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MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OF THC

UNITED KINGDOM

THE VERTEBEATA

OP THE

PLIOCENE DEPOSITS

OF

BRITAIN.

BY

E. T. NEWTON, F.G.S., F.Z.S.

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OP THE LORDS COMMISSIONERS OP HBK MAJJSSTY S TREASURY.

LONDON:

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EARTH
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PREFACE.

THE present Memoir, embracing an account of all the Verte-
brate organisms at present known from the Pliocene Deposits of
Britain, forms a companion volume to the Memoir on " The
" Vertebrata of the Forest Bed series of Norfolk and Suffolk,"
which was published in 18§2o J^hile recapitulating and bringing
up to date the information we possess as to the species from the
Forest Bed it treats more especially of the forms found in the
Crag.

The total number of Vertebrata at present known from the
Pliocene Deposits of the country amounts to 212. These have
been catalogued and discussed by Mr. Newton in the present
Memoir, which will, I trust, be of considerable service to those
engaged in the study of the younger Tertiary formations. In
connexion with this volume the reader should consult the
Geological Survey Memoir, by Mr. Clement Reid, on " The
" Pliocene Deposits of Britain/' published last year.

ARCH. GEIKIE,

Director- General.
31st March 1891.

o 63855. 500.— 7/91. Wt. 5132. E. & S, a 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page

PREFACE BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL - - iii

INTRODUCTION . „ 1

MAMMALIA - - - 4

PRIMATES - ....

CARJTIVORA . . .

FISSIPEDIA : —

Felis - ... 4

„ pardoides - _ . _ - 5

Machasrodus - e

5

Hyaena crocuta - - . . g

„ striata . ^

Canis

o

„ lupus _ _ - 8

„ vulpes . . m .9

Canis ? primigenius - . - 9

Pterodon? - - ... 10

Mustela martes . _ - - 10

„ putorius? - " - - - 11

Gulo luscus - . _ ~7~

Lutra vulgaris - , ,

„ dubia - 12

„ Reevei - . . . _ -13

Ailurus anglicus - . o

Hyasnarctos ----..

Ursus - ,.

lo

„ arvernensis - - . . m -If?

„ horribilis - - _ _ - 16

„ spelaaus _ . m - 17

Carnivor tooth of doubtful affinities - - - 17
PINNIPEDIA : —

Trichechus Huxleyi - - ^

Phoca . ; „

„ barbata m 19

„ Moori . . 19

Phocanella minor - r • 19

VI

Page

UNOUI.ATA -

(Ungulata vera)
ARTIODACTYLA

Bi.on - - ' ' 21

91

„ bonasue

Ovibos moschatus — <*r-

Caprovis Savinii

Antilope? - ' !'3

f)0

Gazella anglica -
Small ruminant, genus doubtful

Cervulus dicranoceros - -24

Cervus - - ' <'' ' 25

ardeus -'- - >"-. - - *' ' 25

bovides -

26

„ carnutorum
„ Dawkinsi

„ elaphus -. - 27

„ etueriarum -
„ Falconer! -
„ Fitchii -

» giganteus ? -

»» polignacus -

„ rectus -

,, Savini - 30

„ Sedgwicki • " :-• 31

„ suttonensis i1 - 31

„ tetraceros
„ verticornis
Alces latifrons -
Capreolus caprea ?

Xiphodon plat jeeps - - - 34

Hippopotamus amphibius - 34

Sus - - - - 35

„ antiquus - * '- " '^ ' ' - 35

„ palaeocho3rus u 36

„ scrofa - "- - ."^ 36

PERISSODAOTYLA - 36

Equus caballus - 36

„ stenonis - '. -/r> - 37

Hipparion gracile - 37

Rhinoceros - 38

„ incisivus . * - 38

„ Schleiermacheri - - - '.39

Vll

Page

Rhinoceros etruscus - . 39

„ megarhinus ? - 39

Tapirus arvernensis _ - 40

Hyracotheriurn leporinum - -41

(Subungulata) - .... -41

Coryphodon . _ - 41

Mastodon - - . . -42

9, arvernensis - - 43

„ longirostris - - - 43

„ Bovsoni . .44.

Elephas . - 45

,, meridionalis - . .45

„ antiquus - .47

„ primigenius ? 47

szxtEicriA - - . - ' - 48

Halitherium Canhami - . - 48

RODBlffTIA - - - - - 49

Sciurus vulgaris - - - 49

Castor fiber . - 49

„ veterior . 50

Trogontherium Ouvieri - - 51

„ minus - - 51

Mus sylvaticus - - 52

Microtus (Arvirola) amphibiui ? - - - 52

„ „ urvalis - - 52

» » gregalis . 53

„ „ glareolus . 53

„ „ iutermedius . 53

Lepus . 54

Kodent tooth, genus undetermined - - .54.

xxrsucTxvoRA - ... - . . - 55

Talpa europaja » • - - 55

Sorex vulgaris - - - - 55

„ pjgmaBua - . - 55

Myogale moschata - " - 56

CETACEA . . . - 57

Balrena biscayensis . - 57

„ affinis - . 5g

„ primigenia . 58

„ (Bala3notus) insignis - - - 59

}> (Balamula) balasnopsis - - 60

Megaptera affinis . . QQ

i.i
Vlll

Page

Megaptera (Burtinopsis) similis - 60

,. (Burtinopsis) minuta - - 61

Balsenoptera definita - - 61

„ (Plesiocetus) Goropi • • 62

,, borealina - ~- - 62

„ emarginata •'••'• 62

sp.

Cetotherium (Plesiocetus) Brialmonti :« - - 63

„ „ dubium •<•-" - 63

Hupschi? '- 64

„ ' (Heterocetus) brevifrons I- 64

Herpetocetus scaldiensis - - - - - 64

PHYSETEKID^E ,.- 65

Physeter macrocephalus • - 65

Eucetus amblyodon - - 65

Balasnodon physaloides • - 66

Physeterula Dubusii ? - - - '*:'." - * 67

Physodon (Palasodelphis) grandis ? • ••/•»•• • 68

„ „ fusiformis ? • ">>: it-*— 68

Hoplocetus crassidens ? "~ - 68

„ borgerhoutensis ? - 68

„ curvidens ? • *,\ 69

Hyperoodon - - 69

Choneziphius • . •;*•-•• - - 69

„ planirostris - - 69

„ plaiius - - - 71

„ Packard! - - -" - 71

Mesoplodon ... - • . - 72

„ longirostris (=medilineatus) - - 72

„ tenuirostris - - 73

„ gibbus "•**.» - - > ; - 73

„ angustus - • v - 73

„ angulatus - - - •/ j?--., 73

„ compress us - - . - ^ ««. - 73

„ Floris i> - r - - 74

„ scaphoides - 74

SQUALODONTIDyE - ^ .. . . 75

Squalodon antwerpiensis - - _ .75

DELPHINIM; . ^6

Orca citoniensis - , . _ ^^

„ gladiator - . - _ -g

Pseudorca crassidens ? - „ - 77

Globicephalus uncidens - -+., _ /_,_

IX

Page

Monodon monoceros - 7g

Delphinapterus leucas - 79

Delphinus delphis . - .79

Tursiops tursio ? - go

Phocasna communis « - -80

Delphinoid petrotympanics not generically determined - 80
NOTES on MAMMALS which have been said to occur in

the ENGLISH CRAGS - . 82

AVES - 83

Bubo ignavus - 83

Phalacrocorax carbo - - - 83

Anser - - - 84

Anas - - - 84

Spatula clypeata . 84

Uria troile - - 84

Mergulus? - - 85

Diomedea . £5

REPTILIA . 86

CHE1.ONIA . - - . - , gfi

SQUAMATA - . gg

Tropidonotus natrix - 86

Pelias (Vipera) berus - 86

AMPHIBIA 87

Rana temporaria - 87

„ esculenta - - 87

Bufo - . 87

Triton (Molge) cristatus - - 87

PISCES - 88

TELEOSTEI . gg

Perca fluviatilis - - 88

Acerina vulgaris - - 88

Chrysophrys - - - 88

Platax Woodwardi - 89

Thynnus scaldiensis - - 90

„ thynnus - 91

Anarrhichas lupus - 91

Labrus - 92

Phyllodus - 92

Pleuronectes - - - 92

Gad us - 93

o 63855. b

Page

93
Gadus inorrhua

„ pseudseglefinus

94
„ luscus

„ minutus •

„ merlangus

„ virens ? -

„ pollachius

„ elegans -
Arius

Barbus vulgaris
Leuciscus rutilis
„ cepbalus
„ erythrophthalmus

Tinea vulgaris -

qo

Abramis brama

Esox lucius

Teleostean fish, genus undetermined

GANOID EI •" r-Ly < - 100

Pycnodus • 10°

Gyrodus - 10°

Pisodus • 10°

Lepidotus (=Spha3rodus)
Acipenser •-,

CHZMJEROZBEZ

Edaphodon • 101

Elasmodus Hunteri

Coelorhynchus • 101

ELASMOBRANCHII - - - !' 102

Galeus canis
Cetorhinus maximus
Carcharodon

„ megalodon - 1 03

Eondeleti 104

Lamna (=Otodus, Ag. et auct.1 - - 105

„ obliqua -

Oxyrhina bastalis (=xipbodon) - - 106

Odontaspis =Lamna, Ag. et auct.) - 106
„ elegans

„ contortideus - 107

Notidanus • - 107

gigas - 108

Myliobatis 109

Dixoni *'*• - ' - - 109

XI

Page

Myliobatis toliapica, - - 109

„ tumidens - - 110

JEiobatis • . - 110

Rhinoptera (=Zygobatis) Woodward! - - 110

Ptychodus polygyrus _ m

Raja clavata - _ - 111

„ batis . in

» SP- - 112

Pristis _ - 112

Squatina - . - 112

Acanthias vulgaris - - 113

DISTRIBUTION of British Pliocene Vertebrate - - 114

SUMMARY . . -121

LIST OF WORKS, &C. . _ . - 124

THE VERTEBRATA

OF THE

PLIOCENE DEPOSITS

OF

BRITAIN.

INTRODUCTION.

AN endeavour is made in the present Memoir to give some
account of every species of Vertebrate animal which has been
recorded from, or is now known to occur in, the Pliocene strata of
Great Britain, and the work will form a companion volume to the
" Vertebrata of the Forest Bed Series of Norfolk and Suffolk,"
which treats of the Vertebrate remains from that important section
of the Pliocene deposits of East Anglia. In order to make the
present volume complete in itself, all the species included in the
(f Forest Bed Memoir" are briefly alluded to, and such additional
information as may have been obtained regarding them is here
recorded. Besides this, several species, new to the " Forest
Bed," have more recently been brought to light, and these also
are included.

No illustrations of the Forest-bed Cervidae were given in the
earlier Memoir, but it has been decided to introduce several of
them here, and they will be found on Plate IV., all the figures
being one-fourth the natural size of the specimens.

For the execution of the lithographic plates illustrating this
Memoir, I am under obligation to Mr. W. M. Redaway, who has
spared no pains to make the drawings accurate, and, with few
exceptions, they have been drawn directly from the specimens.

Fragmentary as are the vertebrate remains from the Forest-
bed, those from the Crags are even more unsatisfactory for deter-
mination, being for the most part isolated teeth and pieces of
bones, much rolled and water-worn. Nevertheless, some of these
teeth are in a remarkable state of preservation, being very hard,
of a reddish brown colour, and with a peculiar lustrous surface,
which makes them elegant objects in the cabinet.

o 63855.

2 INTRODUCTION.

Allusion has been made in the previous Memoir to the various
collections of Forest-bed Vertebrates, and they need not be
again mentioned. Many of the Crag specimens described by
earlier writers were derived from well-known Collections, which
have since been dispersed, and among these may be especially
noticed the Whincopp, Baker, Marshall, and Middleton Collections,
the specimens from which are now, for the most part, preserved in
other private cabinets or public museums, and in so far as I have
been able to trace the more important fossils, their present resting
place will be found recorded in the body of this work.

Among the larger series of Crag Vertebrata, attention may be
directed to that in the Ipswich Museum, under the charge of Dr.
J. E. Taylor, which, through the munificence of Sir Richard
Wallace, now includes also the valuable collection brought
together by the Rev. H. Canham, of Woodbridge, and that in the
York Museum, under the charge of Mr. H. M. Platnauer, which
is, for the most part, the generous gift of Dr. W. Reed of that
city, who, as honorary curator, has charge of the Pala3ontological
Galleries. Next may be mentioned the collection in the British
Museum under the supervision of Prof. W. H. Flower and Dr.
Henry Woodward, which includes so many of the types described
by the veteran palaeontologist Sir Richard Owen. In the Norwich
Museum are some interesting specimens partly derived from the
early collection made by Saml. Woodward, and partly contributed
by Dr. Crowfoot and Mr. E. T. Dowson, as well as by the curator
Mr. James Reeve, and each of these three gentlemen also possesses
a private collection of Crag fossils. The Museum of Practical
Geology has a good series of Pliocene Vertebrates, some of those
from the Coralline Crag being especially noteworthy. Mr. Robert
Fitch, of Norwich, possesses some fine specimens from the
Norwich Crag of Thorpe, and Mr. E. Cavell, of Saxmundham, has
a collection from the same horizon. Mr. J. J. Colman has
added to his already valuable museum at Cliff House, Corton,
Lowestoft, the large series of remains brought together by Mr.
Randall Johnson from the Forest-bed, as well as some from
the Norwich Crag of Horstead ; among the latter the portions of
elephant teeth may be especially noticed. Mr. E. C. Moor, of
Great Bealings, has a number of specimens from the Red Crag,
some of which are unique, and Mr. E. St. F. Moore, of Wood-
bridge, likewise has a series from the same horizon. The Rev. A.
D. Philps, of Coggeshall, possesses the half of a fine example of
Choneziphius planirostris, which, although dredged in the North
Sea, is doubtless of Red Crag origin. Mr. Frank H. Harris, of
Abiugdon, and the Rev. J. Foster Lepine, of Croydon, also
possess specimens which they have collected from the Suffolk Crag.
To all the gentlemen, whose names I have had occasion to
mention, I desire to tender my heartiest thanks for the kindly
assistance they have rendered in facilitating my examination of
the fossils in their possession, or under their charge, and in many
cases also my obligation is increased by the loan of valuable
specimens, which have been freely placed at my disposal.

TNTEODUCTION. 3

Little need be said regarding the sub-divisions of the Pliocene
strata, as these are fully described by my colleague, Mr. Clement
Reid, in his Survey Memoir on '•' The Pliocene Deposits of
Britain," 1890, but attention may be directed to the fact that by
far the larger part of the Vertebrate remains which are said to be
from the Red Crag really come from the Nodule-bed (Bone-bed of
some authors) which occurs at its base, and, further, that a Nodule-
bed with similar fossils is known to occur also under the Coralline
Crag. Many of the fossils from the Nodule-bed have been un-
doubtedly derived from the denudation of Eocene strata, while others
seem to be the remanie of Pliocene beds older than the Coralline
Crag, but of which no traces are known to occur in Britain. It has
been suggested that most of Nodule-bed Vertebrates have been
derived from Miocene strata, but there seems little evidence to
support such an idea. Many Vertebrate remains have been found
actually in the Coralline Crag and Red Crag above the Nodule-
bed, and this fact will be duly noticed in the description of the
species. The same is the case with the Norwich Crag, many
specimens being obtained above the Basement Bed, or Mamma-
liferous Stone -bed.

The following table of British Pliocene deposits is taken from
the Survey Memoir by Mr. Clement Reid, and will serve to in-
dicate the horizons from which the fossils have been derived : —

PLEISTOCENE. — Arctic Freshwater Bed (with Salix polaris,

Bctula nanat Spermophilus, <&c.)
pLeda-myalis Bed (classed provisionally with
Pliocene).

f Upper Fresh-"]

Forest | water | Gravels with Elephas

Bed <J Estuarine [>• meridionals at
NEWER I Series. | Lower Fresh- I Dewlish, Dorset.
PLIOCENE. M L water

Weybourn Crag (and Chillesford Clay ?)
Chillesford Crag.
Norwich Crag.
Red Crag, Butley, &c.
Walton Crag (Lower Red Crag).
"St. Erth Beds.

Coralline Crag and Lenham beds.

OLDER • BQX gtones an(j phosphate beds at the base of

PLIOCENE. j the Ked and Coralline Crags [Nodule-tod]

[_ (with remanie early Pliocene fossils).

A list of Works on Pliocene Vertebrata, supplementary to that
given in the Forest-bed Memoir, will be found on page 124,
but for fuller Bibliographies relating to Pliocene geology, the
reader is referred to Mr. Clement Reid's Survey Memoir above
mentioned ; also to Mr. H. B. Woodward's Memoir, The Geology
of the Country around Norwich, 1881 ; and to that by Mr. W.
Whitaker, The Geology of the Country around Ipswich, &c., 1885.

A 2

MAMMALIA

PRIMATES.

Remains of Primates have been found in Pliocene Beds in the
South of France (Gervais, Palseont. Frangaise, Edit. 2, p. 10, 1855)
and in Italy (Forsyth Major, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLI.,
p. I, 1885), and have been referred to the genera Macacus and
Semnopithecus, No examples of this group, however, have been
recorded from British Pliocene strata. The specimen to which
Sir Richard Owen gave the name of Macacus pliocenus (Brit.
Foss, Mamm., page xlvi., 1846) was obtained from the Pleisto-
cene deposit of Grays, Essex, which at that time was called
" Newer Pliocene," Brickearth.

CARNIVORA.

Genus PELIS, Linnaeus.

Mr. J. Gunn, in his " Geology of Norfolk," printed in" White's
Gazetteer" (p. 11, 1883 Edition), gives the "Wild Cat" among
other species from the Norwich Crag, as being in " the late Mr.
Middleton's collection," but I have been unable to get any clue
to the specimen on which this determination was based, or to
find any corroborative evidence for the occurrence of the species
in the Norwich Crag, and, although it is quoted by Messrs. R.
and A. Bell, . on Mr. Gunn's authority (Proc. Geol. Assoc.,
Vol. II., p. 212, 1872), I do not feel justified in retaining it as a
Crag species. Prof. E. Ray Lankester (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XXVI., p. 511, 1870) alluded to two feline upper carnaasial
teeth, one in Mr. Canham's collection (now in the Museum at
Ipswich) and the other in Mr. Baker's collection (now in the
Reed collection, York Museum). Both these teeth are now
referred to Hyana striata, the one at Ipswich (Plate I., fig. 9)
having been figured by Mr. R. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 365, 1886).

Mr. R. Fitch, of Norwich, has a very much worn feline tooth
(Plate I., fig. 2) from the Norwich Crag of Thorpe, which seems
to be the specimen alluded to as Felis pardoides in Prof. Prest-

CARNIVORA. O

wich's list of mammals from this deposit (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XX VII, p. 456, 1871), but it is too large for F.
pardoides, and is provisionally referred to Machcerodus.

A portion of a remarkably flattened humerus from the Forest-
bed of Kessingland, now preserved in the British Museum, and
a portion of a fibula, also from the Forest-bed and now in the
King collection in the Museum of Practical Geology, have been
provisionally referred to the genus Felis (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert.
Forest Bed, 1882, p. 23) ; it is possible, however, that they may
be parts of Machcerodus.

FELIS PARDOIDES, OWEN.
PLATE I., PIG. 1, «, b.

A left lower sectorial tooth (m. 1) of a feline animal was found
by Mr. Colchester in the lied Crag of Ne>wbourn, near Wood-
bridge ; and Sir R. Owen (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV., p. 186,
1840) found it, to be " exactly similar in size and shape to the corre-
sponding tooth of the Leopard." It was subsequently named Felis
pardoides (Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm., 1846, p. 169, fig. 66). The
specimen (Plate I., fig. 1) is now in the Ipswich Museum.

Another tooth (which I have been unable to trace) from a Red
Crag Pit, five miles from Newbourn, was afterwards described by
Sir R. Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. XII., p. 226, fig. 19,
1856), and referred to the same species, he at the same time
saying that " The Felis antediluviana of Kaup, from the Miocene
sand of Eppelsheim, and the Felis pardinensis of Croizet and
Jobert, from the Miocene strata of Auvergne, correspond in
size with the Felis pardoides of the Red Crag of Suffolk."
Dr. Falconer (Palaeont. Mem., 1869, Vol. II., p. 59) recognised
the similarity between the British and Auvergne specimens, and
said, " it remains to be shown that the former is specifically
different from the latter form."

The tooth of Felis pardus, figured by Dawkins and . Sanford
(Brit. Pleist. Mamm. Pal. Soc. for 1871, p. 177, Plate xxiv.,
fig. 2), from Bleadon Cave, is rather larger than the Crag
specimen ; but it seems very probable that they represent but
one species, and will eventually, together with the Eppelsheim
and Auvergne specimens, be referred to the living species,
F. pardus.

Genus MACHJERODUS, Kaup.
PLATE I., FIG. 2, a, b.

The occurrence of this genus in the " Forest Bed " of Norfolk
was first made known by Prof. Lankester (Geol. Mag., Vol. VI.,
p. 440, 1869). The form of the single canine, which was the
only specimen then known from this horizon, seemed to resemble
more the tooth of M. cuhridens, from the Val d'Arno, than the

(} MAMMALIA.

broader form from British caves, which Sir E. Owen had called
M. latidens. The same opinion was expressed in the Geological
Survey Memoir (Vertebrata of the Forest Bed, p. 21, 1882), and
more recently Mr. R. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XLIL, p. 309, 1886), when considering the affinities of a
lower jaw of this genus, which had been found in the Forest-
bed of Kessingland, and described by Mr. J. Backhouse (Ibid.,
p. 309), came practically to the same conclusion, namely, that the
Forest-bed form of Machcerodus seemed to be the M. cultridens ;
but that the evidence was not sufficient to justify a reference of
the specimens to that species.

If, as Dr. E. Fabrini states (Boll. Com. Geol. Ital. Ser. 3, Vol. L,
p. 161, 1890), the canines of M. cultidrcns have no crenations,
then the Forest-bed Machwrodus cannot belong to that species ;
but I am not satisfied that we should be correct in following
Dr. Fabrini in referring the Forest-bed specimens to M. crcnatidcns,
for it seems to me far from certain that M. crenatidcns is
specifically distinct from Owen's M. latidens.

Mr. K. Fitch has a portion of a large carnassial tooth from the
Norwich Crag of Thorpe, very much worn by the opposing
teeth ; this may be the tooth which has been thought to be
Felis pardoides (Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XXVIL, p. 456, 1871), but it is far too large for that species.
The manner in which this tooth is worn makes it look like a
tooth of Hycena, but its shape is quite different from any tooth
of that animal. The teeth of Machcerodus are sometimes similarly
worn away, and as this tooth agrees in size with Machcerodus, it
is provisionally referred to that genus. The tooth of the closely
allied genus Eusmilus figured by Mr. Lydekker (Cat. Foss.
Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part v., p. 311, 1887) may be compared
with this.

The genus Machcerodus occurs in Miocene beds at Eppelsheim.
In the Pliocene of Pikermi, Mont L^beron, Mont Perrier,
the Val d' Arno, and in India ; possibly also in the Norwich Crag of
Britain. It is also met with in the Norfolk Forest-bed, as well as
in Pleistocene beds of Britain and on the Continent.

Genns HYJENA, Zimmermann.
HY^NA CROCUTA, ERXLEBEN.

(Spotted Hycena.)
PLATE I., FIG. 8, a, b.

The remains of a large form of Hycena, similar to those which
are now generally looked upon as a spelaen variety of H. crocuta,
have been obtained from the Forest-bed of Gorton and Kes-
singland, near Lowestoft (Geol. Mag. Dec., 2, Vol. X., p. 433,
1883, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXXIX, p. 580,
1883), they are in the possession of Mr. J. J. Colman at Gorton,

CAKNIVORA.

Mr. Angel at Beccles, and in the Backhouse Collection at York.
Mr. A. Savin also has specimens from the same horizon near
Cromer.

Hycvna crocuta has also been met with in the Caves and
Pleistocene deposits of Britain and many localities in Europe.
At the present day it is living in Africa, south of the Sahara.

STRIATA, ZIMMERMANN.
= H. ANTIQUA, LANKESTER.

(Striped Hycena.)
PLATE I., FIGS. 9, a, &, 10, a, b.

Prof. Lankester (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Series 3, Vol. XIIL,
p. 56, Plate viii., Vol. XIV., p. 358, Plate viii., 1864) described
two premolars of Hycvna- from the Red Crag of Felixstow,
Suffolk, which he believed represented a new species, and named
it Hycena antiqua. One of these (upper p.m. 3) is now in
the British Museum (No. 37,983). These teeth were com-
pared with the recent forms, but were scarcely sufficient to
permit of definite specific determination, and indeed their close
relationship to H. stria ta was acknowledged. Prof. Lankester
afterwards (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI., p. 511,
Plate xxiii., Figs. 5, 6, 1870) noticed another Hycena tooth
(Plate I, Fig. 10) from the Red Crag of Woodbridge (then in
the Baker Collection and now in York Museum), which he also
referred to H. antiqua.

Mr. R. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIL,
p. 364, 1886, and Cat. Foss. Mamm. British Mus., Part v., p. 315,
1887) has more recently figured a right upper carnassial (p.m. 4)
from the Red Crag of Trimley St. Mary^ (Plate I., Fig. 9), pre-
served in the Ipswich Museum, which is precisely like the same
tooth of Hycena striata, and differs from that of H. crocuta in
the relatively smaller size of the hinder flattened cusp ; and there
can be little doubt as to his being justified in referring it to
H. striata. There is another upper carnassial of the left side in
the Reed Collection, York Museum, from the Red Crag of
Woodbridge, presenting precisely the same characters, but more
worn. These two carnassial teeth have been alluded to as
« feline " (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI, p. 511). The
improbability of the specimens described by Prof. Lankester
belonging to a second species, seeing that they agree so closely
with H. striata, has led Mr. R. Lydekker to include them all
under the latter; which species he has also identified in the
Pliocene of the Val d'Arno (Cat. Foss. Mam. Brit. Mus.,
Part i., p. 88, 1885, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIV,
p. 62, 1890). A right lower canine tooth (Plate I., Fig. 11)
from the Red Crag of Felixstow, in the Reed Collection,
York Museum, may perhaps be referred to this species ; but it

8 MAMMALIA.

Jias a very close resemblance to a tooth which has been
figured as Hycenarctos minutus (Koken, Sitzb. Gesell. Naturf.
Freunde, Berlin, Nr. 3, 1888, p. 47). Prof. Prestwich (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc, Vol. XXVII., p. 456, 1871) included
II. antiqua among the Mammals from the Norwich Crag at Thorpe,
said to be in the collection of Mr. R. Fitch of Norwich, and this
has been copied by other writers ; but unfortunately, a careful
search through Mr. Fitch's collection has failed to reveal any
specimen which can be called Hyaena. It is just possible that the
much-worn tooth, which I have thought might be Machcerodus
(Plate I., Fig. 2), may be the specimen alluded to; but after a
careful comparison with Hyaena, I am convinced that it cannot
be referred to the latter genus.

Adopting Mr. Lydekker's determination of the specimens,
Hycena striata is represented in the Red Crag Nodule-bed by
several specimens from various localities in Suffolk, and it has
also been recognised in the Pliocene of the Val d'Arno in Italy.
At the present day H. striata is living throughout the Indian
peninsula, and extends through South-western Asia to Northern
Africa.

Genus CANIS, Linnaeus.

The occurrence of this genus in the British Pliocene was first
noticed by Sir R. Owen in 1856 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XII, p. 227). Prof. Lankester, in 1864 (Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. XIV., p. 358, Plate viii.), described and figured
a slender tooth from the Red Crag as Canis primigenius (Plate I,
fig. 6) ; but it is doubtful whether this generic reference is correct
(see p. 9).

CANIS LUPUS, LINNAEUS.

(Wolf.)
PLATE I., FIGS. 3, «, b, 4, a, b.

A left upper carnassial tooth from the Red Crag, near Wood-
bridge, was figured and referred to this species by Sir R. Owen
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII, p. 227, fig. 21, 1856), who
also identified a humerus from the Norfolk Forest-bed in the
King Collection now in the Museum of Practical Geology
(Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. 19, Plate iv. fte 1
1882).

The occurrence of this species in the Forest-bed has been
corroborated by the subsequent finding of several specimens in
beds of the same age at Kessingland, Overstrand, and Runton.

In the Reed Collection, York Museum, there is a left upper
premolar (Plate L, fig. 4), labelled Red Crag, which was orio-inally
in the collection of Col. Alexander, and two canine teeth from the

CAENIVORA. 9

Red Crag of Boyton, all of which agree in form with the corre-
sponding teeth of the wolf.

Canis lupus has thus been recognised in the Red Crag Nodule-
bed of Suffolk, in the Forest-bed of Norfolk and Suffolk, in
Pleistocene deposits throughout Europe, and is now living
throughout the northern parts of the Northern hemisphere.

VULPES, LINNJEUS.

(Fox.)
PLATE I., FIG. 5.

A portion of a skull with teeth, obtained by the late Mr. R.
Bell from the Red Crag above the Nodule-bed at Boyton, Suffolk,
was recognised as Fox by Mr. W. Davies of the British Museum,
and afterwards described by Mr. R. Lydekker (Geol. Mag.,
Dec. 3, Vol. I, p. 443, 1884, and Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus.,
Parti., p. 131, 1885).

This specimen seems to be rather larger than the skulls of
recent Foxes with which it hns been compared; but there is no
question as to its specific identity.

There has been some doubt expressed as to the true age of this
fossil, for it seemed possible that it might have been part of a
recent fox buried in a deep burrow ; but Mr. R. Bell, whose
opinion in such matters carried great weight, was satisfied that
the skull was truly of Red Crag age.

Canis vulpes has thus been recorded from the true Red Crag
of Suffolk, with some doubt from the Norfolk Forest-bed
(Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. 19, Plate iv., fig. 2,
1882), and it is commonly found in Cave-deposits throughout
Europe ; a geographical distribution which it at present maintains.

CANIS (?) PRIMIGENIUS, LANKESTER.
PLATE L, FIG. 6.

This species was founded by Prof. Lankester (Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist, Ser. 3, Vol. XIV., p. 358, Plate viii., fig. 11, 1864), for a
single, slender, much denuded tooth from the Red Crag ( Nodule-
bed) of Woodbridge, in the Whincopp collection, now in the
Reed collection, York Museum. Some rolled specimens, appar-
ently belonging to the same form, are in the Ipswich Museum;
but nothing has been found to extend our knowledge of this
species.

Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins called my attention to the coarse
wrinkling of what appears to be a portion of the enamel preserved
in the type specimen, which is quite unlike that of any known

10 MAMMALIA.

species of Cants ; and, indeed, the shape of the tooth would be
remarkable in this genus. It seems highly probable that this
tooth will prove to be Cetacean ; but as I know of nothing
exactly of the same form, it is for the present left with doubt in
the genus Cards.

Genus PTEEODON? Blainville.
PLATE I., FIG. 7, a, b.

Prof. Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII., p. 227,
Fig. 20, 1856) figured and described a tooth from the Red Crag
of Suffolk which he thought was allied to Hycenodon and Pterodon.
He says concerning this sectorial tooth that it " deviates from the
feline type and approaches that of the carnassial in the Glutton,
Hyaena, and Grison, but with a minor development of the

outer cingulum it closely resembles one of the

teeth of the Miocene carnivora to which the generic names
Hyamodon and Pterodon have been given."

I have been unable to trace the specimen here referred to, but
provisionally retain the genus on Sir R. Owen's authority.
The tooth was most probably obtained from the Nodule-bed of
the Red Crag.

Genus MD STELA, Linnaeus.
MUSTELA MARTES, LINNJET'S.
(=MARTES SYLVATICA, NILLSON.)

(Pine Marten?)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 25. PLATE IV., FIG. 3, 3a.)

The occurrence of the Marten in the Forest-bed at West
Runton was first noticed in 1880 (Geol. Mag., Dec. 2, Vol. VII.,
p. 150) ; the specimen was figured in the Survey Memoir under the
name Maries sylvatica ; but I am not aware that it has been re-
corded from any other Pliocene deposit. The Marten is, however,
known to occur in Cave-deposits (Vide Boyd Dawkins, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXV, p. 192, 1869, and Vol. XXXVI.,
p. 400, 1880).

With regard to the name which should be adopted for this
species ; if the two genera Mustcla and Maries are distinct then
the present form must be called Martes sylvatica, as was done by
Mr. Edw. R. Alston (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 468); but when
they are united in a single genus, then the species under con-
sideration is rightly called Mustela martes ; and as the latter
course is adopted by Professor Flower (Cat. Vert. Coll. Surgeons,

CARNIVORA. 11

Part ii., 1884) and by Mr. R Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm, Brit.
Mus., Part i., p. 176, 1885), it is also followed here.

Mustcla martcs is found, at the present day, distributed over a
large part of Europe and Asia, and according to Mr. E. R. Alston
it is the only Marten known to occur in the British Isles.

MUSTELA POTORIUS ? LINN JE US.
(Pole-cat.)

There is in the British Museum a fragment of a right mandible,
from the Coralline Crag of Orford, which Mr Lydekker (Cat.
Foss. Mam. Brit. Mus., Part, i., page 179, 1885) identifies as
belonging to this species ; but there seems to be considerable
doubt as to its true age, for he says : " There does not appear to be
any evidence to show whether this specimen is a true Crag
fossil, or whether it has been introduced into that deposit." It
would be unwise therefore to accept this species definitely as a
Crag form until we have corroborative evidence. M. putorius is
known from Cave-deposits, but I am not aware of any other record
of its having been found in the Pliocene.

The Polecat is now living throughout the northern parts of
Europe.

Genus GULO, Storr.

GULO LUSOUS, LINN.&US.

(Glutton?)

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 17. PLATE VI., FIG. 1, la.)

The presence of the Glutton in the Forest-bed was made
known in 1880 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXXVI., Proceed-
ings, p. 99, and Geol. Mag. Dec. 2, Vol. VII, p. 424, Plate xv.), by
the finding of a portion of a jaw at Mundesley. The specimen is
in the collection of Mr. R. Fitch, at Norwich.

The Glutton also occurs in British and European Cave deposits,
and at the present day is living throughout the northern parts of
Europe, Asia, and America.

Genus LUTRA, Erxleben.

LUTRA VULGARIS, ERXLEBEN.

(Otter.)
PLATE L, FIG. 16 a, b.

The occurrence of the common Otter in the Norwich Crag has
been noted by Sir K. Owen (Brit. Fosti. Mamm., p. 121, 1846),

12 MAMMALIA.

who says : <f A portion of the lower jaw of an Otter, from the
Norwich Crag of South wold, and the characteristically bent
humerus from the same formation near Aldborough ....
carry the date of the Lutra vulgaris in England as far buck
as the older Pliocene period." Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XX VII., p. 456, 1871) also includes the genus
Lutra in his list of mammals from Thorpe pit, in Mr. Fitch's
collection. I have been unable to find either of the^e specimens
in any of the collections I have been able to examine. Mr. Fitch
has no knowledge of them, and a close search through his collec-
tion failed to reveal anything which could be referred to Lutra.
I am unable, therefore, to verify this specie? as belonging to the
Norwich Crag Fauna.

A lower jaw (Plate I.. Fig. 10), undoubtedly belonging to L.
vulgaris (Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, Vol. IV., p. 145, 1887), has been
found by Mr. A. Savin, of Cromer, in the Forest-bed at East
Runton ; and the Pliocene age of the species is thus assured.

The common Otter (L. vulgaris) has not been recognised in
Pliocene strata on the continent, unless indeed the L. affinis
should prove to be identical with it ; the genus, however, has
been met with at several localities. L. vulgaris has been found in
Britain, possibly in the Norwich Crag, certainly in the Forest-bed,
in Pleistocene and in Peat-deposits ; and it is now living in this
country, throughout Europe, and in Asia.

LUTRA DUBIA, BLAINVILLE.
PLATE I., FIG. 15, «, b, c.

The above species was established by M. De Blainville (Osteo-
graphie, Genus Mustela, p. 76, Plate xiv., 1848 1) for the lower jaw
of an Otter from the Miocene of Sansan. Mr. E. C. Moor, of Great
Bealings, Suffolk, possesses a lower jaw from the Red Craa Nodule-
bed of Foxhall, 4 m/S.W. of Woodbridge, which has been referred
to the same species (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XL VI, jp. 444
1890). This specimen differs from the lower jaw of the recent
Lutra vulgaris in having the earn assial tooth proportionally longer
and narrower ; also the hinder fangs of all the premolars are
much larger than the front ones, this being especially the case
with the tooth immediately in front of the carnassial. These
characters are precisely those found in the Lutra dubia, to which
species, therefore, the Crag fossil is referred, although the Sansan
specimen has the carnassial tooth a little wider and not quite so
much curved.

The type specimen of L. dubia was obtained from the Miocene

cf Sansan; the species is now recognised in the Nodule-bed of the

The specimen in the British Museum (No. 27,486)

GARNIVORA. 13

from Eppelsheim, was referred to L. dubia (Cat. Foss. Mamm.,
Part i., p. 191, 1885) has since been described by Mr. Lydekker
(Proc. Zool. Soc., 1890, p. 3) as a new species, L. hessica.

LUTKA REEVEI, NEWTON.
PLATE I., FIG. 13, a, 6, c.

Mr. James Reeve, the Curator of the Norwich Museum, has
obtained from the Norwich Crag of Bramerton a remarkable
carnivor tooth which is so unlike any form previously known
that it has been described (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLVI.,
p. 446, 1890) as a new species, and, from its general resem-
blance to some of the more aberrant forms of Otter, has been
placed in the genus Lutra.

The specimen is an unworn germ of a carnassial tooth ; the
front part is pointed and bears three low cusps of equal size,
while the hinder part is truncated, with a depressed upper surface
bounded on the outer side by a cusp, a little smaller than the
three anterior cusps, and on the inner side by a ridge. Although
the tooth is so unlike the lower carnassial of the common Otter,
yet this low crowned type of tooth is found in the Indian claw-
less Otter, Lutra cinerea, and the three equal anterior cusps are
paralleled in the fossil species lately described by Mr. Lydekker
(Proc. Zool. Soc., 1890, p. 3) as Lutra hessica.

Genus AILURUS, Cuvier.

AlLUIUJS ANGLICUS, DAWKINS.
PLATE L, FIGS. 17, a, &, and 18, «, b.

A portion of a lower jaw with a carnassial tooth in place
from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Felixstosv, which is preserved
in the Reed Collection, York Museum, has been described by
Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIV,
p. 228, 1888) as a new species of the remarkable racoon-like
Himalayan genus Ailurus, and named A. anglicus. This
species was about one third larger than the living A.fulgens.

Another portion of a lower jaw, but without teeth, from the
Red Crag Nodule-bed near Woodbridge, is preserved in the
same collection, and is now also referred to A. anylicus. More
recently (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLVI., p. 451, 1890)
an upper molar tooth (PI. I., tig. 18) has been found at the
same horizon near Butley, which, while agreeing with the first
upper true molar of Ailurus fulycns (PJ. I., fig. 19) in all the
details of its structure, every cusp and each tubercle (with one
exception) finding its counterpart in the recent form, is pro-
portionally longer from before backwards and about one third

14 JUAMMALIA.

larger. There can be no question therefore as to the close
affinity of this Crag form with the genus Ailurus, or as to the
propriety, of including this upper molar in Prof. Dawkins' species
A. anglicus.

It is remarkable that the genus Ailurus, which is now re-
stricted in range to the higher regions of the north-eastern
Himalaya, and is, according to Dr. W. T. Blanford (Fauna
of British India, Mammalia, p. 189, 1888) closely related to the
American racoons, should be found fossil in the English Pliocene.

Genus HYJENARCTOS, Falconer and Cautley.
PLATE I., FIGS. 20, «, 6, 21, a, b, 22.

A right upper first true molar from the Red Crag near Waldring-
field, in the Canham collection, and now in the Ipswich Museum,
was described and figured by Prof. Flower in 1877 (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XX XIII, p. 534), and as no appreciable
difference could be detected between this and the corresponding
tooth of Hycenarctos sivalensis, Falc. and Caut. it was provision-
ally referred to that species. Another upper first molar tooth
(Plate I., fig. 20), but from the left side and unworn, was obtained
by Mr. Charlesworth from the Red Crag of Felixstow, and is
now in the Reed Collection in the York Museum. This specimen
was recognised as belonging to Hycenarctos by Mr. W. Daviea of
the British Museum, and was noticed by Prof. Flo-wer in the
paper above referred to. Mr. R. Lydekker (Pal. Ind., Ser. 10.,
Vol. II., p. 227 ; and Cat. Foss. Mainm. Brit. Mus., Part i.,
p. 155, 1885) is of opinion that these Red Crag teeth ought not
to be referred to the species H. sivalensis; and thinks it better
for the present simply to retain them in the genus Hycvnarctos
without giving them a specific name ; a suggestion which is here
accepted.

There is in the Reed Collection, York Museum, a lower right
second molar tooth (Plate I., fig. 21), from the Red Crag of Felix-
stow, which agrees so closely with the corresponding tooth of Hymn*
arctos as to leave no doubt that it belongs to that genus. The crown
measures 29*5 mm. in length, 22 mm. in width, and 13 mm. in
height. The inner and outer surfaces are so much inclined as to
make the area of the summit of the crown narrower than in the
species figured by Mr. Lydekker from India (Pal. Ind., Ser. 10.
Vol. II. Plate xxxi.), or that from China (Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Brit. Mus., Part i., p. 157). There is a strongly developed cin-
gulum on the outer side which rises anteriorly and posteriorly
almost to the top of the terminal cuaps. The front of the tooth
is higher than the back, and the upper surface has the tubercles
and wrinkles only slightly developed.

Mr. Reed's Crag collection includes the crown of a large lower
right canine (Plate L, fig. 22), also from the Red Crag of Felix-
stow, which has on the inner side a prominent ridge, and is

GARNI VOKA. 15

unlike the canine tooth of either Felts or Ursus. This tooth is
referred to the present genus.

Hycenarctos is represented by different specific forms, in the
Pliocene of the Siwaliks, from whence the original specimens
were obtained ; in the Pliocene marine sands of Montpellier
(Gervais, Pal. Gen., p. 209), also in Miocene beds at Sansan,
Gers, and Alcoy in Spain (Gervais, p. 210). A single tooth in
the British Museum from beds, probably of Pliocene age, in the
South of China, has been referred to this genus by Mr. Lydekker
(Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part i., p. 156, 1885).

A small species of Hywnarctos from the Miocene of Kiefer-
stadtl, Upper Silesia, has been described by Herr Koken (Sitzb.
Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, No. 3, p. 44, 1888).

In Britain this genus is only known from the Red Crag
Nodule-bed.

Genus URSUS, Linnaeus.

Sir Richard Owen seems to have been the first to notice the
occurrence of the genus Ursus in the Suffolk Crag (Brit, Foss.
Mamm., p. 105,1846, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII., p.
227, 1856). He Bays : <tf The ursine genus is represented by an
ante-penultimate grinder of the right side, upper jaw, of a
Bear, somewhat smaller than the corresponding tooth of Ursus
spel&us. The fossil in question was obtained by Mr. Col-
chester from the Red Crag of Newbourn, near Woodbridge,
Suffolk. The specimen is now in the collection of the Rev.
Edward Moore, of Bealings, near Woodbridge/'

Unfortunately, I have been unable to verify this determination.
Mr. E. C. Moor, of Great Bealings (son of the late Rev. Edward
Moor), has still in his collection a tooth (Plate III., fig. 15)
said to be the one alluded to in the above quotation ; but this has
less resemblance to Ursus than it has to Sus, and possibly it may
be Sus palceochcerus.

In 1864 Prof. Lankester described a slender canine tooth (Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. XIV., p. 358, Plate viii.,figs. 1 and 4)
from the Red Crag of Newbourn, in Mr. Whincopp's collection,
now in the Reed Collection, York Museum, which he referred
with little doubt to Ursus arvernensis, and still maintained this
determination in 1870 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI.,
p. 511). This tooth (Plate viii., fig. 16) does not seem to me to
agree with the canine of U. aruernensis, and the roughness of the
enamel is quite unlike that of ursine teeth, a fact which led Prof,
Boyd Dawkins to doubt its belonging to this genus, and indeed it
seems much more probable that it will prove to be an anterior
tooth of Squalodon, and cannot therefore be taken as evidence of
the occurrence of Ursus in the Red Crag.

Mr. Prestwich quotes Ursus (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XXVII., p. 456, 1871) as being in Mr. Fitch's collection from

16 MAMMALIA.

the Norwich Cra£ of Thorpe, and it has been given by other
writers on this authority ; but a careful search through Mr. Fitch's
collection of Norwich Crag fossils has failed to bring to light any
specimen which could be taken as representing the genus Ursus.

So far as I have been able to ascertain, all other notices of the
genus Ursus occurring in the Crag rest upon the authorities above
noticed.

URSUS AKVERNENSIS ? CROIZET & JOBERT.
PLATE I., FIG. 12, a, b.

There is in the Reed collection, York Museum, a molar tooth
from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of VVoodbridge, which Prof. Boyd
Dawkins thought might belong to Ursus arvernensis. This is a
left lower second molar, and is smaller than the corresponding
tooth of U. arvernensis with which I have been able to compare
it, but agrees very closely in form. The upper surface is un-
worn, and the tubercles and wrinkles are not strongly marked.
The length of the crown is 20 mm., the width 12 mm., and the
height 6 mm. The fangs are much broken. This specimen, so far
as I am aware, is the only one which can be taken as possible evi-
dence for the occurrence of U. arvernensis in the English Crags, or
indeed in England, and this does not seem to me to be altogether
free from doubt. The tooth referred to U. arvernensis by Prof.
Lankester is not now regarded as such (see p. 15), and no
specimens are known from the Cromer Forest-bed (see Vert.
Forest Bed, pp. 9 and 16, 1882).

In France this species occurs in the Auvergne Pliocenes ; and
it may be that the U. minutus from Montpellier (Gerv., Pal.
Franc., Edit. 2, p. 206, Plate viii., fig. 1), may belong; to the
same species. Gervais (Pal. General, p. 150, 1867-69) seemed
to think that his specimen might belong to Hy&narctos, and
certainly our specimen from the Red Crag is not very unlike the
teeth figured by Koken (Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin,
Nr. 3, 1888, p. 45) as Hycenarctos minutus.

URSUS HORRIBILIS 1 ORD.
(= URSUS FEROX-FOSSILIS, BUSK.)

(Grizzly Sear.)
(Vett. Forest Bed, p. 12, No. 10. PLA.TE I., FIG. 5, 5a.)

One specimen, a maxilla with two teeth, from the Forest-bed
of Mundesley, has been doubtfully referred to this form ; but
otherwise the species has not been recognised in any Pliocene

CARNIVORA. 17

deposit ; it has, however, been met with in British and European
Cave-earth and other Pleistocene beds. The species is now living
in North America.

URSUS SPELjEUS, ROSENMULLER.

(Cave Bear.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 5. PLATK L, FIGS. 1-14.)

The remains of Ursus spclceus are not uncommon in the dif-
ferent divisions of the Forest-bed Series in Norfolk and Suffolk,
as well as in British and European Caves, but it has not been met
with in any Crag deposit.

CARNIVORE TOOTH OF DOUBTFUL AFFINITIES.
PLATE I., FIG. 14, «, b.

I am indebted to the Committee of the Wisbeach Museum for
the opportunity of examining a peculiar carnivore tooth, there
preserved, which is labelled Crag, Kessingland. This tooth
resembles the left upper molar of a Wolf or Dog, but a close
comparison shows important differences between them. The
posterior outer cusp is larger than the anterior, and there are
only two inner cusps instead of three ; also the smooth space in
the middle of the tooth is larger than in the Wolf or any species
of Canis I have been able to examine. The presence of Ailurus
in the Crag led me to make comparison with that form, but the
differences are even greater than those above noticed. Perhaps
the tooth which comes nearest to this specimen is the first molar
of the Miocene Cephalogale Geoff royi, figured by Mr. H. Filhol
in his Mammifere fossiles de L'Allier (Ann. Sci. Geol., Vol. X.,
Plate 17, 1879). After a long search I am unable to find any-
thing exactly agreeing with this tooth ; but it is figured in the
hope that this may lead to its identification.

Genus TRICHECHUS, Linnaeus.
TRICHECHUS HUXLEYI, LANKESTEE.

PLATE II., FIG. 3.
(Also Vert. Forest Bed, Plate V., fig. 3.)

Prof. Lnnkester (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXI., p. 226,
1865) described, under the generic name of Trichecodon, several
portions of large tusks from the Red Crag of Suffolk, which were

63855.

1 8 MAMMALIA.

evidently nearly allied to the living Walrus, and called them
specifically after Prof. Huxley. Subsequently (ibid., Vol. XXVI.,
p. 511, 1876) he called attention to a portion of a tusk from the
Belgian Pliocene, which Prof. Yan Beneden had shown him in
1864, and to the descriptions by the Vicomte Du Bus (Bull. Ac.
Koy. Belg., Vol. XXIV., p. 566, 1867) of Alachtherium Cretsii.
The tusk he thought agreed in form with the Suffolk specimens.
Again, in 1882 Prof. Lankester (Trans. Linn. Soc., Ser. 2., Zool.,
Vol. II., p. 213) read a paper reviewing the genus, and showing
reasons for including these Crag tusks in the recent genus Tri-
chechus; but retaining for them the specific designation T.
Huxleyi. He pointed out also that the English Crag tusks could
not be referred to either Alachtherium Cretsii or Trichecodon
Koninckii, both of which had been established on parts of
skeletons without tusks, whilst T. Huxleyi had been founded on
tusks alone, and moreover the latter has the priority, even if these
Belgian forms should prove to be identical with the Suffolk
species.

Some of the Cra£ tusks are much compressed, as shown by
specimens in the Museum of Practical Geology ; and Mr. Frank H.
Harris, of Abingdon, has a portion of a small flattened tusk, from
the Red Crag of Foxhall, probably of a young specimen, which is
provisionally referred to the present species. It is about 80 mm.
long, 31 mm. from back to front, and 16 mm. wide. The trans-
verse section is ellipitical, being thickest towards the back or con-
cave margin, and narrower towards the front or convex margin.
The centre of this tusk is occupied by a considerable area of
globular dentine.

Trichechus Huxleyi is chiefly known by specimens from the
Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk ; it has also been recog-
nised in the Forest-bed near Cromer (Mem. Geol. Surv. Vert.
Forest Bed, p. 26, 1882), and there is the proximal half of a
Trichechus femur in the Norwich Museum, obtained by Dr.
Crowfoot and Mr. E. T. Dowson in the Chillesford beds at
Aldeby, which differs from the femur of the living T. rosmarus,
and may be provisionally placed with the present species. Pos-
sibly the portion of tusk found in the Belgian Pliocene, and
alluded to by Prof. Lankester, may also belong to this species.

Genus PHOCA, Linnaeus.
PLATE II., FIG. 1, «, b.

A humerus from the Norwich Crag of Bramerton, which is now
in the Norwich Museum, was identified, some years since by Prof.
FJower as belonging to a Seal ; but he did not name it specifically.
It is the one alluded to by Mr. H. B. Woodward (Mem. Geol.
Surv., Geology of Norwich, p. 55, 1881), and probably
Messrs. R. and A. Bell (Proc. Geol. A^soc., Vol. II., p. 212,

CABNIVORA. 1 9

1872), when they included Phoca vitulma in their list of Upper
Crag Mammals, also referred to this humerus ; but it differs in
some important characters from the humerus of that species. A
radius and a tooth from the Forest-bed at West .Runton have been
recorded and called Phoca (Vert. Forest Bed, p. 29, 1882). The
teeth which Sir R. Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII.,
p. 226, 1856) thought might perhaps belong to Phoca have not
since been recognised as such.

Portions of characteristic humeri and femora of Seals have been
met with in the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag, but most of them
are too much broken and rolled to admit of definite identification.
Two humeri, however, in the collection of Mr. E. C. Moor, of
Great Bealings, are more perfect than usual, and are described
below.

PHOCA (ERIGNATHUS) BARB ATA, FABRICIUS.
(Bearded Seal.)

A fine humerus, agreeing precisely with the same bone of the
Bearded Seal, has been described from the Forest-bed of Over-
strand (Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, Vol. VI., p. 147, 1889), and more
recently a radius, apparently belonging to the same species, has
been found in the same deposit. Both specimens are in the collec-
tion of Mr. A. Savin, of Cromer.

Phoca barbata is now living in the northern parts of the
Atlantic and in the Arctic Seas.

PHOCA MOORI, NEWTON.
PLATE II., FIG. 2, a, b.

The greater part of a small left humerus of a Seal from the
Red Crag Nodule-bed, Foxhall, four miles S.W. of Woodbridge,
preserved in the collection of Mr. E. C. Moor, of Great Bealings,
has been named after that gentleman (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XL VI., p. 446, 1890). In form this humerus most nearly
resembles that of Phoca vitulinoides, described by Prof. Van
Beneden (Ann. Mus. Roy. Belg., Vol. I., Part i., p. 72, Plate xv.,
1877), but it is much smaller and more slender.

The Museum of Practical Geology has recently obtained,
through Mr. T. Jesson, a similar humerus from the Red Crag
Nodule-bed of Waidringfield.

Genus PHOCANELLA, Beneden.
PHOCANELLA MINOR, v. BENEDEN.

To this genus and species have been referred a portion of a
humerus from the Red Crag Nodule-bed, Foxhall, four miles S.W.

B 2

20 MAMMALIA.

of Woodbridge, which, like the last, is in the possession of Mr.
E. C. Moor (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLVL, p. 447, 1890),
and there is a similar, but rather smaller, humerus, from the
same horizon, in the Reed collection, York Museum.

Prof. Van Beneden (Ann. Mus. Roy. Belg., Vol. I., Part I., p.
71, 1877) proposed the above name for certain Seal remains
found in the Belgian Pliocene (Scaldesian). The humerus of
which has a remarkably triangular shaft, and with this Mr. Moor's
Crag specimen perfectly agrees. Although this character is seen
in Prof. Van Beneden's figures, it is much more strikingly
exhibited by the casts which are preserved in the British
Museum.

21

UNGULATA.

(UNGULATA VERA.)

ARTIODACTYLA.

Genus BISON, Hamilton Smith.

Bovine remains, which are so common in Pleistocene deposits,
have also been found in the Forest-bed, but very few indica-
tions have been met with in earlier Pliocene beds. Mr. H. E,
Woodward obtained a bovine metatarsal from the Norwich Crag
of Stoke Holy Cross (Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of Norwich,
p. 55, 1881), and Mr. E. Cavell, of Oaklands, Saxmundham, has
a metatarsal from the same horizon at Easton Bavent.

The Museum of Practical Geology possesses a lower cheek
tooth (Plate III., Fig. 1) from the Ked Crag of Boyton agreeing
with the same tooth of Bos or Bison ; and similar teeth from the
Ked Crng of Suffolk are in the Ipswich and British Museums.

Messrs. K, and A. Bell include Bison prisons in the Upper
Crag (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 212, 1872); but I have
been unable to verify this or to find any other definite record of
the species from the English Crags. It is possible, however, that
the specimens above noticed may belong to Bison; but they are
not sufficient for generic determination.

BlSON BONASUS, LINNJEUS.

Ill the absence of definite evidence as to the form of the skull and
horn-cores, the bovine remains found in the Forest-bed have
been called, with doubt, Bos primigenius (Mem. Geol. Surv. Vert.
Forest Bed, p. 47, 1882) ; but specimens of frontals and horn-
cores, have since been found which are undoubtedly Bison (Geol.
Mag. Dec. 3, Vol. VI., p. 146, 1889). There is no good reason
for separating these specimens from the Pleistocene skulls which
have been called Bison prisons and are now believed to be identi-
cal with the living Bison bonasus. It will be undesirable to
retain both names, and until definite evidence of Bos primigenius
is obtained, it will be better to refer all the bovine remains from
the Forest-bed to Bison.

As already stated, Messrs. E. and A. Bell included Bison
prisons in their Upper Crag list ; but one can hardly accept
this without verification, although the specimens alluded to above
as bovine may perhaps belong to Bison.

*> 0*

** *_.

22 MAMMALIA.

Bison bonasus has been found abundantly in Pleistocene
deposits in Britain and on the continent of Europe. A form
indistinguishable from it occurs in beds of approximately the same
age in Arctic North America (Lydekker, Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Brit. Mus., Part ii., p, 25, 1885), and we have evidence of its
occurrence in the Cromer et Forest Bed."

Bison bonasus still survives in Central Europe.

Genus OVIBOS, Blainville.

OVIBOS MOSCHATUS, ZIMMERMANN.

(Musk Ox.)

Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins (Quart. Journ Geol. Soc., Vol.
XXXIX., p. 575, Woodcut, 1883) described a portion of the
skull of a Musk Ox which had been found at Trimingham, and
which there is every probability came from the " Forest Bed."
The specimen was found by a fisherman, and formed part of the
collection of the late Rev. F. Buxton.

A second specimen preserved in the University Museum of
Zoology and Comparative Anatomy at Cambridge, was afterwards
noticed by the same author (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XLL, p. 242, 1885), and believed to be of Forest-bed origin,
although it had apparently been dredged from the North Sea.

The occurrence of Ovibos moschatus in British Pleistocene beds
has been recorded by Sir E,. Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XII, p. 127, 1856), by Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Brit. Pleist.
Mamm. Pal. Soc., 1872), and by Mr. W. Davies (Geol. Mag. Dec.
2., Vol. VI., p. 246, 1879). Its geographical range in Pleistocene
times was throughout the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and
America. It is now living in Arctic North America and Green-
land.

Genus CAPROVIS, Hodgson.
CAPROVIS SAVINII, NEWTON.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 49. PLATE X.)

The remarkable horn-core and frontal bone to which the above
name was given was obtained from the Forest-bed at Overstrand,
near Cromer, and is in the collection of Mr. A. Savin. Nothing
has since been found which would throw more light upon the
structure of this peculiar form.

UNGULATA. 23

Genus ANTILOPE, Pallas.
PLATE III., Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5.

There are in. the Museum of Practical Geology three large
molar teeth from the Red Crag Nodule-bed, an upper and a
lower from Woodbridge, and a last lower from Sutton, which I
am unable at present to determine generically. In size these
teeth agree with those of a large Ox, but the crowns are shorter
than in any Bos or Bison, in the same stage of wear, with which I
have been able to compare them. The upper tooth (Plate III.,
fig. 2) has an inner pillar which stands separate and would remain
so until the tooth was worn nearly to its base. This pillar is
about three-fourths of an inch high and is only just beginning to
wear. In the lower tooth (fig. 3) the inner pillar is more closely
pressed into the median groove of the tooth, much more slender,
about five-eighths of an inch high, and has not yet come into
wear. These teeth cannot be referred to Cervus or Alces, both
of which occur in the Pliocene, the crowns being too high and
the inner pillar too strongly developed. It seems most probable
that they belonged to some large Antelopine genus and provi-
sionally they are called Antilope.

It will be convenient to notice here a small lower cheek tooth
(Plate IIL, fig. 5) of a ruminant, from the Nodule-bed of the Red
Crag of Boyton, in the Museum of Practical Geology ; this has
the crown much too long for Cervus, and in fact must have
belonged to some <e cavicorn " ruminant about the size of a sheep,
goat, or small antelope ; it might have belonged to such a form as
the Gazella anglica, which occurs in the Norwich Crag, but with-
out better evidence one can scarcely suggest the occurrence of that
species in the Red Crag.

Genus GAZELLA, Blainville.

GAZELLA ANGLICA, NEWTON.

PLATE III., FIG. 6, 0, b, c.

The above name was proposed for a horn -core and frontal bone
in the Museum of Practical Geology, which was obtained by
Mr. H. B. Woodward from the Norwich Crag of Thorpe, and
described before the Geological Society (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XL., p. 280, 1884). Two other similar specimens
were noticed at the same time and referred to the same species ;
one of these, also from the Norwich Crag of Thorpe, was pre-
sented to the Museum of Practical Geology by Dr. A. King,
and the other was in the British Museum, S. Kensington, labelled
" Norwich Crag, Norfolk, Wigham Collection." There is another
similar example from the same horizon at Horstead, in the
Randal Johnson Collection, preserved in Mr. J. J. Colman's
Museum at Corton, near Lowestoft ; and the British Museum
has a tibia which may belong to this species.

24 MAMMALIA.

M. C. Deperet (Bull. Soc. Geol. France, Ser. 3, Vol. XII.,
p. 251, Plate viii., f. 2, 1884) described a maxilla, with four
cheek teeth in place, from the middle Pliocene of Bourbon, in the
Bravard collection, as Gazella borbonica, and with this associated
a portion of a skull and horn-core from a similar horizon at
Perrier. The last-named specimen is very similar to the English
G. anglica, but without a comparison of the specimens this cannot
be decided ; and, moreover, it is by no means certain that the skull
from Perrier belongs to the species G. borbonica, which was
established on the series of teeth from Bourbon.

SMALL RUMINANT. ? GENUS.
PLATE III., FIGS. 7, 8, a, b.

The Museum of Practical Geology possesses a small metatarsal
bone and a first phalanx, presented by Col. Alexander, which is
said to be from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave. In size the
bones agree very closely with those of Moschus moschiferus, and
the lower end of the metatarsal has a similar expansion, but the
upper part does not exactly agree, being less flattened from side
to side.

The surface of these bones is much denuded, and they are very
friable, like certain other bones from the Coralline Crag, and are
not phosphatised, like specimens from the Nodule-bed below the
Red and Coralline Crags.

Mr. E. Cavell, of Saxmundham, has a similar first phalanx from
the Norwich Crag of Easton Bavent.

Genus CERVULUS, Blainville.

CERVULUS (CERVUS) DICRANOCEROS, KAUP.

PLATE IV., FIGS. 8, 9.

The occurrence of this species in the Red Crag, near Sutton,
was first pointed out by Sir R. Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XII., p. 224, 1856), and one of the figures given (p. 234,
fig. 14«) agrees^so well with Kaup's example (Ossem. Foss. Darm-
stadt, Plate xxiv., fig. 3c) that one can scarcely do otherwise
than accept this determination, especially if C. anoceros, Kaup
(loc. cit.y fig. 2), and C. trigonoceros, Kaup (loc. cit., fig. 4), are
accepted as synonyms of the present species, which has been
done by Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc
Vol. XXXIV, p. 403, 1878), and by Mr. R. Lydekker in the
British Museum (Cat. Foss. Mam., part 2, p. 117, 1885). Prof.
Boyd Dawkins (Quart. Journ. GeoL Soc., Vol. XXXIV, p. 413,
1878) would refer the specimens figured by Sir R. Owen (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII., p. 234) to C. suttonensis, but the

UNGULATA. 25

greater length of beam before bifurcation and the nearly equal
size of the two branches above this division in Sir R. Owen's
figure 14tf, are unlike these parts in C. suit onen sis.

Cervulus dicranoceros is only known in Britain from the Nodule-
bed of the Red Crag. Sir R. Owen's specimen was from near
Sutton, and there are two examples of this form in the British
Museum (M. 1617) from Felixstow. Other specimens from the
same horizon, preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology, at
Ipswich and elsewhere, having the bifurcation some distance from
the burr and the two branches sub-equal in size, are also taken
to represent the species in the Red Crag. Messrs. R. and
A. Bell include C. dicranoceros in the Coralline Crag list, but I
have been unable to verify their record. Kaup's type specimens
were from the Miocene of Eppelsheim, and from no other locality
on the continent of Europe does this species seem to have been
recognised.

Genus CERVUS, Linnaeus.

Cervine remains are of frequent occurrence in Pliocene strata,
and the Forest-bed is especially rich in antlers, unfortunately
more or less broken, which have formed the basis for the establish-
ment of numerous species.

The cervine teeth from the Red Crag (Plate III., fig?. 8, 9) are
often beautifully preserved,' and several jaws have been found in
the Forest-bed ; but these, as well as the bones of the skeleton
which have been discovered, cannot at present, be correlated with
the antlers, and are therefore simply referred to the genus Cervus.

ARDEUS, CROIZET <$C JOBERT.
PLATE IV., FIG. 6.

Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVII., p. 456,
1871) includes Cervus ardeus in the list of Mammals from the
Norwich Crag of Thorpe, in Mr. Fitch's collection, and on this
authority it has been quoted by other writers (Woodward, Mem.
Geol. Sur., Geology of Norwich, p. 55, and R. and A. Bell, Proc.
Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 212, 1872). Although I have been
unable to find this specimen in Mr. Fitch's collection, I am able to
corroborate its occurrence at this horizon by a specimen from the
same Crag Pit, presented to the Museum of Practical Geology by
Dr. Arthur King, which agrees closely with the figure of the
antler of this species given by MM. Croizet and Jobert (Ossem.
Foss., Puy de Dome, PL i., fig. 1, and Plate ii., fig. 2, of the second
series of plates of Cervidas. See also Depe'ret, Bull. Soc. Geol,
France, Ser. 3, Vol. XII., p. 225.) This specimen is a left frontal
with the basal portion of an antler. A part of the frontal suture

2t) MAMMALIA.

being preserved, the width of the forehead is seen to have been
about four inches (100 mm.) when entire. The pedicle of the
antler is about 40 mm. long, 125 mm. in circumference, and
nearly round. The burr is set a little obliquely on the
pedicle, although now rather worn, the deep pits show it
to have been strongly developed, its present circumference
is 165 mm. The beam, at first round, becomes flattened and
gives off its first tyne from the front and outer part, at about
60 mm. above the burr, and in this region the upper surface of
the beam begins to curve downwards as in Croizet and Jobert's
figure.

In Britain C. ardeus has only been found in the Norwich
Crag of Thorpe. In France its remains have been recorded from
the Upper Pliocene of Mont Perrier near Issoire (see Vert.
Forest Bed, p. 63.)

CERVUS BOVIDES.

Now referred, by Prof. Boyd Dawkins, to Alecs latifrons.

CERVUS CARNUTORUM, LAUGEL.
PLATE IV., FIG. 3.

This species, which was well figured by Gervais (Zool. Pal.
Gen., Plate xvi., fig. 4, 1867-69) from a specimen found in the
Pliocene of Saint Prest, was first noticed as a British form by
Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVIII.,
p. 409, 1872). Three specimens are now known from the
Norwich Crag (Chillesford Beds) (vide Vert. Forest Bed, p. 53),
but the example which has been quoted as from the Forest-
bed was dredged off the Norfolk coast, and its horizon is there-
fore uncertain.

CERVUS DAWKINSI, NEWTON.

The specimen to which the above name was given (Mem.
Geol. Surv. Vert. Forest Bed, p. 54, 1882) forms part of the
King collection in the Museum of Practical Geology, and was
obtained from the Forest-bed. It was at one time included with
the species C. verticornis (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVIII.,
p. 405, 1872) ; Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Pal. Soc., 1886) would now
unite with it C. Fitchii and C. Gunnii (Vert. Forest Bed,
pp. 56 and 57). I cannot follow Prof. Boyd Dawkins in this
instance ; for I am unable to satisfy myself that the two forms
which he figures (loc. cit., Plate ii.) can belong to one species,
although they are undoubtedly much alike, as I pointed out when

UNGULATA. 27

describing the species. At that time, however, I omitted to call
attention to a point of structural difference, which is more im-
portant, as it seems to me, than the presence or absence of a brow-
tyne. The difference alluded to is well shown in Prof. Boyd
Dawkins' plate, and it is the variation in the plane of obliquity
of the burr. The plane of palmation of both antlers, it will be
seen, is represented as the same as that of the plate itself. The
obliquity of the burr of Fig. 1 is thus well seen ; but, in order to
shew that of fig. 2, it has been necessary to give another view
of the base of the antler turned half way round. Thus when the
antler of C. Dawkinsi (fig. 1) was fixed to the skull the
plane of its palmation would be nearly vertical ; while in C. Fitchii
(Fig. 2) the palmation would be nearly at right angles to this.
I am not aware that in any species of deer, antlers one third
larger than a previous growth, assume so different a direction upon
the skull, as is indicated by this variation in the plane of
obliquity of the burr.

Cervus Gunnii may very well be united with C. Fitchii (see
p. 28).

C. Dawkinsi is only known from the Forest-bed of Norfolk.

CERVTJS ELAPHUS,

(Red Deer.)
PLATE IV., FIG. 14.

At the time when the Survey Memoir (Vert. Forest Bed,
p. 55, 1882), was published, there was much doubt as to whether
certain portions of antlers from the Forest-bed were those of
Cervus elaphus / but since then better specimens have been found,
and one from Kessingland, belonging to the late Mr. Backhouse of
York, was determined by Mr. W. Cavies, of the British Museum,
in 1885, to be that of C. elaphus. Dr. Crowfoot, of Beccles, has
another undoubted specimen (Plate IV., fig. 14), from the
"peaty bed" at Kessingland; and several fragments of antlers
previously known may now be referred to this species.

These Forest-bed specimens are the earliest record of C. elaphus,
a species which is by no means uncommon in Pleistocene
deposits, and is now living in the temperate regions of Europe.

CERVUS ETUERIARUM, CROIZET & JOJSJEET.
PLATE TV., FIGS. 4, a, b, 5.

A specimen (Plate IV., fig. 5) in the King collection, from
the Forest-bed of Cromer, now in the Museum of Practical
Geology, has been referred with doubt to this species (Vert.
Forest Bed, p. 55, 1882). This is the specimen alluded to as

28 MAMMALIA.

Rusa by Dr. Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol. II., p. 430, 1868).
C. etueriarum is found in the Pliocenes of France (Croizet &
Jobert, Ossem Foss., Puy-de-D6me, Cervidae, Sec. 2, Plates vi.
bis, and vii., 1828 ; also Deperet, Bull. Soc. Geol. France,
Ser. 3, Vol. XIL, p. 265, 1884), and Dr. Forsyth Major
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vcl. XLL, p. 2, 1885) records it
with some doubt from the Pliocene Beds of the Val d'Arno.

Mr. Savin possesses a nearly perfect antler (Plate IV.,
fig. 4, a, 6), with three tynes, from the Forest-bed of East
Run ton, which is more slender and less curved than that in the
King collection, but is believed to belong to this species.

CERVUS FALCONERI,

PLATE IV., FIG. 7, a, b.

This species was established by Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXIV., p. 516, 1868), for a specimen
in the British Museum, No. 33,507 (Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part ii.,
p. 91, 1885), from the Norwich Crag, Norfolk. Certain basal
portions of antlers from the Red Crag Nodule- bed of Suffolk, one
of which is in the British Museum, No. 35,857, were also included
in the same species.

Cervus Falconeri is nearly allied to Cervus dama and C. Brownii
but differs from them in having the brow tyne removed further
from the burr, and given off from the beam in a plane at right
angles to the second and third tynes. The distance between the
first and second tynes is less than that between the second and
third ; the palmation also is. much less than in C. dama.

CERVUS FiTcmi, GUNN, MS.

(=C. GUNNII, NEWTON).

The late Mr. J. Gunn proposed this name for a large palmated
antler from the Forest-bed of Bacton, which is now in the Norwich
Museum, and had it lithographed, but the plate has not been
published. The species was noticed in the Memoir of the Geo-
logical Survey (Vert, Forest Bed, p. 56, 1882). Prof. Boyd
Dawkins (Pal. Soc. Plei?t. Mamm., p. 7, 1886), has pro-
posed to unite this form and C. Gunnii (Vert. Forest Bed,
p. 57) with C. Dawkinsi (ibid., p. 54), but for reasons given
under the last species, p. 26, I am unable to do this ; at the same
time, having again compared these forms in the light of Prof.
Boyd Dawkins' Memoir, I think it will be desirable to unite
C. Gunnii with the present species, and should include also Mr.

UNGULATA. 29

Savin's specimen, figured by Professor Boyd Dawkins on Pluto
iii., fig. 1. Cervus Fitchii is only known from the Forest-bed
of Norfolk.

CERVUS GIGANTEUS ? BLUMENBACH.
(=C. MEGACEROS, HART.)

(Irish Elk.)
PLATE IV., FIG. 11.

The beam of a large antler from the Red Crag of Suffolk was
figured and thus described by Sir R. Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XIL, p. 226, fig. *18, 1856) as Megaceros hibernicus.
" In the relative size and position, immediately above the burr, of
the origin of the brow-snag, in the absence of a second snag
at the distance above the brow-snag where such second gnag
arises in the Strongyloceros spelceus, in the commencing flatness
of one side, and expansion of the beam at the broken end
11 inches from the burr, this Crag fossil resembles the cor-
responding part of the antler of the great Irish Deer (Mega-
ceros hibernicus). The circumference of the burr is 11 inches.
In colour and ponderosity this remarkable fossil agrees with the
ordinary fossils of the Red Crag."

I have been unable to discover this antler (see Plate IV.,
fig. 11), and therefore can only give it on Sir R. Owen's autho-
rity. The figure and description certainly agree very well with
the stem of the Irish Elk's antler ; but it seems doubtful whether
it really belonged to this species.

The occurrence of C. giganteus in the Norfolk Forest- bed
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 58, 1882) is so very doubtful that it has been
decided no longer to include it in the fauna of that horizon.
In Pleistocene deposits it has been found at many localities in
Western Europe, as well as in England and in the bogs of Ireland.
M. Deperet quotes this species from the Pliocene of Saint Prest.
(Vert. Plioc. d'Europe, Ann. Sci. Geol., Vol. XVIL, p. 261, 1885).

CERVUS POLIGNACUS, ROBERT.
PLATE IV., FIG. 12.

The only British specimens which can be referred to this
species have been obtained from the Forest-bed of Norfolk,
and possibly Suffolk (Falconer, Pal. Mem., Vol. II., p. 47-9,
1868; Newton, Vert. Forest Bed, p. 59, 1882). The specimen
here figured is in the Gunn collection in the Norwich Museum.

30 MAMMALIA.

The species was fii^t described from specimens found in the
Pliocene of central France.

CERVUS RECTUS, NEWTON.
PLATE IV., FIG. 1.

The frontal bone and base of an antler of a small Deer from the
Forest-bed of Sidestrand has been described as a new species
(Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, Vol. VI, p.^145, Plate v., fig. 1, 1889), and
named as above. The species is characterised by the narrow
forehead, long pedicle, with angular ridges running down the
frontal bone, and simple upright antler, which, so far as preserved,
is devoid of tynes. It is quite likely that this is a first antler,
and that the adult form would be different ; but I know no recent
or fossil species to which it can be referred. Messrs. Woodward
and Sherborn (Cat. Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 327) place this species as
a synonym of Capreolus caprea ; but this I regard as an error,
the two forms being quite unlike when the actual specimens are
compared.

The type is in the collection of Mr. A. Savin, of Cromer.

CERVUS SAVINI, DAWKINS.

Among the antlers from the Forest Bed Series certain forms
had long since attracted the attention of Mr. J. Gunn on account of
the remarkable form of the brow-tyne, which, arising directly
above, or even touching, the burr, was seen to be strikingly
flattened, and the most perfect example of this tyne is the most
flattened, and the broadest at its distal extremity. No specimens
have yet been found with a perfect brow-tyne, and therefore it is
not known how it terminated. This peculiar flattening led Mr.
Gunn to think the antler was related to the Reindeer, and he
has figured a fragment in his unpublished plates.

More perfect specimens have now been found and worked out
by Prof. Boyd Dawkins, who has named the species after Mr. A.
Savin, of Cromer, the possessor of the most perfect antler of this
form yet discovered (Proc. Koy. Soc., Vol. XXXVIII., p. 345,
1885, and Pal. Soc. for 1886, p. 11, Plate iii., fig. 3, 1887). Dr.
Crowfoot, of Beccles, however, has a very fine frontal with a good
part of both antlers attached ; and portions of similar antlers are
to be found in all collections of Forest-bed Mammals.

Mr. Savin's specimen exhibits the peculiar flattening of the base
of the brow-tyne ; but, unfortunately, Prof. Boyd Dawkins' figure
(Plate III., fig. 3) does not show this satisfactorily, which is
the more to be regretted, because it gives a wrong idea of the
form of the tyne, which could scarcely have terminated in the

UNGULATA. 3J

manner depicted by the artist in the restored outline ; and makes
the resemblance between this and figure 4 seem greater than it
really is. Figure 5, on the same plate, gives some idea of the
compression of the brow-tyne at its base. I have examined a
large number of specimens of this species, probably nearly all
that have been found, and they are remarkably uniform in cha-
racter, especially as regards the flattened form of the brow-tyne,
even in examples differing much in size ; and I cannot therefore
satisfy myself that the specimens represented by figures 2 and 4
of Prof. Dawkins' Memoir should be included in the same species.
At present Cervus Savini is only known from the Forest-
bed of Norfolk and Suffolk.

CERVUS SEDGWICKII, FALCONER.

The complex antlers to which Dr. Falconer gave the name of
Cervus Scdgwickii (Pal. Mem., Vol. II., p. 472, Plate 37, 1868)
have only been found in the Forest-bed in Britain (Mem.
Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. 60, 1882), but the same form,
apparently, occurs in the Pliocene beds of Italy, and has there
been called C. dicranios (Nesti, MS. Riitimeyer, Abh. schweiz.
pal. Qes., Vol. VIIL, 1880).

CERVUS SUTTONENSIS, DAWKINS.
PLATE IV., FIG. 13.

This species was established by Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXXVI., p. 411, 1878) for the reception
of certain portions of antlers found in the Crag of Norfolk and
Suffolk, in which " The base of the antler is cylindrical, and the
burr is very strongly marked and circumscribed, the base in
a plane oblique to the axis of the beam, which is traversed
by clearly defined deep groove?. These, however, are very
generally worn away by the action of water. The beam runs
straight away from the burr, and is cylindrical, except at the
point, where the brow-tyne springs immediately above the
base. At that point there is a smooth triangular area, slightly
convex or flat on the superior surface and slightly concave on
the inferior, and which is free from the grooves which occur on
the rest of the antler. The brow-tyne is slightly oval in section,
and forms an acute angle with the beam, as in

Axis and Rum, and is very much smaller in every dimension."

A large specimen, 8J inches long (Plate IV., fig. 13) in the
York Museum, from the Red Crag Nodule-bed, which doubtless
belongs to this species, has the beam rather more curved than in
the type specimen.

32 MAMMALIA.

Prof. Davvkins proposed to include in this species the specimens
referred by Sir R! Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII.,
p. 224, figs. 14, 16) to C. dicranoceros, Kaup ; but it seems to
me that fig. 14a agrees better with Kaup's species (see remarks
under C. dicranoceros, p. 24).

Cervus suttonensis is at present known from the Red Crag
Nodule-bed of Suffolk ; Prof. Boyd Dawkins also gives it as from
the Norwich Crag of Horstead, in Mr. Gunn's collection, and
from the Pliocene of Montmarle (Aire), France.

CERVUS TETRACEROS, MACKIE.

PLATE IV., FIG. 2.

A number of shed antlers from the Pliocene beds of Peyrolles
in the Puy de Dome, now preserved in the British Museum, were
labelled Cervus teiracroceros by M. Bravard ; but he published
no account of them. In 1861, Mr. Mackie (Geologist, Vol. IV.,
p. 465, 1861) described these specimens, using Bravard's MS.
name ; and in 1878 Prof. Boyd Dawkins again described them
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXXIV, p. 41 6, 1878), modifying
the name to (7. tetraceros. It was not, however, until the year
1883 that this form was first recognised as British, when Prof.
B. Dawkins (ibid. Vol. XXXIX., p. 579) detected in the Museum
of Practical Geology a specimen from the Forest-bed of East
Runton (Plate IV., fig. 2), as well as fragments in the collection of
Mr. Backhouse of York, also from the Forest-bed.

CERVUS VERTICORNIS, DAWKINS.

A portion of a large antler from the Forest-bed was noticed by
Dr. Falconer in 1863 (Pal. Mem., Vol. II, p. 479, 1868), and
afterwards named by Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Quart. Journ. Geol.,
Vol. XXVIIL, p. 405, 1872) Cervus verticornis, he also further
illustrated the species in 1887 (Pal. Soc., p. 22). Remarks on
the species will be found in the Memoir of the Geological Survey
(Vert. Forest-bed, p. 61, 1882), where one specimen Is separated
as a distinct species, and named after Prof. Dawkins.

Cervus verticornis has been found in some abundance in the
Forest-bed of Kessingland and Pakefield as well as other localities
in Norfolk and Suffolk. Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Pal. Soc., 1887)
has also identified an antler from the Red Crag of Trimley, near
Felixstow, in the British Museum (No. 45,929, Cat. Foss. Mamm.,
Part iii., p. 93, 1885) as belonging to this species.

UNGULATA 33

Genus ALCES, Hamilton Smith.

ALOES LATIFRONS, JOHNSON.

(? = CERVUS BOVIDES, GUNN, MS.)

Mr. Randall Johnson obtained a large piece of an antler from
the Forest-bed at Hasborcugh, \\hich he described (Annals,
Ser. 4, Vol. XIII., p. 1, 1874) as a new species, and named Cervus
latifrons (Mem. Geol. Surv. Vert. Forest Bed, p. 58, 1882). The
specimen is now in the Museum of Mr. J. J. Colman at Gor-
ton. Prof. Boyd Dawkins (Pal. Soc. for 1886-1887) has shown
good reason for removing this species from the genus Cervus to
that of Alces ; and with this I quite agree, as well as with placing
the two antlers in Mr. Savin's collection (Pal. Soc. for 1886,
Plate i., figs. 1 and 5) in the same genus ; but the much greater
length of beam before palmation, in the two specimens last men-
tioned, makes me doubtful as to their belonging to the same,
species.

The broken condition of the specimen named C. bovidesby Mr.
Gunn (see Memorials of John Gunn, 1891. CervidaB, PL i.,
%. A.), and of the three figured by Prof. Boyd Dawkins (loc. cit.,
figs. 2, 3, 4) prevents our knowing what was the length of their
beams ; but Prof. Boyd Dawkins has perhaps done wisely in
referring them provisionally to the genus Alces. The tapering
form of the specimen figured by Mr. Gunn, however, is so unlike
either of the examples of Alces antler figured by Prof. Dawkins,
although he says (loc. cit., p. 4) this tapering " is the rule rather
than the exception in the whole series," that I do not feel at all
satisfied as to the propriety of referring it to Alces latifrons ;
nevertheless to prevent confusion, and awaiting further evidence,
these four specimens may be included in this species.

At present Alces latifrons is only known from the Forest-
bed of Norfolk and Suffolk, from Weybourn Beds near Cromer,
and, according to Prof. Dawkins, from the Dogger Bank.

Genus CAPREOLUS, Hamilton Smith.

CAPREOLUS CAPREA? GRAY
(= CERVUS CAPREOLUS, LINNJEUS.)

(Roebuck.)
PLATE IV., FIG. 1C.

Antlers of this species have been recorded from the Norfolk
Forest-bed (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. 52, 1882),
but there is some little doubt as to their being from that horizon.

The specimen from Bacton alluded to by the Rev. Chas. Green
(History of Bacton, pp. 59 and 60, with Plate, 1842) as Anoplo-
therium, was afterwards said by Sir R. Owen (Brit. Assoc. Rep.

o 63855, C

34 MAMMALIA.

for 1842 (1843), pp. 57 and 74) to have been made up of bones
from several different animals, but chiefly parts of a ruminant
closely resembling the Koebuck. It may be that the remains
were from the Forest-bed, but the horizon as well as the deter-
mination is uncertain, and the specimen has since been destroyed.
Capreolus caprea has been recorded from Caves and other
Pleistocene deposits (Dawkins, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XXV., p. 192, 1869) as well as from the Fens and Prehistoric
strata. It is now living in the temperate zones of Europe.

Genus XIPHODON, Cuvier,

XlPHODON PLATYCEPS, FLOWER.

The greater part of a skull, said to be from the Red Crag of
Suffolk, preserved in the Museum of the Royal College of Sur-
geons, has been described by Prof. Flower (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876,
p. 3, Plate i.), and referred provisionally to Cuvier's genus Xipho-
don, with the new specific name of X. platyceps. The specimen
is about the size of the skull of a small sheep, and is remarkable
for " the breadth and flatness of fhe frontal region between the
orbits." Unfortunately all the teeth are absent, and its dental
characters consequently unknown.

The exact age of this skull is uncertain, but the matrix appears
to approximate most nearly to that of the so-called " box-stones"
of the Suffolk Crag.

Genus HIPPOPOTAMUS, Linnaeus.
HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS,

(= H. MAJOR, OWEN.)

The remains of Hippopotamus from the Forest-bed were first
recorded by S. Woodward (Geology of Norfolk, p. 46, 1833),
and a splendid lower jaw was figured and described by Sir R.
Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 399, 1846). Other specimens from
the same horizon have been found at several localities in Norfolk
and Suffolk (Vert. Forest Bed, p. 42, 1882), but I have been
unable to verify Mr. H. B. Woodward's record from the Norwich
Crag. (Geology of Norwich, p. 55, 1881.)

Since the year 1846 the British fossil Hippopotamus has been
generally called H. major, Owen, but most authorities are now
agreed that these remains cannot be separated from the Hippo-
potamus amphibius, now living in the Nile (Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Brit. Mus., Part ii., p. 277, 1885).

The remains of H. amphibius occur in the Pleistocene deposits
of this country as well as in the Forest-bed. The species also

UNGULATA. 35

occurs 'in the Pliocene of France and Italy; and is now living
in Africa south of the Sahara.

Genus SUS, Linnaeus.

The teeth of Pigs from the Red Crag of Suffolk, which were
known in the year 1846, were not at that time specifically named
by Sir R. Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 427), but in 1856 (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII., p. 222) he referred them to two
species, Sus palceo cheer us, Kaup, and S. antiquus, Kaup. Prof.
Lankester in 1864 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. XIV.,
p. 359) quoted the same two species ; but in 1870 (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI., p, 510) he seems to have doubted the
correctness of this identification as he merely gives Sus sp. More
recently Mr. R. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part ii.,
pp.268 and 273, 1885; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIL,
p. 366, 1886), has thought it possible that the larger teeth may
have belonged to Sus erymanthcus ; at the same time he retains
provisionally the name of Sus palceochoerus for the smaller Pig's
teeth of the Red Cra£.

Messrs. R. and A. Bell (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 208, 1872)
give Sus arvernensis as a Red Crag form ; but there is no
sufficient reason for acknowledging a third species in the Crag.
Mr. J. Gunri (Geol. Mag., Vol. VI., p. 237, 1869) recorded the
occurrence of Pig in the Coprolite bed below the Coralline Crng,
at Sutton.

There are two portions of lower tusks of Sus from the Red
Crag in the Reed collection, York Museum, one from Wood-
bridge, and the other from Waldringfield, and there is an incisor
in the Canham collection at Ipswich.

SUS ANTIQUUS? KAUP.
PLATE III., FIGS. 11, «, b, 12, «, 6.

The larger Pig's teeth from the Red Crag, which were referred
by Sir R. Owen (Quart, Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII, p. 222,
1856) to Sits antiquus, are provisionally retained in this species.
Although it is possible they may belong to S. erymanthcus, as
indicated by Mr. R. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Sou.,
Vol. XLIL, p. 366, 1886), yet it is not certain that such an
allocation would be correct, and of two uncertain names it seems
best to keep the one which has been so long in use, rather than
introduce another equally uncertain. Sus antiquus is only known
in Britain from the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk. Tne
type described by Kaup was from Upper Miocene Beds at
Elppelsheim. Sus erymanthetis was found in the Lower Pliocene
strata of Pikermi.

c 2

36 MAMMALIA.

SUS PAL^EOCHCERUS, KAUP.
PLATE III., FIGS. 13, 14.

The smaller Pig's teeth from the Nodule-bed of the Eed Crag
of Suffolk, which were identified as Sus palceoclmrus by Sir R,
Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XIL, p. 222, 1856), are
provisionally kept with that species ; and this determination is
in accordance with the opinions of Mr. R. Lydekker (Quart,
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 366, 1886).

Sus palceochcerus was described from specimens found in the
Upper Miocene of Eppelesheim.

SUS SCKOFA, LINNAEUS.

(Wild Boar.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 43. PLATE VI., FIGS. 4, 4a.)

So far back as the year 1840 (Lyell, Phil. Mag., Ser. 3,
Vol. XVI., p. 345) the remains of the common Pig, Sus scrofa,
were known to occur in the Norfolk Forest-bed, and since then
several specimens have been found (Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm.
p. 429, 1846), some of which are well preserved and show no
characters by which they can be separated from the living form.

Sus scrofa is also known from Pleistocene and Prehistoric
deposits, and is now living in the temperate zone of Europe.

PERISSODACTYLA.
Genus EftUUS, Linnaeus.

EQUUS CABALLUS, LINNAEUS.
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 30. PLATE VII., FIGS. 1-8.)

In the Survey Memoir Prof. Riitimeyer's name ofEquus caballus
fossilis was used for the fossil horses, the remains of which
could not be distinguished from the recent forms ; it is now
thought better to follow Mr. R. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Brit. Mus., part iii., p. 73, 1886), and to refer these fossils to the
recent species Equus caballus until such time as they can be shown
to be specifically distinct. Prof. Flower (Cat. Vert. Roy. Coll.
Surg., part ii., p. 408, 1884), in referring similar specimens,
places a query after E. caballus f

The equine remains from the Norwich Crag, noticed by Sir
R, Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 390, 1846), in Mr. Fitch's
collection, and referred to E. fossilis, are provisionally included
with E. Stenonis, which is known to occur in these beds.

UNGULATA. 37

A horse's tooth from, the Red Crag of JBawdsey, Suffolk, was
noticed by Sir II. Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII.,
j). 223, fig. 12, 1856), and provisionally referred to E. plicidcns.
This specimen is in the British Museum (No. M. 2,704), and
Mr. K. Lydekker says (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., part iii.,
p. 90, 1886) it is not like E. Stenonis, and may possibly belong to
E. caballus ; provisionally it is kept with the latter species.

There is another large upper equine molar from the Red Crag
of Felixstow in the York Museum, but it is too much broken
for specific determination.

Numerous teeth, which cannot be distinguished from those of
E. caballus, have been obtained from the Forest-bed (Vert.
Forest Bed, p. 30), and similar teeth are common in Caves and
other Pleistocene and Prehistoric deposits in this country, on the
continent, and in Arctic America.

EQUUS STENONIS, coccm.
PLATE V., FIG. 7, a, b.

The occurrence of this species in the Forest-bed, and in the
Norwich Crag of Thorpe, has been noticed in the Survey Memoir
(Vert, Forest Bed, p. 35, 1882), a specimen from the latter locality
being in the Museum of Practical Geology (Plate V., figs. 7, «, b,).

The remains of Equus from the Norwich Crag in Mr. Fitch's
collection, noticed by Sir R. Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 390,
1846), and referred to E.fossilis, are provisionally included in this
species.

Equus Stenonis occurs in Upper Pliocene beds in Italy and in
France.

Genus HIPPARION, Christol.

HlPPAKlON GRACILE, KAUP.

PLATE VI., FIGS. 8, «, b; 9, «, b.

Sir R, Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII., p. 223,
1856) was the first to recognise certain teeth from the Red Cn^
of Suffolk as probably belonging to Hipparion ; and Prof.
Lankester (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. XIV. p. 359,
1864, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI., p. 510, 1870)
also noticed the occurrence of this genus in the Red Crag.
Messrs. R. and A. Bell (Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 208, 1872)
include this form in their list of Middle or Red Crag Mammals
under the name Hippotherium gracile, and this appears to be
the earliest record of the species in Britain. Several teeth from
the Red Crag of Suffolk are included by Mr. Lydekker under

38 MAMMALIA.

this name (Cat. Fos?. Mamm. Brit. Mus,, part iii., p. 54), and
similar teeth are ' to be found in nearly all collections of Red Crag
Mammals.

Messrs. R. and A. Bell (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 212),
give this genus also from the Upper or Norwich Crag, but I am
unable to corroborate this ; and possibly limb bones which would
now be referred to Equus have been called Hipparion.

It appears, therefore, that in Britain Hipparion gracile is only
known from the Red Crag Nodule-bed ; but the species has a
wide distribution, having been found in strata of Upper Miocene
or Lower Pliocene Age in France, Germany, Greece, Spain,
N.W. Persia, and Algeria,

Genus RHINOCEROS, Linnaeus.

The Rhinoceros teeth from the Red Crag which were known to
Sir R. Owen in 1856 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII.,
p. 217), he, with some hesitation, referred to R. Schleiermacheri,
and this name has been generally used for the species of Rhino-
ceros occurring in the Red Crag ; Prof. Lankester, however,
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI., p. 510, 1870) alludes to
the possibility of R. etruscus and R. megarhinus also being Crag
species. More recently Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XLIL, p. 366, 1886) has pointed out that the strong inner
cingulum present in the specimens figured by Sir R. Owen (loc.
cit., p. 231) and now in the British Museum (Cat. Foss. Mamm.,
part iii., p. 149, 1886), makes these teeth agree better with
R. incisivus, Kaup, and this, I think, is more likely to be correct ;
but at the same time some of the upper premolars found in the
Red Crag are devoid of an inner cingulum, and these I take to
represent R. Schleiermacheri.

Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVII.,
p. 118, 1871) has recorded the finding of two Rhinoceros teeth
in the Nodule-bed below the Coralline Crag at Sutton, but the
species of these is uncertain.

RHINOCEROS INCISIVUS, KAUP.
PLATE VI., FIGS. 1, «, b, 2, 3.

To this species are referred the Rhinoceros teeth from the
Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk figured by Sir R. Owen (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII., p. 231, 1856), and alluded to by
M.r. Lydekker (ibid., Vol. XLIL, p. 366, 1886, and Cat. Foss.
Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part iii., p. 149, 1886) as well as other
upper premolar teeth found in various collections, which have a
strongly developed inner cingulum.

UNGULATA. 39

The upper true molars and lower cheek teeth of the Crag
Rhinoceros are much less certainly determinable.

Rhinoceros incisivus seemed to have lived in Europe from the
Middle Miocene to the Lower Pliocene,.

RHINOCEROS SCHLEIERMACHERI, KAUP.
PLATE VI., FIG. 4 a, b.

Although the specimens of Rhinoceros upper cheek teeth
referred by Sir R. Owen (Quart. Journ. Greol. Soc., Vol. XII.,
p. 217 and 231, 1856) to this species are probably more correctly
identified by Mr. Lydekker with R. incisivus (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 366, 1886), yet there are specimens of upper
premolars from the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk without
any inner cingulum, and these I think should still be referred to
R. Schleiermacheri ; the distribution of this species is much the
same as that of R. incisivus.

RHINOCEROS ETRUSCUS, FALCONER.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 38. PLATE VIII.)

This species was founded by Dr. Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol. II.,
p. 309, 1868) for a Rhinoceros found in Italian Pliocene Strata,
and its presence in the Forest-bed is well established. It has been
suggested that some of the Red Crag Rhinoceros remains might
belong to R. etruscus (Lankester, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XXVI, p. 510, 1870, and Lydekker, ibid., VoL XLIL, p. 366,
1886), but there is no definite evidence that such is the case.

Rhinoceros etruscus in Britain seems to have been restricted
to the Forest-bed ; on the continent it has been found in the
Upper Pliocene of France, Spain, and Italy ; and some specimens
found near Rome may be of Pleistocene age.

RHINOCEROS MEGARHINUS ? CHRISTOL.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 40. PLATE IX., FIG. 1.)

A single upper tooth from the Forest-bed was referred by
Dr. Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol. II., p. 398, 1868) to this species,
but no further evidence of its occurrence at this horizon in Britain
has since been obtained (Dawkins, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XXIIL, p. 214, 1867). The species is met with in Caves and in
the Pleistocene gravels of the Thames Valley. In Europe the same
form under different synonyms has been recorded from Pliocene
Beds in France, Germany, and Italy. Dr. Falconer (loc. cit.,

40 MAMMALIA.

p. 310) says R. meyarhinus (R. leptorhinus) occurs in the Val
d'Arno upper beds, and Prof. Dawkins (loc. cit.< p. 214) also says
the species is abundant in that locality ; but Dr. Forsyth Major
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,, Vol. XLL, p. 1, 1885) excludes it from
his latest li^t of Val d'Arno Mammals. M. Deperet (Vert. Foss.
Plioc. Roussillon, Ann. Sci. Geoi., Vol. XVII., p. 177, 1885)
would refer our Red Crag Rhinoceros to R. leptorhinus, Cuv. (R.
megarhinus, Christol.). It seems open to grave doubt whether the
forms called by M. Deperet R. levtorhinus, Cuv., would be
accepted by British palaeontologists as evidence of that species
(Lydekker, Geol. Mag., Dec, 2, Vol. Ill, p. 329, 1886). There
is doubtless great difficulty in the correlation of the English and
continental species of this genus, and possibly, as Prof. Dawkins
seemed to think in 1865 (Nat. Hist. Rev., Vol. V., p. 403), the
forms called R. Schleiermacheri and R. meyarhinus may be but
one species ; this, however, has yet to be proved.

Genus TAPIRUS, Cuvier.

ARVERNENSIS (?) DEVEZE §* BOUILLET.

(=T. PRISCUS, OWEN.)
PLATE VI., FIG. 10, a, b, 11, a, b.

The genus Tapirus was first recognized as British by Sir R.
Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII., p. 222,1856), certain
lower and upper teeth from the Red Crag of Suffolk being
referred to T. prisons, Kaup, and this determination has since
been very generally accepted ; but Mr. R. Lydekker (Cat. Foss.
Maimn. Brit. Mus., Pait iii., p. 3, 1886, and Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 366, 1886) has noticed that the Tapir
teeth from the English Crag are smaller than those of T. priscus,
and agree better with those of T. arvernensis and T. elegans.

T. arvernensis, l)ev. and Bou. (Essai sur la Montagne de
Boulade, 1827), was the first name used for a fossil Tapir ;
the T. elegans, Pomel (Catalogue Methodique, p. 84, 1853) has
teeth a trifle smaller, but its title to specific distinction is very
doubtful ; T. priscus, Kaup. (1832) is said to be generally
larger than T. arvernensis, although, judging from the measure-
ment given by Deperet (Vert. Foes. Plioc. Roussillon, Ann. Sci.
GeoL, Vol. XVII., p. 180, 1885), the difference is not very great;
and should the two species prove to be identical, the name
T. arvernensis will have to be adopted.

The species of fossil Tapirs having been founded on such
slender evidence, their distinctness is very doubtful, and it might
have been better to let Sir R. Owen's determination of the
English specimens remain for the present ; but as Mr. Lyddeker
has made the alteration (loc. cit), and the English specimens
agree rather more nearly with the Tapirus arvernensis, this name
is here adopted.

UNGULATA. 41

The specimens of Tapirus found in Britain, and now to be
called T. arvernensis, are all derived from the Nodule-bed of the
Red Crag of Suffolk. The species has also been found in Pliocene
beds at Issoire, Perpignan, Montpellier, and Velay, in France,
and at the same horizon in the Vul d'Arno, Italy.

Tapirus prisons seems to have been restricted to the Upper
Miocene; it has been found at Eppelsheim (Hesse Darmstadt),
and Casino, Italy.

Genus HYRACOTHERIUM, Owen.

HYRACOTHERIUM LEPORINUM, OWEN.

PLATE V., FIG. 6.

This genus and species was founded by Sir R. Owen in 1839
(Trans. Geol. Soc., Ser. 2, Vol. VI., Part i., p. 203) for a specimen
from the London Clay of Herne Bay, and further illustrated in
1846 (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 419). In 1865 an example from the
Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk was described by the same
author (Geol. Mag., Dec. 1, Vol. II., p. 339, Plate x., fig. 2).
Both the above specimens are in the British Museum (Cat. Foss.
Mamm., Part iii., p. 11, 1886); but other examples from the
same horizon have since been found, and are preserved in the
Museum of Practical Geology, York Museum, and in Mr. E. C.
Moor's collection at Great Bealings.

The Red Crag specimens have been almost certainly derived
from the Eocene.

(SUBUNGULATA.)

Genus CORYPHODON, Owen.
PLATE V., FIG. 12, a, b.

Sir R. Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 299, 1846) gave the name
of Coryphodon eocenus for a portion of a lower jaw from the
Lower Eocene of Essex, the teeth of which were something like
those of the Tapir, but larger. Further light has been thrown on
the genus by the finding of other specimens on the continent
and in this country (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. VIII., p. 250).
Teeth of Coryphodon have been met with in the Nodule-bed of
the Red Crag of Suffolk, and seem to have been first recognized
by Prof. Flower (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. KXX., p. 6,
1874), and specimens are to be seen in the Ipswich Museum
and in the Museum of Practical Geology. It is highly probable
that all these Crag examples have been derived from Eocene Strata.

42 MAMMALIA.

Genus MASTODON, Cuvier.

Sir R. Owen (Rep., Brit. Assoc., 1843, p. 219), in his report
on British Fossil Mammals, referred the Mastodon teeth from the
English Crags to M. anyustidens, Kaup, and in his subsequent
works (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 271, 1846, and Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XII., p. 223, 1856), adhered to this identification.

Dr. Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol. II, 1868) made a careful study
of the English and continental Mastodons, and came to the con-
clusion that the British forms were to be referred to M. arver-
nensis, and this decision has been accepted almost universally.
Some few specimens, more recently found, indicate the existence
of other species in the Red Crag.

Prof. Lankester (Geol. Mag., Vol. VI., p. 355, 1869) has
given an account of a " trilophodont " Mastodon tooth from the
" Suffolk Bone Bed," which was at that time in the Baker Col-
lection at Woodbridge, and is now in the Reed Collection, York
Museum. This specimen was said to have its nearest ally in the
Mastodon Borsoni ; and it is described and figured in a sub-
sequent paper (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI., p. 507,
1 870) with other portions of Mastodon teeth which were referred
to M. tapiroides.

Mr. R. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part iv., and
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 365, 1886), after
studying the Mastodons in the British Museum and elsewhere,
came to the conclusion that three species of Mastodon are repre-
sented in the English Crags, the commonest form being ~ M.
arvernensis. The specimen, which Prof. Lankester (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc. Vol. XXVI., Plate xxxiv., fig. 1) thought to
be nearest to M. Borsoni, Mr. R. Lydekker thinks is not a
complete trilophodont tooth, but a part of a tetralophodont
form, and refers it to M. longirostris ; while the tooth which
Prof. Lankester (ibid., Plate xxxiv., fig. 4) called M. tapiroides
he would name M. Borsoni.

Mastodon angustidens is no longer accepted as a British
species.

Mastodon remains have been met with in England in the
Coralline Crag (Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVIL,
p. 118, 1872, andGunn, Geol. Mag., Vol. VI., p. 237, 1869), but
more abundantly in the Red and Norwich Crags. Mr. Cavell has
fragments from Easton Bavent, and it extends upwards to the
"Chillesford Beds" (Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 215,
1872), but not a fragment has been recognised in the Forest-
bed.

In Europe and Asia the genus is known from many places, and
ranges from Miocene to Upper Pliocene, while in North 'and
South America it is represented in beds of Post-pliocene age.
Dr. Falconer notices a specimen he had seen from Mexico (P*al
Mem., Vol. II., p. 74).

UNGULATA. 43

MASTODON ARVERNENSIS, CROIZET §• JOBERT.

By far the greater number of Mastodon teeth found in the
English Crags are referable to M. arvernensis. The species ac-
cording to Dr. Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol. II., p. 28, 1868), is
characterised by the transverse ridges being each formed by two
pairs of thick high mammillae, with transverse valleys interrupted
by large accessory inammillse ; while the inner and outer portions
of the ridges alternate to a greater or less extent.

Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XX VII, p. 118,
1871) includes this species among the Coralline Crag Vertebrates;
but in a note wives the following quotation from Prof. Lankester
(ibid., Vol. XXVI, p. 497) :— " A Mastodon tooth which I have
seen from that situation [bed below the Coralline Crag] is not
M. arvernensis, but belongs to the Trilophodont species."
Mr. Gunn (Geol. Mag., Vol. VI., p. 237, 1869) has also noticed a
Mastodon tooth from the Coprolite bed below the Coralline Crag
at Button. One cannot, however, say to what species this
specimen belonged.

Mastodon arvernensis is well known from the Norwich and
Red Crags of many localities in Norfolk and Suffolk. In France
it has been recorded from the Lower Pliocene at Montpellier,
and from the Upper Pliocene at Mont Perrier, &c. ; also from
Pliocene strata in the Val d'Arno, in Germany, and in Croatia.

MASTODON LONGIKOSTEIS, KAUF

To this species Mr. E. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XLII.j p. 365, 1886) has referred certain specimens from
the Red Crag of Suifolk, preserved in the British Museum, and
also the tooth from near Woodbridge, figured and described by Prof.
Lankester (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVL, Plate xxxiv.,
fig. 1, 1870) as nearly allied to, if not identical with M. Borsoni.
This tooth, which is now in the Reed Collection, York Museum, Mr.
Lydekker is convinced is a part of a tetralophodont tooth, and
cannot therefore belong to the trilophodont M. Borsoni; and
besides this, the portion preserved agrees with M. longirostris.

The characters by which the teeth of the present species are
distinguished from those of M. arvernensis are pointed out by
Dr. Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol, II., p. 29, 1868) and are thus shortly
given by Mr. R. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part iv.,
p. 62, 1886). " The columns of the cheek-teeth are separated by
a deep longitudinal cleft, but are arranged in the game trans-
verse line; the accessory tubercles are of moderate size, and
one column of each of the earlier ridges wears into a distinct
trefoil ; the valleys are but slightly blocked, and do not contain
any appreciable amount of cement."

44 MAMMALIA

Mr. E. Cavell, of Saxmundham, lias a Mastodon tooth said to
be from the Coralline Crag of. Sutton (no doubt meaning the
Nodule -bed beneath the Coralline Crag) which I believe belongs
to this species, for it agrees with the above characters and closely
resembles part of the tooth figured by Kaup (O^sem. Foss.
Darmstadt, Plate xx., fig. 5). It appears to be imperfect, but
consists of three transverse ridges and a talon; the longitudinal
groove separates each ridge into two large rounded mammillfe ;
and there are only slight intermediate tubercles in the transverse
valleys. The length of the specimen is about 115 mm., width
60 mm., height of crown 52 mm.

Mastodon longirostris has been found in Britain in the Red
Crag of Suffolk and the Coralline Crag of Sutton ; that is in
the Nodule-bed which occurs under the Red and Coralline Crags.
Prof. Lankester's specimen has the matrix of the so-called " Box
stones " adhering to it. On the continent the species seems most
abundant at Eppelsheim in beds of Upper Miocene or Lower
Pliocene age ; it has also been found in Pliocene beds in the Vienna
basin and in France.

MASTODON BORSONI, HA'fs.

Certain Mastodon teeth from the English Crag were first
referred to M. Borsoni by Prof. Lankester (Geol. Mag., Vol. VI.,
1869, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVI, p. 507, 1870),
but Mr. R. Lydekker (ibid., Vol. XLIL, p. 364, 1886, and Cat.
Foss. Mamm. Brit Mus., Part iv., p. 26, 1886) has decided that the
larger specimen figured by Prof. Lankester (loc. cit., Plate xxxvi.,
fig. 1) is an imperfect tooth, and being really a part of a tetralo-
phodont form should be referred to M. longirostris (see above.,
p. 43).

Dr. Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol. II., p. 71, 1868) speaking of a
specimen of M. Borsoni, says, <( These molars are at once dis-
tinguished, all of them, from the Mastodon angustidens specimens,
by the ridges being transverse, elevated, and trenchant, without
intermediate mammillae interrupting the valleys, and by their
general similitude to Mast. Ohioticus"

The two smaller forms figured by Prof. Lankester (loc. ciL,
fig. 3 and 4) now in the Museum at Ipswich, one of which in the
explanation of the plate is named Mastodon tapiroides, Mr.
Lydekker retains as representing M. Borsoni in the English Red
Crag (Nodule-bed), together with a specimen in the Museum of
Practical Geology, and another in the British Museum.

M. Borsoni has been recorded from Upper Pliocene strata at
several localities in the south of France, and from the Val d'Arno
in Italy. Also from Lower Pliocene beds in Piedmont and
Hungary.

UNGULATA. 45

Genus ELEPHAS, Linnaeus.

Elephant remains have been found abundantly in the Forest-
bed, where the genus is represented by teeth of E. meridionalis
and E. antiquus, as well as many forms which seem to be inter-
mediate between these species and E. primigenius. Mr. Gunn
has proposed to give names to some of these, but it is thought
better by most authorities to regard them merely as varieties of
the species above mentioned. Teeth of Elephants are only oc-
ocasionally met with in the English Crags, and there has been
much uncertainty as to the true horizon from which they have
been derived, as well as respecting the species to which they
belonged.

Dr. Falconer (Pal. Mem., Vol. II., p. 130, 1868), recorded
E. meridionalis from the Norwich Crag of Thorpe, but this deter-
mination was doubted by Dr. Leith Adams (Pal. Soc., 1881, p. 178),
who says, the species in Britain is restricted to the Forest-bed.
Dr. Falconer likewise mentions an example of E. antiquus from
the Red Crag of Southwold, in the Museum of the Geological
Society (No. 10,664). This I am convinced is not a Red Crag
specimen, and Prof. Lankester and Mr. Gunn (Geol. Mag., Vol.
VI., p. 47 and 143, 1869) have both come to the same conclusion.
A second specimen, alluded to by Dr. Falconer as being in the
Museum of the Geological Society, I have been unahlc to find.

Prof. Prestwich also (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXV II.,
p. 456, 1871) gives E. meridionalis from the Norwich Crag.

The specimen of Elephas, said by Dr. Falconer (Pa), Mem.,
Vol. II., p. 54), to be in the Museum of Practical Geology, from
the Red Crag of Felixstow, cannot now be identified ; but
portions of another tooth from the Red Crag have more recently
been acquired by this Museum.

The Rev. O. Fisher (Geol. Mag., Vol. V., p. 544, 1868) noticed
a specimen of E. meridionalis from the Red Crag; but this was
shown by Prof. Lankester and Mr. Gunn (Geol. Mag., Vol. VI.,
pp. 47, 142, 143, 190, and 237) to be Mastodon, and not Elephas,
and to have been found in the beds below the Coralline Crag.

Although Prof. Lankester says (Geol. Mag., Vol. V., p. 257,
1868), "No Elephant occurs with the Mastodon in the Suffolk
bone bed, Dr. Falconer was, I believe, misled on this point
by specimens from the Red Sands above the Red Crag," yet
I think we now have indubitable evidence that Elephas does
occur in the Red Crag, or in the te Bone bed " (Nodule-bed) below
the Red Crag.

The specimen from the Red Crag of Trimley, Suffolk (some
portions of which are in the Museum of Practical Geology, and
others at York), referred by Dr. L. Adams doubtfully to E.
antiquus, but now thought to be E. meridionalis, there can be no
question is a Red Crag Fossil, or probably from the Nodule-bed
below the Red Crag.

Dr. J. E. Taylor (Brit. Aseoc. Rep. for 1873, p. 91, 1874 and
" Bradford Observer," Sept. 22, 1873) gave an account of the

40 MAMMALIA.

Elephant remains which were said to have been found in the Red
Crag, and called special attention to one from Falkenham,
which " he had not the slightest doubt " was really from the
" Bone-bed " below the Red Crag ; and he was probably correct in
referring this specimen to E. meridionalis.

ELEPHAS MERIDIONALIS, NJBSTI.

Dr. Falconer (in Lyell's Antiquity of Man, p. 217, 1863, and
Pal. Mem., Vol. II., p. 104, 1868) was the first to recognise
E. meridionalis in England. The species being especially
abundant in the Forest-bed (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest
Bed, p. 105, 1882). The teeth of-Z£ meridionalis are characterised
by the small height of the crown in proportion to their width, the
large size of the enamel plates and their wide separation by broad
cement spaces. The enamel itself is extremely thick, smooth, and
almost free from crenulations.

To this species is now referred the tooth from the Red Crag,
which Dr. Leith Adams doubtfully placed with E. antiquus (Pal.
Soc. Brit. Foss. Elephants, p. 178, 1877-81) and sections of
which are to be seen in the York Museum, the British Museum,
and the Museum of Practical Geology (Cat. Fos. Mamm. Brit, Mus.,
Part iv., p. 113, 1886). Dr. Taylor's specimen from the Red
Crag of Falkenham ('Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1873, p. 91, 1874) is
included with E. meridionalis ; the plates are wide and far apart,
while tne enamel is comparatively smooth and thick, and the
crown appears to have been low. The occurrence of teeth, which
cannot be separated from those of E. meridionalis, has been
recorded by the Rev. O. Fisher (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XLIV, p. 818, 1888) from Dewlish, Dorset ; thus indicating the
presence of Pliocene beds in Dorset.

I am very doubtful whether the tooth from the Norwich Crag
of Thorpe, noticed by Dr. Leith Adams (Pal. Soc., p. 196), or
that in Mr. Fitch's collection from same horizon, alluded to by
Mr. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVII., p. 456,
1871) should be referred to this species.

Elephas meridionalis occurs in England in the Forest-bed
series of many localities, in the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of
Suffolk, in the remarkable deposit at Dewlish, Dorset, and
possibly in the Norwich Crag of Norfolk. On the continent the
species is found in the Pliocene of the Val d'Arno, the Auvergne,
and at Saint Prest ; it has also been recorded from North Africa
(Thomas, Mem. Soc, Ge'ol. Fr., Ser. 3, Vol. III., Part ii., p. 20,
1884).

Some vertebrae dredged off Clacton, and possibly of Pleistocene
age, have been referred to this species by Dr. Leith Adams (Pal
Soc., p. 210).

UNGULATA. 47

ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS, FALCONER.

The name Elephas antiquus was used by Falconer in 1857
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XIII., table facing p. 319) and
the species he afterwards more fully defined (Pal. Mem., Vol. II.),
but we are indebted to Dr. Leith Adams for a very complete history
of this and other British species of Elephas (Pal. Soc., 1877-81).

Many of the Elephant teeth found in the " Forest Bed " belong
to E. antiquus (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. 104, 1882).
Five examples were noticed by Leith Adams from the Norwich'
Crag, two from South wold (Pal. Soc. 1877, pp. 17 and 38 ; (Cat.
Foss. Mam. Brit, Mus., Part iv., p. 135, No. 39,463, 1886), two
others from Eastern Suffolk, also in the British Museum (loc. cit.
p. 124), and one from the same horizon at Horstead, in Mr.
Gunn's collection, Norwich Museum.

In Mr. Colman's museum. Cliff House, Lowestoft, there are
several portions of one or more teeth, collected by Mr. Randall
Johnson from the Norwich Crag of Horstead, which have very
broad and widely separated plates of thick enamel ; the latter
being strongly crenulated and with a median lozenge. This is
one of the forms now called the broad plated variety of E. anti-
quus ; the widely separated plates resemble the teeth of E. meri-
dionalis. As already stated, the specimens from the Red Crag
which Dr. Leith Adams doubtfully named E. antiquus are now
thought to be E. meridionalis (see p. 140, and Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Brit. Mus., Part iv., p. 123, 1886).

.Elephas antiquus is not certainly known in England from beds
older than the Norwich Crag ; it is abundant in the Forest-bed,
also in Cave-earth and other Pleistocene deposits.

The species seems to occur in Pliocene strata in Northern Italy
(L. Adams, Pal. Soc., p. 5), but it is not included by Dr. Forsyth
Major among the mammals of the Val d'Arno (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XLL, p. 5, 1 885). In Pleistocene deposits, however, it
has been found in France, Italy, Spain, and probably North
Africa (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part iv., p. 123, 126, 127).

ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS 1 BLUMENBACH.

It is very doubtful whether this species has ever been met with
in Pliocene strata. The only Pliocene horizon which has
yielded specimens which could possibly be referred to E, primi-
genius is the Forest-bed, and the teeth which have been found
do not supply such undoubted proof of the occurrence of this
species as could be desired. Although some of them approach
the E. primigenius type of tooth, none are precisely like any
undoubted example of the species, and the utmost that can be
said is that some of the Forest-bed specimens may be extreme
forms of E. primigenius (see Vert. Forest Bed, p. 106).

48

SIRENIA.

Genus HALITHERIUM, Kaup.

HALITHERIUM CANHAMI, FLOWER.

3T
PLATE -¥£, FIG. 5.

Prof. Flower (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXX., p. 1, 1874)
identified a portion of a skull from the Red Crag (Nodule-bed)
of Foxhall, in the collection of the Rev. H. Canham, as
that of a Sirenian, and described it as a new species of Halitherium
to which he gave the name of H. Canhami. The specimen is
now in the Ipswich Museum, but casts of it are to be seen in
the British Museum and the Museum of Practical Geology. In
the latter museum there are two or three pieces of ribs from the
Red Crag Nodule -bed of Felixsto\v, and in the York Museum
a cheek tooth and a piece of rib from the same bed, which are
in all probability referable to this species.

RUDENTIA. 49

RODENTIA.

Genus SCIURUS, Linnaeus.

SdURUS VULGARIS?

(Squirrel.)
(Vert. Forest B«d, p. 92, PLATE XIV., FIG. 12.)

The evidence for the occurrence of the squirrel in the Forest-
bed rests partly on the gnawed fir-cones which are frequently
found in this bed, and partly on the humerus of S. vulgaris
found at Ostend, near Bacton, probably in the Forest-bed.

Genus CASTOR, Linnaeus.

CASTOR FIBER, LINN&US.

(= CASTOR EUROP^EUS, OWEN.)

(Beaver.)

PLATE V., FIG. 16«, b.
(Also Vert. Forest Bed, PLATE XII.)

The remains of Beavers were said by Sir R. Owen (Brit.
Foss. Mamm., p. 190, 1846) to have been found in the Norfolk
Forest-bed and also in the. Norwich (Fluvio-marine) Crag of
Norfolk. The occurrence in the Forest-bed has been confirmed
by the finding of additional examples (Mem. (jreol. Surv. Vert.
Forest Bed, p. 78, 1882). Two specimens were alluded to by
Sir R. Owen as coming from the Norwich Crag, one of these,
a femur from Thorpe, is in the British Museum, and is now, no
doubt correctly, named Trogonthcrium (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit.
Mus., Part i., p. 217, No. 40,979, 1885).

The second specimen (Plate V., fig. 18«, b, c) is thus referred
to (loc. cit., p. 192) : " A portion of an incisor of the under jaw
of a Beaver, now in the Museum of the Geological Society of
London, was found by the President, H. Warburton, Esq.,
M.P., in the fluvio-marine Crag at Si/ewell Gap, near South-
wold," in Suffolk. This specimen, I find, has the enamel rounded
and rough, not flattened and smooth as in Castor fiber. I
should therefore refer it rather to Trogontherium than to Castor,
and possibly it may belong to the small species which I have
described below as T. minus.

Other notices of the occurrence of the common Beaver in the
Crag are apparently based on the above specimens.

o 63855. D

50 MAMMALIA.

In the Museum of Practical Geology there are two cheek teeth
of a Beaver from the Red Crag Nodule-bed ; one of these, from
Woodbridge, is a portion of a right upper premolar, about half
an inch long, which has all three of the external enamel folds
co-extensive with the tooth so far as this is preserved. The
second tooth (Plate V., fig. 16a, 5) is from Boy ton, and is a
left lower premolar, much worn, and forming fangs at its base ;
the three inner enamel folds extend nearly to the fang, and in
this particular agree closely with a specimen of Castor fiber from
the peat of Essex ; the entire tooth, however, is smaller than the
corresponding tooth of the Essex specimen. Provisionally the
two Red Crag teeth are referred to Castor fiber.

The specific identity of Castor europceus and C. fiber being
generally admitted, the latter and earlier name is now used.

Castor fiber occurs in the Forest-bed and Red Crag Nodule-
bed in East Anglia ; it is also known in Pleistocene deposits both
in England and on the continent, and is now living throughout
the northern parts of the northern hemisphere. Gervais (Pal.
Franc,., Edit. 2, p.i^O) would unite with this the Castor issiodorense,
C. & J., from the Pliocene of Mont Perrier.

CASTOE VETERIOR, LANKESTEE.
PLATE V., FIGS. 13, 14, 15.

Two upper cheek teeth and an incisor of a Beaver from the
Red Crag of Button, in the Whincopp collection (now in the
Reed Collection, York Museum) were described by Prof. Lan-
kester (Ann. Mag. Nat Hist., Ser. 3, Vol. XIV., p. 355, 1864) as
Castor veterior. The cheekteeth (see Plate V., figs. 14, #, 19 c)
are both left upper premolars, and were said to resemble those of
the Canadian rather than those of the European form, differing
chiefly " in the great length of the fang ;" . . . " the greater
width of the fossae of dentine between the enamel ridges, and in
the greater inward development of the large anterior [inner] fold
or lobe." Having made comparison with Beavers from the Fens,
I can corroborate what Prof. Lankester says ; but the variations
observable in different specimens of Castor fiber would have made
me doubt the validity of this new species, were it not for another
point of difference which seems of greater importance, and it is
that two of the three outer folds of enamel are only open to the
exterior for a short distance from the summit of the tooth ; while
in C. fiber these folds are seen upon the exterior nearly to the base
of the tooth.

The incisor tooth (Plate V., fig. 15, a, />), described by
Prof. Lankester, has all the characters of an upper incisor of
Beaver, and may very well be associated with the two cheek
teeth.

KODENTIA. 51

Mr. E. C. Moor, of Great Bealings, has a fine upper premolar
from the Red Crag of New bourn, and there are two cheek
teeth in the Canham collection, Ipswich Museum. Castor
veterior is only known from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk.

Genus TROGONTHERIUM, Fischer.
TEOGONTHERTUM CUVIERI, CUVIER (FISCHER, MS.).

(Vert. Forest Bed, PLATE XI.).

The specimen on which this genus was established by
M. Gothelf Fischer (Mem. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscow, Vol. II.,
p. 260, 1809) was found in a sandy deposit near Taganrok, on
the borders of the Sea of Azof. When Trogontherium was
described no specific name was given to it, and after a prolonged
search I have been unable to find that Fischer ever used the
specific name of T. Guvieri, although Cuvier attributes the name
to him (Ossem. Foss., Nouvelle edit., 1823, Vol. V., p. 59), giving
as a heading to Article III., " Des Castors des terrains meubles,
et notamment de la grande espece nominee Trogontherium
Cuvieri, par M. de Fischer." Notwithstanding this heading,
Cuvier called this rodent Castor troyontherium.

The presence of Trogontherium Guvieri in the Forest-bed of
Norfolk was first noticed by Sir R. Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm.,
p. 184, 1846), and its intricate synonymy is given in the Survey
Memoir (Vert. Forest Bed, p. 65, 1882), together with an account
of the osteology, as far as known, and of the peculiar variations
undergone by the patterns of the teeth during wear; which vari-
ations had led to the British specimens being referred to a distinct
genus and species. A skull of this rodent, lately obtained by Mr.
A. Savin from the Forest-bed of East Runton, still further
confirms Sir R. Owen's opinion of the specific identity of these
British specimens, and the Trogontherium Cuvieri of Fischer.

In Britain T. Cuvieri is essentially a Forest-bed species,
most of the specimens being from that horizon ; but fragments
have been found in the Wey bourn Crag at E. Runton and in
the Norwich Crag of Thorpe. On the Continent it is known
from the Pliocene of Saint Prest, under the name of Conodontes
Boisvillettii.

TKOGONTHERIUM MINUS, NEWTON.
PLATE V., FIG. 170, 6, 1&«, &, c.

A small Trogontherium maxilla from the Nodule-bed of the
Red Crag of Felixstow,* in the possession of Mr. E. C. Moor;
has received the name of T. minus (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,

* Not from near Woodbridge aks stated in original description.

D 2

52 MAMMALIA.

Vol. XL VI., p. 447). The patterns of the three teeth which are
preserved agree with those of Trogontherium, the folds of enamel
being open exteriorly for only a short distance from the summit
of the tooth, indeed, the three outer folds of each tooth have
become shut off from the outside, and the single inner folds are
very nearly in the same condition. The largest of these teeth
(p.m. 4) which is closing in to form the fang, is 18 mm. long,
and 8 mm. wide. The much smaller size of this specimen as
well as its occurrence at a lower horizon has led to its receiving
the distinctive specific name of T. minus. The tooth from the
Norwich Crag of Sizewell Gap, near South wold, noticed by Sir
II. Owen as Beaver (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 192, 1846), and pre-
served in the Museum of the Geological Society, is provisionally
included in this species.

Genus MUS, Linnaeus.

MUS SYLVATICUS, LINNAEUS.

(Field Mouse.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 93, PLATE XIV., FIGS. 11, lla.)

Jaws and limb bones of Mus sylvaticus have been found in the
Forest-bed at West Kunton, and the species is now living
throughout Europe.

Genus MICROTUS, Schrank (ARVICOLA, Lacepede).

MICROTUS (ARVICOLA) AMPHIBIUS? LINN&US.

Water Vole.

It is very doubtful whether A. amphibius occurs in beds of
Pliocene age. The form alluded to by Messrs. R. and A. Bell
(Prqc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 212, 1872) from the Norwich Crag
is no doubt Arvicola intermedium (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest
Bed, p. 83, 1882), the only specimens I have seen from that
horizon being referable to that species. Miost of the Arvicola
remains which occur in the Forest-bed are likewise A. inter-
medius, but possibly some of the larger teeth may be A. amphi-
bius (Vert. Forest Bed, p. 87).

This species is found in Pleistocene deposits ; it is now living
throughout Europe and possibly in China.

MICROTUS (ARTICOLA) ARVALIS, PALLAS.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 88, PLATE XIV., FIGS. 2-5 and 7.)

Teeth and bones agreeing with those of Arvicola arvalis have
been found in the Forest-bed at West Runton. Although the
species is extinct in Britain it is still living on the continent.

RODENTIA. 53

A variety of A. arvalis is represented in the Forest-bed by
certain ^teeth which approach those of A. nivalis, Martin.

Possibly the forms named Arvicola campestris by Messrs. R.
and A. Bell (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 212, 1872) in their
list of Upper Crag Mammals may have belonged to the present
species ; but I have been unable to get any clue to the specimens,
and the only remains of Arvicola I have seen from the Norwich
Crag belong to Arvicola intcrmcdiiis.

The species has also been found in the Pleistocene, and is now
living on the continent of Europe.

MICROTUS (ARVICOLA) GREGALTS, PALLAS.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 90, PLATE XIV., FIGS. 6, 6a.)

Teeth which are believed to belong to this species have been
found in the Forest-bed at West Runton. At the present day
A. gregalis is an inhabitant of Eastern Siberia.

MICROTUS (ARVICOLA) GLAREOLUS, SCHREBER.

(Bank Vole.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 82, PLATE XIV., FIGS. 1-lc.)

This species is first given as occurring in the Forest-bed by
Messrs. Blackmore and Alston (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1874, p. 461).
It is doubtful whether the specimens so named, which are in
the Norwich Museum, really belong to A. glareolus, but for-
tunately an undoubted example has been found in the Forest-
bed at West Runton.

The species occurs in Pleistocene deposits, and is now living
throughout Europe north of the Apennines and east of the Ural
Mountains.

MICROTUS (ARVICOLA) INTERMEDIUS, NEWTON.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 83, PLATE XIII., FIGS. 1-13.)

This species was founded for the retention of numerous speci-
mens of Arvicola from the Forest-bed and Norwich Crag.
(Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. 83, 1882) which differed
from A. amphibius in having well developed fangs to the cheek
teeth, and in being of a somewhat smaller size. It is no doubt
the form alluded to by Sir K. Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamro., p. 205)
as intermediate in size between the Water-vole and Field-vole. At
present the species is only known with certainty from the Forest-
bed of Norfolk and Suffolk, and from the Norwich Crag of
several localities in Norfolk, but an Arvicola with fanged teeth

54 MAMMALIA.

has been noticed in the Lignites of Lombardy by Dr. Forsyth
Major (Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat, Vol. XV., p. 389, 1872).

Genus LEPUS, Linnaeus.

Lepus cuniculus is included by Messrs. R. and A. Bell in their
list of Upper Crag Mammals (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II.,
p. 212), but I have been unable to verify their record.

The Museum of Practical Geology has recently acquired,
through Mr, T. Jesson, a portion of an incisor tooth, from the Red
Crag of Butley, which agrees very closely with the lower incisor
of the rabbit; but the hinder part of this tooth, which is not
protected by enamel, is not so thick. The lesser thickness of the
fossil tooth may be due to partial denuding, but, even if allowance
be made for this, the evidence is not sufficient to justify a specific
determination. The genus, however, may be recorded.

RODENT ; GENUS UNDETERMINED.
PLATE V., FIGS. 19a, b.

Mr. James Reeve, the Curator of the Norwich Museum,
obtained, from the Norwich Crag of Bramerton, a small cheek
tooth of a Rodent presenting peculiarities unlike any tooth with
which I am acquainted. The specimen was found inside a uni-
valve shell, so that it is quite certain that it belonged to the Crag,
and had not been introduced at a later period. This tooth is
about 1 4 mm. in length and 3 mm. in width, and being the same
size from top to bottom, and without any sign of fangs, no doubt
had a persistent pulp. In section the tooth is triangular or rather
heart-shaped. On one side there are two grooves running the
length of the tooth, and between these a fold of enamel extending
half way across the tooth.

55

INSECTIVORA.

Genus TALPA, Linnaeus.

TALPA EUROP^A, LINNMUS.

(Mole.)

(Yert. Forest Bed, p. 95, PLATE XV., FIGS. 1-4.)

The remains of the Mole have long been known to occur in
the Forest-bed, but it has not been recorded from any other
Pliocene formation in Britain. The species occurs in Caves (Owen,
Brit.Foss. Mamm., p. 19, 1846), but it is a little doubtful whether
it is of Pleistocene age ; it is now living in the northern and
temperate parts of Europe, although apparently absent from
Ireland and the north of Scotland ; it ranges also into Siberia as
far as the River Lena.

Genus SOREX, Linnaeus.

SOBEX VULGARIS, LINN&US.

(Shrew.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 97, PLATE XV., FIGS. 5-10.)

Several mandibular rami and limb bones of Sorex vulgaris have
been found in the Forest-bed, and probably the specimen figured
by Sir R. Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 28, fig. 14, No. 3), and
called Sorex remifer, belongs to this species. S. vulgaris has
been recorded from Cave deposits, and is now living throughout
middle Europe.

SOREX PYGMJEUS, PALLAS.

(Pigmy Shrew.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 97, PLATE XV., FIGS. 11, 12..)

Some small mandibular rami and limb bones from the Forest-
bed are believed to belong to Sorex pygmceus as well as the
specimen figured by Sir R. Owen as S.fodiens (Brit. Foss. Mamm,
p. 28, fig. 14, No. 1).

This species is now living throughout Europe and North Asia,
and is said to occur in North Africa.

56 MAMMALIA.

Genus MYOGALE, Cuvier.
MYOGALE MOSCHATA, LINNMUS.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 98, PLATE XVI., FIGS. 1-10.)

Sir Richard Owen in the year 1846 (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 46j
described the jaw of a peculiar Insectivore from the Forest-bed
of Ostend, near Bacton, and named it Palceospalax magnus ; but
M. Lartet in 1863 (Compt. Rend., p. 1201) was convinced of
its specific identity with the Russian Desman (Myogale moschata),
a determination which has been confirmed by subsequent obser-
vation.

Numerous specimens have since been found, including upper
and lower jaws with teeth, as well as limb-bones, which were
described in the Forest-bed Memoir, and on comparison were
found to agree precisely with the corresponding bones of the
recent M. moschata, a skeleton of which is fortunately preserved
in the Royal College of Surgeons.

The cheek-teeth of the living M. moschata are sharp pointed
and numerous, there being 10 in the upper jaw and nine in the
lower, on each side. The three true molars of both upper and
lower jaws have a double V-shaped pattern. In the upper jaw,
immediately in front of the molars, ii a tooth smaller than the
molars, but larger and more complex than the simple crowned
teeth placed anterior to it, the first four of which are snbequal
and of moderate size, while the two anterior ones are much
smaller. In the lower jaw there are six simple crowned teeth,
the three anterior ones being much smaller than the others. The
humerus has a peculiar form, but it is not so aberrant as that of
the mole.

At the present day Myogale is represented by two species,
M. moschata and M. pyrcenaica, both o£ which have a restricted
distribution ; the former being found only in the district between
the rivers Don and Volga, in Russia ; while the latter, and smaller
species, is living in the Pyrenees.

Myogale moschata has only been found fossil in the Forest- bed
of Bacton, West Runton, and Beeston, near Cromer.

57

CETACEA.

As early as the year 1843 Sir R. Owen (Proc. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. IV., p. 283, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. L, p. 39, 1845)
described some Cetacean remains from the Suffolk Crag as " Fossil
Tympanic bones referable to four distinct species of Balsena."
These specimens were afterwards more fully described and illus-
trated (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 526, 1846), and some large teeth,
also from the Suffolk Crag, were named Balvenodon physaloides.
Until quite recently the names given to these Cetacean remains
hnve been almost universally adopted.

Prof. Lankester in 1864 (Annals, Ser. 3, Vol. XIV, p. 356)
gave an account of some Cetacean specimens from the Red Crag
which had come under his notice and referred them to Delphinus.

A ziphioid rostrum from the Red Crag was described by Prof.
Huxley in 1864 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XX., p. 388), and
several species of them were named by Sir R. Owen (Pal. Soc.
1870), and by Prof. Lankester (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XXVI., p. 502, 1870). More recently Mr. R. Lydekker (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII., p. 7, 1887, and Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Brit. Mus., Part v.» p. 16, 1887), has revised the nomenclature of
the Crag Cetacea, adding several forms not previously recognized,
and the following notes on the species are for the most part in
accordance with Mr. Lydekker's determinations.

Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVII., p. 338,
1871) has recorded the finding of the Vertebrae of a whale 31
feet long in a brick pit at Chillesford ; but the specimen was never
properly identified and has, I believe, been since destroyed.
Messrs. R. and A. Bell (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 215, 1872)
notice this specimen as well as another from the Norwich Crag,
calling them both Balcena.

Cetacean remains referable to several species have also been
found in the Forest-bed (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed,
p. 108, 1882 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLII., p. 316 ;
and Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, Vol. VI., p. 145, 1889).

BALJENIDM.

Genus BALJENA, Linnaeus.

BAUENA BISCAYENSIS, GRAY.

PLATE VI., FIG. 1.

The ankylosed cervical vertebrae of a large whale from the
Forest-bed near Cromer, in the Backhouse Collection at York,

58 MAMMALIA.

has been referred to the above species (Newton, Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 319, PL xi., fig. 5, 1886).

The somewhat similar specimen from the Pliocene of Chmsi
near Pisa, named Balcena ctrusca by Prof. Capellini (Mem. Ace.
Sci. Inst. Bologna, Ser. 3, Vol. III., 1873) has really a different
form and the arrangement of the neural arches is not the same.

Mr. A. Savin has obtained a large Cetacean tympanic bone,
from the Forest-bed at East Runton, which resembles that of
B balcenopsis figured by Prof. Van Beneden (Ann. Mus. Roy.
Hist. Nat. Belg., Vol. IV., Part ii, PI. 3, 1880), but is larger; it
also resembles some of the forms referred to B. insignis and B.
primigenia ; but as the tympanics of these species are so much
alike, and evidently closely allied to the recent B. biscayensis, and
as this is the only species at present known in the Forest-bed,
the East Runton specimen is provisionally placed in the latter
species.

Balcena biscayensis was formerly abundant on the western
coasts of Europe, but appears now to be nearly extinct.

BAL.ENA AFFINIS, OWEN.

PLATE VI., FIG. 3.

This is one of the four species proposed by Sir R. Owen (Proc.
Geol. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 283, 1843, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. I., p. 39, also Brit Foss. Mamm., p. 530, 1846) for the tym-
panic bones known to him from the Suffolk Crag, and were placed
in the genus Balcena; but subsequently altered to Balcenodon
(Brit. Foss. Mamm., table opposite p. xlvi, and Palaeontology,
1860, p. 342). Mr. Lydekker thinks this species should be retained
in the genus Balcena (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII.,p. 8,
1887) and says : " The tympanic of B. affinis is characterized by
its elongated shape and flat anterior surface, its nearly straight
inferior border, which is approximately parallel with the superior
border of the inner wall, the height of the inner wall at the
Eustachian part of the aperture, the produced antero-inferior
angle, and the slight thickening of the involucrum." Specimens
of this species are to be seen in the British Museum, Museum of
Practical Geology, and elsewhere. Balcena affinis is only known
in England from the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk ; but
specimens precisely similar have been found in the Antwerp Crag
and are in the Brussels Museum.

PRIMIGENIA, r. BENEDEN.
PLATE VI., FIGS. 2a, 2b.

This species was established by Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Acad.
Roy. Belg, Vol. XXXIV., p. 9, 1872, and Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat,
Vol. IV., Part 2, p. 66, 1880), for certain large Cetacean bones

CETACEA. 59

from the Antwerp Crag, including examples of the tympanics, and
some English Red Crag specimens have been identified as belonging
to this species by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Joura. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XLIII., p. 8, 1887). The tympanic of Balcena primigenia is said
to agree with that of B. biscai/ensis and B. australis in the con-
vexity of the inferior border, in the absence of a produced antero-
inferior angle and in the comparative lowness of the Eustachian
portion of the aperture. Mr. Lydekker recognises much variation
in the forms referred to this species, and that which he regards
as typical has (e the inner wall very high, its superior border oblique,
the flattening of the exterior surface extending nearly or quite
down to the border, the involucrum considerably thickened, and
the inferior border somewhat angulated."

In a second variety (c the obliquity of the superior border of
the inner wall is excessively developed/'

A third variety " is distinguished by its extreme lateral com-
pression and the total absence of any thickening of the invo-
lucrum."

And a fourth variety " is characterised by the lowness of the
inner wall, the parallelism of its superior border to the long axis
of the bone, the slight downward extent of the flattening of the
anterior surface, and the absence of any distinct angulation of
the inferior border."

Examples of this species are to be seen in most collections of
Red Crag Fossils.

Balcena primigenia is only known in the Red Crag Nodule-bed
of Suffolk arid in the Antwerp Crag (Scaldisian).

(BAL.ENOTUS) INSIGNIS, v. BENEDEN.
PLATE VI., FIGS. 40, b.

Tbe genera Balcenotus and Balcenula of Van Beneden (Bull.
Acad. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XXX IV., p. 13, 1872, and Ann.
Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., Vol. IV., Part 2, p. 71, 1880) are
included by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL,
p. 11, 1887) in the genus Balcena.

Balcena insignis tympanic bones are said to be very much like
those of the fourth variety of B. primigenia but are " usually
" more inflated, thicker inferiorly and with a distinct augulation
" of the inferior border."

The tympanics of B. insignis and B. balcenopsis are so similar
that Mr. Lydekker could only make a separation by referring
the larger ones to the former species, and the smaller ones to the
latter.

Several tympanic bones in the British Museum from the Nodule-
bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk are referred to the present species,
which is only known from this horizon and from the Antwerp
Crag.

60 MAMMALIA.

BAL^NA (BAL^SNULA) BAL^ENOPSIS, v. BENEDEN.
PLATE VI., FIGS. 5«, b.

The tympanic bones of this species are said to be very similar
to those of the last, but snriller. Balcena balcvnopsis was described
by Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Acad. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol.
XXXIV., p. 11, 1872, and Ann. Mus. Hoy. Hist. Nat. Belg., Vol.
IV., Part 2, p. 52, 1880), from specimens found in the Antwerp
Crag, and Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII.,
p. 10, 1887) has identified tympanics of the same form in the
British Museum form the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk,
while an atlas vertebra from the true Coralline Crag of Sudbourn,
Suffolk, also in the British Museum (No. M. 3,542), has been
referred to this species by Prof. Van Beneden.

Genus MEGAPTERA, Gray.
MEGAPTERA APFINIS, v. BENEDEN.
PLATE VI., FIGS. 6«, b.

The bones from the Antwerp Crag named M. affinis by Prof.
Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. L., p. 13, 1880,
and Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., Vol. VII., Part, 3,
p. 39, 1882), were previously called by the same writer Megapteropsis
robusta (Bull. Ac. R. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XXXIV., p. 15, 1872).

Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 11,
1887) provisionally refers to this species a right tympanic from
the true Coralline Crag of Sudbourn, preserved in the Museum
of Practical Geology, which is characterised by its inflated form,
pear-shaped involucrum, and blunted anterior extremity.

Another specimen in the Museum of Practical Geology from
the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag, near Ipswich, is also referred to
this species.

MEGAPTERA (BURTINOPSIS) SIMILTS, v. BENEDEN.

The genus Burtinopsis of Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy.
Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XXXIV., p. 19, 1872; also Vol. L., p. 16,
1880, and Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., Vol. VII., Part 3,
p. 77, 1882) is disallowed by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. GeoJ.
Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 11, 1887), who includes the forms so named
under the genus Megaptera and with some doubt refers to the
species M. similis a left periotic from the Nodule-bed of the Red
Crag of Woodbridge, in the British Museum (No. 39,020) ; and it
appears from his remarks that the three forms of Megaptera- tym-
panics which he has found in the English Crags are distinguished
chiefly by their difference of size, the forms being nearly identical.
The Antwerp Crag and the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk
are the only places from which this species has been obtained.

. CETACEA. 61

MEGAPTERA (BURTINOPSIS) MINUTA, v. BESEDEN.
PLATE VI., FIGS. 7</, b.

Megaptera minuta, was described by Prof. Van Beneden (Bull.
Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. L., p. 17, 1880, and Ann. Mus.
Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg., Vol. VII, Part 3, p. 80, 1882) from specimens
found in the Antwerp Crag. This, which is the smallest of the
three species of Megaptera found in the Crag, is represented in
the true Coralline Crag of Suffolk by a nearly perfect tympanic
bone in the Ipswich Museum, and in the Nodule-bed of the Red
Crag of Foxhall by a rolled specimen in the Museum of Practical
Geology.

Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 11,
1887) says : " Except by its smaller size, the English specimen
[from Coralline Crag] can scarcely be distinguished from the
tympanics of the existing M. boops."

Genus BAUENOPTERA, Lacepede.

BAL^ENOPTERA DEFINITA, OWEN.

PLATE VI., FIGS. 8a, b.

This is one of the four species founded by Sir R. Owen (Proc.
Geol. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 283, 1843 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. L, p. 39, 1845, and Brit. Foss. Mamm.,.p. 531, 1846) for Crag
tympanic bones. The original specimens being imperfect it has
always been troublesome to know what should be referred to these
species, but with regard to the one under consideration, Mr.
Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 11, 1887)
says there is a fairly perfect tympanic in the Ipswich Museum
which <f agrees exactly with the imperfect type tympanic (of which
a cast is preserved in the Museum of the College of Surgeons) ;
and as it differs from the corresponding bone of B. Goropi by its
larger size, its greater inflection, greater height of the inner
wall, smaller depth of the Eustachian notch, sharper posterior angle,
and more gibbous involucrum, there is little doubt of its specific
distinctness, and every probability of its being identical with
the so-called B. Sibbaldina, V. Ben. [Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist.
Nat. Belg., Vol. VII., Part 3, p. 63, 1880] of which the tympanic
has been hitherto unknown. This is confirmed by a very fine
late cervical vertebra from the Red Crag in the Ipswich
Museum, which corresponds exactly with the type specimen of
the latter form in the Brussels Museum."

If Mr. Lydekker is correct in referring B. sibbaldina to this
species, then B. definita, Owen, occurs in the Nodule-bed of the
Red Crag of Suffolk and in the Antwerp Crag.

62 MAMMALIA.

BAJL^NOPTERA (PLESIOCETUS) GOROPI, v. BEN ED EN.

To this species, which is said to be rather smaller than the last,
Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII, p. 12,
1887) refers an imperfect tympanic, from the Red Crag Nodule-
bed of Suffolk, in the British Museum (No. 39,016) and possibly
some vertebrae in the same collection.

Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XXXIV.,
p. 15, 1872) described a large part of a skeleton from the Antwerp
Crag under the name of Plesiocetus Goropii, but afterwards (ibid.,
Vol. L., p. 15, 1880) and Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg.,
Vol. VII., Part 3, p. 65, 1882) altered it to Balcenoptera muscu-
loides, and noticed specimens described by Prof. Capellini, from
the Pliocene Beds of Pizzo in Italy.

BAL^NOPTERA BOREALINA, v. BENEDEN.

This species, which is said to be of smaller size than B. Goropi,
was described by Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2,
Vol. L., p. 15, 1880, and Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg.,
Vol. VII., Part 3, p. 71, 1882) from specimens obtained from the
Antwerp Crag, and Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XLIIL, p. 12, 1887-) has recognise'd tympanics of the same
species, from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk, in the Ipswich
Museum and in the British Museum (Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part v.,
p. 39, 1887).

BAL^ENOPTERA EMARGINATA, OWEN.
PLATE VI., FIGS. 90, b.

The tympanics from the Red Crag, which Sir R. Owen (Proc.
Geol. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 283, 1843. — Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. L, p. 40, 1845.— Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. 533, 1846) named
Balama emarqinata and B. gibbosa, Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 12, 1847, and Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit.
Mus., Part v, p. 40, 1887) now refers to the genus Balcenoptcra
and unites in one species B. emarginata ; and at the same time
expresses the opinion that the tympanics of B. rostratella from
the Antwerp Crag described by Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy.
Belg., Ser. 2., Vol. L,, p. 16, 1880, and Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist.
Nat. Belg., Vol. VII., Part 3, p. 73, 1882) cannot be separated
from B. emarginata, and that the latter name, being the earliest,
must be used.

Several tympanics from the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of
Suffolk in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons (Nos.
2,822-25) and one in the British Museum (No. 39,01 60) have
been identified as this species by Mr. Lydekker and there are
others in the Museum of Practical Geology. Balcenoptera

CETACEA. 63

cmarginata may be said, therefore, to occur in the Nodule-bed
of the Red Crag of Suffolk, and in the Antwerp Crag.

BAL^ENOPTERA, sp.

A large vertebra from the Forest-bed near Cromer is
referred to this genus (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p.
108, 1882, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 322,
1886) and indicates a form as large as a full-sized Fin Whale
(B. musculus).

Genus CETOTHERIUM, Brandt.
CETOTHERIUM (PLESIOCETUS) BRIALMONTI, v. BENEDEN.

The genera Plesiocetus and Heterocetus of Van Beneden (Bull.
Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. L., pp. 18 and 21) are included by
Mr. R. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 12,
1887, and Cat. Foss. Mam. Brit. Mus., Part v, p. 42, 1887) in
Brandt's Cetotherium. The tympanic bone of this genus is said
by Mr. Lydekker to be " distinguished from that of Balcenoptera
by its anteriorly pointed form, the triangular shape of the
roughened inferior surface, and the less flattened involucrum."

To Cetotherium Brialmonti Mr. Lydekker refers an imperfect
axis vertebra in the British Museum (No. 46,734) from the Ked
Crag of Suffolk. The species was originally described from speci-
mens from the Antwerp Crag by Prof. Van Beneden (loc. cit.
and Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg.. Vol. IX., Part 4., p. 12,
1S85).

CETOTIIERIUM (PLESIOCETUS) DUBIUM, v. BENEDEN.
PLATE VI,, FIGS. 10«, b.

This species, which is said to be smaller than C. Brialmonti,
was described by Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2,
Vol. XXXIV., p. 18, 1872, Vol. L., p. 18, 1880, and Ann. Mus.
Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg. Vol. IX., Part 4, p. 21, 1885) from speci-
mens found in the Antwerp Crag, and Mr. Lydekker (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 12, 1887) refers to the same
species two tympanics in the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons (Nos. 2,852, A. and B.) from the Nodule-bed of the
Red Crag of Suffolk and probably others in the British Museum
and Museum of Practical Geology from the same horizon.

64 MAMMALIA.

CETOTHERIUM (PLESIOCETUS) HUPSCHI? v. BENEDEN.

Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII., p. 12,
1887) has provisionally referred to this species some vertebrae in
the British Museum (Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part v., p. 45, 1887),
and also in the Museum of Practical Geology, from the Red Crag
of Suffolk. The original specimens were from the Antwerp
Crag and were described with the last species (loc. cit.) by Prof.
Van Beneden, who mentions an axis vertebra from the Pliocene of
Montpellier, the base of a cranium in the Cambridge Museum
from between " Sautwald " [Southwold] and Covehythe (Suffolk)
[ ? Norwich Crag] and a vertebra in the British Museum from the
Pliocene (?) near Lisbon.

CETOTHERIUM (HETEKOCETUS) BREVIFRONS, v. BENEDEN.

Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIU., p. 12,
1887) having examined the type specimens in the Brussels
Museum refers to this small form three specimens from the
Suffolk Red Crag, namely, an "axis vertebra in the British
Museum and another in the Ipswich Museum, while it is not
improbable that a small tympanic in the latter collection may
also belong to this species." Prof. Van Beneden's types were
from the Antwerp Crag and were placed in a separate genus
Heterocetus.

Genus HERPETOCETUS, V. Beneden.
HERPETOCETUS SOALDIENSIS, v. BENEDEN.
PLATE VL, FIG. lla, b.

The lower jaw of this genus having the angle produced and the
articular surface on the upper part, there is some resemblance to a
reptilian jaw, and hence the name proposed for it by Prof. Van
Beneden (Bull, Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XXXIV., p. 20, 1872 ;
Vol. L., p. 25, 1880; and Ann. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belg.,
Vol. VII., Part 3, p. 84, 1882). The tympanic bone is said by
Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII., p. 13,
1887) to be " readily recognised by its egg-like shape, the small
and sharply defined involucrum, and the tilling-up of the anterior
portion of the cavity by osseous matter ... A tympanic
from Red Crag [Felix stow] in the Museum of Practical Geology,
indicates the occurrence of Hcrpetocetus Scaldiensis, Van Bene-
den, in this country and No. 2,816 in the Museum of the College
of Surgeons is a second example."

The type specimens were from the Antwerp Crag and Prof.
Van Beneden notices a specimen from Louvain. The British
specimens are from the Red Crag Nodule-bed.

CETACEA. 65

PHYSETERID^E.

Genus PHYSETER, Linnaeus.
PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS, LINNJZUS.

(Sperm Whale.)
PLATE VII., FIG. 1.

A large tooth, obtained by Mr. Clement Reid, from the Forest-
bed of Sidestrand, near Cromer, and now in the Museum of
Practical Geology, has been referred by the writer (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 316, 1886,) to Physeter macrocephalus,
a living species, which at the present day is found chiefly in
tropical and warmer temperate latitudes ; but occasionally wanders
further north, and has been found stranded on the shores of Great
Britain.

The Sperm Whale was said by Mr. Charlesworth (Proc. Geol.
Soc., Vol. IV., p. 286, 1 843, and Quart. Journ., Vol. I, p. 40, 1845)
to occur in the Red Crag ; but the tooth alluded to no doubt
belonged to the form now known as Eucetus. Apparently on
Mr. Charlesworth's authority Messrs. R. and A. Bell included this
species in the Red Crag fauna.

Genus EUCETUS, Du Bus.

EUCETUS AMBLYODON, DU BUS.

PLATE VIII., FIGS. 1. 2. 3.

Some large Physeteroid teeth, 9 or 10 inches long, from the
Antwerp Crag, were named Eucetus amblyodon by Du Bus (Bull.
Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XXIV., p. 572, 1867), and they were
further described and figured by Profs. Van Beneden and Gervais
(Osteographie des Cetaces, p. 344, PL XX., figs. 29, 30, 1880).
These teeth, like a large number of those from the English Crag,
have no enamelled crowns. Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XLIII., p. 13, 1887) says this form " is represented in
nearly all Crag collections by many teeth, which belong to the
type species, E. amblyodon ; the cement is of great thickness,
the dentine-core fusiform, and the osteodentine nodular. I
provisionally refer to this species a large left periotic in the
British Museum, which in the partial production of its posterior
extremity more nearly resembles the periotic of Hyperoodon
than that of Physeter'1 I accept Mr. Lydekker's reference of
these large teeth to Du Bus' Eucetus amblyodon, and I see no
reason for objecting to the provisional reference of the periotic in
the British Museum to the same species.

Prof. Lankester (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXI., p. 231,
1865) included these large teeth with, Balcenodon physaloides,
Owen ; but, for reasons given below, I am of opinion that Sir R.
Owen's species is quite distinct.

o 63855. E

66 MAMMALIA.

It seems very probable that the teeth with enamel crowns, known
as Scaldicetus, will eventually prove to be the same as those called
Eucetus t the latter, it may be, having lost their crowns.

Eucetus amblyodon is now recognised from the Nodule-bed of
the Red Crag of Suffolk and from the Antwerp Crag.

Genus BALJENODON, Owen,

BALJSNODON PHYSALOIDES, OWEN.

PLATE VII., FIGS. 2«. b, 3a, b.

Sir R. Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm. p. 536, 1846) described a
portion of a large Physeteroid tooth from the Red Crag of
Felixstow, which on account of the slender core of dentine and
thick cement, he regarded as distinct from the recent Cachalot,
and named Balcenodon physaloides. That the tooth thus named
is distinct from that of the Cachalot is not doubted ; but
Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 14,
1887) thinking that it was identical with Scaldicetus Carreti,
Dn Bus (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XXIV., p 568, 1867),
questioned the correctness of the original description.

Prof. Lankester (Quart. Jourri. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXL, p. 231,
1865) noticed the Crag teeth which had been very generally
referred to Balcenodon physaloides, and called attention to the
probability of the larger forms being closely related to the teeth
found in the Antwerp Crag, which Prof. Van Beneden considered
to belong to ziphioid forms of Cetacea, and which have since
been named Eucetus amblyodon by Du Bus.

The type specimen of Balcenodon physaloides is preserved in
the British Museum, and fresh microscopic sections having been
prepared, Mr. Lydekker and I have carefully examined them
and we are now able to confirm the description and figures given
by Sir R. Owen (loc. cit) The slender cylinder of dentine is
remarkable, leading one to think when first examining the tooth,
that the whole of the specimen was dentine, and Mr. Lydekker
has expressed this opinion (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL,
p. 14, 1887) but an examination with a microscope shows that
the thick outer coating is cement, as stated by Sir R. Owen, and
resembles the cement of other Physeteroid teeth in having largely
developed *' Sharpey's Fibres " as well as closely set lacunae.
By the courtesy of M. Dupont of the Brussels Museum we have
been able to compare microscopic sections of the tooth of Scaldi-
cetus Carreti, and we are able to confirm Mr. Lydekker's statement
(loc. cit.)) that the dentine of this tooth is thick like that in
Eucetus, and, therefore, as we now find, unlike the slender form
which it has in Balcenodon physaloides, and Scaldicetus is regarded
as distinct from Balcenodon, whatever may be its relationship to
Eucetus.

There are three teeth from the Red Crag of Suffolk in the
Museum of Practical Geology, which having been cut through

GET ACE A. 67

longitudinally show a slender core of dentine similar to that of
the type of Balcenodon physaloides. One of these agrees in form
also very closely with the type, and although about one third
smaller can only be referred to that species.

The other two differ somewhat in shape, one being nearly
cylindrical, much curved, measuring 110 mm. in length and
19 or 20 mm. in width, tapering only slightly at each end ; while
the third example is nearly straight, spindle-shaped, due to the
great development of cement in the middle where the diameter
is 34 mm. the length being 120 mm. In both these teeth the
dentine is a little thicker at the upper part of the tooth than at
the base ; and in the smaller tooth, which has the thickest core of
dentine, the greatest diameter of the dentine is 8*5 mm.

Bearing in mind the exteme variation in form among the teeth
of the recent Pliyseter macroccphalus it is thought best to refer
all three specimens to Balcenodon physaloidcs, which at present
is only known from the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk.

Genus PHYSETERULA, V. Beneden.
PHYSETERULA DUBUSII ? v. BENEDEN.

This genus and species was established by Prof. Van Beneden
(Bull. Ac. Eoy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XLIV., p. 851, 1877) for a
lower jaw from the Antwerp Crag, about 45 inches long containing
numerous teeth, the largest of which were perhaps five inches in
length. Mr. Lydekker provisionally refers to this species a tooth
from the Red Crag (Nodule-bed) of Woodbridge, now in the
British Museum (No. 49,966, Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part v, p. 54,
1887) which he had previously referred to Homocetus Villersi
(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII. p. 14, 1887).

The great variety of forms which occur among the teeth of the
recent Sperm Whales, and even among the teeth of one individual
makes it highly probable that the Crag teeth, in which the develop-
ment of cement was greater than in the living species, varied to
as great if not to a greater extent, and consequently it is highly
probable, as already suggested by Profs. Van Beneden and Gervais
(Osteogr. Cetaces, p. 345, 1880) that many of the forms from the
Antwerp Crag, which have been named as several distinct genera
and species will eventually prove to belong to only a few species.
Under these circumstances 1 should have hesitated before intro-
ducing some of these names into English literature ; but as Mr.
Lydekker has already done so, the present and five following
species are provisionally and doubtfully accepted on his authority.

E 2

68 MAMMALIA.

Genus PHYSODON, Gervais.

(PAUEODELPHIS, Du Bus.)

PHYSODON GRANDIS ? DU BUS.

This name was proposed by M. Du Bus (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg.,
Ser. 2, Vol. XXXIV. p. 503, 1872) for certain teeth from the
Antwerp Crag, which were afterwards figured by Profs. Van
Beneden and Gervais (Osteogr. Cetaces, p. 336, PL xx. f. 21,
1880).

Specimens from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk have been
referred to this species by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 14, 1887, and Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus.,
Part v, p. 59, 1887).

PHYSODON FUSIFOKMIS? DU BUS.

This species like the last was named by M. Du Bus (loc. cit.)
and figured by Profs. Van Beneden and Gervais (loc. cit, Plate xx.,
f. 19, 20). To it Mr. Lydekker refers a tooth in the British
Museum from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Woodbridge (Cat.
Foss, Mamm., p. 60, 1887).

Genus HOPLOCETUS, Gervais.

HOPLOCETUS CRASSIDENS ? GERVAIS.

Two teeth from the Faluns de Romans (Drome) [Miocene]
received the name of H. crassidcns from M. Gervais (Zool. Pal.
Fr. edit. 1, p. 161, Plate xx., figs. 10, 11, 1848-52), and Sir R.
Owen (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XII., p. 228, 1856) noticed
teeth from the Red Crag of Suffolk " corresponding in size and
form to the singular teeth " thus named. This form of tooth is,
figured by Profs. Van Beneden and Gervais (Osteogr. Cetaces,
Plate xx., f. 26, 27, 1880) and Mr. Lydekker is of opinion
that certain teeth from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk
may be referred to the same species (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
Vol. XLIII., p. 14, 1887).

HOPLOCETUS BORGEBHOUTENSIS ? DU BUS.

This name was given by Du Bus (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 3,
VoL XXXIV., p. 502, 1872) to a series of six teeth from the
Belgian Crag; and a tooth is figured by Profs. Van Beneden and
Gervais (Osteogr. Cetaces, PI. xx., f. 28). Certain teeth from the

CETAOEA. 69

Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk are placed in this species by
Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII., D. 14

1887).

• HOPLOCETUS CURVIDENS? GERVAIS.

A large tooth from the Marine Pliocene of Montpellier was
named as above by Prof. Gervais. (Zool. Pal. Fr. edit. I, p. 161
pi. 3, f. 12, 1848-52, and Osteogr. Cetaces, p. 340, PI. xx., f. 25^
1880). Mr. Lydekker doubtfully refers to the same species some
teeth from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk (Quart Journ
Geol. Soc., Vol. XLVI1L, p. 14, 1887).

Genus HYPEROODON, Lacepede.
PLITE VIII., FIG. 4.

The occurrence of this genus in the Suffolk lied Crag is thus
noticed by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII.
p. 14, pi. ii, fig. 6, 1887) : " Hyperoodon is represented by a very
perfect right periotic from the Red Crag in the Ipswich
Museum. This specimen, which has the accessory ossicle still
attached, cannot be distinguished from the corresponding bone
of the existing H. rostratus, and evidently indicates the exist-
ence either of that or of a closely allied form in the Pliocene ;
the occurrence of cervical vertebrae of a member of this genus
in the Antwerp Crag has been recorded by Prof. Van Beneden"
(Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. X., p. 407, 1860).

Genus .CHONEZIPHIUS. Duvernoy.

This genus, which differs from Mesoplodon in the non-ossifi
cation of the supra vomerine (or raesethmoid) cartilage, is repre-
sented in the Suffolk Crag by rostra referable to three species,
namely, Choneziphius planirostris, C. planus9 and C. Packardi.
A periotic bone in the Museum of Practical Geology is referred
by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Gepl. Soc., Vol. XLIII., p. 14,
1887) to this genus and provisionally to the first of these three
species.

CHONEZIPHIUS PLANIEOSTKIS, CUVIER.
PLATE VIII., FIG. 6.

Ziphius planirostris was the name given by Cuvier (Ossem. Foss.,
Vol. V., Part 1, p. 352, 1823) to a rostrum from the Antwerp
Crag; which was afterwards called Choneziphius by Duvernoy

70

MAMMALIA.

(Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 3, Vol. XV., p. 63, 1851). The same form
has been recorded from the Pliocene near Siena, Italy, by Prof.
Capellini (Atti K Ac. Lincei, Ser. 4, Vol. I., p. 18, 1885") ; and
specimens of rostra in the British Museum from the Suffolk Red
Crag Nodule-bed have been identified by Mr. Lydekker (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 14, 1887, and Cat. Foss. Mamm.,
Part v, p. 64, 1887) as well as a periotic bone, from the same hori-
zon, in the Museum of Practical Geology, which is provisionally
referred to this species.

A caudal vertebra from the Coralline Crag in the British
Museum (No. 33,459) may perhaps belong here (Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Part v, p. 66, 1887).

The specimen figured below, in illustration of this species,
was dredged off the Essex coast, but evidently came from the
Nodule-bed of the Red Crag; it is the left half of a rostrum
which has been split vertically in the middle line. The outer view
(fig. A) shows the characteristic form and enlargement of the
anterior premaxillary region. The maxillary and submaxillary
canals are shown, as well as the union of several canals in one
cavity at the hinder part of the maxillary bone.

CHONEZIPHIUS PLANIROSTRIS.

Rostrum in the possession of the Rev. A. D. Philps, of Coggeshall. One fifth
natural size. A. Outer view of left side, showing anterior end of the mesethmoid
cavity. B. Restored riew of upper surface. C. Inner view, showing longitudinal
section of rostrum, exposing the cavity left by the unossified mesethmoid.

CETACEA. 71

On the inner side (fig. 0), running from end to end, is seen the
fissure which was occupied by so much of the mesethmoid cartilage
as remained unossified. The sides and lower edge of this fissure,
where they have been in contact with the cartilage, are smooth
and longitudinally grooved ; but the upper surface is rough and
deeply pitted, evidently indicating an edge of cartilage gradually
undergoing ossification. The rough surface extends backwards
for about 12 inches, at which point the roof of the fissure descends
and meets the floor, leaving a slight opening at the side. Behind
this the roof is formed of broken cancellous bone, and it seems
probable that a median bony septum occupied the whole of this
hinder part of the cavity, thus obliterating the fissure, with the
exception of a mere film of cartilage, or membrane, on each side.
Some of the specimens of C. planirostris in the British Museum
seem to have the hinder part of the mesethmoid region similarly
ossified ; and thus when viewed from behind this region appears as
completely ossified as in Mesoplodon ; but although a portion of
the upper part of this cartilage has been ossified throughout its
length, yet the lower part of the anterior 12 inches remained
cartilaginous in this specimen. To what extent the side walls of
the fissure are due to ossification of the mesethmoid it is difficult to
say, but certainly the conformation at the back closely resembles
that found in Mcsoplodon, and appears to indicate that the median
mass is really the mesethmoid, which, however, never seems to
reach the upper surface of the rostrum ; but is overlaid by the
premaxillae ; no information on this point can be obtained from
Mr. Philps' specimen, which is, unfortunately, imperfect at the
hinder part of the premaxillary region.

CHONEZIPHIUS PLANUS, OWEN.

This species was originally described by Sir R. Owen (Pal.
Soc. 1870, p. 16) under the genus Ziphius, the type being a much
denuded specimen, from the Red Crag of Shotley, Suffolk, pre-
served in the British Museum (Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part v, p. 67,
1887) and it was referred to the genus Choneziphius by Profs.
Van Beneden and Gervais (Osteogr. Cetaces, p. 418, 1880).

CHONEZIPHIUS PACKARDI, LANKESTER.

Choneziphius Packardi was established by Prof. Lankester
(Quart Journ. Greol. Soc., Vol. XXVI., p. 502, PI. xxxiv, 1870)
for the reception of a rostrum from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of
Felixstow, preserved in the Ipswich Museum. Mr. Lydekker
suggests the possibility of this species being identical with the
C. planus (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 14, 1887).
The type specimen of the latter, however, is too imperfect to
admit of comparison.

72 MAMMALIA.

Genus MESOPLODON, Gervais.

This genus is now held to include the Belemnoziphus, Huxley,
and the species from the Eed Crag referred by Owen to Ziphius >
except Ziphius planus which belongs to the genus Choncziphius.

Elongated cetacean vertebrae, agreeing in form with those
found in this genus, are met with in the Red Crag, and doubtless
belonged to some of the species, the rostra of which have been
recorded from that horizon. Mr. A. Savin, of Cromer, possesses
a similarly elongated vertebra from the " Forest Bed " near Cromer,
which is provisionally referred to this genus.

A periotic bone in the Museum of Practical Geology, from the
Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Woodbridge, has been identified
by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p, 15,
1887) as belonging to this genus ; he provisionally includes it
with M. longirostris, and says : u The characteristic features of
the periotic of Mesoplodon are the production and pointed
extremity of the posterior portion, the comparatively small
vertical height of the longitudinal articular ridge on the tym-
panic aspect of the same, the small size and oval shape of the
accessory ossicle, and the deep transverse concavity of the
anterior articular facet for the tympanic."

Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXVII., p. 118,
1871) includes Belemnoziphius among the vertebrate remains,
found by Mr. Colchester, in the Nodule-bed below the Coralline
Crag, at Sutton.

MESOPLODON LONGIROSTRIS, CUVIER.
PLATE VIII., FIG 7.

In accordance with the work of Mr Lydekker (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 15, 1887, and Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit.
Mus., Part v, p. 68, 1887) the following names are included in the
species M. longirostris, namely, Dioplodon Becanii, Gervais (Zool.
Pal. Fr., edit. 2, p. 290, pi. 38, f. 4, 1859, and Osteogr. Cetaces,
p. 420, 1880) ; Ziphius medilineatus, Owen (Pal. Soc., 1870, p. 22) ;
Dioplodon longirostris and D. medilineatus, Capellini (Mem. Ac.
Sci. inst. Bologna, Ser. 4, Vol. VI, pp. 294 and 298, 1885).

The locality from which Cuvier's type rostrum was obtained is
not known, but specimens found in the Antwerp Crag and also in
the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk have been referred to
M. medilineatus, and are now included in this species. Portions
of rostra from the Pliocene of Italy have been described by Prof.
Capellini (loc. cit) and also referred to M. medilineatus. A small
periotic bone in the Museum of Practical Geology, from the Nodule-
bed of the Red Crag of Woodbridge, Mr. Lydekker thinks may
belong " to this or one of the equal-sized species."

OETACEA. 73

• MESOPLODON TENUIKOSTEIS, OWEN.

The rostrum named Ziphius tenuirostris by Sir R. Owen (Pal,
Soc., 1870, p. 24) was obtained from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of
Suffolk, and is preserved in ihe British Museum (Lydekker, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 15, 1887, and Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Part v, p. 71, 1887). Prof. Capellini (Mem. Ac. Sci. Insl.
Bologna, Ser. 4, Vol. VL, p. 296, 1885), has recognised it in the
Pliocene near Orciano in Italy.

MESOPLODON GIBBUS, OWEN.

This species like the last was established by Sir R. Owen (Pal.
Soc. 1870, p. 17, 1870) for a ziphioid rostrum from the Nodule-
bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk, which is now in the British
Museum (Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part v, p. 72, 1887). The species
has been likewise recognised by Prof. Capellini in the Pliocene
of Serastretta, Italy.

MESOPLODON ANGUSTUS, OWEN.

Another form of ziphioid rostrum from the Nodule-bed of the
Red Crag of Suffolk was thus named by Sir R. Owen (Pal. Soc.,
1870, p. 19.) It has not hitherto been recognised elsewhere.
The type is in the British Museum (Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part v,

p. 72, 1887).

MESOPLODON ANGULATUS, OWEN.

This also is one of the species established by Sir II. Owen
(Pal. Soc., 1870, p. 20) for a ziphioid rostrum from the Nodule-bed
of the Red Crag of Suffolk and the specimen is preserved in the
British Museum (Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part v, p. 73, 1887).

A rostrum from the Antwerp Crag has, with some doubt, been
referred to this species by Profs. Van Beneden and Gervais
(Oste'ogr. Cetaces, p. 422, 1880).

MESOPLODON COMPKESSUS, HUXLEY.

Prof. Huxley (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XX., p. 388, 1864)
described a rostrum from the Red Crag (Nodule-bed) of Blackheath,
near Ipswich, under the name of Belemnoziphius compressus ; and
the specimen is preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology.
Sir R. Owen afterwards (Pal. Soc. 1870, p. 25) described another
rostrum from the Red Crag of Suffolk, which is now in the

74 MAMMALIA.

British Museum (Cat. Foss. Mamm., Part v, p. 73, 1887) to which
he gave the same specific name, but did not say whether he
regarded it as the same as Prof. Huxley's species. The two
specimens are similarly compressed and the convexity of the upper
surface is similar but there are differences of proportion, to be seen
by comparing Prof. Huxley's figure A. with Sir R. Owen's pi. V.,
fig. 3, which seem to indicate, something more than individual
peculiarities ; but until these differences can be clearly defined it
is better to keep them as one species.

MESOPLODON FLOKIS, NEWTON.
( = MESOPLODON FLOWEKI, CANHAM, MS.)

The name of Mcsoplodon Floweri was proposed by the Rev. H.
Canham, for a ziphioid rostrum from the Nodule-bed of the Red
Crag at Trimley, which is now preserved with the rest of his
collection in the Ipswich Museum. This name was adopted by
Prof. Flower (Cat. Vert. Mus. R. Coll. Surg., Part ii, p. 562, 1864)
and by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLI1L,
p. 15, 1887) and the specimen has .since been described (Newton,
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. Vol. XLVL, p. 448, Plate xviii, Figs.
7 a, />, e). The "well ossified mesethmoid forming a prominent
feature on the upper surface of this rostrum shows at once that
it is to be referred to Mesoplodon and not to Choneziphius. The
mesethmoid does not, however, extend to the front of the rostrum,
but ends in a point about 4| inches therefrom, and from here to
the anterior extremity the premaxillaB are in contact, their upper
surfaces being flattened and giving to this portion of the rostrum a
peculiar quadrate appearance, which is one of the striking and
characteristic features of the specimen. These characters are
quite unlike those of any other known species of Mesoplodon. The
term Mesoplodon Floweri was first used by Julius von Haast
(Proc. Zool. Soc., 1876, p. 478) for a recent species of this genus,
which is now believed to be identical with one previously de-
scribed ; as, however, the retention of the same name for another
species would be likely to lead to confusion, Mr. Canham Js fossil
rostrum is to be called Mesoplodon Floris.

MESOPLODON SCAPHOIDES, NEWTON.

There is in the Museum of Practical Geology a remarkably
short ziphioid rostrum from the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag near
Woodbridge, which has been named M. scaphoides (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XL VI., Plate xviii., Fig. 8, 1890) on account of
its resemblance to the prow of a boat. While all other rostra
described from this deposit are elongated forms , this is charac-
terised by the very opposite peculiarity, being only about 5 J inches
in length. At first sight it might be thought to be a broken and

GET ACE A. 75

much rolled portion of a longer specimen, but the manner in
which the lateral channels curve upwards towards the front, is
quite unlike any of the known Crag forms, and seems to show that
the specimen could not have been much longer when perfect.
The rnesethmoid is completely ossified and occupies a considerable
portion of the upper surface, apparently extending to the anterior
extremity, but in the front half of the specimen the sutures arc
completely obliterated.

8 Q UAL OD ONTID^E.

Genus SdUALODON, Grateloup.

SQUALODON ANTWERPIENSIS, v. BENEDEN.

PLATE VIII., FTGS. 15, 16«, b.

The name of Squalodon antwerpiensis was given by Prof. Van
Beneden (Mem. Ac. R. Belg., Vol., XXXV. Part iii, 1865, and
Vol. XXX VIL, Part v, 1869) to the remains of a remarkable
cetacean from the Antwerp Crag, and Prof Lankester (Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XXI., p. 231, 1865) with some hesitation
referred to the same genus, certain teeth from the Nodule-bed of
the Red Crag of Suffolk which were elongated and possessed
nipple-like enamel crowns ; these, however, have not the flattened
form which characterises even the anterior teeth of Squalodon, and
they are now referred with more probability of correctness to the
genus Hoplocetus (Lydekker, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIII
p. 15, 1887).

Prof. Lankester (Geol. Mag., Vol. V., p. 258, 1868) also called
attention to another remarkable tooth in these words: — "I have
to record a new cetacean from the Suffolk Bone-bed, indicated
by a flattened foliaceous tooth with a denticulate margin,
probably belonging to the genus Squalodon" Several teeth of
this form have since been obtained from the Suffolk Nodule-bed,
good examples of which are preserved in the Museums of York
and Ipswich, and there is now no question as to their belonging to
the genus Squalodon, and in all probability to the S. antwerpiensis,
Van Beneden.

The tooth from the Red Crag near Woodbridge which Prof.
Lankester (Annals, Ser. 3, Vol. XIV., p. 35. 1864), thought might
belong to Ursus arvernensis, has very coarse enamel, unlike that
of any bear, and agreeing much more with some of the anterior
teeth of Squalodon; provisionally, therefore, it is included in the
present species (PL viii., fig. 16).

This genus has been fully illustrated by Profs. V. Beneden and
Gervais (Osteog. Cetaces, p, 438, Plate xxvii., 1880).

76 MAMMALIA.

DELPHINIDJE.

Genus ORCA, Gray.

CITONIENSIS, CAPELLINl.
PLATE VII., FIG. 4, and PLATE VI LL, FIG. 5.

A large portion of a Delphinoid skeleton from Pliocene beds at
Cetona have been described by Prof. G. Capellini (Mem. Ac.
Sci. Inst. Bologna, Ser. 4, Vol. IV., p. 665, 1883) and named
Orca citoniensis, and Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,,
Vol. XLIII.,p. 15, 1887) refers to the same species two specimens
from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk. The first of these is a
right periotic bone in the Museum of Practical Geology which
while agreeing in form with that of Orca gladiator is much
smaller. The second specimen is a tooth in the Ipswich Museum,
which probably belongs to the same form as the periotic bone, and
agrees with the teeth of Orca citoniensis.

ORCA GLADIATOR, GRAY.
(Killer or Grampus.)

While this Memoir is passing through the press, Mr. Savin has
sent me some specimens recently obtained from the Forest -bed,
two of which are referable to the Killer ( Orca gladiator). One
of these, from East Runton, is the centrum of a dorsal vertebra,
with the bases of the transverse processes preserved, which agrees
in size and proportions with one of the hinder dorsal vertebrae
of the Orca gladiator preserved in the Royal College of Sur-
geons.

The length of the centrum is 113 mm. (nearly 4J inches), the
width of the posterior face 113 mm. and its height 103 mm.
The anterior face has the same height as the posterior, but its
width is less, 106 mm. The under surface and sides of the
centrum are concave from before backwards, but rounded from
side to side. The upper, neural, surface is wide and flattened,
with two large foramina, one on each side of the middle line, a
little towards the front. The terminal faces are nearly flat and
the epiphyses are firmly ankylosed.

The second specimen is a tooth from the Forest-bed of Pake-
field, it measures 76 mm. in length and 65 mm. in circumference
at its widest part. The enamel crown, which is somewhat broken,
is curved and nearly round, while the rest of the tooth is inflated,
but somewhat flattened, with a depression along one side, and is
marked by irregular concentric rings. This tooth agrees pre-
cisely with one of the smaller teeth of the Killer. Jn size, but

CETACEA. 77

not in form, it agrees with the tooth from the Red Crag, referred
to Orca citoniensisy by Mr. R. Lydekker.

The Killer is now living in the Atlantic, as far north as Green-
land. It is not uncommon on the north British coasts, and
occasionally comes as far south as the Thames ; it has been met
with in the Mediterranean.

Genus PSEUDOKCA, Reinhardt.

PSEUDORCA CRASSIDENS? OWEN.

Another cetacean vertebra which Mr. A. Savin has sent me
from the Forest-bed of Mundesley, represents a species not pre-
viously known to occur at this horizon.

The specimen is an imperfect atlas vertebra to which the
small second cervical vertebra is firmly ankylosed, and the third
vertebra seems to have been partly fixed to the second. A
detached fragment of the neural canal shows that several of the
neural arches were united into a single bony mass. This atlas is
smaller and more depressed than the same bone in Orca gladiator,
and larger than the very similar vertebra of Tursiops tursio. On
comparison with recent skeletons it seems to come nearest to
Pseudorca crassidens, so near indeed that provisionally it is
referred to that species.

P. crassidcns was specifically named by Sir R. Owen (Brit.
Foss. Ma mm., p. 516, 1846) from a skeleton found in the Fens,
near Stamford, and to this species Prof. Reinhardt (Overs. Dan.
Selsk. Forh., 1862, p. 151) referred a North Sea cetacean, speci-
mens of which had been stranded on the Danish coast. Prof.
Flower now associates with P. crassidens the Orca meridionalis
which he described (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 420) from a
Tasmanian specimen.

Genus GLOBICEPHALUS, Lesson.

GLOBICEPHALUS UNCIDENS, LANKESTER.

PLATE VII., FIGS. 5, 6, and PLATE VIII., FIG. 8.

Prof. Lankester (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, Vol. XIV.,
p. 356, 1864) described two teeth from the Red Crag Nodule-
bed of Suffolk, which he referred to the genus Delphinus and
named D. uncidcns. In this species he also included a periotic
bone from the same horizon (loc. cit., Plate viii, figs. 2, 3) while
some rather larger teeth and "petro-tympanics" were named
D. orcoides. Prof. Lankester (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XXVI., p. 512, 1870) subsequently alluded to the Delphinoid
remains of the Red Crag as <( of probably two species."

78 MAMMALIA.

Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL, p. 16,
1887) in his more recent revision of the Crag Cetacea, has come
to the conclusion that the two forms of teeth described by Prof.
Lankester really belong to one species, he says : " The next form
for consideration is that to which Prof. Lankester applied the
name Delphinus uncidens (the generic term being used in the
Linnean sense), with which D. orcoides of the same author
may be united, since the larger teeth to which the latter name
was applied are merely the hinder ones of the same species.
Some confusion occurs in the description of the larger teeth,
since they are stated to agree in size with those of Pseudorca
and Orca, whereas they really correspond in this and other
respects with those of GloMcephalus, to which genus they may
be referred. The evidence for this reference does not, however,
depend solely upon the teeth, since there is in the British
Museum a very beautiful associated left periotic and tympanic
from the Coralline Crag, (the former bone being represented in
[Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.] Plate II., fig. 11) which agree pre-
cisely in size with the corresponding bones of G. melas, and only
present slight structural differences of specific value."

The periotic bones figured by Profs. Van Beneden and Ger-
vais (Osteographie de Cetaces, Plate Ix, figs. 1 and 8), from Italy
and the Suffolk Crag, seem to be specifically identical with that
figured by Mr. Lydekker, and there is another periotic from the
Red Crag Nodule-bed of Wood bridge, referable to the same
species, in the Museum of. Practical Geology (Plate VIII, fig. 8).

The periotic bone figured by Prof. Lankester (loc. cit., Plate viii,
fig. 2, 3) as D. uncidens has not the same form as that which Mr.
Lydekker (loc. cit., Plate ii., fig. 1 1) now refers to G. uncidens.
A lumbar vertebra from the Red Crag, in the British Museum
(No. 28,271) and possibly some vertebra from the Antwerp Crag
in the Brussels Museum, are referred by the last-named writer to
the present species.

Mr. E. Cavell, of Saxmundham, has a tooth agreeing with this
species, from the Norwich Crag of Thorpe. Globicephalus uncidens
has thus been recognised in the true Coralline Crag, the Red Crag
Nodule-bed, and in the Norwich Crags ; possibly also in the Ant-
werp Crag.

Genus MONODON, Linnaeus.

MONODON MONOCEKOS, LINNJEUS.

(Narwhal.}
(Vert. Forest Bed, PLATE IX., FIG. 2.)

The occurrence of the Narwhal in the Cromer Forest-bed
has long been known, and references will be found in the Survey

CETAOEA. 79

Memoir (Vert. Forest Bed., p. 109, 1882). Since then an
interesting specimen of an aborted tusk in situ has been found by
Mr. Savin (see Geol. Mag. Dec. 3., Vol. VI., p. 148, 1889) and
there is in the Museum at York what appears to be the swollen
base of a similarly aborted tusk from the Suffolk Red Crag Nodule-
bed. This species has also been recorded (Woodward, Mem.
Geol. Surv., Geology of Norwich, p. 96, 1881) from the Pleisto-
cene Brickearth of Sprowston, near Norwich, and the specimen
is in the Norwich Museum.

M. monoceros is now living in the Arctic seas between latitudes
70° and 80° and has occasionally been found on the British coasts.

Genus DELPHINAPTERUS, Lacepede.

DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS, PALLAS.

(White Whale.)

A caudal vertebra, from the Forest-bed of East Kunton,
near Cromer, in the collection of Mr. A. Savin, has been referred
to this species (Geol. Mag. Dec. 3., Vol. VI., p. 148, Plate v.,
Fig. 3, 1889), and probably also a lumbar vertebra from the same
horizon at Overstrand, also in Mr. Savin's collection. The species
has been identified from Pleistocene deposits by Mr. Lydekker
(Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part v., p. 79, 1887) and it is now
living in the Arctic seas, occasionally visiting the northern coasts
of Britain.

There are two caudal vertebrae in the Museum of Practical
Geology, from the Red Crag, which closely resemble the corre-
sponding vertebras of this species.

Genus DELPHINUS, Linnaeus.
DELPHINUS DELPHIS, LINN&US.

(Dolphin.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 110, PLATE VI., FIG. 2.)

Specimens in the Norwich Museum from Fluvio-marine Crag,
Chillesford beds, of Aldeby were identified by Prof. Flower some
years since ; and vertebrae, which cannot be distinguished from
those of D. delphis, have been found in the Forest-bed of Over-
strand, near Cromer.

80 MAMMALfA.

.Genus TURSIOPS, Gervais.
TORSIOPS (DELPPIINUS) TUKSIO? BONNAIERRE,

(Bottle-nosed Dolphin.)
PLATE VIII. FIGS. 14«, b.

A delphinoid vertebra indicating a form about twice the size
of the common dolphin and nearly as large as the example of
Tursiops (Delphinus) tursio in the Museum of the Royal
College of Surgeons, has been found in the Forest-bed near
Cromer (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. Ill, 1882).

Mr. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., Part i., p. 84, 1887,
No. 35,0420) has noted a vertebra of a closely allied form from
the Coralline Crag of Ramsholt, and another from the Pleistocene,
of Grays, Essex. There are two vertebrae, probably belonging to
the same species, in the Museum of Practical Geology, also from
the Coralline Crag itself (not from the Nodule-bed beneath). One
of these is from the caudal region and was obtained by Mr.
Clement Reid in the Broom Pit at Gedgrave ; it has the transverse
process perforated vertically, and the neural spine seems to have
been more slender than in T. tursio, but this may be due to its
being imperfect. The second specimen is a much broken lumbar
vertebra from Orford.

Van Beneden and Gervais (Osteog. Cetaces, p. 253, 1880) refer
to specimens from the Peat (Cambridgeshire ?) agreeing with
Delphinus tursio.

Tursiops tursio is now living in the Atlantic and is represented
by a closely allied, if not identical form, in the Peat, Pleistocene,
Forest-bed, and Coralline Crag of the east of England.

Genus PHOOENA, Cuvier. v
PHOC^NA COMMUNIS, LESSON.
(Porpoise).

A caudal vertebra of this species has been identified (Geol.
Mag. Dec. 3., Vol. VI., p. 149, Plate v., fig. 4, 1889) from the
Forest-bed of Sidestrand near Cromer, and is in the collection of
Mr. A. Savin.

Phoccena communis is now living in the North Atlantic and
around the coasts of Great Britain.

DELPHINOID PETROTYMPANICS, not genetically determined.
PLATE VIII., FIGS. 9-12.

A number of small Delphinoid periotics and tympanics, from
the Red Crag, which are to be seen in different' collections, and

CETACEA. 81

four "from the Coralline Crag of Beccles Old Abbey, Suffolk," in
the British Museum* (No. 30,265), have yet to be identified or
described. Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIIL,
p. 16, 1887, and Cat. Fos?. Mamm. Brit. Mus. Part v., p. 84,
1887) in speaking of these undetermined specimens says they
" indicate a Dolphin agreeing in size with the existing Lageno-
rhynchus acutus .... and may be identical with one
or both of two Belgian species to which Prof. Van Beneden has
applied the name of Delphinus Wasii and D. Delannoyi (the
generic term being used in a wide sense). The specimens in the
Brussels Museum do not, however, include any examples of the
periotic, so that I could not institute any comparison between
the Belgian and the English specimens." Among the examples
of unnamed periotics in the Museum of Practical Geology I recog-
nize three forms which appear to represent three distinct species ;
one of these (Plate VIII., fig. 11) has the anterior foramen of the
inner side included in the large fossa above the cochlea, and
together they form an elongated oblique depression placed nearly
horizontally and the articular surface for the tympanic is broad
and concave. These may be young examples of Globicephalus
uncidens. The second form of periotic (Plate VI II., fig. 10) has,
in most cases the anterior inner foramen distinct from the
supra-cochlea fossa, but when they are united the depression is
more nearly vertical than in the previous form, though still
oblique ; and the tympanic articulation is more elongated and less
concave or even inflated. This is the form figured by Prof.
Lankester (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 3, Vol. XIV., Plate viii.,
figs. 2, 3, 1864) and provisionally included in his Delphinus unci-
dens. (See p. 77.) The third form of periotic (Plate VIII.,
fig. 12), has the elongated supra-cochlea depression nearly hori-
zontal as in the first form, and the tympanic articulation elongated
and inflated as in the second form.

Another large periotic in the Museum of Practical Geology
from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Woodbridge (Plate VIII.,
fig. 9) has yet to be generically determined. Fig. 13 on same
plate is an undetermined tympanic.

Two small delphinoid vertebrae from the Norwich Crag, Wigham
Collection, are preserved in the British Museum (33,504, 33,505)
(Cat. Foss. Mamm. Part v., p. 83, 1887).

* There is some error as to the horizon and locality of these specimens, which
were purchased by the British Museum in 1855 from Mrs. Nixon, for there seems
to be no such place as Beccles Old Abbey, Suffolk ; and the Coralline Crag does
not occur near Beccles. It has been suggested that " Leiston Old Abbey " is the
place meant, but there is no outcrop of Coralline Crag within three or four miles.
Red Crag occurs near Leiston, but the specimens are not hard and phospbatised
like specimens from the Nodule-bed, and it is unlikely that four specimens like this
should be found in the Ked Crag proper.

o 63855

82 MAMMALIA.

NOTES on MAMMALS which have been said to occur in the
ENGLISH CRAGS.

Messrs. R. and A. Bell (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 212,
1872) have included in their list of Upper Crag Mammals Felis
catus and Arvicola campestris, but I have not been able to corro-
borate the occurrence of either of these species. The first-named,
F. catus, seems to have been given on the authority of
Mr. J . Gunn ; but there was some error as to the age of the
specimens. The same authors have also given in their Middle
Crag list ; Vespertilio sp., Sus arvernensis, Ziphius declivus, and
Z. undatus. The last two were Sir R. Owen's MS. names,
and they do not occur in his Monograph of the Red Crag
Cetacea (Pal. Soc., 1870), they must therefore be expunged.
The specimens referred to as Sus arvernensis are probably those
which are called S. palceochcerus. I can get no clue to anything
from the Red Crag which could be called Vespertilio, and am
obliged to conclude that it was erroneously inserted.

Prof. Owen (Brit. Foss. Mamm., p. Ill) thus speaks of a
specimen said to have been found in the Red Crag of Newbourn,
Suffolk: — "A fossil skull of a Badger in the Museum of the
Philosophical Institution at York," which " Prof. Phillips
assures me has the same mineralised condition and general
appearance which characterise the ordinary recognised fossils of
that miocene [pliocene] formation."

I find on inquiry that this skull has since been rejected from
the York Museum, on account of its not having really come from
the Crag ; and consequently Meles taxus can no longer be retained
as a Crag species.

Although Mr. R. Lydekker has referred (Cat. Foss. Mamm.
Brit. Mus., part v., p. 62, ] 887) to two vertebras from the Red
Crag of Suffolk, as being very like those of Kogia ; he has not
felt satisfied that they really represent that genus.

83

AVES.

The remains of Birds are of rare occurrence in beds of Pliocene
age, and of those which have been found only a few are sufficiently
perfect to allow of their identification. Nevertheless such remains
have been met with throughout the British Pliocene strata, and
several forms recognized in the Coralline Crag, Ked Crag, Nor-
wich Crag, and Forest-bed.

Genus BUBO, Cuvier.

BUBO IGNAVUS, FORSTER.
( = B. MAXIMUS, FLEMING.)

(Eagle Owl.)
PLATE IX., FIGS. 4a, 6, c.

The greater part of a very well preserved tarso-metatarsus
obtained by Mr. A. Savin from the Forest-bed at East Runton
has been referred to this species (Geol. Mag., Dec. 3., Vol.
IV., p. 146. 1887). There is much variation in the robustness
of the tarso-metatarsus in different specimens of the B. ignavus,
but the Forest-bed specimen comes within the limits of this
variation, and in other respects agrees with the recent form.

Bubo ignavus is met with in Europe at the present day in
suitable localities, from Lapland to the Mediterranean, and a few
examples have been recorded in the North of Scotland and even in
England .

Genus PHALACROCORAX, Brisson.
PHALACROCOKAX CAKBO, LINNAEUS.

( Cormorant.)
PLATE IX., FIG. 6.

The upper part of a coracoid, presenting the peculiarities found
in the same bone of the Cormorant, is believed to indicate the
occurrence of that species in the Forest-bed, the specimen having
been found in that deposit at West Runton by Mr. W. Barker.
(Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, Vol. IV., p. 147, 1887.)

The Cormorant, according to Mr. Howard Saunders (British
Birds, p. 349, 188S), is living at the present day as far north as
Greenland, to about 70° north lat. ; throughout Europe, and the
greater part of Asia ; also in North Africa, and possibly South
Africa as well. It is known on the Atlantic side of North
America, but apparently not on the Pacific side. A nearly allied,
if not identical, species occurs in Australia and New Zealand.

F 2

84 AVES.

Genus ANSER, Brisson.
ANSER sp.

(Goose.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 112, PLA.TE XVII., FIG. 1.)

A portion of a metacarpal bone, from the Forest-bed of East
Runton, which agrees with that of the common Goose, has been
referred to this genus.

Genus ANAS, Linnaeus.

ANAS? sp.
(Duck.)

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 113, PLATE XVII., FIG. 2.)

A portion of a coracoid and a metacarpal from the Forest-bed
of West Runton have been thought to belong to this genus.

Genus SPATULA, Boie.
SPATULA CLYPEATA, LINNAEUS.

(The Shoveller.)
. PLATE IX., FIGS. 7«, b.

A perfect coracoid, obtained by Mr. W. Barker from the Forest-
beds at West Runton, agrees so exactly with the same bone in
the Shoveller duck that it has been referred to the same species.
(Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, Vol. IV., p. 146, 1887.)

This species has at the present day a very wide distribution,
having been found over the greater part of the Northern hemis-
phere, and extending from near the Arctic circle southward in the
old world to Egypt and Abyssinia, India, and Southern China, and
in America from Alaska to Panama ; while it is said to have been
met with in Australia.

Genus URIA, Brisson.

URIA TROILE, LINNAEUS.

(Common Guillemot)

PLATE IX., FIGS. 5a, b.

A humerus belonging to this species was recognised some years
ago by Prof. Flower (Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc., Vol. I., p. 27,
1878) in a collection of fossils from the Chillesford Crag of
Aldeby, made by Messrs. Crowfoot and Dowson. This determina-
tion has been recorded by Mr. H. B. Woodward (Mem. Geol.

AVES. 85

Surv, Geology of Norwich, p, 54, 1881), and the specimen is
now in the Norwich Museum. Mr. R, E. Leach has a portion of
a inetatarsal, from the Norwich Crag of Yarn Hill, which a-rees
so closely with that of the Common Guillemot as to leave no
doubt that it belongs to this or a closely allied species.

The Common Guillemot is now living on the western coasts of
Europe, ranging as far north ns Bear Island ; it is also found in
the Bnltic and on the coasts of North America.

Genus MERGULUS ? Vieillot.

Mr. R. E. Leach also has a part of a small avian femur from
Yarm Hill, which agrees very closely with the same bone in the
Little Auk (Mergulm alle) ; but the evidence is not sufficient to
justify a definite reference to that species ; it is, however,
provisionally referred to the above genus.

Genus DIOMEDEA, Linnaeus.
DIOMEDEA sp.

(Albatross.)
PLATE IX., FIGS. 2, 3.

A right tarso-metatarsus, with a first phalangeal bone of the
fourth digit, from the Red Crag, was, it appears, generically
identified some years ago by Mr. Gerrard of the British Museum,
and has since been described by Mr. Lydekker (Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., Vol. XLIL, p. 366, 1886).

This tarso-metatarsus is intermediate in size between that of
Diomedca exulans and that of the smaller, D. melanophrys and
D. chlororhyncha ; but no specific determination has been made.
These bones, which are now in the Ipswich Museum, were found
in the sandy bed overlying the shelly Red Crag at Foxhall, and
are most probably of Red Crag age.

The wing bone (part of an ulna) from the Coralline Crag of
Orford, presented to the Museum of Practical Geology, by Colonel
Alexander, and alluded to by Mr. Lydekker (loc. cit.) as, perhaps,
belonging to the present form, I have compared with the wing
bones of the recent species of Diomedea and have no doubt as to
its belonging to the same genus.

The Museum of Practical Geology abo possesses a perfect ulna
of Diomedea, from the Pleistocene, which cannot be distinguished
from the ulna of D. exulans. This bone forms part of the Cotton
Collection of Vertebrate remains from the Brickearth of Ilford.

86

R E P T I L I A.

CHELONIA.

There are in the Ipswich Museum several skulls of turtles from
the Red Crag of Suffolk, and there is one in the British Museum ;
but they have, in all probability, been derived from some earlier
formation, and have not been generically determined.

SQUAMATA.

Genus TROPIDONOTUS, Kuhl.
TROPIDONOTUS NATRIX, LINN JE us.

(Common Snake.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 114, PLATE XVII., FIGS. 4, 5.)

Two vertebrae belonging to Mr. E. T. Dowson, from West
Runton, and two from Bacton in the Museum of Owen's College,
Manchester, represent the common snake in the Forest-bed.

The species is now living in Middle and Southern Europe.

Genus PELIAS, Merrem.
(VIPERA, Laurenti.)
PELIAS BERUS, LIN N^ us.
(Viper.)

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 115, PLATE XVII., FIG. 6.)

The viper is represented in the Forest-bed by a single ver-
tebra from West Ruriton, which is preserved in the Museum
of Practical Geology.

The species is now living throughout Europe.

87

AMPHIBIA.

Genus RANA, Linnaeus.
RANA TEMPORARIA, LINNJEUS,

{Common Frog?)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 117, PLATE XVII., FIG. 7.)

Humeri and other bones referable to this species have been
found in the Forest-bed at West Runton and at Sidestrand.

The species is now living throughout Europe, and also in Asia,
Japan, and North America.

RANA ESCULENTA,

(Edible Frog.) I

Bones which are believed to belong to this species have been
found in the Forest-bed at West Runton. (Mem. Geol. Surv.,
Vert. Forest Bed, p. 118, 1882.)

Now living in Europe, China, and Japan.

Genus BUFO, Laurenti.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 118, PLATE XVIL, FIG. 8.)

Bones of this genus have been found in the Forest-bed at
West Runton.

Genus TRITON, Laurenti.

(MOLGE, Merrem.)

TRITON CRISTATUS, LAURENTI.

(Newt.)

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 119, PLATE XVII., FIG. 9.)

A single femur of this genus has been found in the Forest
bed at West Runton.

The Triton is now living throughout Europe.

0* tHB *

88

PISCES.

TELEOSTEI.

Genus PERCA, Linnaeus.

1?ERCA FLUVIATILIS, LINNJEUS.

(Perch.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 120, PLATE XVIIL, FIGS. 1-8.)

Scales and parts of the opercular apparatus of this fish have
been found in the Forest- bed at West Runton, Beeston, Mundesley,
Happisburgh, Ostend, and Kessingland.

Perca jluviatihs has also been met with in Post-glacial Beds at
Hornsea, Yorkshire. (Mem. Geol. Surv., Geology of Holderness,
1885, p. 82.)

The species is now living in the rivers of Europe and Asiatic
Russia.

Genus ACERINA, Cuvier.

ACERINA VULGARIS?, CUVIEB.

(Ruff.)

^Vert. Forested, p. 121, PLATE XVIII., FIG. 9.)

An otolith from the Forest-bed of West Runton has been
referred to this species.

The Ruff is now living in the rivers of Europe and Siberia.

Genus CHRYSOPHRYS,; Cuvier.
PLATE X., FIGS. 1, 2, 3.

Certain smooth and polished fish teeth, which have long been
known from the Red Crag of Suffolk, have been labelled in
collections as Chrysophrys ; but I am not aware that the occurrence
of this genus in the English Crag had ever been published. These
teeth vary much in shape, corresponding, apparently, to the
different parts of the mouth which they have occupied, some
being elongated, conical, compressed, and curved, while others are
short truncated cones, or even flattened discs like those ofPycnodus.
One specimen m the Museum of Practical Geology consists of

TELEOSTEI. 89

these conical and compressed teeth attached to what seems to be
a pr em axilla.

On comparing these teeth with those of the recent Chrysophrys
aurata it will be found that although there is a general resemblance
they are not precisely of the same form. The largest recent
specimen I have been able to examine has the teeth much smaller
than those from the Crag. Moreover, I have seen no specimen
from the English Crag corresponding with the large oval tooth
found in each jaw of Chrysophrys aurata.

Prof. Van Beneden in 1871 (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser., 2, Vol.
XXXI., p. 503) proposed the name of Chrysophrys Hennii for
some teeth from the Antwerp Crag ; but as he has given no
characters, or any good reason for separating them from the
recent species, his name cannot be adopted for our specimens.

Dr. E. Sismonda (Mem. R. Ac. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, Vol. X.,
p. 15, 1846) described some oval flattened teeth from beds at
Antigiana, Piedmont, possibly of Pliocene age, to which he gave
the name of Chrysophrys Agassizii, but, as no such oval teeth
have been met with in the English Crags, comparison cannot be
made.

Seeing that the name of Chrysophrys has been used for these
English Crag teeth, I purpose provisionally to let them remain
under that genus, although the evidence is insufficient for definite
identification.

In Britain these Chrysophrys teeth have been recognized in the
Red Crag Nodule-bed of Woodbridge, Waldringfield, and elsewhere
in Suffolk. There is one tooth in the Museum of Practical Geology
from the true Coralline Crag of Gedgrave. Mr. J. Reeve has
specimens from the Norwich Crag of Bramerton, and Mr. Lamplugh
possesses examples from the Bridlington Crag. A specimen from
the Weybourn Crag of East Runton is in the Museum of Practical
Geology, and was figured in the Survey Memoir. (Vert. Forest
Bed, Plate xix., fig. 12.) On the continent teeth referable to this
genus have been found in the Pliocene at Montpellier, Roussillon,
Herault, Antwerp, and Piedmont, M. Gervais (Zool. Pal. Fr.,
Edit. 2, p. 514, 1859), has also recorded theua from the Eocene and
Miocene of various localities in France, Malta, &c.

Genus PLATAX, Cuvier.
PLATAX WOODWARDI, AGASSIZ.

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 122. PLATE XIX., FIGS. 1-3.)

The enlarged clavicles, interspinous bones, and vertebrae which
were named Platax Woodwardi by Agassiz (Poissons Fossiles, Vol.
IV, p. 250, Plate 19., figs. 3, 8, 1842-4), as well as the go-called
"Butterfly bones" figured by S. vv'oodward (Geol. Norfolk, Plate
iii., figs. 31-33, 1833), which are generally referred to the same
species, are very abundant in the upper beds of the Crag. They
occur in the Forest-bed (Mem. Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed,

90 PISCES.

p. 1 22, Plate, xix., figs., 1-3, 1882), and Weybourn Crag, at several
localities. A specimen from Felixstow, in the Museum of Prac-
tical Geology, is evidence of its occurrence in the Red Crag.

Prof. Prestwich noticed the presence of this fish in both the
Red and Coralline Crags of Suffolk (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
Vol. XX VII., p. 132, 1871), and Mr. Lamplugh has specimens
from the Bridlington Crag.

Mr. Fitch, of Norwich, has a bone from the Norwich Crag of
Thorpe exhibiting the same peculiar hyperostosis, and in form
resembles one of the enlargements seen on the skull of Ephippius.
This specimen is provisionally included with Platax Woodivardi.

There are several bones in* the York Museum, from the Red
Crag, of different forms, but all possessing a reticulate inner struc-
ture, which seem to be hyperostoses of a similar nature to those
called Platax Woodwardi, but their true affinities have yet to be
worked out.

Prof. VanBeneden (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg.,Ser. 3, Vol. I, p. 119,
1881), described several forms from the Antwerp Crag, which he
believed to be related to Platax Woodwardi, and for these he
established four new species, P. cuneatus, physcteroide, pileum, and
costatus ; two other forms he described as new species of Pagrus,
namely P. pileatus and P. torus. None of these Belgian species
seem to be represented in the English Crags.

Genus THYNNUS, C. & V.

THYNNUS SCALDIENSIS, STORMS.

f

The occurrence of the genus Thynnus in the Belgian Crag has
been made known by Mon?. Raymond Storms (Bull. Soc. Beige
Ge'ol., Vol. III., p. 163, 1880), who has given an account of a
number of vertebrae from the Scaldisian of Antwerp, and finds on
comparing them with the skeleton of the recent Thynnus thynnus,
that all the vertebrae, corresponding with those behind the thirtieth
of the series, have a greater length in proportion to the width than
in this recent species, he has therefore proposed for them the name
of Thynnus Scaldisii (more correctly T. scaldiensis).

Two vertebrae in the British Museum, from the Coralline Crag
of Suffolk, Mr. A. Smith Woodward (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser.
6, Vol. V., p. 294, 1890), has referred to the Antwerp species.
After having examined these specimens and compared them with
the measurements of the vertebrae of the recent Tunny and with
M. Storms' figures and descriptions I see no good grounds for
questioning this determination, although there is now evidence of
the Tunny (T. thynnus) in the Cromer Forest-bed.

Mr. Smith Woodward also calls attention to some other scom-
beroid vertebrae from the Red Crag of Woodbridge, but these are
evidently derived from a much earlier horizon, probably Lower
Eocene, and their generic affinities are at present uncertain.

TELEOSTEI. 91

THYNNUS THYNNUS, LINNJEUS.

(Tunny.)
PLATE IX., FIG. 8.

Early in the year 1890 Mr. A. Savin forwarded to me a large
teleosteau fish- vertebra, which he had discovered in the Forest-
bed at East Runton, and this has enabled us to add another genus
to the fauna of that horizon and another species to the British
Pliocene (Geol. Mag. Dec. 3, Vol. vii., p. 264).

The processes of this vertebra have been broken off, but the
centrum measures 43 mm. long, 53 mm. wide, and 45 mm. high ;
it is deeply biconcave, and somewhat depressed ; it is further
characterised by a single, large, longitudinal bar on each side,
which thickens anteriorly and posteriorly, with a roughened space
towards the front, which indicates the point of attachment of the
rib. Above and below the bar is a deep fossa. In the upper
fossa, just below the margin from which the neural arch has
been broken away, there are two small foramina, the hinder
one being much less than the front one. This vertebra, although
a little smaller, agrees so exactly in its proportions with the
nineteenth vertebra of the large Tunny ( T. thynnus, about 8J
feet long) from the Firth of Forth, preserved in the Osteological
Collection of the Royal College of Surgeons, that I have no
hesitation in referring it to the same species.

The occurrence of a large Tunny (T. scaldiensis) in the
Antwerp Crag and in the Coralline Crag of this country suggests
the possibility of the Forest-bed specimen belonging to the same
species ; but after careful comparison, due regard being paid to
the relative proportions of length to width, I find that the Forest-
bed example agrees with the recent T. thynnus, and not with the
Antwerp form.

The Tunny at the present day is abundant in the Mediterranean,
and is occasionally met with as far north as the coasts of Scotland.

Genus ANARRHICHAS, Linnaeus.
ANARRHICHAS LUPUS, LINXJEUS.

(Wolf Fish.)
PLATE X., FIGS. 4a, b.

The conical and flattened teeth which are above referred to
Chrysophrys have sometimes been thought to belong to Anarrhichas
lupus ; but 1 have been unable to h'nd any specimen from the
Pliocene which could be referred to this genus except one recently
obtained by Mr. Clement Reid, with a number of other small
fossils, from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave. This specimen is a
curved conical tooth about the fourth of an inch long, with the
lower part deeply striated, and its base showing the peculiar

92 PISCES.

labyrinthoid structure seen in the teeth of the Wolf-fish ; indeed
the form and structure of this tooth agrees so closely with one of
the premaxillary teeth of A. lupus, that there can be little doubt
as to its belonging to the same species.

Some of the teeth of the Angler-fish, Lophius piscatorius have
a somewhat similar labyrinthoid plaiting at the base ; but the teeth
are proportionately longer and more hollow, with one side flattened
for the hinge-like attachment to the jaw, and at this side the
plaiting is absent ; whilst in the fossil tooth the folding is con-
tinued all round. This unique specimen of Anarrhichas lupus,
from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave, has been presented by
Mr. C. Reid to the Museum of Practical Geology.

The Wolf-fish is common in the German Ocean, still more abun-
dant northwards, and less so southwards.

Genus LABRUS, Linnaeus.

Among the remains from the Nodule-bed of the Eed Crag of
Suffolk, preserved in the British Museum, there is a specimen
of the united pharyngeal bones of a labroid fish (No. p. 5565)
which Mr. Smith Woodward has referred to the genus Lcibrus.
(Cat. Brit. Foss. Vert., p. 108, 1890.) Possibly some of the teeth
which have been thought to belong to Chrysophrys would be more
correctly included here.

Genus PHYLLODUS, Agassiz.

There are in the British Museum a number of specimens from
the Suffolk Red Crag Nodule-bed belonging to this genus, which
are referred to the following species : — P. speciosus, liexagonus, and
toliapicus. These are essentially London Clay forms, and it is
highly probable that they have been derived from that horizon.
Similar specimens are preserved in the Ipswich Museum and in
the Museum of Practical Geology.

Genus PLEUBONECTES, Artedi.

Under the synonym of Platessa, a maxilla from the Forest-
bed of Overstrand, near Cromer, was described in the Survey
Memoir (Vert. Forest Bed, p. 128, 1882). There can be no
question us to the generic affinities of this specimen, and it is very
near to, if not identical with the common Plaice.

TELEOSTEI. 93

Genus GADUS, Linnaeus.

Prof. Lankester in the year 1863 (Geologist, Vol. VI., p. 110)
called attention to the vertebral column and fins of a fish preserved
on a hardened slab of crag from Aldborough, which was thought
by Dr. Giinther to be probably Gadoid, and which Mr. E. T.
Higgins afterwards in his paper " On the Otolites of Fish"
(Journ. Linn. Soc. Zool., Vol. IX., p. 164, 1867) alluded to as
undoubtedly Gadoid. A cast of this specimen is now in the
Museum of Practical Geology. In the same paper Mr. E. T.
Higgins says : — " All the Otolites from the Coralline Crag that I
have yet had the opportunity of examining belong, without a
single exception, to existing species o£ Gadoids, viz., Cod,
Whiting, Pollack, Whiting Pout, Green Cod, &c." It would
seem, however, that Mr. Higgins was afterwards less certain as to
these species, for Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol.
XX VII., p. 132, 1871), on the authority of Mr. Higgins, gives
the following as the forms of Gadoid otoliths which had been
recognized in the Coralline Crag : — Common Cod, Green Cod,
Power Cod: — probably identical with living species : —Pollack,
Whitina, Whiting Pout, nearly allied but not identical. Messrs.
E. and'A. Bell (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 202, 1872) sub-
sequently added the Haddock to this list.

A large number of otoliths from the English Crags have passed
through my hands, and all seem to belong, as Mr. Higgins said, to
Gadoid fishes, but I have not been able to identify from the
Coralline Crag all the forms above noticed. However, it is only
right to say that the specimens on which Mr. Higgins based his
determinations are now with him in Australia.

The larger otoliths are comparatively rare in the Coralline Crag,
whilst the small ones (probably young) are much more numerous,
and many of them seem to have been smoothed over and denuded,
as if partially digested by other fishes.

GADUS MORRHUA, LINNJEUS.

(Cod-fish.)
PLATE X., FIGS. 50, b.

Although Mr. Higgins (Journ. Linn. Soc. Zoo!., Vol. IX., p. 164,
1867) seemed tolerably certain that he had recognized the otoliths
of the Cod-fish in the Coralline Crag, I have been unable to find
any specimen in either the Coralline or Red Crag referable to
this species ; but Mr. J. Reeve, of the Norwich Museum, has two
otoliths from the Lower Bed of the Norwich Crag at Bramerton
whi-h undoubtedly belong to Gadus morrhua.

The occurrence of jaws arid other bones of this species in the
Forest-bed at several localities has already been recorded in
the fcuivey Memoir (Vert. Forest Bed, p. 127, 1882).

94 PISCES.

The Cod-fish is now living in the Northern seas of Europe and
America, between latitudes 50° and 67° ; it is especially abundant
on the Newfoundland Bank.

GADUS PSEUD^EGLEFINUS, n. sp.

(Allied to the Haddock.)
PLATE X., FIGS. 6a, b, and 7.

Messrs. R. and A. Bell (Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 202, 1872)
included the Haddock in their list of fossils from the Coralline
Crag of Suffolk ; but there is no doubt that the form alluded to
was the otolith now under consideration, several specimens of
which are in the Museum of Practical Geology, and elsewhere, from
both the true Coralline and Red Crags. These otoliths( Plate X.,
figs. 6«, 65) although very similar are not identical with those
of the living G. ceglefinus, being rather more elongated and more
pointed at the hinder end, some of them are likewise more strongly
crenulated. I propose to name tLis form Gadus pseudceglcfinus.
The Museum of Practical Geology possesses a similar otolith, which
was obtained from the Norwich Crag of Bramerton by the late
Mr. Robert Bell.

The otoliths of young Haddocks differ from those of larger
specimens in being more strongly crenulated and rather more
pointed ; many small otoliths from the Coralline Crag (Plate X.,
fig. 7) differ from those above described in a similar manner, and
are therefore regarded as the young of the present species. One
such otolith from the Weybourn Crag was figured in the Survey
Memoir. (Vert. Forest Bed, Plate xviii., fig. 26.)

Gadus pseudceglefinus occurs therefore in the Coralline, Red,
Norwich, and Weybourn Crags.

GADUS LUSCUS, LINNJEUS.

(Wliiting Pout.)
PLATE X., FIGS. 8a, b.

The otoliths of Gadus luscus were doubtfully recorded from
the Coralline Crag by Mr. Higgins (Jour. Linn. Soc. Zool., Vol.
IX., p. 164, 1867) and Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XXVII., p. 132, 1871), it is now represented in the
Museum of Practical Geology by several specimens from the
Coralline Crag of Sutton and from the Red Crag of Boyton.
Examples of the otoliths of this species have been detected among
specimens from the Pleistocene beds of Selsey, collected by my
colleague Mr. Clement Reid.

TELEOSTEI. 95

At the present day the Whiting Pout is met with on all the
coasts of Great Britain, it is found as far north as Greenland, and
occasionally enters the Mediterranean.

GADUS MINUTUS, LINN^E us.

(Power Cod.)
PLATE X., FIGS. 9, 10, 11.

Otolith of this species were, like the last, recognised in the
Coralline Crag by Mr. Higgins and Prof. Prestwich (loc. cit.).
Recent specimens of G. minutus have the otoliths proportionally
broader and less strongly nodular than those of G. luscus of the
same size. In large examples of G. luscus the nodules are partially
obliterated, but this is not the case in smaller ones. It is by no
means easy to separate the otoliths of the two species, but there
are a few from the Coralline Crag of Sutton in the Museum of
Practical Geology which seem to agree best with those of
G. minutus, and they are provisionally placed in this species.

Gadus minutus is now living on the Atlantic coasts of Europe,
and is very common in the Mediterranean.

GADUS MERLANGUS, LINNJEUS.

(Whiting.)
PLATE X., FIGS. 120, b.

The otoliths of this species have also been doubtfully recorded
from the Coralline Crag by Mr. Higgins and Prof. Prestwich
(loc. cit.), but I have been unable to obtain any corroborative
evidence.

The late Mr. Eobert Bell sent me a small Gadoid otolith from
the St. Erth Pliocene deposit, which I believe belongs ^ to this
species. The specimen is about 9 mm. long and 3 mm. wide, the
extreme, pointed, hinder end being broken off just at the place where
the otoliths of recent Whiting so often break, there being very
frequently little notches on the edge at this place, and traces of
snch notches are seen in this fossil. If this is not G. merlangus
it must have been a closely allied form.

The Whiting is now living on the Western coasts of Europe, and
in the Mediterranean.

96 PISCES.

GADUS VIKENS?

(Coal Fish.)
PLATE X., FJGS. 13, 14.

This is another of the Gadoid species, the otoliths of which
were recognised in the Coralline Crag by Mr. Higgins and noticed
by Prof. Prestwich (loc. cit.), but I have not been able satisfactorily
to identify the species as a Crag fossil, although a small otolith
from the Coralline Crag of Sutton, in the possession of Mr. Kendal,
and two still smaller from the same place, in the Museum of
Practical Geology, agree so nearly with some young examples of
this species that provisionally I place them here.

Gadus virens is now living on the northern Atlantic coasts of
North America, reaching as far as Spitzbergen, and on the Western
European coasts as far south as the Mediterranean.

GA.DUS POLLACHJUS, LINN^US.

(Pollack.)
PLATE X., FJGS. I5a, b.

This is the sixth species of Gadoid the otoliths of which were
noticed by Mr. Higgins and Prof. Prestwich (loc. cit.) in the
Coralline Crag; but I have not yet been able to recognise it from
that horizon, although Mr. J. Reeve has a large otolith, not quite
perfect, from the Upper Bed of the Norwich Crag at Bramerton,
agreeing so closely with the recent forms that 1 have referred it
to this species. An otolith of a similar character from the Weybourn
Crag at East Runton has been already placed on record (Mem.
Geol. Surv., Vert. Forest Bed, p. 128, Plate xviii., fig. 24, 1882).

The Pollack is now living on the European shores of the
Atlantic, and is rare in the Mediterranean.

GADUS ELEGANS, KOKEN.

PLATE X., FIG. 16.

A number of small otoliths in the Museum of Practical Geology,
some from the Coralline Crag of Sutton, and others said to be
from the Red Crag, have a close resemblance to those which have
been referred to Gadus pseudceglefinus, but are proportionately
broader, and in this particular they differ also from the otoliths
of young Haddocks (G. ceglefinus). They agree, however, more
closely with the otolith from the Oligocene" which Herr E. Koken
(Zeitech. deutsch. geol. Ge?., Vol. XXXVI., p. 544, 1884) has
called Otolithus (Gadidarum) elegans, to which species, therefore,

TELEOSTKI. 97

the English Crag specimens are referred ; and I see no reason why
they should not be placed definitely in the genus Gadus.

Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2., Vol. XXXI.,
Plate ii., fig. 13, p. 501, 1871) has figured an otolith from the
Antwerp Crag, and referred it to his Triyloides Dejardinii, and
another said to belong to the recent Trigla gurnardus (given as
hirundo in description of plates). Neither of these specimens has
anything to do with the genus Trigla, all the species of which
have otoliths quite unlike these figures. There has evidently
been some slip in the determination of the recent specimen,
as already noticed by Herr E. Koken (loc. cit.). Both these
otoliths are Gadoid, and that from the Antwerp Crag agrees with
the specimens from the Suffolk Crags, which are now referred to
Gadus clegans.

Genus ARIUS, C. & V.
PLATE X., FIG. 17*

Mr. E. C. Moor of Great Bealings has a fragment of a pectoral
spine of a large Siluroid fish, from the Red Crag Nodule -bed,
Foxhall, which probably belongs to Arius (Silurus*) Egertoni, an
Eocene form ; and the specimen has most likely been derived
from beds of that age.

Genus BARBUS, Cuvier.
BARBUS VULGARIS? FLEMING.

(Barbel}
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 134, PLATE XVIIL, FIGS. 11-14.)

Some pharyngeal teeth and bones from the Forest-bed at West
Runton have been, with some doubt, referred to this species.

Genus LEUCISCUS, Cuvier.

LEUCISCUS KUTILIS, LINNMUS.

(Roach.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 125, PLATE XVIII., FIG. 17.)

Several pharyngeal bones and numerous teeth from the Forest-
bed at West Runton have been referred to this species.
The species is now living in Europe north of the Alps.

o 63855.

98 PISCES.

LEUCISCUS CKPHALUS?

(Chub.)

A pharyngeal bone with two teeth, from Ostend, in the Green
Collection, and said to be from the Forest-bed, has been
referred to this species (Vert. Forest Bed, p. 124, 1882).

The Chub is now living in Europe and Asia Minor.

LEUCISCUS ERYTHROPHTHALMUS, LINN&US.

(Rudd.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 126, PLATE XVIII., FIG. 18.)

Certain pharyngeal teeth from the Forest-bed of West Run ton
have been referred to this species.

The Rudd is now living in Europe and Asia Minor.

Genus TINCA, Cuvier.

TlNCA VULGARIS, CUVIER.

(Tench.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 127, PLATE XVIII., FIGS. 21-23.)

Several pharyngeal teeth from the Forest-bed of West Run ton
have been referred to this species.
The Tench is now living in Europe.

Genus ABRAMIS, Cuvier.
ABRAMIS BRAMA, LINN&US.

(Bream.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 126, PLATE XVIII., FIGS. 18, 19.)

Two teeth from the Forest-bed of West Runton, have been
thought to belong to this species.

The Bream is now living in Europe north of the Alps and
Pyrenees.

TELEOSTEI. 99

Genus ESOX, Linnaeus.

ESOX LUCIUS LINN&US.

(Pike.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 123, PLATE XVIII., FIGS. 11-14.)

The occurrence of remains of the Pike in the Norwich Crag
was noticed by Messrs. K. and A. Bell in 1872. (Proc. Geol.
Assoc., Vol. II,, p. 212) and by Mr. H. B. Woodward in 1881.
(Geology of Norwich, p. 54), but I have not been able to cor-
roborate these records.

The presence of the species in the Forest-bed of several
localities was noticed in 1882. The Pike has also been recorded
from the Pleistocene and is now living in Europe, Northern Asia,
and the northern part of North America.

TELEOSTEAN FISH ; genus undetermined.

There is in the Museum of Practical Geology the vertebral
column of a teleostean fish from the Coralline Crag of Sudbourn,
Orford, presented by Col. Alexander. The specimen also shows
part of the pectoral arch with the fin, and just above this a
strongly developed spine, apparently either opercular or clavicular.
I have been unable, at present, to identify these remains, but the
spine seems to suggest an affinity with such a form as Coitus scorpius
or one of the Weevers.

G 2

100

GANOIDEI.

Genus PYCNODUS, Agassiz,

The Museum at Ipswich possesses a specimen from the Reel
Crag Nodnle-bed of Suffolk, belonging to the genus Pycnodus ;
but in all probability derived from beds of an earlier period.

Genus GYRODUS, Agassiz.

The Ipswich Museum also has a specimen referable to Gyrodus
from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk, but doubtless it has
been derived from older beds.

Genus PISODUS, Owen.

A specimen referable to Pisodus has been found in the
Nodule-bed of the Red Crag and is preserved in the Ipswich
Museum ; but has no doubt been derived from a Lower Eocene
deposit.

Genus LEPIDOTUS, Agassiz.
(SPHJERODUS, Agassiz.)

In the Ipswich and York Museums there are some large round
teeth from the Nodule-bed of the Suffolk Red Crag precisely
similar to those of Lepidotus maximus ( = Sph&rodus gigas) and
are doubtless to be referred to that genus, and possibly to the same
species, having probably been derived from secondary strata. These
teeth, however, are likewise very similar to those of the specimen
from the Pliocene of Volterrano, referred by Lawley to Sph&rodus
cinctus, Ag. (Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Vol. II.,fasc. 1, p. 60,
1875) and afterwards renamed Chrysophrys LawJeyi by Grervais
(Journ. Zoologie, Vol. IV., p. 516, 1875). The latter determina-
tion has since been called in question by Dr. Forsyth Major.
(Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa, Vol. IV., p. Ill, 1879.)

Genus ACIPENSER, Linnaeus.

Dermal plates of the Sturgeon from Mundesley and Sidestrand
were recorded as Forest-bed fossils in the Survey Memoir (Vert.
Forest Bed, p. 129, 1882), and Mr. Savin has since found another
example at East Runton. Mr. Smith Woodward (Proc. Geol.
Assoc., Vol. XI., p. 29, 1889) has recognised a fin ray of this
genus, from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk, in the Reed
Collection, York Museum ; and it has also been recorded by Mr.
II. B. Woodward (Geology of Norwich, p. 54, 1881) from the
Norwich Crag of Bramerton.

101

CHIUOEROIDEL

Genus EDAPHODON, Buckland.

Dentary plates of Chimaeroid fishes are not uncommon in the
Red Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk, and although most of them are
too fragmentary for definite determination there is no doubt as to
many of them belonging to the genus Edaphodon. Numerous
examples are to be seen in the Museum of Practical Geology and
in the Ipswich Museum, all the specimens being much rolled arid
probably derived from earlier Tertiary beds ; the latter fact no
doubt accounts for the absence of this genus from previous lists of
Crag fossils.

Genus ELASMODUS, Egerton.
ELASMODUS HUNTERI, EGEHTON.

This genus and species was established by Sir Philip Grey
Egerton (Proc. Geol. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 156, 1843, and Mem. GeoJ.
Surv., Decade VI., Plate i., 1852) for some Chimaeroid jaws from
the London Clay, in which the dental plates are laminated and
scroll-like. One cf the lower dentary plates of this species has
been met with in the Red Crag Nodule-bed, near Woodbridge, and
is preserved in the Museum of Practical Geology ; it is probable,
however, that this specimen has been derived from Eocene beds.
Dr. Fritz Noetling (Fauna Samland. Tert, Abhandl. geol. Special-
karte Preus., Vol. VI., 1885) has met with this species in the
Miocene (Bernstein formation) of Samland, East Prussia.

Genus CCELORHYNCHUS, Agassiz.

A fragment of a spine from the Eed Crag Nodule-bed of
Woodbridge, in the British Museum (No. 43,312), agrees with
those from the Eocene to which the name of Codorhynchus
rectus has been applied, and probably the specimen has been
derived from beds of that age.

In accordance with the suggestion of Mr. Smith Woodward
(Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Ser. 6, Vol. II, p. 223, 1888) Codorhynchus
is here provisionally placed with the Chima^roids.

102

ELASMOBRANCHII.

Genus GALEUS, Cuvier.
GALEUS CANIS, BONAPARIE.

(Tope.)
PLATE IX., FIG. 9.

A single tooth served to indicate the presence of this species in
the Weybourn Crag of East Runton, and was noticed in the
Survey Memoir (Vert. Forest Bed, p. 130, Plate xix., Fig. 7, 1882).
Since then two other examples of these characteristic teeth have
been found by Mr. A. Savin in the same beds ; and the late
Robert Bell recognised an isolated tooth in the Pliocene deposit at
St. Erth, Cornwall (Plate IX., Fig. 9).

Mr. E. C. Moor has two teeth from the Red Crag Nodule-bed,
Little Bealings, near Woodbridge, referable to this genus but
probably not to this species (Plate IX., Figs. 10«, b).

Galeus canis is now living in temperate and tropical seas.

Genus CETORHINUS, Blainville.
(SELACHE, Cuvier.)

CETORHINUS MAXIMUS, LINN&US.

(Basking Shark.)
PLATE IX., FIGS. 120, b.

Some remarkable claw-like bodies, long known from the Nodule-
bed of the Red Crag, were recognised by Prof. Flower as agreeing
with the clasper-spines of the Basking Shark (Cetorhinus maximus) ;
but the first notice of them seems to have been published by
Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Vol. XLI1., p. 296,
1876), who says "En parcourant les galeries du British Museum
au mois du Mai dernier, le professeur Flower me fit remarquer,
en passent devant le superbe male de Selache, que le docteur
Giinther venait de faire mettre en place, les organes appendicu-
laire avec leur e'perons ; M. Flower me demanda si nous n'avions
pas ces organes a 1'etat fossile a Anvers, puisqu'on en possedait
au Muse'um qui provenaient du crag d'Angleterre. C'etaient
pre'cise'ment nos corps problematique d' Anvers qui nous avaient
intrigue depuis plusieurs annees."

Prof. Van Beneden in 1871 (Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2,
Vol. XXXI., p. 504) noticed certain peculiar spinous bodies in the

ELASMOBKANCHII. 103

Antwerp Crag which he named Hannover a aurata ; and in 1873
Prof. Steenstrup (K. D. Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl., No. 1) showed
that these bodies agreed with the branchial appendages of the
Basking Shark. Afterwards Prof. Van Beneden (Bull. Ac. Roy.
Belg., Ser. 2, Vol. XLIL, p. 294, 1876) referred them to the
genus Selache.

It seems highly probable that these specimens, and also the
vertebrae from the Antwerp Crag described by M. C. Hasse
(Natiirl. Syst Elasmobr. Besond. Theil, p. 241, 1882) belong to
the same species as the clasper-spines found in the English Crag,
and might be included in the recent species until they can be
shown to be distinct.

The Basking Shark is now living in the Arctic Seas, and
occasionally conies as far south as Portugal (Gunther, Cat.
Fishes, B. M., Vol. VIII., p. 394, 1870).

Genus CARCHARODON, Miiller & Henle.

Many teeth belonging to this genus have been exhumed from
the various Crag pits of Suffolk ; but while there has been a
general agreement as to the generic affinities of these fossils, the
specific determinations have not been so satisfactorily settled. It
has long been felt that several of the fossil species named by
Agassiz would be found to be parts of the same species, arid the
memoir by M. R. Lawley (Studi Comp. Pesci, Carcharodon, &c.,
1881) has helped in this correlation.* At present only two species
of Carcharodon can be recognised in the British Crags ; and this
agrees with Lawley 's recognition of the same two forms in the
Italian Pliocene deposits.

CAKCHAEODON MEGALODON, AGASSIZ.
PLATE IX., FIGS. 13a, b.

The present species was proposed by Agassiz for the large
shark's teeth from the Miocene of Malta, and North America, and
similar specimens from the English Crag were referred to the same
species. The occurrence of C. megalodon in the Crag was first
recorded by Mr. Charlesworth (Mag. Nat. His., Ser. 2, Vol. L,
p. 225, 1837) ; subsequently the species was described by Agassiz
(Poiss. Foss., Vol. III., p. 247, 1843). The Maltese and American
specimens have strongly serrated edges, but the English ones are
usually devoid of serrations, and this has led to the supposition
that the latter represented a distinct form of Shark. The English
Crag examples are, however, always much water-worn, and although
it is very rare to find specimens which shows traces of the serration,
yet there are one or two such in the Museum of Practical Geology,
and there is every reason for thinking, that all these large Shark's

* For full synonymy, reference should be made to Mr. A. Smith Woodward (Cat.
Foss. Fishes, B. M., Part i, p. 411 and onwards, 1889.)

104 PISCES.

teeth were similarly serrated when perfect. One or two teeth from
the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Woodbridge and Felixstow, contained
in the same Museum, are more elongated and approach the form of
C. angustidens, Ag. (Poiss. Foss., Vol. III., pi. 28, f. 20). Carcha-
rodon megalodon has been recorded from the Nodule-bed below the
Coralline Cra<j at Sutfcon by Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XXVIL, p. 118. and 132, 1871) but most of the specimens
have been found in the Nodule-bed below the Red Crag, at various
localities throughout Suffolk, and examples are to be seen in all
collections from this deposit. The species has been noticed from
the Belgian Pliocene by Le Hon (Prelim. Mem. Poiss. Tert.
Belg., p. 7, 1871) ; from the same horizon at Montpellier and in
Italy by Gervais (Zool. Pal. Fr. ed. 2, p. 520, pi. 74, 1859) and
R. Lawley (Studi Comp. Pesci. p. 35, 1881). Its occurrence in
Miocene strata at Malta and in North America has already been
alluded to ; and if certain of the North American phosphatic
deposits are correctly referred to the Eocene, then the species
must have existed at that period also.

Large teeth similar to these fossils were dredged by the officers
of the " Challenger " expedition from the depths of the Pacific, in
a condition leading to the supposition that the species was living
at a comparatively recent period.

CARCHARODON RONDELETI, MULLEE & HENLL.
(Great Blue Shark.)
PLATE IX., FIGS. 4a, b.

To this living species are referred the shark's teeth from the
Suffolk Crag, which are smaller and proportionately more elonga-
ted than those of C. megalodon, they have strongly serrated edges
when unworn, and are sometimes longitudinally grooved, the
largest of them being about one inch and a half in length. Teeth
of this character were described by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss., Vol. III.,
p. 254, pi. 30«, figs. 3-7) and named C. sulcidens. R. Lawley has
described (Studi. Comp. Pesci, Carcharodon, &c., p. 17, 1881)
a number of teeth from the Italian Pliocenes which he demon-
strated to be the same as the C. sulcidens of Agassiz, but which he
named C. etruscus, and it is not easy to understand why the new
name was given. Lawley also noticed the close agreement between
his Italian Pliocene specimens and the recent C. Rondeleti, but
hesitated to refer them to the living form. I see no reason for
thinking that C. sulcidens, and C. etruscus, are specifically distinct
from C. Rondeleti, and have for some time regarded them as the
same species ; and this view is taken by Mr. A. Smith Woodward
(Cat. Foss. Fishes, B. M., Part i, p. 420, 1889).

Teeth of Carcharodon Rondeleti are to be seen in most collec-
tions of English Crag fossils, but comparatively few show the
serrated edge. The British Museum has a well preserved

ELASMOBRANCHII. 105

specimen from the true Coralline Crag of Orford, Suffolk ; but
the Nodule- bed below the Suffolk Red Crag has yielded by far the
greater number of the English specimens. Under its different
synonyms it has been recorded from the Pliocenes of Belgium by
Le Hon (Prelim. Me'm. Poiss. Tert. Belg., p. 7, 1881) from the same
horizon of several localities in Italy by Lawley, (loc. cit.) who also
identified the species in European Miocene strata; and its occurrence
in North America in the Miocene and Eocene has been recorded
by R. W. Gibbes (Fossil Squalidae of the United States, 1848).
The British Museum has specimens referred to this species from
Older Miocene (?), New Zealand, and from the newer Teritary of
Coquimbo, Chili.

At the present day, according to Dr. A. Giinther (Cat. Fishes,
B. M., Vol. VIII., p.* 392), C. Rondeleti is found living from the
Mediterranean to Australia.

Genus LAMNA, Cuvier.
(OTODUS, Agassiz et auctornm.)

The recent revision of the Elasmobranchii by Mr. A. Smith
Woodward (Cat. Foss. Fishes, B. M., Part i, p. 349, 1889), however
necessary and desirable, is extremely perplexing and for some
time will lead to much confusion, for not only has it necessitated
the removal of nearly all the species hitherto known as Lamina to
the genus Odontaspis, but also the placing of all the species of
Otodus under the generic name of Lamna.

Thus revised, the occurrence of Lamna (Otodus} has been
recorded by Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc./ Vol.
XXVIL, pp. 132, 349, 1871) from the Nodule-bed below the
Coralline Crag and from that below the Red Crag also.

LAMNA (OTODUS) OBLIQUA, AGASSIZ.

Specimens from the London Clay were named Otodus obliquus
by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss., Vol. III., p. 267) and similar specimens
have been found in the Nodule-bed below the Red Crag ; but as
it is probable that they have been 10 a large extent, if not wholly,
derived from beds older than the Red Crag, the species seems
never to have been included in any list of English Crag fossils.

Examples of both large and small teeth agreeing with Agassiz'
figures (loc. cit., pi. 31 and pi. 36, figs. 22-27) have been found in
the Suffolk Red Crag, and some of each seem too perfect to have
been derived from Eocene strata, although there is no doubt as to
their belonging to this London Clay species.

106 PISCES.

Genus OXYRHINA, Agassiz.

OXYRHINA HASTALIS, AGASSIZ.
(Including O. XIPHODON.)
PLATE IX., FIGS. 15«, b.

Among the shark's teeth from the Suffolk Crag, a number may
be found of a broadly triangular and flattened form which, although
retaining the cutting edge almost unworn, show no signs of any
serration like that found in Carcharadon, and are destitute of
lateral denticles. Such teeth are referred to the genus Oxyrhina
and have usually been called O. xiphodon, Agassiz (Poiss. Foss.
Vol. III., p. 278) ; other of these teeth have narrower but thicker
crowns and agree with those named O. hastalis by Agassiz
(loc. cit.< p. 277).

A large series of teeth found associated in the Pliocene of
Tuscany, and described by R. Lawley (Studi Comp. Pesci, &c.,
1881, P. 93) under the name of O. Agassizi, show the wide
variation which may occur in the teeth of one pair of jaws, and
has led Mr. Smith Woodward (Cat. Foss. Fishes, B. M., p. 385,
1889) to associate under the name X)f O. hastalis, several species,
including the three above mentioned. The forms figured by
Lawley as O. Agassizi differ somewhat from those found in the
Crag with which I am familiar.

Messrs. E.and A.Bell(Proc.Geol.Assoc.,Vol. ii.,p.202) recorded
O. xiphodon from the true Coralline Crag of Suffolk and there
are three specimens referred to the present species in the British
Museum from the same horizon ; but by far the larger number
of English specimens are from the Nodule-bed below the Red
Crag of Suffolk.

This species is also recorded in the British Museum Catalogue
from Pliocene beds at Antwerp, Montpellier, and Tuscany ; also
from Miocene beds in Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzer-
land, Wiirtemberg, Malta, Italy, Sicily, Corsica, and possibly
Melbourne. It has also been found in the Oamaru system, New
Zealand ; in Tertiary beds in the Canary and Cape de Verde Isles ;
and in Miocene and Lower Tertiary beds in North America.

Genus ODONTASPIS, Agassiz.
(LAMNA, Agassiz et auctorum.)

Allusion has already been made (p. 105) to the revision which
lias necessitated the removal of most of the species of Lamna to
Odontaspis and the use of the name Lamna for all those species
which have been called Otodus ; attention is again directed to this
to prevent any misunderstanding as to the forms here noticed.

Agassiz recognised among the English Crag fossils Odontaspis
(Lamna) clegans, contorlidens, and Hopei (Poiss. Foss., Vol. III.,

ELASMOBRANCHtt. 107

pp. 290, 293, 295), but believed them to be remanie, and this no
doubt is the reason they have never been included in any published
lists of crag fossils.

The occurrence of this genus in the Coralline and Red Crags was
noted by Prof. Prestwich, (Quart. Journ. Geol., Vol. XVII., pp.
118 and 349, 1871).

ODONTASPIS (LAMNA) ELEGANS, AGASSIZ.
PLATE IX., FIGS 160, b.

Lamna clegans was the name given by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss.,
Vol. Ill, p. 289, 1843) to teeth from the Calcaire Grossier and
London Clay, examples being noticed as remanie in the English
Crag. Numerous examples from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of
Suffolk are in the Museum of Practical Geology ; some of which
are probably derived from older beds, being much rolled and worn ;
but many of them are beautifully perfect with the cutting edge
quite sharp, and these it is thought must be of Red Crag age.

O. elegans has a wide range in time, having been met with
at various horizons from the Chalk of Maastricht to the Oligo-
cene of Belgium (vide Rutot, Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg. Vol. IL,
p. 34, 1 875), and the specimens above noticed show that it extended
at least as far as the Nodule -bed of the Red Crag of Suffolk.

ODONTASPIS (LAMNA) CONTORTIDENS, AGASSIZ.
PLATE IX., FIGS. 17«, b.

This species, which was established by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss.,
Vol. III., P. 294), and recognised by him in the English Crag,
is represented in the Museum of Practical Geology by several
teeth from the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag, most of which are
rolled and denuded, but some are perfect with the edges and
striations so sharp, they could scarcely have been derived from
any older formation ; and although O. contortidens is essentially a
Lower Eocene form, it seems to me that some of our specimens
from the Suffolk Crag must have lived at the time when this bed
was being deposited.

At present I have been unable to detect any specimens which
could be undoubtedly referred to 0. Hopei, although this species
was mentioned by Agassiz as occurring in the Crag. Denuded
specimens of O. contortidens, having lost their striations, would
appear like O. Hopei.

108 PISCES.

Genus NOTIDANUS, Cuvier.

The occurrence of the genus Notidanus in the English Crag
seems to have been first recorded by Mr. H. B. Woodward in the
Survey Memoir (Geology of Norwich, p. 54, 1882), who noted
a specimen from the Norwich Crag of Thorpe, in the collection of
Mr. R. Fitch. The small size of the specimen unfortunately led
to its being named N. microdon ; but a closer examination, recently
made, leads me to think that my former determination was in-
correct, and that it cannot be referred to the Cretaceous species ;
possibly it may be a small example of the form now to be
noticed.

NJOTIDANUS GIGAS, SISMONDA.

PLATE IX., FIG. 18.

When Mr. A. Smith Woodward (Geol. Mag., Dec. 3., Vol. III.,
p. 205, 1886) published his revision of the genus Notidanus he
noted three species as occurring in the English Crag, N. primi-
genius, N. gigas, and N. Mencghini. I suggested at the time that
there was not sufficient grounds for separating the two species last
named, and in my MS. prepared for the present memoir I
wrote : —

" With regard to Notidanus Meneghini, Lawley, I fail to see
any good reason for making it distinct from N. gigas, Linn. A
comparison of the figures given by Sismonda of N. gigas (Mem. R.
Ace. Sci. Torino, Ser. 2, Vol. XIX., p. 460, Fig. 13), by Lawley
of the same species and of N. Meneghini (Atti Soc. Toscana, Vol.
Ill, Plate i, Fig. 6, and Plate ii, Fig. 4), and by Smith Woodward of
these same species (Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, Vol. III., pp. 255, 256),
seems to show smaller differences between them than have been
accepted as variations of N. primigenius (compare also Agassiz,
Poiss. Foss., Vol. III., Plate 27, Fig. 16, Lawley, loc. cit. Plate i,
Fig. 1, Smith Woodward, loc. cit. Plate vi, Fig. 22). Such
being the case N. Meneghiniis regarded as a synonym of N. gigas;
indeed, it seems not improbable that both these species may
eventually prove to be varieties of Agassiz's N. primigenius"

I am glad to find that Mr. Smith Woodward (Cat. Foss. Fishes,
B. M., Parti, pp. 164, 165) is now practically of the same opinion,
for he only acknowledges one species in the English Crags,
N. gigas, and keeps the name of N. primigenius for the Eocene
forms.

Notidanus gigas has been found in the Nodule-bed of the Red
Crag at Woodbridge, Butley, Felixstow, and other localities in
Suffolk ; and examples are to be seen in the British Museum,
and Museum of Practical Geology, as well as in the Museums
at York and Ipswich. The species likewise occurs in the Plio-
cene of Tuscany.

ELASMQBRANCHII. 109

Genus MYLIOBATIS, Cuvier.

Dental plates belonging to this and allied genera are not
uncommon in the Nodule-bed of the Red Crag ; but as they are
mostly isolated and broken, it is not possible to say to which
genus they belong. Seeing, however, that undoubted examples
of Myliobatu and ^Etobatis occur in this deposit, it is better to
regard these fragments as parts of one or other of these forms.
It is highly probable that the specimens from the Coralline and
Red Crags referred to by Prof. Prestwich (Quart. Journ. Geol.
Soc., Vol. XXVII., p. 132, 1871) and Messrs. R. and A. Bell
(Proc. Geol. Assoc., Vol. II., p. 202, 208, 1872) as Zygobatis
Woodwardi are of this nature. I have been unable to find any
specimens from these deposits which could be certainly called
Zygobatis, and provisionally retain the name of Zygobatis
(Rhinoptera) Woodwardi only for the very doubtful specimens
recorded by Agassiz from the Norwich Crag.

Many of the specimens are no doubt derived from the Eocene.

MYLIOBATIS DIXONI, AGASSIZ.

A portion of a palate in the Museum of Practical Geology
from the Red Crag Nodule-bed of Boy ton, including parts of four
dental elements, which are proportionately wide and convex, and
another specimen from the same horizon in the Ipswich Museum,
are believed to belong to Agassiz' (Poiss. Foss., Vol. III., p. 319),
Eocene species, M. Dixoni* and probably have been derived from
beds of that age.

MYLIOBATIS TOLIAPICA, AGASSIZ.

This species, which was established by Agassiz (Poiss. Foss.
Vol. III., p. 321) for a London Clay species, is represented in the
Nodule-bed of the Red Crag, by a specimen in the Museum of
Practical Geology, from near Woodbridge, which agrees with the
example figured by Dixon (Geol. Sussex, Plate x, Fig. 5), it has
six median plates and a double row of laterals on one side. This
specimen having been ground down some distance below the
natural surface, has the edges of the plates serrated, and thus
resembles the M. suturalis, Agassiz (Poiss. Foss., Vol. III.,
Plate 46, Fig. 12) now included under the above species (Cut.
Foss. Fishes, B. M., p. 116). There is another specimen in the
same Museum from Waldring field, and a third in the Ipswich
Museum from the same horizon. All these specimens have
probably been derived from Eocene strata.

110 PISCES.

MYLIOBATIS (?) TUMIDENS, s. WOODWARD.

Mr. Smith Woodward (Cat. Foss. Fishes, Brit, Mus., Part i,
p. 119, 1890) has given the name M. tumidens to some median
dental plates from the Eed Crag Nodule-bed preserved in the
British Museum ; but it is not quite certain that they belong to
this genus, the ends being abraded. " The coronal contour is
sharply raised in the middle, as in M.jugosus, Leidy, differing
only from the latter tooth in the greater relative breadth of the
rounded elevation."

Genus JETOBATIS, Miiller & Henle.

Elongated dental plates, having the ends curved down, and
thus showing unmistakably that there were no lateral denticles,
are referred to ^tobatis. Such plates have been found in the
Nodule-bed below the Red Crag at Waldringfield, Woodbridge,
and elsewhere in Suffolk, and are to be seen in the Museum of
Practical Geology, the British Museum, and other collections of
Crag fossils. They have doubtless been derived from the Eocene.

Genus RHINOPTERA, Miiller & Henle.
(ZYGOBATIS, Agassiz.)

RHINOPTERA WOOD WARD i, AGASSIZ.

Agassiz (Poiss. Foss., Vol. III., p. 329) proposed the name of
Zygobatis Woodwardi provisionally for a number of isolated dental
plates, from the Norfolk Crag, in the collections of Messrs. Buxton
and Woodward which he thought more likely to belong to this
genus than to Myliobatis. Since then all dentary plates of
Batidse found in the Crags have been put under the name Zygo-
batis Woodwardiy which has been said to occur in the Coralline, Red
and Norwich Crags. Reasons have already been given for thinking
that none of the plates from the Coralline and Red Crags can be
referred to this genus and species, and for the present it is retained
for the Norwich Crag dental plates described by Agassiz, which
seem to be extremely rare, the few fragments in the British Museum
(P. 1524) being the only examples with which I am acquainted,
and these are far from being satisfactory.

ELASMOBRANCHII. Ill

Genus PTYCHODUS, Agassiz.
PTYCHODUS POLYGYRUS, AGASSIZ.

Fragments of Ptychodus teeth from the Nodule-bed below the
Red Crag of Suffolk are preserved in the Ipswich Museum. These
have doubtless been derived from the Chalk, and are interesting
an account of the rarity of Cretaceous remanie fossils in these
deposits.

Genus RAJA, Linnaeus.
.RAJA CLAVATA, LINN JE US.

(Thornback.)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 132, PLATE XIX., FIGS. 10, 11.)

Teeth agreeing with those of the living " Thornback " have been
recorded from the Weybourn Crag of East Runton (Mem. Geol.
Surv. Vert. Forest Bed., p. 132, 1882) and are preserved in the
Museum of Practical Geology and in Mr. Savin's collection at
Cromer. Agassiz (Poiss. Foss., Voi. III., p. 371) proposed the
name of R. antiqua, for dermal defences of Rays found in the
Norwich Crag, which agree precisely with those of the living
R. clavata, he, apparently, thinking it impossible for the Crag
species to be still living. These Crag dermal defences are now
included with the teeth above noticed in the recent species
R. clavata. Dermal defences referable to Raja clavata have been
found in the true Coralline Crag of Orford and Gedgrave, in
the Nodule-bed below the Red Crag at numerous localities in
Suffolk, and in the Norwich Crag at several places in Norfolk.
They have also been recorded from the Antwerp Crag and from
the Pliocene of Tuscany.

Teeth of this species have, at present, only been found in the
Weybourn Crag of East Runton.

Now living on the coasts of Europe.

RAJA BATIS, LINN 'M 'US.

(Skate.)

(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 131, PLATE XIX., FIG. 9.)

A number of teeth of this species have been found in the Wey-
bourn Crag at East Runton, and like the last are now in Mr.
Savin's collection, and in the Museum of Practical Geology. In
the latter there is also a similar tooth obtained by Mr. Clement
Reid from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave. Mr. Lamplugh also
has teeth of the same species from the so-called " Bridlington
Crag."

Now living on the coasts of Europe.

112 PISCES.

RAJA, sp.
PLATE IX., FIGS. 2 la, b.

Two fish defences in the Museum of Practical Geology evidently
of the same nature as those of R. clavata, but differing in character,
are provisionally referred to this genus. One of them is from the
Nodule-bed of the Red Crag at Boyton, and the other is from the
Coralline Crag of Gedgrave, the latter being the one now to be
described. The basal plate is irregular in form, with the margin
folded and crenulated ; rising gradually towards the middle it
becomes smooth and then forms a strong curved denticle, which
is placed towards the broader end of the plate. There is no central
depression or concentric lines on the upper surface as in most of
the defences of R. clavata, and the under portion is hollowed,
the cavity extending into the denticle.

The defences of Raja radiata somewhat resemble this fossil,
but they are more star-like, the radial ridges being strongest
towards the centre.

It may be that these Crag defences do not really belong to Raja,
but to some species of Trygon ; I have not, however, been successful
in identifying them definitely, and therefore prefer not to introduce
another genus without better evidence.

Genus PEISTIS, Latham.

Portions of rostral teeth of Pristis from the Red Crag Nodule-
bed of Woodbridge are in the British Museum, but have probably
been derived from beds of Eocene age.

Genus SftUATINA, Dumeril.
PLATE IX., Figs. 11 a, b, c.

There is in the British Museum a small tooth from the Red
Crag Nodule-bed of Suffolk which Mr. A. Smith Woodward
(Cat. Foss. Fishes, B. M., Part i, p. 71, 1889) has referred to this
genus, but without any specific determination. Mr. E. C. Moor
possesses a similar tooth from the same horizon at Little Bealings,
near Woodbridge, and there is a third in the York Museum.
These teeth have an acute median cusp on a wide basal portion
and are without lateral denticles ; but there is a downwardly
directed median process of the shining crown on the outside, and
a horizontally directed portion on the inside. The root of the
tooth forms a plate almost at right angles to the cusp, and on its
underside is a depression in which is the vascular foramen.

ELASMOBRANCHII. 113

These teeth agree so nearly with those of the recent Squatina
anyelus, that one would scarcely have hesitated to place them in
that species, were it not that similar teeth are known from Lower
Eocene beds (Cat. Foss. Fishes, B. M, Part i, page 71) and also
from the Chalk ; and seeing that the Cretaceous forms, or at least
some of them, have been shown to belong to another species,
8. Crania, by Mr. Smith Woodward (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.
Vol. XLIL, p. 144, 1888), it is perhaps better for the present to
leave the species of the Crag form uncertain.

The teeth described by Dr. J. Probst (Jahresh. Ver. Nat. Wiirtt.,
Vol. XXXV., p. 177, 1879) as Squatina alata, from the Molasse of
Baltringen are very similar to ours from the Red Crag ; but on
the whole seem less like than those of S. angelus. It is probable
that the Red Crag specimens have been derived from older
deposits.

Genus ACANTHIAS, Risso.

ACANTHIAS VULGAKIS. RISSO.

(Piked Dog-fish)
(Vert. Forest Bed, p. 131, PLATE XIX., FIG. 8.)

A single tooth referable to this species was found in the
Weybourn Crag of East Runton by Mr. Clement Eeid, and
another example has since been obtained at the same place by
Mr. A. Savin.

Acanthias vulgaris is now living in temperate seas of the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

o 63855. II

114

TABLE

OP

DISTRIBUTION

OF

BRITISH PLIOCENE VERTEBRATA.

N.B. The letter R in the first column signifies the Nodule Bed below the Red Crag, and
the letter C the Nodule Bed below the Coralline Crag.

A note of interrogation in the first column immediately after a genus or species signifies doubt
as to its occurrence in the British Pliocene.

Name.

Nodule-bed.

Coralline Crag.

Red Crag.

Norwich Crag.

Weybourn Crag.

Forest-bed.

CO

'o

s

1

3

Extinct.

MAMMALIA.
CAENIVORA.

R

p

R,

R

„ vulpes, Linn. • , •

R

••.

X

X

X

X

Genus 5

•p p

P

Lutra vulgaris, Erxl.
dubia Elainv ' •

R

••

?

••

X

X

x

x

Reevei Newton - *

X

Ailurus anglicus Dawkins •

T?,

X

Hyaenarctos -

R

X

TJrsus arvernensis ?, Cr. & Job. -
horribilis? Ord

R?

••

••

p

X

, spelseus, RosenmulleT

X

X

Carnivore tooth, genus undeter-

X

Crag ? Kessing-

mined.
Trichechus Huxleyi, LanJc. •

R

••

X

••

X

• -•

x

land.

» Moori Newton

T?

X

Phocanella minor. V. Sen. -

R

••

••

-•

• •

• •

• •

X

115

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION IN TIME — continued.

Name.

Nodule-bed.

Coralline Crag.

Red Crag.

Norwich Crag.

Weybourn Crag, i

Forest-bed.

Pleistocene.

sc
'>

Extinct.

—

UNGULATA.

Bos or Bison •

1?,

Bison bonasus, Linn.

Ovibos moschatus Zimm

Caprovis Savinii Newton -

Antilope V •

R?

Gazella anglica, Newton

X

Ruminant, genus undetermined -

Metatarsa'

Cervus ardeus, Cr. & Job. •
n camutorum Laugel

••

••

••

X

••

••

••

• •

X
X

,j Dawkinsi Newton •

X

X

x

X

„ etueriarum, Cr. & Job.

R

••

••

•-

X

X

X

„ giganteus ?, Slum. •

R?

x

X

„ polignacus, Robert. •
„ rectus, Newton

••

••

X
X

X
X

„ Savini, Dawkins

X

X

„ Sedgwickii, Falconer
„ suttonensis, Dawkins

••

••

••

••

X

• •

'••

--X
X

„ tetraceros, Mackie -

X

x

„ verticornis Dawkins

X

Alces latifrons, Johnson

X

X

Capreolus caprea V, Gray •

¥

X

X

Xiphodon platyceps Flower

X

Hippopotamus amphibius, Linn. -

••

••

X

x

X

X

X

,> scrofa, I/inn ...

X

X

X

Equus cabal! us, Linn.

R?

••

••

••

X

X

X

X

E. plicidens?
Owen.;

X

R

X

aup.

ptp-p

x

„ etruscus, Falconer

••

••

••

X

• •

••

X

H S

116

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION IN TIME — continued.

Name.

Nodule-bed.

t
o

O)

fi
1

if..
1

Norwich Crag.

Wey bourn Crag.

£

Pleistocene.

Sf!

_c

'>•

3

Extinct.

—

UNGULATA— cont.
Rhinoceros megarhinus ?, Christol
Tapirus sirvernensis Deveze &

p

..

..

?

' X

..

X

Bouillet.

TC

Owen.

It

,on on Clay.

Mastodon arvernensis CT & Jb -

T?.

x

,, longirostris, Kctup

<!T?

x

,t Borsoni, Hays - •

T?,

x

Elephas meridionalis, Nesti

R

••

••

p
x

••

X

X

Also Dewlish.

„ primigenius ? Slum

p

SIRENIA.

Halitherium Canhami, Flower

R

'r-^r—

EODENTIA.

Sciurus vulgaris ?, Linn - >•*• -

1

Castor fiber. Linn. -

1?,

„ verterior, Lank.

T?,

x

Trogontherium Cuvieri, Cuvier
(Fisher MS.)

Trogontherium minus, Newton

1?,

••

••

X

?

X

••

••

X

Mus sylvaticus, Linn. •• .

Microtus (Arvicola) ainphibius ?,

p

x

Linn.

„ ,. arvalis, Pallas

>» », gregalis, Pal-
las.

» „ glareolus^c^re-
ber.

»» » intermedius,
Newton.

Lepus - - ,. . «
Rodent, genus undetermined

••

••

X

X

?

x

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X

X

Teeth

INSECTIVORA.

Talpa europsea, Linn.

Sorex vulgaris, Linn.
„ pygmieus, Pallait
Myogale moschata, Linn. •

••

••

••

•'

••

x
x

• •

x
x

..

•

117

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION IN Tmti->-

Name.

CETACEA.

Balacna biscayensis, Grq, y -
„ affinis, Owen
„ primigenia, V. Ben.

iiisignis, F. Ben.
„ balsenopsis, F. Ben.

„ sp. ;

Megaptera affinis, F. Ben. -

similis, F. Ben. •

„ minuta, F. Ben.-

Balaenoptera definita, O^ven

Goropi, F. Ben.

borealina, F. Ben. •

emarginata, Owen -

sp.
Cetotherium Brialmoriti, F. Ben. -

dubium, F. Ben.

Hupschi ?, F. Ben. -
„ brevifrons, F. Ben. -

Herpetocetus scald iensis, F. Ben. -
Physeter macrocephalus, Linn. -
Eucetus amblyodon, Du Bus
Balsenodon physaloides, Owen
Physeterula Dubusii ?, F. Ben.
Physodon grandis ?, Du Bus

„ fusiformis ?, Du Bus
Hoplocetus crassidens ?, Gervais -

„ borgerlioutensi* ?, Du

Bus.

curvidens ?, Gervais •
Hyperoodon

Chonezipliius planirostris, Cuvier •
„ plahus, Owen -

Packardi, Lank.

Mosoplodon lorigirostris, Cuvier -

teh\iirostris, Ower, -

„ gibbus, Owen -

Co

Chillesford
Clay.

118

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION IN TIME — continued.

Name.

CETACEA— cont.
Mesjplodon angustus, Owen
„ angulatus, Owen

compressus, Huxley -
„ Floris, Newton • - . •*
„ scaphoides, Newton -
Ziphioid remains ~
Squalodon antwerpiensis, V. Sen. -
Orca citoniensis, Capellini -

„ gladiator, Gray
Pseudorca crassidens, Owen
Globicephalus uncidens, Lank.
Monodon monoceros, Linn.
Delphinapterus leucas, Pallas
Delphinus delpbis, Linn. -
Tursiops tursio ?, Bonnaterre
Phocsena cominunis, Lesson

(Delphinoid petrotympanics, not
generically determined).

AVES.

Bubo ignavus, Forst. (=B. maxi-
raus.)

Phalacrocorax carbo, Linn.
Anser - ~ — • •• » •• -

Anas - »•-.-*:.
Spatula clypeata, Linn.
Uria troile, Linn. -
Mergulus? ^ •"<• | ••• !
Diomedea i- «

REPTILIA.

Ghelouia !• ' * ' [ * ! «
Tropidonotus natrix, Linn.
Pelias berus, Linn. - . *

AMPHIBIA.

Rana temporaria, Linn.

„ esculenta, Linn.
Bufo
Triton mstnlus, Laur.

Re

Plei

$ e

I I

= M. Floweri,

non Von
Haast.

? Derived.

119

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION IN TIME — continued.

Name.

Nodule-bed.

Coralline Crag.

Red Crag.

JSorwich Crag.

Weybourn Crag.

1
£

yj

§
'3

s

$

3

Extinct.

—

PISCES.

TELEOSTEI.

Pcrca fluviatilis, Linn. •
Acerina vulgaris ?, Cuvicr. •
Chrysophrys •
Platax Woodwardi, Ag.

R
R

X
X

X

X
X

X
X

X

?

X

x

x

X
X

x

X

x

-R

Phvllodus -

R,

X

Derived.

Gadus morrhua, Linn.
„ pseudscgleflnus, Newton. •

•<

p

X

x

X
X

X

x

••

X

x

X

p

X

Also St. Erth.

„ pollachius, Linn.
„ elegans, Koken.

?

X

X

X

X

• •

••

X

X

Oligocene in
Germany.
Eocene.

?

X

?

X

„ erythrophtlialmus, Linn.

••

• '

• •

• •

• •

X

••

X

• •

X

X

V

X

X

X

GANOIDEI.

R

X

Derived.

R

X

Derived.

Pisodus ....

R

x

Derived.

Acipenser

R

• •

••

X

••

X

• •

••

120

TABLE OF DISTRIBUTION IN TIME— continued.

Name.

| Nodule-bed.

Coralline Crag.

t

o

Norwich Crag.

Weybourn Crag.

Forest-bed.

Pleistocene.

v-i
g
'>
3

Extinct.

—

CHIMJEROIDEI.

ft

1

x

1?

Derived

R,

Derived

ELASMOBRANCHII.

i

Also St Erth

T?

Cetorhinus maximus Linn.

T?,

0 R

x

Rondeleti, M. & It. •
Lamna (Otodus) obliqua, Ag.

R
R

X

• •

-•

x

Oxyrhina hastalis, Ag. (including

R

X

1

6. xiphodon).
Odontaspis elegans, Ag.

R

Partly derived

„ contortidens, Ag.

R

Notidanus gigas, Sismonda

R,

„ sp.

••

Myliobatis Dixoni, Ag.

R,

x

Derived

„ toliapica, Ag.

R

Derived

„ tumidens, S. Woodw. -

R

^Etobatis ....

R

Derived

Rhinoptera (Zygobatis) Wood-

~

wardi, Ag.
Ptychodus polygyrus, Ag. -

R

Raja clavata, Linn. -
„ batis, Linn.

R

X

X

X

X

••

X

„ sp.

R

X

Pristis

R

Squatina ^

R

Acanthias vulgaris, Risso. -

rived.

121

SUMMARY.

In the Pliocene strata of Britain 212 distinct species of Verte-
brata are known to occur ; about 20 of these have evidently been
derived from Eocene rocks, and several others have only been
genericaliy determined, or the species is somewhat uncertain.
After the elimination of these derived and doubtful forms, how-
ever, about 142 definite species remain, and it is these only which
are made use of in the following summary, although there are
about 190 species which may be accepted as constituting the
Vertebrata fauna of the British Pliocene deposits as at present
known.

The Nodule-bed below the Coralline Crag has rarely been
exposed, and consequently has yielded but few vertebrate remains ;
the specific determination of those which have been found is in
most cases uncertain, and the specimens themselves are not
accessible.

The Nodule-bed below the Red Crag is the horizon which has
been worked for " Coprolite?," and from it 68 species of verte-
brates have been obtained, six of which are now living, while 62
have become extinct. From the Coralline Crag itself only 15
species are known, five of which are living and 10 extinct. The
Ked Crag, properly speaking, that is, excluding the Nodule-bed at
its base, has yielded very few Vertebrata, only six species being
known, and three of these are living forms. The Norwich Crag
has given us 21 vetebrate species, of which five are still living.
From the Weybourn Crag only seven species are known, and five
of these are now living. From the Forest-bed Series of deposits
65 species have been obtained, and 45 of them are still living.

The following Table gives the above statistics in a more acces-
sible form, and at the same time indicates the proportion of the
species of Vertebrata which lived in earlier Pliocene times, as well
as the numbers of those which lived on to a later period, although
now extinct.

—

Number
of
Species.

Occur
also in
lower
beds.

Lived on
to a
later
period.

Living
species.

Extinct
species.

Per-
centage
of living
forms.

Nodule-bed below the Red Crag

68

20

6

62

8'8

Coralline Crag -

15

8

8

5

10

—

Red Crag -

6

5

5

3

3

-

Norwich Cra< ...

21

10

12

5

16

—

Weybourn ('rap -

7

5

6

5

2

-

Forest-bed

65

17

47

45

20

69'2

.

122 SUMMARY.

The Vertebrata, on account of their more specialised forms,
would be likely to change more rapidly than the Invertebrate,
and it might therefore be expected that they would be found to
yield data for the more definite division of the Pliocene horizons ;
but it will be obvious from a glance at the table that the mate-
rials available from the beds between the Nodule-bed and the
Forest-bed are quite insufficient for this purpose. With regard
to these two horizons it is interesting to note the great increase of
living species, for while in the former they comprise less than
9 per cent, of the fauna, yet in the latter they have advanced to
nearly 70 per cent.

This large proportion of living forms in the Forest-bed is,
however, to some extent due to the fishes, amphibia, reptiles,
birds, and small mammals being included, few of which have been
obtained from other Pliocene or Pleistocene horizons, and when
these are eliminated, leaving only the larger mammals, as in the
other horizons, about 40 species remain, of which 50 per cent,
are now living. About 80 per cent, of the British Pleistocene
mammals are still living.

The large number of recent species found in the Forest-bed
has been looked upon as a reascvn for including that series of
deposits with the Pleistocene rather than with the Pliocene ; this,
however, can scarcely be accepted in face of the facts just noticed.
Moreover a large proportion of the Deer which were abundant in
the Forest-bed times, died out before the deposition of those beds
which are generally accepted as of Pleistocene age. And besides
this the Forest-bed is linked on to the beds below by several
forms which do not pass to the beds above, and although that
essentially Pliocene mammal, the Mastodon, is absent from the
Forest-bed, yet this does not seem sufficient to outweigh the
evidence in favour of placing the Forest-bed in the Pliocene.
However, it is not of very great moment whether these deposits
are classed with the series just above or those below them ; and
happily there is a general agreement that the Forest-bed stands
between strata of undoubted Pliocene and Pleistocene age.

In all the Pliocene deposits there is a mingling of what appear
to be northern and southern animals. The land mammals of the
Nodule-bed include such sub-tropical genera as Hyaena, Ante-
lope, Tapir, Rhinoceros, Elephant, and Mastodon ; but with
these are a few which seem to indicate more temperate conditions,
and the Marine mammals may point to a still colder climate, for
some of the Cetacea are such as now inhabit the more northern
parts of this hemisphere. The fishes of the Nodule-bed again
point to a warmer climate.

From the Coralline Crag Cetacean remains have been obtained
which seem to indicate a temperate climate, and the large number
of fish Otoliths from this horizon all belong to Gadoids which are
common in temperate and northern seas, but are rare so far south
as the Mediterranean. Chrysophrys, Thynnus, and Platax, on
the other hand, may indicate warmer conditions.

SUMMARY. 128

The Forest-bed Vertebrata generally are temperate forms, but
with them are found such northern animals as the Glutton, Musk
Ox, Walrus, and Narwhal, as well as such southern genera as
Hya3na, Hippopotamus, Rhinoceros, Elephant, and Tunny.

It seems from a consideration of the Pliocene Vertebrata that
the climate of England in the earlier part of that period was
decidedly warmer than it is at the present day, and approached
sub-tropical conditions ; and that, notwithstanding minor varia-
tions which may have subsequently taken place, the general ten-
dency was to become colder, so that in the Forest-bed times the
climate was temperate, with, possibly, periods of greater heat and
still greater cold, perhaps partly due to continental conditions,
which at length culminated in the Glacial or Pleistocene Epoch.
The earliest Pleistocene deposit recognised being the <e Arctic
Freshwater Bed " of Norfolk, which is characterized by an assem-
blage of Arctic plants, and a Spermophilus, and occurs imme-
diately below the Boulder Clay.

The relations which the English Crags and Forest-bed bear to
the Pliocene strata of the continent of Europe are fully treated of
by my colleague Mr. Clement Reid in his Survey Memoir on the
" Pliocene Deposits of Britain," 1890.

124

LIST OP WORKS

WHICH MAY BE CONSULTED RELATIVE TO

BRITISH PLIOCENE VERTEBRATA.

SUPPLEMENTARY TO THAT GIVEN IN THE FOREST BED MEMOIR. See p. 3.

AGASSIZ, L. — Recherches sur les Poissons Fossiles, 1833-43.

BACKHOUSE, J. — On a Mandible of Machaerodus from the Forest-Bed.

Quart. Journ. Geol. floe., vol. xlii., p. 309, 1886.
BENEDKS, P. J. VAN. — Sur des ossements fossiles trouves dans les environs

de Saint Nicholas. Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, vol. x., p. 403,

1860.

Recherches sur les ossements provenant du Crag d'Anvers.

Les Squalodons. Mem. Ac. Roy. Belg., vol. xxxv., part. 3, 1865.

Recherches sur les Squalodons. Supplement. Ibid., vol. xxxvii.,
Part, v., 1869.

Eecherches sur quelques poisons fossiles de Belgique. Bull.
Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, vol. xxxi.,_p. 493, 1871.

Les Oiseaux de L'Argile Rupellienne et du Crag. Bull. Ac.
Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, vol. xxxii., p. 213, 1871.

Les Baleines fossiles d'Anvers. Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2,
vol. xxxiv., p. 6, 1872.

Les ossements fossiles du genre Aulocete an Musee de Linz.
Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, vol. xl.,_p. 536, 1875.

Les Thalassotheriens de Ealtringen. Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg.,
Ser. 2, vol. xli., p. 471, 1876.

Les Phoques fossiles dn bassin d'Anvers, Ibid. p. 783, 1876.

Un Mot sur le Selache (Hannovera) aurata, du crag d'Anvers.
Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, vol. xlii.,_p. 294, ]876.

Note sur un Cachalot nain dn crag d'Anvers. Bull. Ac. Roy.
Belg., Ser. 2, vol. xliv., p. 851, 1877.

Les Mysticetes a courts fanons des sables des environs d'An-
vers. Bull. Ac. Roy. Belg., Ser. 2, vol. 50, p. 11, 1880.

Sur un poisson fossile nouveau des environs de Bruxelles
et sur certain corps enigmatique du crag d'Anvers. Bull. Ac.
Roy. Belg., Ser. 3, vol. i., p. 116, 1681.

Description des Ossements Fossiles des environs d'Anvers.
Part 1, Ann. Mus. Roy. His. Nat. Belg., vol. i., 1877. Part 2,
ibid., vol. iv., 1880. Part 3, ibid., vol. vii., 1882. Part 4, ibid,
vol. ix., 1885.

BENEDEN, VAN and PAUL G-ERVAIS. — Osteographie des Cetaces, 1880.

CAPELLINI, G. — Sulla scoperta di uii gruppo di vertebre di vera Balena
nella sabbie gialle compatte plioceniche dei dintorni di Chiusi.
Mem. Ace. Sci. Inst. Bologna, Ser. 3, vol. iii., p. 1, 1873.

Delia Pietra Leccese e di Alcuni suoi Fossili. Mem. Ace.
Sci. Inst., Bologna, Ser. 3, vol. ix., p. 227, 1878.

Avanzi di Squalodonte nella Mollassa, Marnosa, Miocenica
del Bolognese. Mem. Ace. Sci. Inst., Bologna, Ser. 4, vol. ii.,
p. 413,1881.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 125

CAPELLINI, Gr. — .Di uii' Orca fossile scoperta a Getona in Tonicana.
Mem. Ace. Sci. Inst., Bologna, Ser. 4, vol. iv., p. 665, 1883.

Eesti Fossili di Dioplodon e Mesoplodon. Mem. Ace. Sci. Inst.,
Bologna, Ser. 4, vol. vi., p. 29.1, 1885.

Del. Zifioide Fossile (Choneziphius planirostris) scoperto nelle
sabbie plioceniche di Fangonero presso Sieria. Atti R. Ace.
Lincei, Ser. 4, vol. i., p. 18, 1885.

CHARLESWORTH, E. — Notice of the Tooth of Carcharias megalodon
occurring in the Ked Crag of Suffolk. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 2,
vol.i.,p. 225, 1837.

On the Occurrence of the genus Physeter (or Sperm Whale)
in the Eed Crag of Felixstow. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iv., No. 99,
p. 286, 1843, and Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. i., p. 40, 1845.

DAWKINS, W. BOYD. — On a New Species of Deer from the Norwich Crag.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxiv. p. 516, 1868.

Contributions to the History of the Deer of the European
Miocene and Pliocene Strata. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol.
xxxiv., p. 402, 1878.

On the alleged existence of Ovibos moschatus in the Forest Bed,
and its range in space and time. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
vol. xxxix.,^. 575, 1883.

A contribution to the History of the Pleiocene and Pleistocene
Deer. Part 1, Cervus verticornis, Cervus Savini. Proc. Boy. Soc.,
vol. 38, p. 345, 1885.

On a Skull of Ovibos moschatus from the Sea bottom. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xli., p. 242, 1885.

The British Pleistocene Mammalia— Cervidae. PaloBont. Soc.,
vol.forlSSQ, 1887.

On Ailurus anglicus, a new Carnivore from the Ked Crag.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliv.,_p. 228, 1888.

DEPEBET, C. — Nouvelles etudes sur les Ruminants pliocenes et quater-
naires d'Auvergne. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, Ser. 3, vol. xii.,
p. 247, 1884.

Description des Vertebres Foesiles du Terrain Pliocene du
Eoussillon. Ann. Sci. Geol., vol. xvii., p. 137, 1885.
Du Bus, LE VICOMTE. — Sur quelques Mammiferes du crag d'Anvers.
Bull. Ac. Eoy. Belg., Ser. 2, vol. xxiv., p. 562, 1867.

Sur differents Ziphiides nouveaux du crag d'Anvers. Bull.
Ac. Eoy. Belg., Ser. 2, vol. xxv., p. 621, 1868.

Mammiferes nouveaux du crag d'Anvers. Bull. Ac. Eoy. Belg.,
Ser. 2, vol. xxxiv., 4). 491, 1872.

FABRINI, EMILIO.— Machairodus (Megantereon) del Valdamo superiore.
Boll. Com. Geol. Ital, Ser. 3, vol. \,p. 361, 1890.

FILHOL, H.—- Etude des Mammiferes Fossiles de Saint Gerand-le-Puy
(Allier). Part I., Ann. Sci. Geol, vol. x., Art. 3, 1879. Part
II., ibid., vol. xi., Art. 1, 1880.

Etude des Mammiferes Fossiles de B/onzon (Haute-Loire.)
Ann. Sci. Geol., vol. xii., Art. 3, 1881.

FISHER, EEV. 0. — On the occurrence of Elephas meridionalis at Dew-
lish, Dorset. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., voLxliv., p. 818, 1888.

FLOWER, W. H. — Description of the Skull of a species of Halitherium
(H. Canhami) from the Red Crag of Suffolk. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., vol. xxx., p. 1, 1874.

Description of the skull of a species of Xiphodon, Cuvier.
Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 3, 1876.

1 26 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

FLOWER, W. H. — Note on the occurrence of the remains of Hysenarctos
in the Eed Crag of Suffolk. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol.
xxxiii., p. 534, 1877.

Catalogue.— Osteology and Dentition of Yertebrated Animals
recent and extinct, contained in the Museum of the Royal Col-
lege of Surgeons of England. Part II., 1884.

G-AUDEY, A. — Animaux fossiles du Leberon (Yaucluse). Compt. Eendu.,
15 April 1872.

GERVAIS, PAUL. — Note on Sphcerodus cinctus of Lawley. Journ. Zool,
vol. iv., p. 516, 1875.

G-UNN, J. — Elephas meridiorialis in the Eed Crag. Geol. Mag., vol. vi.,
p. 143, 1869.

Elephas meridionalis in the Norwich Crag. Ibid., p. 237.
" Memorials of John Ghinn." 8vo. 1891.

HIGGINS, E. T. — On the Otolites of Fish and their value as a test
in verifying recent and fossil Species. Journ. Linn. Soc.,
Zool, vol. ix.,p. 157, 1867,

HUXLEY, T. H. — On the Cetacean Fossils termed " Ziphius " by Cuvier,
with a notice of a new species (Belemnoziphius compressus)
from the Eed Crag. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xx., p. 388,
1864.

KOKEN, ERNST. — Ueber Fisch-Otolithen, insbesondere iiber diejenigen
der norddeutschen Oligocan-Abiagerungen. Zeitsch. deutsch. geol.
Ges., 1884, p. 500, and 1888, p. 274.

Ueber die Miocanen Saugethier-Eeste von Kieferstadtl in
Oberschlesien und iiber Hycenarctos minutus, Schlosser, MS.
Sitzbr. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, Nr. 3, p. 47, 1888.

LANKESTER, E. EAY. — New species of Fish from the Crag. Geologist,
vol.vi.,p. 110, 1863.

On a new species of Hyaena from the Eed Crag of Suffolk.
Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 3, vol. xiii., p. 56, 1864.

On new Mammalia from the Eed Crag. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.,
Ser. 3, vol. xiv., p. 353, 1864.

On the Crags of Suffolk and Antwerp. Geol. Mag., vol. ii.,
pp. 103 and 149, 1865.

On the Sources of the Mammalian Fossils of the Eed Crag,
and on the Discovery of a new Mammal in that Deposit allied
to the "Walrus. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxi., p. 221, 1865,
and Geol. Mag., vol. ii., p. 128, 1865 ; also Trans. Linn. Soc.,
Ser. 2, Zool, vol. ii., part 3, p. 213, 1882.

On the structure of the Tooth of ZipTiius Sowerbiensis, and
on some Fossil Cetacean Teeth. Trans. Micr. Soc., Ser. 2,
vol. xv,, p. 55, 1867.

The Suffolk Bone-bed and the Diestien or Black Crag in
England. Geol. Mag., vol. v., p. 254, 1868.

The Mammalia of the Crag. Geol Mag., vol. vi., p. 47, 1869.

Elephas meridionalis in the Norwich Crag. Geol Mag., vol. vi.,
p. 190, 1869.

Note on a New Trilophodont Crag Mastodon. Geol. Mag.,
vol. vi., p. 355, 1869.

Contributions to a knowledge of the Newer Tertiaries of Suffolk
and their Fauna. Quart. Journ. Geol Soc., vol. xxvi., p. 493,
1870.

A New Ziphioid Cetacean from the Suffolk Bone-bed (Chone-
ziphius Packardi). Ibid., p. 502, 1870.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 127

LAWLEY, R. — Dei Eesti di Pcsci fossili del Pliocene Toscano. Atti
Soc. Tosc. Nat. Sci. Pisa, vol. i., fasc. 1, p. 59, 1875.

Observation sur une Machoire fossile provenant du genre
Sphserodus, trouvee en Toscane dans le Pliocene de Yolterrano.
Journ. Zool., vol. iv., p. 511, and Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat. Pisa,
vol. ii., p. 60., 1876.

Studi comparativi sui Pesci fossili coi viventi dei generi
Carcharodon, Oxyrhina e Galeocerdo. 4to. Pisa, 1881.

LE HON, H. — Preliminaires d'un Memoir sur les Poissons Tertiaires de
Belgique. Bruxelles, 1871.

IrtDEKKEB,, R. — Sewalik Mammalia. Palceont. Indica, Ser. 10., vol. ii.,
1881-84.

Notes on some Fossil Carnivora and Rodentia. Geol. Mag.,
Dec. 3, vol. i., p, 442, 1884.

Catalogues of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum
(Natural History), 1885-87.

On a mandible of Maehserodus from the Forest Bed. Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., p. 309, 1886.

Note on some Yertebrata from the Red Crag. Ibid., p. 364.
1886.

The Cetacea of the Suffolk Crag. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,
vol. xliii., p. 7, 1887.

On a Molar of a Pliocene type of Equus from Nubia. Ibid.,
p. 161, 1887.

On the Occurrence of the Striped HyaBna in the Tertiary of
the Yal d'Arno. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.. vol. xlvi., p. 62, 1890.

MACKIE, S. J. — Some Bits of Horns from Folkestone. Geologist, vol. iv.,
p. 465, 1861.

MAJOR, C. J. FORSYTE. — Considerazioni sulla Fauna Mammiferi plio-
cenici e post pliocenici della Toscana. Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat.,
vol. i.. fasc. 1. p. 7, 1875, fasc. 3, p. 223, 1876, vol. Hi., p. 207,
1878.

Alcune Parole sulla Sphcerodus cinctus (di Lawley) del Pliocene
Yolterrano. Atti Soc. Tosc. Sci. Nat., vol. iv., p. Ill, 1879.

On the Mammalian Fauna of the Yal d'Arno. Quart. Journ.
Geol. Soc., vol. xli., p. 1, 1885.

NEWTON, E. T.— The Yertebrata of the Forest Bed. Mem. Geol. Surv.,
1882.

On the occurrence of the Cave Hyaena in the Forest Bed at
Gorton Cliff, Suffolk. Geol. Mag., Dec. 2, vol. x.,j>. 433, 1883.

Note on some recent additions to the Yertebrate Fauna of
the Norfolk " Preglacial Forest Bed." Geol. Mag., Dec. 3,
vol. iv., p. 145, 1887.

Some additions to the Yertebrate Fauna of the Norfolk " Pre-
glacial Forest Bed," with description of a new species of Deer
(Cervus rectus). Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, vol. vi., p. 145, 1889.

On the occurrence of Antelope remains in the newer Pliocene
Beds in Britain, with the description of a new species, Gazella
anglica. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xl., p. 280, 1884.

A contribution to the History of the Cetacea of the Norfolk
Forest Bed. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii., p. 316, 1886.

On some new Mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags.
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvi.,^?. 444, 1890.

On the occurrence of the Tunny (Thynnus thynnus) in the
Cromer. " Forest Bed." Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, vol. vii., p. 264, 1890.

128 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

NOETLING, FRITZ. — Die Fauna des samlandischen Tertiars. Abliandl.

geol. Specialkarte Preuss., vol. vi., Heft 3. 1885.

OWEX, R. — In C. Lyell's paper, On the discovery of Fossil Teeth of a
Leopard, Bear, and other animals in a Crag Pit at Newbourn,
in Suffolk. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iv., p. 186, 1840.

Eeport 011 the British Fossil Mammalia. Brit. Assoc. Rep.
for 1842, p. 54, and for 1843, p. 208.

Appendix to Professor Henslow's Paper, consisting of a Des-
cription of the Fossil Tympanic Bones referable to four distinct
species of Balsena. Proc. Geol. Soc., vol. iv.,j9. 283, 1843, and
Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1, p. 37,1845.

Description of some Mammalian Fossils from the Red Crag
of Suffolk. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xii., p. 217, 1856.

British Fossil Cetacea from the Crag. Pal. Soc. for 1869, 1870.

PRESTWICH, J. — On the Structure of the Crag Beds of Norfolk and
Suffolk. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii., pp. 115, 325, 452,
1871.

PROBST, J. — Beitrage zur Kenntniss der fossilen Fische aus der Molasse
von Baltringen. JaJiresJi. Ver. Nat. Wiirtt., vol. xxxv., p. 126,
1879. Stuttgart.

RUTIMEYER, L. — Beitrage zu einer natiirlichen Geschichte der Hirsch.
AbJiandL schweiz. pal. Ges., vol. viii , 1881.

RUTOT, A. — Note sur 1'extensioii de Lamna elegans, Ag., a travers les
terrains cretace et tertiarc? Ann. Soc. Geol. Belg., vol. ii.,
Memoires, p. 34, 1875.

STORMS, RAYMOND. — Sur la presence du Genre Thynnus dans les depots
Pliocene des Environs d'Anvers. Bull. Soc. Beige Geol., vol. iii.,
p. 163, 1889.

TAYLOR, J. E. — On the occurrence of Elephant remains in the Base-
ment Bed of the Red Crag. Brit. Assoc. Rep. for 1873, _p. 91,
1874 ; a fuller account of this paper appeared in the " Bradford
Observer," Sept. 22, 1873.

VINCENT, G. — Documents relatifs aux Sables Pliocenes a " Chrysodomus
contraria " d'Aiivers. Bull. Soc. Malac. Belg., vol. xxiv.,
p. xxviii., 1889.

VIGUIER, M. — Etude sur le Pliocene de Montpellier. Bull. Soc. Geol.
France, Ser. 3, vol. xvii., p. 379, 1889.

WEITHOFER, A. — Ueber die tertiaren Landsaugethiere Italiens. Jahrb. k.k.
geol. Reichsanstalt, vol. xxxix., p. 55, 1889.

WHITAKER, W. — The Geology of the Country around Ipswich, &c. Mem.
Geol. Surv. England and Walss, 1885.

WOODWARD, A. SMITH. — On the Palaeontology of the Selachian genus
Notidanus, Cuvier. Geol. Mag., Dec. 3, vol. iii., p. 205, 1886.

Catalogue of the Fossil Fishes in the British Museum (Natural
History), Part I., Elasmobranchii, 1889.

Evidence of a Fossil Tunny from the Coralline Crag. Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. v.,p. 294, 1890.

WOODWARD, A. SMITH, and C. DAVIES SHERBORN.— A catalogue of British
Fossil Vertebrata, 1890.

WOODWARD, H. B.-— The Geology of the Country around Norwich.
Mem. Geol. Surv. England and Wales, 1881.

Memorials of John Gunn. 8vo. Norwich, 1891.

129

INDEX

Abramis brama, 98.

Acanthias vulgaris, 113.

Acerina vulgaris, 88.

Acipemer, 100.

Adams, Dr. Leith, Pliocene Elephas, 45,

46, 47.

JEtobatis, 109, 110.

Africa, North, Fossil Mammals, 38, 46,
Agassiz, L., Crag Fishes, 103, 105, 107.
Ailurus anglicus, 13.

fulgens, 13.

Alachtherium Cretsii, 18.

Albatross, 85.

A Ices latifrons, 33.

Alcoy, Spain, Miocene Hyanarctos, 15.

Aldborough, Crag vertebrates, 12, 93.

Aldeby, Crag vertebrates, 18, 79, 84.

Alexander, Col., Crag fossils found by, 8,

24, 85, 99.

Algeria, Hipparion, 38.
Alston, E. K., on Mustela and Martes,

10.
— and Blackmore, on Fossil Arvi-

colce, 53.

America, Mastodon, 42.
North, fossil shark's teeth, 103,

104, 106.
Amphibia, 87.
Anarrhichas lupus, 91.
Anas, 84.

Angel, T. P., Forest-bed Hyaxm, 7.
Angler-fish, 92.
Anoplotherium, 33.
Anser, 84.

Antigiana, Piedmont, Chrysophrys, 89.
Antilope, 23.
Antwerp Crag, Cetacea, 58-69, 72, 73, 75,

and 78. Fishes, 89, 90, 97, 102, 103,

106, 111.
Arius, 97.
Artiodactyla, 21.
Arvicola amphibius, 52.

arvalis, 52.

- campestris, 82.

glareolus, 53.

gregalis, 53.

intermedius, 52, 53.

nivalis, 53.

See also Microtus.

Auvergne, Mammals, 5, 16, 46.

Aves, 83.

Axis, 31.

Azof, Sea of, Trogontherium, 51.

o 63855.

B.

Backhouse, Jas., Forest-bed Mammals in

collection of, 6, 7, 27, 32, 57.
Bacton, Forest-bed Mammals, 28, 33, 56.
Badger, supposed, from Eed Crag, 82.
Baker Collection, Crag Mammals in, 2, 4,

7,42.

Balcena, 57, 58, 59.
affinis, 58.

- australis, 59.

balanopsis, 58, 59, 60.

- biscayensis, 57, 59.

gibbosa, 62.

insignis, 58, 59.

primigenia, 58, 59.

Balaenidse, 57.
Balcenodon, 58, 66.

physaloides, 57, 65, 66, 67.

Balcznoptera, 61, 63.

borealina, 62.

definita, 61.

emarginata, 62.

Goropi, 61, 62.

-< musculoides, 62, 63.

rostratella, 62.

Sibbaldina, 61.

Balcenotus, 59.

Balanula, 59, 60.

Baltringen, Squatina from Molasse of,

113.

Bank Vole, 53.
Barbel, 97.
Barbus vulgaris, 97.
Barker Collection, Forest-bed Birds in,

83, 84.

Basking-Shark, 102.
Bawdsey, Eed Crag Equus, 37.
Bealings, Little, Ked Crag Fishes, 102,

112.

Bealings, Moor collection at, 15.
Beaver, 49.
Bear, Cave, 17.

grizzly, 16.

Bearded Seal, 19.

Beccles Old Abbey, uncertainty of locality,

81.

Beeston, Forest-bed fossils from, 56, 88.
Belemnoziphius, 72.

compressus, 73.

Belgian Crag, Mammals, 18, 68.
Fishes, 90, 104, 106.

See also Antwerp Crag.
Bell, R. and A., Crag Mammals, 4, 9, 18,

21, 25, 35, 37, 52-54, 57, 65, 82.

Fishes, 93, 94, 95, 99, 102, 106, 109.
I

130

INDEX.

Beneden, Prof. Van, Crag Mammals, 18,

20, 58-69, 71, 73-75, 78, 81. Fishes,

89, 90, 97, 102.

Bernstein formation, Elasmodus, 101.
Bibliographies, Pliocene, 3, 124.
Bison, 23.

bonasus, 21, 22.

priscus, 2 1 .

Blackheath nr. Ipswich, Cetacean rostrum,

73.
Blackmore and Alston on fossil Arvicola,

53.

Blainville, Otter from Sansan, 12.
Blanford, W. T., on Ailurus, 14.
Bleadon Cave, Felis, 5.
Blue Shark, great, 104.
Boar, Wild, 36.
Bos or Bison, 21, 23.

primigenius, 21.

Bottle-nosed Dolphin, 80.

Boyton, Crag Mammals, 9, 21, 23, 50.

Fishes, 94, 109, 112.
Bramerton, Norwich Crag Mammals, 13,

18, 54. Fishes, 93, 94, 96, 100.
Bream, 98.

Brickearth, Macacus, 4.
Narwhal, 79.

See also Pleistocene, 114.

Bridlington Crapr, Fishes, 89, 90, 111.
British Museum ; see Museum.
Brussels Museum ; see Museum.
Bubo maxinws, 83.

• ignavus, 83.
Bufo, 87.
Burtinopsis, 60, 61.

Butley, Red Crag fossils, 13, 54, 103.

Butterfly-bones, 89.

Buxton Collection, Zygobatis Woodwardi,

from Norfolk Crag in, 110.
Buxton, Rev. F., Ovibos from Forest-bed,

in Collection of, 22.

c.

Cachalot (or Sperm Whale), 65, 66.
Cambridge Museum ; see Museum.
Canary Isles, fossil Oxyrhina, 106.
Canham, Rev. H., collection of, 2.
Crag Mammals, 4, 35,

48, 74.
Canis, 8, 17.

lupus, 8.

primigenius, 8, 9, 10.

vulpes, 9.

Cape de Verde Isles, fossil Oxyrhina,

106.
Capellini, Prof. G., Pliocene Cetacea, 58,

62, 70, 72, 73, 76.
Capreolus caprea, 30, 33.
Caprovis Savini, 22.
Carcharodon, 103, 106.

• angustidens, 104.

etruscus, 104.

• megalodon, 103, 104.

Rondeleti, 104.

Carnivore tooth, doubtful, 17.
Casino, Italy, Tapirus, 41.
Castor europceus, 49, 50.
fiber, 49, 50.

issiodorense, 50.

trogontherium, 51.

veterior, 50, 51.

Cavel, E., collection of, 2.

Crag Mammals, 21, 24, 42, 44,

78.

Cave-Bear, 17.

Caves ; see Pleistocene in table, p. 114.

Cephalogale Geoffroyi, 17.

Cervulus dicranoceros, 24.

Cervus, 23, 24, 25.

• anoceros, 24.

Carnivora, 4.

• - sulcidens, 104.

-— ardeus, 25.

— bovides, 33.

— Browni, 28.

— capreolus, 33.

— carnutorum, 26.

— dama, 28.

-- Dawkinsi, 26, 27.

— dicranios, 31 1

— dicranoceros, 32.

— elaphus, 27.

32.

etueriarum, 27, 28.

FitchiL 26, 27, 28.

-s Falconeri, 28.

giganteus, 29.

. — Gunnii, 26, 27, 28.

latifrons, 33.

meqaceros, 29.

polignacus, 29.

rectus, 30.

•-- Savini; 30.

Sedgwicki, 31.

suttonensis, 24, 31

tetraceros, 32.

tetracroceros, 32.

trigunoceros, 24.

verticornis, 26, 32.

Cetacea, 57.

Cetona, Italy, Pliocene Delphinoid, 76.
Cetorhinus maximus, 102.
Cetotherium, 63.

brevifrons, 64.

Brialmonti, 63.

dubium, 63.

Hupschi, 64.

Chalk of Maestricht, Odontaspis elegans,

"Challenger," Carcharodon, dredged by

in Pacific, 104.
Charlesworth, E. Crag vertebrates, 14,

65, 103.
Chelonia, 86.

Chili, fossil Carcharodon, 105.
Chillesford-beds, Mammals, 18, 26, 42, 57,

79 ; Guillemot, 84.
Chimasroidei, 101.
China, Hyanarctos, 14.
Chiusi, near Pisa, Pliocene Baltena

etrusca, 58.
Choneziphius, 69, 72, 74.

Packardi, 69, 71. •

planirostris, 69, 70, 71.

planus, 69, 71.

INDEX.

131

Chrysopkrys, 88, 91, 92.

'• > Agassizii, 89.

aurata, 89.

Hennii, 89.

— Lawleyi, 100.

Chub, 98.

Climate in Pliocene times, 122.

Coal-fish, or Green Cod, 93, 96.

Cod-fish, 93.

Ccelorhynchus, 101.

Colchester, W., Crag Mammals found by

5, 15, 72.

Collections of Crag Vertebrates, 2.
Colman Museum, see Museum.
Conodontes Boisvillettii, 51.
Contents, iii.
Coralline Crag, 3.

— • vertebrata from, 114.

Cormorant, 83.

Corsica, Miocene Oxyrhina, 106.

Gorton, Forest-bed Hyaena, 6.

Coryphodon eocenus, 41.

Cotton collection, Diomedea from Ilford,

85.

Cottus scorpius, 99.
Covehythe, Cetacean cranium, 64.
Crag fossils, condition of, 1.
Croatia, Pliocene Mastodon, 43.
Crowfoot, Dr. W. M., collectiou of, 2.
Pliocene vertebrates,

18, 27, 30, 84.

Cuvier on Trogontheriurn, 51.
Cetacean rostrum from Antwerp,

69, 72.

D.

Davies, W., Ovibos from Pleistocene, 22.

Pliocene Mammals, 9, 14, 27.

Dawkins, Prof. W. Boyd, Pliocene Car-

nivora, 5, 9, 13-16. Uugulata, 22, 24,

26-28, 30-33, 40.
Delphinapterus leucas, 79.
Delphinidse, 76.
Delphinoid petrotympanics, undetermined,

80.
Delphinus, 57, 79.

Delannoyi, 81.

delphis, 79.

orcoides, 77, 78.

tursio, 80.

uncidens, 77, 78, 81.

Wasii, 81.

Dept'ret, Pliocene Rhinoceros, 40.
Desman, Russian, 56.
Dewlish, Dorset, Elephas meridionalis, 46.
Diomedea chlororhyncha, 85.

exulans, 85.

melanophrys, 85.

Dioplodon Becani, 72.

Distribution of Pliocene vertebrata, table

of, 1 1 4.
Dog? 17.
Dog-fish. Piked, 113.

Dolphin, 79.

Dowson, E. T., collection of, 2.

• Pliocene vertebrates, 18,

84, 86.

Du Bus, M., Crag Cetacea, 65, 66, 68.
Duck, 84.
Dupont, M., 66.
Duvernoy, Choneziphius, 69.

E.

Eagle-owl, 83.

Easton Bavent, Ungulates, 21, 24, 42.

Edaphodon, 101.

Egertou, Sir Philip, Elasmodus, 101.

Elasmobranchii, 102.

Elasmodus Hunteri, 101.

Elephas antiquus, 45, 46, 47.

-• meridionalis, 45, 46, 47.

primigenius, 45, 47.

Elk, Irish, 29.

Ephippius, 90.

Eppelsheim, Mammals, 5, 6, 25, 35, 36,

41,44.
Equus, 38.

caballus, 36, 37.

fossilis, 36, 37.

plicidens, 37.

Stenonis, 36, 37.

Erignathus, 19.

Esox lucius, 99.

Eucetus amblyodon, 65, 66.

Eusmilus, 6.

F.

Fabrini, Dr. E, Mach&rodus, 6.
Falconer, Dr, Hugh, Pliocene Mammals,

5, 28, 32, 39, 42-47.
Falkenham, Red Crag, Elephas, 46.
Faluns de Roman, Hoplocetus, 68.
Fclis, 4.

antediluviana, 5.

catus, 82.

pardiuensis, 5.

pardoides, 4, 5.

pardus, Pleistocene, 5.

Felixstow, Red Crag Mammals, 7, 13, 14,

25, 37, 45, 48, 51, 64, 66, 71. Fishes,

90, 104, 108.
Field mouse, 52.

vole, 53.

Fin Whale, 63.

Fischer, M. Gothelf, Trogontherium, 51.
Fisher, Rev. O., Crag Elephas, 45, 46.
Fitch, Robert, Collection of, 2. Pliocene

vertebrates, 4,6,8, 11, 12, 15,25, 36,

37, 46, 90, 108.
Flower, Prof. W. H., Crag vertebrates,

2, 14, 18, 34, 36, 41, 48, 74, 77, 84, 102.
Forest-bed, 3.

, vertebrata from, 114.

, a Pliocene deposit, 122.

i 2

132

INDEX.

Forsyth, Major, oil Spharodus, 100.

Foxhall, Red Crag vertebrates, 12, 18, 19,

48, 61, 85.
France, Pliocene and Miocene vertebrates,

5,6, 12, 15,16, 26,28,29,32, 37-41,

43, 44, 46, 50, 51, 64, 68, 69, 89, 104,

106.

Frog, common, 86.
edible, 86.

G.

Gadus, 93.

aglefinus, 94, 96.

elegans, 96, 97.

luscus, 94.

merlangus, 95.

minutus, 95.

. morrhua, 93.

pollachius, 96.

. pseudaglefinus, 93, 96.

— — virens, 96.
Galeus cam's, 102.
Ganoidei, 100.
Gazella nnglica, 23.

. borbonica, 24.

Gedgrave, Coralline Crag, Ruminant, 24.
Cetacean, 80. Fishes, 89, 91, 111, 112.
Geological Society ; see Museum.
Germany, Pliocene and Miocene verte-
brates, 5, 6, 25, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 43,
44, 101, 106, 113.

Gerrard, E. Ked Crag Diomedea, 85.
Gervais, Paul, Hy anarchs, 16. Crag
Cetacea, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75, 78.
Fishes, 89, 100, 104. Pleistocene Tur-
siops, 80.
Gibbes, R. W. Carcharodan in North

America, 105.
Globicephalus, 77, 78.

melas, 78.

uncidens, 77, 81.

Glutton, 11.

Goose, 84.

Grampus, or Killer, 76.

Grays, Essex, Pleistocene Tursiops from,

80.

Great Blue Shark, 104.
Greece, Pliocene Mammals, 6, 35, 38.
Green Cod, or Coal-Fish, 93, 96.
Green, Rev. Chas., Forest-bed specimens

in collection of, 33, 98.
Guillemot, 84.
Gulo luscus, 11.

Gunn, J., Norwich Crag Wild Cat, 4, 82.

Forest-bed Cervidae, 28, 29, 30, 33.

Forest-bed and Crag Ungulates, 35, 42,

43, 45-47.

Gunther, Dr. A., Crag Gadoid, 93.

distribution of Basking

Shark, 103. Of Great Blue Shark
105.
Gyrodus, 100.

H.

tlaast, Julius von, Mesoplodon Floweri,

74.
Haddock, 93, 96.

species allied to, 94.
Halitherium Canhami, 48.
Hannover a aurata, 103.
Happisburgh, Forest-bed vertebrates, 33,

88.
Harris, Frank H., Crag Collection, 2.

Red Crag Walrus tusk, 18.

Hasborough ; see Happisburgh.

Hasse, M. C., Basking Shark from Ant-
werp Crag, 103.

Herault, Pliocene Chrysopkrys, 89.

Herpetocetus scaldiensis, 64.

Heterocetus, 63, 64.

Higgins, E. T., on Fish Otoliths, 93, 94,
96.

Hipparion graciie, 37.

Hippopotamus major, 34.

amphibius, 34.

Homocetus Villersi, 67.
Hoplocetus, 68, 75.

„ Borgherhoutensis, 68.

crassidens, 68.

curvidens, 69.

Hornsea, Perch from Post Glacial beds at,

88.
Horstead, Norwich Crag Ungulates, 23,

32, 47.
Huxley, Prof. T. H., Red Crag Belemno-

ziphius, 57, 72, 73.
Hungary, Pliocene Mastodon, 44.
Hyana antiqua, 7.

crocuta, 6, 7.

striata, 4, 7.

Hycetiarctos, 14.

minutus, 7.

sivalensis, 14.

Hycenodon, 10.

Hyracotherium leporinum, 41.
Hyperoodon, 65, 69.
rostratus, 69.

I.

Ilford, Brickearth, Diomedea, 85.

India, Pliocene Carnivora, 6, 14.

Insectivora, 55.

Introduction, 1.

Ipswich Museum ; see Museum.

Irish deer, 29.

Issoir, Tapirus, 41.

Italy, Pliocene Ungulata, 31, 35, 37, 39,
41, 44, 47. Rodent, 54. Cetacea, 58,
62, 72, 73, 76, 78. Fishes, 89, 100, 103,
104, 106, 108, 111. Miocene Hyanarc-
tos, 15. See also Val d'Arno.

INDEX.

133

J.

.lesson, T ., Mammals from Red Crag. 19,
54.

Johnson, Randall, Collection, 2 ; speci-
mens in, 23, 33, 47.

K.

Kendal, P. F., Coal-fish otolith from

Coralline Crag, 96.
Kessingland, Pliocene Vertebrata, 5, 6, 8,

17, 27, 32, 88.
Killer or Grampus, 76.
King Collection, Forest-bed vertebrates in,

5, 8, 26, 27.
King, Dr. A., Norwich Crag Gazella and

Cervus, 23, 25.

Kogia, some vertebra) resembling, 82.
Koken, Ernest, Hyccnarctos minutus, 16.

Fossil otolith, 96.

L.

Labrus, 92.

Lagenorhynchus acutus, 81.

Lamna, 105, 106.

contortidcns, 106, 107.

elegans, 106, 107.

Hopei, 106, 107.

obliqua, 105.

Lamplugh, Fishes from Bridlington Crag,
89, 90, 111.

Lankester, Prof. E. Ray, Pliocene Mam-
mals, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 35, 37, 38.
Crag Gadoid fish, 93.

Lartet, E., on Myogale, 56.

Lawley, 11., Italian Pliocene Fishes, 100,
103-106, 108.

Leach, R. E., Norwich Crag, Birds, 85.

Le Hon, Carcharodon from Belgian Plio-
cene, 104, 105.

Leopard, 5.

Lepidotus maximus, 100.

Lepine, Rev. J. Foster, 2.

Lepust cuniciilus, 54.

Leuciscus, 97.

cephalus, 98.
— erythrophthalmus, 98.
rutilis, 97.

Lisbon, Pliocene Cetacean, 64.

Lombardy, Arvicola from Lignites of, 54.

Lophius piscatorius, 92.

Louvain, Cetacean, 64.

Lutra cinerea, 13.

dubia, 112.

hessica, 13.

•— — Reevei, 13.

vulgaris, 11, 12.

Lydekker, R., microscopic examination
of Cetacean teeth, 66.

Pliocene Garni vora, 4, 6,

7, 9, 11, 14. Ungulata, 22, 24, 35-44.
Cetacea, 57-72, 75, 76, 78-82. Dio-
medea, 85.

Lyell, C., Forest-bed Sus scrofa, 36.

M.

Macacus pliocenus, 4.
Machcerodus crenatidens, 6.

cultridens, 5, 6.

Mackie, S. J., Cervus tetracroceros, 32.
Malta, Miocene Fishes, 89, 103, 104, 106.
Mammalia, 4.
Mammals said to occur in English Crags,

82.

Marshall collection, 2.
Marten, 10.
Martes sylvalica, 10.
Mastodon angustidens, 42.

— arvernensis, 42, 43.

Borsoni, 42, 43, 44.

lo?igirostris, 42, 44.

•• ohioticus, 44.

tapiroides, 42, 44.

Megaceros hibernicus, 29.
Megaptera affinis, 60.

boops, 61.

— minuta, 61.

similis, 60.

Megapteropsis robusta, 60.
Melbourn, fossil Oxyrhina, 106.
Meles taxus, not a Crag form, 82.
Mergulus, 85.
Mesoplodon, 69, 71, 72.

angulatus, 73.

angustus, 73.

compressus, 73.

Floris, 74.

— Floweri, 74.

— gibbus, 73.

— longirostris, 72.

— scaphoides, 74.

— tenuirostris, 73.

Mexico, Mastodon, 42,

Microscopic examination of Cetacean

teeth, 66.
Microtus amphibius, 52.

• • -.. arvalis, 52.

glareolus, 53.

— — gregalis, 53.

intermedium, 52, 53.

nivalis, 53.

Middleton collection, 2.

Mole, 55.

Molge, 87.

Monodon monoceros, 78, 79.

Mont Leberon, Pliocene Macfuerodus, 6.

Montpellier, Pliocene mammals, 15, 16,

41, 43, 64, 69. Fishes, 89, 104, 106.
Mont Perrier, Pliocene Mammals, 6, 26,

43, 50.
Moor, E. C., collection of, 2. Crag,

Mammals, 12, 15, 19, 20, 41, 51.

Fishes, 97, 102, 112.
Moore, E. St. F., collection of, 2.
Moschus moschiferus, 24.
Mouse, Field, 52.
Mundesley, Forest-bed Carnivora, 11, 16.

Fishes, 77, 88, 100.

134

INDEX.

Museum, British, Crag Collection, 2.
Pliocene Mammals, 5, 7, 9, 14, 15, 21,
23, 28. 32, 38, 41, 43, 46, 49, 58, 59, 60,
62-67, 70, 73, 74, 78, 81. lleptilia, 86.
Fishes, 90, 92, 104, 105, 106, 108, 110,
112.

. , Brussels, Crag Cetacea, 58, 61,

64, 66, 78, 81.

1 Cambridge, Ovibos from Forest-
bed, 22. Cetacean Cranium, 64.

, Colman, J. J., 2. Pliocene verte-
brates, 6, 23, 47.

, Geological Society, Crag Ele-
phant, 45. Rodents, 49, 52.

, Ipswich, Crag collection, 2.

Mammalia, 4, 7, 21, 25, 35, 41, 60, 61,
62, 64, 69, 75. Chelonia, 86. Fishes,
92, 100, 101, 108, 109, 111.

, Norwich, Crag collection, 2.

Pliocene vertebrates, 28, 79, 85.

of Practical Geology, Pliocene

vertebrates, 2. Forest- bed, Carnivora,
5, 8. Pliocene Ungulates, 21, 23, 24,
25,27,32,37,41,44, 45, 46. Sirenia,
48. Rodents, 48, 50, 54. Cetacea, 58,
60-66, 69, 70, 72,- 74, 76, 78-81. Bird,
85. Reptile, 86. Fishes, 88-90, 92-
96, 99-101, 103, 107-112.

Museum, Owen's College. Manchester,
Forest-bed Snake vertebra, 86.

, Royal College of Surgeons, Red

Crag Mammals, 34, 62, 63, 64. Skele-
tons compared, 56, 76, 80, 91.

, Wisbeach, peculiar Crag tooth,

17.

, York, Crag collection, 2. Red

Crag Carnivora, 4, 7-9, 13-16, 20.
Ungulata, 31, 35, 37, 41-43, 46. Hali-
therium, 48. Beaver, 50. Cetacea, 75,
79. Fishes, 90, 100, 108, 112.

Musk-ox, 22.

Mustela martes, 10.

pulorius, 11.

Mus sylvaticus, 52.

Myliobatis Di.voni, 109.

jugosus, 1 1 0»

suturalis, 109.

. . toliapica, 109.

tumidens, 110.

Myogale moschata, 56.

pyrcenaica, 56.

N.

Narwhal, 78.

Newbourn, Crag Mammals, 5, 15, 51, 82.

Newt, 87.

New Zealand, Fossil fishes, 105, 106.

Nodule- bed of Crags, position of, 3.

• Vertebrata from, 1 1 4.

Noetlinp, Dr. Fritz, Elasmodus from

Miocene of Samland, 101.
Norwich Crag, 3.

Vertebrata from, 114.

Norwich Museum ; see Museum.

Notidanus yiyas, 108.

Meneyhini, 108.

microdon, 108.

primigenius, 108.

o.

Odoutaspis, 105, 106.

• contortidens, 106, 107.

: — elegans, 106, 107.

Hope.i, 106, 107.

Oligocene, Odontaspis el cyans, 107.

Orca, 76, 78.

citoniensis, 76, 77.

gladiator, 76, 77.

meridionalis , 77.

Orciano, Italy, Pliocene Cetacea, 73.

Orford, Coralline Crag vertebrates, 11, 80,
85, 105, 111.

Ostend, near Bacton, Forest-bed squirrel,
49. Fishes, 88, 98.

Otodus, 105, 106.

obliquus, 105.

Otoliths of Gadoids from Crags, 93.

Otolithus elegans, 96.

Otter, 11.

Overstrard, Forest-bed vertebrates, 8, 19,
'22, 79, 92.

Owen, Sir Richard, 2. On Pleistocene
Macacus pliocemts, 4. Machcerodus, 6.
Ovibos, 22. Pliocene Carnivora, 4, 5,
8,* 10, 11, 15, 19. Ungulata, 24, 25, 29,
33-42. Rodents, 49, 51-53. Insecti-
vora, 55, 56. Cetacea, 57, 58, 61, 62,
65, 66, 68, 71,72, 73, 77, 82.

Owen's College Museum ; see Museum.

Ox, 23.

Oxyrhina Agassizi, 106.

hast a Us, 106.

— xyphodon, 106.

P.

Pagrus pileatus, 90.
-- torus, 90.

Orca,

Pakefield, Forest-bed Cervus, 32.

76 ; see also Kessingland.
Palaodelphis, 68.
Palceospalax magnus, 56.
Peat deposits, Pleistocene, in table, 114.
Pelias berus, 86.
Perch, 88.

Percafluviatilis, 88.
Perissodactyla, 36.
Perpignan, Tapirus, 41.
Persia, Hipparion, 38.
Phalacrocorax car bo, 83.
Phillips, Prof., on Badger from Crag, 82.
Philps, Rev. A. D., Red Crag, Chonezi-

phius, 2, 70.
P/ioca, 18.

barbata, 19.

Moori, 19.

vitulina, 19.

vitulinoides, 19.

INDEX.

J35

Phocana communis, 80.

Phocanella minor, 19.

Phyllodus, 92.

Physeter macrocephalus, 65, 67.

Physeterula Dubusii, 67.

Physeterida1, 65.

Physeteroid teeth, microscopic examina-
tion of, 66.

Physo don fusiformis ,68.

• yrandis, 68.

Piedmont, Pliocene, Mastodon, 44, Chry-
sophrys, 89.

Pigmy Shrew, 55.

Pike, 99.

Piked Dog-fish, 113.

Pikermi, Pliocene Macha'tdus, 6. Sus.
35.

Pisa, Chiusi, Pliocene Balcenfi etrusca, 58.

Pisces, 88.

Pisodus, 100.

Pizzo, Italy, Pliocene Cetacean, 62.

Plaice, 92.

Platax, 89.

• costatus, 90.

cuneatus, 90.

physeteroide, 90.

pileum, 90.

• Woodwardi, 89, 90.

Pleistocene Vertebrata, 114.

Platessa, 92.

Plesiocetus, 62, 63.

Pleuronectes, 92.

Pliocene, climate of, 122.

beds in Cornwall, 3, 95, 102.

In Dorset, 3, 46.

strata, divisions of, 3.

Polecat, 1 ] .

Pollack, 93, 96.

Porpoise, 80.

Portugal, Fossil vertebrates, 64, 106.

Power-Cod, 93, 95.

Prestwich, J., Crag Mammals, 4. Carni-
vora, 8, 12, 15. Ungulata, 25, 38, 42,
43, 45, 46. Cetacea, 57, 72. Fishes,
90, 93, 95, 96, 104, 105, 107, 109, 112.

Primates, 4.

Probst, Dr. J., Squatina from theMolasse,
113.

Pseudorca, 77, 78.

crassidens, 77.

Pterodon, 10.

Ptychodus polyyyrus, 111.

Puy -de-Dome, Pliocene Cervus, 28, 32.

Pycnodus, 88, 100.

R.

Rabbit, 54.
Kacoon, 14.
Raja antiquely 111.
„ batis, 111.

clavata, 111, 112.

radiata, 112.

sp., 112.

Ramsholt, Coralline Crag, Tur slops, 80.
Rana esculenta, 87.

temporaria, 87.

Redaway, W. M., drawings by, 1.
Red Crag, 3.

Vertebrata from, 114.

Reed, Dr. W., Collection of, 2. Crag

Carnivora, 4, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14; 15, 16, 20.

Other Mammals, 35, 42, 43, 50. Fish,

100.
Reeve, James, Collection of, 2. Norwich

Crag Mammals, 13, 54. Fishes, 89,

93, 96.
Reid, Clement, Pleistocene otolith from

Selsey, 84.
Pliocene vertebrates found

by, 10, 65, 80, 91, 111, 113.
Subdivisions of Pliocene

strata, 3.

Reinhardt, Prof., on Pseudorca, 77.
Remanie, Pliocene fossils, 3.
Repiilia, 86.
Rhinoceros etruscus, 38.

incisivus, 38, 39.

lepwrhinus, 40.

megarhinus, 38, 39, 40.

Schleiermacheri, 38, 39.

Rhinoptera Woodwardi, 110.

Roach, 97.

Roebuck, 33.

Rodent ia, 49.

Rodent tooth, undetermined, 54.

Koussillon, Pliocene Rhinoceros, 40.

Chrysophrys, 89.

Royal College of Surgeons. See Museums.
Rudd, 98.
Ruff, 88.

Ruminant, small metatarsal from Coral-
line Crag, 24.
Runton, East, Forest-bed and Weybourn

Crag Mammals, 8, 12, 28, 32, 51, 52,

53, 56, 58, 76, 79. Birds, 83, 84.

Reptiles and Amphibia, 86,87. Fishes,

89, 91, 96, 100, 102, 111, 113.
West, Forest-bed Carnivora, 8, 10,

19. Fishes, 88, 97, 98.
Rusa, 28, 31.

Riitiineyer, fossil horses, 36.
Rutot, Range of Odontaspis elegans, 107.

s.

Saint Prest, Pliocene Mammals, 26, 29,

46,51.

Saint Erth, Pliocene otolith, 95.
Samland, Miocene Elasmodus, 101.
Sansan, Miocene Otter from, 12. Hyten-

arctos, 15.
Savin Collection, Forest-bed Carnivora,

7. 12, 19. Ungulata, 22, 28, 30, 33.

Cetacea, 58, 72. 76, 77, 79, 80. Bird,

83. Fishes, 9], 100, 102, 111, 113.
Scaldesian, Seal, 20.
Scaldicetus Carreti, 66.
Sciurus vulgaris, 49.
Seal, bearded, 19.

136

TXDEX.

Seal from Norwich Crag, 18.

Selache (Cetorhinus maximus), 102.

Selsey, Whiting Pout otolith from Pleisto-
cene of, 94.

Semnopitkecux, 4.

Serastretta, Italy, Pliocene Cetacean, 73.

Sharpey's-fibres in fossil Cetacean teeth,
66.

Shotley, Red Crag Cetacean, 71.

Shoveller-Duck, 84.

Shrew, 55.

Sicily, Miocene Oxyrhina, 106.

Sidestrand, Forest-bed vertebrates, 30, 65,
80, 87, 100.

Siena, Italy, Choneziphius planirostris,
70.

Silesia, Miocene Hyccnarctos, 15.

Siluroid fish from Crag, 97.

Silurus Egertoni, 97.

Sirenia, 48.

Sismonda, Pliocene Fishes, 89, 108.

Sizewell Gap, Norwich Crag Beaver ? 49.

Skate, 111.

Snake, common, 86.

Sorexfodiens, 55.

pygmaus, 55.

remifer, 55.

Southwold, Norwich Crag Mammals, 12,
45, 47, 52, 64.

Spain, Pliocene Ungulates, 38, 39. Mio-
cene vertebrates, 15, 106.

Spatula clypeata, 84.

Sperm Whale, 65, 67.

Sphcerodus gigas, 100.

Spotted Hyaena, 6.

Sprowston Brickearth, Narwhal, 79.

Squalodon, 15, 75.

. antwerpiensis, 75.

Squalodontidse, 75.

Squamata, 86.

Squatina, 112.

alata, 113.

angelus, 113.

Crania, 113.

Squirrel, 49.

Stamford, Pseudorca from Feus, 77.
Statistics of Pliocene Vertebrata, 121.
Steenstrup, Prof., Hannovera aurata, 103.
Stoke Holy Cross, Norwich Crag Bovine,

21.

Storms, Raymond, Crag Thynnus, 90.
Striped Hyaena, 7.
Strongyloceros spelaus, 29.
Subungulata, 41.
Sudbourn, Coralline Crag Cetacean, 60.

Fish, 99.
Summary, 121.
SMS antiquus, 35.

arvernensis, 35, 82.

erymantkeus, 35.

— palccochcerus, 1.5, 35, 36, 82.

• scrofa, 36.

Sutton, Crag Mammals, 23, 24, 35, 38, 44,

50, 72. Fishes, 94, 95, 96, 104.
Switzerland, Miocene Oxyrhina, 106.

T.

Tagaurok, Trogontherium, 51.
Talpa europceus, 55.
Tapirus arvernensis, 40.

elegans, 40.

prisons, 40.

Tasmanian Pseudorca, 77.

Taylor, Dr. J. E., 2. Red CragElephas,

45.

Teleostean fish from Coralline Crag, 99.
Teleostei, 88.
Temperature, gradual lowering of, during

Pliocene, 123.
.Tench, 98.
Thornback, 111.
Thorpe, Norwich Crag, Carnivora, 4, 7,

12, 16. Ungulata, 23, 25, 37, 45, 46.

Rodents, 49, 51. Cetacean, 78. Fishes,

90, 108.
Thynnus scaldiensis, 90.

scaldisii, 90.

thynnus, 90, 91.

Tinea vulgaris, 98.

Tope, 102.

Trichechus Huxleyi, 17.

• — rosmarus, 18.

Trichecodon, 17.

Koninckii, 18.

Trigla gurnardus, 97.

hirundo, 97.

Trigloides Dejardinii, 97.

Trimley, Red Crag Mammals, 32, 45, 74.

Trim ley, St. Mary, Red Crag Hyana, 7.

Trimmingham, Forest-bed Musk-Ox, 22.

Triton cristatus, 87.

Trogontherium, 49, 51, 52.

« Cuvieri, 51.

. minus, 49, 51.

Tropidonotus natrix, 86.
Trygon, 112.
Tunny, 90, 91.
Tursiops, 80.

tursio, 77, 80.

Tuscany, Pliocene Fishes, 106, 108, 111.
Tympanic bones, from Crag, 57.

u.

Ungulata, 21.
Uria troile, 84.
Ursus, 15.

arvernensis, 15, 16, 75.

.ferox-fossilis, 16.

•' horribilis, 16.

minutus,. 16.

spelcsus, 17.

V.

Val d'Arno, Pliocene Carnivora, 5, 6, 7, 8.

Ungulata, 28, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46.
Velay, Tapirus, 41.
Vespertilio, 82.

INDEX.

137

Vienna basin, Mastodon, 44.

Viper, 86.

Vipera, 86.

Vole, 52.

Volterrano, Pliocene Lepidotus, 100.

w.

Waldringfield, Red Crag Mammals, 14,
19, 35. Fishes, 89, 109, 110.

Wallace, Sir Richard, and Canham Collec-
tion.

Walrus, 17, 18.

Water Vole, 52, 53.

Weever, 99.

Weybourne Crag, 3.

Vertebrata from, 114.

Whincopp collection, 2. Red Crag Mam-
mals in, 9, 15, 50.

Whitaker, W., Pliocene Bibliography, 3,
128.

White Whale, 79.

Whiting, 93, 95.

Whiting Pout, 93, 94.

Wigham collection, Norwich Crag Mam-
mals in, 23, 81.

Wild Boar, 36.

Wisbeach Museum ; see Museum.

Wolf, 8, 17.

Wolf-fish, 91.

Woodbridge, Red Crag Carnivora, 7, 8, 9,
13, 16. Ungulata, 23, 35, 43. Ro-
dents, 50. Cetacea, 60, 67, 68, 72, 74,
75, 78, 81. Fishes, 89, 90, 101, 104,
108-110, 112.

Woodward, A. Smith, Crag Fishes, 90, 92,
100, 101, 104-106, 108, 110, 112, 113.

Woodward, Dr. Henry, 2.

H. B., Brickearth Narwhal,

79.

Norwich Crag, Mam-
mals, 18, 21, 23, 34. Birds, 84.
Fishes, 99, 100, 108.

Pliocene Bibliography,

3, 128.

Woodward, Saml., collection of, 2. Forest-
bed Hippopotamus, 34. Norwich Crag
Fishes, 89, 110.

Works on Pliocene Vertebrata, 124-128.

Wurtemberg, Miocene Oxyrhina, 106.

X.

Xiphodon platyceps, 34.

Y.

Yarn Hill, Norwich Crag Birds, 85.
York Museum ; see Museum.

z.

Ziphius ; see Choneziphius and Mesoplo-
don.

• — declivus, 82.

medilineatus, 72.

planirostris, 69.

— — — planusy 72.

undatus, 82.

Zygobatis Woodwardi, 109, 110.

PLATE I.

All figures natural size except J5c., and all from the Red Cray Nodule-bed,
except figures 2, 5, 8, 13, 14, 16.

1, 0, b. FELIS PARDOIDES, Owen. Lower first molar ; 0, outer, and

b, inner side. Type specimen. Newbourn. Ipswich
Mus.

2, 0, 6. MACH^ERODUS ? Carnassial tooth, inner arid outer sides.

Norwich Crag. Thorpe. Fitch Coll.

3, «, b. CANTS LHPDS, Linnaeus. Left upper canine ; «, outer, and

b, inner side. Boy ton. Reed Coll., York Mus.

4, a, b, CANIS LUPUS, Linnceus. Left upper carnassial (pm. 4) ; 0,

outer, b, inner side. Loc. ? Reed Coll., York Mus.

5, CANIS VULPES, Linnceus. Eight half of upper jaw from

Red Crag above Nodule bed, Boy ton. Brit. Mus.

6, CANIS ? PRIMIGENIUS, Lankester. Type. Woodbridge. Reed

Coll., York Mus.

7, 0, b. PTERODON ? After Owen. Two views of Red Crag type.

Woodbridge.

8, 0, b. HYAENA CROCUTA, Erxleben. Right upper carnassial (pm. 4.) ;

0, outer, 6, inner side. Forest-bed, Gorton Cliff.
Colman Coll.

9, 0, b. HYAENA STRIATA, Zimmerman. Right upper carnassial (pm.

4). Trim ley St. Mary, nr. Felixstow. Ipswich Mus.

10, 0, b. HYAENA STRIATA, Zimmerman. Right lower pm. 4; 0,

outer, b, inner side. Woodbridge. 'Reed Coll., York
Mus.

11, HY^NARCTOS ? Small canine tooth. Woodbridge. Reed

Coll., York Mus.

12, 0, b. URSUS ARVERNENSIS ? Left lower, second molar; 0,

from above, b, inner side. Woodbridge. Reed
Coll., York Mus.

13, 0, b, c. LCTRA REEVEI, Newton. Probably a right, lower carnassial

tooth : 0, upper surface, 6, hinder end, c, outer side.
Norwich Crag, Bramerton. Reeve Coll., Norwich.

14, CARNIVORE tooth. Grinding surface. Crag [?] Kessingland.

Wisbeach MUB.

15, 0, 6, c. LUTRA DUBIA, Blainville. Right ramUs of lower jaw;

0, outer surface, &, from aiDove, c, carnassial tooth
enlarged. Foxhall, 4£ m. S.W. of Woodbridge.
Moor Coll., Great Bealings.

16, a, b. LUTRA VULGARIS, Erxleben. Left ramus of lower jaw ;

0, outer surface, 6, from above. Forest-bed, Mun-
desley. Savin Coll., Cromer.

17, a, 6. AILURUS ANGLICUS, Dawkins. Right ramus of lower jaw;

a, outer surface, b, seen from above. Felixstow.
Reed Coll., York Mus.

18,0,6. AILURUS ANGLICUS, Dawkins. Left upper first molar; #,
grinding surface, b, outer side. Butley. Pre-
sented by Mr. P. H. Browne to M. P. G.*

19, 0, b. Corresponding tooth of recent Ailurns fulgens for com-
parison with figure 18.

20. 0, b. HY^ENARCTOS. Lelt upper first molar ; a, grinding surface,

b, end view. Felixstow. Reed CoJl., York Mus.

21. HY^ENARCTOS. Right lower second molar, grinding surface.

Felixstow. Reed Coll., York Mus.

22. HY^ENARCTOS. Right lower canine, inner side. Felixstow.

Reed Coll., York Mus.

M. P. G. = Museum of Practical Geology.

!tTII7BRSIT7]

W. M. R?da.way, del. eb Uth.

PLIOCENE

Plate, I.

ARNIVORA

PLATE II.

1,#. PHOCA sp. Right humerus, f natural size, outer side. Nor-
wich Crag, Bramerton. Crowfoot and Dowson
Coll., Norwich Mus.

1, b. Same specimen, front view.

2, a. PHOCA MOORI, Newton. Left humerus, natural size, inner

side. Red Crag Nodule-bed. Foxhall, 41 m. S.W.
of Woodbridge. Moor Coll., Great Bealings.

2, b. Same specimen, front view.

3. TRICHECHUS HUXLEYI ? Lankester. Portion of right femur,

| natural size. Chillesford Beds, Crag Pit, Aldeby.
Crowfoot and Dowson Coll., Norwich Mus.

W.M.Redaxvay, dal

PLIOCENE PINNIPEDIA

2 *.••• -•• •• A .

SJiraS*

•*>«^- ^ _,. . .. „:,**

PLATE III.

All figures natural size. All from Red Crag Nodule-bed, except figures 6, 7, 10.

1. BOVINE lower molar, outer side. Boyton. M. P. G.

2, «, 6, c. ANTILOPE ? Upper molar ; a, inner side, b, grinding surface,
c, end view. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

3, a, b, c. ANTILOPE ? Lower molar ; «, outer side, 6, grinding
surface, c, end view. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

4, «, £. ANTILOPE ? Lower last molar ; «, outer side, 6, grinding
surface. Sutton. M. P. G.

5, ff, 6, «. ANTILOPE ? Small lower grinder ; «, outer side, b, grinding
surface, c, end view. Boyton. M. P. G.

6, «, 6, c. GAZELLA ANGLICA, Newton. Right frontal with horncore ;
a, outer side, 6, front view, c, section of horncore.
Norwich Crag, Thorpe. M. P. G.

7. Small ruminant, genus ? Metatarsal. Coralline Crag, Ged-

grave. Presented by Col. Alexander to M. P. G.

7, a, b. Two views of a first phalanx obtained with the metatarsal,
figure 7.

8, «, b. CERVUS. Left lower last molar ; cr, outer side, £, grinding
surface. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

9, a, b. CERVUS. Upper molar ; a, inner side, b, grinding surface.
Boyton. M. P. G.

10. Outer incisor of small ruminant. Norwich Crag, Thorpe.

Fitch Coll., Norwich.

11. a, b. Sus ANTIQUUS, Kaup. Last upper molar; «, grinding

surface, b, side view. Suffolk Crag. Ipswich Mus.

12. a, b. Sus ANTIQUUS, Kaup. Last lower molar ; a, grinding

surface, b, side view. Suffolk Crag. Ipswich Mus.

13. Sus PAL^EOCHCERUS. Kavp. Last upper molar. Boyton.

M. P. G.

14. Sus PAL^OCHCERUS. Last lower molar. Woodbridge.

M. P. G.

15. a, b. Sus PAL^OCHCERUS ? Kaup. Cheek tooth probably referable

to this species ; but is said to be the tooth alluded
to by Sir R. Owen as Ursus (Q. J. G. S. Vol. xii.,
p. 227.) Newbourn, Moor Coll., Great Bealings.

16. Metacarpal (?) of Artiodactyle, undetermined. Falkenharn,

near Felixstow. Moor Coll., Great Bealings.

FUj. 6

II ' M. Radctway, del et

PLIOCENE

Plate IH.

Fy.7.

NGULATA.

PLATE IV.

All the figures one fourth natural size.

1. CEEVUS RECTUS, Newton. Right frontal, with pedicle and part

of antler. Forest-bed, Sidestrand. Savin Coll.

2. CERVUS TETRACEROS, Mackie. Portion of antler. Forest-bed,

East Run ton. M. P. G.

3. CERVUS CARNUTORUM, Laugel. Basal portion of antler and

frontal. Norwich Crag, Covehithe, Suffolk. M.P.G.

4. CERVUS ETUERIARUM, Croizet and Jobert. Right antler.

Forest-bed, East Runton. Savin Coll.

5. CERVUS ETUERIARUM, C. and J. Portion of antler and frontal.

Forest-bed, Cromer. King Coll., M. P. G.

6. CERVUS ARDEUS, C. and J. Portion of antler and frontal. Nor-

wich Crag, Thorpe. Presented by Dr. A. King to
M. P. G.

7. CERVUS FALCONERI, Dawkim. Two views of left shed antler

(after Dawkins). Norwich Crag. Brit. Mus.

8. CERVULUS DICRANOCEROS, Kaup. Base of antler (after Owen).

Red Crag near Sutton.

9. CERVULUS DICRANOCEROS, Kaup. Portion of antler. Red

Crag (Nodule-bed). Ipswich Mus.

10. CAPREOLUS CAPREA, Gray. Antler. Forest-bed. King Coll..

M. P. G.

11. CERVUS GIGANTEUS ? Blumenbach. Portion of antler. Red

Crag, Suffolk. (After Owen.)

12. CERVUS POLIGNACUS, Robert. Portion of antler with brow tyne

(after Gunn). Forest-bed, Mundesley. Norwich
Mus.

13. CERVUS SUTTONENSIS, Dawkins. Portion of shed antler. Red

Crag Nodule-bed. Reed Coll., York Mus.

14. CERVUS ELAPHUS, Linnaeus. Portion of antler with three tynes.

Forest-bed, Kessingland. Crowfoot Coll., Beccles.

3K-SL
r-y»^ or TBM**^

Fig.

W. M. Redcvway, del. et Ut)v.

Plate. W.

1770. 3. 9J

DCENE CERVID/E

PLATE V.

All figures natural size, except 19 6., and all from the lied Crag Nodule-bed, except
7, 18, 19, which are Norwich Crag.

1, a, b. RHINOCEROS INCISIVUS, Kaup. Upper premolar; a,

grinding surface, b, inner side. Woodbridge.
M. P. G.

2, RHINOCEROS INCISIVUS, Kaup. Upper premolar, inner sur-

face. Suffolk. Ipswich Mas.

3, RHINOCEROS INCISIVUS, Kaup. Upper premolar, grinding

surface, figured by Sir R. Owen as R. Schleier-
macheri. Wolverton, Suffolk. (After Owen.)

4, a, 6. RHINOCEROS SCHLEIERMACHERI, Kaup. Upper premolar ;

0, grinding surface, £, inner side. Suffolk, Ipswich
Mus.

5, HALITHERIUM CANHAMI, Flower. Cheek tooth, grinding

surface. Suffolk. Reed Coll., York Mus.

6, HYRACOTHERIUM LEPORINUM, Owen. Right upper molars,

grinding surface. Boyton. ;° M. P. G.

7, a, b. EQUUS STENONIS, Cocchi. Upper cheek tooth ; a, grinding

surface, b, inner side. The two corners marked
by white lines (have been restored. Norwich Crag,
Thorpe. M. P. G.

8, a, b. HIPPARION GRACILE, Kaup. Lower cheek tooth ; a, outer

side, ^ grinding surface. Woodbridge. M. P. Or.

9, a, b. HIPPARION GRACILE, Kaup. Upper cheek tooth, unworn,

«, inner side, b, transverse section. Woodbridge.

M. P. G.
10, «, b. TAPIRUS ARVERNENSIS ? Dev. and Sou. Lower cheek

tooth ; a, grinding surface, b, side view. Wood-
bridge. M. P. G.
11, a, b. TAPIRUS ARVERNENSIS? D. and B. Upper cheektooth; a,

grinding surface, b, end view. Boyton. M. P. G.
12, «, b. CORYPHODON. Upper cheek tooth ; a, grinding surface,

b, side view. Woodbridge. M. P. G.
13, «, b, c. CASTOR VETERIOR, Lankester. Left upper fourth premolar ;

af inner side, b, outer side, c, grinding surface.

Newbourn. Moor Coll., Great Bealings.

1 4, a, b, c. CASTOR VETERIOR, L. Left upper fourth premolar, type

specimen ; a, inner side, b, outer side, c, grinding
surface. Near Sutton. Reed Coll., York Mus.

15, a, b. CASTOR VETERIOR, Lankester. Incisor provisionally referred

to this species ; a, outline, 6, transverse section.
Sutton. Ipswich Mus.

16, a, b. CASTOR FIBER, Linnceus. Left lower fourth premolar ;

a, inner side, 6, grinding surface. Boyton. M. P. G.

17, a, b. TROGONTHERIUM MINUS, Newton. Right maxilla with pre-

molar 4 and molars 1 and 2 in place ; «, outer side,
6, grinding surfaces of teeth. Felixstow. Moor
Coll., Great Bealings.

18, a, 6. TROGONTHERIUM MINUS ? Incisor tooth provisionally re-

ferred to this species ; a, side view, 6, transverse
section. Norwich Crag, Size well Gap. Geol. Soc.
Mus.

19, a, 6. RODENT, genus ? Cheek tooth ; «, side view; 6, transverse

section, enlarged. Norwich Crag, Bramerton.

Reeve Coll., Norwich.

o 63855.

W. M Rcda»-ay, del. et lu

PLIOCENE UNG

Plate, V.

Fig. nb

Fig. 9a

Fig W Fig

RODENTIA

PLATE VI.

CETACEAN TYMPANIC BONES.

1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, right side ; 4, 5, 7, 9, left side ; a, inner aspect, b, seen from

below.
All figures half natural size, and all from Red Crag Nodule-bed, except 1, 6, and 7.

1, BAL^ENA BISCAYENSIS, Gray. Forest-bed, East Runton.

Savin Coll., Cromer.

2, «, b. BAL.ENA PRIMIGENIA, V. Beneden. Woodbridge, M. P. G.

3, BAL^ENA AFFINIS, V. Beneden. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

4, a, b. BAL^ENA INSIGNIS, V. Beneden. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

5, a, b. BAL^ENA BAL^NOPSIS, V. Beneden. Felixstow. M. P. G.

6, a, b. MEGAPTERA AFFINIS, V. Beneden. Coralline Crag, Sud-

bourn. M. P. G.

7,a,6. MEGAPTERA MINUTA, V. Beneden. (After Lydekker).
Coralline Crag, Suffolk. Ipswich Mus.

8, a, b. BAL^ENOPTERA DEFINITA, Owen. Felixstow. Rickman

Coll., M. P. G. This figure has been accidentally
reversed.

9. BAL^ENOPTERA EMARGINATA, Owen. Felixstow. Presented

by Mr. H. B. Woodward to M. P. G.

10, a, 6. CETOTHERIUM DUBIUM, V. Beneden. Felixstow. M. P. G.

11, a. b. HERPETOCETUS SCALDIENSIS, V. Beneden. Felixstow.

M. P. G.

f tWTffil^^

W. M. Reda-wo*, del et Luth.

PLIOCENE CETAC

Plate, VI.

Fiq.9a

Fig. 9? ••TT... 7T7-

TYMPANIC BONES.

:„-,

PLATE VII.

1 four-fifths natural size ; 2-5 natural size.

1. PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS, Linnceus. Longitudinal section

of tooth. Forest-bed, Sidestrand. M. P. G.

2. a, b. BAL^ENODON PHYSALOIDES, Owen. Half a tooth ; a, longi-

tudinal section showing slender core of dentine, 6,
transverse section. Red Crag Nodule-bed, Suffolk.
Harford Coll., M. P. G.

3. a, 6. BAL^ENODON PHYSALOIDES, Owen. Slender tooth ; a,

exterior, 6, longitudinal section. Red Crag Nodule -
bed. Woodbridgc. M. P. G.

4. ORCA CITONIENSIS, Capellini. Tooth (after Lydekker).

Red Crag Nodule-bed, Suffolk. Ipswich Mus.

5. GXOBICEPHALUS UNCiDENS, Lankester. Tooth (after Lan-

kester). Red Crag Nodule-bed, Felixstow.

6. GrLOBiCEPHALUs UNCIDENS, Lankester. Tooth (after Lan-

kester). Red Crag Nodule-bed, near Sutton, Suffolk.

Plate, I

PLIOCENE CETACEA.

:^'

PLATE VIII.

All figures natural size, and from the Red Crag Nodule-bed, except 14, a, 6, which
are half natural size, and from the Coralline Crag.

1. EUCETUS AMBLYODON, Du Bus. Tooth, longitudinal section

showing outer layer of cementum and thick core
of dentine, with globular dentine in the middle.
Woodbridge. M. P. G.

2. EUCETDS AMBLYODON, Du Bus. Transverse section of a

tooth with very thick cementum. Woodbridge.
M. P. G.

3. EUCETUS AMBLYODON, Du Bus. Left periotic, tympanic

aspect, after Lydekker. Felixstow. No. 27,854,
Brit. Mus.

4. HYPEROODON. Right periotic, tympanic aspect. After

Lydekker. Ipswich Mus.

5. ORCA CITONIENSIS, Capellini. Right periotic, tympanic

aspect. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

6. CHONEZIPHIUS PLANIROSTRIS, Cuvier. Left periotic, tym-

panic aspect. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

7. MESOPLODON LONGIROSTRIS ? Cuvier. Left periotic, tym-

panic aspect. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

8. GLOBICEPHALUS UNCIDENS, Lankester. Left periotic, tym-

panic aspect. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

9. GENUS ? Right periotic, tympanic aspect. Woodbridge.

M. P. G.

Delphinoid periotics ("

not generically Left- Felixstow. M. P. G.

determined; < Left. Woodbridge. M. P. G.

ci, inner face, Left> B t(m M p Q

6, tympanic aspect. ^

Delphinoid right tympanic. Boy ton. M. P. G.

TURSIOPS TURSIO ? Bonnaterre. Middle caudal vertebra;
0, end view, 6, side view. Coralline Crag, Broom
Pit, Gedgrave. Presented by Mr. Clement Reid to
M. P. G.

15. SQUALODON ANTWERPIENSIS, V. Beneden. Side tooth.

Suffolk. Reed Coll., York Mus.

16. SQUALODON ANTWERPIENSIS ? V. Beneden. Anterior tooth,

two views. Reed Coll., York Mus.

e

Pug. 6.

W. M Redawcy, del. et titfv.

PLIOC

Plate, VW.

Fw.2.

Fiq. 1.

E CETACEA.

PLATE IX.

1. DIOMEDEA sp. Eight ulna, proximal half natural size.

Coralline Crag, Orford. Pres. by Col. Alexander to
M. P. G.

2. DIOMEDEA sp. Right tarso-metatarsus, natural size, after

Lydekker. Sandy bed overlying Shelly Red Crag,
Foxhall, Ipswich Mus.

3. DIOMEDEA sp. First phalangeal of fourth digit, natural

size, found with last specimen. After Lydekker.
Ipswich Mus.

4,0, 6, c. BUBO IGNAVUS, Forster. Right tarso-metatarsus, natural
size ; a, front, 6, back, c, distal end. Forest-bed,
East Runton. Savin Coll., Cromer.

5. a, b. URIA TROILE, Linnceus. Shaft of humerus, natural size ;

«, side view, 6, front view. Chillesford Crag,
Aldeby. Crowfoot and Dowson Coll., Norwich Mus.

6. PHALACROCORAX CARBO, Linnceus. Upper part of coracoid,

natural size. Forest-bed, West Runton. Barker
Coll.

7. a, b. SPATULA CLYPEATA, Linnceus. Left coracoid, natural size ;

a, inner, 6, outer side. Forest-bed, West Runton.
Barker Coll.

8. THYNNUS THYNNUS, Linnceus. Dorsal vertebra, half natural

size. Forest-bed, East Runton. Savin Coll.

9. GALEUS CANIS, Bonaparte. Tooth, four times natural size.

Pliocene, St. Erth, Cornwall. British Mus.

10, a, b. GALEUS, sp. Tooth, twice natural size, «, inner, 6, outer

side. Red Crag Nodule-bed, Little Bealiiigs, near
Woodbridge. Moor Coll., Great Beatings.

11, a, 6, c. SQUATINA sp. Tooth, twice natural size, a, outer side,

6, inner side, c, seen from above. Red Crag Nodule-
bed, Little Bealings, near Woodbridge. Moor Coll.,
Great Bealings.

12, tf, 6. CETORHINUS MAXIMUS, Linnceus. Spine of clasper, half

natural size ; «, outer, 6, inner side. Red Crag
Nodule-bed, near Woodbridge. M. P. G.

13, a, b. CARCHARODON MEGALODON, Agassiz. Toolh, half natural

size; «, outer side, 6, side view. The margins
show the remains of serrations. Red Crag No-
dule-bed, Foxhali Hall, Ipswich. Cheadle Coll.,
M. P. G.

14, a, 6. CARCHARODON RONDELETI, M. and H. Tooth, half natural

size, with strongly serrated edges ; «, outer side, 6,
side view. Red Crag Nodule-bed, Boyton. M. P. G.

15, a, b. OXYRHINA HASTALIS, Agassiz. Tooth, half natural size ;

a, outer side, 6, side view. Red Crag Nodule-bed,
Suffolk. M. P. G.

16, a, 6. ODONTASPIS KLEGANS, Agassiz. Tooth, natural size; 0,

outer side, 6, side view. Red Crag Nodule-bed,
Suffolk. M. P. G.

17, a, 6. ODONTASPIS CONTORTIDENS, Agassiz. Tooth, natural size;
a, outer side, 6, side view. Red Crag Nodule-
bed, Boyton. M. P. G.

18. NOTIDANUS GIGAS, Sismonda. Tooth, natural size. Red

Crag Nodule-bed, Boyton. M. P. G.

19. 1 RAJA CLAVATA, Linnceus. Two dermal defences, natural

20. / size. Red Crag Nodule-bed, Boytou. M. P. G.

21, a, 6. RAJA sp. Dermal defence, natural size ; «, from above,

6, from below. Coralline Crag, near Gedgrave.
M. P. G.
o 63855. T.

W. M. Redcuway, del. e,t

PLIOCENE E

Plate, IX.

DS & FISHES.

PLATE X.

figures 1, 2, 3, and 17 natural size, 4-16, twice natural size.

1. CHRYSOPHRYS. Premaxilla ? with three teeth. Red Crag

Nodule-bed, Woodbridge. M. P. G.

2. CHRYSOPHRYS. Conical tooth. Red Crag Nodule-bed,

Boyton. M. P. G.

3. CHRYSOPHRYS. Small rounded tooth. Red Crag Nodule-

bed, Boyton. M. P. G.

4, a, b. ANARRHICHAS LUPUS, Linnceus. Tooth ; a, side view, 6,

base. Coralline Crag, Gedgrave. M. P. G.

5, a, b. GADUS MORRHUA, Linncem. Otolith, two views. Norwich

Crag, Bramerfon. Reeve Coll., Norwich.

6, a, b. GADUS PSEUDJEGLEFINUS, n. sp. Otolith, two views.

Coralline Crag, Gedgrave. M. P. G.

7. GADUS PSEUD^EGLEFINUS, n.sp. Otolith of young specimen.

Coralline Crag, Gedgrave. M. P. G.

8, a, b. GADUS LUSCUS, Linnceus. Otolith, two views. Red Crag,

Boyton. M. P. G.

' ADUS

Crag, Sutton. M. P. G.

12. GADUS MERLANGUS, Linnceus. Otolith, young. Pliocene.

St. Erth, Cornwall. British Mus.

13. 1 GADUS VIRENS ? Linnceus. Two Otoliths, young. Coral-

14. / line Crag, Sutton. M. P. G.

15. a, b. GADUS POLLACHIUS, Linnceus. Portion of Otolith. Two

views. Norwich Crag, Bramerton. Reeve Coll.,
Norwich*

16. GADUS ELEGANS, Koken. Otolith. Coralline Crag, Sutton.

M. P. G.

17. Auius* Fragment of spine. Red Crag Nodule-bed, Fox-

hall. Moor Coll., Great Bealings.

' 1 GADUS MINUTUS, Linnceus. Three Otoliths. Coralline

- f

Plate X.

WM.RecLcuvay, del et

PLIOCENE FISHES.

GEItfEXAi. MEMOIRS Ok- .-«]

he WEALD (PARTS of the COUNTIES of KENT < ,>Tv OZlOCICAI- SU*V£Y-co^nu^

b%^~^Rf&s; s sSSKsgRsasg- ^7^- *

he MANUFACTURE of GUN FLIVTN KV « t? T e

h*> STTPPT?I?rnT* r ivon/iorm.* ^ •"• J- SKERTCHLY 1^?

WSSS&SS^^ B;C.E.DER.NCE. ]O,.G£,

URNL^crL^LD. By E H," R ! ^ ^^ ~* *^«»r-

ORKSHIRE COALFIELD. By A H GREE v R TRIDDEMANr ^and O^ers]. 12,.;
AST SOMERSET and BRISTOL COAJuSStM Bv jf*« ^ Otllenf3- *2''
— " STAFFORDSHIRE COAL-FIELD Bv - J B Ju™ ^ H^T^- 18*'

i^t-c-TTT-r,™ ^.^ . . '*»*i*r. ojf rf. B. JUKES. (3rd Edit 1 I n,it ^f >

ie PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRLTAIX. By C REIB

2, . efth VO

T

ONOGRAPH IV. On the OmMMBM t^^^™ SANMTOXE8. By T. H. HUXLKT

leVERTEBRATA of the FOREST ^-BBBm^iraSoTi^^ftSSJS??1 B^ B-T. XEWTON.

oT -. . ..

e VERTEBRATA of the PLLOCEXE DEPOSITS of BRI? AI$ *"« ^^^ % E' T" Nw™- ^ •*

SHEET MEMOIRS OF THE OEOtOOIOA! STOVEV.

* Vri^L/ijV/ly JL Or JLJV/i.^1 i/\7i^t , Ot«L". ttV W W TTTT A IT-T-«T» T" 1 Y ~ *»

- FOLKEbTONEandRYE. BvF DRPW A K< VoLI-»8»- Vol. II., 5*.

&V

- N.WT ESSEXl N"E.

NORWICH. By H. B. WOODWARD. 7.v

|STW- . E. DEEEHAM. By J.

Jw.'swf fSS|^ywi^.4r^H.B.WooDWAM>. 2,.

v .

I

*M

"w-

'^A.H.
By E': HULL. 2s.

. By A. H. GREEN, J. R. DAKTKS.and J. C. UTARD ig
. R. DAKTNS, J. C. WARD aud R. RUSSELL. Gd.

Ed.) is. (O.P.)

. - ai:d T

- Ihe COUNTS Y between YORK acd M ALTON. B3 C. FOX-STBASSWATS. l*.6<f.

93 XV -

93 SE 94 V

94 NW- •

94 NE -

95 SW, SE •

95 NW

96 SE
96 NE -

96 NW, SW

97 SW - •

97 NW- •

98 SE -
9SNE-
101 SE

104 SW, SE
108 SE
108 NE
110 SW

SHEET MEMOIRS OP THE GBO1OGICA* BUHVM— C0tttfmi«f.

E of IEEDS and the PERMIAN and TRIASSIC P-OCKS aboui
H GBEEX J 'R. DAKYKS J. C.WABD, and R. RrssELL, td. (O.P.j
IKJV « nu^u. "By J- R- DAKTKS, C. FOX-STBASQWATS, and A.G.CAMEEOS. i«.

•Rv T R DAKYN3 and C. FOX-STEAWOWATS. 9tf.

KT»AT ' Bv J R. DAKTSS and C. FOX-STBAKGTVATS. 1«.
-GH and FL \MBOROUGH HEAD. By C.FOX-STBASGVTATS. 1*.
nr nWri RTAB : BOROUGH Bv C. Fox-StBAWGWATg and G. B ARROW. Is. 6d.

111 tf wlNSLBYDALB, SWALEDALE, and ARKENDALE.

^,"5^ «™ w m »«i--r»« m Mr. TT HT*^TTVS, and R. H. TlDDEMAir. 2*.

!f. 2».
. 9«.

THE MINERAL DISTRICTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES.

COAL-FIELDS. — Scale, one inch to a mile.

B. Staffordshire

Shrewsbury, 60 (NE), 81 .

COAL-FIELDS AND OTHER MINERAL DISTRICTS-

Scale, six inches to a mile.
Coal-fields and other mineral districts of the N. of

London.

X.anca»blr«.

Rh«»At i>s Ireleth.— 16, Hlverstone.—17, Cartmel/-22,

SSfdii-Vi OrmskU.-85. Standi8h.-86. Adlington.-
7 Bo ton-le-MoSJ-S , Bury . Hey woodv-89, Rochda le.4c.
p —93 Wican —94, West Houphton.—
'le^

P^
of Liverpool.

Durham.

RhPAt 1 Rvton — °, Gateshead.— 3, Jarrow.— 4, S. Shields.

-5 Gree'nSde -6, Vinlaton.-7, Washington.-S Sunder-

iTnd_9 Pt of Hunstanworth.-lO, Edmondbyers -

11 Ebchester.-12, Tantoby.-13, Cnester-le-St.-ie, Hun

Durham — continued.

9tanworth.-17, Waskerley.— 18, MugKleswink.— 19, Lao.
chester.-20, Hetton-le-Hole.-22, Wear Head.-23, Eastgate
—24 Stanhope -25, Wolsingham.— 26, Brancepetn.-SO,
Benny Seat -32, White Kirklc.y .-88. Hamsterley-^
Whitiorth.-38, Maize Beck.-il, Cockfteld -42 Bp. Auck-
land.-46, Hawksley Hill Ho.-52, Barnard Castle.-53

Winston.

Northumberland.

Sheet 44, Rothbury.-45, Longframlington.-46, Broom-
hill —47. Coquet Island.— 54, Longhorsley,— 55, Ulgham.-
56 Druridg? Bav.-63, Nether witton.-64, Morpeth.-€5,
Newbiggin.-72, Bedlington.-73, Blyth.-«0. Cramiington -
81 Earsdon.-82. NE. of Gilsland.-83. Coadley Gate.-S?,
Heddon.-88, Long Benton.-89, Tynemouth -91, Green-
head -92, Haltwhistle.-93, HaydonBridge.-P^ Hexham.-
95 Corbrdge.-96,Horsley.-97, Newcastle.-98, Walker.-
101 Whittteld -102, AllendaleTown.-103, Slaley .-105, New
laiidr-lOe, Blackpool Br.-107, Allendmle .-108 Blanchland
—109, Shotleyfield.— 110, Wellhope.— Ill, 112, Allenheads.
Cumberland.

Sheet 55, Searness.-56, Skiddaw.-63, Thackthwaite.-
64, Keswick.-65, Dockraye.-69, Buttermere.-70, Grange.-
71, Helvellyn.-74, Wrastwater.— 75, Stonethwaite Fell.
•Westmorland.

Sheet 2, Tees Head.-6, Dufton Fell.-12, Patterdale.-18
Near Grasmere.— 25, Grasmere.— 38, Kendal.
Yorkshire.

«;hppt7 Redcar.— 8, 9, Saltburn, Ac.— 12, Bowes.— :3, Wy
cliffe-17 Guisboro'.-20.Lythe.-24, Kirkby Ravensworth
83, -

BiTgPeeke Well.-216, Bradford .-217, Calverley.-218
215, Peeke v>|u. . • ^_ Halifax -232, Birstal.-283

ElsfArisiey.-2lf4Castleford.~246, Huddersfield.-!
Swsbuw -248, Wakefield.-24;», Pontefract.-250, Damnjr
P n ^fiO Honley -261, Kirkburton.— 262, Darton.— gfis
Hen^worth-^'C^mpsall.^?^ Holm firth -273, Peni
Son?-274? Barnsley.-275, Darfleld.r276. Brodsworth.
S? t an^sell -"82, Wortley.— 283, Wath upon Dearrt.-
ll\' ronilborough -287, Lo v Bradford. -288, Ecclesfield.-
«89' Se?ham.-290, BraithwelL-293 HaUam MOOH.-
S Handsworth.-296, Laughton-en.le-Morthen.-2^
Waleswood.-300, Harthill.

*«* "< ^ Repose Actors of Mines,

14 DAY USE

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