded, very weakly, nu-
merously (24) dentate; color milk-white overall, some-
times the color may vary to pale straw.

Measurements, type: L- 14.2; W-8.0; H- 6.3mm.

Type Locality: Bay of Cadiz, SW Spain (36°33’N; 06°12’

Type: LACM, No. 1607 [holotype].

Discussion: This new subspecies appears to represent the
Eastern Atlantic extension of the familiar Mediterranean
form of the nominate species. The Strait of Gibraltar may
have some isolating influence upon this animal; the shell is
much smaller than that of Aperiovula adriatica adriatica,
and differs from it quite distinctly by having conspicuous
dorsal striae and lacking transverse dorsal ridges; by being
more distinctly dentate on the outer lip; by being broader
in shell outline, less narrowly elongate; by having conse-
quently a more curving aperture; and by having a more
well developed funicular projection.

The name of this subspecies is derived from the prox-
imity of the type locality to the Iberian Peninsula.

69. Aperiovula jeanae Cate, spec. nov.

(Figures 73, 73C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, ovate, thin, sub-
translucent; terminal produced, somewhat beaked and
pointed adapically; dorsum weakly transversely incised
with striation emanating from either end; smooth, glossy
centrally; base ovate, narrowing abapically into a thick-
ened, upraised, callus ridge, with transverse striation on
rear half of base; a curving, thickened funicular projec-
tion forms the left rear wall of adapical canal; aperture of
medium width, curving gently; columella without signifi-
cant character, except that a dull white, thickened longi-
tudinal ridge outlines the adaxial limits of columellar
area; fossula shallowly depressed; outer lip broad, thick,
dentate (27), and very weakly shouldered above; color

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Page 37

deep, rich pinkish-rose over pale grey dorsally, sometimes
beautifully banded with clouds of deep rose, barely shad-
ing into a pale orange at the sides, and a short sutural
orange line over either terminal beak; outer lip, margins,
adaxial ridge, and part of base a contrasting bright white.

Measurements, type: L- 16.1; W- 8.7; H-6.8mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 14.3; W-8.4; H-6.6mm
(C3649).

Type Locality: Ensyunada, in the sea between the Izu
Peninsula and Ise Bay, Honshu, Japan (34°00’N; 139°
30’E).

Type: LACM, No. 1187 [holotype].

Distribution: Sagami Bay; 146-183m off Tosa; deep
water off Kii Peninsula, Japan.

Discussion: This new species resembles the eastern At-
lantic species, Aperiovula adriatica iberia Cate (herein),
but differs from it by being more colorful and larger; by
having less distinct dorsal striation, limited to either end;
by having a more refined, serrated funicular process; and
by having a broader outer lip surface, with a greater num-
ber of lip teeth.

This new species is named in honor of Jean Cate, whose
contributions to malacology and her work with ‘The
Veliger” are well known.

70. Aperiovula shikamai Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 74: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, inflatedly ovate,
translucent; dorsum roundly inflated, sloping and nar-
rowing to the front; very fine, distinct, wavy transverse
lines cross dorsum and base throughout; both terminals
are prominent, almost beaked adapically, narrow and
abrupt anteriorly; base convex, ovate, narrowing thickly
and angularly to join terminal ridge; funicular projection
(shorter in relation to outer lip projection) forms inner
wall of terminal canal; columella without depression,
conforming to contour of base; fossula formed by up-
raised, distinct adaxial carinal ridge within; aperture
fairly wide; outer lip thickened, rounded, barely shoul-
dered above, with well developed teeth (19) within its
edge; dorsum pale grey with a pale beige cast, outer lip,
funiculum, terminal ridge and adjoining basal ridge,
adaxial carina, and terminal ends contrastingly white,
with a very pale yellow blush on each terminal collar.

Measurements, holotype: L- 17.7; W-9.7; H-7.7mm
(C3784).

Page 38

Measurements, hypotype: L- 15.2; W-8.8; H-6.9mm
(C3691).

Type Locality: Ensyunada, in the sea between Izu Penin-
sula and Ise Bay, Japan (34°44’N; 136°44’E).

Type: CAS, No. 13324 [holotype].

Distribution: Along central east coast of Honshu, gen-
erally.

Discussion: This new species rather resembles a Medi-
terranean species, Aperiovula emersoni Cate (herein), but
differs from it by being smaller and more solid; by pos-
sessing more numerous transverse dorsal striation; by
being distinctly denticulate on the outer lip, rather than
weakly crenate; and by lacking the bright orange color
in the terminal channels. Aperiovula shikamai appears
to be most closely allied to A. jeanae Cate, but differs
from it by being dorsally striate throughout; by having
a straighter outer lip periphery adapically, without con-
striction; by having a narrower outer lip, with fewer
teeth; by having a wider aperture; and being a far less
colorful shell, mostly grey hued.

This new species is named in honor of Professor Dr.
Tokio Shikama, GIY.

71. Aperiovula meyeriana Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 75: holotype)

Description: Shell fairly large, sub-glossy, oblong-ovate,
subcylindrical, almost translucent; terminals protruding,
narrow, rounded, spatulate adapically, narrow, blunt,
with a peculiar callus on left side above front terminal
opening; dorsum inflated, subcylindrical, with fine trans-
verse incised striae emanating from either end, smooth
over greater central surface; base ovate, thinly overlaid
with nacre, tapering to a narrow, thick, constricted base-
ridge abapically; an unusually shaped thick, twisting,
cordlike funiculum attached to rear terminal beak; col-
umella almost without depression, smooth, terminating
adaxially at a very low, blunt carinal ridge, which also
defines a sub-fossular area; aperture broad, open, curv-
ing; outer lip thin, with a very fine, delicate, cord-like
edge which is reflexed inward, with numerous weak teeth
that lengthen into denticles; color pale mauve to milk-
white overali, outer lip and funiculum a contrasting
bright white, canals and terminal openings pale rose.

Measurements, type: L- 19.0; W-9.6; H- 7.6mm.

Type Locality: Mikawa Bay, Honshu, Japan (34°40'N;
137°00’E).

Type: LACM, No. 1186 [holotype].

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Vol. 15; Supplement

Discussion: This species is quite distinct in its shell
morphology, but, viewed from above, it has an adapical
terminal form similar to that of Aperiovula shikamai Cate
(herein); it differs, however, by being a larger species; by
being more narrow, elongate; by having more distinct
denticulation on the outer lip; by having a more fully
developed, heavier formed funiculum; and by having a
narrower, straighter aperture with a constriction of the
outer lip abapically.

I have named this new species in honor of Maude and
Harvey Meyer of Captiva Island, Florida, who have con-
tributed so much to malacology in so many different ways,
and who provided the specimens for this study.

72. Aperiovula takae Cate, spec. nov.
(Figure 76: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, glossy, oblong-ovate;
terminals strong, produced, sub-spatulate adapically; dor-
sum mostly smooth, with a limited number of concentric
incised striae emanating from either terminal collar; base
narrowly ovate, weakly striate, sub-glossy, tapering and
narrowing to the front as a thick, solid, constricted wall;
abapical terminal ridge very weakly formed; columella
smooth, glossy, rounded, without depression; a long shal-
low fossula is formed in front by the presence of a low,
longitudinal, adaxial carinal wall which is peculiarly sub-
dentate, with about 4 rudimentary tooth projections visi-
ble; at rear base is a thick, heavily formed funiculum,
with a lower, sub-serrated canal wall which connects to
terminal beak; aperture wide, becoming more open in
front; outer lip surface rounded, with numerous (19+)
teeth, some better developed than others: lip shouldered
above; color straw yellow to mahogany-red, axial carinal
wall within white; terminals, funiculum, and outer lip
beige-colored.

Measurements, type: L- 9.4; W-4.7; H- 3.6mm.

Type Locality: Off Tosa, Japan (33°20’N; 133°45’E) in
73-91m; leg. M. Azuma, 30 March 1965.

Type: MA, No. 14973 [holotype].

Distribution: 2-3km off Kirimezaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan.

Discussion: The species is most like Aperiovula meyeri-
ana Cate (herein), but differs from it by being much
smaller; by having a less complex adapical terminal beak;
by having heavier concentric striae on the terminal collars;
having fewer and stronger outer lip teeth, a broader
aperture, and the peculiar pseudo-teeth on the columellar
carina in front.

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 71 a to 76

Figure 7] a Figure 72
Aperiovula adriatica adriatica Aperiovula adriatica iberia (68)

Figure 73
Aperiovula jeanae (69)

Figure 75
Aperiovula meyeriana (71) Figure 76

Aperiovula takae (72)

Ss

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i ‘ ,
7 y Ant
uot ty See are etn aid
i aan pee &

Vol. 15; Supplement

THE VELIGER

Page 39

a eee ee eee ence

This new species is named for Mrs. Taka Azuma, who
assisted Masao Azuma in collecting these animals.

73. Aperiovula robertsoni Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 77: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, evenly
ovate; terminals extended, somewhat pointed adapically;
dorsum transversely incisedly striate over either terminal
collar, but smooth and glossy centrally; base narrowly
ovate, becoming narrower to the front, merging into a
weakly formed terminal ridge, transversely grooved to-
ward the rear, with a thickened funicular projection
separating striation from rear terminal beak; aperture
wide, almost straight; outer lip smooth, roundly thick-
ened, shouldered above, and especially angled above cen-
trally due to recurvature of shell side; color milk-white
throughout, except that terminal beaks, canals, and outer
lip are lemon yellow.

Measurements, type: L- 13.5; W-6.5; H-5.1mm.
Type Locality: Off Tosa, Japan (33°20'N; 133°45’E).
Type: ANSP, No. 305022 [holotype].

Discussion: This new ovulid species perhaps most closely
resembles Aperiovula shikamai Cate (herein); it differs,
however, by being a smaller species, by having a distinc-
tive, though less tortured beak adapically; by lacking
teeth on the outer lip, and by having a significant lemon
yellow color on a large portion of the shell. It differs from
A. jeanae Cate (herein); by being smaller, less bulbously
humped; by being less transversely striate dorsally; by
being edentate; and by having an unusual shell coloring.
The holotype is from the Alvin R. Cahn collection, 1965.

This species is named in honor of Dr. Robert Robert-
son, Curator, Department of Mollusks, ANSP.

74. Aperiovula abbotti Cate, spec. nov.
(Figure 78: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell large, somewhat inflated,
lightweight, though strong; terminals produced, rather
pointedly so adapically; dorsum dull (from exposure,
beach-collected), though semi-glossy, with transverse
angular dorsal ridges (8) from lip to columellar base;
base broadly ovate, narrowing adapically to form terminal
ridge; a strong, spiral, funicular cord separates base from
left terminal canal wall; aperture curving, flaringly open
and wide; outer lip smooth, thinly rounded, vertically,

broadly, concavely flattened against right side of shell;
color pale whitish-beige.

Measurements, type: L - 26.8; W- 15.0; H- 11.1mm.

Type Locality: Mustang Island, western Gulf of Mexico
(27°45’N; 95°05’ W).
Type: ANSP, No. 301668 [holotype].

Distribution: South Padre Island; deep water off SE coast
of Texas.

Discussion: This new species may be compared with the
preceding species, Aperiovula robertsoni Cate, by having
a much larger shell, by having a golden line above the
adapical terminal beak, a much broader aperture, a more
evenly curving outer lip, and a more uneven, less smooth
dorsal surface.

This new species is named in honor of Dr. R. Tucker
Abbott, DMNH, who collected the shell on the beach.

75. Aperiovula emersoni Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 79: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, bulbous, ovate,
sub-pyriform; terminals somewhat produced, fairly sharp
adapically, barely attenuate in front; dorsum glossy, with
very fine longitudinal growth lines; transverse incised
striae emanate restrictedly from either terminal, central
dorsum without striae, except for approximately 6 trans-
verse, angular ridges; base glossy, inflatedly ovate, longi-
tudinally lined, tapering abruptly in front to coincide
with a short terminal ridge; a long low funicular projec-
tion angles left to form a rear canal wall; columella
rounded, smooth; a short adaxial carinal wall in front out-
lines a shallow fossula; aperture gently curving in front,
somewhat acutely so to the rear; outer lip thickened,
ventral surface somewhat flat, angled inward, with num-
erous very fine, almost obscure teeth; dorsum and base
pale rosy-brown, ventral canal interiors orange to rosy-
orange, outer lip, funiculum and fossula, beige-white; a
golden line above rear terminal beak.

Measurements, type: L- 20.4; W-11.3; H-9.3mm.

Type Locality: Catania, Sicily, Mediterranean Sea (37°
31’N; 15°04’E).

Type: NMW, No. 70.25 z.2 [holotype].

Distribution: Melilla, Spanish Morocco; W Mediterran-
ean Sea.

Discussion: This new species resembles two other species:
Aperiovula adriatica (Sowerby **‘, 1828), with which it

Page 40

shares the distributional range; and the more distantly
removed, A. meyeriana Cate (herein), living in Japanese
waters. However, Aperiovula emersoni differs from A.
adriatica by being more ovate, less rhomboid in outline;
by having a recurved, sharp terminal beak adapically,
blunt and square in front, rather than spatulate; by hav-
ing transverse dorsal ridges; by having a thicker, more
curving outer lip; and by having a rich dorsal coloring,
with rosy-orange canals. It differs from A. meyeriana by
having a broader, larger, more inflated shell; by having
transverse angular dorsal ridges; by having a more obscure
funicular process, which does not spiral upward to expose
the terminal beak dorsally; and by having a different sort
of apertural opening.

This new species is named in honor of Dr. William K.
Emerson, Department of Living Invertebrates, AMNH.

Primovula Thiele, 1925
Handb. d. Zoologie 5/1: 88
Type species: Amphiperas beckeri Sowerby 34, 1900 [OD]

“Schale klein, birnformig, Miindung schmal, Mundrand
deutlich verdickt und gezadhnelt, Funiculum deutlich
ausgebildt.” [Shell small, pyriform; aperture narrow;
outer lip distinct, thickened, denticulate; funiculum dis-
tinct, fully developed.] [THIELE, 1925: 88.]

(Primovula) Thiele, 1925

Shells in this subgenus are generally fairly small, sub-
rhomboid in outline, with blunt terminal beaks adapic-
ally, and they may or may not be dorsally striate.

76. Primovula (Primovula) beckeri (Sowerby **4, 1900)
(Figure 80: holotype)

1900 Amphiperas beckeri Sowerby 34, Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lon-
don 4: 5; plt. 1, fig. 13

1915 Amphiperas beckeri Smith [err.J; Bartsch, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. 91: 96

1841 Primovula (Primovula) beckeri; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3) : 107

Description, holotype: ““Amphiperas beckeri—testa elon-
gato-pyriformis, rosea, fascia carnea cincta, antice acute
producta postice breviter acuminata, undique transversim
punctato-sulcata; apertura angusta, utrinque latior; col-
umella antice tenuiter callosa, uniplicata, callo postico
crasso, verruca crassa, rugosa intructo; labrum crassum,

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Vol. 15; Supplement

intus obtuse serratum, postice sinuatum, rugose plica-
tum.” (SOWERBY *"*, 1900: 5.)

Description, hypotype: Shell small, angularly pyriform,
dorsal area thin, sub-translucent; dorsum very finely
striate throughout; terminals produced, weakly pointed
adapically, more broadly rounded in front; aperture
fairly narrow, gently curving; base terminates in back at
a thick, multi-ridged, serrated funiculum; base a rounded,
striate continuation of dorsal surface; columella without
special character, though a well formed fossula is present,
with a short, upraised carinal ridge defining it within;
outer lip fairly straight, thickened, rounded, recurving
inward; lip teeth numerous, though very weakly so cen-
trally; color of shells examined is milk-white overall. (Just
received live-collected shells from NM show the shell
color to vary from off-white to bright rosy-red, and having
two broad dorsal bands of deeper rose color traversing
front and back third of dorsal surface; the terminal tips
are orange, the canals a paler orange.)

Measurements, type: ‘Long. 7, diam. 3.25mm.”

Measurements, hypotype: L-5.5; W-2.9; H-2.5mm
(Figure 80a: C3750).

Type Locality: “Pondoland’”. Type locality here re-
stricted to Port Alfred, Union of South Africa (33°35’S;
26°55’E).

Type BMNH, No. 1900.5.22.73 [holotype].

Distribution: SE Africa: Jeffrey’s Bay; Algoa Bay; East
London; Richard Bay; and the coast of Natal, generally.

Discussion: Of this species, Sowerby says, “A very well
defined species, smaller and narrower in proportion than
A. carnea, acutely beaked at the posterior extremity, with
a very prominent rough tubercle [funiculum] above the
columella. The whole surface of the shell is transversely
punctate [incised]-striated.”

77. Primovula (Primovula) narinosa Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 87: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrowly ovate; ter-
minals broadly produced, beaked adapically, bluntly
broad in front; dorsum fairly broad sub-centrally, numer-
ously transversely striate throughout; base glossy, ovate,
becoming very narrow toward the front to merge with a
weak terminal ridge; funiculum thickened, though ob-
scurely formed, barely projecting and forming the left
wall of posterior canal; aperture wide, curving; columella
glossy, concave, deepening in fossular area; outer lip

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Care] Figures 77 to 81

Figure 77 Figure 78
Aperiovula robertsoni (73) Aperiovula abbotti (74)

Figure 79 Figure 80
Aperiovula emersoni (75) Primovula becker (76)

Figure 80a Figure 81
Primovula becker (76) Primovula narinosa (77)

a
ait

oy

Vol. 15; Supplement

glossy, thickened, very minutely furnished with pseudo-
teeth; color off-white, with irregular light brown clouding
over dorsum; terminal canal openings are pale rosy-
brown.

Measurements, type: L- 7.1; W - 3.6; H- 3.0mm.

Type Locality: Ostheimer, Orr, Powell Exped. (13 Feb.
1956); Sta. 521, in 18 - 29m, gravel and silt; about one mile
S by E of Cape Dgaroewawoffi, Japen Island, Geelvink
Bay, Dutch New Guinea (02°30'S; 135°30’E).

Type: ANSP, No. 276602 [holotype].

Discussion: The morphology of this new species appears
quite distinct, although its near form seems to be Prim-
ovula beckeri (Sowerby **, 1900). It differs from the
Sowerby species by being usually larger; by having a
more flattened, blunt, sub-spatulate adapical terminal
beak; by having longer, fewer, larger outer lip teeth; by
lacking the serrated funiculum, it being much larger and
thicker in P. narinosa; and by having different combi-
nation of shell colors.

The new name is derived from the Latin narinosus,
meaning broad-nosed.

78. Primovula (Primovula) singularis Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 82: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, sub-rhomboid; ter-
minals produced, pointed and twisted adapically, more
open and blunt in front; dorsum glossy, though numer-
ously transversely striate over all; base ovate, narrowing
to the front, incisedly striate, with a thick triangular fu-
nicular projection at the rear; columella broad, faintly
striate, barely depressed, deepening shallowly as a fossula
in front; aperture fairly wide, broadening somewhat
abapically; outer lip broad, somewhat flattened, angling
inward, with numerous fairly well developed teeth (19),
only the last 4 denticles reach the outer periphery of lip;
color milk-white, underside of terminals pale beige-
brown.

Measurements, type: L- 6.9; W- 2.8; H- 2.5mm.

Type Locality: Shroud Island, China Democratic Re-
public (27°38’N; 121°03’E) = Tung-Kua Hsii (Rosewater,
USNM).

Type: USNM, No. 363933 [holotype].

Discussion: This species appears to be related to Prim-
ovula narinosa Cate (herein), but differs by the shells

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Page 41

being considerably more angularly ridged above the
adapical terminal beak at the collar, with the terminal
projection itself being more pointed, more irregular in
form ventrally; the funiculum is more ponderous, bulky,
supporting the left rear canal wall; and there is a stronger
development of teeth on the outer lip.

The name for this species is derived from the Latin
word of the same spelling, meaning, singular, solitary.

79. Primovula (Primovula) bellica Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 83: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, angularly ovate, trans-
versely humped dorsally; terminals produced, pointedly
so adapically; dorsum numerously incisedly transversely
striate in a wavy pattern, with a light colored callus swell-
ing on left side of posterior terminal beak; base smooth,
semi-glossy, ovate, narrowing pointedly to the front, there
serving as a pseudo-terminal ridge; thick, projecting,
weakly crenulate, triangular funiculum forms left wall of
adapical canal; aperture straight, of medium width; low
longitudinal adaxial ridge outlines shallow columellar
depression, with fossula area somewhat deeper; outer lip
broad, angling concavely, with heavy teeth on rear por-
tion, the last four or five teeth projecting to outer lip edge,
front half of lip very weakly knobbed, subcrenulate; color
pale lemon yellow throughout, except that outer lip mar-
gin and terminal beaks are a deeper yellow shade; ter-
minal canals pale orange.

Measurements, type: L - 8.6; W - 4.3; H- 3.6mm.

Type Locality: Bataan, Manila Bay, Philippines (14°40’
N; 120°25’E).

Type: LACM, No. 1189 [holotype].

Distribution: Cabcaben; Corregidor; Manila Bay, Phil-
ippines.

Discussion: ‘This new species appears to be quite dis-
tinct, but may be compared with Primovula platysia
Cate (herein); however, it differs by being more broadly
ovate; by having a straighter columellar base, with less
narrowing toward the front; by having a less constricted
outer lip abapically; by having a more distinctly crenu-
late funiculum; and by lacking the rich lavender coloring
within.

The species derives its name from the Latin bellicus,
of war, military; the seemingly obscure choice for this
name refers to the infamous Death March of World War
II which took place near this type locality.

Page 42

80. Primovula (Primovula) tropica Schilder, 1931
(Figure 84: holotype)

1931 Primovula beckeri tropica Schilder, Bull. Zool. France 56:
364; fig. 5

1941 Primovula (Primovula) tropica Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 107

Description, holotype: “Testa Primovulae beckeri Sow.
similis, differt statura multo minore, dorso regulariter
convexo, carina transversa destituto, colore roseo paulo
pallidiore.” (ScHILDER, 1931: 364) [I have not been able
to examine the type shells personally, and for this reason
will not attempt to interpret the original author’s descrip-
tion of the species, but will rely upon Schilder’s statistics
and notes for clarification. |

Measurements, type: L- 4.2; W-2.0; H- 1.8mm.
Measurements, paratype: L - 3.5; W- 1.6; H- 1.5mm.
Type Locality: ““Amirante Islands, Seychelles”.

Type: IRSN, without catalogue number [holotype]. (Fig-
ure 84a: paratype).

Distribution: Cambay, Bombay, Goa, India; Hormuz,

Persia; Makran (Mekran), Baluchistan (SCHILDER, 1931:
364).

Discussion: From a loose translation of Schilder’s com-
ments accompanying his new species we learn that he
compared it with Primovula beckeri Sowerby, because of
the fine serrate lines of the dorsum, and by all the essential
characters of ‘gutters’ [probably aperture], of labial
teeth, of the anterior terminal fold [ridge] and the pos-
terior funiculum of the columella [rear base], and of the
internal dimples (fossette internes) [fossula]; but inas-
much as it attains only half the length, and since it
was found in a much colder part of the Indian Ocean,
it certainly represents a tropical race of P. beckeri Sow-
erby, which lives in the less cold seas of the Cape [of Good
Hope] between Port Alfred, Pondoland, and Port Shep-
stone; a similar reduction in the dimensions has been
observed in the tropical races of other species of
Cypraeacea.

A year later, SCHILDER (1932: 51) refuted the above
opinion: “After describing tropica as a subspecies of
beckeri, | received four other specimens from J. R. le B.
Tomlin: they were collected at Bombay by Townsend

and Peile, and prove to be a species allied to dautzenbergi
and striatula.”’

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Vol. 15; Supplement

81. Primovula (Primovula) dautzenbergi Schilder, 1931
(Figure 85: holotype)

1931 Primovula dautzenbergi Schilder, Bull. Soc. Zool. France
56: 366; figs. 1-4

1941 Primovula (Primovula) dautzenbergi Schilder, Arch. Mol-
luskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

Description, holotype: “Primovula dautzenbergi—Testa
minima, subfasiformis, subgibbosa, sed carina transversa
omnino destituta; dorso inciso-striato, striis satis remotis
(On compte 26 a 35 lignes transverses sur le dos); latere
dextro incrassato-marginato; apertura angusta, regulariter
arcuata, canali anteriore valde inciso, circulo calloso cir-
cumdato, canali posteriore duplicato, sed parum impresso;
labro longitudinaliter carinato, carina acuta, antice et
postice margineum attingente, intus planato, valde de-
clivi, 17-19 dentibus pliciformibus satis grosis ornato; col-
umella antice longitudinaliter carinata, carina callosa,
acuta, saepe interrupta, qua incisione plica terminalis an-
teriore columellae separatur; columella postice plicis dua-
bus obliquis saepe confluentibus (vel funiculo tri-dentato)
ornata; fossula interiore lata, excavata, saepe ut dorsum
striata, intus carina callosa laevi instructa.—Pallide fulva
(Les coquilles ont été trouveés un peu calcifiées a la
plage.”’ (SCHILDER, 1931: 366)

Measurements, type: L- 2.7; W- 1.4; H- 1.25mm.
Type Locality: ‘“Mers de Chine, leg. Morlet.”

Type: IRSN, without catalogue number (W. Adam,
IRSN).

Distribution: Not much is known about ecology and
range of the species.

Discussion: In a loose translation SCHILDER (1931: 366)
says this about the species: “P. dautzenbergz is allied with
P. beckeri Sow. of the Cape [of Good Hope]; it is distin-
guished by its very small size, by the regular convex top
[dorsum], by the much less numerous transverse [dorsal]
lines, by the carina and the large teeth on the outer lip, by
the two plaits on the rear columella, which are bound to
the right side of the posterior aperture, and by the yel-
lowish color.”” There were apparently four shells in the
Dautzenberg collection; also, “un paratype a été dedié a
l’auteur par M. Dautzenberg.”’

82. Primovula (Primovula) platysia Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 86: holotype)

1935 Ovula formosa Verco, Comb. So. Seas: 150; plt. 11, fig. 14

Tue VE.IcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 82 to 87

Figure 82 Figure 83
Primovula singularis (78) Primovula bellica (79)

Figure 84 Figure 84a Figure 85
Primovula tropica (80) Primovula tropica (80) Primovula dautzenbergi (81)

Figure 86 Figure 87
Primovula platysia (82) Primovula (Adamantia) sinomaris (87)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, holotype: Shell small, elongate, narrowly
ovate, broadly flattened, sharply attenuate adapically, less
so in front; dorsum evenly, finely transversely striate
throughout; sides thickened, right side conspicuously so
and semi-flanged, sub-reflexed; base, columella, fossula
and abapical terminal smooth and thickened; rear base
largely, broadly, bulbously funiculate in a manner that
distorts left rear terminal and dorsal areas; aperture fairly
wide, curving, openly constricted in front, opening to left
adapically; outer lip irregularly, semi-obscurely dentate,
with odd teeth protruding beyond marginal lip-edge; for-
ward lip area without teeth; color off-white, with a very
faint pinkish tinge throughout, except that terminal tips
are deep yellow, adapical canal rich lavender within, be-
coming paler on the columella.

Measurements, type: L- 9.3; W - 4.2; H- 3.3mm.

Type Locality: Dingo Beach, Proserpine, Queensland,
Australia (20°30’S; 149°00’E).

Type: AM,No. C.75280 [holotype]

Distribution: Shoalwater Bay (approx. 50 miles N of
Rockhampton); Townsville; Central Queensland.

Discussion: The dorsal aspect of the shell is reminiscent
of the small animal, Platypus (Ornithorhynchus = ‘duck-
mole’), of SE Australia, from which I derive this name.
This new species from eastern Australia vaguely resembles
Primovula bellica Cate (herein), but differs by having
deeper and heavier dorsal striation, a broader aperture,
larger, fewer, cruder teeth on the outer lip, and by having
a constant, completely different combination of shell
colors.

83. Primovula (Primovula) habui Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 88: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrowly rhomboid,
elongately diamond-shaped, thin, translucent, angularly
humped sub-centrally; terminals extended, narrowing
evenly to a beak, pointed adapically, sharply square in
front; dorsum sub-glossy, with numerous fairly widely
spaced, shallowly incised, transverse striae over all; base
elongate, angularly ovate, translucent, transversely striate,
striation traversing slightly flattened columella to adaxial
longitudinal ridge, ridge acutely elevated in front to form
_ a long, narrow fossula; aperture fairly wide, especially in
front due to constriction of outer lip and base; outer lip
varies in ventral surface width, is smooth and curvingly
reflected inward; there are no outer lip teeth; color glassy,
transparent dorsally, with an off-white thickening of the

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Page 43

shell’s interior at both ends; both terminal beaks rich
butter-yellow color.

Measurements, type: L- 8.3; W- 3.4; H- 2.8mm.

Type Locality: 2 - 3km off Tomida, Kii, Japan (34°00’N;
134°48’E); depth, 40-50m; leg. S. Habu, 31 January
1971.

Type: MA, No. 15606 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species perhaps most closely re-
sembles the preceding species, Primovula platysia Cate,
but differs in many significant respects; the shell is much
more fragile in construction, more triangular in outline,
more angularly humped dorsally; it differs further by
having no outer lip teeth, and the shell differs in many
other minor ways.

The species name is derived from that of the collector,
Shingo Habu, who is also responsible for many other
ovulid discoveries.

84. Primovula(Primovula) heleneae Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 89: holotype)

1932 Pellasimnia verconis Cotton & Godfrey, So. Austral. Nat.
13: 46; plt. 1, fig. 15

Description, holotype: Shell small, elongate, evenly ovate,
somewhat thinly formed, dorsally rounded; terminals
tapering, produced, roundly pointed adapically, less so in
front; dorsum weakly transversely incised, striate overall,
becoming smoother centrally; striae at rear third of dor-
sum prominent, wrinkled, irregular; base smooth, narrow,
elongately ovate, hardly constricted in front, with a large,
heavily formed, uneven funicular projection at the rear;
aperture gently curving, almost straight, of nearly even
breadth throughout, opening obliquely left adapically;
columella and fossula barely depressed, both outlined
adaxially by a low longitudinal ridge; outer lip thick,
rounded, evenly, numerously (approx. 20) dentate; shell
colorless, except for a brownish tint at terminal ex-
tremities.

Measurements, type: L- 10.0; W- 3.5mm.

Type Locality: S end of St. Vincent Gulf, South Aus-
tralia (Verco), (34°55’S; 138°10’E).

Types: SAM, No. D.954 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species seems most closely to ap-
proach Primovula platysia Cate (herein) from the Queens-
land coast. Their differences appear to be clearly distinct,

however, with P. heleneae being less sharply terminated
adapically and less conspicuously striate dorsally; it

Page 44

further has a more evenly extended aperture, with far less
constriction of the base and outer lip abapically; a less
reflected outer lip, fairly well developed teeth, greater in
number, the entire length of outer lip, and a brownish
coloring at the terminal ends, which is lacking in P.
platysia.

This new species is named in honor of Dr. Helene Laws,
Senior Curator, South Australian Museum; it was she who
first noticed the confusion (see discussion, Primovula
verconis (Cotton & Godfrey, 1932), species No. 103 herein,
between this specimen and another in the SAM collection
including a curious shuffling of catalogue numbers.

(Adamantia) Cate, subgen. nov.

Type species: Ovulum concinnum A. Adams & Reeve, 1848

Shells of this group are roughly diamond-shaped, rhom-
boid, with a general outline of rounded extensions of the
shell periphery. The name for this new taxon is taken
from the Latin adamanteus, of a diamond, like a diamond.

85. Primovula (Adamantia) concinna
(A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)

(Figure 90: lectotype)

1848 Ovulum concinnum A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Moll.: 22; plt. 6, fig. 8

1850 Ovula cumingi Morch, Cat. Conch. Kierulf; Copenha-
gen: 11; fig. 11

1854 Ovula margarita A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 130

1859 Ovula concinna; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 272

1941 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) concinna; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Diminovula) concinna; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 123

Description, holotype: “Ovulum concinnum—Ovul.
testa parva [angularly ovate, sub-rhomboid, solid, though
almost translucent], ventricosa, angulata, alba vel rosea
[often milk-white over all, except that an even whiter
band of contrast traverses sub-central hump (C3828)],
minutissime striata [throughout], dorso tumido, anguloso;
canalibus brevibus obtusis [bluntly produced], integris;
apertura angusta [curving]; labio externo intus denticu-
lato, in medio anguloso, labio interno posticé tumorem
angulosum crenulatum ferente, interne longitudinaliter
sulcato, anticé agusto, ad canalem posticum recedente, ad
canalem anticum prominente, angustato sub-uniplicato;
[base smooth, glossy, ovate, tapering to the front, with a
thick, crenulated funicular projection at the rear; aper-
ture curving; columella smooth, broadly depressed, deep-

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Vol. 15; Supplement

ening into a fossula abapically].” (A. ADAMs & REEVE,
1848: 22.)

Measurements, type: L - 7+; W - 4+mm. (approx.)

Measurements, hypotype: L- 8.3; W- 4.7, H-4.0 mm
(Figure 90a: C3828)

Type Locality: ‘Isle of Capul, Philippines.”

Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.183 (there are two syntypes
at BMNH, with the specimen illustrated here designated
as the lectotype).

Distribution: Mindanao to Luzon, Philippines; Swatow,
Amoy, Chinese Republic mainland coast; Pescadores;
Taiwan coast; Tosa Bay, Japan; Purdy Island, Bismarck
Archipelago; Loyalty Islands; New Caledonia; Proser-
pine, Queensland, Australia.

Discussion: This small white species may best be recog-
nized by the broad angular shoulders; it should not be
confused with Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) alabaster
(Reeve, 1865), as many workers seem to have done in the
past. The Reeve species is always more bulbously, inflat-
edly pyriform, less rhomboid, and P. concinna never has
dorsal color punctation.

The animal (description taken from a color trans-
parency by Neville Jennings, Proserpine, Queensland), 1s
white overall, with numerous elevated, large white pus-
tules visible on the mantle (as it envelops the shell); the
foot is smooth, elongate, seemingly narrow due to its rela-
tive length; fine brown lines, widely spaced, radiate to the
foot margins at either side from the dorsal longitudinal
median ridge of the foot; numerous small light brown
spots irregularly mark the mantle surface between the
elevated white pustules; the antennae vary from white to
light brown, the tips and base of antennae may be laven-
der or white.

86. Primovula (Adamantia) solemi Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 9/7: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell rhomboidly pyriform, solid-
ly formed; dorsum abruptly elevated, sharply angled to the
rear, more gradually so to the front, dorsum exceedingly
finely transversely, numerously striate; terminals broadly,
bluntly, roundly produced, well defined; aperture fairly
narrow; base smooth, bulbously inflated, angled centrally;
columella wide, depressed, becoming deeper in front to
form a fossula that is supported within by an adaxial
carinal wall; outer lip thick, broad at margins, sub-
shouldered above, outer lip denticulate (19), teeth large,
widely spaced, well formed; margins, lip, terminals, and

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement

Figure 88
Primovula habui (83)

Figure 90

Primovula (Adamantia) concinna (85)

Figure 91]
Primovula (Adamantia) solemi (86)

[C. N. Cate] Figures 88 to 9la

Figure 89
Primovula heleneae (84)

Figure 90a

Primovula (Adamantia) concinna (85)

Figure 9] a
Primovula (Adamantia) solemi (86)

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Vol. 15; Supplement

teeth whitish-beige, terminal canal interiors light orange,
with a faint blush of same color within shel] and lip
interstices.

Measurements, type: L- 8.6; W-5.1; H-4.3mm.

Type Locality: Off Boynton Beach, Florida (26°31’N;
80°03’ W).

Type: FMNH, No. 78278 [holotype]; (Figure 9a:
USNM 418077).

Distribution: Lake Worth, Florida, in 183 - 731m.

Discussion: The shells of this new species look a great
deal like the preceding species, Primovula (Adamantia)
concinna (A. Adams & Reeve, 1854), but differ from that
species by being almost obscurely dorsally striate; by
having a more blunt, rounded, and more spatulate adapi-
cal terminal beak; by having much larger, better de-
veloped, and fewer teeth on the outer lip. This name
honors Dr. Alan Solem, Curator of Invertebrate Zoology,
FMNH.

87. Primovula (Adamantia) sinomaris Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 87: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, compact, rhomboidly
ovate; terminals blunt, squarely produced, dorsum sub-
glossy, somewhat angularly humped sub-centrally, with
distinct transverse incised striae over all; base smooth,
glossy, rhomboid, convex, narrowing slightly, constrict-
edly in front; a crenate funicular ridge in back forming
left wall of adapical canal; columella very broad, de-
pressed, smooth, with an interior longitudinal ridge that
rises in front to outline a depressed fossular area; aperture
very broad, almost straight, becoming wider abapically
due to slight constriction of both base and outer lip; aper-
ture opening somewhat squarely enclosed adapically, with
an oblique siphonal canal opening to the left; outer lip
very broad, somewhat recurved, with short, large teeth to
the rear, more numerous, finer and longer toward the
front; color and surface ornament varied: basic shell color
pinkish-yellow, with two discontinuous, undulating red
lines longitudinally either side of dorsum; outer lip pure
yellow to lemon-yellow, front and rear terminal canals
and openings bright pinkish-red, extending restrictedly
up onto beaks; four large, pale pink punctations on base.

Measurements, type: L- 8.2; W- 4.9mm.

Type Locality: Shirahama, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
34°00’N; 134°48’E).

Type: GIY, without catalogue number [holotype].

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Page 45

Discussion: I am comparing this new species with Pri-
movula (A.) dubia Cate (herein), with which it seems to
agree most closely: it differs from it by being more rhom-
boid in general outline; by having a constriction of the
base at the front terminal ridge; a wider, straighter aper-
ture; the outer lip teeth more confined to the inner edge;
the base rhomboid, less inflated; a much broader, deeper
columellar depression, with fossula larger, deeply exca-
vated, and adapical terminal canal peculiarly, squarely
enclosed.

88. Primovula (Adamantia) roseomaculata roseomaculata
(Schepman, 1909)

(Figure 92: holotype)

1909 Amphiperas roseomaculata Schepman, Siboga Exped.,
Leiden: 142; plt. 11, fig. 10

1941 Primovula (Primovula) roseomaculata; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

Description, holotype: “Amphiperas roseomaculatum—
Shell small, pyriform, strongly angular on the back, the
extremities elongate, thin, transparent white, with rose
colored, irregular spots, arranged in three bands, one near
the spire, one near the center before the angle, the third
near the anterior part, moreover the extremities are rose
tinted. Sculpture consisting of rather broad, waved, im-
pressed striae, which are shallow, but at least half as broad
as the lirae, they are crossed by fine growth-striae, which
are partly stronger, so as to render the surface here and
there cancellated; the angle is placed on the posterior half,
the shell is rapidly contracted towards the posterior part,
regularly contracted towards the anterior part. Aperture
narrow, angular, with a short canal at both extremities;
outer margin thickened, with numerous fine teeth on the
front part, much stronger towards the spire, where they
cross the thickened margin and render it crenulate on its
external margin, being visible in the dorsal view; columel-
lar margin with a crenulate callus behind, a fold [terminal
ridge] borders the front canal, this margin is excavated
internally [as a fossula]; a thin layer of enamel covers the
columellar side of the shell.” (ScHEPMAN, 1909: 42).

Measurements, type: “Long. 83, lat. 5 mill.”

Type Locality: Siboga Station 98 (06°09’N; 120°21’E),
Sulu Sea; 350m, sand; one specimen taken.

Type: ZMA, without catalogue number (Coomans) [holo-
type].

Distribution: Halmahera Sea (Neth. Indies); Sta. 164

(01°42.5’S; 130°47’E); in 32 meters, sand, small stones
and shells; 1 spec.

Page 46

Discussion: Schepman says of this species: ‘“This species
is nearly allied to A. concinnum, but differing in many
particulars, the shell is stronger angulate, more rapidly
contracted towards the spire, a line from the angle of the
back towards the spire being nearly straight in A. concin-
num, strongly excavated in the new species, the striae are
much coarser, the lirae narrower, the teeth at the outer
margin are stronger, the shell is thinner and different in
color. The specimen from Sta. 164 is still young, the teeth
on the thinner margin are not yet developed.”

89. Primovula (Adamantia) roseomaculata florida
(Kuroda, 1958)

(Figure 93: holotype)

1958 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) florida Kuroda, Venus 20 (2):
172

1971 Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) fulguris Azuma & Cate, The
Veliger 13 (3): 267; fig. 15

Description, holotype: ‘‘Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) flor-
ida—Shell pyriform, with extremities well produced, dor-
sum at one-third posteriorly, bluntly but strongly gib-
bous; surface uniformly striated with flat-topped striae
and much narrower interstitial grooves; fleshy white, on
the dorsum, with two very strongly wavy zigzag slender
orangy [sic] pink lines in the adaxial directions and three
rows of indistinct spots of pale orangy pink. Aperture
rather narrow, outer lip strongly thickened and incurved
with about 31 teeth; callus of the peristome of a pink
sulphur yellow; inner lip with a strong anterior blunt
ridge which terminates inferiorly [weakly] with an ar-
cuated oblique ridge [terminal ridge] and a sinus above
it; posterior funiculum strong and high, dilated below
triangularly, somewhat stoutly bordered the posterior
outlet above, with 6 transverse ridges; columellar sulcus
and fossula are distinctly excavated, the inner border of
the latter is of white callus, both extremities tinted with
bright pink.” (Kuropa, 1958: 172).

Measurements, holotype: L- 9.1; W-6.0; H-5.35mm.
Type Locality: Shiono-misaki, Kii Peninsula, Japan (34°
00’N; 134°48’E); leg. Chikage Morishima.

Type: NSM, without catalogue number (Kosuge) [holo-
type].

Distribution: Tanabe; Shirasaki; Kirimezaki; Kii coast-

line, Japan.

Discussion: Kuropa (1958), does not illustrate this spe-
cies; however, Dr. Kosuge, NSM, and Dr. George Davis,
ANSP, have made it possible to obtain photographs of
the type. It was this lack of information about the type

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Vol. 15; Supplement

of Primovula (Adamantia) florida (Kuroda, 1958) and its
whereabouts, that led to the misidentification of P. (A-)
fulguris (Azuma & Cate, 1971). In spite of their incredible
similarity, one may yet see slight differences in their
morphology. In P. (A.) fulguris one may observe a broader
outer lip, with larger and longer teeth; these are now
considered only variations in the species. The shells of
the Japanese subspecies are different in many minute
ways, but seem especially different by being shorter and
broader; by having a shortened adapical terminal beak;
by having heavier, though very weakly developed outer
lip teeth; by having curious lightning-like streaks of color
in addition to the large brown spots mentioned by Schep-
man in his species P. (A.) roseomaculata roseomaculata
and by seeming to live in a fairly isolated geographic
situation. .

90. Primovula (Adamantia) dubia Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 95: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, solid, pyriform, glob-
ularly humped; terminals somewhat narrowly produced,
broadly square at the ends, thickened over terminal col-
lars; dorsum roundly inflated, sub-glossy, numerously
transversely incisedly striate overall; base mostly smooth,
covered with callus, ovate, narrowing toward the front as
a thickened, longitudinal ridge, paralleled at the front by
a straight terminal ridge; funiculum large, long, numer-
ously crested with nodules forming left wall of adapical
canal (funicular crenulation extends restrictedly onto the
base); columella broad, depressed, striate, becoming
deeper abapically to form large fossula; aperture some-
what narrow, gently curving; outer lip thick, very broad,
somewhat flattened, reflected inward, distinctly and
obliquely so in front, boldly, numerously dentate (25)
throughout, about 10 teeth extending beyond exterior
periphery of outer lip; color milk-white overall, except
for irregular clouds of almost imagined darker color orna-
mentation on dorsum and a brownish tint within terminal
openings.

Measurements, type: L-6.8; W-4.2; H-3.8mm.

Type Locality: Voyage Albatross, U.S. Bureau Fisheries:
Station 5192; SE off Bantayan Island, Philippines (11°09’
N; 123°50’E); at 32 fms., bottom of green sand.

Type: USNM, No. 281027 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species is very similar to Primovula
(A.) roseomaculata florida (Kuroda, 1958), but differs
from it enough to suggest tentative specific recognition.
Primovula (A.) dubia has a more ponderous, continuous

amy

/~

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 92 to 97

Figure 93
Primovula (Adamantia)
roseomaculata florida (89)

Figure 92

Primovula (Adamantia) roseomaculata roseomaculata (88)

Figure 94 Figure 95
Primovula (Adamantia) fulguris (89) Primovula (Adamantia) dubia (90)

Figure 95 A Figure 96 Figure 97
Primovula (Adamantia) kurodai (219) Primovula (Adamantia) Stohleroma stohleri (92)

rutherfordiana (91)

Vol. 15; Supplement

THF VELIGER

Page 47

funicular-terminal wall, a more narrow aperture, a
broader, more flattened outer lip surface, a more distinc-
tive set of highly developed teeth on the outer lip, many
of which lengthen beyond the periphery of the lip edge;
it lacks the color pattern seen in the other related species,
and it is geographically isolated.

The name is derived from the Latin dubius, meaning
uncertain, wavering.

91. Primovula (Adamantia) rutherfordiana
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figures 96, 96C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, rhomboidly
ovate, evenly and solidly formed; dorsum very finely
transversely striate; dorsum sharply elevated into an
acutely angled transverse ridge sub-centrally, with shell
surface tapering gradually to the front, abruptly, adapi-
cally; aperture straight, sharply angled to the rear, con-
stricted abapically; outer lip ventrally flattened, numer-
ously denticulate and heavily calloused; outer edge
rounded, angularly shouldered above; base, left margin
thickened, sub-convex; columella and fossula smooth, the
latter formed mostly by a prominent adaxial carina which
outlines both within; triangular funiculum on rear base
forms one side of canal wall; color off-white to very pale
beige, with a fine golden line completely encircling the
peripheral shell margins and terminal callus.

Measurements, type: L- 12.8; W-7.0; H-5.8mm.

Type Locality: Townsville, Queensland, E Australia
(USELA7S; 146°45' E).

Type: AM,No. C.75281 [holotype].

Distribution: Rockhampton; Slade Point, Mackay; Cen-
tral Queensland shores generally.

Discussion: This new species is clearly distinguishable
from Crenavolva striatula (Sowerby ***, 1828), with which
it has often been confused, as it has a larger, broader, more
rhomboid, less conspicuously striate shell, more evenly
formed (rather than openly flaring), shorter terminal
beak, the outer lip is evenly denticulate throughout, it
has a more acute transverse dorsal ridge, and an appar-
ently constant off-white shell coloring, with a distinct
encircling golden line of color.

Although Sowrrsy *** (1848; plt. 101, fig. 85) appar-
ently confused this new species with Crenavolva striatula
(op. cit.; fig. 84), it is seemingly distinct. The color of this
species is an important character in its identity and
Sowerby mentioned its white color.

The animal, as seen in a color transparency by Donald
Byrne, is a basic pale ivory; the mantle is thickly covered
with papillae of different lengths and dimensions (some
being only slightly more than pustules, others well ele-
vated); round brown spots of varying color intensity are
interspersed among the papillae, with the bases of some
papillae often of a brownish texture; their tips, however,
are always ivory to white; the foot is almost circular, very
pale ivory, and has very fine, short lines of light brown
terminating at the margin, with the heaviest concentra-
tion of lines and color at the rear of the foot; the proboscis
and antennae are medium brown.

This new species is named in honor of Lorraine Ruth-
erford of Rockhampton, who has contributed most of
the east Australian material used in this study.

Stohleroma Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Stohleroma stohleri Cate, spec. nov. [herein]

Shells of this group are fairly large, broad, sub-rhomboid,
humped, transversely sub-angled dorsally; terminals are
usually blunt, though short and roundly pointed adapic-
ally; aperture is broad and open.

The new genus name is chosen to honor Dr. Rudolf
Stohler, Editor of The Veliger.

92° Stohleroma stohleri Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 97: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, angularly pyri-
form, sub-rhomboid, lightweight in form; dorsum finely
transversely striate throughout, angularly humped across
widest breadth of shell; terminals bluntly pointed adapic-
ally, broadly truncate in front; base angularly ovate,
dorsal ridge continuing over base to columella; funicular
projection forms left wall of posterior canal; columella
rounded, striate, with a peculiar thick, undulating, off-
white upraised adaxial ridge, the front extension of colu-
mella; aperture wide; outer lip unevenly thickened,
smooth, with an uneven sharply angled shoulder above;
color pale orange overall, except that outer lip callus,
funiculum, terminal ends, and canals are richer, deeper
orange.

Measurements, type: L- 11.6; W-7.0; H-5.3mm.

Type Locality: Ogokuda Beach, in Shionomisaki, South
Kii, Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E).

Type: LACM, No. 1188 [holotype].

Page 48

Discussion: This new species may be compared with
Aperiovula takae Cate (species No. 72 herein); however,
these shells are wider and larger, they are finely striate
overall, their funicular processes have a different form,
and the outer lip is edentate.

This new name, like that of the new genus, honors Dr.
Rudolf Stohler, Editor of The Veliger.

93. Stohleroma asiaticum Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 98: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, angularly
ovate, sub-pyriform, rather humped, somewhat trans-
versely angled; terminals produced, fairly sharply adapic-
ally, more so in front; dorsum sub-glossy (semi-fossil);
base pointedly ovate, tapering sharply abapically to ter-
minal ridge with a thick, smoothly surfaced funicular
projection in back; aperture unusually broad, open,
straight; columella flattened, barely depressed, becoming
shallow, concavely grooved in fossular area; outer lip
thickly formed, with a weak dorsal shouldering above;
teeth fairly heavily formed throughout, except adjacent
to anterior canal; color of holotype very faintly brown,
three-banded dorsally, with yellow enveloping the reat
terminal beak, remainder of shell beige to off-white.

Measurements, type: L- 11.1; W-6.5; H- 4.9mm.

Type Locality: Between Hayama and Kamakura, Sagami
Bay, Japan (35°02’N; 139°20’E).

Type: ANSP, No, 251993 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species appears quite distinct from
other presently known forms, but perhaps most closely
approaches Primovula (Adamantia) rutherfordiana Cate
(Species No. 91 herein), in general size and outline;
Stohleroma asiaticum differs, however, by lacking dorsal
striae, by having a narrower aperture, a less complex
funiculum, and greater amount of color. Stohleroma
asiaticum Cate may also be compared with S. stohleri,
but differs from that species by lacking the dorsal stria-
tion; by having teeth on the inner edge of the outer lip;
and by having a different adapical terminal process with
the added funicular swelling at the rear terminal collar,
and the terminal is less roundly spatulate.

The name is derived from the Latin asiaticus, meaning
ornate.

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

94. Stohleroma fumikoae (Azuma & Cate, 1971);
(Figure 99: holotype)

1971 Primovula fumikoae Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13 (3) :
268; fig. 16

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, pyriformly
rhomboid, humped, angled centrally; terminals some-
what pointed, less so in front; dorsum sub-glossy, though
very faintly lined with longitudinal growth lines; fine
transverse incised striae extend restrictedly from either
end, central dorsum smooth; base narrow, rhomboidly
ovate, glossy, tapering abruptly and thickly to the front;
thick, low, spiralling funiculum outlines the oblique
canal opening; columella smooth, noticeably flat, broad,
deepening narrowly, concavely to form a shallow fossula,
which is defined by a short adaxial ridge; aperture broad,
open, curving rather acutely front and back; outer lip
edge roundly thickened, shouldered above, numerously,
finely dentate within; dorsal color very light beige-brown,
with a lighter, almost off-white band over angle of dor-
sum; base, outer lip, teeth and canals off-white; a short
bright orange line extends over the margin of both
terminal collars.

Measurements, type: L- 13.0; W-7.0; H-5.8mm.

Type Locality: Off Tosa, Japan (33°20’N; 133°45’E); in
80-100 fathoms; leg. Fumiko Azuma.

Type: MA, No. 1036 [holotype].

Distribution: East-Central Japan.

Rotaovula Cate & Azuma, gen. nov.

Type species: Rotaovula hirohitoi Cate « Azuma, herein

The name of this new genus is derived from the Latin
rota, meaning round, wheel-like, rotary, as suggested by
the curious series of rotary knobs transversely positioned
as an angular dorsal hump; the shell also has an arch-like,
open, flaring terminal canal, with extending tooth-like
processes protruding beyond; the shell is sub-rhomboid,
the squared terminal ends providing the rhomboid modi-
fication; the dorsal shell surface is also very deeply incised
with transverse lines.

95. Rotaovula hirohitoi Cate « Azuma, spec. nov
(Figures /00, 100C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell minute, sub-rhomboid,
transversely angularly humped dorsally; terminals pro-

THe VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement

Figure 98
Stohleroma asiaticum (93)

Figure 100
Rotaovula hirohitoi (95)

Figure 10] a

Crenavolva (Crenavolva) striatula striatula (96)

[C. N. Cate] Figures 98 to 102

Figure 99
Stohleroma fumikoae (94)

Figure 101
Crenavolva (Crenavolva) striatula striatula (96)

Figure 102
Crenavolva (Crenavolva) striatula traillii (97)

a el a ‘gas arly

. SS

m~

Vol. 15; Supplement

duced, blunt, with protruding digital appendages at both
terminal openings; dorsum numerously, deeply incisedly
striate overall, with a series of narrow longitudinal gear-
like knobs (8), having equidistant, fairly broad interstices
traversing rear dorsum; base sub-rhomboid, striate over-
all, with a continuation of the dorsal knobbing over base
to the narrowly depressed columella; fossula narrow,
deepened because of upraised adaxial carinal wall; aper-
ture narrow, broadening in front, curving and narrowing
to the rear where it nearly closes over adapical canal
channel; funiculum on rear base multi-knobbed (5);
outer lip curves gently centrally but angles sharply to
either terminal; outer lip smooth within, with three large
digitations at either end; shell color is complex, with basic
color a deep rich lemon-yellow overall, excepting the
dorsal knobs and some of the teeth which are off-white;
a wide, transverse, glassy-translucent band extends over
forward area; interstices between dorsal knobs are laven-
der; terminal canals yellow-beige.

Measurements, type: L- 5.3; W - 2.6; H- 2.3mm.

Type Locality: 2 -4km off Hinomezaki, Kii, Japan (34°
00’N; 134°48’E); 91-128m; leg. Shingo Habu, April,
1971.

Type: MA, No. 15644 [holotype].

Discussion: Although exceedingly small as a species, this
is perhaps the most singularly exquisite and interestingly
formed shell in the Ovulidae. Since it is so drastically un-
like any other presently known ovulid form, no attempt
will be made to compare it; the species of Dentiovula
Habe, 1961, only vaguely approach this unusual shell in
appearance, and then only because of the peripheral
digitation.

The name of this new species honors His Majesty,
Emperor Hirohito of Japan, who is an ardent patron of
malacology.

Crenavolva Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Ovulum striatulum Sowerby '*t, 1828

Shells for the most part small, narrow, centrally angled at
the sides, often transversely sub-angled dorsally, sub-
rhomboid; terminal ends usually blunt, terminals usually
of equal, tapering projection; they are most often dorsally
striate, as well. The name is derived from the Latin crena.
meaning notched, rounded projection.

(Crenavolva) Cate, subgen. nov.

Type species: Ovulum striatulum Sowerby 'st, 1828

THE VELIGER

Page 49

The shells of this new subgenus are narrowly elongate,
narrowly diamond-shaped, sub-rhomboid, often with
blunt, truncated terminal endings.

96. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) striatula striatula
/ (Sowerby ™, 1828)

(Figures 101: lectotype; /01C: original illustration)

1828 Ovulum striatulum Sowerby'st, Zool. Journ., London, 4:
155

1839 Ovula tuberculosa J.E.Gray « Sowerby2"4, Zool. Bee-
cheys Voy., Moll., London: 133

1840 Ovula nigerina Dufo, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris 14: 186

1848 Ovulum nigerinum; Sowerby 2™4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum
2: 482 j

1848 Ovulum striatulum = rutherfordiana; Sowerby 2"¢, Thes.
Conch., Ovulum: 472; plt. 101, fig. 85

1881 Ovula striatula; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 186; plt. 48, figs. 2, 3

1885 Ovula nigerrima; Tryon [err.], Man. Conch. 7: 256

1887 Ovula striata; Paetel [err.], Cat. Conch. Sammlg. 1: 325

1887 Birostra nigerina; Paetel, Conch. Sammlg. 7: 327

1941 Primovula (Primovula) striatula; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1956 Primovula tuberculosa; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 121

Description, holotype: “Ovulum striatuwlum—testa ob-
longata, dorso transversim striato et gibboso, albicante;
labio externo planulato, intus denticulato; labio columel-
lari superne calloso, infra depresso; extremitatibus sub-
acuminatis, abtusiusculis.”’

“Desc. Shell oblong, back transversely striated and gib-
bous, whitish; outer lip flattened on the edge, denticu-
lated on the inside; columellar lip callous at the upper
end, depressed at the lower; extremities rather acumin-
ated, but obtuse.” (SowErBy ***, 1828: 155).

Measurements, type: “long. 4/10, lat. 2/10, poll.”
=[L- 10.0; W - 4.7; H - 3.0mm (approx.)].

Type Locality: “Hab. ad littora Oceani Indici.”

Type: BMNH, No. 1969137 [lectotype]; one of 7 in type
lot.

Discussion: The holotype appears to be missing. There
are 7 syntypes at BMNH; the specimen illustrated is
designated the lectotype. There is much uncertainty sur-
rounding this species, due to the loss of the holotype. The
lectotype appears to be very wide for the species as we
know it from a wide range of specimens under consider-
ation for this study. Because of an obscure living locality
and the absence of a holotype, plus the unusual shell
width, and the apparent lack of sharply distinct dorsal
striation, it seems advisable to question the identity of the

Page 50

species (spec. dubiwm) until further field work and shell
specimens can definitely authenticate it. SowERBy *™
(1848: 84; fig. 84)=(Figure 10Ja: orig. illustr.) illus-
trated his previously described new species, and added the
following comments: “A very small East Indian species,
much resembling O. Frumentum in general shape and
characters, and differing from it only in color and in being
transversely striated. From the East Indies according to
Mr. G. Humphrey.” The large, long, well defined teeth
on the outer lip at both ends (at least 7) are unusual and
are lacking in most specimens of this species I have seen.

Animal: Ovula tuberculosa of J. E. Gray and Sowerby *",
1839, is described as follows: “Ovula tuberculosa—The
animal like the cowrie; the tentacles rather blunt; mantle
edges reflexed, smooth, with small oval brown dots. Foot
large, crumpled on the edges, pale brown, black dotted;
penis large, low down.”

97. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) striatula traillu
(A. Adams, 1855)

(Figure /02: lectotype)

1855 Amphiperas (Ovulum) traillii A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London: 222

1865 Ovulum traillii; Reeve, Conch. Icon. Ovulum: plt. 8, figs.
38a, 38b

1887 Ovula dentata Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 186

1881 Ovula trailli; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab. 194; plt. 49, figs. 9, 12

1941 Primovula (Primovula) formosa Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3) 107

1968 Primovula striatula, sensu Cemohorsky, The Veliger 10
(+): 361; plt. 50, fig. 8

Description, holotype: “A. testa elongata, in medio
angulata, carnea, albo marginata, lineis transversis, im-
pressis, obsoletis, cincta; apertura angusta, canalibus
brevibus, valde emarginatis; labio intus laevi, sulco longi-
tudinali instructo, postice tumido: labro in medio recto,
transversim sulcato, extus albi-varicoso.” (A. ADAMs,
1855: 222).

Description, hypotype: Shell small, rectangularly ovate,
strongly formed; dorsum finely striate, transversely ele-
vated, sub-angularly centrally, tapering gently to front
and rear; terminals prominent, squared at ends, crescent-
shaped at openings; terminals thickened, flaring dis-
tortedly outward, outlined with a fold of callus; left rear
terminal edge frequently projecting beyond that of right
side (see Figure 103), both terminal openings sub-beaked;
aperture narrow, straight, hardly curving toward the rear
(adapically), weakly constricted in front; outer lip ven-

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

trally flattened, lip-surface angled inward; outer lip
weakly denticulate to crenate on rear portion, crenula-
tion nearly absent on front; outer lip heavily calloused
above, rounded, angularly shouldered above; base and
left margin thickened; base sub-convex, smooth; colu-
mella very finely striate; fossula smooth, shallow, with a
sharply elevated longitudinal carinal ridge adaxially
within; funicular callus on adapical base has four short,
blunt knobs; color varies from deep rose, red-brown to
nearly white, with peripheral shell margin and base a
lighter, deeper rose color.

Measurements, type: not recorded (lectotype not avail-
able).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 10.0; W- 4.7; H- 3.0mm;
(Figure 102a: C3705)

Type Locality: ‘““Hab. Malaca (Dr. Traill).” Locality here
designated as off Corregidor, Manila Bay, Philippines
(14°22’N; 120°35’E).

Type: BMNH, No. 19686 [lectotype herein].

Distribution: Coast of Queensland, Australia; Sulu Sea;
East Indies; Central Pacific to Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands,
and Japan.

Discussion: This subspecies appears to have a much nar-
rower shell than the species in the strict sense. Adams
made the following comparison: “This is an elongated
species, somewhat angulated on the back, of a pale flesh-
tint in some varieties, and of a deeper pink in others, and
with the varix of the outer less white. In form it resembles,
most closely, O. formosum, Sow., but that species is
crossed with punctate, spiral lines.”

98. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) striatula tinctura
(Garrard, 1963)

(Figure 104: holotype)

1963 Neosimnia tinctura Garrard, Journ. Malacol. Soc. Aus-
tral. 7: 45; plt. 7, figs. 5, 6

Description, holotype: “Neosimnia tinctura—Shell elon-
gated and roughly cylindrical in shape, with carinated
angle above the center, extremities blunt, outer lip thick-
ened and calloused; aperture widens anteriorly; fossula
smooth and prominent, forming a distinct keel or colu-
mella; fairly strong labial teeth at posterior end, becom-
ing weaker and disappearing entirely at anterior end;
dorsal surface entirely covered with fine wavy striations;
general coloration fawn, with narrow whitish band en-
circling the carination; further indistinct whitish bands
towards either end, the extremities themselves tipped

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 102 a to 108

Figure 102 a ‘Figure 103
Crenavolva (Crenavolva) Crenavolva (Crenavolva)

striatula trail (97) renovata (100) Figure 104
Crenavolva (Crenavolva)

striatula tinctura (98)

Figure 104 a 5 :
Crenavolva (Crenavolva) Figure 105 Figure 105 a
striatula tinctura (98) Crenavolva (Crenavolva) Crenavolva (Crenavolva)

striatula hesperia (99) striatula hesperia (99)

Figure 106 Figure 107 Figure 108

Ovula dentata (100) Coeasstllse (Orie) Crenavolva (Crenavolva) virgo (102)

Vol. 15; Supplement

with bright reddish-orange, outer lip bright yellow, fos-
sula bright pink.’’ (GARRARD, 1963: 45).

Measurements, type: L- 9.0; W- 4.0mm.

Type Locality: Moreton Bay, Queensland; living on the
alcyonarian Mopsella, in 23 - 26m.

Type: AM No. C. 64070 [holotype].

Discussion: These animals live on the narrow branches
of gorgoniae and small types of coral (according to Gar-
rard, 1963). The species has a distributional pattern north
to Yeppoon and near Burnett Heads, Queensland. It has
also been reported from Hervey Bay (between Frasier
Island and the mainland); another specimen from off
Tangalooma Point, Moreton Bay, Qld., collected from
20-30 fathoms, measures: L-7.8; W -4.0; H- 3.0mm;
(Figure 104a: C3704).

99. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) striatula hesperia
Cate, subspec. nov.

(Figure 105: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly small, narrowly elon-
gate, solidly formed though almost translucent; terminals
square, truncated, broadly open, crescent-shaped adapic-
ally; dorsum glossy, with numerous transversely incised
striae forming a weak, wavy, cancellate pattern with faint
longitudinal growth lines; base smooth, glossy, elongately
ovate, longitudinally ridged and flattened, with a crenu-
late plait on a long, slightly upraised funiculum; aperture
straight, widening at both ends; columella concave, ex-
cavated, smooth, hardly deeper in the fossula area; outer
lip rounded, somewhat flattened, reflexed, with heavy,
elongate teeth near rear terminal, becoming weaker
toward the front, then obsolete on front half of lip,
acutely sutured and shouldered above; dorsum a pale
yellow, remainder of shell milk-white.

Measurements, type: L-9.1; W- 3.3; H-2.8mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 6.0; W- 2.5mm (approx.);
(Figure 105a: ANSP 277758).

Type Locality: 2 mile W of Ankifi, 7 miles S of Nossi Bé,
NW of Madagascar (13°15’S; 48°15’E); in 9 fathoms;
bottom, mud and sponge.

Type: ANSP, No. 260880 [holotype].

Discussion: This new subspecies seems to be isolated
geographically, and differs from Crenavolva (Crenavolva)
striatula trailli: (A. Adams, 1855) and C. (C.) striatula
tinctura (Garrard, 1963), by being noticeably shorter and
broader, with even shorter and broader terminal beaks;

THE VELIGER

Page 51

the shell is much more thinly formed; it is a nearly color-
less shell, with only a pale yellow to butter-yellow on the
dorsum; and it is much less dentate. A hypotype, ANSP:
277758, is shown in Figure 105a.

The name is derived from the Latin hesperia, meaning
land [ocean] of the west.

100. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) renovata (Iredale, 1930)

(Figures 103, 103C: C3616)

1848 Ovulum dentatum A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Zool., Ovulum, London: 21; plt. 6, fig. 4 (Figure 106:
holotype)

1881 Ovula dentata; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 189; plt. 48, figs. 13, 16

1899 Calpurnus (Ovula) dentata; Horst « Schepman, Cat. Syst.
Moll. (2): 190

1930 Prosimnia renovata Iredale, Mem. Queensland Mus. 10
(1): 85

1941 Primovula (Primovula) renovata; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 107

Description, holotype: “Ovul. testa parva, oblonga, sub-
angulatd, minute striata; pallidé rosea, fusco rubescente
variegata; canalibus sub-productis, emarginatis; apertura
angusta; labio externo breviusculo, complanato, intus
et ad extremitates usque ad margineum dentato; labio
interno laevi, intus longitudinaliter sulcato, posticé tu-
morem elevatum crenulatum ferente, ad canalem rece-
dente; anticé angustato, tumido; ad canalem sub-unipli-
cato.” (A. ApaMs & REEVE, 1848: plt. 6, fig. 4) [Shell
small, oblong, sub-angled, finely striate; pale rose, be-
coming different shades of red; canals barely produced,
emarginate; aperture narrow; outer lip narrow, flat, at
the extremity teeth extend to the margin; internal left
lip, longitudinally furrowed, elevated rear projection
almost crenulate, canal curving (recedente), front narrow,
swollen; canal within sub-uniplicate. |

Measurements, type: L- 11.0; W - 5.0mm (approx).

Type Locality: Caramata Passage, near Singapore (01°14’
N; 103°55’E).

Type: BMNH, no presently assigned Register No. (K.
Way, in litt., BMNH).

Discussion: I have not personally inspected this shell;
however, the authors commented as follows: “Not so
angular as O. striatulum. The teeth of the outer lip extend
to the outer margin at the upper extremity where they
form denticulations. The color is pale rose, strengthened
at the ends with two longitudinal waved bands at the
back.”

Page 52

The species name, Ovula dentata (non O. dentata
Waldheim & Fischer, 1807), the type of which is here
illustrated (Figure 106), was originally proposed for this
species by A. ApaMs & REEvE, 1848.

101. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) rosewateri
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figures 107, 107C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Sheil small, sub-rhomboid,
humped, transversely angled at widest point; terminals
produced, solidly formed; longitudinally open at adapical
end: dorsum sub-glossy, with numerous clearly distinct
transverse incised striae throughout; base angularly ovate,
narrowing and thickening toward the front, with a large,
layered, thickened funicular projection at the rear; thin
layer of white callus covers most of base, almost obscuring
striae that originate on dorsurn; columella semi-striate,
almost smooth, broad, depressed, and defined by a longi-
tudinal, adaxial carinal ridge which forms a fossular area
with the deepening toward the front; aperture fairly wide,
broadening more abapically; outer lip broad, thickened,
flattened, more so toward the front, with a faint crenula-
tion along inner edge; large, distinct, though weakly
formed teeth adorn rear quarter of lip surface; dorsal
color rich rose, with a wide, pale grey transverse band
over angle of dorsum; terminals are a deep, rich orange;
side margins, lip, and base are white.

Measurements, type: L- 9.3; W- 4.5; H-3.9mm.

Type Locality: U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, for U.S. Nat.
Mus.; Station 5559; off Cabalian Point, Jolo Island, Phil-
ippines; at 24m (06°00’N; 121°10’E); Sulu Sea.

Type: USNM, No. 238979 [holotype].

Discussion: This taxon seems to approach Dentiovula
dorsuosa (Hinds, 1844) in a vague sort of way, but differs
from it by being narrower; by having shorter teeth on
the outer lip; by lacking any funicular swelling dorsally,
and by having a different combination of shell colors.

This new species is named in honor of Dr. Joseph
Rosewater, Curator, Division of Mollusks, United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C.

102. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) virgo
(Azuma & Cate, 1971)

(Figure 108: holotype)

1971 Primovula virgo Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13 (2): 262;
fig. 4

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, holotype: Shell large for the genus, elongate,
broadening sub-centrally, where it is angularly shoul-
dered; terminals blunt, open, narrowing gently to the
front and back; dorsum sub-glossy, with numerous trans-
verse incised striae over all; base rhomboidly ovate,
smooth, glossy, narrowing constrictedly to the front; a
large thick crenular funiculum covers entire adapical
triangle of base; columella smooth, broad, depressed, with
a long low longitudinal ridge adaxially which outlines a
deepened fossular area; aperture straight, widening in
front; outer lip broad, thick, rounded, with very weak
teeth along two-thirds of its length, some of which are
lengthened to reach outer lip edge in back; shell color
milk-white over all.

Measurements, type: L- 14.2; W-5.5; H- 4.4mm.

Type Locality: 3-4km off Hinomisaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); living on a host capitulum
of Solenocaulon chinense Kiikenthal; in 91 - 128m.

Type: MA, No. 14841 [holotype].

Discussion: The holotype was collected by Mr. Shingo
Habu, 20 March 1970, in deep water dredging off the
Kii Peninsula, Japan.

103. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) verconis
(Cotton « Godfrey, 1932)

(Figure 109: holotype)

1932 Prosimnia verconis Cotton « Godfrey, Austral. Naturalist
13: 46; plt. 1, fig. 15

1935 Ovula formosa Verco, Comb. So. Seas, Adelaide: 150;
pit. 11, fig. 14

1935 Pellasimnia verconis; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 105

1941 Primovula (Primovula) verconis; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1956 Neosimnia (Pellasimnia) verconis; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 130

Description, holotype: “P. [Prosimnia] verconis. Not
Ovula formosa Adams & Reeve (Borneo). Shell small,
solid, convolute, produced at both ends; white, with dor-
sum rose, and faint fuscous tint at both extremities:
transverse incision-striae, close set, well marked over pos-
terior third, and crinkled by somewhat irregular growth
lines; aperture posteriorly slightly curved to left ending
in a lateral notch, anterior two-thirds nearly straight,
continued into a well marked sub-effuse notch; outer lip
somewhat thickened dorsally, acutely, widely, flatly in-
flected, dentate ventrally, slightly excavated behind an-
terior notch, then continued obliquely as a subacute
ridge beyond the end of the spire of four whorls, slightly

Tue Veuicer, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 109 to 113

Figure 110
Crenavolva (Crenavolva) frumentum (104)

Figure 109
Crenavolva (Crenavolva) verconis (103)

Figure 110 a Figure 111
Crenavolva (Crenavolva) frumentum (104) Crenavolva (Serratovolva) dondani (105)

Figure 112 Figure 113
Crenavolva (Serratovolva) imitabilis (106) | Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) cuspis (107)

rene:

Lien
A hi,

Vol. 15; Supplement

convex, completely covered with cal- (sic) [from Cotton’s
hand written notes:] “to margin [of] the notch and join a
bifid callosity in front of the back of the inner lip, in
front of notch; inner lip wide, spread over base of body-
whorl which is flatly rounded in upper half, and flatly
excavated in lower half.”’ (CoTTON & GoprrRey, 1932: 46).

Measurements, type: L- 11.0; W- 4.5mm.

Type Locality: Off St. Francis Island, South Australia; in
64m.

Type: SAM, No. D.13476 (D.10174 = err.) [holotype].

Discussion: The type lot of Crenavolva verconis consists
of 2 specimens, one designated as holotype and the other
a well marked paratype. Since these two shells came from
different dredge-hauls and are obviously different species,
I have retained Cotton’s holotype to represent C. verconis
and have used his so-called paratype as the holotype of
C. heleneae (herein).

104. Crenavolva (Crenavolva) frumentum
(Sowerby ™, 1828)

(Figure 7/0: lectotype)

1828 Ovula frumentum Sowerby '*t, Zool. Journ. London 4: 155

1848 Ovulum frumentum; Sowerby 2"4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum
2: 474; plt. 101, figs. 103, 104

1887 Birostra frumentum; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Primovula (Primovula) frumentum; Schilder, Arch. Mol-
luskenk. 73 (2/3): 107

1956 Primovula (Primovula) trailli; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 121

1958 Primovula frumentum; Kuroda, Venus 20 (2): 169

Description, holotype: ““O. testa ovato-oblonga, dorso
transversim gibboso; rubescent, transversim albido-inifas-
ciata; labio externo margine planulato, intus denticulato;
labio columellari superne calloso, infra depresso; ex-
tremitatibus sub-acuminatis, obtusiusculis.’” (SOWERBY **,
1828: 155)

Description, hypotype: Shell small, elongately sub-rhom-
boid, almost rectangular, convolute, solid; terminals
open, roundly blunt, somewhat broad; dorsum trans-
versely humped, sub-centrally angled, glossy, with numer-
ous bold, incised lines overall, continuing onto and across
base and columella, except that a thin, narrow basal callus
obscures striae along central base; a large, thick, uneven,
swollen triangular funiculum embellishes adapical ter-
minal base; aperture fairly wide, almost straight, broad-
ening to the front; columella broad, striate, barely
depressed, though concave in fossular area; outer lip

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Page 53

broad, angling inward, with large thick irregular teeth
on adaxial edge; margins and terminal ends broadly,
smoothly calloused; dorsum and base deep rose; margins,
terminal ends, transverse dorsal hump, funiculum, outer
lip, teeth, and base callus off-white.

Measurements, type: L- 6.5; W - 3.0mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L-8.7; W-4.2; H- 3.3mm;
(Figure 110a: ANSP 219359A)

Type Locality: Here designated: Off Tosa, Tosa Bay,
Japan (33°20’N; 133°45’E).

Type: BMNH, No. 1969128 [one of two syntypes (one
broken); illustrated (Figure 110), designated lectotype
herein].

Distribution: presently known only from east coast of
Japan; and Goa, W India (C3611).

Discussion: SowERBy (1828) commented about the spe-
cies: ‘One of the smallest species I know; I have only seen
two or three specimens, and I am unacquainted with its
locality.” Though very badly worn, the lectotype is ade-
quate for conclusive identification.

(Serratovolva) Cate, subgen. nov.
' Type species: Primovula (Diminovula) dondani Cate, 1964

Shells are usually roundly ovate to sub-rhomboid, and
have characteristic, projecting teeth on the peripheral
edge of the outer lip, often on the outer edge of the adapi-
cal canal opening as well. The name is derived from the
Latin word serratus, for toothed like a saw.

105. Crenavolva (Serratovolva) dondani (Cate, 1964)
(Figure //1: holotype)

1964 Primovula (Diminovula) dondani Cate, The Veliger 7 (2):
102; plt. 19, figs. 1-3

Description, holotype: Shell medium-sized, elongately
ovate; aperture curving, narrow adapically, broadening,
abruptly constricted in front; terminal ridge a continua-
tion of inflated base, straight, sharp, converging with
inner fossular ridge; both front and rear terminals pro-
duced, adapically more so and narrow; first funiculum
prominent, V-shaped, superimposed on base at adaxial
margin of posterior columella; first posterior outlet sepa-
rates the smaller second funiculum; terminal canals
narrow, semi-enclosed; central transverse dorsal surface

Page 54

somewhat flattened, bordered on either side by a vague
angular line; irregularly curved margin strongly devel-
oped, tubular, crossed by unevenly spaced, variously
lengthened serrated teeth the entire length; terminal
ridge straight, sharply ridged by eight weak serrated teeth;
entire shell surface finely ridged with numerous transverse
lines, crisscrossed laterally front to back with equally
numerous very fine growth lines; body whorl is grey-
white, darker on the base; margins, teeth, terminals, ter-
minal ridge, fossular ridge and funiculum are white; in-
terior of terminal canals very pale pink.

Measurements, type: L - 23.0; W- 11.6; H - 10.0mm.

Type Locality: Carigara Bay, Samar, Philippines (11°
20’N; 124°40’E).

Type: PNM, No. N.M. CO 07287 [holotype].

106. Crenavolva (Serratovolva) imitabilis
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure //2: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, pyriform, bul-
bously inflated sub-centrally, solid though translucent;
terminals produced, narrowly and evenly spatulate, per-
pendicularly wedge-shaped adapically, truncate in front;
dorsum transversely finely incisedly striate overall, though
shell surface is smoothly, evenly rounded; base acutely
pyriform, roundly inflated, thinly calloused, narrowing
quickly, vertically to the front, with 4 small nodular teeth;
a long, low, evenly elevated, curving funiculum at rear
base, crenate at summit; front terminal ridge distinct,
oblique: columella rounded, slightly longitudinally fur-
rowed at adaxial carinal wall within; fossula large, shal-
low, broad, outlined adaxially by elevated extension of
internal carina; aperture fairly straight, curving posteri-
orly; outer lip broad, flat, shouldered above, with numer-
ous long teeth, many of which protrude beyond periphery
of inner and outer lip edge except at central lip area; color
milk-white overall, except for a straw-colored line in
shoulder suture of outer lip and over terminal beaks.

Measurements, holotype: L- 15.0; W- 8.5; H- 7.2mm.

Type Locality: Ogokuda Beach, Shionomisaki, S Kii,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E).

Type: LACM, No. 1608 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species was at first thought to be a
specimen of Crenavolva (Serratovolva) dondani (Cate,

1964), but a subsequent evaluation of the two forms seems
to indicate that they are two different species; for this

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

reason I provisionally separate them Crenavolva (S.)
imitabilis seems to differ in many respects; it is a much
smaller form; it is acutely pyriform, rather than roundly
ovate; it is much more finely, evenly striate overall, rather
than coarsely, wavily striate with widely spaced angular
dorsal ridges; the outer edge peripheral lip teeth do not
extend to the end of the adapical terminal beak, termi-
nating before reaching the base of the beak; it has a nar-
rower, spatulate, ventrally-wedged terminal extension
adapically, and it has a different narrowing process of the
abapical base. However, proof of their apparent close
relationship may be seen in the comparable nodular as-
pect of the abapical base. I have used the Latin word
imitabilis, meaning imitate because of the similarity of
this species to Crenavolva (Serratovolva) dondani (Cate,
1964).

(Cuspivolva) Cate, subgen. nov.
Type species: Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) cuspis Cate, herein

Shells are usually small, broad, pyriform, inflated, evenly
rounded at shoulder, with a closed, pointed adapical ter-
minal process (opening usually to left of beak, rather
than straight to rear); shells most often dorsally striate.
The name is derived from the Latin word cuspis, a
pointed end.

107. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) cuspis Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 1/3: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly small, angularly ovate,
transversely angulate over dorsum; terminals produced,
pointed adapically, truncate in front; dorsum glossy,
though transversely incisedly striate over all, except cen-
tral striation almost obscure; base smooth, glossy, angu-
larly ovate, tapering to a point paralleling terminal ridge
in front, with a heavy crenular funicular projection adapi-
cally; aperture of medium width, straight; columella
broad, smooth, depressed, with fossula not conspicuously
developed; outer lip broad, thickly formed, with well de-
veloped, heavily formed teeth on rear half of lip, some
protruding as pustules on rear outer lip edge, weak,
almost indistinct in front; outer lip broad, weakly shoul-
dered on right side of shell; dorsal color deep lavender-
mauve, with an almost pale grey band transversely over
dorsal angle; lip margins, terminals, and base yellowish
beige.

Measurements, holotype: L - 9.4; W - 4.5; H- 3.6mm.

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 114 to 121

Figure 114 Figure 116
Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) indica (108) Figure 115 Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) draperi (110)

Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) baltea (109)

Figure 117 Figure 118 Figure 119
Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) Crenavolva (Cuspivolva)
tigris (111) curiosa (112) azumat (113)

Figure 120 Figure 12]
—Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) mucronata (114) Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) myrakeenae (115)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Type Locality: Off Kii, Kii Channel, Japan (34°00'N;
134°48’ EF).

Type: ANSP, No. 244835 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species may be compared with
Delonovolva formosa (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848), but
differs from it by having a shorter, broader form; by being
much less heavily striate dorsally; by having a different
sort of adapical terminal area; and by having more pro-
nounced teeth on the outer lip.

108. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) indica (Reeve, 1865)
(Figure 1/4: holotype)

1865 Ovulum indicum Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: plt. 11,
figs. 14a, 14b

1881 Ovula indica; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch
Cab.: 208; plt. 52, figs. 13, 16

1887 Bzrostra indica; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Pellasimnia indica; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3) :
109

1956 Neosimnia indica; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Ovulum indicwm—Shell nar-
rowly ovate [small, angularly ovate], ivory-white, shining,
back angularly gibbous round the upper part, [with
widely spaced transverse incised striae emanating from
either terminal collar, central dorsum smooth], extremi-
ties short [pointed adapically, roundly truncated in front]
callously emarginated [shouldered above], lip thickened
[broadly convex, with fairly large well developed and
numerous teeth], columella slightly excavated [with a
short, straight terminal ridge in front, and a large thickly
formed funiculum on the rear columellar-base].”” (REEVE,
1865: plt. 11, fig. 47).

Measurements, holotype: L - 5.0; W - 2.5mm (approx.).
Type Locality: “Bombay” [India].
Type: BMNH, No. 1969136 [holotype].

Discussion: Reeve mentions: ‘“A small shining-white spe-
cies, of which Mr. Cuming possesses two specimens from
the coast of Bombay. Scarcely differing from O. secale
[Sowerby **', 1828], except in being transversely striated
at the back.”

109. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) baltea Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 7/5: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrow, angularly
ovate, sub-rhomboid; terminals somewhat produced, al-

THE VELIGER |

Page 55

most pointed adapically; dorsum numerously incisedly
transversely striate, striation becoming somewhat obscure
centrally, dorsum also sub-angularly inflated near center;
base weakly striate, narrow, elongately ovate, tapering
thickly abapically, with a sub-funicular callus thickening
forming the rear canal wall; aperture straight, narrowing
centrally, widening in front to constriction of outer lip;
columella somewhat flattened, striate, deepening slightly
as a furrow in front fossular area, both columella and
fossula faintly defined longitudinally within by a ridge;
outer lip broad, angularly reflexed inwardly, with numer-
ous irregular, weak teeth; side margins flatly thickened,
flange-like, flared; color ivory-white throughout.

Measurements, holotype: L- 10.0; W-5.1; H-4.0mm.
Type Locality: Goa, W India (15°15’N; 74°00’ E).
Type: USNM, No. 442947 [holotype]. ‘There are several
paratypes.

Discussion: This species was first considered only a vari-
ant of Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) indica (Reeve, 1865).
However, since their morphological differences seem too
numerous I am separating them specifically. Crenavolva
baltea is a larger form; it has more of a rhomboid outline,
a straighter aperture, a narrower, rhombic base with a
broad, heavy longitudinal narrowing of the base ventrally
which seems to connect one end of base to the other; the
inner edge of the outer lip is crenate, rather than distinctly
denticulate, and it has a curiously flanged thickening of
the marginal callus. The name is derived from the Latin
word balteus, meaning flanged, girdle, border, edge.

110. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) draperi
Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 116: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, rhomboidly-oblong,
solidly formed, transversely angled sub-centrally; ter-
minals well developed, almost spatulate, though some-
what pointed as well adapically; dorsum dull due to
overall incised striation; marginal callus substantially
formed, encircling terminal ends; base narrow, sub-rhom-
boid, smooth, slightly glossy (dorsal striae visible under
thin surface callus); no terminal ridge in front; solid funi-
cular callosity on rear base; aperture broad, open in front,
undulating to rear; columella broad, slightly flattened,
with a longitudinal, upraised carinal wall delineating
columella within, forming fossula in front; outer lip
broadly reflected inward, smooth ventrally, with a hint of
crenulation on inner edge; color basically beige, with very
faint pale brown clouding dorsally; base pale beige, with

Page 56

pale brown on ventral lip surface; terminal ends pale
brown.

Measurements, holotype: L- 7.7; W - 3.5; H- 3.0mm.

Type Locality: Off Nada, Kii Province, Japan (34°00’N;
134°48’E); in 55 - 73m; leg. Shingo Habu, 2 April 1971.

Type: MA, No. 15637 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species may be compared with
Crenavolva (C.) striatula traillii (A. Adams, 1855), be-
cause the shells may have distorted adapical terminal con-
struction, but it differs markedly by having a sub-pointed
rear terminal beak, the adapical canal open to the side,
rather than straight to the rear, an edentate, undulating
ventral outer lip; and a differently formed, smooth funi-
culum; transverse dorsal angle is also more acutely formed
in this species.

The species is named in honor of Mr. Bertram Draper,
who, among many other contributions to conchology, has
done much of the photography for this present work.

111. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) tigris Yamamoto, 1971
(Figure 251: holotype; Figure 117: hypotype)

1971 Primovula (Primovula) tigris Yamamoto, Publ. Seto Mar.
Biol. Lab. 19 (4) : 191 - 195; figs. 1a - 1c; plt. 8, figs. 1 - 4

Description, holotype: “Primovula (Primovula) tigris—
The shell is cylindrically fusiform and thick. The outer
lip is flattened, thickened, declivous towards the aperture,
and curved rather abruptly in the anterior one-fourth and
somewhat gently in the posterior one-third, while the
middle range between these curves is nearly straight. The
denticulation of the outer lip is somewhat irregular and
indistinct in the anterior half, though there are 15-16
teeth, attaining the adaxial edge of lip, in the posterior
half from about the middle to the posterior end, The base
is inflated, elongate ovate, and narrowing abruptly pos-
teriorly and gradually anteriorly; extremely faint striae
on the surface. The columella is carinate, widened about
the anterior one-fourth rather abruptly and then gradu-
ally posteriorly to the posterior one-third where it is
widest. Thus, the aperture is narrow in the posterior part,
least in the breadth at the posterior one-third, then
widened gradually anteriorly to the anterior one-fourth
where it is enlarged abruptly. The edge of the anterior
outlet is never acvte, but rather truncate obliquely. The
first funiculum is distinct, but insignificant, with two
extremely faint crenulations on it. The second funiculum
is defined but very indistinctly. The first posterior outlet
is well marked, but the second is much less remarkable.
The fossula is very short. The dorsum is inflated and with

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

the rounded carina; about 120 fine transverse striae over
the surface, except for the wide peripheral callus along the
outer lip. The dorsal side is wholly orange yellow, espe-
cially darker in the peripheral callus along the outer lip.
The base is orange brown, with the callus and the outer
lip paler, especially the former becomes whitish towards
the columellar edge.” (YAMAMOTO, 1971: 192).

Measurements, type: L- 14.9; W- 7.5; H- 6.2mm.
Measurements, hypotype: L- 11.0; W-5.6; H- 4.7mm.

Type Locality: in 17m of water off Sirahama, Waka-
yama Prefecture, Japan (leg. Torao Yamamoto, March 31,
1961, on gorgonid octocoral Euplexaura).

Type: Depository unknown; presumably in the collec-
tion of the author of this new species. Hypotype MA, No.
15073-B.

Discussion: The hypotype was collected 27 December
1970; in 55-73m; leg. M. Azuma off Minabe, Tanabe
Bay, Kii Peninsula, Japan. I am indebted to both Dr.
Tadashige Habe and Dr. Torao Yamamoto for informa-
tion and photographs of this recently published new
ovulid species, which is illustrated in color and black and
white in its original publication.

112. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) curiosa Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure //8: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, somewhat narrowly
ovate, with dorsal elevation almost central; terminals
produced, curiously beaked adapically, rocket-shaped;
dorsum numerously, evenly, deeply, transversely grooved
throughout, cord-like; base equally grooved, inflatedly
ovate; aperture mostly straight; funiculum a bubble-like
projection which is the terminus of a perpendicular, cal-
loused wall forming left side of posterior canal; outer lip
flat, broadening to the front, somewhat reflexed; denticles
heavily formed (approx. 8), distant, projecting beyond
periphery of rear lip edge, with remainder of lip surface
to the front without teeth; color beige to pale yellow.

Measurements, type: L- 6.4; W- 2.7; H- 2.5mm.

Type Locality: 18 miles SE of Vizagapatnam, Bay of
Bengal, SE India (17°35’N; 83°25’E); Anton Bruun Sta.
90; dredged from 79m; sand and shell bottom; Internat.
Indian Ocean Exped., 28 April 1963.

Type: ANSP, No. 294553 [holotype].

Discussion: The unique holotype is an injured specimen,
but enough of it remains to represent this new species.
The serriform dental projections and the construction of

THE VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 122 to 129

Figure 122 Figure 123
Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) %
ostheimerae (116) rostella (117) Fisarei24

Delonovolva formosa (118)

Figure 125

Delonovolva serrula (119)
Figure 126 Figure 127

Delonovolva smithi (120) Delonovolva aequalis aequalis (121)

mJ
ee

JF b, ee b2.B. ti ? a He

t
it
Be
Se

Cie 1 Ee

Figure 128 Figure 129
Figure 127 a Ovulum arcuatum (121) Ovulum neglectum (121)
Delonovolva aequalis aequalis (121)

Vol. 15; Supplement

the adapical terminal beak place it in this genus. This new
shell form appears distinct from the following species,
Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) azumai (Cate, 1971), because of
its unusual adapical terminal features, by its shell outline,
by the less numerous, deep and very prominent dorsal
striation, by the peculiar funicular fold on the rear base,
and by the unusual teeth on the outer lip. The name for
the species 1s derived from the Latin word curzosus, mean-
ing odd, strange.

113. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) azumai (Cate, 1970)
(Figure 7/9: holotype)

1970 Primovula azumai Cate, The Veliger 13 (2): 181; fig. 1
Description, holotype: Shell of medium size for the
genus, ovate, thinly formed, sub-translucent; terminals
well produced, sharp, pointed in back, square in front
(truncate); dorsum roundly inflated centrally, sloping
sharply to either terminal, saddle-like; dorsum numer-
ously, very distinctly, transversely incisedly striate; base
inflatedly ovate, narrowing abruptly and thickly abapi-
cally; short, elevated, dual-knobbed funiculum at the rear
base; base striate, with a longitudinal narrow callus the
length of central base; columella fairly broad, striate,
weakly depressed, deepening toward the front, becoming
a well developed fossula; a well formed adaxial carinal
ridge outlines both columella and fossula; aperture nar-
row, slightly curving; outer lip thick, rounded, semi-
dentate, with large poorly formed teeth; color a deep, rich
honey-yellow to yellow-brown, with adaxial carinal ridge,
tip of funiculum, and teeth a lighter color.

Measurements, holotype: L - 9.6; W - 4.4; H - 3.9mm.
Type Locality: 1-2km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,

Japan 34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 37-55m; leg. Azuma, 13
February 1970.

Type: MA, No. 14826 [holotype].

Discussion: ‘he species most closley resembles the pre-
ceding species, Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) curiosa, but dif-
fers from it by being a larger form; by having fewer and
smaller teeth on the outer lip, and by being more numer-
ously, more finely striate dorsally.

114. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) mucronata
| (Azuma & Cate, 1971)

(Figure 120: holotype)

1971 Primovula mucronata Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13 (3) :
264; fig. 8

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Page 57

Description, holotype: Shell small, angularly ovate, thin,
translucent; terminals sharply produced, especially adapi-
cally; dorsum smooth, glossy, except for transverse incised
striae emanating restrictedly from either terminal, with
more numerous lines at the rear; base ovate, with striae
more numerous than on dorsum, covering most of the
ventral surface; funiculum a narrow, thickened, uneven
elevation on rear base; columella rounded, striate, with-
out depression; fossula only barely recognizable; aperture
long, curving; outer lip rounded, thickened, with numer-
ous large, short, weak teeth on inner edge; color basically
light grey-white over all, with large red-brown, elongate
clouds of reddish-brown, especially on right side; both
terminal beaks are yellow, except tip of adapical beak is
white; terminal channel yellow in front, brown in back.

Measurements, holotype: L- 9.7; W - 4.2; H- 3.6mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); living at a depth of 55 - 91m;
leg. Azuma, 20 March 1969.

Type: MA, No. 14845 [holotype].

Discussion: This species may be compared with Crena-
volva (Cuspivolva) azumai (Cate, 1970), but it is a more
narrowly ovate and elongate form; it lacks the central
dorsal striae; it has a straighter and more even aperture,
simpler terminal beaks, more numerous teeth on the full
length of the outer lip, which lacks the angles and con-
strictions present in C. azwmaz; the basic color of this shell
is different and so, also, is the color pattern.

115. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) myrakeenae
(Azuma «& Cate, 1971)

(Figure 121: holotype)

1971 Primovula myrakeenae Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13
(3): 263; fig. 7

Description, holotype: Shell small, bulbously inflated,
rhomboidly pyriform, thinly formed, sub-translucent; ter-
minals extended, somewhat pointed in back, blunt in
front; dorsum glossy, although having very fine wavy,
transversely incised striae over all, intercepted longitudi-
nally by incremental growth lines; base pyriformly ovate,
roundly inflated, tapering sharply, narrowly adapically,
transversely striate to adaxial edge within; a small sub-
circular, upraised multi-knobbed funiculum on rear base;
aperture fairly broad, curving; columella follows natural
curve of base, striate, though faintly outlined by a ridge
within, with a deepening in the fossula area; outer lip
somewhat thickened, rounded, with large, rudimentary,
widely separated teeth on rear half of lip edge, front half

Page 58

without teeth; color bright red-brown with three bands
of light grey, and a yellowing of the red-brown on adapical
terminal beak.

Measurements, holotype: L- 9.7; W - 5.2; H-4.4mm.

Type Locality: Off Nada, Kii Peninsula, Japan (34°00'N,
134°48’E); in 55 - 91m; leg. Azuma.

Type: MA, No. 14847 [holotype].

Discussion: This species is rather closely related to Crena-
volva (Cuspivolva) azumai (Cate, 1970), but differs in
having a much broader, more bulbous form, less tortuous
terminal beaks, and it is much less prominently striate
dorsally; it has a wider, more curved aperture, less de-
veloped outer lip with finer, weaker teeth, and the color
patterns of the two species are different.

116. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) ostheimerae
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 122: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, ovately pyriform; ter-
minals projecting, beaked, with a distorted appearance
adapically, sharp and semi-tubular in front; dorsum
glossy, rounded, numerously transversely incisedly
grooved throughout; base smoothly thickened, calloused
over faint incised sculpturing, with base narrowing in
front to coincide with terminal ridge; funicular projec-
tion at the rear a thick, crenate, lateral projection of the
base, extending into a curiously elevated thickening to
rear outer lip termination; aperture fairly wide; colu-
mella sharply depressed, faintly and numerously lined
adapically; fossula deep, wide, lined with a high, thick,
longitudinal carinal wall within; outer lip thick, rounded,
shouldered above, with well developed teeth projecting
beyond periphery of outer lip in back; color basically
whitish-grey, except that dorsum appears to be broadly

three-banded with deep rose, terminal tips stained with
yellow.

Measurements, holotype: L-6.4; W - 3.6; H- 3.0mm.

Type Locality: 18 - 29m; coarse gravel and silt; about 1
mile S by E of Cape Dgaroewawofh, Japen Island, Geel-
vink Bay, Dutch New Guinea (02°30’S; 13.5)530,E);
Ostheimer, Orr, Powell Expedition; Sta. 521; 13 February
1956.

Type: ANSP, No. 277760 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species may be compared with
Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) myrakeenae Cate, 1971 from
which it differs by being more ovate in form; by having

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Vol. 15; Supplement

larger, less numerous, and deeper dorsal striae; by having
a more hooked, less sub-spatulate adapical terminal beak;
by having a much thicker, more ponderous funicular pro-
jection on the rear base; and by having a broader outer
lip, with more fully developed denticulation.

The species is named in honor of Ruth Ostheimer,
Field Associate, ANSP, whose work has contributed so
much to malacology.

117. Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) rostella Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 123: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, elongately ovate; ter-
minals produced, pointed, sub-spatulate adapically, trun-
cate in front; dorsum sub-glossy, numerously finely
transversely striate overall; right margin almost flanged
in front, with protruding teeth on rear flange; base striate,
inflated, ovate, tapering sharply abapically, becoming a
narrow, straight terminal ridge; a large, bulky, crenulate
funicular projection forms a rear twisting canal wall;
columella broad, striate, distinctly depressed, channeling
deeply to form fossula in front with a longitudinal, heavily
formed carinal wall; aperture almost straight; outer lip
broad, somewhat flattened, with several irregularly de-
veloped and lengthened denticles; at rear three or four
teeth protruding beyond periphery of outer lip; color
milk-white over all.

Measurements, holotype: L- 4.8; W - 2.3; H- 1.9mm.

Type Locality: (USNM) Smithsonian Station 5642; Boe-
toeng (Button) Island, off SE coast of Celebes Island,
Dutch East Indies (02°30’S; 120°30’E) ; in 68m of wa-
ter, on grey mud.

Type: USNM, No. 279763 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species may be only a variation of
Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) ostheimerae Cate (herein); how-
ever, their morphological differences seem numerous
enough to separate them. It is a smaller species; it is more
narrowly ovate; it has a narrower, straighter aperture, less
tortuous adapical terminal process, with a constricted, ad-
joining dorsal depression, and it lacks any basic shell
color. The name is derived from the Latin rostrum, mean-
ing beaked.

Delonovolva Cate, gen. nov.
Type species: Ovulum formosum A. Adams & Reeve, 1848

The shells are of medium size, narrowly elongate, almost
tubular to sub-angularly rounded centrally, with ter-

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Care] Plate 3

Figure 27G_ Figure 30C Figure 27C_ ‘Figure 27C Figure 30C_— Figure 27 C
Margovula Margovula Margovula Margovula Margovula Margovula
pyriformis (27) bimaculata (29) pyriformis pyriformis (27) bimaculata pyriformis (27)

(27) (29)

Figure 174C
Aclyvolva
haynest (154)

Figure 7C Figure 21/2 C
Testudovolva nipponensis (7) Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) rosea rosea (182)

Figure 179 C
Cymbula deflexa (157)

Figure 95 AC
Primovula (Adamantia) kurodai (219)

>

Vol. 15; Supplement

minals usually tapering evenly to either end, spindle-
shaped. The name is derived from the Greek word
delonos, meaning dagger, stiletto, or pike.

118. Delonovolva formosa (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)
(Figure /24: holotype)

1848 Ovulum formosum A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Moll., London: 22; plt. 6, fig. 6

1859 Ovula formosa; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 272

1887 Birostra formosa; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Primovula (Primovula) formosa; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 107

Description, holotype: “Ovulum formosum—Ovul. testa
elongata, in medio sub-angulata, violacea, ad extremitates
fusca, lineis puncturatis cincta; canalibus brevibus, valide
emarginatis; apertura angusta; labio externo in medio
sub-angulato, denticulato, ad extremitates brevi, posticé
ad marginem externum dentato; labio interno laevi, lon-
gitudinaliter sulcato, posticé tumido, ad canalem angusto,
retiusculo, anticé ad canalem rectiusculo.”” (A. ADAMS &
REEVE, 1848: 22).

Measurements, holotype: L - 12.0; W - 4.0mm (approx.).
Type Locality: East coast of Borneo.
Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.151 [holotype].

Discussion: The authors commented further on the spe-
cies: “Of an elongate angular form, and of a remarkably
bright violet color, with yellow tips; the spiral striae are
regular and beautifully punctured. The extremities rather
produced, the outer lip short at the ends and denticu-
lated, the denticulations reaching the outer margin at
the posterior extremity.’ Taking into consideration the
type locality of this species, the authors must have had in
mind the Latin word formosus, meaning beautiful, rather
than the place-name Formosa, the modern Taiwan.

119. Delonovolva serrula Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure /25: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrow, ovate yet sub-
rhomboid, angularly transversely humped sub-centrally;
terminals produced, sharply pointed, reflexed adapically,
truncate in front; dorsum transversely incisedly striate
overall; base elongately ovate, angularly narrow, striate
under a thin callus layer, narrowing broadly to the front,
with a sharply elevated triangular funicular projection
behind; columella broad, striate, deepening to form a
fossula in front, both columella and fossula defined adaxi-

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Page 59

ally by a steep longitudinal elevation; aperture straight,
widening abapically due to constriction of outer lip; outer
lip broad, somewhat flattened, angling inward, with large,
weak, irregular teeth (7) in back, slight crenular eruptions
and small weak teeth extend to the front; right side
margin wide, smooth, nearly perpendicular; color beige
white overall, except that side margin is a lighter coior.

Measurements, holotype: L- 5.7; W - 2.2; H- 1.9mm.

Type Locality: Smithsonian (USNM) Exped., Station
5642; Button (Boetoeng) Strait, off SE coast of Celebes
Island, Celebes Sea (02°30’S; 120°30’E); in 64m; grey
mud bottom.

Type: USNM, No. 279763A [holotype].

Discussion: This new species seems to most closely re-
semble Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) rostella Cate (herein),
which was collected at the same station by the same ex-
pedition. It appears, however, to differ notably by having
a different adapicai terminal construction; by having
longer, sharper lip teeth; by having a different over-all
morphology and outline; and by having some definite
shell color, whereas C. rostella is milk-white. The holo-
type is one of two specimens collected; a hole in the right
rear dorsum identifies the type. The name is derived
from the Latin word of the same spelling meaning saw,
serrated.

120. Delonovolva smithi (Sowerby 4, 1894)
(Figure 1/26: holotype)

1894 Amphiperas smithi Sowerby 34, Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lon-
don 1: 46; plt. 4, fig. 2

Description, holotype: “Amphiperas smithi—Testa elon-
gata, obtuse angulata, utrinque brevirostrata, antice
attenuata, postice breviter acuminata, laevis, polita, alba
luteo-fusco tincta; rostrum posticum oblique biplicatum;
apertura angustiuscula, antice paulo latior; canalibus
brevibus, emarginatis; labrum crassiusculum, rotunda-
tum, utrobique laeve, extus varicosum, album.” (SOWER-
BY *"", 1'894:/46:)

Description: Shell is relatively long, obtusely angled,
narrowly beaked, tapering to the front, short and pointed
in back; dorsum is striate away from either end, smooth
centrally; color is dark yellow and white; rear funiculum
is obliquely biplicate; aperture narrow, becoming wider,
more open in front; canals are short, emarginate; lip is
thick, rounded, shouldered above, white.

Of this species Sowerby says, ‘Somewhat like O. trailliz,
A. Adams, but the mouth is narrower and the lip quite
smooth without and within.”

Page 60

Measurements, holotype: ‘Long. 10, maj. diam. 4 mm.”
(Sowerby)

Type Locality: Mauritius.

Type: BMNH, No. 1888:1.9.71 [holotype] (‘The Mu-
seum purchased this shell from Robillard in 1888’—J. D.
Taylor, BMNH).

121. Delonovolva aequalis aequalis (Sowerby 7’, 1832)
(Figure /27: lectotype)

1832 Ovulum aequalis Sowerby 24, Conch. Illustr., Cypraeidae,
London: 18; fig. 61

1865 Ovulum arcuatum Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: pit.
13, figs. 58a, 58b (Figure 128: original illustration)

1865 Ovulum neglectum Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: plt.
14, figs. 62a, 62b (Figure 129: original illustration

1881 Ovula aequalis; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 215

1881 Ovula arcuata; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 207; plt. 52, figs. 9, 12

1885 Ovula uniplicata Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 255; plt. 5, fig.
46

1885 Ovula neglecta = O. avena; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 255;
pit. 5, fig. 54

1887 Simnia aequalis; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1887 Birostra arcuata; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 326

1887 Simnia neglecta; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samm. 1: 327

1935 Neosimnia quaylei Lowe, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.
8i(6) ga22:mpley saheao

1941 Simnia quaylei; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 109

1956 Neosimnia aequaiis; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 129

1960 Neosimnia vidleri tyrianthina Berry, Leaf. Malac. 1 (19):
118

Description, holotype: (“Ovulum aequale—Shell ob-
long, somewhat cylindrical, red; outer lip thickened;
extremities rather obtuse; aperture rather broad, equal at
each extremity; columella with a distinct internal keel”
(SOWERBY *"*, 1832: 18).

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly large, elongate, ovate,
cylindrically inflated; terminals pointed to sub-obtuse,
more acuminate adapically; dorsum sub-glossy, with very
fine longitudinal incremental growth lines and numerous
transverse incised striae emanating from either end, be-
coming somewhat obscure on central dorsum; base
smooth, widely ovate, narrowing and slightly constricting
to the front; faint striae may be visible on either side of
base; a spiral funicular cord on rear base forms a dual
canal opening, left and to rear; columella-fossula area
more or less rounded, smooth; aperture almost straight,
fairly wide; outer lip edge thick, rounded, smooth, shoul-

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Vol. 15; Supplement

dered above; color seems to vary with the color of gor-
gonian upon which it lives: white, pink, red, lavender-red,
brown, and yellowish; terminal ends are yellow to orange,
as are canal interiors; funiculum, thinly coated basal cal-
lus, and outer lip edge are off-white.

Measurements, holotype: “length 0.45. breadth 0.18.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 18.4; W-6.6; H- 5.2mm;
(Figure 127a: C3808).

Type Locality: Panama; [locality may be erroneous].
Here suggested as 6 miles S of San Felipe, E Baja Cali-
fornia del Norte.

Type: BMNH, No. 1966364 [lectotype herein; there are
4 syntypes, another of which is illustrated in CATE: 1969A;
plt. 9, fig. 15a].

Distribution: Puertecitos to San Felipe, E Baja Califor-
nia; Guaymas to Bahia de Adair, Sonora, W Mexico.

Discussion: This species may vary in size and in the de-
gree of terminal end acumination; but the yellow or
orange terminal tips are constant, and are a differentiating
criterion for this species.

122. Delonovolva aequalis vidlert (Sowerby **, 1881)
(Figure /30: original illustration)

1881 Ovulum vidleri Sowerby 3"4, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 638;
plt. 56, fig. 1

1885 Ovula vidleri = O. avena; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 255;
pit. 5, fig. 55

1887 Birostra vidleri; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Simnia vidleri; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 109

1956 Neosimnia vidleri; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Ovulum vidleri—Testa elongata,
utrinque acuminata, transversim striata, cerasina, termin-
ibus vivide aurantiacis, dorso medio gibbosiusculo,
levissime angulato, laevigato vel obsolete costato; aper-
tura angusta, antice latior; labium laeve, antice subangu-
latum; columella callosa, postice conspicue uniplicata.”
(Sowersy **, 1881: 638).

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly large, rather broadly
inflated centrally, sloping quickly adapically, more gradu-
ally to the front; terminals sharply pointed, especially in
back; dorsum glossy, highly polished despite fine longi-
tudinal growth lines and numerous transverse incised
striae with the latter emanating boldly from either end,
becoming finer and eventually obscure centrally; base
convexly ovate, smooth, though faintly striate under thin,
glossy callus, constricted in front, with a well formed
funicular cord in back forming a dual, diagonally lateral

THE VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 130 to 134

Figure 130 Figure 130 a
Delonovolva aequalis vidlen (122) Delonovolva aequalis vidleri (122)

Figure 130 b Figure 131 Figure 132
Delonovolva aequalis vidleri (122) Delonovolva labroguttata (123) Delonovolva senegalensis (124)

Figure 132 a Figure 133 Figure 134
Delonovolva senegalensis (124) Carpiscula bullata (125) Carpiscula galearis (126)

Vol. 15; Supplement

canal to the left; columella rounded, without depression;
fossula formed by an upraised carinal ridge within; aper-
ture of medium width, opening up widely abapically;
outer lip edge roundly thickened, smooth, shouldered
above; color varies from beige-white, pale yellow, rose,
to reddish-brown (hypotype), with funiculum, base, rear
base ridge, terminal canal interiors, and outer lip edge
pinkish-white; dorsal surface of terminal ends orange.

Measurements, holotype: ‘Long. 21, diam. 7 millim.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 17.2; W-6.7; H-5.4mm
(C3743); however, the average length varies from 15 to
23mm.

Type Locality: Monterey, California, west coast of Amer-
ica.

Type: BMNH, No. 1881.5.20.31 [holotype: Figure
130a]; Cate 1969; plt. 9, fig. 16 = holotype); (Figure 130:
orig. illustr.; Figure 1?70b: C3809).

Distribution: Laguna Beach, California, 12-15m, on
gorgonians (hypotype); 80 feet of water, Morro Bay (L.
Thomas); San Diego to Monterey Bay, California.

Discussion: This subspecies is not only geographically
isolated from Delonovolva aequalis aequalis, which lives
in the upper half of the Gulf of California, but it seems to
be a generally larger form; it seems more often to lack the
orange coloring in the terminal canals, as well. SowERBY
(1881) says this about the shell: “An Ovulum of an elon-
gated form, of a cherry-red colour, with bright orange
extremities. The back is nearly smooth; and the ends are
transversely striated. Several of the specimens brought by
Mr. Vidler are smaller, smoother, and more slender than
the one I have chosen as type.”

123. Delonovolva labroguttata (Schilder, 1969)
(Figures /3/: paratype 2; 13/C: NM 4782)

1969 Phenacovolva labroguttata Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk.
99 (3/4): 209; figs.1, 2

1969 Pellasimnia aurantia Carlsson, Conch. Soc. So. Africa
107: 3

Description, holotype: “Phenacovolva labroguttata—
Shell spindle shaped, but ends slightly protracted; shell
smooth, only terminally spirally lined; right side mar-
gined; outer lip somewhat flattened, and slanting inward,
anteriorly slightly curved outward; inner lip anteriorly
weakly keeled, posteriorly with obsolete funiculum which
has oblique folds; fossula lacking completely; columella
its entire length uniformly rounded inwardly; back light

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Page 61

rose colored, unicolored, without any kind of transverse
band; outer lip white, with a row of 11 fairly rectangular,
rose colored maculations, which are about as long as the
spaces in between them, dorsally extending as far as the
lateral groove, and basely much lighter traceable as far as
the edge of the aperture, left side without maculations,
base light rose color, ends yellowish-white.”’ (SCHILDER,
1969: 209).

Measurements, holotype: L- 27.7; W- 9.7mm.

Measurements, paratype (2): L-23.1; W-8.6; H-6.8
mm.

Type Locality: Haga Haga, Cape Town, SE Africa (33°
55’S; 18°22’E).

Type: ELM, No. not known [holotype]. Figure 13Jc:
NM 4782).

Discussion: ‘The specimen illustrated in this report is
Paratype No. 2. It was collected on the beach by Mrs.
Faulkner, Gonubie Mouth; interior of shell has minute
deposits of lime. Shell is now in collection of Hazel
Jeffries, Kei Mouth, Cape Province, S.A., to whom I am
deeply indebted for the use of her specimen in this work.
Mrs. Faulkner possesses a larger specimen that has been
designated Paratype No. 3, which is said to be a clear
orange color; the holotype (for illustration of holotype
see Schilder 1969) is a pale pink shell. The peculiar rec-
tangular color pattern on the outer lip margin easily iden-
tifies this species.

124. Delonovolva senegalensis (Schilder, 1931)
(Figure 132: holotype)

1931 Neosimnia spelta senegalensis Schilder, Bull. Zool. Soc.
France 56: 364; fig. 6

1941 Simnia senegalensis; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):

1950 Simnia spelta; Nicklés, Moll. test. mar. Céte occident.
d'Afrique: 83

1956 Neosimnia senegalensis; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 128

Description, holotype: “Neosimnia spelta senegalensis—
Shell is fusiform, solid, dorsum perceptibly depressed
front and back, otherwise regularly convex, incisedly
striate over all (4 or 5 lines per millimeter); aperture
fairly narrow, dilated abapically; lip convex, with interior
surface excavated, depressed; columella is sub-carinate
longitudinally; funiculum on adapical base is oblique,
distinct; fossula excavated, with adaxial margin slightly
elevated; dorsum rose-purple, the margins pale rose, and
the lip, adaxial carinal ridge pale yellowish.” (ScHILDER,
1931: 364).

Page 62

Measurements, holotype: L- 17.5; W-6.3; H- 5.0mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 20.0; W-7.3; H-5.7mm
(Figure 132a: C3903).

Type Locality: Senegal, West Africa.
Type: IRSN, [holotype (cat. no. unknown)].
Distribution: Gorée, Dakar, and SAo Thomé, W Africa.

Discussion: SCHILDER (1931: 367) compares this West Af-
rican species with Neosimnia spelta spelta and N. spelta
illyrica, and appears to agree that this African form differs
from them by having an unusual transverse dorsal striation
(sculpturing) throughout, and the brilliant shell coloring;
in addition there are other differentiating characters as
well, such as an unusual terminal formation at either end.
I am indebted to Prof. Dr. W. Adam, IRSN, for the
photograph of the type specimen. Although Schilder de-
scribed the new form as a subspecies, it seems appropriate
at this time to elevate it to full species status. A hypotype
is in the author’s collection from Gorée, Senegal, West
Africa.

Carpiscula Cate, gen. nov.
Type species: Ovulum bullatum A. Adams & Reeve, 1848

Shells are peculiarly ovate, very strongly transversely in-
cisedly striate dorsally, and have a remote resemblance
to the appearance of a shoe. The name is derived from
the Latin carpisculus, a kind of a shoe.

125. Carpiscula bullata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)
(Figure 133: holotype)

1848 Ovulum bullatum A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Moll., Ovulum: 23; plt. 6, fig. 13

1881 Ovula bullata; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 187; plt. 48, figs. 5, 8

1941 Primovula (Primovula) bullata; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73(2/3) : 107

Description, holotype: “Ovulum bullatum—Ovul. testa
ovali-oblonga, minute striata; roseo tincta, ad extremi-
tates fusco lineata; dorso ad marginem sulcato; canalibus
sub-productis, integris; apertura angusta, labio externo
intus crenato, complanato; labio interno tumido, laevi,
intus depresso, sub-sulcata, posticé bullulam prominen-
tem crenulatum ferente, ad canalem, sub-tortuoso, anticé
sub-excavato, ad canalem uniplicato.” (A. ADAMS &
REEVE, 1848: 23). Shell oblong-ovate, finely transversely
striate; rosy-pink, with darker lines toward the extremi-

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

ties; dorsal border furrowed; terminal channels barely
produced; aperture narrow, outer lip crenate within,
flattened; columella swollen, smooth, depressed within,
sub-furrowed, with a prominent crenate funiculum in
back; rear terminal twisting, winding, somewhat exca-
vated in front, with a single cord evident.

Measurements, holotype: L- 8.3; W - 4.0mm.
Type Locality: ‘““Caramata Passage, near Singapore.’’
Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.152 [holotype].

Discussion: The name for this species is likely to have
been taken from the Latin word bullatus, meaning
blistered.

126. Carpiscula galearis Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 134: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrow, sub-pyriform,
helmet-shaped; terminals produced, somewhat pointed
adapically, truncate, broad in front; dorsum broader to
the rear, narrowing toward the front, numerously, irreg-
ularly and unevenly transversely striate overall, with
longitudinal growth lines forming a cancellate pattern;
base incisedly grooved except for columellar surface,
which is smooth due to a thin nacreous layering; base
narrows pointedly, becoming weakly grooved as it ap-
proaches straight terminal ridge abapically; base flattens
perpendicularly adapically, with a series of funicular pro-
jections (4) that terminate rear columella base; a column,
perpendicular to the flattened base, joins rear lip to form
a shallow, grooved terminal opening; columella flat,
smooth, defined adaxially by a thick carinal wall, which
becomes elevated in a weakly depressed fossular area;
outer lip broad, flattened, angling gently inwardly; lip
smooth, edentate except for very rudimentary denticles
which become weakly pointed projections at either end
of lip; outer lip is distinctly thickened, shouldered above;
color milk-white over all.

Measurements, holotype: L- 5.9; W - 3.9; H- 2.5mm.

Type Locality: 25 miles NNW of Phuket Island, W
Thailand, Andaman Sea (08°29’N; 97°59’E); ANSP
Anton Bruun Sta. 19; in 42m of water; sandy mud bot-
tom. Dredged 23 March 1963.

Type: ANSP, No. 291498 [holotype].

Discussion: This species is perhaps most closely related to
Carpiscula bullata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848), but differs
most notably in the formation of adapical aspects of the
shell, where it is more squarely shouldered, with the rear

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 135 to 138 a

Figure 135 Figure 135 a Figure 136
Calpurnus (Calpurnus) verrucosus (127) Calpurnus (Calpurnus) verrucosus (127) Radius gibbus (127)

Figure 137 Figure 137 a
Calpurnus (Procaipurnus) lacteus lacteus (128) Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) lacteus lacteus (128)

Figure 138 Figure 138 a
Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) lacteus semistriatus (220) Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) lacteus semistriatus (220)

Vol. 15; Supplement

terminal shorter, more pointedly beaked; it has coarser
and more numerous dorsal striation. The name is derived
from the Latin galea, meaning a helmet.

Calpurnus Montfort, 1810
Conchyl. Syst., Paris, 2: 639

Type species: Bulla verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 [OD]

Syn.: Cypraella Swainson, 1840
Treat. on Malac. (in: Lardner’s Encyclop., London) :
325
Type species: Bulla verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758 [M]
Conch. Manual, ed. 2. p. div. London
Cypraela Sowerby 24, 1842{err.]

Shell pyriformly ovate, acutely humped centrally, with
an angled transverse ridge on the dorsum, and a peculiar,
knob-like protuberance at either end, above the canal
openings.

(Calpurnus) Montfort, 1810

127. Calpurnus (Calpurnus) verrucosus (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figure 135: holotype)

1705 Radius gibbus Rumphius, Amboin. Rariteit. Cab., Am-
sterdam: 114; plt. 38, fig. H (Figure 136: original illus-
tration)

1758 Bulla verrucosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 726

1798 Ovula perla Roding, Mus. Bolten., Hamburg: 22

1825 Ovula verrucosa; Sowerby '*t, Gen. Shells II: plt. 260, figs.
23

1840 Cyprella verrucosa; Swainson, Treat. Malac.: 325

1842 Ovulum verrucosum; Sowerby2"4, Conch. Man., ed. 4:
226

1842 Calpurnus verrucosus; H. « A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll.:
plt. 28, fig. 7

1856 Ovulum verrucosa; Hanley, Index Test.: 91

1899 Calpurnus (Ovula) verrucosa; Horst & Schepman, Cat.
Syst. Moll. (2): 190

1931 Calpurnus (Calpurnus) verrucosus; Thiele, Handb. Syst.
Weichtierk.: 272

Description, holotype: “Bulla verrucosa—B. testa trans-
verse angulata, aucta utrinque puncto osseo.”” (LINNAEUS,
1758: 726).

Description, hypotype: Shell rhomboidly formed,
humped, transversely angled and ridged at highest eleva-
tion, thick, strong; terminals curiously umbilicate, with
projecting knobs within; outer lip and base margins
thickened, sharply angled, outer lip fairly strongly dentic-
ulate; aperture somewhat wide, gently curving left,

THE VELIGER

Page 63

slightly constricted abapically; base convex; columella and
fossula smooth, the latter almost obsolete; color milk-
white, with a fine brown line encircling the terminal um-
bilical knobs, and a faint touch of pink at terminal ends.

Measurements, holotype: L - 23.5mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 30.0; W-19.3; H-16.2
(Figure 135a: C3658).

Type Locality: “Habitat in India Oriental’; here desig-
nated as Tanga, Tanzania (Tanganyika), East Africa (6°
00’S; 34°30’E).

Type: LSL, number unknown [holotype].

Distribution: Amboina, Netherlands East Indies; from
Timor Island to the Philippines; Melanesia; Indonesia;
Queensland, Hayman Island to Great Barrier Reef; Fiji
Islands; Eastern Sumatra to Singapore; Malay Peninsula,
Ceylon, SE India, to East Africa.

Discussion: According to Peter Dance (personal com-
munication), “Bulla verrucosus—Hanley [DANcE 1966:
183] has isolated an unmarked shell of the Calpurnus
verrucosus of authors. It did not come from a marked
box.” The holotype was without label. The hypotype here
illustrated was collected alive at Tanga, Tanzania, East
Africa, living on a spreading, unidentified green alga;
the animal was white, covered with black dots.

(Procalpurnus) Thiele, 1939
Handb. Syst. Weichtierk., Jena: 272

Type species: Ovula lactea Lamarck, 1810

Shell relatively small, ovately pyriform, sub-cypraeiform,
with some wide transverse striation, some angled ridges
dorsally at times, and an absence of any knob-like pro-
tuberances at either end of shell.

128. Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) lacteus lacteus
(Lamarck, 1810)

(Figures 137, 137a)

1810 Ovula lactea Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Nat. Hist., Paris, 16:
111

1840 Ovulum album Dufo, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, 14: 186

1848 Ovulum lacteum; Sowerby 2"4, Thes. Conch. 2: 468; plt.
100, figs. 67 - 69

1885 Ovulum alba; Tryon, Man. Conch. 1: 256

1887 Ovula lactea Cost. = carnea Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samm.
1: 325

1931 Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) lacteus; Thiele, Handb. Syst.
Weichtierk.: 272

Page 64

1935 Procalpurnus lacteus; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 103
1968 Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) lacteus (Lamarck, 1811 [err.]);
Cernohorsky, The Veliger 10 (4) : 359; plt. 50, fig. 4

Description, holotype: “Ovule lactée. Ovula lactea—O.
Ovata, laevis, exius intusque candida; labro dentato; col-
umella basi compressa.’ (LAMaRcK, 1810: 111).

Description, hypotype: Shell relatively large, broadly
ovate, often sub-pyriform, strong, well formed; terminals
not produced; dorsum finely transversely striate at either
end, with widely spaced, upraised dorsal ridges centrally;
outer lip thickened, angled, shouldered above, and
weakly, irregularly dentate; aperture fairly straight, curv-
ing left adapically, rather constricted in front; columella
and fossula areas defined adaxially by a well developed,
upraised carinal ridge; base convex; color milk-white.

Measurements, holotype: “16 to 17mm.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 15.1; W-9.6; H-7.6mm
(Figure 137: C3901).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 19.7; W- 12.4; H- 9.5mm
(Figure 137a: C2598).

Type Locality: Near the island of Timor [Malay Archi-
pelago}.
Type: disposition unknown.

Distribution: Siasi Island, Sulu Sea (C2598); Mindanao
to Luzon, Philippines; Central Pacific Islands restrictedly;
EF coast of Australia, N of Moreton Bay, Queensland, and
the Netherlands East Indies.

Discussion: Lamarck made the following comment about
this species: ‘“This little shell is all white, oval, scarcely
humped, terminals barely protruding, almost like the
form and size of Cypraea moniliaris [clandestina], its right
margin is denticulate within.” (transl. Jean Cate).

Ovula Bruguiére, 1789
Tabl. Encycl. Méthod., Paris, 1: XVI

Type species: Ovula oviformis Lamarck, 1801 [SD]
Syst. Anim. sans Vert.: 72
(Kiener, 1843: plt. 1, fig. 1)

= Bulla ovum Linnaeus, 1758
Syn.: Ovulus Montfort, 1810 [em.]
Conchyl. Syst., Paris, 2: 635
Type species: Bulla ovum Linnaeus, 1758 [SD]
: Ovulum Sowerby '*t, [em.]
Zool. Journ. 4: 145
‘Type species: Bulla ovum Linnaeus, 1758 [SD]
: Ovulana Link, 1830 [em.]
Handb. physikal. Erd Beschr.
Type species: Bulla ovum Linnaeus, 1758 [SD]

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

: Anula Griffith « Pidgeon, 1834
Moll. & Radiata in: Cuvier, Anim. Kingd. 1834, aan
ed., 12: 70
Type species: Bulla ovum Linnaeus, 1758 [SD]
Semiporcellana da Costa, 1776
Elem. Conch., div. p., London: 176; plt. 3, fig. 3
(obl., H. « A. Adams, 1854, syn. Gen. Rec. Moll.)
Type species: Bulla ovum Linnaeus, 1758 [SD]
: Licium Humphrey, 1797 (nom. nud.)
Mus. Calonn., London: 7
Type species: Bulla ovum Linnaeus, 1758 [SD]
: Amphiperas Gronow, 1781 (nom. nud.: invalid ICZN
261
Zoophyl. Gronov., Leiden 3: 293
Type species: Bulla ovum Linnaeus, 1758 [SD]
: Parlictum Iredale, 1935
Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 101
Type species: Ovula costellata Lamarck, 1810

129. Ovula ovum (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figure 139: lectotype)

1758 Bulla ovum Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10: 725

1798 Ovula cygnea Roding, Mus. Bolt.: 21

1801 Ovula oviformis Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert.: 72 (Figure 140)

1811 Ovula alba Perry, Conch., London: plt. 53, fig. 1 (Fig-
ure 141: original illustration)

1825 Ovulum ovum; Sowerby'st, Gen. Shells II, Ovula: plt.
259, figs. 1-3

1828 Ovula pygmea Sowerby", Zool. Journ. 4: 226

1853 Amphiperas ovum;H. « A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. III:
plt. 281, fig. 1

1860 Ovulum gallinaceum Reeve, Elem. Conch. 1: 36

Description, holotype: “Bulla ovwm—B. testa ovata ob-
tuse subbirostri, labro dentato.” (LInNAEus, 1758: 725).

Description, hypotype: Adult shells vary in size, often
very large, ovate, bulbously inflated, humped, egg-shaped;
strongly formed though comparatively lightweight; ter-
minals curiously extended, bluntly, roundly beaked;
outer lip large, broad, thick, sub-shouldered above, with
long crenulations almost crossing ventral lip surface;
aperture wide, curving, somewhat constricted abapically;
columella round, conforming to basal curvature; fossula
area barely impressed; shell exterior entirely glossy milk-
white, except that interior varies from pinkish-brown to
dark red-brown.

Measurements, lectotype: L-72.0mm.
Measurements, hypotype: L- 100.6; W -62.7; H-50.9
mm (C3885).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 55.0; W- 34.1; H-27.0

mm (Figure 139a: C3651).

Type Locality: “Ocean Asiatica”’; here restricted to Ros-
sel Island, E Papua, New Guinea (Tagula Island: 11°30’S;

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 139 to 142 a

Figure 139 Figure 139 a
Ovula ovum (129) Ovula ovum (129)

Figure 139 b Figure 140
Ovula ovum (129) Ovula oviformis (129) Figure 141
Ovula alba (129)

Figure 142 Figure 142 a
Ovula costellata (130) Ovula costellata (130)

il
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TD AYE a

1
‘ ih rat rn) yea

Vol. 15; Supplement

153°15’E); Louisiade Archipelago (in Solomon Sea, 22
miles NE of Fagula I.).

Type: LSL, No. 327 (label) [lectotype herein].

Distribution: Malindi, Kenya, E Africa; NW Australia,
Queensland to Great Barrier Reef; most of central Pacific
islands; Timor I., S Malay Archipelago; Sulu Sea; Philip-
pines; Taiwan: Ryukyu I.; Japan.

Discussion: According to Dance, NMW, (personal com-
munication) “Bulla ovum—Hanley [Dance 1966: 183]
has isolated two shells, one of which is marked ‘327’. It is
the ovum of authors, and is an immature shell with the
lip formed, but not thickened [it seems to me from the
photograph of the lectotype (see Figure 139) that the lip
and shell are fully mature]. It is pale pinkish-brown in-
teriorly, but has probably faded.” The holotype of Ovula
oviformis Lamarck, 1801, is on deposit at MNH, (see
Figure 140: holotype). Figure 139b: (C3677), illustrates
the internal structure of the shell.

130. - Ovula costellata Lamarck, 1810
(Figure 142: C2483)

1784 Cypraea tortilis Martyn [invalid], Univ. Conch.: plt. 60
(Figure 143: lectotype herein)
(1788, CHemnirz, Neues Syst. Conch. Cab. 10: 128)

1786 Bulla imperialis Solander MS, Portl. Cat.: 155, No. 3391

1810 Ovula costellata Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 16:
110

1817 Ovulum imperialis; Dillwyn, Descr. Cat. Rec. Shells 1: 173

1822 Ovula angulosa Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. s. Vert., Paris,
7: 367 (Figure 144: holotype)

1829 Ovula columba Schubert « Wagner, Neues Syst. Conch.
Cab. 12: 116; figs. 4043, 4044

1837 Bulla imperialis;Warren, Conch. (22) : 69 z

1848 Ovulum angulosum; Sowerby2™4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum
2: 467

1860 Ovulum tortile; Reeve, Elem. Conch. 1: 36

1881 Ovula tortilis; Weinkauff, Mart. & Chem. Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 169; plt. 5, figs 14, 15; plt. 44, fig. 7

1887 Ovula imperialis = tortilis; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml.
1: 325

1887 Ovula columba = tortilis; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml.
1: 325

1935 Cypraea tortilis; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 102

1935 Amphiperas costellata; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 102

1941 Amphiperas costellatum; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 108

Description, holotype: “Ovula costellata—O. Ovato-gib-
bosa, albida; dorso lineolis transversis costulato; labro
plicis dentato; ore subviolaceo.” (LAMARCK, 1810: 110).

THE VELIGER

Page 65

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly large, broad, humped,
solid, glossy, though roughly surfaced dorsally with longi-
tudinal growth lines and transverse, widely spaced up-
raised ridges; terminals prominent, somewhat beaked
adapically, broad and truncate abapically; outer lip thick-
ened, rounded, sub-shouldered above, heavily crenulate
below; aperture wide, curving, flaring openly abapically;
base convex, faintly funiculate at rear; columeila smooth;
fossula depression almost absent; color white at margins
and terminals, dorsum white though darker, reflecting
pink color from within.

Measurements, holotype: “Length 3 to 4 centimeters’.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 40.0; W- 25.7; H-21.6
mm (Figure 142: C2483).

Type Locality: “l’Océan des Grandes Indes’; here re-
stricted to Zanzibar, E Africa (05°30’S; 39°30’E).

Type: whereabouts unknown; it may be an unmarked
shell in the Lamarck collection at Geneva. Holotype of
Ovula angulosa Lamarck, 1822, is at MHN, Geneva.

Distribution: East Africa (Zanzibar); Queensland to
Great Barrier Reef; Aitape, Vitiaz Strait, Astrolabe Bay,
Huon Peninsula coast [SE coast of NE New Guinea],
Finschafen, New Guinea; E Australia to Fiji Islands;
Sulu Sea [Siasi Island], Philippines to Japan.

Discussion: ‘The lines [my interpretation] referred to by
Lamarck in his original description must be the upraised
ridges seen on the dorsum of the hypotype (see Figure
142a: C2559); the fine transverse lines so often observed
on the upper surface of other ovulid species are entirely
lacking.

131. Ovula ishibashu (Kuroda, 1928)
(Figure 145: holotype)

1928 Amphiperas isibasii [sic] Kuroda, Venus 1 (3) : 775 plt.

1, figs. 3, 4

1941 Prionovolva ishibashi; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3) 107

1958 Pseudosimnia (Margovula) isibasii [sic], Kuroda, Venus
20 (2): 168

Description, holotype: “Amphiperas ishibasiw [sic]|—
Shell pyriform, pinkish white; both anterior and posterior
extremities produced, each having a round, oblique
spiral ridge, which terminates at the end of the canal, the
posterior one coiled abruptly and very prominent; the
portions just above and below the ridges grooved. Surface

Page 66

glossy, malleated, sculptured by very fine, microscopic,
but irregular incremental lines; the back with 7 or 8
obscure irregularly-spaced spiral keels, and with very
many indistinct spiral striae; both ends, including the
canals, are provided with many spiral linear grooves of
irregular intervals, they are 12 on the anterior, 14 on the
posterior, and then fading away toward the body. Colu-
mella tortuous, with 2 heavy axial callus-deposits, one is
deeply in the aperture, tortuous anteriorly and narrowly
extended posteriorly over the body, then fading away;
the other in front of the former and erect, the top
rounded, the interval between both calli fattish. Posterior
axis has a raised callus, of which the posterior is transitive
to the posterior end of the spiral ridge stated above.
Parietal wall thinly enameled. Outer lip as well as both
rostra bluntly calloused and bordered on the outside,
involved inside with a toothed folded edge for the entire
length of the outer lip. Aperture narrow, as long as the
length of the shell, arcuate, a little dilated anteriorly.”
(Kuropa, 1928: 77).

Measurements, holotype: “Long., 32.5, diam., 19.7 mm.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 33.5; W-21.3; H- 16.8
mm (Figure 145a: GIY 3793).

Type Locality: Kii [Japan].

Type: NSMT, where it is presently without number
[Kosuge].

Distribution: Deep water, east coast of Japan.

Discussion: Of this species, Kuroda makes the following
comment: “This species is not so much different from
Ovula pyriformis Sowerby [cf. Margovula tinctilis Cate
(herein), which has been called O. pyriformis by authors;
the Sowerby species s.s. does not appear in Japanese
waters] from New South Wales, which is also recorded
from Satano [Cape Satano, S tip of Kyushu I., Japan]
(92.5 meters) by A. Adams, but the former seems to differ
from it by having a much larger shell, with peculiar ridges
on both extremities, and thinner appearance. O. sinensis
Sowerby is almost similar in size, but it is separable from
the present species by its obtuse rostra.”’

Cyphoma Roding, 1798

Mus. Bolten.: 21
Type species: Bulla gibbosa Linnaeus, 1758 [M]

: Ultimus Montfort, 1810
Conchyl. Syst. Paris: 2643
Type species: Bulla gibbosa Linnaeus, 1758 [OD]
: Binvoluta Schluter, 1838

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Kurzgef. syst. Verz. Conch. Samml., Halle: 24
Type species: Bulla gibbosa Linnaeus, 1758 [M]
: Carinea Swainson, 1840
Treat. on Malac. (in: Lardner’s Encycl.): 326
Type species: Bulla gibbosa Linnaeus, 1758 [M]
: Cyphonia Gray, 1847 (err.)
Proc. Zool. Soc. London 15: 143

Shell fairly large, oblong, often heavily calloused, with
broad terminal ends and a characteristic, usually exag-
gerated transverse angular dorsal ridge.

132. Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figure 146: holotype)

1758 Bulla gibbosa Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 726

1798 Cyphoma dorsata Réding, Mus. Bolten.: 21

1811 Ovula pharetra Perry, Conchol. London: plt. 53, fig. 2;
(Figure 147: original illustration)

1840 Ovula gibbosa;Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst.: 258

1840 Carina gibbosa; Swainson, Treat. Malac.: 326

1842 Ovulum gibbosum; Sowerby ?"™4, Conch. Man., ed. 4: 226

1853 Cyphoma gibbosa;H. « A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll.: plt.
28, fig. 8

1856 Ovulum gibbosum; Hanley, Index Test.: 91

1885 Ovula pharetra = O. gibbosa; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7:
250

1885 Ovula dorsata = O. gibbosa; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 250

1887 Cyphoma pharetra; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 326

1897 Cyphoma precursor Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 19: 318;
pit. 29, figs. 2, 3 (Figure 148: original illustration)

1899 Cyphoma (Ovula) gibbosa; Horst « Schepman, Cat. Syst.
Moll. (2) : 187

Description, holotype: “Bulla gibbosa—B. testa angu-
lata: cingulo elevato.”’ (LINNAEus, 1758: 726).

Description, hypotype: Shell oblong, sub-ovate, thickly
formed; dorsum glossy, with a large, bold upraised angu-
lar ridge traversing central dorsum; terminals and side
margins enveloped in thick, heavily formed callus; base
glossy, with continuation of dorsal ridge flattening out
on base; a thickly formed funicular ridge may also be
buried in callus on rear base; columella is merely an in-
ward extension of base, fossula absent; aperture wide,
becoming much broader in front; outer lip thickly
rounded; colors vary from beige-orange to rosy pink on
marginal girdle, base and dorsal surface milk-white to
pale yellow.

Measurements, holotype: L - 23.0mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 37.3; W-18.2; H-13.3
mm (C3569).

Type Locality: Brazil; here restricted to Key Largo,
Florida Keys (25°10’N; 80°20’ W).

Tue VEe.icrr, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 143 to 148

Figure 144
Ovula angulosa (130)

Figure 143
Ovulum tortile (130)

Figure 1/45 a

Fi 145
igure Ovula ishibashi (131)

Ovula ishibashii (131)

Figure 146
Cyphoma gibbosum (132) Ovula pharetra (132) Cyphoma precursor (132)

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Vol. 15; Supplement

cum

Type: LSL, [neotype]. It is a dead, bleached shell, with
only a trace of its original pinkish-orange color remaining;
there are three other colorless shells in the type lot. (Fig-
ure 149: C3815, C3878).

Distribution: Florida Keys, from Key Largo to Key West;
Jamaica; Cuba; East Florida coast to Lake Worth, Flor-
ida; north on west coast to Naples.

Discussion: The live animal of this species is a very pale
pinkish-white flesh color; upon the body surface are nu-
merous, very closely arranged black rings with yellow-
orange centers, the rings are irregular in shape, often
squarish in outline; the edge of the foot is yellow-orange,
with a black peripheral border and median line, with
detached, irregular black lines radiating toward foot-
margins. The siphonal outer rim is also lined with black.

133. Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry, 1939
(Figure 150: C3609)

1939 Cyphoma megintyi Pilsbry, Nautilus 52: 108; Nautilus
53 (1): plt. 1, figs. 3, 3a, 11, 12

Description, holotype: “Cyphoma mcgintyi—The shell
is long and narrow, with a high median ridge. Back cin-
namon-buff to ivory yellow, the marginal callus white to
ivory yellow, more definitely limited than in C. gibbosa,
with an oblique fold from the inner lip across the front,
posteriorly, more or less lost in the callus thickening.
Interior vinaceous with a white median spot. Mantle
closely spotted.” (PitsBry, 1939: 108).

Description, hypotype: Shell medium large, solid, thickly
formed, especially at margins and terminal ends, almost
squarely ovate, widest centrally, with terminals widely
rounded, sub-truncate; a distinct upraised transverse
angular ridge across dorsum; lateral callus thick, broad,
[though unlike that of Cyphoma gibbosum], rolled cord-
like, extending over and around terminal tips; dorsum
glossy, smooth, elongate, angularly ovate, with a continu-
ation of dorsal ridge present, though to a lesser degree of
elevation; an adapical spiral funicular cord twists upward
and left, becoming lost in thick terminal callus; columella
smooth, glossy, without depression; fossula long, very
narrow, slightly concave; aperture broad, fairly straight;
outer lip thickly rolled, smooth, sharply shouldered
above; color usually stark white over all.

Measurements, holotype: L - 23.7; W- 11.4mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 33.2; W-16.2; H-13.5
mm, (Figure 150: C3609).

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Page 67

Type Locality: ‘On gorgonian in | - 2m, south of Boyn-
ton Inlet of Lake Worth, Florida.”

Type: ANSP, No. 174045 [holotype]; a possible paratype
is at AMNH, No. 87430: (Figure 150a).

Distribution: Sombrero Key, off Marathon, Vaca Key;
Looe Key; 220 feet of water, off Dry Tortugas; Molasses
Key; Palm Beach; and from Belle Glade Rock Pit (Pleis-
tocene), leg. M. Kennedy; mostly the east coast of Florida,
including the waters around the Keys. A specimen has
also been dredged by J. Moore, Bradenton, Florida, off
Cape San Blas, NW Florida (personal communication).

Discussion: The species appears to be clearly distinct,
even though it shares much of the same living range of
Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758). The shells appear to
differ mostly by having somewhat narrower, more crisply
thickened marginal and terminal callus; by having a con-
stant milk-white shell color with no hints of beige or
orange to yellow as seen in other similar species; and by
having a distinct color pattern on the mantle of the living
animal consisting of numerous widely dispersed, fairly
small, dark brown punctations upon a very pale ivory
(almost colorless) mantle membrane. (see PitsBry & Mc-
Ginty 1939; plt. 1: figs. 3 - 3a). This color pattern in the
mantle is one of the primary factors in separating these
otherwise morphologically similar species of Cyphoma.

134. Cyphoma alleneae Cate, spec. nov.
Figures 151, 151C: holotype)’

Description, holotype: Shell somewhat narrow, elongate,
only slightly thickened at the margins and terminals;
terminals taper to broad, blunt ends; dorsum smooth,
sub-glossy, with fine longitudinal growth lines; upraised
transverse dorsal ridge sharply angled; broad peripheral
callus girdle rather thinly applied; base long, narrowly
ovate, with somewhat flattened columellar base which
slopes adaxially at a 45 degree angle; aperture nearly
straight, fairly wide; outer lip roundly thickened, smooth;
dorsal color milk-white with a hint of pink; side girdle
and terminal ends orange-beige.

Measurements, holotype: L- 29.7; W-14.7; H-11.5

mm.

Type Locality: Missouri Key, Florida Keys; living on
coral (24°40’N; 81°10’ W).

Type: LACM, No. 1292 [holotype].

Discussion: At the present time there appear to be only
five known specimens. In addition to the type locality it
has been collected at Money Key and Pelican Shoal, all

Page 68

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Vol. 15; Supplement

a part of Florida Keys. The species is suggested only pro-
visionally as it seems apparent that much work needs to
be done in an effort to clarify the status of this and other
members of the genus. The mantle color pattern seen in
this species (Figure 15/) is the most important distin-
guishing character (see Pitssry & McGinty, 1939, Nau-
tilus 53 (1): pit. 1, for color pattern in other living
cyphomids).

This new species is named in honor of Mrs. Allene L.
Snow of Marathon, Florida, who was the first to collect
specimens of this animal.

Although apparently somewhat intermediate between
Cyphoma gibbosum (Linnaeus, 1758), and C. mcgintyi
Pilsbry, 1939, C. alleneae has a narrower and more flat-
tened shell; it has a less prominent orange-beige marginal
callus than C. gibbosum, and more so than C. mcgintyi,
the latter apparently lacking marginal callus altogether
(excluding thickly rolled outer lip callus). For positive
identification, however, it would seem to require an ex-
amination of the living animal.

135. Cyphoma signatum Pilsbry « McGinty, 1939
(Figure 152: holotype)

1939 Cyphoma signatum Pilsbry « McGinty, Nautilus 53 (1) :
3; plt. 1, figs. 1, la, 2, 2a, 9, 10

Description, holotype: “Shell is relatively longer than C.
gibbosa, resembling C. mcgintyi in shape. Like that species
the ends are blunt, the lateral callus is thick, relatively
narrow, and on the right side there is a strong impression
along its upper edge. There is a very weak crenulation of
the outer lip and its callus, as in megintyi and exceptional
specimens of gibbosa. The transverse ridge of the back is
very much lower than in C. mcgintyi. The aperture is
slightly more dilated near the anterior end than in gibbosa
or mcgintyt. Color cartridge buff with some faint pale
pinkish-cinnamon suffusion above and below the nearly
white dorsal ridge, and a cream buff tint deep in the
aperture.”

Measurements, holotype: L- 35; W-15.0mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 38.7; W-17.1; H-13.1
mm (Figure 152a: C3858).

Type Locality: ‘South Inlet of Lake Worth to Key
West”’; here restricted to the Looe Key, Florida (24°40’N;
81°10’ W); living on sea fans.

Type: ANSP, No. 174045 [holotype].

Distribution: the Florida Keys.

Discussion: This species is difficult to differentiate from
the closely related form, Cyphoma mcgintyi Pilsbry, 1939,
if one depends upon shell morphology alone, shell size,
perhaps, being the more helpful aid. The shell of C. sig-
natum is generally larger, more ponderous in all propor-
tions; the peripheral margin and terminal callus thick-
ening seem to be smoother and less copiously applied,
especially in the area of the front terminal collar (how-
ever, this is not always true). Apparently, the only positive
way to identify this species is by an examination of the
living animal (Figure 152b: orig. illustr.), The mantle
has an unmistakable pattern of closely knit black (some-
times diverging at the mantle edge forming small, white
triangles), transverse striations, superimposed upon the
very pale yellow surface of an otherwise transparent
mantle membrane.

136. Cyphoma aureocinctum (Dall, 1899)
(Figure 153: holotype)

1899 Simnia (Neosimnia) aureocincta Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool. 18 (21): 236; plt. 2

1941 Simnia aureocincta; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
109

1956 “Neosimnia” aureocincta; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 135

Description, holotype: “Simnia (Neosimnia) aureocincta
—This shell is the Antillean analogue of S. spelta (Linn.),
and is best described by comparison with it. Its surface is
almost entirely destitute of the fine spiral striations of
S. spelta; its base is much more arched, the canals at either
end are broad, blunt, and recurved, instead of pointed
and straight; the color is pure white with a golden yellow
band winding round the shell just behind the periphery,
and a yellow brown line bordering the outer edge of the
callus on each side. S. spelta varies from waxy white to
purple, without bands or margination. On the base in
the present species the body is more symmetrically fusi-
form, the body callus more diffused, the aperture nar-
rower, especially in front, and the posterior fold stronger
and larger. The back of spelta from end to end forms a
low nearly uniform arch, in aureocincta the ends are
abruptly turned up and heavily thickened with callus.”
(Dat, 1899: 236).

Measurements, holotype: ‘‘Max. lon. of shell, 18.5; max.
lat. of shell 8.0mm.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 19.1; W-7.2; H-6.0mm
(USNM).

Type Locality: U.S. Fish Commission, Station 2334, near
Havana, Cuba, in 123 m, living on white gorgonian.

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 149 to 151

Figure 149
Cyphoma gibbosum (132)

Figure 150
Cyphoma megintyi (133)

Figure 150 a Figure 151
Cyphoma mcegintyi (133) Cyphoma alleneae (134)

Mh
Ah)

a

rs

Vol. 15; Supplement

lectatupe have iA
Type: USNM No. 87124 [holotype].

70 fathoms, off Sombrero Island [in Anegada Passage,
between Anegada and Anguilla Islands, a part of the Saint
Kitts-Nevis Presidency], West Indies. A specimen bearing
the No. 7352, MCZ collection, was collected off Morro
Light, Havana, Cuba (Blake Expedition, 1877-78) (Fig-
ure 153a: MCZ 7352); curiously, Dall had identified it
as ‘Simnia uniplicata’, perhaps because the marginal and
terminal calluses are not fully developed.

Discussion: There seems little doubt that this species be-
longs in the genus Cyphoma Roding, 1798. Dall, however,
compared it with the Mediterranean form, Neosimnia
spelta (Linnaeus, 1758). It would seem that before a clear
determination can be made on this species, more material
should be seen to eliminate the possibility of intermediate
shell forms within the giebbosum-intermedia complex.

137. Cyphoma emarginatum (Sowerby "*, 1830)
(Figure /54: original illustration)

1830 Ovulum emarginatum Sowerby", Spec. Conch., 1 Ouu-
lum: 7; plt. 54, figs. 54, 55

1843 Ovula emarginata; Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv. 2: 18; pl.t 3,
fig. 4

1859 Cyphoma marginata [err.]; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 273

1941 Cyphoma emarginata; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 109

Description, holotype: “Ovulwm emarginatum—O testa
oblongata, subventricosa, medio transversim carinata,
carina obtusa; apertura sublineari, supra emarginata,
emarginarione valida; labio externé leviter denticulato.”
(SowErBy **', 1830: 7).

Description, hypotype: Shell small for the genus, elon-
gately ovate, somewhat tortuously formed, solid; dorsum
sub-glossy, with numerous fine longitudinal growth lines;
a sharply acute, upraised dorsal angular ridge traverses
the central part from right margin, then becomes obsolete
on the left base; dorsal surface slopes evenly to either
terminal; terminals and right shell margin grotesquely
thickened, cord-like; terminal openings truncately cres-
cent-shaped from above; right side margin longitudinally
uneven due to a right angle projection; base ovate, sub-
rhomboid, smooth, glossy, and slightly constricted in
front, with a thick, almost globose funicular projection
in back; aperture wide, straight; columella and fossula
smooth, glossy, the latter only barely visible, both outlined
within by an adaxial carinal ridge; outer lip curiously
formed, flat within, rounded and thickened without, con-

THE VELIGER _

MCe F349( pave
Distribution: Another specimen (US?M) was taken in ™*

Page 69

lech. Stricted abapically; dorsal color thin milk-white, with a
‘yae\)pale cinnamon-grey showing through from underneath,

terminal ends pale orange-beige, outer lip a lighter color
(Figure 154a).

Measurements, holotype: L - 20.4; W - 9.8mm (approx.).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 21.6; W- 11.2; H- 8.7mm
(Figure 154a: C3814).

Type Locality: Unknown. Here designated: Puertecitos,
E Baja California del Norte (29°35’N; 114°25’W,
approx.).

Type: whereabouts unknown.

Distribution: East coast of Baja California, Point Diggs
S to Cape San Lucas; West Mexico, Guaymas S to Man-
zanillo.

Discussion: Of this species Sowerby remarked: ‘In gen-
eral form this species closely resembles O. gibbosum, but
it may be easily distinguished by its superior canal forming
a distinct notch, visible from the back: the thickened
outer lip is white, but the remainder of the shell is of a
pale rose-colour. The only specimen of this rare species
I have seen is in Mr. Bland’s collection; its locality is
unknown.” SOWERBY *™* (1848: 479) gives the locality
for the species: “Collected at St. Elena by Mr. Cuming”
[St. Elena, Ecuador (02°20’S; 80°30’ W, approx.)}. For an
earlier report on this species see CATE (1969a: 101; plt. 8,
fig. 10).

Pseudocyphoma Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Ovulum intermedium Sowerby '*t, 1828

Shells fairly large, sub-acuminate, tapering to fairly sharp
terminal beaks, and having an almost central transverse,
sub-angled dorsal ridge. The name is derived from the
Greek pseudes, meaning false, deceptive.

138. Pseudocyphoma intermedium (Sowerby ‘, 1828)
(Figure 156: original illustration)

1828 Ovulum intermedium Sowerby '*t, Zool. Journ. London 4:
158

1843 Ovula intermedia; Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Ovula 2: 23;

1887 Cyphoma intermedia; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 326
pit. 4, fig. 2

Description, holotype: “Ovulum intermedium—O. testa
ovato-oblonga, utrinque subacuminata; dorso supre me-
dium transversim subangulato; labio columellari prope
extremitatum superiorem oblique uniplicato; labii ex-

Page 70

terni margine interno edentulo.—Des. Shell ovate-oblong
[diamond-shaped], somewhat acuminated at both ends,
rather more so at the upper than at the lower; [base
smooth, glossy]; back with a transverse raised rounded
angle rather above the middle [smooth, semi-glossy, except
for fine transverse striae above either terminal]; aperture
narrow [in hypotype, rather wide] at the upper end,
broader at the lower [abapical]; columellar lip with a
single oblique [funicular] plait; outer lip thickened [con-
stricted abapically, shouldered above], its inner edge
smooth, without teeth, colour pale fulvous [hypotype off-
white, with right marginal callus and terminal light
beige].”” (SoweERBY **', 1828: 158.)

Measurements, holotype: “‘long. | 5/20, lat. 11/20, poll.”

Measurements, hypotype: L - 33.0; W - 13.8; H- 10.6mm
(Figure 155: C3817).

Type Locality: Unknown; here designated: Monte Cristi
Beach, NW Dominican Republic, West Indies.

Type: whereabouts unknown; (Figure 156: orig. illustr.).
Distribution: rather limited to the general type locality.

Discussion: Sowerby: “I have named this intermedium
from the circumstance of the principal characters of two
other species, namely the O. gebbosum and O. birostre,
being combined in it. I have seen only two specimens of
this, one of which is in Mrs. Mawe’s and the other in my
own collection.”

139. Pseudocyphoma kathiewayae Cate, spec. nov.
(Figure 45 A: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell short, broad, spindle-shaped,
humped centrally, solidly formed; dorsum elevated cen-
trally with a transverse angular ridge sloping abruptly
downward to either terminal beak; terminal ends formed
rather sharply; dorsum is decorticated, without any evi-
dence of surface sculpturing; aperture broad, gently curv-
ing; base smooth, angularly ovate, terminating as a weak
terminal ridge abapically, with a single bold spiral funic-
ular cord in back; outer lip thickened, flattened periph-
erally, hardly any shouldering above; color is unnaturally
grey (sub-fossil).

Measurements, holotype: L - 25.5; W- 12.5; H- 9.8mm.

Type Locality: Off San Sebastian, NE Spain (43°19’N;
01°59’ W),.

Type: FMNH, No. 161588 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species may be compared with the
West Indian Pseudocyphoma intermedium (Sowerby ***,

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Vol. 15; Supplement

1828). Besides being smaller in form and having other
subtle changes in morphology, it differs by being shorter,
broader, more heavily and solidly constructed generally;
by having a more angular dorsal ridge, more sloping
toward the terminal beaks; and by a more acutely elevated
central dorsum. [Whether the animal is now living in NW
Spanish waters remains problematical; much field work is
needed for this species. |

This new species is named to honor Mrs. Kathie Way,
BMNH, who cheerfully spent countless hours in my be-
half obtaining information and photographs of the ma-
terials in the British Museum Collection.

Simniini Schilder, 1927
Arch. Naturgesch. 91/A 10: 76

Syn.: Volvini Schilder, 1932
Proc. Malacol. Soc. London 20: 47 & 54 (nom. nud.)

Simnia Risso, 1826
Hist. Nat. Europe Merid. 4: 235

Type species: Simnia nicaeensis Risso, 1826 [SD]

Syn.: Calpurna Fleming, 1828
Hist. Brit. Anim., Edinburgh 1828: 331
Type species: Ovula leathesi J.de C. Sowerby, 1825
Miner. Conch., London 5: 123; plt. 478
England, Pliocene

Shells elongate, usually fragile, of thin construction; nar-
rowly elongate, without thickened outer lip edges, and
with or without funicular cord or longitudinal carinal
ridge within.

140. Simnia nicaeensis Risso, 1826
(Figure 157: USNM 189409)

1826 Simnia nicaeensis Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Merid. 4:
235; plt. 10, fig. 150 (ScuitpeEr, 1932: plt. 5, fig. 66 =
holotype)

1826 Simnia purpurea Risso, Hist. Nat. Europe Merid. 4: 235

1826 Ovula triticea Payraudeau, Cat. Annel. Moll. Corse: 169;
pit. 8, figs. 30 - 32

1868 Ovula (Simnia) nicaeensis; Weinkauff, Conchyl. Mittelm.

2: 5 :

1868 Ovula (Simnia) purpurea; Weinkauff, Conchyl. Mittelm.
2:6

1885 Ovula nicaeensis; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 247 = patula,
Penn.

1885 Ovula spelta; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 254
1956 Simnia nicaoensis {err.]; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 130;
pit. 15, fig. 55

[C. N. Cate] Figures 152 to 156

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement

Z

OLED

SLL

Figure 152 ee
2 —_ Figure 152 b

Cyphoma signatum (135) be
Figure 152 a Cyphoma signatum

Cyphoma signatum (135)

Figure 153 Figure 153 a Figure 154
Cyphoma aureocinctum (136) Cyphoma aureocinctum (136) Cyphoma emarginatum (137)

Figure 156

Pseudocyphoma
Figure 154 a Figure 155 intermedium (138)
Cyphoma emarginatum (137) Pseudocyphoma intermedium (138)

ons

Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, holotype: “S¢mnia nicaeensis—(Leach MS.)
S. testa pellucida vitrea, tenuissima, succinea, subtilissime
striata; epidermide eburnea aut succinea. Coq. trés mince,
vitrée, translucide, fragile, blanche ou d’une belle teinte
succin, traversée de petites stries 4 peine apparentes.”
(Risso, 1826: 235)

Description, hypotype: Shell somewhat narrow, elongate,
narrowing obtusely adapically, curving and truncate in
front; terminals produced, rounded, spatulate in back,
with practically no extension in front; dorsum smooth,
semi-glossy, except for numerous very fine longitudinal
growth lines covering entire dorsum; base narrowly ovate,
somewhat elongate, narrowing sharply to the front, with a
semi-funicular thickening surrounding rear end of base;
base transversely striate just prior to funicular thickening;
aperture straight, broadly open, flared to the front; outer
lip edge thin; color off-white over all (animal carcass
within may give base a mauve hue), with shell interior a
brighter white; according to Sowerby, some specimens
may have a dull reddish color.

Measurements, holotype: “long. 0,017”; (Schilder 1932;
plt. 5, fig. 66).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 18.4; W-6.0; H-4.5mm
(Figure 157: USNM 189409).

Type Locality: ‘Sej. Regions coralligenes. App. Ete.”
Locality here designated: Sardinia, Mediterranean Sea
(40°00’N; 09°00’ E).

Type: MNHN [holotype].

Distribution: Along the north coast of the Mediterranean
Sea, from Spain to NW coast of Italy, including the
Balearic Islands, Corsica, and the S coast of France.

Discussion: Of this species, SCHILDER (1932: 55) said:
“The type specimen which is preserved in the Paris
Museum (Galeries), is broken, but it clearly shows that
nicaeensis cannot be a young specimen of Neosimnia
spelta.”’ On the other hand, Tryon (1885: 247) associated
the Risso species with that of Xandarovula patula (Pen-
nant, 1777), another Mediterranean species living in the
same general area. However, a close examination of the
specimen illustrated here (Figure 157) shows that it is not
referable to the Pennant species either, because of the
mature shell development within the aperture, especially
in the terminal areas.

141. Simnia aperta (Sowerby *"*, 1848)
(Figure /58a: holotype)

1848 Ovulum apertum Sowerby2™4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum
2: 478; pit. 101, figs. 106, 107

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Page 71

1868 Ovula aperta; Weinkauff, Conchyl. des Mittelm. 2: 6

1869 Simnia aperta; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 273

1885 Ovula birostris Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 253; plt. 4, fig. 12

1887 Birostra aperta = birostris; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml.
1; 326

1887 Simnia aperta = patula; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Sammi. 1
327

1932 Primovula (Primovula) rhodia Schilder, Proc. Malacol.
Soc. London 20 (1): 52 °

Description, holotype: “Ovulum apertum—O. testa lae-
vigata elongato-ovali, fulva-rufescente; canalibus brevius-
culis; apertura aperta, labio externo tenui, anticé sub-
emarginata; labio interno posticé ad canalem sub-reflexo,
anticé sub-tortuoso tenui; intus sub-depresso.”’ (Sow-
ERBY 7"4, 1828: 158) Shell smooth, elongately ovate, red-
dish-yellow, canals short; aperture open, outer lip thin,
lip edge adapically lacking a border; columella slightly
constricted toward abapical canal, distorted, thin adapi-
cally; columella-fossula barely depressed within.

Measurements, holotype: L - 15.5; W - 6.0mm (approx.).
Type Locality: Unknown.

Type: BMNH, No. 1907:12:30:246 [holotype] (Figure
158: original illustration).

Discussion: SowERBy (1848) made the following remarks
about this species: ‘“Of a form between that of O. triticeum
[Lamarck, 1810], and that of secale [Sowerby ***, 1828 =
spelta Linnaeus 1758]; of a dull reddish-brown color. In
the specimen which we have, the lip is not thickened nor
reflected, although it appears to be a full grown shell; if it
be so, it will form a companion to O. patulum.” Although
this seems to me to be a distinct ovulid species, it will be
necessary to withhold judgment pending further field-
work.

142. Simnia maesae Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 159: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, elongately diamond-
shaped, thin, fragile, sub-translucent; terminals length-
ened, taperingly produced, spatulate adapically, thinly
blunt in front; dorsum almost obscurely transversely in-
cisedly striate; dorsum transversely, sub-angularly humped
centrally, sloping and tapering evenly to either end; base
narrow, elongately ovate, tapering and twisting toward the
front, with a barely perceptible sub-fasciole; base smooth,
glossy, except that there are numerous barely visible trans-
verse incised striae over all, which terminate indistinctly
on the columella; columella otherwise smooth, glossy; no
fossula is apparent; aperture openly broad, straight; outer
lip edge simple, thin, centrally angled, nearly straight,

Page 72

tapering evenly to either terminal beak; color milk-white
over all.

L- 18.4; W-6.1; H-4.3mm.
Type Locality: At Broome, Roebuck Bay, Western Aus-
tralia (17°57’S; 122°05’E). Coll.: Harvard University Ex-
peditionary work, 20 January 1933.

Type: MCZ, No. ACC 812 [holotype].

Measurements, holotype:

Discussion: The two shells of this new species appear sub-
adult except that both specimens, one a little larger than
the other, exhibit almost identical texture and morphol-
ogy, and the adapical terminal process seems fully mature.
The upraised transverse angle of the central dorsum is
reminiscent of the cyphomids.

This very interesting species is named in honor of Mrs.
Virginia Orr Maes, Field Assistant, ANSP, whose contri-
butions to malacology are many.

Subsimnia Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Neosimnia bellamaris Berry, 1946

These shells are solidly formed, broad (short for their
width), sub-cylindrically elongate, with a spiral funicular
cord present on rear base, and a weak longitudinal white
carinal ridge that defines inner edge of columella and
fossula.

143. Subsimnia smithi (Bartsch, 1915)
(Figure 160: holotype)

1915 Amphiperas smithi Bartsch, Bull.U.S.Nat.Mus. 91: 96;
pit. 10, figs. 1-3 (non Delonovolva smithi (Sowerby 3"4,
1894) )

Description, holotype: “Amphiperas smithi—Shell irreg-
ularly elongate-ovate, purplish pink, with a moderately
wide median band, and the tips and lip yellowish white.
The surface of the shell is smooth, excepting fine, equally
spaced and equally distributed, spiral threads which are
best developed near the anterior and posterior fourth, be-
coming weaker as they approach center. In addition to this
spiral sculpture, there are exceedingly fine lines of growth
which are best seen in the spaces between the spiral
threads. Aperture elongately-lunate, outer lip thick, form-
ing a strong rounded callus at the edge; inner lip repre-
sented by a thin callus placed upon the body whorl, which
becomes decidedly thickened on the anterior and posterior
horns; a short distance posterior to the anterior end there
is an oblique fold on the inner lip.” (BARrTscH, 1915: 96.)

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Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, hypotype: Shell elongate, broadly oblong,
sub-cylindrical, lightweight in structure, though thin and
strongly formed; dorsum smooth, glossy, except that fine
transverse incised spiral lines emanate restrictedly from
either terminal beak; faint longitudinal growth lines also
visible; terminals taperingly beaked, longer, narrower,
adapically; outer lip, opening away from very broad aper-
ture, is narrowly thickened, forming a fine cord along lip
edge; columellar base convexly rounded, without depres-
sion; rudimentary white carinal ridge replaces fossula;
basic shell color rosy pink, outer lip edge off-white, with
a distinctive off-white transverse band of color crossing
dorsum.

Measurements, holotype: L- 19.5; W - 8.1mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L - 20.3; W-8.5; H-6.4mm
(Figure 160a: C2555).

Type Locality: Port Alfred, SE Africa.
Type: USNM, No. 227715 [holotype].

Distribution: Jeffreys Bay; Algoa Bay to St. Francis Bay,
SE Africa.

Discussion: Although this species may appear from the
illustration to look much like Phenacovolva (Turbovula)
sowerbyana (Weinkauff, 1881), the two species are quite
distinct from one another; Swbsimnia smithi is a larger,
thinner shell, and it is a different, constant pinkish color,
while P. sowerbyana is a lavender-grey. Seen together,
there can be no mistaking their differences. The holotype
of Subsimnia smith: appears to be a dead, thickly cal-
loused, beach worn shell; the hypotype illustrated here
(Figure 160a) is a fresh, uncalloused, live-collected speci-
men.

144. Subsimnia bellamaris (Berry, 1946)
(Figure /6/: holotype)

~ 1946 Neosimnia bellamaris Berry, Journ. Conch., London 22
(8): 180; fig. 1
1969 Simnia bellamaris; Cate, The Veliger 12 (1): 100; plt. 7,
fig. 6

Description, holotype: “Neosemnia bella-maris—Shell
fusiform, thin, translucent, robust, strongly swollen, at
about two-fifths of the way from the apex, the maximum
diameter about 45 to 50 per cent of the altitude. Surface
polished and glossy; growth lines numerous, very fine,
sharp, and inconspicuous, crossed by weak microscopic
traces of fine spiral striation; otherwise without sculpture
except for perhaps seven to nine low, obscure, rather wide

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 157 to 161 a

Figure 157 SIG 707

Simnia nicaeensis (140)

Figure 158 Figure 158 a
Simnia aperta (141) Simnia aperta (141)

Figure 160 Figure 160 a
Subsimnia smithi (143) Subsimnia smithi (143)

Figure 159
Simnia maesae (142)

Figure 161 Figure 161 a
Subsimnia bellamaris (144) Subsimnia bellamaris (144)

aC

Vol. 15; Supplement

spiral cords at the apical extremity and six to eight similar
ones descending spirally from the columellar region an-
teriorly. Shell rather abruptly pointed at both ends, but
a little more produced at the apex than basally. Outer lip
strongly arcuate, thickened, whitish, medially produced,
retracted at both termini; apically abruptly narrowed,
emarginate, and notched; anteriorly retreating into the
short, weakly reflexed canal, which is slightly exceeded by
the tip of the columella. Columella twisted and pinched,
its anterior extension arcuate and somewhat bent inward;
columellar callus smoothing evenly over the whorl with-
out definite outer boundary; fossula very steep, moder-
ately excavated and with a low, nearly immersed, inner
swelling or lump. Colour of body of shell brownish vina-
ceous with some clouding of deep brownish vinaceous, or
dimly banded with two narrow paler bands and three
wider ones of the deeper hue, paling abruptly to light buff
or light ochraceous salmon in the zone back of the aper-
ture, also paling to light buff terminally where it is barely
tipped with mustard yellow.” (Berry, 1946: 190)

Measurements, holotype: L - 24.6; W - 10.8mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 17.3; W-7.6; H- 5.8mm
(Figure 161a: C3811).

Type Locality: in 33m, off entrance to San Diego Bay,
California.

Type: SU, No. 7846 [holotype].

Distribution: Dredgings off Point Loma, and from dredge
fill, entrance to Mission Bay, San Diego, California (leg.
Roy Morrison, San Diego); (Figure 16/a).

Discussion: Although a limited number of specimens
exist in local collections, much field work is needed to shed
further light on this species.

Prosimnia Schilder, 1927
Arch. Naturgesch. 91/A 10: 77

Type species: Ovula semperi Weinkauff, 1881 [OD]
= Ovula coarctata A. Adams & Reeve, 1848

Shell cylindrically elongate, with broadly terminal ends,
transverse angular ridges over dorsum at either end of
body whorl, a sub-serrated outer lip, and an uneven, sub-
granulose shell surface.

‘145. = Prosimnia semperi semperi (Weinkauff, 1881)
(Figure 162: original illustration)

1810 Ovula hordacea Lamarck [nom. dub.], Ann. Mus. Paris
16: 112

THE VELIGER

Page 73

1830 Ovulum hordaceum Sowerby", [name preocc.], Spec.
Conch., Ovulum: 10; fig. 53

1881 Ovula sempieri Weinkauff, [err.], Mart. & Chem., Syst.
Conch. Cab.: 190; plt. 48, figs. 14, 15

1887 Birostra semperi; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Sammi. 1: 327

1927 Ovula triticea Fischer, Beitr. Plio. Faun. Seran, U. Obi
(in: J. Wanner, Paleo. Timor 15/25: 59)

1931 Simnia (Prosimnia) semperi; Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weich-
tierk.: 271

1941 Primovula (Prosimnia) coarctata Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 108

1956 Primovula (Prosimnia) semperi; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 124

Description, holotype: “Ovula sempieri [sic]|—Shel!
elongate, slender, almost cylindrical at both ends, but
somewhat bluntly drawn out, spirally, numerously striate
on the dorsum above the middle, in addition to that there
is a thick transverse swelling, which sometimes is indis-
tinctly noded, yellowish or purple colored, often with
orange-yellow margins, yellow into olive green, or pure
yellow colored; aperture very narrow, extending at both
ends into short canals, below very wide [abapically], spin-
dlely convex in the middle, smooth below into a long
furrow, above and below narrowed, striped without
plications, apertural margin moderately thickened above,
with edges in the entire length notched, below mostly
spinose, exteriorly margined, incisions not developed.”
(WEINKAUFF, 1881: 190)

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly small, elongate, sub-
cylindrical, with tapering terminal collars; terminals
blunt, barely protruding, beyond collars; dorsum sub-
glossy, though surface is rough, irregularly sub-granulose,
transversely incisedly striate, with occasional irregular
longitudinal growth lines; base roughly surfaced, striate,
cylindrical, tapering slightly to the front; funicular area
crenate; aperture long, narrow, open in front due to lip
constriction; columella without depression; fossular area
defined with an upraised adaxial white carinal ridge; outer
lip broadly flattened, with numerous weak crenulations,
many protruding: weakly beyond periphery of outer lip
edge; color ivory to yellow to red-brown, lip and terminals
a contrastingly solid, brighter color (C3706).

Measurements, holotype: “long. 11,3, diam. maj. 3,7
Mm.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 10.7; W-4.3; H-3.3mm
(Figure 162a: C3706).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 10.1; W-4.0; H-3.2mm
(Figure 162b: C3617 variant).

Type Locality: “Borneo” (Sowerby *™*, 1848) [= horda-
ceum}.

Page 74

Type: Holotype is said to be in: “Museum Lobbec-
keanum [Diisseldorf].”’ Hypotype is described and iilus-
trated to better clarify the species.

Distribution: Northern half of Western Australia (Ex-
mouth Gulf); Queensland coast of E Australia; East In-
dies; Central Pacific Islands; E coast of Asia, from Sulu
Sea, Philippines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, and Japan.
Both hypotypes are from Exmouth Gulf.

Discussion: This is apparently an extremely variable
species in shell morphology, seeming to vary from one
population to another, frequently even within the same
locality (see Figures 162a—b). The shape of the shell, its
color, size and degree of sculpture will often vary strik-
ingly though I am provisionally suggesting two new sub-
species, Prosimnia semperi boshuensis (taxon 146) and P.
sempert draconis (taxon 147), until further study of their
animal parts can better clarify the differences, if any, in the
species. The type locality for this species is probably that
of Sowerby ***, 1848. Weinkauff misspelled the species
name “sempieri,’ but as he dedicated this shell to Mr. O.
Semper authors have emended the name to “semperi.”
The error was apparently a lapsus calami, as the spelling
was correct in his Plate Explanation.

146. Prosimnia semperi boshuensis Cate, subspec. nov.

(Figure /63: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrow, elongate, sub-
thomboid, angularly squared at rear, with broad angular
dorsal ridge traversing dorsum, becoming less prominent
across base; terminals rather blunt, less so adapically; dor-
sum transversely incised, striate over all, with fine inter-
cepting longitudinal lines creating a sub-glossy, beaded
sculpture; base long and narrow, sub-rhomboid, slightly
constricting abapically, with a succession of funicular
knobs (as many as nine) set in a longitudinal line, more
pronounced and even toward the rear; base and columella
evenly lined and beaded; aperture fairly broad, straight,
angling abruptly at rear of base; outer lip somewhat
flattened, angled inward, furnished with numerous fairly
well developed teeth, some of which protrude significantly
beyond peripheral edge of lip; protruding teeth form
vertical ridge visible from above; color varies from deep
brownish-rose, yellow, orange, to white.

Measurements, holotype: L- 10.4; W- 4.1; H- 3.4mm.

Type Locality: Boshu, Japan (locality obscure); ex Hirase
coll.

Type: USNM, No. 342917 [holotype].

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Distribution: Mio, Kii, in 20 - 30 fathoms; Kashiwajima,
Tosa, Japan.

Discussion: ‘This new subspecies appears to differ from
the nominate species not only geographically, but mor-
phologically as well; it has more lengthened, intermittent
lip teeth; it has smaller, more numerous funicular knobs;
it has a narrower even tapering of the dorsum to the
front, lacking a second transverse dorsal angled-ridge, as
is seen most commonly in the more southerly populations;
and finally, it has a finer, smoother shell surface, much
less prominently granulose.

147. Prosimnia semperi draconis Cate, subspec. nov.

(Figure 164: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell long, sub-cylindrical, with a
wide, elevated transverse keel at rear dorsal shoulder, and
a narrower diagonal keel traversing the front dorsal
shoulder; terminals open and broad, faintly recurved;
dorsum rough, granular, uneven, with numerous rather
deep, distinct, transverse incised striae encroaching upon
the marginal callus; base long, rough, striate, sub-cylindri-
cal, narrowing gently toward the front, becoming pinched
to form the front left canal wall; eight funicular denticles
on left terminal canal base; aperture long, narrow, flaring
openly abapically due to constriction of outer lip; colu-
mella without specific character to the rear, with a long,
narrow fossula in front, formed by a thick, longitudinal
adaxial carinal ridge; outer lip surface wide, flat, de-
pressed, angled inwardly, and covered with numerous long,
weak dental ridges across breadth of lip, some of which
(approx. 30) extend beyond periphery of outer lip edge;
color pale lemon-yellow throughout; transverse dorsal
shoulder at rear is sculptured with wide, rounded, longi-
tudinal ridges (approx. 7), with interstices that provide a
more solid concentration of color.

Measurements, holotype: L- 10.8; W - 3.4; H- 2.7mm.

Type Locality: Palau Island, Caroline Islands (07°30’N;
13423545):

Type: USNM, No. 636514, [holotype]. (Figure 164a:
USNM 636515).

Discussion: This new subspecies has the characteristic
morphology of the genus Prosimnia Schilder, 1927, yet
the elongation of several teeth on the periphery of the
outer lip edge also recall the characters of the genus
Dentiovula Habe, 1961. The new subspecies appears to
be distinct, and may be separated from its nearest con-
geners, Prosimnia semperi boshuensis and P. semperi

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 162 to 166a

Figure 162 a Figure 162 b

Prosimnia semperi semperi (145) Prosimnia semperi semperi (145) Prosimnia semperi semperi (145)

Figure 163 Figure 164 Figure 164

Prosimnia semperi boshuensis (146) Prosimnia semperi draconis (147) Prosimnia semperi draconis

Figure 165 Figure 166 Figure 166 a
Simnialena marferula (148) Simnialena formicaria (149) Simnialena formicaria (149)

nna
eatin
ah
ty aut i

ain

leet

Nol. 15; Supplement

semperi (Weinkauff, 1881) by its long, narrow shell; by its
curious longitudinal dorsal ridges; by the long, very nar-
row aperture; by the open, recurved terminal beaks; and
by several other minor characters. ‘The name for the sub-
species is derived from the Latin word draco, a fabulous
lizard-like animal.

Simnialena Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Simnialena marferula Cate, herein

Shells of this genus are of medium size, oblong-ovate,
usually thinly formed, with thinly-rolied cuter lip edges;
they possess a peculiar flatly-infected, spiralling funicular
cord, which distorts the adapical base, causing a sub-
oblique angular ridge above the adapical terminal collar.
The name is derived from the Greek lenos, a word for
trough, trench.

148. Simnialena marferula Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 165: holotype)

1971 Neosimnia uniplicata Andrews, Sea Shells Texas Coast:
98; text fig.

Description, holotype: Shell somewhat small, broadly
elongate, thin, almost transparent; terminals barely pro-
duced, rounded, sub-spatulate adapically, bluntly formed
in front; dorsum smooth, glossy, with numerous irregu-
larly incised, transverse lines covering entire dorsal area;
base sub-ovate, narrowing sharply and becoming con-
stricted in front; base finely transversely striate through-
out, with a heavy parapet-like funicular development,
whose rear surface becomes a spiralling groove upward to
the dorsum; columella uncalloused, faintly striate; adaxial
carina commences at funiculum, terminates as a shallow
fossular wall abapically; aperture broad, widening even
more to the front; outer lip fairly heavily, roundly cal-
loused, outer surface uneven, sub-crenulate; color ranges
from orange-yellow to medium rose.

Measurements, holotype: L- 8.4; W- 5.6; H- 3.9mm.
Type Locality: Living on sea whips sub-tidally, Port
Aransas, Texas (24°45’N; 97°50’ W).

Type: LACM, No. 1293 [holotype].

Distribution: known from Padre Island and Corpus
Christi, to Port Aransas, Mustang Island, ‘Texas.

Discussion: These animals were collected living on what
is locally known as sea-whips.’ The yellow-shelled animals
seemed to be living on Leptogorgonia virgulata. The holo-

THE VELIGER

Page 75

type was collected by Harvey Meyer (of Captiva Island,
Florida) 18 August 1968. This species is easy to identify
by its numerous dorsal striae, not usually seen in the shells
of the eastern range of the Gulf of Mexico and western
Caribbean Sea. This new species differs from Simnialena
uniplicata (Sowerby *"*, 1848), which lives on the op-
posite (east) side of the Gulf of Mexico, by having a
shorter, more broadly ovate form; by being more com-
pletely dorsally striate, and by having a paler combination
of shell colors.

Almost too late to be considered in this work appeared
AnpbREwS, 1971: 98 (see Introduction). In that book is
illustrated the ventral aspect of this new species; it is
labeled Neosimnia uniplicata.

149. Simnialena formicaria (Sowerby ™, 1828)

(Figure 166: lectotype)

1828 Ovulum formicarium Sowerby 't, Zool. Journ. London
4: 157; (1830: plt. 2, fig. 39)

1881 Ovula formicaria; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem. Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 204; plt. 52, figs. 1, 4

1885 Ovula hordacea; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7; 254; plt. 5, figs.

37, 38

1887 Birostra fornicata [err.]; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1:
327

1941 Pellasimnia formicaria; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 109

1956 Neosimnia formicaria; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Ovulum formicarium—Shell
white, oblong; back slightly carinated rather above the
middle, outer lip without teeth, its margin rather flat-
tened. The smallest species I have seen. From its resem-
blance to an ant’s egg, I have named it O. formicarium.”
(SowERBY **', 1828: 157.)

Description, hypotype: Shell of medium size, broad, cy-
lindrical; terminals produced, narrow and sub-spatulate,
curving peculiarly in front; dorsum glossy, with very fine
wavy incised transverse striae at either end, though un-
marked centrally; numerous faint longitudinal growth
lines are visible; base long, narrow, ovate, narrowing and
thickening toward the front; semi-funicular elevation
forms a wide spiral channel up to terminal beak; colu-
mella is defined by a long, low adaxial carinal wall, which
becomes elevated in front to form a shallow fossula; aper-
ture straight, fairly broad; outer lip smooth, roundly
thickened, with an angular inner surface; color rose over
all, deepening to yellow-rose along columella and fossula;
outer lip, funiculum, funicular channel, and terminal
beaks light beige.

Page 76

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Measurements, holotype: “long. 5/20, lat. 1/10, poll.”
[L- 10.5; W- 4.5mm].

Measurements, hypotype: L- 12.5; W-5.1; H- 3.9mm
(Figure 166a: C3847).

Type Locality: ‘Eastern Seas’; here restricted to Bilatan
Island, Philippines (05°00’N; 120°00’E).

Type: BMNH, No. not yet designated (K. Way) [lecto-
type herein].

Distribution: Banka Island and Sumatra, Netherlands
East Indies; Palawan, SW Philippines to Kino-Sima,
Japan (in 35 fathoms: A. Adams).

150. Simnialena inflexa (Sowerby 74, 1832)
(Figure /67: lectotype)

1832 Ovulum inflexcum Sowerby2™4, Conch. Illust., Ouvulum

18; fig. 60

1881 Ovula inflexa; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 215

1885 Ovula uniplicata Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 255; plt. 5,
fig. 49

1887 Ovula inflexum; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 325
1941 Simnia inflexa; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 109
1956 Neosimnia inflexa; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 129
1969 Simnia rufa,Cate, The Veliger 12 (1): 97; plt. 9, fig. 14

Description, holotype: “Ovulum inflexum—Shell oblong,
somewhat cylindrical, smooth, pale; posterior somewhat
beaked, beak inflected; aperture rather effuse anteriorly;
outer lip thickened, columellar lip keeled within, with a
single plait posteriorly.” (SowERBy *"*, 1832: fig. 60)

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly large, elongate, nar-
row, sub-cylindrical, thinly formed, translucent; terminals
are almost sharp, with adapical beak twisted; rear terminal
inflected; dorsum mostly smooth, glossy, except that spiral
transverse striae emanate restrictedly from either end;
aperture wide, broader in front; base narrow, elliptically
ovate, smooth, glossy; columella and fossula are without
special distinction except that a pronounced, peculiarly
formed, upraised longitudinal carinal ridge separates both
from shell interior; outer lip straight, slightly angled at
either end, faintly thickened along its edge; color variable
from white, yellow, rose, to lavender and reddish-brown;
funicular cord, interior carinal ridge, terminal beaks, and
outer lip edge are off-white.

Measurements, holotype: “length, 0.7, breadth 0.25.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 17.5; W-5.2; H-3.8mm
(C3822).

Type Locality: “Gulf of Dulce” = [Costa Rica (Pacific)].

Type: BMNH, No. 1966368 (see Cate 1969 (1); ple. 9,
fig. 14 [lectotype herein].

Distribution: Pacific coast of Central America; Gulf of
California.

Discussion: This species is rather obscure, difficult to de-
fine, and may be only an exaggerated variant of Sim-
nialena rufa (Sowerby 7°, 1832).

151. Simnialena uniplicata (Sowerby **4, 1848)
(Figure 168: C3653)

1830 Ovulum acicularis var. Sowerby '*t, Spec. Conch., Ovulum
10; plt. 6, fig. 6

1848 Ovulum uniplicatum Sowerby 2"4, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
135

1848 Ovulum subrostratum Sowerby 2"4, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-

don: 136

1859 Simnia uniplicata; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 273

1877 Ovula carolinensis Morch, Mal. Blatter 24: 54

1881 Ovula uniplicata; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 205; plt. 52, figs. 5, 8

1881 Ovula subrostrata; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst.
Conch. Cab.: 212; plt. 53, figs. 13, 14

1885 Ovula canadiensis = O. uniplicata; Tryon, Man Conch.
W8255)

1885 Ovula carolinensis = O. uniplicata; Tryon, Man. Conch.
A255)

1885 Ovula antiilarum = O. uniplicata; Tryon, Man. Conch,
7: 255; plt. 5, fig. 41

1887 Simnia canadensis Mérch (err.); Paetel, Cat. Conch.
Samm. 1: 327

1887 Birostra subrostrata; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1887 Birostra antillarum; Paetel, Cat. Conch. 1: 326

1865 Ovulum subrostratum; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum:
pit. 14, figs. 65a, 65b

1865 Ovulum antillarum; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: 15;
pit. 14, figs. 64a, 64b (Figure 169: BMNH No. 1969 130;
lectotype herein)

1941 Simnia uniplicata; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
109

1956 Neosimnia uniplicata; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 129

Description, holotype: “Ovulum wuniplicatum—Ovul.
testa elongata, subcylindrica, pellucida, minutissimé
striata, aurantia, seu violacea, antice subacuminata,
posticé subrotundata; dorso margine distincto; apertura
subaperta; labio externo paululum incrassato, ad ex-
tremitates recedente, antice subangulato, ad canalem
emarginato; labio interno intus subdepresso, postice
spiraliter uniplicato, ad canal tortuo, versus externum
deflecto, anticé subtortuo acuminato.” (SOWERBY 7"*, 1848:
135)

Description, hypotype: Shell long, narrow, sub-cylindri-
cal, thin, nearly transparent; terminals taper gradually to

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 167 to 173b

BiscreviG7 Bisure 106 Figure 169
Simnialena inflexa (150)

Simnialena uniplicata (151) Ovulum antillarum (151)

Figure 170 Figure 170 a

Simnialena rufa (152) Simnialena rufa (152) i

Ovulum californicum (152)

Figure 173 Figure 173 b

: Aclyvolva lanceolata (153)
Figure 172 Aclyvolva lanceolata (153) Figure 173 a

Ovulum variabile (152) Aclyvolva lanceolata (153)

Vol. 15; Supplement

the back, sharply and pointedly to the front, somewhat
spatulate adapically; dorsum smooth, glossy, except that
transverse. incised striae emanate restrictedly from either
end; terminals produced, twisted adapically with twisted
spire visible from above, due to an abnormal, for the
species, funicular groove; base narrowly ovate, sub-angu-
lar vertically, constricted in front; a sharp, spiralling
projecting funicular cord is the rear termination of a
long, adaxially upraised carina, which outlines the inner
columella-fossula area; aperture broad, flaring somewhat
toward the front; outer lip thinly, roundly thickened,
with weak callus shouldering above; color deep rose-
brown over all, except that outer lip, front base, adaxial
carina, and portions of rear terminal beak are contrast-
ingly white.

Measurements, holotype: [no dimensions given by Sow-
erby *** or Sowerby 7"°].

Measurements, hypotype: L- 20.2; W-6.2; H- 4.6mm
(Figure 168: C3653).

Type Locality: “Charleston, South Carolina.”

Type: Whereabouts presently unknown, possibly at
BMNH.

Distribution: both coasts of Florida: East coast from Vir-
ginia south possibly to Palm Beach; on the west coast
from Naples north to Tampa Bay; possibly the Honduras
and east coast of Central America. The species is often
quite abundant at ‘““The Rocks,” Sanibel Island.

Discussion: Generally speaking, this species is larger and
longer than the southeastern Florida Cymbula acicularis
(Lamarck, 1810), and its limited dorsal striation readily
identifies it; C. acicularis is without any dorsal striation
whatever. The Sowerby and Morch species, from the
opposite Florida coasts, are almost identical in their
morphological characters, so much so that it seems in-
advisable to separate them, even subspecifically.

152. Simnialena rufa (Sowerby *"*, 1832)
(Figure 170: C3822)

1832 Ovulum rufum Sowerby 2"4, Elem. Conch. 1: 36

1865 Ovulum californicum Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum; plt.
11, figs. 50a, 50b (Figure 171: lectotype herein)

1865 Ovulum variabile Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum, plt. 13,
figs. 60a, 60b (Figure 172: original illustration)

1881 Ovula rufa; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch. Cab.:
213; pit. 53, figs. 13, 16

1881 Ovula variabilis; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 208; plt. 52, figs. 14, 15; plt. 53, figs. 2, 3

1885 Ovula californica Reeve = O. uniplicata; Tryon, Man.
Conch. 7: 255; plt. 5, fig. 45

THE VELIGER

Page 77

1887 Birostra californica; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 326

1887 Simnia californica, Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1887 Simnia variabilis; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 328

1887 Simnia rufa; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Sammi. 1: 327

1941 Simnia inflexa Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/): 109

1956 Neosimnia rufa; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

1956 Ovulum californica = Neosimnia aequalis; Allan, Cow-
ries World Seas: 129

1956 Ovulum variabilis = Neosimnia inflexa; Allan, Cowries
World Seas: 129

Description, holotype: “Ovulum rufum—Shell oblong,
acuminated at the posterior extremity; red; outer lip
thickened, paler; aperture narrow, broader anteriorly;
columella with a depressed longitudinal line within, and
a slightly spiral posterior plait.” (SowERBy *"*, 1832: fig.
58.)

Description, hypotype: Shell of medium size, rectangu-
larly ovate, sub-cyclindrical, narrowing abruptly from
shoulders to either end; terminals sub-pointed, curiously
bent and spatulate adapically; color varies from white
to red-brown over all, except that outer lip margin is
reddish-beige in darker shells, inner lip and funiculum
are reddish-orange, interior carinal ridge is stark white;
outer lip thickened; aperture straight, often fairly wide,
with terminal canal gently angling; dorsum longitudin-
ally lined with curving growth lines; dorsum otherwise
smooth, glossy, except for prominent, concentrically
spiralling, incised striae emanating restrictedly from
either terminal collar, and a diagonal dorsal hump
adapically; an upraised, narrow, callously thickened band
runs along outer lip edge, continuing over front terminal
ridge, around upper edge of rear terminal; base very
narrow, long, cylindrically ovate; angularly pinched, with
a callously thickened crest, whose sharply angled sides
terminate at left side-margin on the one hand, inwardly
on the other at base of an adaxial, upraised, almost per-
pendicular, white carinal ridge; front base exceedingly
narrow, curving slightly, with a funicular cord on rear
base; outer lip smooth, rather sharply edged, with plane
of inner lip angling adaxially, outer plane almost per-
pendicular; a sharp, longitudinally angular, thickened
ridge connects abapical base-lip and rear base funiculum.

Measurements, holotype: “Length 0.5, breadth 0.15.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 17.5; W-5.2; H-3.9mm
(Figure 170: C3822).

Type Locality: “Bay of Caraccas” [sic]. Sowerby’s locality
appears to be in error. The type locality is here designated
as just outside Estero Soldado, Guaymas, Sonora, West
Mexico (31°55’N; 113°20’W).

Page 78

Type: BMNH, No. 1966370 [lectotype herein]; there
are 3 shells in the type lot.

Distribution: West coast of Mexico, Guaymas to Panama;
Barra de Navidad; Puerto Vallarta; Manzanillo.

Discussion: Simnialena californica (Reeve, 1865), is rep-
resented by a syntype in BMNH, No. 1966370, (K. Way);
(see CaTE 1969: plt. 9, fig. 13a for explanation regarding
the types of this species and Simnialena rufa; cf. (Figure
170a: C3734).

Aclyvolva Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Ovulum lanceolatum Sowerby 2"4, 1848

The shells in this new genus are unusually long, narrow,
and lanceolate, with a fairly narrow aperture. The new
name is taken from the Latin aclys, meaning a small
javelin. :

153. Aclyvolva lanceolata (Sowerby 7°, 1848)
(Figure 173: lectotype)

1848 Ovulum lanceolatum Sowerby?2"4, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don: 135

1859 Birostra lanceolata; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 273

1881 Ovula lanceolata; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 207; plt. 52, figs. 10, 11

1883 Ovula rosea Rossiter, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. 7: 323

1941 Pellasimnia lanceolata; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 109

1956 Neosimnia lanceolata; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Ovulum lanceolatum—Ovul.
testa elongata, angustata, minutissimeé striata, aurantio-
rubescente, seu albida, canalibus subproductis, emargi-
natis; apertura angustata; labio externo planulato crasso,
breviusculo, antice angulatim flexuoso; labio interno
tumido rubro longitudinaliter marginato, postice ad
canalem producto, subtortuoso, anticé intus longitudina-
liter sulcato uniplicato, ad canalem angusto, rectiusculo,
acuminato.”’ (SOWERBY *"*, 1848: 135.)

Description, hypotype: Shell long, narrow, sub-cylindri-
cal, lanceolate, attenuating to either end, where terminal
beaks are somewhat blunt, though open; dorsum numer-
ously transversely incisedly striate throughout; base
smooth, long, very narrow, rounded, tapering abapically,
constricting as it narrows sharply; there is no funicular
process on rear bases; columella long, narrow, witha slight
channeling, which becomes broader and deeper in front
to form a fossula; fossula and columella outlined adaxially
by a distinct longitudinal carinal ridge; aperture very

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Vol. 15; Supplement

long, narrow, curving to right adapically, opening up in
front, due to constriction of outer lip; outer lip fairly
broad, smooth, slightly reflexed, narrowing noticeably at
lip constriction in front; color basically pink, with ex-
tremities rosy-pink, margins pinkish-yellow.

Measurements, holotype: not recorded; [lectotype ap-
prox.: L- 20; W- 3.5 mm.].

Measurements, hypotype: L- 25.1; W-4.9; H- 3.5mm
(C3688).

Type Locality: ‘Sorsogon Island, Luzon” [Philippines].

Type: BMNH, No. 1969134 [lectotype herein]; there
are 3 shells in type lot.

Distribution: According to SCHILDER (1941): Obi Islands,
Halmahera Island, Waigeo Island, Sorong Island, Nether-
lands Indies (Moluccas); Mindanao to Luzon, Philip-
pines; Aroe Islands [off SW coast New Guinea]; Merauke,
S New Guinea; Amboina [E Netherlands Indies] to W
India.

Discussion: Sowerby had this to say about his new species:
“A remarkable shell, presenting the appearance of O.
aciculare very much lengthened. The aperture is narrow,
excepting towards the anterior, where the outer lip is bent
out; the under surface is flat, the inner lip edged with a
reddish line. Collected by Mr. Cuming. There is a white
variety of this species from Molucca.”

The two other shells in the type lot (see Figures 173a,
173b) resemble the lectotype of Aclyvolva lanceolata only
inasmuch as their adapical terminal callus is long and
broad; however, they differ considerably in the character
of the dorsal striation and in their overall length. This
species is rare enough that I believe more field work
should be done before any decision can be made as to
whether this type lot contains one, two, or three species.

154. Aclyvolva haynesi (Sowerby *“, 1889)
(Figures 174: holotype; 174C: C3790)

1889 Ovulum haynesi Sowerby3"4, Journ. Linn. Soc. London
Zoology, 20: 397; plt. 25, figs. 1, 2

1932 Neosimnia lamyi Schilder, Proc. Malacol. Soc. London
20 (1): 54; plt. 4, fig. 44 (Figure 175: holotype)

1935 Phenacovolva haynesi; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 104

1941 Pellasimnia lamyi; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3) :
110

1941 Pellasymnia haynesi; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 110

1956 Neosimnia lamyi; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

1956 Volva (Phenacovolva) haynesi; Allan, Cowries World Seas:
134

Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, holotype: “Ovulum (Birostra) haynesi—
Testa elongata, angustata albida, polita, utrinque rostrata,
postice attenuata, antice subtruncato-acuminata, extrem-
itatibus acutiusculis, lateribus leviter convexis; apertura
medio angustissima, postice paulo latior, antice dilitata;
columbella convexa, nitidissima, labrum incrassatum,
leviter sinuosum.” (SOWERBY °*, 1889: 397)

Description, hypotype: Shell long, narrow, delicately
formed though strong, sub-translucent; dorsal surface
smooth, though faint growth lines appear longitudinally,
with exceedingly fine spiral incised lines traversing to
form a curious gridwork on either terminal collar;
adapical terminal beak long, narrowly formed, inflected;
terminal in front short, wedge-shaped and pointed; base
long, very narrowly ovate, glossy, without terminal ridge
in front, or funicular swelling in back; columella almost
straight, curving slightly centrally; fossula lacking; aper-
ture long, very narrow, except that curving of front base
and constricting of front lip enlarge the aperture abapi-
cally; outer lip very narrowly thickened, almost straight,
with an unusual undulating, scalloping of lip edge which
creates large, rounded, often barely perceptible pseudo-
denticles; color usually white to milk-white, with a very
faint pink blush within the aperture and body whorl.

Measurements, holotype: “Long. 34, maj. diam. 7 mil-
lim.; apert. maj. lat. 24, min. vix, 1 millim.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 30.0; W-5.7; H-4.5mm
(Figure 174a: C3790).

Type Locality: Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia.
Type: BMNH, No. 1924.3.27.17 [holotype].
Distribution: Geralia, Exmouth Gulf.

Discussion: These animals live on a brilliant golden-
yellow gorgonian, which is covered with an equally bril-
liant carmine-red spotting, at a depth of about 20 feet of
water (C3571). The Sowerby specimen was collected by
Mr. J. H. Haynes, and was said to live on a ‘‘handsome
white species of Melitodes’—‘‘a graceful species allied to
O. philippinarum, but larger and differing in form.”

155. ' Aclyvolva clara Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 176: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell long, narrow, lanceolate,
thin, translucent; terminals long, narrow, tapering to
rather sharp ends; dorsum long, narrow, sub-cylindrical,
sub-angular centrally, with very fine transverse striation
over all, striation somewhat oblique as it emanates from

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Page 79

either end; base long, very narrow, very finely striate
centrally, smooth on either 4 of base; there is no funic-
ulum on rear inner canal lip; columella rounded, with
only a hint of adaxial, longitudinal carina to indicate
fossular area; aperture long, very broad, almost straight;
outer lip edge roundly corded, hardly shouldered above;
terminal beaks slightly recurved; color a bright, shining
white.

Measurements, holotype: L- 24.9; W-4.2; H- 3.4mm.

Type Locality: Off Minabe, Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E);
40 - 50m depth; leg. S. Habu, December 1970.

Type: MA, No. 15607 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species seems most closely allied
to Aclyvolva haynesi (Sowerby **, 1889), of West Aus-
tralia, but differs from it by being shorter and narrower;
by having a thinner shell; by having a less thickened outer
lip, and by lacking the undulating, scalloped outer lip.

The species name is derived from the Latin word,
clarus, meaning bright, shining, brilliant.

156. Aclyvolva framea Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 177: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, very narrow, very
thin, fragile, translucent, long for its width, lanceolate;
rear canal and shell-beak narrows angularly away from
body whorl, tapering very narrowly to the back, more
gradually to the front; aperture almost straight, narrow
adapically, almost closed, open and exposed in front;
dorsum lined longitudinally with numerous twisting,
spiraling growth lines that appear to overlap; dorsum
numerously transversely very finely striate with sharply
distinct incised lines; base very narrow, elongately ovate,
with forward base exhibiting the effect of spiral twisting,
faintly constricted; columella narrow, evenly rounded,
striate; no fossula or funiculum present; outer lip thin,
irregularly edged due to breakage; teeth lacking; color
pale grey throughout.

Measurements, holotype: L- 12.7; W - 2.5; H- 1.9mm.

Type Locality: Broome, Roebuck Bay, Western Aus-
tralia (17°57’S; 122°50’E); ex. Harvard University Aus-
tralian Expedition, 20 January 1932; leg. H. L. Clark.

Type: MCZ, No. 276104 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species may be compared with the
preceding species, Aclyvolva clara Cate & Azuma, from
which it differs by being a much smaller shell; it is more
narrow, thinly formed shell species; it differs further by

Page 80

having a broader aperture, with a thin-edged outer lip;
and by having a different surface quality on the dorsum
(less glossy); the overall shell color is grey rather than
white.

The name is derived from the Latin word of the same
spelling, meaning javelin.

Cymbula Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Ovula acicularis Lamarck, 1810

These shells are oblong, sub-cylindrate, usually thinly
formed, and are without adapical umbilication. The
name is derived from the Latin word of the same spelling,
meaning canoe, small boat, or skiff.

157. Cymbula deflexa (Sowerby 7‘, 1848)
(Figures 179: lectotype; 179C: C3873)

1848 Ovulum deflexum Sowerby 2", Proc. Zool. Soc. London:
135

1881 Ovula deflexa; Weinkauff, Mart. x Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 206; plt. 52, figs. 6, 7

1885 Ovula philippinarum;Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 252; plt. 4,
fig. 8

1887 Birostra deflexa; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samm. 1: 326

1941 Pellasimnia deflexa; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
109

1956 Neosimnia deflexa; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Ovulum deflexum—Ovul. testa
ovali-elongata, laevigata, albida, extremitatibus deflexis;
apertura angusta; labio externo crasso, lato, complanato,
anticé arcuato, breviusculo; labio interno longitudinaliter
tumido, complanato, posticé uniplicato, antice ad canalem
acuminato.”’ (SOWERBY °*"’, 1848: 136)

Description, hypotype: Shell of medium size, narrow,
elongate, ovate, somewhat thinly formed, sub-translucent;
terminals spatulately produced, rounder and deflected
adapically; marginal lip on left base thickened; dorsum
smooth, almost glossy, with numerous exceedingly fine,
curving longitudinal growth lines laterally intercepted
by equally fine, numerous, wavy transverse incised striae,
lines and striae cover entire dorsum; base narrowly ovate,
elongate, smooth, glossy; very thickly calloused base slants
adaxially at a 45 degree angle; outer base lip faintly crenate
over most of its length, and somewhat more bold and pro-
nounced on rear half; columella long, narrowly, longi-
tudinally grooved; fossula and columella grooved, an up-
raised, well developed adaxial carinal ridge adjoins base;
aperture fairly narrow, evenly curving, opening moder-
ately in front due to constriction of base and outer lip;

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Vol. 15; Supplement

outer lip edge thick, broad, flat, slanting inward, faintly
crenulate, distinct on rear half of lip; both lips shouldered
above, with outer lip on right side almost crenate along its
lateral edge; dorsal shell color (C3873) is rosy-grey, with an
almost white color-cloud centrally; entire base and outer
lips are contrastingly off-white; there is a characteristic line
of brilliant orange encircling entire shell, in the suture
above outer lip shoulder at the shell margins, thus sepa-
rating the coloful dorsum from the off-white base.

Measurements, lectotype: L - 16.0; W - 4.5mm (approx.).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 19.4; W-5.7; H-4.3mm
(Figure 179a: C3873).

Type Locality: ‘“Ticao, Philippines.”

Type: BMNH, presently without Register Number [lec-
totype herein], one of three shells in type lot.

Distribution: Dingo Beach (C3873) (Proserpine), Black
Island, Queensland; Osima, Osumi, Japan. According to
SCHILDER (1941): Philippines; W Celebes Sea; Sulu Sea;
NE Borneo; Brunei; Palawan, SW Philippines; Banka; E
Sumatra; Singapore; Aor; and Kii, Japan.

Discussion: SowErRBy (1848) commented: “Resembling
O. aciculare, but with a broad, flattened outer lip, and the
extremities turned downwards. Brought from Ticao,
Philippines, by Mr. Cuming.”

158. Cymbula bahamaensis Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 178: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, long, narrow, thin,
translucent; terminals narrow, attenuating to either end,
rounded, shovel-like in back; dorsum dull, with very
prominent, curving, widely separated longitudinal incre-
mental growth lines; base long, very narrow, glossy, with-
out funicular swelling on rear base; aperture wide, open
at either end, spoon-like adapically; columella smooth,
glossy, rounded, curiously crimped in front; outer lip
very thin, knife-like; color pale grey dorsally; interior
milk-white; inside of outer lip, terminal canals, and colu-
mella are smoky-brown.

Measurements, holotype: L- 9.9; W-5.2; H- 2.0mm.

Type Locality: Massan Marine Gardens, Bahamas Is-
lands (23°30’N; 75°00’ W).

Type: MCZ, No. 276109 [holotype].

Discussion: According to an old label, dated 15 March
1893, it was collected by the “Corrosive Sub, “Wild
Duck’; it was found crawling on gorgonian. A second
shell, a paratype, measures: L- 15.5; W - 5.2; H- 3.6mm.

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement

Figure 174
Aclyvolva haynes (154)

Figure 176
Aclyvolva clara (155)

Figure 179
Cymbula deflexa (157)

Figure 174 a
Aclyvolva haynesi (154)

Figure 177
Aclyvolva framea (156)

Figure 179 a
Cymbula deflexa (157)

[C. N. Cate] Figures 174 to 180

Figure 175
Neosimnia lamyi (154

Figure 178
Cymbula bahamaensis (158)

Figure 180
Cymbula bratcherae (160)

Vol. 15; Supplement

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Page 81

These shells may be compared with Cymbula acicularis
(Lamarck, 1810), from which they differ by being smaller;
by having a dulled dorsal surface thickly covered with
longitudinal growth lines; and by having an evenly
curved peripheral edge to the outer lip, with the edge
not thickened.

There appear to be three distinct, somewhat closely
related species living in the Gulf of Mexico-Caribbean
Sea area. They key out rather easily in the following
manner:

Shell dorsally smooth throughout, without transverse
sculptural striae, of medium size, and with a long, white
columellar carina, which becomes less elevated, finer to
LAG ITERIT pel ne Cymbula acicularis

Shell long, narrowly elongate, with dorsal striae above
and restricted to the dorsal terminal collars; shell thin,
with a long white columellar carina, which remains ele-
vated and wide to the rear ............ Simnialena uniplicata

Shell fairly short, somewhat broad, with numerous trans-
verse dorsal striae over all, and the adaxial carina almost
obsolete adapically; the funiculum spirals upward to
distort the adapical terminal ........ Simnialena marferula

The dorsal shell characters used here for purposes of
identification seem to be constant in series of shells for
the respective species, and there are three relatively dis-
tinct geographical areas of living range providing what
would seem to be adequate separation of the species.

159. Cymbula acicularis (Lamarck, 1810)
(Figure 78/7: holotype)

1810 Ovula acicularis Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris.

16: 112

1817 Bulla secale Dillwyn, Cat. Rec. Shells 1: 474

1848 Ovulum aciculare; Sowerby 2"4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum 2:
477; plt. 100, figs. 43 - 46

1859 Birostra acicularis; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 273

1941 Simnia acicularis; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73(2/):
109

1$56 Neosimnia acicularis; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 129

Description, holotype: “Ovula acicularis—O. Linearis,
perangusta, coerulescens; extremitatibus subacutis; labro
vix marginato.”’ (LaMaARcK, 1810: 112)

Description, hypotype: Shell varies in length (usually
smaller in the Florida Keys), rectangularly oblong, nar-
rowly elongate, tapering to semi-sharp terminal beaks;
adapical terminal somewhat small, horizontally semi-cir-
cular, spatulate; dorsum smooth, glossy throughout, lack-
ing dorsal striae; base narrow, elongate, with a thickened,

semi-carinal ridge longitudinally within, and tapering
sharply to the front; funicular cord spirals adapically
within a concave groove; columella convex, smooth,
except that an off-white, upraised longitudinal carina
extends the length of columella and fossula; aperture
fairly wide, straight; outer lip rather roundly thickened
at edge, weakly shouldered above; color variable, from
white, orange, rose, or yellow, to pale lavender-brown.

Measurements, holotype: L - 14.5mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 18.2; W-5.5; H-4.1mm
(C3604).

Type Locality: “l’Océan américain”; here restricted to
Key West, Florida (24°33’N; 81°47’ W).

Type: MHN, No. 1103.63.1 [holotype] (Figure 18Ja:
ANSP 178890).

Distribution: Southeast Florida, south into the West
Indies; Jamaica (Solander); Rio de Janeiro (Cuming).
Exact limits of distribution not known at this time.

Discussion: ‘The name appears to be from the Latin,
acicula, a slender needle-like body; the range of the
species seems to be from about Lake Worth south into
the Florida Keys, apparently not entering the Gulf of
Mexico; distribution south of the Keys remains obscure.
The shells of this species are easily identified by the lack
of dorsal striae. WEINKAUFF (Jahrb. D. Mala. Ges., 9:
178, 1882) employed the name, canadiensis, in error for
this species.

Lamarck: “Espéce petite, mais fort remarquable, rappor-
tée par Mauger, de son voyage aux Antilles. Elle paroit
trés-distincte des deux suivantes, dont elle se rapproche
par ses rapports. Cette coquille ressemble 4 un grain
d’avoine allongé et peu renflé. Elle est subcylindrique,
gréle, d’un cendré bleuatre, et n’offre qu’un sinus léger
et oblique sur la columelle. Sa longueur est de 15 milli-
meétres. L’individu figuré dans Lister étoit probablement
moins gréle que ceux que je posséde.”’

160. Cymbula bratcherae Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure /80: holotype)

1969 Simnia rufa, var. inflexa Cate, The Veliger 12 (1): 97;
pit. 7, fig. 2

Description, holotype: Shell somewhat small, elongately
ovate, body whorl rather broadly inflated centrally, sub-
cylindrical, very thin, translucent; terminals roundly
pointed, not produced, evenly contoured at ends; dorsum
smooth, highly glossy, essentially without dorsal striae,

Page 82

except for two or three almost imperceptible spiral lines
at terminal ends, base long, narrow, ovate, with a central
longitudinal basal ridge that creates a 45 degree inward
slope to an upraised longitudinal carinal ridge, providing
for a peculiar, deep columella-fossular suture; left side of
angled base curves convexly upward to side-margin; front
base is slightly constricted, rear base bears a rudimentary,
flat funicular callus thickening; aperture straight, wide,
and open; outer lip straight, curving equally and abruptly
left at either end; lip edge rather thin, flatly thickened,
faintly shouldered above; color lavender-brown, with
funicular callus and lip edge a lighter pinkish-beige;
interior carinal wall white.

Measurements, holotype: L- 14.7; W-5.1; H-3.6mm
(Figure 180: C3821).

Type Locality: Pulmo Reef, SE Baja California, Mexico
(23°12’N; 109°32’W); leg. Twila Bratcher, Los Angeles,
April 1961.

Type: LACM, No. 1610 [holotype].

Distribution: Concepcion Bay to Santa Rosalia, E. Baja
California del Sur; Bahia de Adair, Guaymas, W Mexico
(Sorensen).

Discussion: This small new species almost lacks the dorsal
striation commonly seen in other Eastern Pacific ovulids;
it also differs from them, notably S¢mnzalena acicularis
(Lamarck, 1810), by possessing a more broadly ovate shell
form; by having a broader, more open aperture; by hav-
ing a more peculiar longitudinal basal ridge, with a colu-
mellar suture and white carinal wall within; by having
enclosed shell terminals at ends; by lacking the usual
distorted twist of the funiculum; by having faint trans-
verse dorsal striae over terminal collars; and the outer
lip edge is often a prominent beige-white color.

The name of this new species was chosen to honor
Twila Bratcher of Los Angeles, who collected the holo-

type.

Spiculata Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Ovula loebbeckeana Weinkauff, 1881

Shells are usually narrowly ovate, elongate, broader cen-
trally, spindle-shaped, with terminals attenuating point-
edly, especially adapically. The name of the genus is
derived from the Latin word spiculatus, meaning sharp-
ened to a point, spiked.

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Vol. 15; Supplement

161. Spiculata loebbeckeana (Weinkauff, 1881)
(Figure /82: original illustration)

1881 Ovula loebbeckeana Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst.
Conch. Cab.: 197; plt. 50, figs. 6, 7

1885 Ovula uniplicata Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 255; plt. 5,
figs. 39, 50

1887 Simnia loebbeckeana; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1887 Ovulum formicarium Keep, West Coast Shells: 61; fig. 47

1956 Neosimnia loebbeckeana; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 128

Description, holotype: “Ovula Loebbeckeana—Testa
elongata, extremitatibus productis, acutis, laevigata,
nitida, aurantio-rubescens, extremitatibus medioque pal-
lidior; apertura lata, intus carnea, canalibus brevibus, an-
gustis; columella convexiuscula, utrinque acutissima, su-
perne contorte subplicata, inferne leviter complanata,
intus alba; labrum arcuatum, incrassatum, extus margin-
inatum; sinus nulli.” (WEINKAUFF, 1881: 197)

Description, hypotype: Shell somewhat narrow, ovate,
spindle-shaped, barely inflated, narrowly elevated cen-
trally, tapering concavely to either end; thin, translucent;
terminals pointed, sharply so adapically; dorsum smooth,
glossy, except for exceedingly fine longitudinal growth
lines and equally fine transverse spiral striae on immediate
terminal beaks; base smooth, glossy, narrowly ovate, with
a narrow, thick, straight ridge in front; a broad spiralling
funicular process at the back; columella roundly smooth;
fossula only faintly apparent; aperture fairly wide, broad-
ening to the front; outer lip curving, constricted abapic-
ally, lip-edge thickly rolled, smooth, shouldered above;
color variable (Keep’s type was pink; “‘rather less than an
inch long’); hypotype is pale ivory-pink, with a faint
greyish-white band of color traversing central dorsum,
terminals and outer lip-edge are a lighter pale ivory.

Measurements, holotype: “Long. 24 diam. maj. 7 Mn.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 19.7; W-6.6; H- 4.9mm
(Figure 182a: C3818).

Type Locality: ‘““Vancouver-Insel — Obercalifornien’’;
[apparently erroneous]. Type locality here restricted to
Magdalena Bay, W Baja California (24°33’N; 112°40’ W).

Type: Museum Loebbeckeana, Diisseldorf; (see DANCE
1966: 292; append. IV).

Distribution: San Pedro (Dall); Newport Beach (Sharon),
California; Magdalena Bay, E Baja California del Sur
(H.N. Lowe).

Discussion: This species has been collected at Santa Bar-
bara and at Monterey, California, with the latter locality

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 181 to 185

Figure 181 Figure 1/81 a
Cymbula acicularis (159) Cymbula acicularis (159)

Figure 182
Spiculata loebbeckeana (161)

Figure 1/82 a Figure 183
Spiculata loebbeckeana (161) Spiculata barbarensis (162)

Figure 183 a
Spiculata barbarensis (162)

Figure 184 Figure 184a Figure 185
Neosimnia catalinensis (162) Neosimnia catalinensis (162) Spiculata michaelkingi (163)

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Vol. 15; Supplement

THE VELIGER

Page 83

possibly being the northern limit of its range on the west
coast of America.

162. Spiculata barbarensis (Dall, 1892)
(Figure 183: original illustration)

1892: Ovula (Simnia) deflexa Sby. var. barbarensis Dall, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus. 15: 206; plt. 21, fig. 1

1916 Neosimnia catalinensis Berry, Nautilus 30 (2): 21; plt.
5, fig. 3 (Figures 184, 184a: holotype)

1941 Simnia barbarensis; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
109

1941 Simnia catalinensis; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
109

1956 Neosimnia barbarensis; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 128

1956 Neosimnia catalinensts; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 128

Description, holotype: “Ovula (Simnia) deflexa Sby. var
barbarensis Dall—One example, one inch in length,
found in San Pedro Bay, by Miss Monks. (O. deflexa is a
southern form, but was reported by Col. Jewett from Santa
Barbara. His specimen was probably the same as the form
here figured, which is of a whitish color and does not seem
to agree perfectly with Sowerby’s figures. I therefore sepa-
rate it varietally until more is known. If it prove distinct
from deflexa the varietal name may take specific rank.
W.H.D.).” (Dat, 1892: 206)

Description, hypotype: Shell large, ovate, spindle-shaped,
inflated, thin, translucent; terminals pointed, sharply
produced; dorsum smooth, almost glossy, with numerous
visible incremental growth lines over length of dorsum
and base; exceedingly numerous, very fine transverse
striae emanate restrictedly from either end, the greater
area of upper surface is unlined; base is sub-glossy, in-
flatedly enlarged, thin, almost transparent; with front
base narrowing, thickened, slightly constricted, and num-
erously, very finely spirally striate; oblique, lateral open-
ing in back provides the appearance of a funiculum, rear
base also numerously finely spirally striate; columella-
fossula area is convexly curved, without depression; aper-
ture very broad, open, gently curving; outer lip edge
minutely, narrowly thickened, scarcely shouldered above;
color of body whorl appears to be light grey, almost glass-
clear; front base, funicular canal area, terminal beaks and
outer lip edge are ivory.

Measurements, holotype: ‘‘one inch in length”.

Measurements, neotype: L- 31.8; W-10.0; H-8.0mm
(Figure 183a: CAS 32437).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 23.6; W-9.5; H- 7.3mm
(C3812).

Type Locality: ‘San Pedro Bay’.

Type: CAS, No. 32437. Holotype was in the Monks
collection, San Pedro (1892), California, now presumed
to have been broken up and scattered and the type lost
(Elsie Chace, Los Angeles).

Distribution: 73 - 125m, San Pedro Bay; 91 m, off Avalon,
Santa Catalina Island; Santa Barbara; Morro Bay (?),
California.

Discussion: The holotype of Spiculata catalinensis (Berry,
1916), is in S. S. Berry collection, Redlands, California,
No. 1224. In regard to the Dall type: Many years ago Miss
Monks taught at the Los Angeles Normal School on 5th
Street. Miss Monks maintained a cabin at the then “wild”
San Pedro, to be used for shell collecting, etc. Among
early shell collectors it is generally agreed that Miss
Monks “‘just disappeared’, that her collection was sub-
sequently broken up, and that it seems likely the type of
Ovula (Simnia) barbarensis has become lost, with only an
illustration remaining to identify the species.

163. Spiculata michaelkingi Cate, spec. nov.
(Figures 185, 185C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, broad, inflated,
fusiform, thin, translucent; terminals attenuate gradually,
evenly to either end; dorsum bulbous, smooth, glossy,
except that transverse incised striae emanate restrictedly
from the adapical terminal beak, in front the striae are
almost obscure; base long, fusiformly, narrowly ovate,
smooth, glossy, except that dorsal striae continue down
onto base adapically; base in front without terminal ridge,
in back a rudimentary funicular thickening, without real
definition, spirals upward and back; aperture fairly broad,
evenly curving; canals short, open at ends; outer lip thin,
thickened on edge by a fine nacreous cord that is slightly
shouldered above; color orange, with a pale, greyish-
brown effect dorsally.

Measurements, holotype: L- 22.0; W-7.1; H-6.0mm.

Type Locality: Deep water off south coast of Maui, Ha-
wali (20°45’N; 156°20’W).
Type: BPBM, No. 9734 [holotype].

Discussion: This new ovulid species appears unlike any
other form presently known in Hawaiian waters. It most
closely resembles the California ovulid Spiculata barbar-
ensis (Dall, 1892). However, S. michaelkingi differs from
it by having far fewer, but heavier, dorsal striae; by having
a narrower body whorl, with a noticeably narrower aper-
ture; by having a larger, more evenly ovate base, and by

Page 84

having a different, constant shell color, orange rather than
ivory. The name of this species honors Mr. Michael King,
Lahaina, Maui, a black-coral diver, who was the first to
discover this ovulid in Hawaiian waters. Mr. King also
was the discoverer of Phenacovolva carpenteri lahainaen-
sis (Cate, 1969) and P. brevirostris (Schumacher, 1817),
in the same deep water off the south coast of Maui, in
roughly the same locality (see CaTE 1969: 364).

Dissona Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Primovula tosaensis Azuma & Cate, 1971

Shells are small, narrowly rhomboid, often with a slight
constricting of the outer lip centrally; having also a pecu-
liar spiralling of the funicular cord projection, which
usually forms the adapical canal opening. The name is
derived from the Latin dissonus, meaning different, dis-
cordant, inharmonious.

164. Dissona tosaensis (Azuma & Cate, 1971)
(Figure 186: holotype)

1971 Primovula tosaensis Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13 (3):
264; fig. 9

Description, holotype: Shell small, long, narrow, becom-
ing broader and enlarged sub-centrally, thinly formed,
translucent, sub-glossy, with transverse, widely separated
incised striae over all; terminals narrowing to front and
back, almost beaked adapically; base narrow, elongately
ovate, uncalloused, transversely striate; funiculum on
posterior base long, thick, curiously twisting obliquely to
form a second dextral canal opening; columella rounded,
striate, without depression, and with a low longitudinal
carinal wall adaxially; fossula long, shallowly trenched,
with an upraised triangular wall within; aperture long,
narrow, enlarging openly in front due to constriction of
outer lip; outer lip fairly thick, rounded, only slightly
crenate toward the rear; color bright light grey over all,
except that funicular tip and columellar carinal wall are
white; base wall of front and rear canal bright lavender-
red, with bright canary yellow enveloping the terminals.

Measurements, holotype: L- 11.5; W-4.0; H- 3.3mm.

Type Locality: 2km off Kirimezaki, Kii Peninsula, Japan
(34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 55 - 73m; leg. Azuma, 21 March
1970.

Type: MA, No. 14840 [holotype].

Discussion: This species seems to resemble Simnialena
inflexa (Sowerby *"*, 1832) in a vague sort of way, but
differs from that species by being smaller, less ovate, nar-

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

rower, with a less sharply formed, inflected funiculum; by
having the base constricted abapically; it also has a much
narrower aperture with an angled and serpentine edge to
the outer lip, and is a solid grey color dorsally.

165. Dissona aurantium (Sowerby *4, 1889)
(Figure 187: holotype)

1889 Ovulum (Birostra) aurantium Sowerby 3"4, Journ. Conch.
6: 11; plt. 1, fig. 15

1941 Pellasimnia aurantium; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 110

1956 Volva aurantium; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 132

Since I have never seen a specimen of this species, it seems
appropriate to repeat Sowerby’s original description:

Description, holotype: “Ovulum (Birostra) aurantium n.
sp.—Testa elongata, leviter inflata, polita, sub-pellucida,
aurantia, utrinque acuminata; postice leviter producta,
acuta; antice leviter contracta; apertura postice agusta,
sinuata, antice multo latior; labrum incrassatum, utrin-
que leviter sinuatum.” (SowERBY “"4, 1889; 6: 11.)

(Shell elongate, somewhat inflated, polished, sub-pel-
lucid, orange-colored, both ends sharp; rear terminal
somewhat sharply produced [and damaged], front some-
what narrow; rear aperture enlarged, curving, more broad
in front; lip thickened, both sides somewhat curving.)—
C. N. Cate translation.

Measurements, holotype: ‘Long. 23, maj. lat. 7 mill.”
Type Locality: Port Elizabeth, SE Africa.
Type: BUMO [holotype].

Discussion: “A single specimen in perfect condition has
been sent me by Mr. Bairstow; it is called O. spelta, but
more elongated and of a deep orange color.’—Sowerby.
It is interesting that Sowerby did not recognize and men-
tion the apparent damage to the adapical terminal beak
of this species. Dissona awrantium should be compared
with Subsimnia smithi (Bartsch, 1915), from the same
general locality, but appears to differ from that species
by the lack of a light grey band traversing the central
dorsum; S. smithi has a broader shell, with shorter, more
blunt terminal processes; and a shorter, broader aperture.

166. Dissona maccoyi (Tenison-Woods, 1878)
(Figure 188: holotype)

1878 Birostra M’Coyi Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vic-
toria 14: 56

1885 Ovula (Birostra) McCoyi; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 256

1887 Birostra maccoyi; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 186 to 192a

Figure 188
Dissona maccoyi (166)

Figure 186 Figure 187
Dissona tosaensis (164) Dissona aurantium (165)

Figure 190 Figure 191
Figure 189 Dissona reflexa (221) Sandalia triticea (168)

Dissona hasta (167)

Figure 192 Figure 192 a
Sandalia scitula (168) Sandalia scitula (168)

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Vol. 15; Supplement

1935 Phenacovolva exsul Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 104

1941 Pellasimnia M’coyi; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
110

1941 Pellasimnia exsul; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
110

1956 Birostra maccoyi = Volva philippinarum; Allan, Cowries
World Seas: 135

Description, holotype: “Birostra M’Coyi—B. t., parva,
laevi, nitente, anguste ovata, utrimque [utrinque] atten-
uata, superne subarcuata, pallide refuescente, labio albida
pallide lutea, conspicuo incrassato, postice dilatato, canali
brevi, tenuiter curvator.” (TENIsoN-Woops, 1878: 56.)
Shell small, glossy, elongately ovate; terminals narrowly
produced, somewhat bluntly so; dorsal surface smooth,
except that fine transverse striae cross either terminal
collar (holotype, a dead shell, has a fine deposit of lime
on it); base narrowly ovate, tapering sharply to the front;
little or no funicular swelling present in back; aperture
straight, narrow, except flaring openly abapically from
constriction of outer lip; columella-fossula area without
depression; outer lip edge thickly rounded, edentate,
weakly shouldered above; color light beige, somewhat
paler ventrally.

Measurements, holotype: “Long. 23, Lat. 7 mill.” [L-
23.8; W - 11.8; H- 5.6mm (B. J. Smith, NMV)].

Type Locality: Waterhouse [Island], NE Tasmania.
Type: NMV, No. F448 [holotype].

Distribution: South Australian coast to 40 miles west of
Eucla, W Australia. Present distribution is only vaguely
understood.

Discussion: Tryon (1885: 256) spoke of this as a doubtful
species; SCHILDER (1932: 56, note 51) suspected it might
be related to Phenacovolva philippinarum (= birostris
Linnaeus, 1758) (of Sowerby *"*, 1848); in justice to both,
it can be said that neither had a satisfactory photograph
nor an adequate description to work from.

167. Dissona hasta Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 189: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, long, narrow, broad-
ening at the sides centrally, sub-angled dorsally; terminals
taper somewhat sharply from mid-point of shell to either
_ end; dorsum sub-glossy, with fairly widely spaced, trans-
verse incised striae over all, except that striation becomes
almost obscure centrally; base elongate, ovate, smooth,
glossy; no terminal ridge in front, nor funicular cord in
back; columella broad, flat, indicated mostly by a change

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Page 85

in nacreous color, with a deepening fossula toward the
front; both are outlined within by an upraised carinal
wall; aperture narrow, even more so centrally; adapical
canal semi-enclosed; outer lip smooth, glossy, roundly
curving inward; color dark beige dorsally, nearly off-white
ventrally, with rear terminal and canal light brown.

Measurements, holotype: L- 12.4; W- 3.7; H- 3.2mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km, off Minabe, Kii, Japan (34°
00’N; 134°48’ FE); at 73m; leg. S. Habu, 8 November
1970.

Type: MA, No. 15418 [holotype].

Discussion: This small species resembles the preceding
species, Dissona maccoyi (Tenison-Woods, 1878) from
South Australia, but differs from it by being more angu-
larly humped centrally, more broadly angular at the sides;
by having a more acutely angled outer lip in back, and it is
apparently more numerously, completely striate over all
dorsally. The name is derived from the Latin word of the
same spelling, which means a pike, a spear.

Sandalia Cate, gen. nov.

Type species: Ovula triticea Lamarck, 1810

The shells of the species in this genus are conspicuous for
their pointed adapical terminal beak, their peculiarly
curving outer lips, and their shoe-like ventral appearance.
The name for this group is derived from the Latin sanda-
lium, slipper.

168. Sandalia triticea (Lamarck, 1810)
(Figure 191: holotype)

1810 Ovula triticea Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 16:

1848 Ovulum triticeum; Sowerby2"4, Thes. Conch., Ovulum,
111
2: 474; plt. 100, figs. 20, 21

1854 Amphiperas scitula A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London
22: 131[(Figure 192: BMNH 1961144, lectotype here-
in), one of 3 syntypes]

1865 Ovulum scitulum; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum, plt. 6,
figs. 29a, 29b :

1881 Ovula scitula; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 185; plt. 47, figs. 14, 15

1885 Ovula bullata Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 250; plt. 3, figs.
69, 70

1887 Simnia triticea; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 328

1941 Pseudosimnia carnea Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3) : 107

1956 Primovula rhodia Allan, Cowries World Seas: 122

Page 86

Description, holotype: “Ovula triticea—O. Ovato-ob-
longa, laevis, rubro-aurantia; labro albido denticulato;
columella anterius uniplicata.” (LAMarRcK, 1810: 111)

Description, holotype: Shell small, rectangularly ovate,
narrower in front; terminals somewhat produced, thick-
ened, joined front and back with a thick marginal callus
band, rear beak characteristically pointed; dorsum sub-
glossy, smooth, with very numerous, extremely fine longi-
tudinal growth lines, except that concentric incised striae
emanate limitedly from either terminal; base semi-glossy,
narrowly ovate, becoming very narrow and constricted in
front; there is a large, conspicuous, tuberculated funicular
projection at rear of base; columella a rounded continua-
tion of base deepening faintly toward the front, eventually
forming a funicular pit; aperture very wide, almost
straight, expanding openly abapically due to constriction
of outer lip; outer lip curving, angled front and back,
canoe-shaped, broad, thickened, reflexed, weakly denticu-
late (19) throughout; color greyish-white, with side mar-
gins and terminal beaks a contrastingly lighter shade.

Measurements, holotype: “11 ou 12 Millimétres.”

Measurements, paratype: L-7.2; W-3.6; H-2.8mm.
(Figure 192a: ANSP 39435).

Type Locality: New Caledonia.

Type: MHN, presently without number [Figure 191]:
holotype]; paratype at BMNH, (Reeve’s figure of O.
scitulum) No. 1961144: Figure 19.

Discussion: To further clarify the synonymy of the two
species, Ovula triticea Lamarck, 1810, and Amphiperas
scitula, A. Adams, 1854, the original description of the lat-
ter is here quoted: ““Amphiperas scitula—A. testa ovali,
ventricosa, laevi, alba, transversim striata, ad extremitates
sub-reproducta; apertura angusta, canalibus brevissimis,
integris, labio postice callo spirali instructo, antice, uni-
plicato, labro, complanato intus et ad extremitates usque
ad margineum plicato-dentato. Hab. New Caledonia.
Mus. Cuming. This is a small species of white color some-
what resembling A. concinna, Sow., but the back is not
gibbous, and is transversely striated; the striae are some-
times almost obliterated in the middle.”

169. Sandalia rhodia (A. Adams, 1854)
(Figures 193: lectotype; 193C: C3795)

1854 Amphiperas rhodia A. Adams Proc. Zool. Soc. London:
130; plt. 28, fig. 8

1865 Ovulum rhodia; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: plt. 4,
figs. 18a, 18b

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

1881 Ovula rhodia; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 180; plt. 46, figs. 14, 15

1887 Birostra rhodia; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Primovula (Primovula) rhodia; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 107

Description, holotype: “Amphiperas rhodia—A. testa
ventricosa, subpyriformi, rosacea, albo-varicosa, dorso
subgibboso, ad extremitates subarcuata, canalibus brevi-
bus, subproductis, integris; apertum angusta; labio laevi,
tumido, postice callo producto, spirali instructo, ad
canalem tortuoso, antice excavato, ad canalem obscure
uniplicato, labro complanato, lirato, intus denticulato.”
(A. Apams, 1854: 130.)

Description, hypotype: Shell sub-cylindrical, elongately
ovate, lightweight, thin, though strong; dorsum smooth,
faintly transversely striate away from either terminal col-
lar, smooth centrally; body whorl rounded; base roundly
convex; terminals restrictedly produced, sharply so adapi-
cally, spade-like in front; outer lip thickened at edge,
where it is roundly rolled, numerously, minutely, very
finely denticulate; aperture wide, open, straight, more
flared in front; base peculiarly funiculated, distorting the
apex; base sharply elevated, thickened, twisted abapically;
columella smooth, with an upraised longitudinal carina
within, which develops centrally and forward to form a
shallow, smooth fossula; color orange-red to rosy-pink, ter-
minal canals orange with terminal tips, lip edge, abapical
base-ridge and funiculum ivory-white.

Measurements, holotype: no dimensions given by author.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 16.1; W-7.5; H- 5.8mm
(Figure 193a: C3795).

Type Locality: Japan.
Type: BMNH, No. 1961143 [lectotype herein].

Distribution: Kii, Japan (hypotype); off the Kii Penin-
sula; ‘Tosa; Yokohama; Hachioji, Japan.

Discussion: This northwest Pacific form has striking
counterparts living in the Eastern Pacific (Subsimnia bel-

lamaris (Berry, 1946) ; and in the tidal waters of southeast
Africa.

[J +

abl:

Hiata Cate, ‘gen. roe

Type species: Ovulum depressum Sowerby 3"4, 1875

The shells of the species in this genus are notable for the
open terminal canal endings, with little or no curving of
the shell aperture; otherwise, shells are long, narrow, sub-

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Plate 4

Figure 100 C
Rotaovula hirohitoi (95)

Figure 73. C
A periovula jeanae (69)

Figure 24C
Dentiovula takeoi (24)

Figure 26 C
Dentiovula eizoi (26)

°F

meu 27C = Margovula pyriformis (27)

Figure 151 C Cyphoma alleneae (134)

Vol. 15; Supplement

cylindrical. The name is derived from the Latin hiatus,
for opening.

170. Hiata depressa (Sowerby **, 1875)
(Figure 194: holotype)

1875 Ovulum depressum Sowerby 34, Proc. Zool. Soc. London:
128; plt. 24, fig. 1

1885 Ovulum philippinarum Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 252; plt.
4, fig. 5

1887 Birostra depressa; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1927 Radius gracillimus Schilder [name preoccupied], Arch.
Naturgesch. 91/A 10: 79, 133 (137); (Figure 195: holo-
type)

1935 Phenacovolva praenominate Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2) :
104

1935 Pellésimnia depressa; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 105

1956 Neosimnia (Pellasimnia) depressa; Allan, Cowries World
Seas: 130

Description, holotype: “Ovulum depressum—O. testa
elongata, angustata, depressa, antice producta, utrinque
attenuata et bicuspidata, polita, minutissime striata, alba,
extremitatibus aurantiaco tinctis; busi concavo-depressa;
apertura angusta, postice dilatata.” (SowERBy **, 1875:

128.)

Description, hypotype: Shell long, narrow, lanceolate,
solidly formed; terminals tapering narrowly, gently re-
curved, with a peculiar recessed crescent opening; dorsum
sub-glossy, narrowly transversely incisedly striate through-
out; base smooth, elongate, narrowly ovate, constricted in
front; columella smooth, long, narrowly depressed, with a
low longitudinal, adaxial carinal wall defining it; fossular
area depression almost absent; aperture very narrow, be-
coming broader in front due to combined constriction of
base and lip; outer lip smooth, very broad, nearly closing
aperture, depressing adaxially; lip broadly margined,
weakly shouldered above; color milk-white throughout,
except that edges of terminal ends are tinted with orange.

Measurements, holotype: ‘‘Long. 21, maj. diam. 5, min.
2 mill.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 13.3; W-3.6; H- 2.7mm
(C3748).

Type Locality: “Northwest Australia,” here restricted to
Japen Island, Geelvink Bay, New Guinea (01°45’S; 136°

_ 00’E); in 37m of water.

Type: ANSP, No. 39445 [holotype].

Distribution: Throughout the eastern Sulu Sea; NE
Borneo; Brunei Bay, NW coast of Borneo; Java.

THE VELIGER

Page 87

Discussion: The type locality, “Northwest Australia,” of
authors for this species, appears to be an error; ali the
specimens I have examined in museum collections were
invariably labeled as from the East Indian region. One
needs only to compare these shells with those from the
Samarang voyages to West Australia, to clarify the range;
it was a Capt. Denicke who furnished Sowerby the NW
Australia locality citation.

171. Hiata brunneiterma (Cate, 1969)
(Figures 196: holotype; 196C: hypotype)

1969 Volva (Phenacovolva) brunneiterma Cate, The Veliger
22 (4): 366; plt. 56, fig. 1

Description, holotype: “Volva (Phenacovolva) brunnei-
terma—Shell delicate, though strongly constructed, well
formed, elongately narrow; dorsal surface smooth (except
for minute, barely visible, longitudinal growth lines),
otherwise untextured; funiculum absent; terminals mi-
nutely flaring; aperture exceedingly narrow, opening
broadly at constriction of outer lip anteriorly; left margin
not thickened, rounded; right margin without callus, lip
flatly thickened adaxially, then rolling and curving up-
ward within; fossula smooth, not impressed; primary shell
color milk-white; terminal ends dark brown, with a pale
brush of yellow-brown abapically the length of terminal
ridge area.”’ (CaTE, 1969: 366).

Measurements, holotype: L - 20.3; W - 4.7; H- 4.2mm.
Type Locality: Off Siasi Island, Sulu Sea (Dayrit).
Type: CAS, No. 13161 [holotype].

Distribution: Bantayan Island; Cebu, and Maru Sound,
Guadalcanal (C. C. Finley).

Discussion: See CATE 1969a, for further discussion con-
cerning this species.

172. Hiata rugosa Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.
(Figure 197: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrow, elongate,
lanceolate, with weak body angles at either end of central
area; terminals taper evenly to either end, with very nar-
row, square pointed tips; dorsum very finely transversely
incisedly striate over all, which, with the intersection of
numerous fine longitudinal growth lines, produces an
unusual rough surface; base smooth, glossy, with a slight
roughness visible; there is no funicular swelling on rear

Page 88

base; columella rounded, without lateral depression, fos-
sula outlined within by a short carinal wall; aperture
long, narrow, broadening in front due to constriction of
outer lip; outer lip broadest centrally, very narrow toward
either end, smooth, without crenulation, and obliquely
reflected inward; color brownish-red over all, but paler on
base, interior carinal wall, and outer lip.

Measurements, holotype: L - 17.6; W - 4.0; H- 3.1mm.

Type Locality: 2km off Minabe, Kii, Japan (34°00’N;
134°48’E); 40 - 50m depth; leg. M. Azuma, 31 January
1971.

Type: MA, No. 15603 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species is comparable to Hiata
brunneiterma (Cate, 1969), but differs from it in many
respects, mainly by being a slightly shorter, smaller form;
by being finely striate dorsally; by having a broader aper-
ture, with canals opening straight out without constric-
tion; and by having the solid shell color over all.

The name is derived from the Latin word rugosus,
meaning wrinkled.

173. Hiata horimasarui (Azuma & Cate, 1971)

(Figure 198: holotype)

1971 Primovula horimasarui Azuma « Cate, The Veliger 13
(3): 263; fig. 5

Description, holotype: “Primovula horimasarui—Shell
long, narrow, lanceolate, with a sinistral twist of terminal
area adapically, causing a low dorsal ridge in same area, in
the same direction; terminals open, bluntly angled; dor-
sum sub-glossy, [dull], numerously finely transversely in-
cisedly striate over all; base long, narrow, centrally ridged
longitudinally, smooth, glossy, narrowing and obliquely
angling right front and back; no funicular swelling [on]
adapical [base]; columella without depression, a continua-
tion of the base slanting adaxially, with only a very slight
concavity in the fossula area, outlined by an interior
longitudinal ridge that disappears on the columella cen-
trally; aperture narrow, twisting, with a long widening in
front due to constriction of base and outer lip; outer lip
thick, broadly shouldered above, angling flatly inward; no
indication of teeth; shell color milk-white over all, except

that interior carinal ridge is deep pink.” (AzUMA & CATE,
1971: 263)

Measurements, holotype: L - 10.4; W- 2.5; H- 2.1mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Japan (34°00’'N; 134°48’E); in 55-91m; leg. Masaru
Hori, 6 January 1969.

Type: MA, No. 14842 [holotype].

Discussion: This species was compared with Hiata de-
pressa (Sowerby *"*, 1875), but differs from it by being a
smaller form, lacking in dorsal color, by being more con-
torted aperturally with the inner line of the outer lip more
acutely angled; by possessing an angled funicular ridge on
the rear base, and its terminal beaks projecting at a
different angle.

174. Hiata coarctata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)
(Figure 199: holotype)

1848 Ovulum coarctatum A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Moll., Ovulum: 21; plt. 6, figs. 2a, 2b

1881 Ovula coarctata; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 188; plt. 48, figs. 9, 12

1887 Birostra coarctata; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Primovula (Prosimnia) coarctata; Schilder, Arch. Mol-
luskenk. 73 (2/3): 108

1958 Prosimnia (Prosimnia) coarctata; Kuroda, Venus 20 (2) :
169

Description, holotype: “Ovulum coarctatum—Ovul.
testa elongata, sub-cylindracea, fulva, striata, supra
medium gibbosa, ad extremitates coarctata, labio externo
paululum incrassato, laevi, antice sub-angulato; labio in-
terno intus subdepresso, ad extremitates acuminato.” (A.
ADAMS & REEVE, 1848: 21)

Description, holotype: Shell long, narrow, sub-cylindri-
cal, sub-glossy; terminals attenuated gradually to the
front, abruptly so to the rear, ends thinly edged, squarely
terminated; dorsum transversely incisedly striate over all,
with curious exceedingly numerous recessed punctations
enveloping central dorsal surface, almost obliterating dor-
sal striation; base long, narrowly ovate, narrowing evenly
to the front, abruptly to the rear; columella evenly
rounded, striate, punctate, with a weak longitudinal
carinal ridge within, which rises in an arching fashion at
the fossula area; aperture curving, fairly wide, flaring
openly in front, narrowing at angle of base; outer lip
smooth, thinly formed, roundly curving inwardly cen-
trally; color yellow-brown.

Measurements, holotype: L - 7.9; W - 5.8mm.
Type Locality: “Straits of Sunda, near Java.’
Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.147 [holotype].
Distribution: Banka Island, NW Java (Belcher).

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 193 to 200

Figure 193 a Figure 194
Figure 193 Sandalia rhodia (169) Miata depressa (170)
Sandalia rhodia (169)

Figure 195 Figure 196 Figure 197
Radius gracillimus (170) Hiata brunneiterma (171) Hiata rugosa (172)

Figure 198 Figure 199 Figure 200
Hiata horimasarui (173) Hiata coarctata (174) Kuroshiovolva shingoi (175)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Discussion: Little appears to be known about this species.
The Adams & Reeve figure is misleading, as can be seen in
comparing it with the photograph of the holotype. The
authors themselves seem to have had some misgivings
about the species: ‘“This shell resembles O. hordacea
[Sowerby ?; more probably Lamarck] in some degree, but
is not so angular, and has the outer lip smooth. It may,
however, very possibly be a young shell.” It is true that
this may be only a young stage of Prosimnia semperi
(Weinkauff, 1881), however, doubt remains. It is true that
Hiata coarctata (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848) possesses un-
usual dorsal punctations, a condition almost never seen in
the shells of the Ovulidae. Although there remains doubt
about the status of the species, it seems appropriate to in-
clude it here, especially since the name P. semper pres-
ently exists for the species we have heretofore associated
with H. coarctata; [semperi Weinkauff = coarctata auctt.

(err.)].

Kuroshiovolva Azuma & Cate, 1971

Type species: Kuroshiovolva shingoi Azuma & Cate, 1971

Shells of this genus have more or less parallel sides, ter-
minal ends almost squarely blunt (having the form of a
razor clam); and straight apertures, open at either end.

175. Kuroshiovolva shingoi Azuma & Cate, 1971
(Figure 200: holotype)

1971 Kuroshiovolva shingoi Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13 (3):
266; figs. 14, 20 - 23

Description, holotype: “Kuroshiovolva shingoi—Shell
small, long, rectangularly narrow, translucent [fragile];
terminals open, square at ends [truncated]; dorsum
smooth, glossy, except that very fine longitudinal incre-
mental growth lines are visible under the microscope (no
transverse dorsal striation); base long, exceedingly nar-
row, rounded, smooth, glossy, with very slight constricting
in front; no funicular swelling in back; columella [round-
ed], smooth, glossy, without other characters [depression];
fossula narrow, concave, boat-shaped; aperture straight,
narrow; outer lip thickened, though very narrow and
smooth; shell color milk-white over all.” (AzuMaA & CATE,
1971: 266.)

_ Measurements, holotype: L - 13.3; W - 2.3; H- 1.7mm.

Type Locality: 2-4km off Hinomisaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 128- 146m, living on

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Page 89

Plumarella cristata Gorzawski; leg. Shingo Habu, 10
February 1970.

Type: MA, No. 14839 [holotype].

Discussion: See AzUMA & CATE (1971; figs. 20-21), for
radular illustration and discussion. At the present time
there are also three known paratypes:

Paratype 1. (?); Azuma coll., 14910: L - 26.5; W - 4.0mm.
Paratype 2. Cate coll. (ex. Azuma 14911); L- 11.0; W - 2.0
mm

Paratype 3. Shingo Habu coll.: L - 17.0; W - 2.0mm.

Neosimnia Fischer, 1884
Type species: Bulla spelta Linnaeus, 1758 [OD]

Shells are of medium size, well formed, solid, broad cen-
trally, attenuating immediately, evenly, to front and back,
with a funicular spiral cord on rear base; they are usually
dorsally striate.

176. Neosimnia spelta spelta (Linnaeus, 1758)
(Figure 20]: holotype)

1758 Bulla spelta Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 726

1810 Ovula spelta; Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 16:
113

1828 Ovulum obtusum Sowerby '*t, Zool. Journ., London 4: 156
(Figure 202: holotype)

1828 Ovulum secale Sowerby ', Zool. Journ., London 4: 157
(Figure 203: lectotype herein)

1834 Bulla secale; Warren, Conch. (22): 69

1859 Birostra spelta; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 273

1860 Ovulum spelta; Reeve, Elem. Conch. 1: 36

1881 Ovula obtusa; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 191; plt. 49, figs. 1, 4

1881 Ovula secalis; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 210; plt. 53, figs. 6, 7

1883 Ovula roseocarnea Bucquoy, Dautzenberg « Dollfus, Moll.
Mar. Roussillon, Paris 1: 135

1883 Ovula obtusa; Bucquoy, Dautzenberg « Dollfus, Moll.
Mar. Roussillon, Paris 1: 135

1885 Ovula sowerbyana Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 253

1885 Ovula intermedia Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 251

1885 Ovula acicularis Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 253

1885 Ovula leathesi Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 254

1887 Simnia spelta; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1887 Birostra obtusa; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1887 Simnia sowerbyana; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 328

1892 Ovula obsoleta Locard. Coq. Mar. Cétes de France,
Paris: 36

1899 Radius (Ovula) spelta; Horst « Schepman, Cat. Syst.
Moll. (2): 189

1900 Ovula lutea Pallary, Journ. de Conchyl. 48: 301

Page 90

1900 Ovula rosea Pallary, Journ. de Conchyl. 48: 301

1927 Neosimnia illyrica Schilder, Arch. Naturgesch. 91/A 10:
78 (Figure 204: holotype)

1931 Simnia (Prosimnia) spelta; Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weich-

tierk.: 271
1941 Simnia obsoleta; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3) :
108

1941 Simnia illyrica; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3: 109
1941 Pellasimnia obtusa; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
110

Description, holotype: “Bulla spelta—B. testa oblonga
utrinque attenuata aequali, labro arcuato, margine in-
crassato.—T esta alba, laevis, femine Tritici duplo major,
vix birostris, sed magis patula. Apertura longitudinalis,
lunata cum denticulo obsoleto ad apicem columella. Spira
axterna omnino nulla.” (LINNAEUS, 1758: 726)

Description, hypotype: Shell of medium size, ovate
though somewhat spindle-shaped, smooth, sub-glossy; ter-
minals somewhat obtusely produced, not directly open in
back, more pointed in front; dorsum smooth centrally,
with widely spaced incised transverse lines crossing ter-
minal collars; base smooth, glossy, pointedly ovate, with a
spiralling, thickened funicular cord curling up onto rear
terminal beak; columella and fossula depressed, outlined
adaxially with an upraised longitudinal ridge; aperture
rather straight and wide; outer lip thick, roundly rolled,
smooth, with little or no shouldering above; color ivory
throughout, with outer lip, base, and terminal beaks a
somewhat darker color.

Measurements, type: L- 12.5mm; W - 7.1 mm (approx.).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 11.9; W-5.3; H-4.0mm
(Figure 201a: C3689).

Type Locality: ““M. Mediterraneo,” here restricted to
Corsica, Mediterranean Sea (42°00’N; 09°00’ E).

Type: LSL, No. 372 [lectotype]. Originally, Linnaeus ap-
pears not to have designated a type specimen. In the type
lot there are 6 specimens, five immature and one mature,
undoubtedly the species of authors; the mature specimen
has been selected as a lectotype (DANCE: personal com-
munication) by the Linnaean Society, London; the shell is
bleached, almost white.

Distribution: Throughout the western Mediterranean
Sea; NW African coast; Canary Islands and the Azores.

Discussion: Dance (1966: 183) says, “Bulla spelta. Hanley
has isolated 5 immature shells and one mature, None are
marked and they are not from a marked box. Pasted on
the Hanley label, on the reverse of the tablet, is a worn,
old label with the legend, ‘Bulla strait. Mscr.’. This label
is not mentioned by Hanley. Presumably it was a part of

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

a piece of paper in which the shells were once wrapped.
The handwriting may be Solander’s. The Systema [Na-
turae] mentions ‘Logie,’ which would certainly make
spelta a Mediterranean species [Logies, see DANCE 1967:
174]. The mature shell looks as though it is of a different
provenance to the others and is, I believe, the spelta of
authors. Hanley has separated this specimen from the
others on the tablet, and has written against it, ‘? edit. 12
tantum.’ There is much confusion over this species and it
may be advisable to make this mature shell the lectotype
of spelta.” Therefore, I hereby designate this mature
shell the lectotype of the species.

In their listing of Neostmnia spelta (Linnaeus, 1758),
Bucquoy, DAUTZENBERG, & DoLLFus (1883), also listed
the following “Variétés: var. ex forma 1, obtusa Sow.
Variété trés épaisse, plus courte que le type et avec le labre
plus dilaté. Var. ex colore, roseo-carnea Monts. Ne différe
du type que par sa coloration qui est carnéolée.”

177. Neosimnia spelta sculptura Cate, subspec. nov.

(Figure 205: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, widely, ob-
tusely ovate, sub-glossy; terminals sharply produced; dor-
sum transversely boldly sculptured with numerous in-
cised striations throughout; base pointedly ovate, marked
throughout with numerous transversely incised lines,
except that a large portion is thinly layered with nacre,
causing some obscuring of this sculpturing; rear base
terminates in a diagonal funicular projection; aperture
straight, fairly broad; columella very weakly depressed,
fossula somewhat more so, because of adaxial longitudinal
upraised thickened ridge; outer lip thick, rounded,
unevenly smooth, narrowly shouldered above; color of
holotype is ivory throughout (possibly due to age of
specimen).

Measurements, holotype: L - 13.0; W-6.7; H- 5.0mm.

Type Locality: Sao Thomé, West Africa (00°15’N; 06°
35’E).

Type: ANSP, No. 267832 [holotype].

Discussion: The shell was collected by the Congo Expe-
dition, American Museum of Natural History, N.Y.,
1915. The shell appears to be sub-fossil, which may ex-
plain the lack of distinctive shell color. One is reminded
vaguely of the Mediterranean species Neosimnia spelta
(Linnaeus, 1758), which it resembles somewhat in shell
form. However, aside from geographic separation, it dif-
fers strikingly in the shell’s dorsal characteristics, as well

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 20] to 207

Figure 201 Figure 201 a Figure 202
Neosimnia spelta spelta (176) Neosimnia spelta spelta (176) Ovulum obtusum (176)

Figure 203 Figure 204
Ovulum secale (176) Neosimnia illyrica (176)

Figure 205 Figure 206 Figure 207
Neosimnia spelta sculptura (177) Neosimnia spelta capitia (178) Neosimnia avena ruthturnerae (180)

Vol. 15; Supplement

as in other minor features. It would seem that this ovulid
is more closely related to N. spelta spelta than to N. spelta
senegalensis (Schilder, 1931), which I have elevated to
full specific status elsewhere herein.

The new name is derived from the Latin word of the
same spelling, meaning upraised work (dorsal lines).

178. Neosimnia spelta capitia Cate, subspec. nov.

(Figure 206: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, solid, elongately ovate,
somewhat broad for its length; terminals produced, semi-
pointed adapically, more obtuse in front; dorsum very
finely, numerously transversely incisedly striate over all,
and inflatedly humped centrally; base pointedly ovate,
inflated, with a straight, acutely raised, longitudinal callus
ridge the length of front half of base; a single funicular
cord projection spirals up and left toward apex; columella
rounded, striate; fossula long, narrow, depressed, and out-
lined adaxially with an upraised carinal wall; aperture
of medium width, gently curving; outer lip smooth,
thickly rounded, shouldered above; shell color rich rose,
outer lip a lighter ivory-beige.

Measurements, holotype: L-8.8; W-4.1; H- 3.0mm.

Type Locality: Off Sombrero Island, West Indies (18°
13’N; 63°00’ W); [Sombrero Island is in Anegada Passage,
between Anegada and Anguilla Island]. Holotype col-
lected by Blake Expedition, 1877—78; in 128m of water.
Locality was verified by W. H. Dall.

Type: MCZ, No. 7353 [holotype].

Discussion: The main importance of this subspecies lies
in its relative geographic isolation, as we know it at this
time, the entire Atlantic Ocean separating it from the
nominate species. Otherwise the shell differs from Neo-
simnia spelta spelta by being relatively very small; by
having very fine, numerous dorsal striations; by the
apparent lack of columellar depression, and by possessing
arich coloration, evidently lacking in N. s. spelta.

The name is derived from the Latin word capitium,
meaning covering for the head (Sombrero Island gets its
name from the Spanish word for hat).

179. Neosimnia avena avena (Sowerby *"*, 1832)

(Figure 208: lectotype)
1832 Ovulum avena Sowerby 2"4, Conch. Illust. London, Ovu-

lum: fig. 59
1843 Ovula hordacea Kiener, Coq. Viv. 2: 16; plt. 6, figs. 6, 6a

THE VELIGER

Page 91

1848 Ovulum simile Sowerby "4, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 136
(Figure 209: holotype)

1865 Ovulum lividum Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: plt. 14,
fig. 63 (Figure 210: lectotype herein)

1881 Ovula similis; Weinkauff, Mart. & Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 209; pit. 53, figs. 1, 4

1885 Ovula avena; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 255; plt. 5, figs.
51-55

1885 Ovula livida = O. uniplicata Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 255;
plt. 5, fig. 47

1887 Simnia avena; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1887 Birostra similis; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1887 Simnia livida; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Pellasimnia similis; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
110

1956 Neosimnia avena; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127; plt.

14, fig. 16

Description, holotype: “Ovulum avena—Shell oblong,
red, extremities rather acuminated, back somewhat gib-
bous, very finely transversely striated; outer lip thickened,
paler; aperture narrow, broader at the anterior [abapical],
and notched at the posterior extremity; columella with a
single plait [funiculum] posteriorly.” (SowERBy 7"¢, 1832:
fig. 59).

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly small, ovate, sub-
glossy, solid; terminals barely produced, crescent-like
formed in back and open, almost pointed in front; dorsum
centrally humped, tapering evenly to either end; numer-
ously, finely transversely incisedly striate over all; base
inflated, somewhat elongately ovate, striate, and with a
lighter colored, upraised longitudinal thickening toward
the front; a duplex bulbous funicular swelling on adap-
ical base; aperture almost straight, flaring openly in
front, narrowing to the back; columella evenly rounded,
striate; fossula not depressed, formed only by an internal
longitudinal carinal wall; outer lip broadly flattened
ventrally, thick and shouldered above; there are no lip
teeth; color dark rosy-mauve, with lip margins and ter-
minal edges light brown; front base thickening and
ventral lip surface are light beige; internal carinal wall
almost white.

Measurements, holotype: “Length, 0.55, breadth 0.22.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 12.3; W-5.7; H-4.5mm
(C3810).

Type Locality: “Panama”, here restricted to: Estero
Soldado, Guaymas, Sonora, West Mexico (27°57’N; 110°
56’W) [approx.].

Type: BMNH, No. 1966365A [lectotype herein].

Distribution: From Guaymas, West Mexico, along west
Mexican and Central American coasts south to Calito
Mero, Peru; Chile; Galapagos Islands.

Page 92

Discussion: Sowerby said the type was found at Con-
chagua in Mexico [this locality is located approximately
70 miles east-southeast of the city of San Salvador, El
Salvador, Central America].

180. Neosimnia avena ruthturnerae Cate, subspec. nov.

(Figure 207: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, elongate, ovate, taper-
ing evenly to either end, angularly crescent shaped at rear
terminal outlet; terminals well developed, open at either
end; dorsum evenly arched over all, very boldly trans-
versely incisedly striate over all, with right side margin
broadly formed, thick, longitudinally layered with growth
lines; base long, narrow, smooth though faintly striate,
visible through nacreous layer, convexly ovate, narrow-
ing thickly to the front; funiculum on rear base fairly
well developed; aperture almost straight, fairly wide;
columella just barely flattened, weakly striate; fossula
formed by elevation of internal carinal ridge; outer lip
thick, rounded, smooth; dorsal color pinkish white, base,
canals and interior of shell pinkish-beige.

Measurements, holotype: L-7.4; W - 3.0; H- 2.4mm.

Type Locality: Florida Keys; MCZ Hassler Expedition;
12 July 1872; (24°40’N; 81°10’ W).

Type: MCZ, No. 48545 [holotype].

Discussion: This Caribbean ovulid seems most closely
allied to the seemingly analogous Eastern Pacific Neo-
simnia avena (Sowerby °*"*, 1832), to which I assign it
subspecifically; additional discovery and research may
eventually prove it to be a distinct species. It differs from
N. avena avena by being a consistently smaller form; by
the crisper, larger, and heavier dorsal striae; by the better
developed columellar area; and by the shell color, which
appears to be constant in both subspecies, and, finally,
geographical separation of the two taxa is well established.

181. Neosimnia seminulum (Sowerby ‘*, 1828)

(Figure 2//: holotype)

1828 Ovulum seminulum Sowerby *t, Zool. Journ. 4: 157

1881 Ovula seminulum; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst.
Cab. 211; plt. 53, figs. 9, 12

1887 Simnia seminulum; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Pellasimnia seminulum; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 109

1956 Neosimnia formicaria Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, holotype: “Ovulum seminulum—O. testa
oblonga, medio ventricosiuscula, carneo-rubescente; ex-
tremitatibus obtusis; labii externi margine rotundato,
edentulo; labio columellari depresso.’’ (SowERBy **,
1828: 157).

Description, hypotype: Shell medium sized, ovate, some-
what broad, flattened; terminals blunt, roundly produced;
dorsum smooth, glossy throughout; base ovate, glossy,
tapering and constricting to the front, with no terminal
ridge present; funiculum very weakly formed; aperture
narrow to the rear, becoming increasingly broad in front;
outer lip and terminals glossy; outer lip thickened and
without teeth; color delicate lavender, except that central
dorsal area becomes pale grey-white; base, terminals and
outer lip are white.

Measurements, holotype: “Long. 5/20, lat. 2/20, poll.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 13.1; W-6.6; H-5.3mm
(Figure 21J/a: ANSP 39450).

Type Locality: ‘Friendly Islands’ [Tonga]; here re-
stricted to Port Curtis, Queensland, Australia (24°00’S;
151°26’E).

Type: BMNH, No. 1874.12.11.182 [holotype].

Distribution: Trial Bay; Moreton Bay; Lizard Island;
and Port Denison (Bowen), Queensland, East Australia.

Discussion: It should be noted that the figured hypotype
has only a hint of funicular development, while in other
shells this area has been more fully developed. Viewing
the ventral aspect of the shell, one gets the impression
of flatness. Sowerby says of the species: ‘‘Shell one of the
smallest species I have seen; a single specimen was pre-
served in Mr. G. Humphrey’s collection, labelled ‘Semi-
cowry, Friendly Islands.’ ”’

0
Phenacovolva Iredale, 1939

Type species: Phenacovolva nectarea Iredale, 1930 [OD]

Syn.: Radius Schumacher, 1817 [homonym]
Essai Nouv. Syst. Vers. Test., Copenhagen: 259
Type species: Radius brevirostris Schumacher, 1817

[M]

Shells in this genus are narrowly ovate centrally, with
narrow lanceolate terminal processes at either end of
shell.

Tue VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 208 to 214

Figure 208 Figure 209 bee, q
Neosimnia avena avena (179) Ovulum simile (179) Figure 210
Ovulum lividum (179)

Figure 211 Figure 21] a Figure 212
Neosimnia seminulum (181) Neosimnia seminulum (181) Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva)
rosea rosea (182)

Figure 213 a
Phenacovolva
Figure 212 a Figure 213 (Phenacovolva) Figure 214
Phenacovolva Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) 705ea nectarea (183) | Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva)
(Phenacovolva) rosea lahainaensis (184)

rosea nectarea (183
rosea rosea (182) ee)

Vol. 15; Supplement

o
(Phenacovolva) Iredale, 1939

182. Phenacovolva (Phenacovolua) rosea rosea
(A. Adams, 1854)

(Figures 2]2a: original illustration; 272C: hypotype)

1854 Volva rosea A. Adams, Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 130;
pit. 28, fig. 9 (Figure 252: original illustration)

1865 Ovulum roseum; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: pit. 10,
figs. 44a, 44b

1877 Volva carpenteri Dunker, Malak. Blatter 24: 75 (DUNKER,
1882: plt. 13, figs. 1, 2)

1887 Volva adamsi Dunker, Malak. Blatter 24: 75 (DUNKER,
1882: plt. 13, figs. 3, 4)

1885 Ovula adamsit Dunker = O. angasi Tryon, Man. Conch.
7: 252; pit. 4, fig. 9

1885 Ovula philippinarum Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 252; plt. 4,
fig. 2

1887 Birostra philippinarum; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1:
326

1887 Birostra rosea; Patel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1899 Radius (Ovula) adamsi; Horst & Schepman, Cat. Syst.
Moll. (2): 89

1941 Pellasimnia carpenteri; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3) : 110

1941 Volva (Phenacovolva) rosea; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk.
73 (2/3): 110

1956 Neosimnia lanceolata Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Volva rosea—V. testa elongata,
medio ventricosa, ad extremitates attenuata, coarctata,
retiuscula, rosea, albo-varicosa, laevi, dorso fascia angusta,
transversa, albida ornato, labio in medio ventricoso, ad
extremitates subrecurvo, labro crasso, antice angulatim
arcuato, ad canalem emarginato.”’ (A. ApAMs, 1854: 130).

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly large, elongately
ovate, strong, body whorl cylindrical; terminals narrowly
attenuate, with minute transverse incised lines over both
terminal extremities; central dorsum glossy, smooth,
without sculpture; outer lip unevenly thickened, rounded,
angled above, shouldered, and obscurely crenate within;
aperture long, fairly wide; outer lip gently curving, but
abruptly constricted abapically and angled adaxially;
columella, smoothly calloused, with a funicular welt at
start of rear terminal channel, becoming obscurely cre-
nate to the beak-end; color varies from pale rose, lavender,
various hues of orange, orange-brown, to red-brown, with
the right upper lip margin off-white.

- Measurements, holotype: “Long. 35 mill. diam. maxima
7 mill.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 41.9; W-10.7; H- 8.0mm
(Figure 212: C3587).

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Page 93

Type Locality: ““China’’; here restricted to Kii, Kii Chan-
nel, Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E).

Type: Locality unknown; possibly the Berlin Museum,
where many Dunker types are kept. (Humboldt Museum,
East Berlinr).

Distribution: Tosa Bay; S Japan; Ryukyu Islands; Tai-
wan; Manila Bay, Philippines; Mainland coast of China;
Sulu Archipelago, to NW Australia.

Discussion: This species is often mistaken for several
other species, especially Phenacovolva birostris (Lin-
naeus, 1767) [= P. philippinarum (Sowerby 7%, 1848];
however, it is quite distinct. It differs by being broader,
more angular at both ends of the outer lip; by having a
more distinctly developed funicular cord on the rear base;
by having a more open, curving aperture, and by being
generally a larger, more bulky shell. Of Ovula rosea A.
Apams (1854) said: “Like V. birostra, but is more slender
[= brevirostris of Schumacher, 1817], and more attenuated
posteriorly, and wants the spiral fold [funiculum] on the
hind part of the inner lip; the anterior beak is straight
and not recurved, and the marginal varix of the outer
lip is thinner.”’ It would have been helpful if Adams had
given the shell’s dimensions, as his description is some-
what nebulous for comparative work. Dunker’s synony-
mous Volva adams: is described thus: ‘“Testa angusta
extensa utrinque sensim rostrata, nitida, rufescens vel
alba, extremitatibus lineis transversis puncturatis sub
vitre tantum conspicuis instructa; aperture rectiuscula
angusta antice subdilatata utrinque subtruncata; labrum
incrassatum laeve. Long. 20 mill. lat. vix 6 mill.”

It seems appropriate here to point out a few details in
the species complex of Phenacovolva rosea rosea (A.
Adams, 1854), which includes P. rosea nectarea Iredale,
1930, P. rosea lahainaensis (Cate, 1969), and P. birostris
(Linnaeus, 1767). It is apparent that these three forms
have been the basis for much past misunderstanding. Part
of this confusion has probably been brought about by the
somewhat remarkable morphological variation to be
observed in one of the subspecies, P. rosea nectarea. As its
range extends into the Philippine ecological environment,
it develops a tendency to lengthen both front and back
terminal processes to the extent that they often become
unusually lanceolate, even slightly recurved. It is impor-
tant not to become confused by the unusual development
of the shell’s terminal beaks.

The Dunker and Iredale subspecies appear to be closely
related, with size, color, and geography playing an im-
portant part in their sub-specific separation. Phenacovolva
rosea rosea is almost always a much large shell form, living
most abundantly in the northern waters of the Philip-
pines, Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, and Japan. P. rosea nec-

Page 94

tarea is nearly always much smaller, narrower, ranging
from the central Philippines south to about Moreton
Bay, Queensland. Both of these subspecies have the
typical narrow central transverse dorsal light color band
of pale grey (sometimes this band is very faint). While
P. rosea rosea can often be recognized by its large size,
P. rosea nectarea and P. birostris are usually similar in
size, smaller than P. rosea rosea, but they can be distin-
guished from one another quite readily: P. birostris ap-
pears to range from the central Philippines north to
Japan; its most prominent difference is the absence of the
transverse dorsal color band; the shell is usually of a
constant (within a very minor range of color variation)
brownish color; it is a noticeably narrower shell, with a
very narrow, straight aperture, as well; and the outer lip,
abapically, is far less constricted, leaving the front aper-
tural opening narrower. Phenacovolva rosea lahainaensis
is more of a geographical subspecies, although it possesses
significant differences in its shell; it is very thinly formed,
with a broader, shorter, more spindle-shaped outline, and
it is a rich red-orange color. This subspecies seems to be
confined to the Hawaiian Islands.

183. | Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) rosea nectarea
Iredale, 1930

(Figure 2/3: holotype)

1930 Phenacovolva nectarea Iredale, Queensld. Moll. Notes
(2) 10 (1): 85; plt. 9, fig. 6

1941 Voluva (Phenacovolva) nectarea; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 110

1956 Volva (Phenacolepas) nectarea; Allan [ferr.], Cowries
World Seas: 134

Description, holotype: “Belonging to the “birostris”
series but of different proportions. Shell elongate, swollen
medially, extremities prolonged, mouth linear. Color
pink, extremities brownish, a narrow white band around
the middle. Sculpture consisting of fine striae showing in
the adult on the ends only but covering the immature.
The posterior canal is a little longer than the anterior and
narrow; the anterior canal is also a little broader; the
mouth is a little more open anteriorly though still narrow;
the inner lip seen as a very fine glaze only with no pos-
terior nodulation, and only a very slight swelling anteri-
orly. The columella shows a faint plication internally.
The outer lip is thickened and rolled back and shows no
internal noduling. Prostmnia [Phenacovolva (Pellasim-
nia)| angasi Reeve is much smaller, stouter, extremities
shorter, outer lip more thickened, and carries a notable
swelling medially on the inner lip.” (IREDALE, 1930: 85.)

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, hypotype: Shell of medium size, fairly light-
weight, long, narrow, sub-ovate; terminals lanceolately
attenuated, at times slightly reflected adapically, rather
squarely open at the ends; dorsum smooth, glossy, except
for widely spaced, transverse incised lines near both ter-
minal beaks; base glossy, narrowly ovate, becoming very
narrow and thick at either end; there may be a slight
funicular swelling adapically; columella smooth, without
depression; aperture narrows to the rear, open and wide
to the front; outer lip rounded, thick at edge, abruptly
constricted, angled in front, acutely shouldered above;
there are no lip teeth; dorsal color caramel, red-brown,
to pinkish white, with a narrow pale grey, transverse band
across central surface; outer lip edge stark white; terminal
beaks orange to orange-brown.

Measurements, holotype: L-38.0mm; W - 9.5mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 22.2; W-6.1; H-4.7mm
(Figure 2/3a: C3655).

Type Locality: “Queensland. Type dredged in 16 - 20
meters, Port Curtis.”

Type: AM,No. C.57746 [holotype].

Distribution: from Keppel Bay south to Moreton Bay,
Queensland; possibly as far south as Sydney, New South
Wales; and north, restrictedly, into the Celebes and Sulu
Seas.

Discussion: This subspecies appears to differ very little
from Phenacovolva rosea rosea (Adams, 1854), except that
the East Australian animal has a smaller, narrower shell,
and appears to be restricted to Queensland waters and
adjoining seas. The Iredale name is here tentatively
retained to identify the animal living in the East Austra-
lian distributional range. The species varies in size; a
paratype (C3896) has the following dimensions: L - 31.5;
W - 13.2; H- 6.1mm; Iredale’s type is even larger.

184. Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) lapeanaeres
(Cate, 1969)

(Figure 2/4: holotype)

1969 Volva (Phenacovolva) lahainaensis Cate, The Veliger
11 (4): 365; plt. 56, fig. 2

Description, holotype: “Volva (Phenacovolva) lahainaen-
sis—Shell narrow, elongately-ovate, subcylindrical, light
in weight though strong; body whorl inflated, narrowing
abruptly toward the terminals; dorsum _ transversely
sculptured with faint, parallel, zigzag embossed lines

Vol. 15; Supplement

adapically and abapically, though lines do not zigzag
anteriorly; terminals long narrow, pinched laterally, both
in front and in back, more so in front; aperture narrow
to the rear, widening, becoming openly constricted abapic-
ally; left margin rounded, not thickened, right margin on
outer lip thickened, sharply, abruptly formed, creating
a sharp angle with the body whorl, thus becoming keeled
into a carina which extends entire length of outer lip;
fossula primitively formed, subconcave, slightly more so
centrally; columella smooth, glossy, with a bifid (almost
trifid) first funiculum adapically; shell predominantly
translucent orange in color, although the body whorl
reflects an overtone of orange-grey; a distinct, deep, rich
orange line encircles shell at the margins, broken only
by terminal openings, on the right side enveloping the
sharp marginal angle of the outer lip carina; without
teeth, almost sharp, adaxial edge of outer lip is noticeably
lighter in color in some specimens; interior of shell,
fossula, columella, and interior of terminal channels rich
orange color, funiculum a shade lighter.’ (CATE, 1969:
365).

Measurements, holotype: L- 31.2; W-9.1; H- 7.3mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 21.0; W-7.1; H-6.1mm
(C3804).

Type Locality: 58m of water, off SW shore, Maui, Ha-
wail; ‘Lahaina Roads’.

Type: BPBM, No. 217597 [holotype].

Discussion: This apparently geographically isolated, very
deep water form appears to differ from the more western
nominate species by having a very much thinner, trans-
lucent shell; by being more broad and blunt at the ter-
minal ends, and by having a more rounded base. In
Hawaii it lives apparently on black coral only.

185. Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) birostris
(Linnaeus, 1767)

(Figure 2/5: lectotype)

1767 Bulla birostris Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 1 (2): 1182,
No. 371

1810 Ovula birostris; Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris,
16: 113

1848 Ovulum philippinarum Sowerby2"4, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London: 136 (Figure 216: C3657)

1856 Ovulum birostris; Hanley, Index Test.: 91

1859 Birostra birostris; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 273

1881 Ovula philippinarum; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst.

- Conch. Cab.: 199; plt. 51, figs. 1-4
1887 Birostra philppimarum; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

THE VELIGER

Page 95

1941 Volva (Phenacovolva) birostris; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 110

1941 Pellasimnia philippinarum = subreflexa; Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 110

1956 Volva sowerbyana Allan, Cowries World Seas: 132

1956 Volva philippinarum; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 133

Description, holotype: “Bulla birostris 371. B. testa bi-
rostri, margine extus incrassato, rostris elongatis laevibus.
Testa similis B. Volvae, sed minor, magnitudine Fabae,
angustior, laevis, incarnato-albida. Rostra aequalia, lae-
via, fere ventris testae longitudine, oblique truncata, al-
tero parum adscendente. Margo extus longitudinalis in-
crassatus. Rima subaequalis, versus rcstrum adscendens
latior.” (LinNagEus, 1767: 1182, No. 371) (Lister, 1757-
72: pit. 711, fig. 66: “parva admodum tenuis, leviter
purpurascens. ” )

Description, hypotype: Shell elongate, narrow, ovate,
glossy: terminals attenuate, tapering lanceolately front
and back; dorsum glossy, transversely incisedly striate at
either end over terminal beaks, striation becoming ob-
solete or only very faintly so centrally; base long, narrow,
ovate, with a very weak funicular elevation adapically,
or the cord may be entirely absent; aperture narrow,
widening to the front; columella roundly thickened,
smooth, fossula faintly depressed; outer lip roundly thick-
ened, with a faint crenulation and other irregular protru-
sions, and weakly shouldered above; dorsal color brownish-
mauve to reddish-purple; outer lip, base, callus yellow-
ish-beige, terminal canals are often orange.

Measurements, type: L-28.5mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 28.3; W-6.9; H-5.5mm
(Figure 215a: C3657).

Type Locality: ‘Java’; here restricted to off Bataan,
Manila Bay, Philippines (14°40’N; 120°25’E).

Type: LSL, No. 371 [lectotype].

Distribution: Philippines; Taiwan; Ryukyu Islands; and
Japan.

Discussion: According to S. Peter Dance (personal com-
munication): “Bulla birostris. Hanley [Sylvanus Charles
Thorp (see Dance 1966: 183)], has isolated two un-
marked shells that he said came from the same box; he
did not mention a marked box. Two species were present.
One of these is Ovulwm longirostratum Sowerby, as stated
by Dodge [1959]. Dodge’s sound argument that this is
Linné’s birostris is borne out by a study of the description.
Hanley [see Dance 1967A: 4] had already come to the
same conclusion. The other specimen is the Radius
brevirostris of Schumacher (1817: 259), and this is the

Page 96

birostris of authors! It must keep Schumacher’s name.
The smaller shell in the box, the loose one, should be
made lectotype of birostris. [I herewith designate this
smaller specimen, No. 371, the lectotype of birostris—
C. N. Cate.]. In the British Museum (Natural History)
collection some specimens of birostris of authors (= brevi-
rostris Schumacher) are labelled spelta! Both shells in the
Linnaean collection are now yellowish-white in color.”
For an added evaluation of this species see SCHILDER
(1966: 98). A syntype of Ovulum philippinarum Sow-
erby 7°, 1848, is at BMNH, No. 1969133.

186. Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) tayloriana
(Azuma «& Cate, 1971)

(Figure 217: holotype)

1971: Phenacovolva tayloriana Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13
(3): 265; fig. 10

Description, holotype: “Phenacovolva tayloriana—Shell
small, long, narrow, thin, translucent; terminals thin,
knife-like on edges, open, though blunt at ends, taperingly
produced, narrowly so to the rear, square in front; dorsum
sub-glossy, with fine, numerous transverse incised striae,
which become almost obsolete centrally (except under a
strong glass); base smooth, glossy, elongately ovate, nar-
rowing considerably in front, with hardly any funicular
swelling in back; columella smooth, glossy, rounded,
without depression; fossula barely existent; aperture
long, narrow, twisting, widening in front due to an acute
angling of the outer lip; outer lip long, narrow, twisting,
thick, rolled, smooth; dorsal color pale yellow-brown,
darkening on the adapical terminal collar; terminal tips
pale translucent grey; base and canals yellow-brown;
outer lip off-white.” (AzUMA & CATE, 1971: 265).

Measurements, holotype: L- 11.8; W-3.2; H- 2.8mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 17.7; W-4.6; H- 3.8mm
(Figure 217a: MA 15612).

Type Locality: 2-3km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 55m of water; leg. Azuma,
15 February 1970.

Type: MA, No. 1739A [holotype].

Discussion: This species, originally compared with Phen-
acovolva improcera Azuma &, Cate, 1971, may be better
compared with Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) recurva (A.
Adams & Reeve, 1848), but on close examination of their
shells there may be seen a distinct difference in their
general morphology. Phenacovolva tayloriana Azuma &

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Cate, 1971, differs by having less striation dorsally; by
having an evenly rounded, more cylindrical body whorl,
rather than sub-rhomboid, and angular centrally; by
having less narrow, lanceolate, lengthened terminal proc-
esses; by the outer lip’s being in different relationship
to the base, and this species has a thinner, more translu-
cent shell; color may be a deciding factor as well. It is the
comparable acute constriction of the abapical outer lip
that may bring about mistaking this for the Adams and
Reeve species.

187. Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) recurva
(A. Adams « Reeve, 1848)

(Figure 2/8: holotype)

1843 Ovulum recuruum A. Adams « Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Moll., London; Ovulum: 21; plt. 6, fig. 3

1859 Birostra recurva; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 173

1864 Cyphoma elongatum A. Adams, Proc. Linn. Soc. London
7: 96

1881 Ovula recurva; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 198; plt. 50, figs. 8, 10

1885 Ovula (Cyphoma) elongata; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 256

1941 Volva (Phenacovolva) recurva; Schilder, Arch. Mollusken-
k. 73 (2/3): 110

1956 Volva recurva; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 132

1971 Volva longirostrata Cernohorsky, Rec. Auckland Mus. 8:
126

Description, holotype: “Ovulum recurvum—Ovul. testa
elongata, medio ventricosa, sub-angulata; laevigata, ad
extremitates attenuata, recurva; labio externo crasso, an-
ticé angulatim arcuato, ad extremitates truncato; labio in
medio ventricoso, ad extremitates attenuato, recurvo.” (A.
ADAMS & REEVE, 1848: 21).

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly small, very narrow,
oblong, lanceolate, sub-cylindrical, transparent (interior
of shell clearly visible); terminals extended needle-like,
abruptly truncate at either end; dorsum smooth, almost
glossy, with only faint concentric striation emanating
very restrictedly on each terminal beak, there is a hint of
additional dorsal striation; base long, ovate, smooth,
glossy with the same faint striation; no fossular cord on
adapical base; columella slightly flattened, longitudinally
ridged within; fossula only barely apparent; aperture
long, narrow, undulating; outer lip hugging the curva-
ture of the columellar base; constriction of outer lip
Opening up aperture in front; outer lip broad, curving
inward, smooth, without crenulation; shell color glassy,
transparent, with side margins, lip, and terminal ends
off-white.

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 215 to 220

Figure 215 Figure 215 a
Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) birostris (185)

Figure 216
Ovulum philippinarum (185)

Figure 217 Figure 217 a

Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) tayloriana (186)
Figure 218

Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) recurva (187)

Figure 219 Figure 220
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) parvita (188) Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) angast (189)

Vol. 15; Supplement

Measurements, holotype: approx. L - 22.0; W - 5.0mm.
Type Locality: “China Seas”.
Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.149 [holotype].

Discussion: Of this species the authors said: ‘“The canals
are not so much attenuated as in O. longirostrum [sic], and
the outer lip is more suddenly narrowed into the anterior
canal. It is thick, and pressed closely against the body
whorl at the upper part, so as to leave the aperture very
narrow.”

188. Phenacovolva (Phenacovolva) parvita
Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 219: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, very narrowly, elon-
gately recurved, lanceolate, body whorl thin, glassy-
translucent; terminals long, narrow, needle-like, curving
upward; dorsal area restricted by the approach, breadth,
and position of comparatively broad side margins; dorsum
exceedingly finely transversely striate; parallel, broadly
thickened side margins cover a significantly large portion
of upper shell surface, all of dorsal terminal beak surface,
with only an incised mantle line separating right from
left; terminal end roundly formed, with an arched open-
ing adapically; base very narrow, smooth, glossy, and there
is no funicular cord on inner rear lip; canals very long,
almost tubular; columella faintly flattened, with only a
faint carinal elevation in front to suggest a fossula; aper-
ture long, tortuous, narrow, opening somewhat toward
front canal due to constriction of outer lip; outer lip
smooth, glossy, surface rounded, varying in width; color:
a yellow line encircles the marginal suture above outer
lip; a deep rosy blush over adapical terminal collar; base
rosy beige; canals deep rose; side margins and terminal tips
off-white.

Measurements, holotype: L-10.7; W-2.4; H- 2.0mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 30 - 40m of water; leg. S.
Habu, 7 January 1971.

Type: MA, No. D-1090 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species somewhat resembles Phena-
covolva recurva (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848), but differs
- from it in many ways: it is a very much smaller form; it
has a peculiar broadening, enveloping appearance of the
side margins; it is somewhat more recurved adapically;
and it is more numerously, finely striate over all. The

THE VELIGER

Page 97

name is derived from the Latin parvitas, meaning little-
ness, smallness.

(Pellasimnia) Iredale, 1931
Type species: Ovulum angasi Reeve, 1865 [OD]

Shells of this group are long, narrow, with ovate base,
attenuating narrowly to either end; lanceolate, sub-
simniid in form, and with only a rudimentary funicular
cord present at adapical base canal.

189. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) angasi (Reeve, 1865)
(Figure 220: lectotype)

1865 Ovulum angasi Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum: plt. 10,
figs. 43a, 43b

1881 Ovula angasi; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 199; plt. 51, figs. 5, 8

1885 Ovula philippinarum; Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 252; plt. 4,
figs. 3, 4

1887 Birostra angasi; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 326

1935 Pellasimnia angasi; Iredale, Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 104

1956 Neosimnia subreflexa Allan, Cowries World Seas: 128

Description, holotype: “Ovulum angasi—Shell lanceo-
lately ovate, rather compressed, ivory-white, shining, ex-
tremities blunt, lip and columella thickly callous,
moderately sinuated at the lower part, aperture very
narrow.” (REEVE, 1865: plt. 10, fig. 43).

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly large, body whorl
spindle-shaped, narrowly ovate, rather solidly formed,
glossy-white, porcellaneous; terminals taper gradually to
open-ended beaks at either end; dorsum smooth, glossy,
glistening, with numerous extremely fine transverse in-
cised striae throughout, except that striae become almost
obsolete centrally, most prominent over terminal collars;
base smooth, glossy, narrowly ovate, slightly constricted in
front; columella smooth, narrow, flatly, shallowly de-
pressed, with no fossular depression apparent; aperture
almost straight, narrow, except that it flares somewhat
openly in front due to constriction of outer lip; outer lip
thickened, fairly broad, reflecting inward and downward,
almost closing aperture; color shining, glistening white,
interior a very pale pinkish-grey, with adapical canal a
variable rose color.

Measurements, holotype: L- 19.0; W- 4.5mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L - 32.0; W-7.9; H- 6.4mm.
(Figure 220a: C3681).

Type Locality: Port Curtis, Queensland, Australia.

Page 98

Type: BMNH, No. 1969127 [syntype]. There are three
shells in type lot.

Distribution: From Queensland, Australia, to Japan. Off
Bolipongpong Island; Tapul Island, Philippines. Off the
Kii Peninsula (Kiiand Tosa), Japan (Figure 220b: C2537).

Discussion: One should have little difficulty in identify-
ing this species because of its characteristic, porcellaneous
glossy white to pale beige colored shell. However, it
should be mentioned that occasionally the terminal tips
may be lightly colored with pale brown, particularly those
taken off the Kii Peninsula, Japan, in lobster nets (leg.
Azuma, 21 March 1970; 2-3km off Kirimesaki, Kii, in
deep water). Reeve gave no dimensions for this species;
those recorded here for the type are approximate, and ap-
pear to be uncommonly small for this species; all those that
[ have seen have been almost twice the size of Reeve’s type.

190. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) subreflexa
( A. Adams « Reeve, 1848)

(Figure 22]: lectotype)

1848 Ovulum sub-reflexcum A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Moll., Qvulum, London: 20; plt. 6, fig. 10

1881 Ovula subreflexa; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 201; plt. 51, figs. 9, 12

1885 Ovula philippinarum Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 252; plt. 4,
figs. 6, 7

1887 Birostra subreflexa; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Pellasimnia philippinarum; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk.
73 (2/3): 110

1956 Neosimnia subreflexa; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 128

1971 Phenacovolva kiiensis Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13 (3) :
265; fig. 11

Description, holotype: “Ovulum sub-reflexum—Ovul.
testa oblonga, albida, laevigata, sub-rostrata; dorso in
medio sub-angulato; extremitatibus, sub-recurvis; aper-
tura angusta; canalibus sub-emarginatis; labio externo
laevi, rotundato, supra medium sub-angulato, anticé sub-
angulatim, arcuato; labio interne posticé tumido, ad
canalem producto, recedente, intus longitudinaliter de-
presso, antice ad canalem producto.” “An oblong, smooth,
white shell, with the extremities rather produced, blunt
and turned upwards. The outer lip is smooth, round,
flexuous.”” (A. ADAMS & REEVE, 1848: 20.) It should be
added the dorsum is without striation; the columella is
rounded, smooth, without depression; there is no funic-
ulum adapically on the base; a faintly upraised adaxial
ridge suggests a weak fossula; and the shell’s color is a
rich orange-beige dorsally, overlaid with a fairly broad,
diffused yellow line the length of outer lip margin, which
connects at either end with a line of small, solid, looping

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Vol. 15; Supplement

circles of yellow color over most of the central length of
dorsum (all clearly visible under a microscope); base
beige; funicular area and interior of shell deeper orange;
outer lip edge stark white.

Measurements, holotype: Not recorded.

Measurements, Phenacovolva kitensis: L- 20.9; W - 5.5;
H - 4.4mm (MA 1737).

Type Locality: ‘‘Coast of Bilaton” [Billiton; Belitung; or
Belitoeng: an island, Java Sea, off SE coast of Sumatra,
Netherlands Indies].

Type: BMNH, No. 1910.31.312.313 [lectotype herein].

Distribution: Amirante Island (Indian Ocean, E of Tan-
ganyika, SW of Seychelles Islands); Adams & Reeve Station
E. 12, in 59m; East Africa and Japan.

Discussion: It is most unfortunate that the type photo-
graphs of this species arrived in the author's hands too
late to forestall the publication of Phenacovolva kiiensis
Azuma & Cate, 1971.

191. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) diantha Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 222: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small for the genus, long,
narrow, lanceolate, gently reflexed at the terminals; ter-
minals open ended, narrowly attenuate, bluntly sharp at
ends, adapical terminal longer; dorsum almost smooth,
shining, except for numerous, exceedingly fine longi-
tudinal growth lines; numerous fine transverse striae
emanate from either end of shell, with central dorsum a
curious network of transverse and longitudinal lines (visi-
ble only under a microscope); base long, narrowly ovate,
glossy, tapering gradually, narrowly to front and back; no
terminal ridge, nor funicular swelling on rear base; colu-
mella smooth, without depression; fossula indicated only
by elevation of an adaxial carinal hump; aperture straight,
long, very narrow to the rear, becoming more open in
front due to angular constriction of outer lip, narrowing
of base; outer lip smooth, more or less straight though un-
dulatingly thick; color pinkish-ivory, with a very pale
pinkish tinge on dorsum, outer lip edge almost white.

Measurements, holotype: L - 22.6; W- 5.0; H- 4.3mm.

Type Locality: Off Kii, Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in
37 m of water.

Type: ANSP, No. 278056 [holotype].

Distribution: Appears limited to waters of Eastern Japan.

Tue VE.IcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 220 a to 224a

Figure 220 a Figure 220 b
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) angasi (189)

Figure 22]
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) subreflexa (190)

Figure 22] a Figure 222 ge
Phenacovolva kiiensis (190) Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia)

diantha (191)

Figure 223
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) improcera (192)

Figure 223 a Figure 224
_ Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia)

improcera (192) rehderi (193) renee

Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) rehderi (193)

~

Vol. 15; Supplement

Discussion: This new species most closely resembles
Phenacovolva subreflexa (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848) but
differs from that species by being a somewhat longer, nar-
rower shell; by a more acute reflexing of adapical terminal

‘beak; by having the outer lip more acutely angular in

back; by having longer, narrower, and reflexed terminal
beaks; by being more angularly shouldered dorsally, and
by having a colorful shell, rather than milk-white. The
pinkish haze color of the shell suggests its name, which is
derived from the Latin dianthus, meaning pink.

192.

Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) improcera
(Azuma & Cate, 1971)

(Figure 223: holotype)

1971 Phenacovolva improcera Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13
(3): 265; fig. 12

Description, holotype: “Phenacovolva improcera—Shell
small, long, narrow [thin], almost translucent, sub-glossy;
terminals tapering, with angling edges, open ended;
dorsum rounded, inflated centrally, with fine transverse
incised striae over all; base smooth, long, narrowly ovate,
constricted in front, with a very weak funicular thickening
in back; columella broad, shallowly depressed, striate,
with a very shallow fossular area in front; aperture long,
very narrow, open in front; outer lip roundly smooth,
with an undulating curvature; color milk-white over all,

with a faint olive-brown darkening at the terminal tips.”

(AzuMA & CarTE, 1971: 265.)
Measurements, holotype: L- 11.7; W- 3.1; H- 2.6mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 55- 91m; leg. Azuma, 15
February 1970.

Type: MA, 1739B [holotype].

Distribution: Off Cape Deimen, Darwin, NW Australia;
and Japan.

Discussion: The hypotype (Figure 223a: C3752) from
NW Australia measures: L- 18.3; W-5.0; H- 4.1mm.

193. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) rehderi Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 224: holotype)

_ Description, holotype: Shell fairly large, centrally broad,

tapering acuminately to either end, thin, translucent; ter-
minals narrowly extended; dorsum numerously trans-
versely incised with striation extending over base onto

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Page 99

columella, where the lines become very faint; base evenly
ovate, without fossular or funicular character; aperture
fairly broad, more so in front, curving; outer lip thin,
though finely thickened and rounded along the edge, al-
most cord-like; color milk-white over all, except that
terminal ends are pale orange-brown with a fine golden
line the length of the shell at the right margin shoulder;
interior pale lavender-mauve.

Measurements, holotype: L - 33.3; W- 9.5; H- 7.5mm.

Type Locality: Off Kii, Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in
27 m of water.

Type: USNM, No. 607171 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species appears to be unlike any
other nearly related form in this genus, with shell mor-
phology distinct enough to separate it from its nearest
congener. It may, however, be compared with the follow-
ing new species, Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) clenchi Cate,
spec. nov., from which it differs by being a larger shell
form, with a different shell outline; by having a less an-
gular curve of the outer lip; by being a thin, translucent
shell; by possessing a different striate pattern on dorsum;
by having its terminals less recurved; the aperture open-
ing is likewise different; this species has color at the ter-
minal tips and within the shell, and there is a golden line
in the suture above the callus of the outer lip. I have
named this species in honor of Dr. Harald Alfred Rehder,
Senior Zoologist, Division of Mollusks, United States
National Museum, Washington, D.C. The hypotype
(Figure 224a), MCZ 276102, from Tanabe Bay, Kii,
Japan: L- 29.2; W-9.2; H-7.5mm.

194. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) clenchi Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 225: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell fairly small for the genus,
sub-ovate, sub-cylindrical, attenuating gradually to either
end; terminals tapering, narrow, bluntly pointed; dorsum
very finely longitudinally striate, with widely spaced, dis-
tinct incised transverse lines throughout, striae becoming
more frequent and diagonal over terminals; base ellipti-
cally ovate, long, tapering, narrow toward the front end,
except that there are very weak successive spiral funicular
cords at rear; columella without depression, but trans-
versely striate; aperture curving, narrow to the rear, more
open to the front; outer lip edge thickened, curving,
angular, distinctly shouldered above, with exceedingly
weak crenulation, almost smooth; color milk-white ove1
all, with a very faint hint of yellow at abapical terminal
edge.

Page 100

Measurements, holotype: L- 19.2; W- 6.2; H- 4.7mm.

Type Locality: United States Bureau of Fisheries Station
5335; in 84m of water; Linapacan Strait, off Observatory
Island, Palawan, Philippines (11°35’N; 119°50’E).

Type: USNM, No. 282618 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species may be most closely related
to Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) rehderi (herein) from Ja-
pan; however, it differs by having a smaller shell; by hav-
ing bolder and more distinct dorsal and ventral striation;
by being faintly recurved at both ends; by having a heavier,
more angular, thicker’ outer lip construction, and by
having a differently proportioned apertural area.

The species is named in honor of Dr. William James
Clench, Professor Emeritus, Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University.

195. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) nossibeensis
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 226: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell inflatedly ovate centrally,
with lanceolately tapering terminal processes; shell thin,
transparent, delicate; terminals narrowly, evenly pro-
duced; dorsum smooth, glossy, except for numerous, very
fine, longitudinal growth lines; dorsum numerously trans-
versely incisedly striate throughout, becoming only lightly
so centrally; striation over either terminal collar a check-
ered pattern, crossing growth lines; base narrowly ovate,
striate, except for medial enlarged area; base tapers
abruptly, narrowly to either beak; terminal ridge absent in
front, funicular swelling absent in back; aperture fairly
wide, almost straight; columella and fossula area not de-
pressed; outer lip thin; color transparent milk-white.

Measurements, holotype: L- 15.5; W-5.0; H- 4.1mm.

Type Locality: Foster, Ostheimer, Buerk, Dodd Expedi-
tion Sta. H66. 7 miles W of Angorombala, SW Nossi Bé,
NW Madagascar, Indian Ocean (18°15’S; 48°15’E); in
64m, fine sand and mud; 22 September 1960.

Type: ANSP, No. 259661 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species has some of the shell char-
acteristics of Phenacovolva rehderi Cate (herein) but dif-
fers from it by being much smaller; by having a thinner,
more delicate shell; by having a comparatively larger, in-
flated base (body whorl), and by having none of the bright
colors seen in P. rehderi.

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Vol. 15; Supplement

196. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) weaveri weaveri
Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 227: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, narrowly,
pointedly ovate, spindle-shaped; terminals taper evenly
to fairly sharp, broad points; dorsum roundly, somewhat
bulbously inflatedly ovate; transverse incised striae ema-
nate very restrictedly at terminal collars, otherwise dor-
sum is smooth, except for fine longitudinal growth lines;
base glossy, broadly, roundly inflated, almost constricted
abapically, constricted adapically due to effect of a long,
roughened, spiralling cord-like funiculum; aperture nar-
row, nearly straight, becoming broadly open in front due
to acute angling of abapical outer lip; columella rounded,
smooth, glossy, narrowing to the front, where a vestigial
adaxial carinal ridge indicates presence of fossula; outer
lip edge roundly thickened, acutely shouldered above;
color orange-beige over very pale grey, with a wide trans-
verse band of the lighter color over dorsum; superimposed
on right side is a narrow lateral band of darker orange-
brown, broken centrally, with right angles of same color
outlining doisal band of light grey; a bright orange line
encircles shell at the side margins; terminal ends and
terminal canals, bright orange.

Measurements, holotype: L - 22.0; W-7.2; H- 6.0mm.

Type Locality: Au Au Channel, Maui, Hawaii (20°55’N;
156°45’W); in 67m of water, on brown coral; leg. M.
King, Lahaina, Maui; January 1971.

Type: BPBM, No. 9735 [holotype].

Discussion: ‘This new species may bring to mind the well
known species Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) gracilis (A.
Adams & Reeve, 1848), due to the brown lateral mark-
ings. However, in P. weaveri the shell is much smaller and
of a different outline; it is more roundly, bulbously
inflated dorsally and on the base (not narrow and centrally
angled); terminals are shorter, broader, tapering quickly,
and they are not recurved, canals are shorter; aperture is
broader, more constricted adapically, constriction due to
a better developed, longer, spiralling, cord-like funicu-
lum; and the base is much broader, without transverse
angle centrally.

The name honors Clifton Stokes Weaver, Hawaii, who
has contributed much to our knowledge of Hawaiian mol-
lusca and worldwide Volutidae.

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement

Figure 225
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia)
clenchi (194)

Figure 228
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia)
weaveri pseudogracilis (197)

Figure 230
Phenacovolva (Turbovula)
brevirostris (199)

Figure 226
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia)
nossibeensis (195)

Figure 229
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia)

gracilis (198)

Figure 230 a
Phenacovolva (Turbovula)
brevirostris (199)

[C. N. Cate] Figures 225 to 230b

Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia)
weaverit weaveri (196)

Figure 229 a
Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia)
gracilis (198)

Figure 230 b
Phenacovolva (Turbovula)
brevirostris (199)

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Vol. 15; Supplement .

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Page 101

197. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) weaveri pseudogracilis
Cate « Azuma, subspec. nov.

(Figures 228, 228C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, fairly nar-
row, elongate; terminals distinct, long, concavely taper-
ing, almost pointed adapically, obtusely square in front;
dorsum glossy, elongately ovate, roundly formed, angu-
larly elevated centrally, with widely spaced, wavy trans-
verse striae emanating from both terminal beaks, central
dorsum smooth; base narrowly ovate, smooth, glossy,
thinly coated with transparent callus, left side of base is
defined with a dark orange line; base adaperturally
straight in front, with a faint constriction of the inner
canal lip in back; funiculum a longitudinal series of low
knobs, two of which are fairly prominent; columella
broad, mainly defined as a change of base color; fossula
is only barely visible; aperture of medium breadth,
though wider in front because of outer lip constriction;
outer lip thickened, somewhat narrow, with a faint crenu-
lation at the rear; color basically off-white, superimposed
dorsally by a cover of light brown, interrupted centrally
by a broad transverse band of bright greyish-white; super-
imposed on the right side is a longitudinal line of darker
brown, which right-angles upward following either side of
a transverse greyish-white band to dorsal summit; ter-
minal tips dark orange-brown; a yellow-orange line fills
the suture at the shoulder of the outer lip; base cloudy
off-white.

Measurements, holotype: L- 19.5; W-6.0; H-6.0mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 19.1; W-5.8; H- 4.7mm
(C3888).

Type Locality: Off Tomida, Kii, Japan (34°00’N; 134°
48’E); in 40 - 50m of water; leg. Azuma, 31 January 1971.

Type: MA, No. 15419 [holotype].

Discussion: This new subspecies, like Phenacovolva
weaveri weaveri Cate, bears a superficial resemblance to
P. gracilis (A. Adams & Reeve, 1848), but differs from
both, while having more of the shell characters that would
align it with the Hawaiian P. weaveri weaveri, with which
I associate it subspecifically. It differs by being a narrower,
more slender, more delicate shell, with slight recurving of
the terminal extensions; by being a smaller form; by lack-
ing a full development of the funiculum; by being more
obviously angular dorsally and basally; by having a
darker, red-brown shell color over all, rather than orange-
beige, and by being geographically isolated.

198. Phenacovolva (Pellasimnia) gracilis
(A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)

(Figures 229: holotype; 229C: C3904)

1848 Ovulum gracile A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang, Moll.
Ovulum, London: 22; plt. 6, fig. 11

1859 Birostra gracilis; Chenu, Man. Conch.: 273

1881 Ovula gracilis; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 198; plt. 50, figs. 2, 9

1941 Volva (Phenacovolva) gracilis; Schilder, Arch. Mollusken-
k. 73 (2/3): 110

1956 Volva gracilis; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 133

Description, holotype: “Ovulum gracile—Ovul. testa
elongata, fusiformi, minutissimé striata, ad extremitates
attenuata, recurva; labio externo laevi, sub-angulatim
arcuato; labio interno laevi, in medio sub-ventricoso, ad
extremitates attenuato, acuminato; colore pallidé fulvo,
dorso prope margineum longitudinaliter rubro-fasciato.
Fusiform, striated, more gradually ventricose in the cen-
ter, and less attenuated at the canals than either O. longi-
rostratum or O. recurvum. At the back, near the margin,
is an irregular longitudinal band of dull red, interrupted
in the center.” (A. ADAMs & REEVE, 1848: 22.)

Description, hypotype: Shell fairly large, elongate, nar-
rowly ovate, lightweight, nearly translucent; terminals
long, attenuating evenly, then very narrowly to the ends;
terminals slightly reflexed at either end; dorsum faintly
glossy, transversely incisedly striate over all, restrictedly
inflated centrally; base transversely striate, though some-
what covered and obscured with thin callus; base long,
narrowly ovate, curving at front end; funiculum on rear
base is a narrow, spiralling series of knobs or crenula-
tions; aperture narrow, curving, opening up somewhat
in front; posterior canal long; columella rounded ad-
axially, curving sharply longitudinally; fossula without
special feature; outer lip edge smooth, narrow, convexly
rolled, shouldered and sutured above; color white over
all, with a fine orange line encircling periphery of shell,
particularly prominent along suture of right lip shoulder,
with two irregularly impressed, lateral, unevenly broad,
abutted bands of purplish-grey parallel to and above right
margin.

Measurements, holotype: L - 12.5; 3.0mm (approx.).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 25.1; W-6.2; H-4.8mm
(Figure 229a: C3904).

Type Locality: “East Coast of Borneo’; here restricted
to 2-3km, off Minabe, Kii Peninsula, Japan (34°00’'N
134°48’ E); in 40 - 50 m of water.

Page 102

Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.148 [holotype].

Distribution: Leyte Island, Carigara Bay (L - 34.0; We
11.0: H- 9.0mm: V. Dan, Manila); off Zamboanga City,
S Mindanao, Philippines; NE Borneo.

Discussion: The Adams & Reeve holotype measurements
are not recorded by the authors. Schilder (personal com-
munication) has a specimen in his collection (No. 4004)
that is 28.9mm in length; a specimen in the Winckworth
collection from Hendjam Island, Persian Gulf is 17.7 mm,
another specimen in Tomlin collection from Hendjam
Island, with lateral side markings reduced to small spots
near the extremities, measures 28.9mm.

(Turbovula) Cate, subgen. nov.

Type species: Radius brevirostris Schumacher, 1817

Shells are broad centrally, semi-cylindrical, tapering
quickly to either end, pointed, and most of the species
possess spindle-shaped shells. The name is derived from
the Latin word turbo, meaning spindle, spindle-shaped.

199. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) brevirostris
(Schumacher, 1817)

(Figure 230: holotype)

1817 Radius brevirostris Schumacher, Essai Nouv. Syst. Vers.
Test. Copenhagen: 259

1848 Ovulum spelta Sowerby?2™, Thes. Conch., Ovulum: 480
[42]; plt. 100, figs. 63, 64

1865 Ovulum spelta; Reeve [err.], Conch. Icon., Ovulum: 7;
plt. 10, figs. 42a, 42b

1881 Ovula sowerbyana Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
Cab.: 202; plt. 51, figs. 10, 11

1885 Ovula birostris Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 253; plt. 5

1885 Ovula spelta Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 253; plt. 5, figs. 26,
27

1887 Birostra birostra; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 325

1887 Simnia sowerbyana Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1899 Radius (Ovula) sowerbyana; Horst « Schepman, Cat. Syst.
Moll. (2): 189

1941 Volva (Phenacovolva) sowerbyana; Schilder, Arch. Mol-
luskenk. 73 (2/3): 110

1941 Volva (Phenacovolva) brevirostris; Schilder, Arch. Mol-
luskenk. 73 (2/3): 110

1956 Volva brevirostris; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 132

Description, holotype: “Radius brevirostris—Testa oval-
is-oblonga, utrinque rostrata; rostris rectis acutis, canali-
culatis. Apertura linearis, extremitate altera, subdilatata;
labium externum repandum, crassiusculum, margina-

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Vol. 15; Supplement

tum; labium internum, involutum, laeve.” (SCHUMACHER,
1817: 259).

Description, hypotype: Shell broadly ovate, narrowed
rather abruptly to a narrow beak at either end, solid,
strong; dorsum glossy, smooth except for transverse in-
cised concentric lines over either terminal collar; a few
widely spaced, angled, upraised dorsal lines form broad
transverse, flat surfaces across shell; terminals attenuated,
narrow; aperture broadly open, curving; base glossy,
bulbously ovate, with a very fine crenate area for a funic-
ulum; outer lip thickly formed, edge rounded, rolled,
straight centrally, angled adaxially at either end to short,
sturdy terminal beaks; lip may be faintly crenate, shoul-
dered above; color shades from rosy-beige to a light café-
au-lait; a specimen from Fukien Prov., China is stark white
(Figure 230b: C2536); a wide central transverse band of
white almost always crosses dorsum, extremities are
orange (Figure 230a: C3805).

Measurements, holotype: L- 17.2; W-7.1; H-5.4mm
[holotype].

Measurements, hypotype: L - 31.5; W - 12.0; H- 9.0mm
(C2793).

Type Locality: unknown; here designated, Bataan, Ma-
nila Bay, Philippines (14°40’N; 120°25’E).

Type: UZMG, Sch. 259 [holotype].

Distribution: Japan; Coast of Mainiand China; Taiwan;
Ryukyu Islands; Luzon to Mindanao, Philippines; Cook
Islands, and Hawaii (off Maui) [see CaTEe 1969: 364; plt.
SO figs 5)

Discussion: Schumacher added the following comment to
his description of this species: “Radius brevirostris. Mar-
tin 1 Tab. 23, fig. 217. a. b. Knorr Vergen. 6 Tab. 20, fig.
5. Mr. Martin a decrit cette coquille comme une variété
de la Navette a longs becs (Bulla volva Lin.); mais elle en
est trés differente, comme on n’en trouvé jamais d’une
grandeur considérable, et les becs en sont toujours plus
courts.”

200. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) insculpta (Odhner, 1919)
(Figure 231: holotype)

1919 Ovula insculpta Odhner, Ark. Zool. 12/6: 37; plt. 3,
fig. 34

1941 Volva (Phenacovolva) insculpta; Schilder, Arch. Mollus-
kenk. 73 (2/3): 110

1956 Volva sowerbyana Allan, Cowries World Seas: 132

Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, holotype: “Coquille ovale, aux extrémités
également prolongées, assez gonflée au milieu. Surface
polie, sculptée de fine lignes transversales, impressées et
ponctuées a des intervalles réguliers (chaque intervalle a
une largeur d’environ trois stries). Couleur claire rouge
grisatre, les extrémités et le labre extérieur blancs; une
zone grisatre transversant le milieu de la coquille. Bord
extérieur épais, un peu réfléchi, presque lisse a l'intérieur,
(de faibles traces de dents présentes) avec un sinus mince
a l’extremité inférieure. Columelle avec un pli supérieur
et une impression flanquée d’un cal dans le bas. Ouverture
étroite, élargie a l’inférieur, contractée prés des canaux des
deux extrémités.”’ (ODHNER, 1919: 37.)

Description, hypotype: Shell small, broadly ovate, boat-
shaped, tapering to the terminals, which are somewhat
short, blunt, less so adapically; dorsum glossy, with widely,
evenly spaced, distinct, transverse incised striae over all,
somewhat less distinct centrally; base ovate, narrowing to
the front and back, with base faintly transversely lined,
though half of base is thinly overlaid with thin callus;
front terminal ridge almost absent; a smooth funicular
cord spirals to the rear adapically; aperture wide, gently
curving, flaring openly abapically due to constriction of
outer lip; outer lip smoothly, roundly thickened; dorsal
color deep rosy-mauve throughout, except that a broad
grey-white color-band bisects the central dorsum, with
lesser color bands across the terminal beaks; terminals,
outer lip, and base are contrastingly whitish-beige, canals
may be pale orange.

Measurements, holotype: “long. 16, larg. 7mm.”

Measurements, hypotype: L- 15.5; W-6.8; H-5.1mm
(Figure 23/a: C3796).

Type Locality: ““Majunga’’ =[seaport town on Bombe-
toka Bay, NW coast of Madagascar, E Africa].

Type: UZMC, no number [holotype].

Distribution: Madagascar, E Africa to Goa, W coast of
India (hypotype); and Cape Cormoin, S India.

Discussion: Although resembling the Phenacovolva
(Turbovula) sowerbyana (Weinkauff, 1881) (=P. (T.)
brevirostris (Schumacher, 1817)) in morphological out-
line, Odhner provided an adequate illustration for his
species. Though it does resemble Weinkauff’s species, it
differs by being a considerably smaller form, and by
having a constant different dorsal coloring and distribu-
tional pattern, as well. Odhner adds the comment: “Cette
espece ressemble par sa forme a l’O. sowerbyana Wein-
kauff (Tryon, Man. of Conch. 7, pl. 5, fig. 26, 27), mais
elle est sculptée a la fagon de 1’O. borbonica Deshayes
(1863, p. 136; pl. XIII, fig. 18-20), une espéce qui est,

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Page 103

cependant, différente par sa taille plus petite et ses extré-
mités moins allongées.”’

201. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) fusula
Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 232: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, narrowly ovate, thin,
sub-translucent; terminals produced, somewhat narrowly
attenuated; dorsum glossy, roundly inflated, with fine
transverse incised striae emanating from above terminal
beaks, striae becoming obscure and obsolete centrally;
base narrowly ovate, spindle-shaped, with faintly incised
striae over all; base narrows thickly and evenly straight to
the front, with a single, well developed, spiral funicular
cord on rear base; aperture narrow in back, wide and
open in front; columella curving, convex, faintly striate,
almost smooth, with a slight interior longitudinal ridge
which elevates slightly to provide a weak fossula in front;
outer lip edge thickened, cord-like, smooth, shouldered
above; lip curves evenly from back to front, abruptly,
sharply angling obliquely to abapical terminal; color
basically greyish-white on dorsum and base, with two
bands of rosy-mauve either side of a broad, central band
of lighter basic color; two minor bands of greyish-white
separate rosy-mauve color-bands from terminal beaks;
terminal beaks are pinkish-beige; terminal tips are bright
yellow; terminal canals are pale pink; outer lip edge is
bright whitish-beige; and a golden line encircles shell at
side margins.

Measurements, holotype: L- 13.1; W-4.6; H- 3.5mm.

Type Locality: 2 - 3km off Minabe, Kii, Jajan (34°00'N;
134°48’E); in 40 - 50m of water.

Type: MA, No. 14977 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species appears to be somewhat like
the south Asian species, Phenacovolva insculpta (Odhner,
1919). It differs from it by having a more slender shell,
being more fragile, with more narrowly attenuated ter-
minal beaks; by being much less obviously striate on the
central dorsum; and by having bright yellow terminal
tips. The name is derived from the Latin word fusulus,
meaning little spindle.

202. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) dancei Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 233: holotype)

---- Volva brevirostris tomlini Schilder [unpublished, label
only] Nat. Mus. Wales, Cardiff, U. K.

Page 104

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, fairly thin,
almost transparent, body whorl somewhat inflated; ter-
minal beak extensions are slightly recurved, tapering to
sharp points, especially in back; dorsum irregularly
transversely incisedly striate over either terminal collar,
central dorsum smooth, glossy; base is relatively small,
sharply ovate, with no front terminal ridge; a roundly
upraised cord callus spirals weakly to the rear; base
evenly, undulatingly striate throughout; aperture wide,
flaring openly in front; columella has only slight flattening
of the adaxial base; fossular depression absent; outer lip
thickened, sharply flattened, acutely angled in front,
shouldered above; dorsal color with three bands of light
brownish-mauve; terminal collars and beaks brilliant
orange; intermediate section of outer lip off-white.

Measurements, holotype: L- 17.9; W-5.0mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 21.6; W-6.5; H-4.7mm
(Figure 233a: ANSP 243105).

Type: NMW, No. 70.25. Z3 [holotype].
Type Locality: Singapore, Malaysia (1°14’N; 103°55’E).

Distribution: Southeast India; Malaysia; to northwest
Australia (hypotype was collected 150 miles NW of Dar-
win, Northern Territory, Australia; living on Pinctada

maxima (Jameson)); Manaba Beach, S Natal (NM) South
Africa.

Discussion: The form of this new species recalls the more
northern and eastern ranging Phenacovolva (Calcaria)
longirostrata (Sowerby **', 1828), but it appears to differ
by being a more fragile, smaller species; by having a
shorter, broader, more compact, though centrally inflated
body whorl; by having a three-banded dorsal color design;
and by having shorter terminal beaks, both of approxi-
mately equal length and faintly recurved.

This new species is named in honor of Stanley Peter
Dance, Assistant Keeper of Zoology, National Museum
of Wales, Cardiff, U.K. Mr. Dance was the first to bring to
my attention this unusual ovulid species, and furnished
the photographs used here. He is also well known for his
many valuable contributions to molluscan literature.

203. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) hirasei (Pilsbry, 1913)
(Figure 234: GIY3791)

1913 Ovula (Neosimnia) hirasci Pilsbry, Nautilus 26: 114; plt.
7, fig. 4 :

1941 Pellasimnia hirasei; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3):
110

1956 Neosimnia hirasei; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 128

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Vol. 15; Supplement

Description, holotype: “Ovula (Neosimnia) hirasei—
The shell is fusiform, its greatest diameter contained 2.8
times in the length; thin, bluish white, the ends pale ochre
colored for a distance of 4 or 5mm.; glossy, under the
lens showing distinct very fine longitudinal striation, and
about 6 oblique, low, and well separated spiral cords at
the lower end, one or two more than this at the summit.
The rest of the surface has a microscopic spiral striation,
so minute as to be hardly noticeable except under the
compound microscope. The two ends are about equally
produced, pointed. Outer lip thickened outside and
within, retracted at both ends, very indistinctly angular
near the lower end, columella straight and simple. Near
the summit there is a low, indistinct spiral swelling very
obliquely encircling the axis.” (PILsBRy, 1913: 114.)

Measurements, holotype: “Length, 28.0; diam. 10mm.”

Measurements, hypotype: L - 23.9; W-9.0; H-6.9mm
(Figure 234a: C3606).

Type Locality: “Province of Tosa, Japan, Y. Hirase.”

Type: Location not known; Pilsbry may have returned
the shell to the Hirase collection, Japan.

Distribution: Japan, south to Zamboanga City, S Min-
danao (311m, off Dapitan), Philippines.

Discussion: The species has a peculiar distinction about
it that makes identification fairly easy. Dr. Pilsbry care-
fully pointed out, “........ It is decidely more inflated than
O. carpenteri Dkr. The axial fold [funiculum] above is
quite weak in O. hirasei, and the [pellucid] coloration is
characteristic.”

204. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) kashiwajimensis
Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 235: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell large, broad, spindle-shaped,
transversely sub-angled and humped centrally; terminals
taper evenly, sharply produced, obliquely truncate,
square edged at ends; dorsum sub-glossy, with widely
spaced transverse incised striae over all; base smocth,
glossy, even though faint transverse striation is visible; a
faint crenular, funicular cord is on inner lip of adapical
canal; columellar fossular area smooth, rounded without
indentation; aperture fairly broad, gently curving; outer
lip smooth, glossy, roundly edged, constricted abapically;
color milk-white over all, with red-brown terminal tips
and beige terminal collars; a lemon-yellow line fills the
outer lip shoulder suture.

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [CG. N. Cate] Figures 231 to 236

Figure 231 Figure 231 a
Phenacovolva (Turbovula) Phenacovolva (Turbovula)

insculpta (200) insculpta (200) = OD
igure

Phenacovolva (Turbovula)

fusula (201)

Figure 233
Phenacovolva (Turbovula) Figure 233 a

Figure 234
dancei (202) Phenacovolva (Turbovula) Phenacovolva (Turbovula)
dancei (202) hiraset (203)

|

Figure 234 a Figure 235 Figure 236
Phenacovolva (Turbovula) —Phenacovolva (Turbovula) Phenacovolva (Turbovula)

hirasei (203) kashiwajimensis (204) bartschi (205)

As

—*.

tb

ia
ita

ae

Vol. 15; Supplement

Measurements, holotype: L- 31.7; W- 9.7; H- 7.8mm.
Measurements, paratype: L- 25.8; W-8.2; H- 6.4mm.

Type Locality: 2km off Tomida, Kii Peninsula, Japan
(34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 73 - 91m.

Type: MA, No. 15420 [holotype].
Distribution: Off Kashiwajima, Tosa, Japan.

Discussion: This new species somewhat resembles Phen-
acovolva hirasei (Pilsbry, 1913) in outline, but differs
greatly in other respects: by lacking the funicular de-
velopment seen in P. hirasei; by being a much larger
form; by being dorsally striate over all; by having a more
thickly constructed shell, and by having more and darker
colors.

The name is derived from the geographical area near
where the holotype was collected.

205. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) bartschi Cate, spec nov.

(Figure 236: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, thin, translucent, an-
gular, subovate, gently longitudinally reflexed; terminals
pointed, canals open; dorsum very finely lined with
longitudinal growth lines, with limited number of trans-
verse incised striae over either terminal collar area; base
inflated, smooth, glossy, ovate, tapering evenly front and
back, with a spiralling funicular cord at rear; columella
smooth, glossy, without depression; fossula a long, nar-
row, shallow groove; aperture fairly wide, curving, be-
coming open in front due to constriction of outer lip;
outer lip roundly thickened, with vague crenular un-
dulations on inner edge of outer lip; color ivory-white
over all.

Measurements, holotype: L-9.1; W-4.3; H- 3.4mm.

Type Locality: Johnson-Smithsonian Deep-Sea Expedi-
tion Sta. Records: West Indies Sta. 104 (collection ‘“Tin-
tag” No. 717); in 91m, between N Lat. 18°30’40”, to 18°
30’10”, and W Long. 66°13’20”, to 66°13’50”, off the north
coast of Puerto Rico.

29178
Type: USNM, No. 492178 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species is named in honor of Dr.
Paul Bartsch, who collected the shell while working on
the E. R. Johnson yacht CAROLINE, 8 March 1963:
This new species vaguely resembles Phenacovolva hirasei
_(Pilsbry, 1913), but differs from it by being much
smaller; by having a relatively broader body whorl for

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the length of the shell; by having a thicker rolled outer
lip edge, with an adjoining narrower aperture adapically,
and by lacking the bright lemon-yellow coloring seen on
the terminal beaks of P. hirasei.

206. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) honkakujiana
(Kuroda, 1928)

(Figure 237: holotype)

1928 Radius honkakujiana Kuroda, Venus 1 (1):
figs. 1, 2

1941 Volva (Phenacovolva) honkakujiana; Schilder, Arch. Mol-
luskenk. 73 (2/3): 110

1956 Volua honkakujiana (in index: honkakeyiana [err]),;
Allan, Cowries World Seas: 133

19 Spite

Description, holotype: “Radius honkakujianus—Shell
large for a member of the group; lanceolate, thin and
pellucid, dull cream or pale grey, shining, almost smooth,
except for very fine, close incremental lines of growth.
Limited in both rostrations there is a sculpture, consist-
ing of oblique, delicate, linear striations, and about 11
on the anterior and 18 on the posterior part, the intervals
between them are unequal and wider than the striations.
Both extremities pointed into a simple and sharp rostra-
tion, which is not so long and slender as in R. longirostra-
tus; gently reducing in thickness towards the terminal.
Aperture as long as the shell length, narrow, with almost
uniform width, dilated only a little at the lower part.
Outer lip slightly expanded, peristome narrowly thick-
ened on both sides, with a white callus, which disposition
diminishes gradually towards the extremities. Both ros-
trations slightly recurved to the left, narrowly opened as
a canal, facing to the right side. No callus on the parietal
wall. Para-type a little slenderer shell with somewhat
longer rostrations.” (KuRopA, 1928: 79).

Measurements, holotype: L - 54.0; W - 16.5mm.
Measurements, paratype: L- 55.0; W-15.5mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L- 46.9; W-13.8; H- 10.4
mm. (R. Kawamura, Tokyo).

Type Locality: ‘‘uncertain’; here designated Tanabe
Bay, Kii, Japan.

Type: Holotype is located at the Honkaku-ji Temple,
near Seto-Kanayama-Mura, Tanabe, Kii, Japan.

Discussion: According to Shikama, GIY, this species is
“extremely rare” (personal communication).. In com-
menting on it Kuroda said, “The above name is given to
the two specimens, both type and paratype, which are in

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Vol. 15; Supplement

possession of the Buddhist temple ‘Honkaku-ji at Seto-
kanayama-Mura, near Tanabe, Kii. The locality is un-
certain, but I am sure that these specimens were secured
from the sea not for [sic] from Tanabe Bay, Kii. This fine
species is the biggest, as far as my knowledge goes, in the
group, except the unique large R. volva (Linnaeus). It
is easily distinguishable by its broader figure and shorter
rostrations from R. longirostratus (Sowerby), which is
probably the nearest ally. It is not to be compared with
R. roseus (A. Adams), a narrower shell with a rich pur-
plish scarlet color.”

207. Phenacovolva (Turbovula) acuminata
(A. Adams & Reeve, 1848)

(Figure 238: holotype)

1848 Ovulum acuminatum A. Adams & Reeve, Voy. Samarang,
Moll., Ovulum: 21; plt. 6, fig. 1

1859 Ovula acuminata; Sowerby 2"4; Index Brit-Shells: 21; plt.
20, fig. 3 ;

1887 Simnia acuminata; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1941 Pellasimnia acuminata; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 109

1956 Neosimnia acuminata; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Ovulwm acuminatum—Ovul.
testa subovali, in medio sub-ventricosa, ad extremitates
sub-rostaté, laevi, alba, longitudinaliter fasciata; dorso
margine distincto; canalibus ad elevatis; labio externo
crasso, laevi, ad extremitates recedent, anticé sub-angu-
lato, ad canalem emarginato; labio interno tumido, intus
unicarinato, posticé spiraliter uniplicato, ad canales re-
tiusculo.” (A. ADAMS & REEVE, 1848: 21.)

Description, holotype: “Shell is sub-ovate, somewhat in-
flated centrally, with limited striae over terminal beaks,
otherwise dorsum is smooth, white, longitudinally banded
with growth lines; dorsum distinctly margined at the side;
terminal beaks elevated; outer lip thick, smooth, extrem-
ities drawn back [recurved], front sub-angled, canals with-
out a border; columella swollen, carinate within, with a
spiral funicular cord in back, canals are straight.” (C. Cate
translation.)

Measurements, holotype: L - 9.0; W - 3.0mm (approx).

Type Locality: “The east coast of Bilaton.” [Billiton
(Belitung or Belitoeng) Island: in the Java Sea, off SE
coast of Sumatra, Netherlands East Indies. |

Type: BMNH, No. 1879.2.26.178 [holotype].

Discussion: I have not seen a specimen of this species;
however, Adams & Reeve remarked: “Differing from O.

secale [=Neosimnia spelta] (Linnaeus, 1758) in being
proportionately ventricose in the middle, and having the
extremities turned upwards at the back.”

( Calcaria) Cate, subgen. nov.

Type species: Ovulum longirostratum Sowerby 2"4, 1828

Shells are long, narrow; terminals are often lengthened,
narrowly lanceolate, drawn out processes. The name for
this new subgenus is derived from the Latin word, calcar,
meaning a long spur, as suggested by the terminal projec-
tions in these shells.

208. Phenacovolva (Calcaria) longirostrata
(Sowerby ‘, 1828)

(Figure 239: lectotype)

1828 Ovulum longirostratum Sowerby 2"4, Zool. Journ. Lon-
don 4: 160

1843 Ovula longirostrata; Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Ovula 2:
25; pit. 5, fig. 5

1860 Ovulum longirostrata; Reeve, Elem. Conch. 1: 36

1887 Birostra longirostrata; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 327

1899 Radius (Ovula) longirostrata; Horst & Schepman, Cat.
Syst. Moll. (2): 189

1971 Volva (Phenacovolva) longirostrata; Cernohorsky, Rec.
Auckland Inst. Mus. 8: 126

1971 Bulla birostris Cernohorsky (nom. dub.), Rec. Auckland
Inst. Mus. 8: 126

Description, holotype: “Ovulum longirostratum — O.
testa oblonga, tenui, albicante, utrinque longirostrata;
dorso sub-gibboso; apertura angusta, prope basin paulu-
lum expansa; labii externi margine exteriore subincras-
sato.” “Shell oblong, slender, whitish, with a slight flesh-
colored tint; the back is rather tumid, and both the termi-
nal canals are very much elongated and sharply acumi-
nated, like the long beak of some small birds; aperture nar-
row, slightly wider near the base; outer lip with its outer
margin rather thickened; inner margin smooth. A most
interesting, delicate, and slender species, of which I have
only seen one specimen, brought from the Adriatic [err.|
by the Rev. Dr. Goodall.” (SowErRBy **', 1828: 160.) It
should be further added that the dorsum is very finely
transversely incisedly striate over all, except that central
dorsum may be without lines; base and body whorl are
smooth, glossy, without terminal ridge or funicular thick-
ening; columella and fossular impressions are absent, and
color varies from a glossy, glistening white (Figure 239a:
GIY 3792) to yellowish; frequently brownish coloring on
dorsal surface of beak ends.

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 237 to 242

Figure 238
Phenacovolva (Turbovula) acuminata (207)

Figure 237
Phenacovolva (Turbovula) honkakujiana (206)

Figure 239 b eu gtie BA)

Phenacovolva (Calcaria)

Phenacovolva (Calcaria) i
wakayamaensis (209)

Han De longirostrata (208)

Phenacovolva (Calcaria)
longirostrata (208)

Figure 239
Phenacovolva (Calcaria)
longirostrata (208)

sa gg a ae

M0} UST SA AL 0 ML *

Figure 24] Figure 242
Phenacovolva (Calcaria) piragua (210) Phenacovolva (Calcaria) tokioi (211)

ioe
h es

on.
am

i

\ joy

} i

ie i

Vol. 15; Supplement

Measurements, holotype: “long. 2 5/10, lat. 4/10, poll.”
(L- 64.2; W - 11.2mm).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 69.6; W-13.5; H- 10.0
mm (Figure 239a: GIY 3792).

Measurements, hypotype: L- 49.2; W-7.3; H-5.7mm
(Figure 239b: C3793).

Type Locality: “Isl. of Bourbon” { = Reunion; possible
loc. err]. Type locality here designated: off Kashiwajima
Island, Kii, Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E;); in 91-128m
(C3792: Shikama, GIY).

Type: NMW, without number [lectotype].

Distribution: Off Kii Peninsula, Japan: Minabe, 37 - 73
m; off Mio, Kui, in 37-55m (MA 15069); Tosa Bay, at
146m (MA 1258).

Discussion: The type specimen figured herein is thought
to be the specimen figured by REEvE (1865; plt. 9, figs.
40a—b-—c); the shell is ex. Thomas Lombe Taylor (1802-
1874); ex. James Cosmo Melvill coll. (1845-1929); ex.
John le Brocton Tomlin col. (1864-1954). It would seem
that Reeve erroneously cited the locality for the species
as “Adriatic Sea”; this species is not presently known to
live in the Mediterranean Sea. The Sowerby type locality,
Isl. of Bourbon, now known as Reunion Island, 400 miles
east of Madagascar, Indian Ocean, also appears to be an
unknown locality for these animals at the present time.
Shell measurements are calculated from tips of shell,
rather than from following curvature of shell. The easiest
way to separate this species from all the other species in
the genus is by the even length of both terminal processes,
and by the finer, more abundant dorsal striation. Pres-
ently confirmed knowledge of this species appears to limit
it to Japanese waters. The following new species seems to
have been lumped together with this Sowerby species,
thus making it appear to have a much wider distributional
range than is the case.

209. Phenacovolva (Calcaria) wakayamaensis
Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 240: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell long, cylindrical though
delicately proportioned, narrow, thin, with noticeably
translucent body whorl; terminals very long, very narrow,
needle-like, rostrate, not recurved; dorsum glossy though
longitudinally uneven due to numerous exceedingly fine
growth lines; there are no concentric nor transverse dorsal
striae; base very long, smooth, glossy, very narrowly elon-
gately ovate; no funicular cording on adapical base, nor

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Page 107

terminal ridge in front; columella evenly rounded, with-
out depression or internal carina; aperture evenly nar-
row, almost straight, broader in front due to constriction
of outer lip; both canals of nearly even length, almost
tubular, glossy within, very long and narrow, open at
ends; outer lip very gently curving, constricted abapically,
lip edge very finely corded, edentulate, with compara-
tively broad side margins just barely shouldered above;
body-whorl color glassy-grey, with long terminal beaks
rosy-beige to a dark brown, the latter color more intense
in front; base and outer lip off-white, with less translucent
columella color same as that of outer lip edge; interior of
long canals deep orange.

Measurements, holotype: L- 61.1; W-7.7; H-6.0mm.

Measurements, paratype: L- 36.8; W-5.7; H-4.7mm
(no. 1).

Type Locality: Off Minabe (2-3km), Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 37 - 55m.

Type: MA, No. 14846 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species can be compared with
Phenacovolva (Calcaria) longirostrata (Sowerby ***, 1828).
It seems to differ, however, from it by having a generally
different appearance; by having longitudinally aligned
terminal beaks, not recurving; by lacking the concentric
dorsal striation at either end, which is especially prom-
inent on the Sowerby species; by having a thinner, notice-
ably translucent body whorl; by having a longer, narrower
body whorl, and by having a more delicate, thread-like
thickening of the outer lip edge.

The name is derived from the area off which these
animals were dredged.

210. Phenacovolva (Calcaria) piragua (Dall, 1889)
(Figure 241: holotype)

1889 Simnia piragua Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard,
Blake Reprt. 18 (21), prt. 2: 235

1932 Neosimnia piragua; Schilder, Proc. Malacol. Soc. Lon-
don 20 (1): 55

Description, holotype: “Simnia piragua—Shell remark-
ably slender, narrow and long, tapering regularly toward
the posterior end from a point about one third of the
length behind the anterior end. Viewed from above the
left profile is gently arched like a bow, on the right there
is a shallow emargination behind the end of the canal,
and the rest of the right hand profile is almost in a straight
line. The back is pale coffee-brown, the lips and slightly
thickened margin white. Below, the aperture is seen to

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Vol. 15; Supplement

be very narrow except for a short space anteriorly, behind
the above mentioned emargination. There is a slight
callus on the body whorl; the columella, if any may be so
called, is tinged with rose-pink. Both ends of the shell are
slightly recurved; the surface is marked only with lines of
growth, and a very faint few spiral striae towards the ends.
The extreme anterior end of the canal is sharp-edged, the
rest is thickened but not reflected.” (DALL, 1889: 235)

Measurements, holotype: L - 23.5; W - 3.4; H- 2.6mm.

Type Locality: U. S. Fisheries Station 2138, at 42m; be-
tween Jamaica and Haiti, West Indies.

Type: USNM, No. 94074 [holotype].

Discussion: The animal had been living on gorgonian
coral, and Dall further remarked that the dried animal,
seen still remaining in the shell, gave the impression of
being nearly black in life. As may be observed, this geo-
graphically isolated species is similar in some respects to
Phenacovolva (Calcaria) tokioi (herein), and may eventu-
ally be considered subspecific to it.

211. Phenacovolva (Calcaria) tokioi Cate, spec. nov.

(Figures 242: holotype; 242C: hypotype)

Description, holotype: Shell elongate, narrow, strong;
dorsum spirally striate over terminals, with central area
mostly smooth, unlined and glossy; terminals vary in
length, usually long, lanceolate to the rear, with front
terminal processes broader at the base, shorter in length,
body whorl and terminal beaks usually in a straight line,
recurving only slightly in some shells from the central
Philippines; base short, very narrow, glossy, without
either front terminal ridge or rear funicular swelling;
central aperture of medium breadth, becoming acutely
broader in front because of angular constriction of outer
lip; terminal beak canals open, very narrow; outer lip
roundly thickened from tip to tip, cord-like and barely
angled above at shoulder; columella-fossula area evenly
smooth; shell color varies from beige-white to dull rosy-
red, usually with a dull grey band traversing dorsum
centrally; shell interior reflects the exterior color, with
terminal canals usually orange within; outer lip edge
off-white.

Measurements, holotype: L - $9.2; W- 7.3; H- 5.3mm.

Type Locality: Cooktown, Queensland, Australia (15°
38’S; 145°25’E); below tide line living on gorgonians.

Type: (ex C2556): LACM No. 1190 [holotype].

Distribution: Queensland coast, Australia; East Indies
Generally; Bataan, Manila Bay, Philippines; Ryukyu
Islands.

Discussion: This species somewhat resembles the pre-
ceding species, Phenacovolva (Calcaria) piragua (Dall,
1889), but differs from it by being much larger; by having
a narrower, longer body whorl and a narrower base; by
having an overall different shell outline, and by lacking
the transverse band of color over central dorsum.

I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Dr.
Tokio Shikama, Geological Institute, Yokohama, Japan,
who kindly assisted me in many ways with the present
work.

a2: Phenacovolva (Calcaria) yoshiot
(Azuma «& Cate, 1971)

(Figure 243: holotype)

1971 Phenacovolva yoshioi Azuma & Cate, The Veliger 13 ( 3) :
266; fig. 13

Description, holotype: “Phenacovolva yoshioi—Shell
fairly large, long, narrow, lanceolate, solid; terminals
long, attenuate, narrow, especially in back where they
become blunt-ended; dorsum glossy, roundly, evenly
humped, broadening noticeably centrally, and numer-
ously transversely incisedly striate over all; base long,
narrow, tapering to either end with a curious sharply
angled outer edge centrally, which becomes the summit of
a longitudinal base ridge; base slopes flatly, angling
sharply downward and inward to a long low, adaxial
carinal ridge; there is no funicular process [on rear base];
columella long, narrow, without special character except
that it deepens weakly to form a fossula; aperture long,
very narrow, widening in front due to constriction of base
and lip; outer lip long, narrow, roundly thickened,
smooth; color milk-white, with a broad, distinct lemon-
yellow line on the dorsal periphery of the sides and ter-
minals, below which it darkens to a pale butter-yellow;
ventral terminal beaks milk-white; base and outer lip of
different intensities of yellow; columella lemon yellow to
brownish the length of the adaxial carinal ridge; carinal
ridge stark white.” (AZUMA & CaTE, 1971: 266).

Measurements, holotype: L - 29.7; W - 4.8; H- 3.8mm.

Type Locality: 2-3km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); in 37-55m; leg. Yoshio
Azuma, 15 February, 1970.

Type: MA, No. 1750 [holotype].

Vol. 15; Supplement

213. Phenacovolva (Calcaria) gracillima
(E. A. Smith, 1901)

(Figure 244: holotype)

1901 Radius gracillimus E. A. Smith, Journ. Conch., London
10: 107; plt. 1, figs. 20, 21

1941 Pellasimnia gracillima; Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 110

1956 Neosimnia gracillima; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Radius gracillomus—Testa gra-
cilis, utrinque attenuata, supra pallide carnea, infra flava,
transversim tenuissime striata, lineisque incrementi de-
cussata; extremitates callo conspicuo supra terminatae;
apertura undulata, linearis, antice paulo latior; labrum
intus reflexum, flavum, extus callo lato minute corrugato
dilute carneo linea flava marginato instructum; labium
callo flavo in medio crasso indutum.” (E. A. Smitu, 1901:
107.) A free translation: “Shell slender, both ends attenu-
ate, very pale flesh-color [pink] dorsally, yellowish ven-
trally, thin [fine] transverse striation, incremental lines
crossing same, extremities conspicuously thickened above;
aperture undulating, open in front; lip reflexed within,
yellow, side fold narrow and thick, with a faint yellow-
pink line at margin; calloused lip enveloped in yellow
centrally.”

Measurements, holotype: L - 31.0; W - 4.5mm.

Type Locality: ‘““Hab., from stomach of a fish caught in
73 meters, ten miles from Durban (Quekett)” [South
Africa].

Type: BMNH, No. 1902.5.18.5 [holotype]; (Figure 244a:
orig. illustr.).

Discussion: Smith remarks, ‘Remarkable for its very
slender form, being even narrower than R. (Radius)
philippinarum Sowb. or R. lanceolatus Sowb. It differs
from the latter in being more produced at both ends, and
in being smoother. The striae in /anceolatus are stronger
and punctate, a feature not noticed by the monographers.”

Volva Roding 1798
Type species: Bulla volva Linnaeus, 1758 [TT]

Syn.: Radius Montfort, 1810
Conchyl. Syst., Paris 2: 627
Type species: Bulla volva Linnaeus, 1758 [OD]
: Birostra Swainson, 1840
Treat. Malac. in: Lardner’s Encyclop., London: 325
Type species: Bulla volva Linnaeus, 1758 [M]

The shells of this genus have large, sub-globular body
whorls, with accompanying long, exceedingly lanceolate,

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Page 109

sub-cylindrical, fairly open terminal beak projections, ap-
proximately of the same length, emanating from front and
back of the shell.

214. Volva volva volva (Linnaeus, 1758)’
(Figure 245: holotype)

1758 Bulla volva Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. ed. 10: 725

1798 Ovula textoria Roding, Mus. Bolt., Hamburg: 222

1810 Ovula volva; Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., Paris 16: 113

1811 Ovula aspera Perry, Conchology: plt. 53, fig. 3

1840 Birostra volva; Swainson, Treat. Malacol.: 326

1842 Ovulum volva; Sowerby 2"4, Conch. Man., ed. 4: 226

1899 Radius (Ovula) volva; Horst « Schepman, Cat. Syst. Moll.
(2): 189

1931 Volva volva cumulata Iredale, Rec. Austral. Mus. Syd-
ney, 18: 222 (Figure 246: holotype)

1931 Radius volva; Thiele, Handb. Syst. Weichtierk.: 271

1941 Volva lemurica Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 110

Description, holotype: “Bulla volva—B. testa birostri,
rostris elongatis striatis, acutis.” (LINNAEUS, 1758: 725)

Description, hypotype: Shell large, elongate, centrally
ovate, bulbously enlarged, inflated; dorsum smooth,
glossy, with 2 or 3 widely spaced, upraised, transverse an-
gular ridges, at least one extending onto base; dorsum
smooth, without striation; terminals long (approx. 30
mm), often gently recurved, narrow, elongately, lanceo-
lately beaked, with numerous diagonally incised, trans-
verse lineal lines and ridges, not extending onto dorsum;
base inflated, without columellar depression or fossula
groove; aperture broad, terminal canals very narrow;
outer lip € ‘ge thick, rounded, sub-crenate, not shouldered
above; color pale flesh to ivory, with lip somewhat darker
at times.

Measurements, type: L - 57.0mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L - 97.2; W - 25.1; H-18.8mm
(Figure 245a: C3566).

Type Locality: Jamaica (err.) here designated as deep
water off Cape Moreton, Moreton Bay, Queensland, Aus-
tralia (27°12’S; 153°12’E).

Type: LSL, No. 328 [holotype].

Distribution: Northern New South Wales; Queensland
coast north to Thursday Island; throughout the East In-
dies; Sulu Sea; Philippines; Central Pacific Island to Fiji.

Discussion: Iredale’s type of Volva volva cumulata (Fig-
ure 246) was collected in Sydney Harbor (Austral. Mus.
No. C 60667) with a type locality Southport, where it was
trawled. The absence of dorsal striation, among other

Page 110

facts, seems to identify the Iredale species with that of
Linnaeus.

215. Volva volva haber Oyama, 1961
(Figure 247: C3567)

1830 Ovulum volva Sowerby '*t, Spec. Conchyl., Ovulum 1 (1):
9; figs. 56, 57

1843 Ovula volva; Kiener, Icon. Coq. Viv., Ovula: 26; plt. 4,
fig. 1

1961 Volva volva habei Oyama, Venus 21: 288; figs. 3, 4

Description, holotype: “Volva volva habei—Shell long,
pinkish, terminals extended same as in Volva volva (Lin-
naeus); dorsum smooth in the latter, striate in Volva
volva habei.”’ (Oyama, 1961: 288)

Measurements, holotype: L - 94.8; W - 26.6mm.

Measurements, hypotype: L - 86.4; W - 25.3; H-19.5mm
(Figure 247: C3567).

Type Locality: Sagami Bay, Japan.

Type: NSMT, [holotype unavailable; in private Japanese
collection].

Distribution: Chiba-choshi; Kochi; Wakayama; Kui; to
Taiwan.

Discussion: The original description, in Japanese, is
brief; a free translation is recorded here. Normally, the
shell description of this subspecies follows that of the
species in the strict sense, except that it differs noticeably
by having transverse incised dorsal striations on the in-
flated body whorl, where it is missing from the nominate
species. Furthermore, the Japanese shells also display a
tendency to be more colorful, reddish-pink at times,
especially along the marginal callus. The Japanese sub-
species appears to lose its morphological identity south
of ‘Taiwan.

Habe (1968: 55) says this about the Japanese shell,
“Shell with long and narrow projection anteriorly and
posteriorly; involute. Animal covering shell is pinkish
with many black spots. Volva volva (L.) has longer projec-
tion, with pinkish staining on its terminal ends, and is dis-
tributed in the tropical Pacific south of Shikoku [Japan].
This subspecies is not colored on its terminal ends, it has
an aperture which becomes wider anteriorly, and lives
commonly on fine sand at 10 - 50 meters depth; it is well
like V. volva cumulata Iredale, of N. Australia.”

It is interesting to note that the illustrations of Sowrr-
By **' (1830: fig. 56, 57) of KienEer (1843: plt. 4, fig. 1),
SOWERBY *"* (1848; plt. 99, figs. 6-8), and REEvE (1865:
plt. 9, figs. 41a—41b all appear to be representations of
Volva volva habei, their artists apparently having worked

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Vol. 15; Supplement

from Japanese shells. Authors seem not to have examined
enough specimens having good locality data to note the
differences in these shells, although both Sowerby *"4 and
Reeve noticed that there were two ‘varieties.’ Linnaeus
very pointedly excluded dorsal striation on the body
whorl, mentioning only “‘rostris elongatis striatus’ [beaks
elongate striate].

216. Volva volva striata (Lamarck, 1810)
(Figure 248: C3870)

1810 Ovula striata Lamarck, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 16:
113 (12.B)

Description, holotype: “Ovula striata—O. utrinque ro-
strata; dorso tumido; rostris praelongis cylindraceis.
Eadem albido rosea, transversim striata.’ (LAMARCK,
1810: 113, 12.B)

Description, hypotype: Shell comparatively small for the
species s.s., lightweight in form, opaquely translucent;
terminal beaks relatively short, though lanceolately ex-
tended; canals long, narrow, deeply channeled; dorsum
and terminal beaks widely, transversely, incisedly striate,
with faint longitudinal growth lines contributing a dull-
ness to normal gloss; base inflated, roundly ovate, sub-
glossy, with dorsal striae prominent across base to colu-
mella; columella barely thickened, roundly curved, other-
wise without depression; aperture curving, broadly open,
more so at squaring of outer lip abapically; lip edge
thickened, finely rounded, corded at edge, with a narrow,
smooth, nacreous band above lip on right side margin;
color pale ivory-beige over all, except that interior is pale
orange to orange-brown.

Measurements, holotype: “Length, 8 cm.”

Measurements, topotype: L- 51.8; W- 17.8; H-13.3mm
(Figure 248: C3870).

Type Locality: ‘‘Habite l’'Océan des Antilles’; here re-
stricted to Dry Tortugas (south) Key; in 101 m of water,
(24°40’N; 82°55’ W).

Type: Unknown. USNM, No. 712926; [ex C3870; hypo-
type].

Discussion: James Moore, Bradenton, Florida, dredged
two specimens of this subspecies, which Mrs. Gladys Rod-
rigue, Delray Beach, Florida, found in a sack of dredge
tailings purchased from Mr. Moore in 1963. The shells
were found in a tangle of sea plants along with the small
Atlantic Oyster, Pteria colymus (Roding, 1798) and a
specimen of Cyphoma mcginty: Pilsbry, 1939. Mrs. Rod-
rigue adds to the information, saying, “The shells con-

THE VELIGER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 243 to 248 a

Figure 243 ; Mahan
Phenacovolva (Calcaria) an foe oe oe Figure 244a
posi (212) enacovolva (Calcaria)

Phenacovolva (Calcaria) gracillima (213)
gracillima (213)

Y
a
si
<
a
<
=]
a
~
<

I

Figure 245 Figure 245 a Figure 246

Volva volva volva (214) Volva volva volva (214) Volva volva cumulata (214)

Figure 247 Figure 248 Figure 248 a
Volva volva habei (215) Volva volva striata (216)

Volva volva striata (216)

Vol. 15; Supplement

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Page 111

tained a mass of decaying animal residue, a gummy dark
and light brown mass, such as found in newly dead
Pectens, Sinum, etc.; they were very difficult to clean, and,
in spite of many soakings, the shells still have an odor and
a slight amount of animal residue in the body whorl.
There can be no doubt about the animals’ being alive
when dredged.” The second shell (Figure 248a) is now
in the collection of Mrs. Mary Moser, also of Delray
Beach (L- 49.2; W- 17.6; H-12.8mm). This subspecies
appears to have been overlooked by most authors and the
thought of a “Japanese” form of Volva volva (Linnaeus,
1758), living in the Caribbean-Gulf of Mexico must have
seemed impossible.

217. Volva surabajensis Schilder, 1937
(Figure 249: holotype)

1937 Volva surabajensis Schilder, Ingen. Ned. Ind. (4) 4: 195

This ancient species is represented by a single specimen,
which is preserved at the RGM, No. RGM-St. 41860
[holotype]. I am indebted to Dr. Gerda E. deGroot and
Dr. Henry Coomans (RGM) for the photographs of this
and the following species. Although the shells are some-
what broken, they appear clearly to belong in the genus
Volva. Specific details for these species may be obtained
from the literature. This and the following species are
from the Pliocene and Pleistocene formations of Java,
Netherlands East Indies. Since the photographs were
available it seems appropriate to illustrate the species here
as points of reference in future studies.

218. Volva javana (Martin, 1899)
(Figure 250: holotype)

1899 Ovula (Amphiperas) javana Martin, Samml. Geol.
Reichsmus. (2) 1/1 165; fig. 381

K. Martin described this species as Ovula (Amphiperas)
javana, giving the type locality as Java, Netherlands East
Indies. This apparently now extinct ovulid form is from
the Pliocene formation there. Although collected in a
broken and eroded condition, the shell still reveals much
of its orginal morphological character. The holotype is at
the RGM, No. RGM-St. 10060 [holotype].

219, Primovula (Adamantia) kurodai
Cate « Azuma, spec. nov.

(Figure 95A, 95A C: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell small, sub-rhomboidally
ovate, thickly formed, solid; terminals restrictedly pro-
duced, truncate, closed, roundly so adapically, squarely so
in front, both thickly formed; dorsum rough, sub-glossy,
numerously coarsely incisedly striate over all; base ovate,
conic, striate though thinly covered with off-white nacre;
rear base tapers thickly to straight terminal ridge; a large,
thick, triangular, multi-knobbed funiculum at rear base;
columella broad, depressed, striate, elevated longitudi-
nally as an adaxial ridge within, the latter thickening,
elevated to form a large, deep fossula; aperture rather
irregularly wide, curving; outer lip very broad, somewhat
flattened, sloping inward, with numerous fairly large well
developed teeth, many of which lengthen beyond periph-
ery of outer lip edge front and back; color light beige at
either end of dorsum, with most of dorsal surface a deep,
rich rose, with numerous thick, longitudinal wavy lines
of bright orange; terminal tips, terminal canals, color
blotches on base, and columella are rosy-orange; parts of
base, funiculum, and outer lip are off-white to light beige.

Measurements, holotype: L - 5.8; W - 3.4; H- 3.0mm.

Type Locality: 2-4km off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula,
Japan (34°00’N; 134°48’E); leg. Yoshio Azuma, 2 April
1971.

Type: MA, No. 15645 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species seems most closely to re-
semble Primovula (Adamantia) roseomaculata florida
(Kuroda, 1958) [= P. (A.) fulguris Azuma & Cate, 1971]
see species 89), but differs by having a more roundly ovate
peripheral outline; by having differently formed terminal
processes; by having a larger, more ponderous funiculum:
by having a meandering, irregularly shaped inner edge of
outer lip; by having longer, more distinct outer lip teeth,
some of which, front and back, extend beyond edge of
outer lip, and the dorsum is more colorful, deep rose
rather than grey; the orange dorsal markings are much
heavier in design, occupying more dorsal surface.

The new species is named in honor of Dr. Tokubei
Kuroda, MSMT, who has contributed so much to the un-
derstanding of Japanese mollusca.

Page 112

220. Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) lacteus semistriatus
(Pease, 1862)

(Figure /38: holotype)

1862 Amphiperas semistriata Pease, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lon-
don: 241

1865 Ovulum semistriatum; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ovulum:
pit. 3, figs. 13a, 13b

1881 Ovula semistriata; Weinkauff, Mart. « Chem., Syst. Conch.
176; pit. 46, figs. 5, 8

1885 Ovula lactea;Tryon, Man. Conch. 7: 247

1941 Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) semistriata, Schilder, Arch.
Molluskenk. 73 (2/3): 108

1968 Amphiperas semistriata Pease = Calpurnus (Procalpur-
nus) lacteus; Cernohorsky, The Veliger 10 (4): 359; plt.
50, fig. 4

Description, holotype: “Amphiperas semistriata—Shell
ovate, somewhat gibbous, white, shining, transversely
striated; striae undulated and obsolete on the back, some-
what roughened longitudinally by fine irregular striae
[probable growth lines]; ridges on outer lip small [dentic-
ulation]; inner lip [columella] roundly convex on base;
right margin [side] slightly thickened; aperture flexuous,
canal very short.” (PEASE, 1862: 241)

Measurements, holotype: “Length 123, breadth, 73 mill.”

Measurements, holotype: L-7.0; W-4.2; H-3.5mm
(Figure 138a: C3908).

Type Locality: “Pacific Islands’; here restricted to: 73m,
Kii Channel, Japan (24°00’N; 134°48’E).

Type: ANSP, No. 17042 [holotype].

Distribution: off Kirimesaki, Kii Peninsula, Japan (MA
15638).

Discussion: Since Pease did not designate a type locality
for his species it seems impossible to guess where these ani-
mals geographically approach the nominate species. How-
ever, in comparing the two shell forms as figured herein
(Figures 137 & 138), one may observe rather significant
morphological differences between them. Calpurnus (Pro-
calpurnus) lacteus semistriatus (Pease, 1862) differs chiefly
in shell outline, being narrower and more evenly ovate;
it has a gently curving outer lip, rather than being
abruptly angied front and back; the abapical columella
and base also lack the acute constriction observed in the
Lamarckian species in the strict sense; and the shells of
this subspecies seem generally very much smaller. WEIN-
KAUFF (1881) was evidently unaware of Amphiperas semi-
striata. Most subsequent authors have placed it in the
synonymy of Ovula lacteus Lamarck, 1810. However, after
a comprehensive study of these shells, it is my opinion that
the Japanese form (striatus) is sufficiently separable both

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Vol. 15; Supplement

in morphology and in geographical distribution to merit
the new combination proposed herein, namely as a sub-
species of Calpurnus (Procalpurnus) lacteus.

221. Dissona reflexa Cate, spec. nov.

(Figure 190: holotype)

Description, holotype: Shell of medium size, oblong-
ovate, somewhat inflated centrally; terminals, shell mar-
gins and base thickened, sublanceolate, bluntly attenuate;
dorsum numerously, very finely transversely striate over
all; base smooth, glossy, inflatedly ovate, tapering evenly
to the front, with a rounded smooth funicular projection
at rear; columella striate, broadly depressed, with a long,
low, longitudinal adaxial ridge within forming a narrow
shallow fossula in front; aperture narrow in back, widen-
ing slightly to the front; outer lip broad, glossy, gently
angling inward, with a few tooth-like crenulations at the
extreme rear; color yellowish, with a lemon-yellow haze
over all, and rosy-pink within the adapical canal.

Measurements, holotype: L- 12.1; W- 4.4; H- 3.6mm.

Type Locality: Off Jolo Island, Philippines (06°00’N;
121°10’E); at 40m, on sand and shell bottom; USNM
Smithsonian Expedition, Sta. 5136.

Type: USNM, No. 263827 [holotype].

Discussion: This new species seems quite distinct, al-
though at first inspection one is reminded of an immature
Cyphoma aureocincta (Dall, 1889), as both forms are
faintly reflexed dorsally; both have the same general pe-
ripheral outline, and heavily thickened terminals and mar-
gins. However, the lack of the central angled, transverse
dorsal ridge in Dissona reflexa is an easy means of dis-
tinguishing them.

The name is from the Latin reflexus, meaning turned
back.

222; Crenavolva (Crenavolva) borbonica
(Deshayes, 1863 )

(Figure 44A: original illustration)

1863 Ovula borbonica Deshayes, Not. ile Réunion, annex E,
Moll., Paris: 136; plt. 13, figs. 18 - 20

1887 Birostra borbonica; Paetel, Cat. Conch. Samml. 1: 326

1941 Pellasimnia formicaria Schilder, Arch. Molluskenk. 73
(2/3): 109

1956 Neosimnia formicaria; Allan, Cowries World Seas: 127

Description, holotype: “Ovula borbonica—O. testa min-
ima, elongato-angusta, extremitatibus aequaliter attenu-

Tue VELIcER, Vol. 15, Supplement [C. N. Cate] Figures 249 to 251

Figure 249 Figure 250
Volva surabajensis (217) Volva javana (218)

Figure 251
Crenavolva (Cuspivolva) tigris (111)

As

a

i

Vol. 15; Supplement

ata, in medio mediocriter inflata et obscure subangulata,
transversim minuitissime et reguiariter striata, tenui, pel-
lucida, albescente, roseo-obscure zonata et maculata; aper-
tura elongata, angustissima, albo-rosea, extremitatibus
paulo arcuata, antice, magis aperta, labro incrassato,
utroque latere marginato.”’ (DEsHayYEs, 1863: 136)

Measurements, holotype: ‘‘7 mill. de long; elle en a 2 de
diamétre.”

Type Locality: “fle de Réunion.”
Type: whereabouts unknown.

Discussion: I have not seen this species; the type appears
to be at neither MNHN or UPSO, the present repositories
of most of the Deshayes collection. However, Deshayes had
this to say about his species:

“Very small, but very elegant species of Ovula, belong-
ing to the spelta section; it approaches the gracilis of
Sowerby, but is distinguished very easily by having shorter
extremities; it is elongate, straight, very attenuated at the
extremities, lengthened into a small canal which is slightly
recurved above; it is weakly reflexed toward the middle,
the most swollen part of the shell is noticeable approxi-
mately at 3 of the total length; the spire is apparently not
completely enveloped, lengthening into a narrow, weakly
raised keel and is transversely truncate at the extremity;
the front extremity is equally attenuate; it is more elongate
at the rear [what Deshayes referred to as the ‘front end”
of the shell is, under present usage, referred to as the rear
(abapical)], that is the only noticeable difference; the in-
flated part of the shell is very weakly angled, and the sur-
face is ornamented with very numerous, transverse, very
fine striae, of a remarkable regularity. The aperture is
very long and very straight; the borders remain parallel in
the major part of their length; they are little more re-
moved at the anterior extremity, the right border is thick-
ened and provided with a rotund swelling likewise
projecting within and without. The entire aperture is a
beautiful rose-purple, which color spreads to the rest of
the sheli also, in the form of three large zones, which do
not stop at the contours, and are separated by bands of a
transparent, subcorneous white” (J. Cate, transl.).

POSTSCRIPT

Article 13 (a) (i) of the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature appears subject to various interpretations.
In AzuMA & Cate (1971) we accepted one of these pos-
sible mterpretations, but because of confusing comments
received from various sources, the taxa described were
“validated” in Cate (1971), following another of the

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Page 113

possible interpretations. This seemed to result in elimin-
ating AzuMA as a co-author of the taxa in question. How-
ever, a prominent member of the ICZN expressed his
view (in litt.) to the effect that the joint authorship was
acceptable, if I so wished. Consequently, I have listed the
taxa in the present work as originally cited with joint
authorship. I would point out, however, that I have done
so without prejudice, and that any worker who does not
agree with this decision may petition the ICZN for a
ruling.

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ALLAN, Joyce K.
1956. Cowrie shells of world seas.
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ANDREWS, JEAN
1971. Sea shells of the Texas coast.
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Univ. Texas Press, Austin &

Venus 28 (4):

1969. Two new species of the genus Volva Réding, 1798. The Veli-
ger 11 (4): 364-366; pit. 56. figs. 1-5 (1 April 1969)
196Sa. A revision of the Eastern Pacific Ovulidae. The Veliger

12 (1): 95-102; plts. 7-10; 3 maps
1970. A new species of Japanese Ovulidae. The Veliger 13 (2):
181; 1 text fig. (1 October 1970)
1971. Additions and corrections to two recent articles on Ovulidae.
The Veliger 13( 4): 362 - 363 (1 April 1971)
CErRNOHORSKY, WALTER OLIVER
1968. The Ovulidae, Pediculariidae and Triviidae of Fiji. The
Veliger 10 (4): 353 - 374; pits. 50-52; 5 text figs.; 1 map (1 April)
CoTToN, BERNARD CHARLES & Frank K. GopFREY
1932. South Australian shells. So. Austral. Naturalist 13: 46;
pits. 1-15
Dance, STANLEY PETER
1966. Shell collecting; an illustrated history. Univ. Calif. Press, Ber-
keley & Los Angeles: 1 - 344; plts. 1-35; 31 text figs.
1967. Erik Brander, the Logies and Linnaeus. Sartr. ur Svens. Lin-
ne-Sallsk. Arsskr. Uppsala: 74 - 84
1967a. Report on the Linnaean shell collection.
London 178 (1): 1-24; plts. 1-10
Dopcr, HENRY
1959. Evidential factors in the identification of the Linnaean molluscs.
Journ. Linn. Soc. London (Zool.) 44 (296): 170-179 i
DunkKeErR, G. WILHELM

(1 July 1969)

Proc. Linn. Soc.

1882. Index molluscorum maris Japonici. Cassel viit+ 1-301;
pits. 1-16
GarrARD, THomMas A.
1963. New species of Mollusca from Eastern Australia. Journ.

Malac. Soc. Austral. 7: 42 - 46; plt. 7, figs. 1-10
GMELIN, JOHANN FRIEDRICH
1791. Caroli Linnaei systema naturae per regna tria naturae ... Edi-
tio decima tertia, aucta, reformata, Vermes Testacea. Leipzig 1 (6):
3021-3910 (pre May 1791)

Page 114

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

Hase, TADASHIGE
1961. Coloured illustrations of the shells of Japan.
i- xii + 1-183; append. pp. 1 - 42; plts. 1 - 66; text figs.
1964.
figs.
1968.
figs.
HAN Ley, Sy_tvaNus CHARLES THORPE

Osaka, II:
(20 April)
Selected shells of the world (II): 1- 212; plts. 1-70; 245 text

The standard book of Japanese shells. 1 - 223; plts. 1-65; text

1855. Ipsa Linnaei conchylia; the shells of Linnaeus, determined from
his manuscripts and collections. London, pp. 1 - 556; pits. 1-6
1860. On the Linnaean manuscript of the Museum Ulricae. Journ.

Linn. Soc. London (Zool.) 4: 43 - 90
HeEpLey, CHARLES
1916. A preliminary index of the Mollusca of Western Australia.
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[publ]. August 1915; volume dated: Perth 1916)
IREDALE, ToM

1935. Australian cowries, Part I. Austral. Zool. 8 (2): 96 - 135;
pits. 8, 9
Keen, A. Myra
1958. Sea shells of tropical West America: marine mollusks from

Lower California to Colombia. i-xi+624 pp.; 10 col. plts.; 1700
text figs. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, Calif. (5 Dec. 1958)
Kiener, Louis CHARLES
1843. Spécies génerale et iconographie des coquilles vivantes. Genre
Ovule: pp. 1 - 16; pits. 1-6
Kira, TETSUAKI

1954. Japanese shells in colour: 1-172; plts. 1- 67; text figs.
1962. Shells of the western Pacific in colour. Osaka: pp. vit+224;
72 pits. (post July 1962)

LisTER, MarTIN
1685-1692. Historiae sive synopsis methodicae conchyliorum.
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Martyn, THOMAS
1784-1786. The universal conchologist.
Mayr, Ernst

Lon-

London, 4 vols., 160 plts.

1969. Principles of systematic zoology. New York (McGraw-Hill)
xi+428 pp.; illust.
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1889. Catalogue des coquilles recueillies par M. Pavie dans le Cam-

bodge et le royaume de Siam.
PALLARY, PAUL
1900. Coguilles marines du littoral du Département d’Oran.
Journ. de Conchyl. (4) 2 [48] (3): 211-422; plts. 6-8 (25 Oct.)
Pitspry, Henry Aucustus & McGinty, THomas LapuE
1939, The genus Cyphoma in Florida. The Nautilus 53 (1): 1-4;
pit. 1
Reeve, Lovett AuGustTus
1865. Conchologia Iconica; monograph of the genus Ovulum; plts. 1-14
Roserts, S. RAYMOND
1870. Catalogue of the families Porcellanidae and Amphiperasidae.
Amer. Journ. Conchol. 5: Appendix 189 - 214

Journ. de Conchyl. 37: 139 - 142

ScHILDER, FRANZ ALFRED

1931. | Trois Amphiperatidae nouveaux. Bull. Soc. Zool. London 56:

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to ~

1941. Verwandtschaft und Verbreitung der Cypraeacea.
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1964. Primovula striatula tinctura Garrard.
12 (11) N.S. 57: 4

Arch. Mol-
(15 May 1941)
Hawaiian Shell News

1966. Linnaeus’ type specimens of cowries. The Veliger 9 (2):
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1968. The generic classification of cowries. The Veliger 10 (3):
264 - 273 (1 January 1968)
1969. A new semi-cowrie from South Africa. Hawaiian Shell News

17 (9); N.S.117: 6; illust.
ScHUMACHER, CHRETIEN FREDERIC
1817. Essai d’un nouveau systéme des habitations des vers testacés.
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1963. Selected shells of the world illustrated in colours.
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Sowersy, GeorcEe BRETTINGHAM Ist
1828. On the Recent species of the genus Ovulum.
4: 145-162
1830. Monograph of the genus Ovulum.
London 1 (1): 1-10; 2 plts.; figs. 1-58
Sowersy, Georce BrRETTINGHAM 2nd
1848. | Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells.
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1870. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells.
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1925. in: W. Kikenthal, Handb. d. Zool. 5(1): 1-88
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Tokyo,

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Species Conchyliorum,
(November 1830}

Jena,

1908. Notes on South Australian marine Mollusca with descriptions of
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Austral. 36: 424-448; plts. 13 - 16
1935. Combing the southern seas.
WEGENER, ALFRED
1962. in: A. Beiser & eds. of Life (Time Inc.); The earth: 1-192
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NiTzZ, Systematisches Conchylien Cabinet, 2nd ed, 5 (3): 167-215;
pits. 44 - 53

pp. 1-174; plts. 1-18

INDEX

Names printed in bold face italics type are of taxa described as new

herein.

Ordinary figures (i. e., 1, 2, etc.) refer to pages on which the particular taxon is mentioned or listed, whereas bold face figures refer to
pages on which the taxon is described or discussed extensively; figures in ordinary italics refer to the illustration of the taxon on the
halftone plate; if the italics number is followed by a C, it indicates an illustration on one of the four color plates.

abbotic™ os. Oe eke 39, 78 | adamsii (Reeve) icc 9, 30, 12
aboriginea eo 2ON SS adamsoniipe eee 4, 1
acicularis .... 76, 77, 80, 81, 82, | adriatica eee 32, 34, 36, 39,

A yaa a UN aa ne 89, 181, 18la LAE
Achyvolua@ tere ere 73 | aenigma ... Gia7oo
acuminata 58 | acqualis .. 60, 127, 127a
Adamantia alabaster .. oy CAD 245}, Ely C48
QAAMANa gene re a O lot ee 44, 49, 49a, 49b
adamsve(Dunker))) teste 93] alba (Perry) reno O3, 64, 141,

talba\ (Scacchi)! 22ers 24 | VAnUla) coeenecmene een 64
alba (Schumacher)... 64| Aperiovula Serta ig oa ek eA)
albida aperta

albumi(Dufo) pe ees 63] arcuata

ANLENE AE sesssssineesssien 67, 151, 151C| asiaticum ...

PA ri Php eS a mcrcernetenstee DW aspera ee eeeeneeeree

angasi . 97, 220, 220a, 220h| aurantia (Carlsson) can Ol
LOTUGULOS Ci enetmreces mere 65, 144] aurantiomacula ....... 27, 52, 52C
antillarum) ten 76, 169| aurantium (Sowerby 3"¢) 84, 187

Vol. 15; Supplement

AUTEOCINCEUM oss 68, 153, 153a
QUENGA evrvressnrens, 60, 91, 92, 208
EZRUTTL CU 57, 58, 119
B
DARAMAENSIS oeevvrgescssrscesen 80, 178
Dalicanpe cine eees 55, 115
Darbarensts vercoemue 83, 183, 183a
bartschige 105, 236

beckert oc.
bellamaris _......

bellica oo.

40, 41, 42, 80, 80a
72, 86, 161, 16la
41, 43, 83

bimaculata ... 17, 18, 19,

sonata 30, 30a, 30C
Binvolutaer eee 66
Binostraueene ene 73, 102, 109
birostris 71, 95, 102, 106,

scott rea ee A aa 215, 215a
Blarnusllei eS
borbonica 103, 112, 44A
BOSAUCNSIS eesemsessreinesesirieseee 74, 163
bowenbarikitenmerme cee 4
bratchenac ne 81, 180
brevirostris .. 92, 102, 230,

a oll ecstacy: 230a, 239b
brevis... 8, 10, 28, 30, 14, 14a
brunneiterma 87, 88, 196, 196C
bullae 12, 22, 23, 18, 18a

Billa

ww. 64
bullata (A. Adams « & a Reove)

ane 625185, 133

pullnta (Cate Pacelli s 10
Cc

(OC id ae . 106

caledonica 6 8, a 1, 28, 53

CHT OMUCE cossmcoranmecnes (UU 1
(CA DRO) ere cee eet eo rs
Calpurnus .....

CANAALETISIS pate OSE OL
COPE eee 91, 206
Carinea .. Cina 2 OG
Carne .... 24, 26, 85, 44
GOOLE SIS 76

CATPENEET voice
Carpiscula wc...
catalinensis ...
catholicorum
cavanaght ....
cepula
chinense
choshiensis
clandestina ..
clara

Navebenstsnesteccstcccshesaiiess rem cnea

21, 22, 23, 38, 38a

coarctata ..,
colobica. ....
columba ...

Colymus 3:
concinna 9, 10, 44, 45, 90, 90a

THE VELIGER

COTONIONA oresrssnscsssnrneeen 31, 33, 60
COSCELIALA —aigeessnesssin 65, 142, 142a
COLLESIOENSES erctrtsresssssseserosvees 23, 42

Crenavolva ...
cribellum ...

cribraria ......

Cribrarula

cristallinay eee

Culment eee 33, 64

COURS GIB. cerns erate etree 44

cumulata ... .. 109, 246

CUTLOSA ee 56, 57, 113

CUS Pts erecta eee 54, 113

Cushivoloapen en ener 54

cygnec .... .. 64

Cymbula .erecccsoe , 80

Cryphoma (Lit) cecemenengeen 66

Cyphoma (Réding) ......... 66, 96

Cyphonia

Cypraea

Cypraela ....

Cypraella

Cyproglobina .nccecmsnmmenegeea 5

Cyproglobinini 5

Cypropterina ...... 5
D

dancers 103, 233, 233a

aut zenDer gt recssmrnnnn 10, 42, 85

deflexa 80, 83, 179, 179a, 179C

Delonovolaa rrccicssrsscsssntienssrvingeees 58
dentata (A. Adams « Reeve)

Di ae be adh nee 52, 106
dentata (ANAS) ransesnsenenen 50
dentata (Waldheim « Fischer)

Rvs cl ee Nee Gl a0 Ue 24, 52
Dentiouulaypacrcnce tenn 13
ePressa pam eens 87, 88, 194
diantha
Diminovula occ ccscsarncnccicen 6, 2
Dissoncimm ven , 84
dondani .. 53, Bh ‘Ill
dorsata .. ere 0)0)
dorsuosa .... 13, 14, 52, 19
ATACONIS -eussesseenenen 74, 164, 164a
ra periemscn wereaennes 55, 116
GUD iain eee nenciiaaanes 45, 46, 95

eiz0i

elongata (Pallary) CMs
elongata (Requien) _ ..... EN 30
elongatum (A. Adams) resus 96
emarginatum ...... 69, 154, 154a
EMETSONE oeescrsenseee 38, 39, 40, 79
emilyreidae erwin 18, 19, 31
LOC YPTAeIn pes wenrissetereteeters 5
esontro pia

expallescens

ateesseversaneccansanercanerssenanesnsensmessasen pass napeyes

36, 70

LOT Cpe enna
formicaria (Sowerby **)

75, 112, 166, 166a
82

formicarium (Keep) users
formosa (A. Adams & Reeve)
52, 59, 124

formosa (Verco) .

FOTNICALA nesrersneieren nen 75
PREMOGE (ie pe 79, 177
FTUMENEUTIL gersenenssvee 53, 110, 110a
frutica 11, 33, 15
ful UTIs) eee 46, 111, 94
fummtkoae? ee eens 48, 99
fusula a 103, 232
G
Ballenace ummm cassissinccimmetercete 64

galearis .. 62, 134
Galera ..... 5, 6, 7
IBASKOUn tetera eter 26
QIDDOSUTTD evrrsrssrsrsiree 66, 146, 149
gibbus ..... ew 63, 136

globosa
GObOD UA rcsecmsissineisnscsinsiseneingesees 21
gracilis 100, 101, 229,

unas 229a, 2290,
gracillima (Schilder)
satus aa anor 87, 109, 195
gracillimus (Smith) wrrecsseeen 109,
eat winger 244, 2442,
H
LOCH NE ore rete tetera rte 110, 247
Pea but) ee ee 43, 83
haliotidea (Bainville) ........,.... 36
haliotidea (Gerville) cme 34
eas tai ee ne eae 85, 189
haynesi 78, 79, 174, 174a, 174C
PELE OE™ eseetcsesesmerssinessvee 43, 53, 89
hervieri ..
hesperia
Firat aie cece se ek
hirasei
hirohitoi

hordacea (Sowerby and) 73
WOTUTMGS ATUL corrcccsccensisecetenter 88, 198
I
TDeriaheee Wesiee ne Ewen 37, 72
illyrica .... . 62, 90, 204
imitabilis ... 34, 112

imperialis ......
improcera

Page 115

AUC LSC ee 28, 29, 54
INGICG ere as tee ctr atari 55, 114
Trflatovul wecsnesemrnesnengein 19, 30
INlEKA srrsrssn 76, 77, 81, 84, 167
insculpta ... 102, 103, 231, 23la
INLETMEMIUN vresuqesssnsens 36, 69, 89,
ee loom oO)
UNETICALA srreisessomenee 9, 12, 10, 10a
ashibashitpessescse 65, 145, 145a
USTD SUD. (oactscsiietccssceniitretitaccreegttee 65
J
LOCO corer rr eee tte 111, 250
jeanae .. 33, 37, 38, 39, 73, 73C
Werneria\ ante a career 5
K
Kkandarie a aa 32, 62
kashiwajimensis . 104, 235
kathiewayae ..... 70, 454
Kiven cise pene ees 98, 221a
KOSUER eecrcsrsricssrnsrsve 17, 29, 29a
Fur 0dat recon 111, 95A, 95AC
KUrOShtOVOlUG rvvccssussrseseeiercreraeety 89
L
Labiovold reccsesessiitisieneneiennyeens 33
labroguttata .......... 61, 131, 1310
Lacrima

lacrima ...
lactea

lamyi
lanceolata ...

setegenaarees

leathesi
lemurica

70, 89

loebbeckeana
longirostrata ...

95, 96, 104, 106,
239, 239a, 239b
riety tos)

M
elf ee ale eta 84, 188
INGES GE! soccer a 71, 159
TILA JOT Nei ctett tn ant sencamtterecte
manifesta .....
MATPETULA .eveoerene 1, 75, 81, 165
margarita (A. Adams) eegean 44
margarita (Sowerby 'st) . 23, 24,
es poses ae 28, 43, 43a

marginata ... 30, 31, 32, 59, 59a
Mar ginOcy Prada rcreemrvnmgine 4
Margovula «0...

MATIAE evrgernrn

13, 14, 20, 20a

MASAO nee LOOM ZO seo

Page 116

THE VELIGER

Vol. 15; Supplement

MCOYt srr Semaine BOG,
MCQINEYI ne 67, 150, 150a
MEYETIANA eresseccsrnesvnen 38, 40, 75
michaelkingi ....... 83, 185, 185C
TLUTIO TS ea ee oer Honea 24
moniliaris
mucronata matt
MYTAKEENAE eres. OV, 58, 121
N
NATINOSA «vrorsscrssscsssssrsioirnre 40, 41, 8/
nebula 8, 9, 2
NECEATED roses 93, 94, 213, 213a
neglecta 60, 129
INIGOSUINTULAN ee 89
NAC AEENSIS| saasseteccetescrunyesvie 70, 157
nicaoensis ...
MUG ETI) eee a tienen eae
NEPPONENSIS esrcses Ch a tee 5 AO)
nossibeensis ee LOO 2265
NUDECULALA oeesosoee 11, 33, 34, 65
nubila 34, 66
MUCL EUS |) rena eee EE A,
O
oblongata st: eee 36
obsoleta
btusa (Bucq., Dautz., Dollfus)
ioctl Me rte ee a 89
obtusa (Sowerby !S*) ....... 89, 202
Ob tS 11] ae eee 24
orientis
OSTNETMNET AE iosceovscosrveesvesine 58, 122
OQUULONINIS Meme eran 64, 140
ovoidea KS, eH)
OQuulatee eee. 5, 6, 7, 30, 64
Ovulajiag eee 64
Ovulinae each ene emer 1)
@ailinigeeseee te eee)
Ovulum 9, 64
Ovulusperson en = eee ae One 64
OVUM ou, 64, 139, 139a, 139}
P
pagoda ... 35, 69, 69a
pallida » 24
paraguana pe Ge
Parlicium ‘ .. 64
parvita a Ce)
PATUULOT Distasi nee)

fatulayec seo SOO OMMAle

. 67, 67a, 67b

Pellasimnia
pennantiana
perilla
perla

pharetra

IPhenacovolua) sence
philippinarum ..... 1, 80, 85, 87,
. 93, 95, 97, 98, 216

PITAQUA vememrnen, 107, 108, 241
platysia 41, 42, 43, 86
PTACNOMUMGLG, A rasrrsneicsnncteserscniny 87
precursor... &, 148

Primovuulamy ae ee tO,

Prionovolva

ROCA PUI Us, Mesistiasensserncensets 63
PHOSVMNIA cee 73
Prcudaevahena 69
PSEUdOCYPTCEA Fiennes ears

pseudogracilis . 101, 228, 228C
PSCUdOSINIA cecrcseicnrineniinnn 8, 24
Pteria ...... 3 moon LG)
pudica ..... Ul, 28, TA, 15b
Ulchellaypem merce VE) 7
punctata ..... 19, 20, 29, 57, 57a
PuUnpune cee eres Y/ ()

Pustularia aS)
pustulata ... 8h 2 22
COMTI? cembaeierretemnebroemener cry Ney
pyrifera eee 26, 48
PYTUPOTTAIS orcescesren 16, 17, 18, 20

.. 27, 27a, 270

PYTULN| vovcccwnene 16, 17, 28, 28

QUAESTLOM Meee ea os LOS ELIE
ican let eee ern eee any 60
R
Radius (Montfort) occ 109
Radius (Schumacher) «0... 92
Me CUTUCmee eet OOM OTP eal
me flexa yin ce wee ae 112, 190

rehdert 0.0...

renovata ...

99, 100, 224, 224a
51, 103, 103C

TWO GG erate 71, 85, 86, 193,

ee ete 193a, 1930,
POberEson: reece ee 391077
rosea (A. Adare) 93, 94,

da ae Ne 212, 212a, 212C
rosea (Pallary) men )
rosea (Requien) St 2

rosea (Rossiter)

TOSCOGATIVE Geter net nee &9
TOSCOMACULALA ooercrcesrsersscineee 45, 92
TOSCWAECTE occescscees 52, 107, 107C

TOStel open ees
Rotaovula

58, 59, 123

11d OSC renee ee OFA 7,
rutherfordiana . 47, 48, 49.
cota oe epieaheereerecaes 96, 96C.

TUERLUTNETAE reccnrerisirnnin 92, 207
S
Sandaliaipercn teen reece 85
saturnalia ... 15, 25
SCHOTT CTt een een nen 5
SCRUETOTUM. eeresecsserseveee 19, 32
Cit appre 85, 86, 192, 192a
Sculptura eer 905 205)
secalis (Dillwyn) me

secalis (Sowerby '*) _...... 89, 203
SEMinuUlUM reco. 92, 211, 21la

SCMPOTCEllaNA cererracssssmnnesneenegeere 64
SEMISETIALUS eecssne 112, 138, “138a
sempert 73, 89, 162, 162a, 162b
SENEGALENSIS eeecceseny 61, 132, 132a

Serratovolva .
SET TAI Alp emer ee OO,

SRIKAMAL pescecssssoee 37, 38, 39, 74
SAUNZOU Meera . 89, 209
signatum ... 68, 152, “152a, 152b
similis rites . 91, 209
EOLA eA cee ER pe isi aaa! 70

Sennialena) ae ee
simulans
sinensis
Singulants\ ee
SENOMATAS vovsscssssmevessctessssssesepesee
smithi (Bartsch)

solemi

en aa ee ND) 44, 91, Qla
Solenccaulonme =e OO
sowerbyana ........ 72, 89, 95, 102
OOO crreectrrmnrsirn Cl 24, 40)
spelta ... 61, 70, 89, 90, 102,

eee 2OIE2O0 Na
sphaera «0... 22, 23, 41

Syhtetocy praca pai Re:

SBROnNY Ee eee 95, 26, 47
Spiculata eee es 82
GAGE Betterment Ly CaS}, CY
Stohlerorial eecsec ences 47
Siriatau mene ee 110, 248, 248a

SETIALUIA cresmesrnnnee. 13, 15, 47, 49,
. 101, 101a, 101C
28, 29, 55

striola
subreflexa
SUDTOSET ALA eee en
Subsimnia
Sulcocypraca
surabajensis

tadashigene seers tea
takae .. 38, 48, 76
takeoi 15, 24, 240

LAYLOTIANA gresmriren 96, 217, 217a
Testudovolva so . 6, 8
LEXCOTIO ee . 109
GAGES combeentire 56, ‘17, 251
tinchlswe ee _19, 20, 66, 33

. 50, 51, 104, 104a
. 108, 242, 242C

tinctura ..
tokiov ........

LOMItN1 ose aS
Lortilismern . 65, 143
LOSGENSIS eee . 84, 186

trailla 50, 51, 53, , “102, 102a
MrANSUNEALA oeceecscesnie 32, 33, 63
Transovula
tripolia
triticea’ (Costa) ence
triticeay (ischen) lee eeneeee
triticea (Payraudeau) 4... 70
triticeum (Lamarck) 85, 191
CH HOO Crna 604, HE, BYE)
tuberculosa) manera lO)
Tur bouula ee AO?
tyrianthindg pee OO)

OO)
seeracrao 23, 24
ih 60, 75, 76,
. 81, 82, 168

Ultimus wn...
umbilicata .
uniplicata ....

VANAYNINGL voveenrnnninn 2, 26, 46
OOHATA. comemmamnemanecmnn Oy HTP
3 28 BY, 3, 10D
verepunctata 7X0}, Pll, Sl
VETIUCOSA) cn OOM SO Moa
vidleri .......... 60, 130, 130a, 130b

verconis

UIOLACEd)
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