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FOR THE PEOPLE
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FOR SCFENCE

LIBRARY
OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

ia SERS

wma PIGAD

eg pein

em VERTEBRATE FAUNA OF THE

MALAY PENINSULA

FROM THE

ISTHMUS OF KRA TO SINGAPORE

INCLUDING THE ADJACENT ISLANDS.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE GOVERNMENT

or THE F'rperaTED Maray Srares.

EDITED BY H. C. ROBINSON, C.M.Z.S.,
DIRECTOR OF MUSEUMS, FEDERATED MALAY STATES.

REPTILIA and BATRACHIA.

BY

GEORGE A. BOULENGER, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.

LONDON:

TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

KUALA LUMPUR: SINGAPORE:
FEDERATED MALAY STATES an 7. We =]
GOVERNMENT PRESS. KELLY & WALSH, LTD.

1912.

SOAR ALS A

PEER AIEL tf i oy

re
; is, aa ets

©) a as = iid

; PRINTED.BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

THE present volume on the Reptiles and Batrachians by
Mr. G. A. Boulenger forms the first instalment of a Verte-
brate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula, issued by authority of
the Federated Malay States Government.

Though, to a large extent, the ground traversed is covered
by Blanford’s ‘Fauna of British India,’ some eighty per cent.
of the Malayan species occurring also in Tenasserim, it is
considered that a comprehensive account of the Peninsular
fauna in a convenient and readily accessible form, will be
of advantage to Zoology in general and to local workers in
particular.

The plan of the work has been that of the ‘ Fauna of
British India,’ to which it may be regarded as supple-
mentary, and references to literature, especially in the case
of species common to both this and that fauna, have been
cut down as much as possible, though a fairly full synonymy
has been given for all forms which do not occur outside
Malayan limits, which, for present purposes, may be defined
as comprising the area from the British Indian border and
the Isthmus of Kra, south to Singapore, including all ad-

jacent islands within the twenty-fathom line, but excluding
a2

iv PREFACE.

the Rhio-Lingga archipelago, which politically belongs to
Netherlands India and faunistically is allied to Sumatra,
rather than to the Malay Peninsula.

Of this area, it may be confidently stated that our know-
ledge of the southern two-thirds, or that portion under
British control, is as complete as that of any similar area in
Asia, and that, as regards actual species, very few more
remain to be discovered, though, of course, much has still
to be accomplished in the department of general bionomics.

In the northern third, which includes the Siamese and
Malayo-Siamese states usually known as Lower Siam, there
is scope for much more work, and it will probably be found
that when this district is thoroughly investigated, the range
of many Tenasserimese and Siamese species not at present
included in our fauna will be extended in this direction. In
particular, the mountainous country in Nakawn Sitamarat
between latitudes 8° and 9° N. on the east coast of the
Peninsula may be expected to yield interesting novelties.

The appended table serves to show the rate at which,
during the last thirteen years, our knowledge of the fauna
of the Malay Peninsula has been increased. As a matter of
fact the increase has been even greater than the figures
indicate, as certain species formerly included in the local
lists have been shown not to exist within the area, and are
therefore excluded from the latest account.

Flower, Boulenger, Boulenger,

1899. 1903. 1912.
REPTILIA.
Emyposauria (Crocodiles) .... 3 3 3
Cur tonia (Tortoises & Turtles). 19 23 23
SQUAMATA.
Lacertiha (Lizards) ... 2.25% 49 O. 81
Ophidia (Snakes) .......... ach 129 131

PREFACE. Vv

Flower, Boulenger, Boulenger,

1899. 1905. 1912.

BATRACHIA.
Ecaupata (Frogs & Toads).... 40 58 64
Avovs (Cweilians) v.25. 05.2: 2 2 2
42 60 66

The literature on Malayan herpetology is not very
extensive, and, excluding systematic works and museum
catalogues, all that is of any great importance will be found
in the following papers, which are duly referred to in their
proper sequence :—}

Cantor, Turoporn.—“‘ Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting the Malayan
Peninsula and Islands.” Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal,
xvi, pp. 607-656, 897-952, 1026-1078 (1847); reprinted
in Miscellaneous Papers relating to Indo-China (1st series),
vol. 11, pp. 112-257, London, 1886.

Ginrurr, A.—‘The Reptiles of British India.’* Ray Society,
London, 1864.

Sroriczka, F.—‘‘ Observations on some Indian and Malayan
Amphibia and Reptilia.” Jowrn. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix
(ii) pp. 134-228, pls. ix—xii (1870).

Ipem.—‘ Notes on some Species of Malayan Amphibia and
Reptilia.” Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xi (ii) pp. 111-126,
pl. xi (1873) ; reprinted in Miscellaneous Papers relating to
Indo-China (2nd series), vol. i, pp. 72-87, London, 1887.

Frower, Sranrey Surry. Notes on a Collection of Reptiles and
Batrachians made in the Malay Peninsula in 1895-6; with
a List of the Species recorded from that Region.” Proc.
Zool. Soc. London, 1896, pp. 856-914, pls. xliv—xlvi.

Iprw.—‘‘ Notes on a Second Collection of Reptiles made in the
Malay Peninsula and Siam from November 1896 to
September 1898 ; with a List of the Species recorded from
those Countries.” Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, pp. 600—
696, pls. xxxvi, XXXxvii.

Ipem.—‘‘ Notes on a Second Collection of Batrachians made in
the Malay Peninsula and Siam from November 1896 to

* The Malay Peninsula is also included in the scope of this work.

vi PREFACE.

September 1898; with a List of the Species recorded from
those Countries. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1899, pp. 885—-
916, pls. lix, lx.

Laiptaw, F. F.—‘On the Frogs collected during the ‘Skeat
Expedition’ to the Malay Peninsula, 1899-1900.” Proe.
Zool. Soc. London, 1900, pp. 883-890, pl. lvii.

Iprm.—*‘ On a Collection of Lizards from the Malay Peninsula
made by Members of the ‘Skeat Expedition,’ 1899-1900.”
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901 (i) pp. 301-311.

Ipem.—‘ List of a Collection of Snakes, Crocodiles, and Chelonians
from the Malay Peninsula made by Members of the ‘ Skeat
Expedition,’ 1899-1900.” With an Appendix containing
a list of the names of the places visited by the ‘ Skeat Expe-
dition” By W. W.Sxear. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1901
(li) pp. 575-586, pl. xxxv.

Bourter, A. L. ‘On Recent Additions to the Batrachian Fauna of
the Malay Peninsula.” Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1902 (ii)
pp- 188-190.

Boureneer, G. A. “Report on the Batrachians and Reptiles.
With an Appendix containing a list of the Batrachians and
Reptiles recorded from the Malay Peninsula, south of
Tenasserim.” Fusciculi Malayenses, Zoology, vol. i, pp. 1381—
176, pls. v—x (1903).

Burier, A. L.—‘* A List of the Batrachians known to inhabit the
Malay Peninsula; with some Remarks on their Habits,
Distribution, etc. Journal of the Bombay Natural History
Society, vol. xv, pp. 193-204, 387-402 (1903-4).

Roxginson, H. C.—‘‘ Further Additions to the Batrachian Fauna of
the Malay Peninsula, with a list of the species at present
known to occur therein.” Journal Federated Malay States
Museums, vol. i, pp. 19-24 (1905).

Bovutznerr, G. A.—‘‘ Report on the Gunong Tahan Expedition,
May to September 1905, III. Report on the Fishes,
Batrachians, and Reptiles.” Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.
vol. ii. pp. 61-72, pls. iv, v (1908).

The descriptions throughout are based by the author on
the unrivalled collections in the British Museum, supple-
mented in some few cases by specimens in the Selangor,

Perak, and Singapore Museums, from which collections the

PREFACE. vil

range given for certain of the rarer species is in maay cases
derived. |

For permission to utilize many of the blocks prepared
for the ‘Fauna of British India,’ which has added greatly
to the value of the present work, the Government of the
Federated Malay States is indebted to the Secretary of
State for India; a few illustrations are derived from
previous publications of Mr. Boulenger, while the remainder
have been specially prepared.

Acknowledgments must be made to all those who by the
gift of specimens or otherwise have aided in the preparation
of this work, amongst whom Dr. J. D. Gimlette and
Dr. A. G. H. Smart, of the Kelantan Medical Service, must
be specially mentioned, the large and excellently preserved
collections of snakes presented by these gentlemen to the
British Museum having greatly helped to elucidate the
distribution of many of the species. Thanks are also due
to Dr. R. Hanitsch, of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, for
information regarding the collections under his care.

The large collections made by Capt. 8. 8S. Flower, and
presented by him to the British Museum, supplemented by
his excellent papers, have been of the greatest help to the
author in the preparation of this work.

In conclusion, it may not be amiss to indicate to those
specially interested in the groups with which this volume
deals certain problems to which their attention may be
profitably directed.

Such problems are :—

(i.) The occurrence and distribution in the Peninsula
of the Marsh Crocodile (Crocodilus palustris)
(ped)

Vili PREFACE.

(ii.) The number of species of soft-shelled Turtle
(Trionychide) existing in the Peninsula, and the

distribution thereof.

Gul.) The range and distribution of the hard-shelled
River Tortoises commonly known as tuntong
(genera Batagur, Callagur, and Orlitia).

(iv.) The species of small nocturnal or burrowing
Snakes, such as Lycodon, Ablabes, Simotes, and
Calamaria.

(v.) The Sea-Snakes generally (Hydrophine).
(vi.) The family Amblycephalide.

Among the Batrachians information is especially required
about the breeding-habits; and series of tadpoles, well
preserved and accompanied if possible by the adults, would
be valuable additions to the British Museum collection or
to those of any of the local institutions. Very little also is
known about the range and habits of the two Cecilians
(Ichthyophis), which appear to be very rare in the southern
half of the Peninsula.

HERBERT C. ROBINSON.

Federated Malay States Museums,
Kuala Lampur.

Class REPTILIA
Order I. EMYDOSAURIA ..

Fam. 1. CrocopiLip™®
1. Tomistoma, S. Mili.

Order II. CHELONIA

Fam. 1. TRIoNYCHIDa
Meiriony x, Geofl... 606.5.

2. Pelochelys, Gray

Fam. 2. TESTUDINID®
PME StU Os Lo. ch ssecdiminslcrer eve ts

2. Geoemyda, Gray

3. Cyclemys, Bell

4. Bellia, Gray

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

1. schlegelii, S. Mill. .. ;

PB Crocodilus, Laur. 3... 2.

1. porosus, Schneid.......
2. palustris, Lesson

1. subplanus, Geoffr.

eeurum, Gray’ 5.0...
erepaayr, Sheed. s2 ss. +
4, cartilagineus, Bodd.....

1. cantoris, Gray

1. elongata, Blyth........
2. emys, Schley. § Miill. ..
3. latinuchalis, Vail. ....
1. spinosa, Gray ........
2. grandis, Gray

1. platynota, Gray ......
2, annandalii, Blgr.......
3. dhor, Gray
4. amboinensis, Daud.....

at aypeneve ie 6, oe

1. erassicollis, Gray......

Oe Be OO CD bo

|

6. Damonia Gray. 40. .«

6. Orlitia, Gray
7. Callagur, Gray

8. Batagur, Gray

Fam. 3. CHELONID

Fam, 4. SPHARGID®

Fam. 1. GeCKONIDZ

2. Gonatodes, Fitz.

1. subtrijuga, Schleg. §
MO Tok. Rizie BU thas 6

1. borneensis, Gray seein

1. picta, Gray rae es

1. baska, Gray

oeoe ee eee

1. Chelone, Brongn. ........

Umass oeraec ee cnraes
2. imbricata, Z.

OF Oro Le) und

2. Thalassochelys, F’z.

NER Caretta anette selctelere

1. Dermochelys, Blaine.

ls ;CORTACRARE:, BAe A Rei

Order ILI. SQQUAMATA

Suborder LACERTILIA....

1. Gymnodactylus, Spex

1. marmoratus, /?tz.
2. peguensis, Bigr.
3. pulchellus, Gray
4. consobrinus, LP

CLEP Sater
1. kendalli, Gray ........
Da ltinissSCOLmer terre ea

3. ABluroscalabotes, Bigr.

De telimissnGic/mvsrtsene ne

x SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

F Page | Page
4, Peele Gray ...66s 40 , Fam. 3. VARANIDZ.........- 7
Ta trenatus, DGB. sx... ~All Se
De brovldi Grave oe... 18 a ee -
3. depressus, Gray ...... 43 a Be, De a “7
4, leschenaultii, D.§ B... 43 Benet ose ee 77
5, flaviviridis, Riipp. .... 44 a? ye
6. parnoti, D&B. ...... 44 4, rudicollis, Gray ...... 78
7. platyurus, Schneid. .... 45 Geeavrator a a ie
5. Mimetozoon, Blgr. ...... 45
1. craspedotus, Mocquard . 46 | Fam. 4. LacerTipm ........ 79
5, Crehyr ay Gray os ais moa aces 46 a
1. mutilata, Wiegm. .... 47 1. Tachydromus, Daud. .... 79
2. butleri, Blgr. ........ 47 1. sexlineatus, Daud. .... 79
3, larutensis, Blgr. ......- 48
7. Lepidodactylus, Fitz. .... 48 | Fam. 5. Scincrpm@ ....ecccee 80
1. ceylonensis, Bigr. .... 49 pie peu
2. lugubris, D. § B. .... 49 | 1. Mabuia, Fitz. .........06. 82
Bi \Grecky Quin. cn caescrs sais 50 1, novemearinata, And. .. 82
1. verticillatus, Zaur..... 50 2. macularia, Blyth ...... 83
2, Stentor Cantursseisiae. s 51 3. rugifera, Stol. .......- 83
3. monarchus, D. § B. .. dL 4, multifasciata, Kuhl... . 84
9. Ptychozoon, Kuhl ........ 52 5. siamensis, Gilt = ae 84
1. bomalocephalum, Crev.. 52 | 2 Lygosoma., Gray ........ 85
2. horstieldii, Gray ...... 53 1. stellatum, Bigr, ...... 87
2. presione, Blgr: sien 88
2 3. scotophilum, Bliyr. .... 88
amin 2: AGIAN aa) ernest el 54 4, sanctum, D:.S B. =... 82
a a 5. maculatum, Blyth .... 8&9
1. eae L Bee en Ea = 6. anomalopus, Blgr. .... 90
. GUS, Le wre ce eer eves e Lyd ; 76 7, €
2. maculatus, GIG sister 58 a ae Te ah Dard a He
Bt fea, aoe S » Dutlert, Digr. vseveeee 5
5. fimbriatus, Kuhl ...... 59 O! olivaceunn (Guar 9]
4. punctatus, Blgr. ...... BY) | 10. bat Oasis 99
lod F " é A . su, e cee eee by Fe
6. Sais au : Senile 4 We albopunctatum, Gray .. 93
2 fornnede’ Blan en 61 12. bampfyldii, Fi. Bartlett . be
8, microlepis Bier. 69 13. vittigerum, Blgr. .... le
i ; Lis tats es ae i 14. atrocostatum, Zess..... 94
9. melanopogon, Bigr, .. 62 15. singaporense, Stdy 95
Ae quingmensetatne wGray 2) G5 16. quadrivittatum, Peters . 95
eRe Hea amt che os 17. surdum, Bigr. ,-aee 96
2. Aphaniotis, Peters........ 3 es ate i
aren Peters 64 18. cophias, Bigr. ......-. 96
Baer ee keener ae sk 5 19: chalcides, J. case 97
3. Gonyocephalus, Kaup .... 65 90. larutense, Blgr 97
4 oe S 2 av. : SLs A a \elJele semen e
' nani eked a oF me 21. miodactylum, Blyr. .. 98
2. Vi, Be cyan Tecra
3. grandis, Grdy ........ 66
4. robinsonii, Blyr. ...... 67 | Fam. 6. DipamMipm@........ we 98
4. Acanthosaura, Gray ...... 68 1. Dibamus, D. § B. 99
| Sarmatas (Guay. sn. 68 j a oui rere
5 emilee Bie. 69 1. novee-guinee, D. & B. . 99
6. ‘Calotes,'Cuuss. sek naknees 69
1. flowpert, Blom ce Sea as. TOY Ne
2. cristatellus, Kukd .... 70 | Suborder OPHIDIA........ 100
3. versi D Si eben cd oC
4. Maa ih se ey a i Fam, 1. TYPHLOPID@ . «. os aun 101
6. Liclepis Cue.” lene 73 1. Typhlops, Schneid......... 102
1, belliana, Gray. in s.2e: 73 ]. lineatus, Bove. cna 102

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

e Page

2. braminus, Daud...... . 103

3, albiceps, Bigr........; 103

4, bothriorhynchus, Gthr. . 104

5. nigroalbus, D. 8 B. .. 104

6. mutilatus, Werner ..,. 105
Pam. 2, BOWA 2.6 cee ees 105
ee VEHON, GUC... wens oes 105
1. reticulatus, Scknetd. .. 107
PPMTNOMUIT US! 225) chee islew «0 108
meePeurtus, Schley. ..0 +6 bo 1C9
Fam. 3, Itystipx abhi OE 109
1. Cylindrophis, Wagl....... 109
il, SRN SLEDS coca oenn oe dahl

2. lineatus, Blanf. ...... 1 a
Fam. 4. XENOPELTID® ...... 112
1, Xenopeltis, Reinw. ...... 112
I. unicolor, Reimw........ 113
Fam. 5. COLUBRIDZ ........ 114
Subfam. 1. .derochordine .... 115
1. Acrochordus, Hornst. aS
1, javanicus, Hornst. .... 115

2. Chersydrus, Cuv. ....... 2 NG
1. granulatus, Schneid. .. 116

3. Xenodermus, Reirh....... Wey
1. javanicus, Reimh....... Ae
Subfam. 2. Colubrine ........ 1G
4. Polyodontophis, Blgr. .... 120
1. geminatus, Bote ...... 120

2. sagittarius, Cant. .... 121

5, Xenochrophis, Gthr....... 121
1. cerasogaster, Cant. .... 121

6, Tropidonotus, Kuhl ...... 122
1. piscator, Schneid....... 125

2, trianguligerus, Bove.... 125
Dinas, Laidlaw 2.....-%. 125

A, stolatus, YF 125

5. subminiatus, Schleg. 126

6. chrysargus, Schleg. .... 127

7. maculatus, Edeling . 128

its Macropisthodon, JH Pee yon Jets:
1. flaviceps, D. § B. 128

2. rhodomelas, Bove 129

x1
: Page
8. Helicops, Wags. ).2 130
1. schistosus, Daud. 130
9. Lycodon;, Bore a. wees 2. 131
IR eullicne a) Rk SS 131
2. laoensis, GERM. scalisn oc: 132
on CuneDIsy (Convene 132
A. ‘butler, Blom) saves «5. 133
5. subcinctus, Bole ...... 133
10. Dryocalamus, Gthr. ...... 13
1. subannulatus, D. § B. . 134
Eh. ZxOC ys, Cope. ctr wmnree sss 135
LE CATINaA tS Guin e 135
My MONO, (Gaal, soe aaa 136
A2, Zamenis, Wagl. ©. soveeai.s 136
1, korgos, SeRlegencs: baren<t « 157
PP, WACO I, saeco - 137
3. fasciolatus, Shaw ass
ld; enelaphis, Gime --..,... 136
1. hexagonotus, Cant. .... 139
PAs Wolbert lier ies oles. os 139
1. porphyraceus, Cant. 140
2. melanurus, Schleg. 141
3. radiatus, Schleg. ...... 141
4, teeniurus, Cope ...... 142
5. oxycephalus, Bore 143
15. Gonyophis, Blgr, .24:...:. 144
1. margaritatus, Peters 144
16. Dendrophis, Bore. ...... 145
ly picts, Gans: Done ‘ 145
2, formosus, Bote........ 146
17. Dendrelaphis, Blgr. ...... 146
1. caudolineatus, Gr ay .. 147
IMs permeates JIL PIE ooo oon an 147
1. purpurascens, Schley. .. 148
2. eyelurus, Cant. ...... 149
3. octolineatus, Schnetd. .. 149
4. signatus, Gthr,....... 150
5. ee GOREN 6 150
19 Ablabess D5 Sys, a5. 15]
il, tricolor, Sein. \ main =: 151
2. baliodirus, Bore ...... 52
3. longicauda, Peters 152
20. Macrocalamus, Gthr. 153
il lateralisnG dries on. o.. 153
21. Pseudorhabdium, Jan .... 154
I. longieeps, 'Canti sy... 154
| 22: Calamariay Bove 8. . 2. 154
1. vermiformis, D.§ B. .. 155
2. albiventer, Gray ...... 156
3. sumatrana, Ldeling .... 156
4. leucocephala, D. §& B... 157
5. pavimentata, D. § B... 157
6: cimlettiy Bligh ao. bess. 220

xi

Page |
Subfam. 3. Homualopsine...... 158
23. Hypsirhina, Wagl......... 158
Poindica,Graysce.. coe 159
2. plumbea, Bove ......'.. 160
3. enhydris, Schneid. 160
A POCOULU Te) Citar ere 161
5. sieboldii, Schleg....... 161
24, Homalopsis, Kuhl ........ 162
Te Ker le. Gacocao,sies 162
Die Cerberus Cuvee enn ee 163
1. rhynchops, Schneid..... 163
26" Hordonia, Gray. non. =. 164
1. leucobalia, Schleg. 5 lee!
Dy, Cantoria, Guard ose... 5: 165 |
lpevaiolaceanGenand =. oa. 165
28, Hipistes, iGraye oo... he. - = 166 |
1, hydrinus, Canto 70... a. 166 |
Subfam. 4. Dipsadomorphine.. 167 |
29. Dipsadomorphus, Fz. .... 167
1. multimaculatus, Bove .. 168 |
2. gokoolGnayr een. se. 169
3. dendrophilus, Bote .... 169 |
4, jaspideus, D. & B. .... 170 |
5; Graplezily e072 ean. oe ve
6. nigriceps, Gthr. ...... el
7. eynodon, Bow ais .5.. 172
30. Psammodynastes, Gthr. .. 172
1, pulverulentus, Bove .... 173
Deqnietusy Gianni 174
31, Dryophis, Dalman........ 174
1, sprasimus, Bove: 2... ak. 175
2. xanthozona, Bote...... IAS
32. Dryophiops, lors) 2.5... 176
1. rubescens, Gray ...... 176
33. Chrvsopelea, Bove ........ 176
Ie orartit, SOD os oneacue lye
2. chrysochlora, Schleg. .. 178
Subfam. 5. Hydrophiine 179
34, Hydrus, Schneid. ........ 180
De pplahuriis; Prep eatatee etek: 181
35. Hydrophis, Daud......... 181
ll, stokesii; Goa”. ocak «h 183
2 ORUACUS Gray 5 iialek 184
3. brugmansii, Bowe...... 184
A. WRYI,| BIG? We aisrcis ves 185
5. eyanocinctus, Daud. 185
6. jerdomily Gry cite. er 186
7. ceerulescens, Shaw .... J87
8. nigrocinetus, Daud..... 187
9, diadema, Gthr. ...... 188
10. rhombiter, Blgr. ...... 188 !

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
11. fasciatus, Schneid. ,... 189
12. klossi; Bilgr.. use 190
13. torquatus, Gthr. ...... 190
42 cantoris, Gtk eee 190
15., gracilis, Shaw \. sikh 191
36. Hnlydris, Mer: ..:: knee 192
enCunis; (S020). ereee 192
2. hardwickii, Gray 193
af. Knhydrina, Gray ... «sae 193
lL. valakadien, Bote ...... hs
38. Thalassophis, Schmidt .... 194
1. annandalii, Laidlaw.... 195
39. Aipysurus, Lacép......... 195
I. eydouxu, Gray. jee 195
AQ? Platurus, Daud... eee 196
1. colubrinus, Schnerd. 197
Subfam. 6. Hlapine.......... 197
41. Bungarus, Daud. ...2.77% 198
1. fasciatus, Schneid...... 198
2. ‘candidus, (2. «cae eee 199
3. flaviceps, Reimh. ...... 200
AD Nata, Gaui erie PP 200
1. tripudians, Merr....... 201
2. bungarus, Schleg....... 202
43. Callophis, Gray. ... 2 seen 203
I. gracilis; Gray 20 ae 203
2. maculiceps, Gthr. 204
| 44, Doliophis, Garrard 22. .ae 204
ll; bivireatus, Bove see 205
2. intestinalis, Laur. 206
Fam. 6. AMBLYCEPHALIDZ .. 206
1. Haplopeltura, D. & B. .... 207
il. boa, Bove 2. eee 208
2. Amblycephalus, Auwhl 208
1. levis, Bow . 3... suse 209
2. malaceanus, Peters .... 209
3. vertebralis, Blgr....,.. 210
4, moellendorfli, Boetty. .. 210
Fam; 7. VIPERID A... 211
1. Ancistrodon, Pal. de Beauv. 212
1. rhodostoma, Bowe...... 213
2. Wachesis; aud: antaecenene 214
1. monticola, Gthr. . 215

2. purpureomaculatus,
Gray, . 03. eee 216
53. gramineus, Shaw ...... 217
4. sumatranus, Raffles .... 217
5. borneensis, Peters...... 218
6. wagleri, Bure .....55. 218

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xii

Page Page

Class BATRACHIA ........ Do | 2° Micrahyla, Packs scsi awa 258

| 1. inornata, Blgr. ...... 259

Srderl. ECAUDATA .,..., 2291 2. leucostigma, Blgr. .... 260
é ‘ »)

Series A. FIRMISTERNIA, 223) —“* Omuata, ae a ae a0
| . ’ A Ol) S88 Ke) © ep ~_

Beate. MANED AS 0.06... 6, ~ 2298 5. achatina, Bore ........ 261

6. annectens, Blgr. ...... 262

IP Oxyglossus, Tsch. oo Dow Ao 924 te berdmoril, Blyth a ie 263

1, lima, Gravenh......... 225 | 3, Callula, Gray .......... 263

oe levis, Gthr siietieRowahanetocaneds 225 1 pulchra, Gr Wat aro ee 964

SMa. oo. ew wes 226 | 4: Phrynella, Bigr. ..<..¢.. 265

1. cyanophlyctis, Schneid. . 2238 | 1. pulchra, Dlg SG eee 2965

2, kubli, Dig B. ...... 229 2 pollacaris, Big, asi. 5 = 266

eevaticeps, Big... 6.20. 230

4. doriz, Blgr........... 231

®. plicatella, Sfol......... 231 | Series B. ARCIFERA ...... 267

6. hascheana, Stol. ...... 232

7. macrodon, D.§ B. .... 233 | Fam. 1. BuFoNIDz.......... 267

Sy imerma, Daud. ...s. +. 234 .

2. limnocharis, Wiegm. .. 236 | te Recto oo ie a _ 268
10. glandulosa, Blgr....... 236 1. guentheri, Blyr. ...... 268
Miersionuata, Gthr. ........ ae 2. hosii, Blyr. 268
12. luctuosa, Peters ...,.. 2 238 2. Bufo, Laur. ac 269
18. macrodactvla, Gtr. .. 238 iL penangensis SlOL ie 200
Pelateralis, Blgr. 2.3.6. 239 A erione Blyr. 97]
15, nicobariensis, Stol. .... 240 Salven, Grave, aa
16. erythreea, Schieg. ...... 24] 4, melanostictus, Schneid. . 272
17. nigrovittata, Blyth .... 242 5. parvus, Blgr. oe... 274
18. labialis, Bigr. ........ ae | a quadriporeatus, Blgr. .. 274
19. hosii, Bigr. .......... 243 | divergens, Peters ...... 275
Poeperood, GLnT. we ere oe 244 | 9 Necien Cope wings O75
21. livida, Blyth ........ 2A5 | 1. subasper Tach te aa
22. larutensis, Blgr. ...... 245 ”

3. Rhacophorus, Kuhl ...... 247 atte

1. leprosus, as Seabee ae 247 | Fam. 2. PELOBATIDA........ 276

2. leucomystax, Gravenh.. 248 | 1, Megalophrys, Kuhl ...... 276

3. robinsonii, Blgr. ...... 249 Il, ‘montana, TO Me" oe olote 277

A, bimaculatus, BuGE. 6 ace 200 Der nasita; SCUCG. sclera toes 279

5. nigropalmatus, Blyr. .. 251 3; loneipes, Blgrs| F.enc. 200

Pnienhis, OGD. caso wee 252 AS eracilis, Gti, css sire «1. 281

1. brevipes, Blgr......... 253 5. heteropus, Blgr. ...... 281

2. larutensis, Blgr. ...... 263 6 pelodytoides, Blgr. .... 282

3. castanomerus, Blgr..... 254 7, Nasseltt, 0sGh. =. sss. ss 282

4, vermiculatus, Blgr..... 254

Be pictus, Peers. 4.2.55. 259

6. asper, Blgr. ........-. 255 | Order II. APODA .......... 234

7. horridus, Blgr. ...... 206 | j

Fam. b Cmacinmpm <2... -6 284

Fam. 2. EneysromaTip# .... 257 | 1. Ichthyophis, Fitz......... 284
1. Calophrynus, Tsch. ....-. 257 | 1. glutinosus, Z. ........ 255
ig Pete suhnia Tsch. a eae 958 o monochrous, Blkr. shele = 286

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Class REPTILIA.

Cold-blooded Vertebrates breathing by lungs throughout
their existence, the body covered with scales or scutes. Skull
with the parasphenoid small, if distinct, with a basioccipital
usually articulating with the vertebral column by a single

condyle.

Represented in the Malay Subregion by three Orders :—

I. EMYDOSAURIA, Crocodiles.
Il. CHELONIA, Tortoises and Turtles.

III. SQUAMATA, Lizards and Snakes.

Order EMYDOSAURIA.

Quadrate bone immovably united to cranial arches; two
horizontal bony temporal arches. Cervical and dorsal ribs
mostly two-headed, the middle dorsals articulating with the
transverse processes of the neural arch. Sternum and inter-
clavicle present ; no clavicles; abdominal ribs. Pubis excluded
from acetabulum. ‘Teeth implanted in sockets. Ventricle of the
heart divided by a complete septum. . Pectoral and abdominal
cavities separated by a muscular diaphragm. Vent longitudinal ;
copulatory organ present, single.

A single family.

2 CROCODILID &.

Family CROCODILID.

Nares anterior; choane opening far back between the pterygoids,
which, like the palatines and maxillaries, are produced into osseous
plates joining on the median line of the palate; orbit communicating
with the infratemporal fossa. Vertebre proccelous; ribs with

Fig. 1.—Skull of Crocodilus palustris.

A. Side view. B. Upper view. C. Lower view.
ang. Angular. m. Maxillary. ptf. Postfrontal,
ar. Articular. a. Nasal. g. Quadrate. ~
bo. Basioccipital. p. Parietal. gq)» Quadratojugal.
d. Dentary. pl. Palatine. s.ang. Supra-angular.
eco. Exoecipital. pm. Premaxillary, so. Supraoccipital.
Jf. Frontal. prf. Prefrontal, sg. Squamosal,
Jj. Jugal. pt. Pterygoid. tp. 'Transpalatine.

2. Lachrymal.

TOMISTOMA. 3

uncinate processes. Manus with five well-developed digits, pes
with four. A dorsal armour of bony plates. Ears with moveable
opercles. Pupil vertical,

Carnivorous, more or less aquatic Reptiles, laying hard-shelled,
elongate eggs.

Of the six recent genera, two are represented in the Malay
Peninsula :—

Nasal bones widely separated from the nasal

aperture ; splenial bones entering the mandibular

symphysis, which extends to the 14th or 15th

tooth; snout very narrow and elongate ; —

Pees OMEREH RICE IWs4. bs lcgliy ev leer tee es ces TOMISTOMA, p. 3.
Nasal bones entering the nasal aperture; splenial

bones not entering the mandibular symphysis,

which does not extend beyond the 8th tooth;

snout broad and tapering ; i teeth on each

Ee fareiecritas ons de veal ge wien neem CROCODILUS, p. 4.

Genus TOMISTOMA.
S. Mull. Arch. f, Nat. 1846, p. 122.

20 or 21 upper and 18 or 19 lower teeth on each side, the
laterals received into interdental pits; fifth maxillary tooth
largest ; first and fourth mandibular teeth fitting into notches
in the upper jaw. Snout very long and narrow; nasal bones
not extending to the nasal opening, but in contact with the
premaxillaries; nasal opening smaller than the supratemporal
fosse ; a small anterior bony plate in the upper eyelid. Man-
dibular symphysis very long, extending to the 14th or 15th tooth,
comprising the splenial bones. A dorsal shield formed of fou
longitudinal series of juxtaposed, keeled, bony scutes.

A single species.

1. Tomistoma schlegelii.

Crocodilus (Gavialis) schlegelii, 8. Mill. Tijdschr. v. Nat. en Physiol.
v, p. 77, pl. iii (1888).

Tomistoma schlegelti, Gray, Tr. Z.8. vi, p. 154 (1867) ; Bouleng. Cat.
Chelon. &c. p. 276 (1889); id. P.Z.S8. 1896, p. 628; 8. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1899, p. 622; Butler, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. i,
p- 1 (1905).

Malay name, Buaya jenjulong.

Snout 3 to 31 times as long as broad at the base. Nuchal and
dorsal scutes forming a single continuous shield, composed of
22 transverse series, the broadest of which contains 6 scutes,
the 4 anterior (nuchals) only two; two small postoccipital scutes.
Fingers webbed at the base; outer toes extensively webbed. A
strong crest on the outer edge of the leg. Scales on the limbs
keeled. Dull olive-green above, finely and closely spotted with

B2

A,

4 CROCODILID®.

dark brown; tail, and sometimes also back, with dark transverse
bands; white beneath ; iris yellowish brown.

Total length 43 metres (17 feet).

Borneo, Sumatra, Malay Peninsula.

The Malay Gharial was first discovered in the Malay Peninsula
by Mr. Cecil Wray, on the Perak River, in 1889. A second
specimen was caught in the Kinta River, near Batu Gajah, by
Capt. H. C. Metcalfe, in 1893 or 1894. Others have since been
observed in the States of Perak and Selangor, on the West coast, ~
and of Pahang, on the East coast of the Peninsula. Skulls were
observed by Dr. Annandale in a shrine in Patelung, one of the
Eastern Siamese Malay States. A specimen from Pulau Tiga,
Perak River, sent by Mr. L. Wray to the British Museum,
measures 2°64 metres.

This is an essentially freshwater animal, and it is said by the
natives to often frequent the swamps and marshy lands on the
banks of rivers. It feeds principally on fish, and is not known to
attack human beings,

Genus CROCODILUS.
Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 53 (1768).

16 to 19 upper and 14 or 15 lower teeth on each side; fourth
or fifth maxillary tooth largest ; fourth mandibular tooth usually
fitting into a notch in the upper jaw. Snout more or less elon-
gate; nasal bones extending to the nasal opening, which is larger
than the supratemporal fossee ; a very small anterior bony plate
in the upper eyelid. Splenial bones not entering the mandibular
symphysis, which does not extend beyond the eighth tooth
(usually to the fourth or fifth). A dorsal shield formed of
four or more longitudinal series of juxtaposed, keeled, bony
scutes.

The species of this genus are spreaa over Africa, Southern
Asia, the northern parts of Australasia, and Tropical America.

Two species are dealt with here :—

Snout (the portion of the head in front of the orbits)

12 to 2! times as long as broad, with a more or

less strong ridge on each side in front of the eye;

postoccipital scutes usually absent ..........+. C. porosus, p. 4.
Snout 14 to 1} times as long as broad, without

ridges; four small scutes in a transverse series

between the occiput and the nuchal secutes,..... C. palustris, p. 5.

2. Crocodilus porosus.

Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 159 (1801) ; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soe.
Bengal, xvi, p. 622 (1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 62 (1864) ;
Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. &c. p. 284 (1889); id. Faun. Brit. Ind.,
Rept. p. 4 (1890) ; 8. Flower, P, Z.S. 1899, p. 623; Annandale,
Fascie. Malay., Zool. i, p. 147 (1903).

Crocodilus vulgaris, part., Cantor, t. e. p. 621.

@ROCODILUS. 5)

Malay names. Buaya; buaya tembaga (‘brass-coloured cro-
codile ”), alluding to juvenile specimens. .

Snout 14 to 23 times as long as broad at the base, with a more
or less strong ridge on each side in front of the eye, slightly
converging towards its fellow. our large nuchal scutes forming
a square, with one or two smaller ones on each side; postoccipital
scutes usually absent, sometimes small and irregular. Dorsal
shield well separated from the nuchal, the bony scutes forming
16 or 17 transverse and 4 to 8 longitudinal series, these scutes, in
a transverse series, separated from each other by the leathery
skin. Fingers webbed at the base ; outer toes extensively webbed.
A serrated fringe on the outer edge of the leg. Adult dark olive
above ; young pale olive, with large black spots on the body and
tail, and dots on the head ; yellow beneath.

Grows to a length of 30 feet.

India, Ceylon, Burma, and Southern China to North Australia
and the Solomon and Fiji Islands. Entering salt water and
frequently occurring out at sea. Exceedingly numerous in every
suitable locality in Malaya. Every year many people lose their
lives in the Peninsula by being seized and carried off by Crocodiles.
Commonest among the mangroves of the coast, and therefore much
rarer on the east side of the Peninsula, where the shores are
mainly sandy. Does not extend to the upper reaches of the
rivers, where the water is clear and swift, but travels overland
for considerable distances to occupy small ponds and lakes or
deserted mining holes, where it frequently attains a large size.

The largest specimen on record in the Peninsula is one ob-
tained in salt water near Matang, Perak, which measured 24 feet
13 inches. A dorsal strip of its skin is now in the Perak Museum,
Taiping.

A good account of the methods employed by Malays in the
capture of this reptile is given by W. T. Hornaday (‘Two Years
in the Jungle,’ pp. 305-307: New York, 1897).

_, % Crocodilus palustris.

Lesson, in Bélang. Voy. Ind. Or., Zool. p. 805 (1834); Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 61, pl. viii, fig. A (1864) ; Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. &c.
p. 285 (1889); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 5 (1890) ; 8. Flower,
P.Z. 8. 1899, p. 625.

Crocodilus vulgaris, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 621 (1847).

Malay name, ? Buaya katak =‘ toad crocodile.”

Snout 14 to 13 times as long as broad, without ridges. Four
large nuchals forming a square, with a smaller one on each side ;
two pairs of smaller scutes in a transverse series behind the
occiput (postoccipitals). Dorsal shield well separated from the
nuchal, the scutes usually in 4, rarely in 6, longitudinal series,
these scutes, in a transverse series, suturally united to each other.
Fingers webbed at the base, outer toes extensively webbed. A

6 CHELONIA.

serrated fringe on the outer edge of the leg. Adult blackish olive
above ; young pale olive, dotted and spotted with black.

Grows to a length of 15 feet, or more.

India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

The Marsh-Crocodile or Mugger appears to be rare in the
Malay Peninsula. It is recorded by Cantor, and a specimen
stated to be from Singapore is preserved in the British Museum,

It is, however, rather doubtful if Cantor’s remarks really refer
to this species, and not to C. porosus. No one of the locai
Museums possesses specimens.

Order CHELONIA.

Quadrate bone immovably united to cranial arches. Dorsal
ribs single-headed, the anterior attached between two vertebra.
Body encased in a bony shell. <A plastron formed of a small
number of elements in addition to the clavicles. No sternum.

Fig, 2.—Shell of Bel/ia crassicollis, showing bony plates.

A. Carapace. B. Plastron.
co, Costal. hyop. Hyoplastron. nu. Nuchal.
enp. Entoplastron (Inter- hypp. Hypoplastron. py. Pygal.
clavicle), m. Marginal. zyp. Xiphiplastron,

epp. Epiplastron (Clayicle). ne. Neural,

CHELONIA, a

No teeth; jaws covered with horny sheaths. Vent round or
ongitudinal; copulatory organ present, single.

Fig. 3.—Shell of Chelone mydas, with epidermal horny shields.

A, Carapace. B. Plastron,
a. Abdominal. h. Humeral. n. Nuchal.
an. Anal, ig. Intergular. p. Pectoral.
ec. Costal, im. Inframarginal. se. Supracaudal,
7. Femoral. m. Marginal. v. Vertebral.

g. Gular,

The anterior inframarginal is also termed axillary, and the posterior inguinal.

The Tortoises and Turtles of the Malay Peninsula are referred
to four families :-—

Carapace and plastron without epidermal shields,
covered with a soft skin; limbs with three
PRHUWIPMS Steves aisha a 2 fae a 6-5 ergisia sire eies Trionychide, p. 8.

horny shields ; limbs with four or five claws. Testudinide, p. 12.

SORBENT: CLAVE. carer eatenc terete ols) gion ale ciefo ee, oumiate Chelonide, p, 27.
Carapace formed of mosaic-like small bony

plates, separated from the vertebre and ribs ;

limbs paddle-shaped, without claws ........ Sphargide, p. 50,

8 TRIONYCHID®.

Family TRIONYCHIDZ.

~ Carapace and plastron without epidermal shields, covered with
skin ; marginal bones absent or forming an incomplete series, not
connected with the ribs ; epiplastra separated from the hyoplastra
by a A-shaped entoplastron. Jaws concealed under fleshy lips ;
snout ending in a proboscis. Har hidden. Head and neck com-~—
pletely retractile. Only the three inner digits clawed.

Thoroughly aquatic, carnivorous Turtles inhabiting Eastern and
Southern Asia, Africa, and North America. Their ferocious
habits, together with the extreme rapidity with which they
project their necks, render the larger individuals dangerous to
men bathing. Relished as food by the Chinese.

This family is represented in the Malay Peninsula by two
closely related genera :—

Postorbital arch narrower than the orbit, which is

nearer the temporal than the nasal fossa........ TRIONyYxX, p. 8.
Postorbital arch broad, the orbit nearer the nasal

than the temporal fossa ; proboscis very short ., PELOCHELYs, p. 11.

Genus TRIONYX.
Geoffr. Ann. du Mus. xiv, p. 1 (1809).

Plastron without cutaneous valves, the limbs remaining com-
pletely exposed; dorsal disk without marginal ossifications. Bony
choane between the orbits ; jaws strong; postorbital arch narrower
than the diameter of the orbit. Tail very short.

Eastern and Southern Asia, Africa, North America.

Eges spherical, hard-shelled.

Malay generic name, Labi-labi.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. All the costal plates separated on the median
line by the neural plates; disk longer than
broad; plastral rugosities scarcely deve-
loped; head very large; young without or
with small ocellar spots ........ aye . IT, subplanus, p. 9.
Il. Last pair of costal plates in contact on the
median line; head moderately large; no
dark vertebral stripe.
Two neural plates between the first pair of costals ;
plastral callosities very large in the adult;
alveolar surface of lower jaw flat or with a
longitudinal furrow at the symphysis; olive-
brown beneath, young with 4 or 6 large ocellar
Spots.on the jbwere ey tere amen oe T. hurum, p. 9.

TRIONYX. 9

A single neural plate between the first pair of

costals; plastral callosities very feebly deve-

loped; alveolar surface uf lower jaw with a

strovg longitudinal ridge at the symphysis;

RUGS NCNM NUN bes oy «ats = 4, ke ayech netas oS nh aie a8 T. phayrit, p. 10.
A single neural plate between the first pair of

costals; plastral callosities well developed ;

alveolar surface of lower jaw with a strong

longitudinal ridge at the symphysis; white (peat:

beneath, young without ocellar spots.......... T. cartilagineus,

4. Trionyx subplanus.

Geoffr, Ann. Mus. xiv, p. 11, pl. v, fig. 2 (1809) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 49 (1864) ; Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 246 (1889) ; id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 11 (1890) ; 8. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 619.

Disk very flat and longer than broad; all the costal plates
separated on the median line by the neural plates; a single
neural plate between the first pair of costals; a large fontanelle,
till late in life, between the nuchal and dorsal plates. _Epiplastra
narrowly separated from each other in front of the entoplastron,
which forms an obtuse or aright angle ; plastral rugosities scarcely
developed, on the hyo- and hypoplastra and on the xiphiplastra
(these rugosities absent in the young). Dorsal skin of young with
interrupted longitudinal ridges. Head very large; postorbital
arch extremely narrow ; mandibular symphysis without median
ridge. Disk olive-brown or yellowish olive above, sometimes
mottied all over with dark olive-brown ; young with a blackish
vertebral stripe and four or six small ocellar spots, a dark oblique
streak behind each eye, and a A-shaped dark marking between and
behind the eyes ; lower parts pale lemon-yellow.

Length of disk 250 millim.

Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Philippines.
Recorded from Penang and Singapore, and there are examples in
the Selangor Museum from Terutau Island, north of Penang, and
from Tioman, off the coast of Pahang. A young specimen from
Gunong Pulai, Johore, has been referred to 7. phayrit by Flower.

5. Trionyx hurum.

Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 47, pl. x (1831); Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 249
(1889) ; id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 18 (1890).

Gymnopus gangeticus (non Cuy.), Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal,
xvi, p. 614 (1847).

Trionyx gangeticus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 47 (1864).

Disk not or but little longer than broad; last costal plate
forming a suture with its fellow; two neural plates between
the first pair of costals. Epiplastra narrowly separated from
each other in front of the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or
a right angle; plastral callosities in the adult (hyo-hypoplastral,
xiphiplastral, and in old specimens entoplastral), coarsely pitted

10 . TRIONYCHID&.

and vermiculate like the bones of the carapace. Dorsal skin of
young with longitudinal ridges of small tubercles. Head moderate;
postorbital arch somewhat more than half the diameter of the
orbit in the adult; mandibular symphysis without median ridge.
Olive-brown above and beneath ; head, neck, limbs, and border of
shell light-dotted ; head with large yellow spots, viz. across the

Fig. 4.—Trionyx hurum (young).

snout, behind the orbit, at the angle of the mouth, and on the
chin, these markings becoming indistinct in the adult, the head of
which is more or less closely spotted or vermiculated with black ;
dorsal disk in the young with dark marblings and four or six very
large ocellar markings.

Length of disk 400 millim.

Bengal. Recorded from Penang by Cantor.

6. Trionyx phayril.

Theobald, Journ. Linn. Soc. x, 1868, p. 18; Anders. Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, p. 30 (1871); Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 251 (1889) ;
id. Faun, Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 14 (1890).

Similar to 7’. hurum, but a single neural plate between the first

PELOCHELYS. JUL

pair of costals, plastral callosities hardly developed, and mandibular
symphysis with a median ridge. Lower parts white.

Length of disk 500 millim.

Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

Recorded from Penang by Anderson.

7. Trionyx cartilagineus.

Testudo cartilaginea, Boddaert, Epistola ad W. Roéll, 1770.
“Ge cartilaginea, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 615
847).
Trionyx ornatus, Gray, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 41, pl. v; Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 48, pl. vi, fig. B (1864).
Trionyx cartilagineus, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 258 (1889) ; id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 15 (1890) ; S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 620.

Disk not or but little longer than broad; last costal plate
forming a suture with its fellow; a single neural plate between
the first pair of costals. piplastra in contact, or narrowly
separated, in front of the entoplastron, which forms an obtuse or
aright angle; plastral callosities well developed in the adult (hyo-
hypoplastral and xiphiplastral), and coarsely sculptured like the
bones of the carapace. Dorsal skin of young with longitudinal
ridges of small tubercles. Head moderate ; postorbital arch very
narrow; mandibular symphysis with a strong median ridge.
Olive-brown above and on the chin; head and chin with numerous
yellow spots, the largest of which are below the temple; dorsal
disk of young light-dotted, usually with a few large blackish spots,
or with a black transverse band.

Length of disk 500 millim. A specimen from Kuala Lumpur
measures 605 in length and 565 in breadth over the curves of the
bony carapace.

Burma and Cochinchina to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Very common in slow-flowing and muddy rivers and estuaries
and in ponds and swamps, and attaining a very large size.
Apparently the commonest Trionya in the Malay Peninsula.
Although chiefly carnivorous, will feed on rice in captivity.

Genus PELOCHELYS.
Gray, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 89.

Like Trionya, but jaws weaker, postorbital arch broader, as
broad as the diameter of the orbit, and proboscis very short.
A single species.

8. Pelochelys cantoris.

Chitra indica, part., Gray, Cat. Tort. p. 49 (1844) ; Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 50, pl. vi, fig. C (1864).

1D THSTUDINID”®.

Gymnopus indicus (non Gray), Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xvi, p. 616 (1847).

Pelochelys are wn, Gray, P. Z.S. 1864, p. 90, figs.; Bouleng. Cat.
Cielon. p. 263 (1889); id. Faun. Brit. Ind. , Rept p. 15 (1890) ;
S. Flower, P. 4.8. 1899, p. 621.

Malay name, Labi-labi.

Disk not or but little longer than broad; last costal plate
forming a suture with its fellow ; a single neural plate between-
the first pair of costals. Epiplastra small and widely separated
from each other; entoplastron forming a right or an acute angle ;
plastral callosities largely developed in the adult. Dorsal skin of
young tuberculate. Head moderate ; snout very short and broad.
Olive above, uniform or spotted with darker ; lips and throat of
young olive, speckled with whitish or yellow; ventral region
white.

Length of disk 940 millim.

From Bengal and China to the Malay Peninsulaand Archipelago
and New Guinea. Specimens are in the local museums from the
coasts of Perak and Selangor, and are not unfrequently caught on
lines of hooks set for sharks and rays.

According to Cantor this turtle occurs in estuaries and on the
sea-coast. At Penang it is frequently taken in the fishing-stakes,
It is very powerful, and of ferocious habits.

Family TESTUDINIDZ.

Shell covered with epidermal, horny shields ; the neural and
costal plates bordered by a series of marginals. Plastron large,
with an entopiastron of rhomboidal shape, and the epiplastra in
contact with the hyoplastra. Parietal bones widely separated
from the squamosals. ar distinct. Head and neck completely
retractile. Digits short or moderately elongate ; phalanges with
condyles; claws four or five.

Terrestrial or aquatic Tortoises, distributed over every part of
the world except Australia. - Eggs ‘spher ical or oval, hard -shelled.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Limbs club-shaped; alveolar surface of upper
jaw with a median ridge ...s. 0a ..st.... TEsTUDO, p. 15,

Il. Digits distinct, with at least a rudiment of
web; alveolar surface of upper jaw without
median ridge.
A, Alveolar surface of jaws moderately broad ;
choanze between the eyes.
Plastron united to the carapace by suture, immovable ; [p. 16.
no bony temporal arch ............ aie icih ki cep eee GEOEMYDA,

TESTUDO. ites

Plastron connected with the carapace by a ligamentous [p.*18.
Hinge; a bony temporal arch ,....6.... se. «e CycLremys,
Plastron united to the carapace by suture, immovable;
Emenee COMIMOPAL ATCH 6566. e ejaig oy cs ce sees ns bs BELLIA, p. 22.

B, Alveolar surface of jaws very broad; choanze
behind the level of the eyes .............. Damonta, p. 23,

III. Digits distinct, entirely webbed ; alveolar sur-
face of upper jaw with one or two median
ridges.

A, Choanz between the eyes; alveolar surface
of upper jaw with a single median ridge;
fore limb with five claws.

Edge of jaws not denticulated ; skin of hinder part of

head divided into small shields..,............... OrzITIA, p. 24.
Edge of jaws denticulated ; skin of upper surface of [p- 25.
headnot divided into,shields. ,........s4¢s08008 CALLAGUR,

B. Choanz behind the level of the eyes ; alveolar
surface of upper jaw with two ridges; fore
limb with four: claws only :..0.'. 0.065 .).. sss BaTAaGur, p. 26,

Genus TESTUDO.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 350 (1766),

Neural plates usually alternately tetragonal and octagonal ;
costal plates alternately narrower and wider. Plastron extensively
united to the carapace by suture, with short axillary and inguinal

Fig. 5.—Skulls of Testudo latinuchalis (A) and T. emys (B).
(From Fascic. Malay., Zool.)

buttresses, which do not reach, or just reach, the costal plates ;
entoplastron anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skull with

14 TESTUDINID ©.

weak or moderately broad postorbital and temporal arches;
alveolar surface of upper jaw with one or two median ridges;
choane between the eyes. Head with horny shields above.
Limbs club-shaped, covered with large scales or tubercles. Tail
short.

Represented in every part of the world except Australasia.

Habits terrestrial and herbivorous.

All the Malayan species are inhabitants of dry hill jungle, but
are by no means abundant.

Malay name, Baning (generic) or kura-kura.

Synopsis of the Species.

Supracaudal shield single, more or less incurved ;

no enlarged tubercles on the thighs .......... T. elongata, p. 14.
Two supracaudal shields, embracing a deep notch ;

antero-lateral border of second and third ver-

tebral shields not or but slightly shorter than

postero-laterdl, Son ce n-th e chine T. emys, p. 15.
Two supracaudal shields, embracing a deep notch ;
antero-lateral border of second and third ver- [p. 15.

tebral shields much shorter than postero-lateral. 7’. latinuchalis,

9. Testudo elongata.
Blyth, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxii, p. 639 (1853); Giinth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 8 (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 173 (1889) ;

id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 20 (1890) ; S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899,
p. 616; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 147 (1903).

Shell considerably depressed, more than twice as long as deep
in the adult, with flat vertebral region ; anterior and posterior
margins slightly reverted, strongly serrated in the young, feebly
in old specimens; shields concentrically striated, except in old
specimens; nuchal present (rarely absent), narrow and elongate ;
supracaudal undivided, more or less incurved; second and third
vertebrals broader than long and nearly as broad as the costals.
Plastron large, truncate anteriorly, deeply notched posteriorly ;
suture between the pectoral shields as long as or longer than that
between the humerals ; anal shields forming a very short suture,
or entirely separated by the anal notch; axillary and inguinal
moderate. Head moderate; a pair of large prefrontal shields,
usually followed by a nearly equally large frontal; beak feebly
hooked, tricuspid ; alveolar ridge of upper jaw short and rather
feeble. Anterior side of fore limbs with moderate, unequal-sized,
imbricate scales ; no enlarged tubercles on the thighs. Tail ending
in a claw-like horny tubercle. Carapace and plastron pale yel-
lowish brown or greenish yellow, each shield with an irregular
black spot or blotch, which may occupy its greater portion,
or may be much broken up or indistinct ; head and neck pale
green.

Length of shell 270 millim.

TESTUDO. 1s

Bengal, Assam, Burma, Cochinchina, Siam, Camboja, Malay
Peninsula (Penang and Kampong Jalor).
Called by the Jalor natives Kura-kura mas or “ gold tortoise.”

10. Testudo emys.

Schleg. & Mull. in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Nederl. Ind., Rept. p. 34,
pl. iv (1844); Bouleng. Cat. Cheion. p. 158 (1889); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 22 (1890) ; 8S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 616.

Geoemyda spinosa, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 607 (1847).

Manouria emys, Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 10 (1864).

Shell considerably depressed, its depth not half its length;
anterior and posterior margins reverted, more or less strongly
serrated; nuchal present, not or but little broader than long ;
Supracaudal shields two; discal shields concentrically striated,
often concave; vertebrals much broader than long and at least as
broad as costals, the second and third with the antero-lateral side
not or but little shorter than the postero-lateral. Plastron large,
gular region somewhat produced and usually notched, hind lobe
deeply notched ; the pectoral shields usually separated from each
other; axillary shield very small, inguinal large. Head moderate;
temporal arch broad; two large prefrontal shields and a large
frontal ; jaws not hooked, feebly denticulate, the alveolar surface
of the upper jaw with a strong median ridge. Fore limb anteriorly
with very large, bony, pointed, imbricate tubercles; hind limb with
large, bony tubercles on the plantar surface, with others larger,
conical, and spur-like on the heel and on the back of the thigh.
Adult dark brown or blackish ; carapace of young yellowish brown,
with dark brown markings.

Length of shell 520 millim. One of the largest tortoises.

Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

Has been observed in Penang, the Larut Hills, and the
Dindings.

Called Baning or kura kura anam kaki or “‘ six-footed tortoise,”
referring to the femoral spur. Lives in the drier parts of the
woods.

| 11. Testudo latinuchalis.

Geoemyda latinuchals, Vaill. Bull. Soc. Philom. (8) vi, p. 68 (1894).
Testudo pseudemys, Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 144, pl. ix

(1903) ; Annandale, Proc, Asiat. Soc. Bengal (2) ii, p- 204 (1906).
Testudo latinuchalis, Siebenr. Zool. Jahrb., Supvl. x, p. 520 (1909)

Shell considerably depressed, its depth not half its length;
anterior and posterior margins reverted and strongly serrated ;
nuchal shield present, rather large, broader than long; supra-
caudal shields two, embracing a deep notch; discal shields
concentrically striated and more or less concave ; vertebrals much
broader than long, at Jeast as broad as the costals, the second,

16 THSTUDINID®.

third, and fourth with the antero-lateral side not half as long as’
the postero-lateral. Plastron large, gular region more or less
produced and notched, hind lobe deeply notched ; pectoral shields
meeting on the median line; axillary shield very small, inguinal
large. Head rather small; temporal arch narrow, slender ; two
large prefrontal shields and a large frontal; jaws not hooked, the
alveolar surface of the upper jaw with a feeble median ridge.
Limbs with very large, bony, imbricate tubercles, which, on the
tront of the fore limb and on the heel, are pointed and spine-like;
a group of bony tubercles on the back of the thigh, the centcal~
ones very large and conical. Tail of male ending in a divided,
claw-like tubercle. Yellowish or pale brown, dark brown or
blackish on the periphery of the dorsal shield and on the anterior
border of the marginals ; young with the carapace speckled with
blackish ; plastron yellow or brown and yellow ; head and limbs
yellow, more or less variegated with dark brown.

Length of shell 255 millim.

Cochinchina, Burma, Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor, and
Pahang).

Apparently found at higher elevations than 7. emys.

This species was first described from a shell referred to
Geoemyda*, The types of 7. pseudemys are from the Batang
Padang district, 8. Perak, 1000-2000 feet. I have also examined
a specimen from the Larut Hills, 4000 feet. Dr. Annandale
observes of the Batang Padang specimens :—‘‘ Taken on a jungle
patch at dusk, within a few yards of one another. When alarmed
they draw in their head, but when lifted from the ground they
become very vicious, hissing, stretching ‘out their necks, and
attempting vigorously to bite, their whole demeanour differing
from that of specimens of 7’. emys I have seen in captivity in the

Malay Peninsula.”

Genus GEOEMYDA.
Gray, P. Z.S. 1854, p. 100.

Neural plates mostly hexagonal, postero-lateral margins shorter
than antero-lateral. Plastron united to the carapace by suture,
with axillary and inguinal peduncles just reaching first and fifth
costal plates; humero-pectoral suture extending across ento-
plastron, Skull without bony temporal arch; alveolar surfacer
narrow, without median ridge. Upper surface of head covered
with undivided skin. Digits with a short web. ‘Tail very short.

Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Habits terrestrial or semiaquatic; chiefly herbivorous.

* Tam indebted to Dr. Pellegrin for further notes on this specimen, which
confirm the identification made by Dr. Siebenrock.

~

GEOEMYDA. 1%

Two species in the Malay Peninsula :—

PremcerinanelONne Vr, 5s: ans cones cre cae cs G. spinosa, p. 17.

mapeGo broader than long. 4. oas.0» op sd¢see'e ae » G. grandis, p. 18.

12. Geoemyda spinosa. :

Emys spinosa, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 20 (1881).

Geoemyda spinosa, Gray, P. Z.8. 1834, p. 100; Giinth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 18 (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 137 (1889); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 25 (1890); 8. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 614;
Ridley, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 32, p. 185
(1899) ; Boulenger, Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 144 (1903).

Geoemyda spinosa, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi
p. 607 (1847),

Carapace of adult much depressed, with broad flat vertebral
region and an uninterrupted obtuse keel, anterior and posterior
margins serrated ; of young more regularly arched, with a short
keel or spinose tubercle on each costal shield, and the border
strongly serrated all round, each marginal shield being produced
into a spine, with or without smaller denticulations on each side,
the vertebral keel stronger than in the adult. Vertebral shields
(2 to 4) much broader than long, at least as proad as the costals ;
nuchal shield longer than broad. Plastron large; the width of
the bridge about equals the length of the posterior lobe, which is
angularly emarginate ; suture between the abdominal shields not
or but slightly longer than that between the pectorals ; axillary
and inguinal shields present. Upper jaw bicuspid. Carapace
brown above, reddish in the young, the vertebral keel lighter ;
each plastral shield with yellow and dark brown radiating streaks ;
soft parts dark brown, with a yellowish spot on each side of the
neck, near the ear; head and limbs with small scarlet spots in
living specimens.

Length of shell 200 millim.

Tenasserim, Sumatra, Borneo, and Malay Peninsula, where it
is of very general distribution, though, according to Flower, this
tortoise is found in jungle-streams apparently only in the hills,
in Penang and Perak at elevations of two or three thousand feet
above the sea, while in Singapore it is found on Bukit Timah at
less than 500 feet. Lives day and night in the water and feeds

on fruit and vegetables.

13. Geoemyda grandis.

Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) vi, p. 218 (1860); Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 19, pls. i & ii, figs. A & B (1864); Bouleng. Cat.
Chelon. p. 138 (1889) ; id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 25 (1890) ;
S. Flower, P. Z.8. 1899, p. 615.

Carapace arched or tectiform, not flattened on the vertebral
Cc

18 TESTUDINIDA,

region, which bears a strong but obtuse keel; only the posterior
margin serrated. Vertebral shields (1 to 3) not or but slightly
broader than long and narrower than the costals ; nuchal longer
than broad. Plastron similar to that of G. spinosa ; the length of
the suture between the pectoral shields at least. two thirds that
of the abdominals. Dark brown or blackish above, plastron and
lower surface of marginals with black and yellow rays, either the
black or the yellow predominating.

Length of shell 400 millim. :

Burma, Siam, Camboja, Malay Bonieeuln (Penang, Prov. Wel-
lesley, Kedah).

Genus CYCLEMYS
Bell, P.Z.S. 1834, p. 117.

Neural plates mostly hexagonal, posterior lateral margins
shortest. Plastron united to carapace by ligament, with a more
or less distinct hinge between hyo- and hypoplastral bones ;
humero-pectoral suture crossing the entoplastron. Skull with a
bony temporal arch; alveolar eee without median ridge ;
choane between the eyes. Greater part of upper surface of head
covered with undivided skin, Digits more or less webbed. Tail
short.

Distributed over the greater part of the Oriental region, east
of the Bay of Bengal. ‘Terrestrial or semiaquatic; chiefly
herbivorous,

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Plastron notched posteriorly; posterior mar-
gin of carapace serrated, especially in the
young ; carapace unicarinate in the young.
A. Suture between pectoral shield and mar-
ginals longer than that between abdo-
minal and marginals.
6 or 7 vertebral shields; upper jaw hooked,
bicuspid, not denticulute ». oct C. platynota, p. 18.
5 (rarely 6). vertebral shields; upper jaw
strongly hooked, bicuspid, denticulate.... C. annandalit, p. 19.
B. Suture between pectoral and marginals
shorter than that between abdominal
and marginals’... fisly nie sedeeeeee oe C. dhor, p. 20.
II. Plastron not notched posteriorly ; carapace
tricarinate in the young, posterior margin
NOt Serrated ser, aia: josn srele tea eee C. amboinensis, p. 21.

14. Cyclemys platynota.

Emys platynota, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 54; Cantor, Journ, Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 609 (1847).
Notochelys platynota, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 17 (1864).

CYCLEMYS. 19

Cyclemys platynota, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 130 (1889); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 30 (1890); S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p- 612;
Ridley, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 32, p. 186
(1899) ; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 142 (1903).

Carapace depressed, angular, the vertebral region flat, with an
interrupted obtuse keel; posterior margin serrated ; six, rarely
seven, vertebral shields; vertebrals (except the first) much broader
than long, at least as broad as costals. Plastron narrower than
the opening of the shell, with the hind lobe openly emarginate.
connected with the carapace by a distinct bridge, the width of
which is contained 23 to 23 times in the length of the plastron ;
no distinct transverse hinge ; a Jarge inguinal shield; the suture
between the pectoral shield and the marginals longer than that
between the abdominal and the marginals ; the suture between the
pectoral shields as long as or a little shorter than that between
the abdominals. Upper jaw hooked, the hook bicuspid, divided
by a median groove. Digits extensively webbed; claws long,
curved, sharp. Front part of arm with broad band-like shields.
Carapace reddish brown, or yellowish brown with radiating brown
lines ; young with a pair of round black spots on each vertebral
shield, and one or two similar spots on each costal; plastron
yellow, with brown spots, or brown with the sutures between the
shields yellow. Head yellowish brown; neck brown, with irre-
gular yellowish streaks, the broadest of which extends from the
posterior corner of the eye.

Length of shell 330 millim.

Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. Observed in
Penang, Singapore, Perak, Selangor, Johore, and Jalor.

In captivity, according to Capt. Flower, it spends all its time
by preference in shallow water, and feeds on almost any vegetable,
preferring fruit. It is regarded as the most active and intelligent
of the Malay tortoises. T'wo of them have been observed to
attack a big water-snake (Acrochordus javanicus).

Capt. Flower (/. ¢. p. 613) mentions a variety, differing in the
number (5) of vertebral shields, in the general shape of the
carapace, and in the colour of the head. This supposed variety
is a distinct species, C. dhor.

15. Cyclemys annandalii.
Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 142, pls. vii & viii (1903).

Carapace depressed, unicarinate, the keel merely indicated on
the fourth and fifth vertebral shields in the adult; posterior
margin strongly serrated in the young, feebly in the adult; five,
rarely six, vertebral shields, which are not broader than long and
much narrower than the costals in the adult. Plastron narrower
than the opening of the shell, with the hind lobe openly emar-
ginate, connected with the carapace by a distinct bridge, the
width of which is contained 2} times in the length of the plastron;

C2

20 TESTUDINID®.

no transverse hinge; axillary and inguinal shields large; the
suture between the pectoral shield and the marginals longer than
that between the abdominal and the marginals; the suture between
the pectoral shields as long as or a little shorter than that between
the abdominais, the suture between the humerals shorter than that
between the gulars, and that between the anals shorter than
that between the femorals. Upper jaw hooked, the hook very
strongly bicuspid in the adult, and with a very distinct den-
ticulation along the whole border. Digits extensively webbed ;
claws long, curved, sharp. Front part of the arm with broad

Fig. 6.—Cyclemys annandalit. (From Fascic. Malay., Zool.)

band-like shields. Carapace dark brown, spotted with black in
the young, black in the adult; plastron of young yellowish, with
symmetrical dark brown markings, of adult black, with yellow
markings. Head and neck, in the young, dark brown, with a
yellowish streak on each side from the upper surface of the snout
to the neck, passing above the eye and the tympanum, parallel
with another on the temple and neck; in the adult, blackish,
vermiculate with yellowish, but without light streaks.

Length of shell 380 millim.

The types of this species, obtained at Kampong Jalor, Siamese
Malay States, were brought to Messrs. Annandale and Robinson
by natives, who frequently keep this tortoise in captivity. The
adults appear to be largely terrestrial in habits, but it is probable
that the young are more aquatic.

16. Cyclemys dhor.

Emys dhor, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 20 (1881).

Cyclemys oldhami, Gray, P.Z.S. 1863, p. 178; Giinth, Rept. Brit.
Ind, p. 15, pl. v, fig. B (1864).

Cyclemys dhor, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 181 (1889) ; id. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p, 80 (1890).

Carapace depressed, with a single obtuse keel; posterior margin

CYCLEMYS. | 21

serrated ; vertebral shields as broad as long or broader than long,
narrower than the costals. Plastron narrower than the opening
of the shell, with the hind lobe angularly notched, connected with
the carapace by a distinct bridge, the width of which is contained
23 to 3 times in the length of the plastron:; a transverse hinge
between the hyo- and hypoplastral bones (which does not corre-
spond with the curved suture between the pectoral and abdominal
shields), developed in the adult only ; a small inguinal shield may
be present ; suture between the pectoral shield and the marginals
shorter than that between the abdominal and the marginals ; the
longest median suture is between the pectorals. Hook of upper
jaw bicuspid. Digits distinctly webbed, with sharp claws. Front
part of arm with broad transverse scales. Carapace brown, or
yellowish brown spotted with dark brown; plastron yellowish
or pale brown in the young, with dark brown spots or radiating
lines, dark brown in the adult. Neck with dark and light
longitudinal lines.

Length of shell 190 millim.

Northern India, Burma, Siam, Camboja, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. A specimen was obtained at Kampong Jalor by
Messrs. Annandale and Robinson. Specimens are in the Selangor
Museum from the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur.

I have examined a young specimen from Ulu Legeh, Siamese
Malay States, kindly submitted to me by Dr. Hanitsch, who had
referred it to Kachuga lineata (Rep. Raffles Mus. 1897, p. 8).

17. Cyclemys amboinensis.

Testudo amboinensis, Daud. Hist. Rept. ii, p. 809 (1802).

Cistudo amboinensis, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 611
(1847).

Cuora amboinensis, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 41 (1855) ; Gunth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 12, pl. iv, figs. A, B (1864).

Cyclemys amboinensis, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 183 (1889); id,
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 81 (1890); 8. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899,
p- 614; Ridley, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 382,
p- 186 (1899) ; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 142 (1903).

Carapace depressed and tricarinate in the young, usually very
convex and without or with a single keel in adult, females; vertebral
shields as long as broad or a little longer than broad in the adult,
broader in the young, much narrower than the costals. Plastron
as large as the opening of the shell in the adult, without dis-
tinct bridge; no anal notch; the line of junction between the
hyoplastron and the carapace shorter than that between the
hypoplastron and the carapacé; pectoral shields as long as
the abdominals or shorter, as long as the humerals or slightly
longer ; axillary and inguinal shields small or absent. Head rather
small; upper jaw scarcely hooked, without any emargination.
Front part of arm with large transverse scales. Digits moderately
webbed, with sharp claws. Carapace brown or blackish; plastron

22 . TESTUDINID®.

yellow with large black spots, or dark brown with the sutures
between the shields yellow ; in the very young the black spots of
the plastron are confluent into a broad median band, the border
of the plastron being vellow ; head and neck brown above, yellow
beneath ; a yellow band borders the head and neck above, meeting
its fellow above the nostrils ; a second yellow band passes through
the eye and is separated from the upper jaw by a dark brown
band ; ear yellow.

Length of shell 200 millim.

Distributed from Burma and Siam to the Moluccas.

Known from Penang, Kedah, Jalor, Perak, Malacca, and
Singapore.

Common in ponds, streams, and paddy-fields, especially in the
low country. In captivity it feeds on vegetables, but prefers
bananas, and will also eat flesh. Eggs rather large and oblong.

This species and C. platynota are the most commonly seen of
the Malayan tortoises.

Genus BELLIA.
Gray, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 197.

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest.
Plastron united to the carapace by suture, with long axillary
and inguinal buttresses; humero-pectoral suture crossing the
entoplastron. Skull with a bony temporal arch; alveolar surfaces
without median ridge ; choane between the eyes. Skin of hinder
part of head only divided into small shields. Digits webbed.
Tail short.

A single species. Aquatic and carnivorous.

18. Bellia crassicollis.
Emys crassicollis, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 21 (1851); Cantor, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 609 (1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 28, pl. iv, fig. E (1864).
Bellia crassicolis, Gray, P. Z.8. 1869, p. 197; Bouleng. Cat.
Chelon. p. 98 (1889); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 52 (1890) ;
S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 611.

Carapace moderately depressed, tricarinate in the young, the
keels, especially the laterals, becoming indistinct in old specimens;
vertebral region flattened in the adult male; posterior border
serrated; nuchal small, broader behind; posterior side of first
vertebral not half the length of the shield in the adult ; vertebrals
2 to 4 as long as broad or a little broader than long, much
narrower than the costals, narrowly in contact with each other in
old specimens; in the latter, the antero-lateral sides are convex,
the postero-lateral longer and concave. Plastron smaller than
the opening of the shell, truncate anteriorly, angularly notched
posteriorly, feebly concave in the males, strongly angulate laterally
in young specimens, feebly in old ones ; the width of the bridge
about equals the length of the hind lobe; abdominal shields usually
forming the longest suture, humerals the shortest; axillary and

DAMONIA. IS

inguinal shields present. Head rather large; snout very short,
not prominent; upper jaw not hooked. Digits webbed to the
claws ; front of forearm and outer side of leg with large band-like
scales. Shell dark brown or black, plastron usually with yellowish
variegations, or bands following the sutures of the shields, or with
a broad band along each side. Soft parts dark brown or black ;
some large yellow spots on the head, becoming indistinct in old
specimens.

Length of shell 170 millim.

Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

Common in small freshwater streams and ponds in Penang and
Kedah. Feeds on frogs, shell-fish, and animal offal.

Genus DAMONIA.
Gray, P.Z.S. 1869, p. 193.

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest.
Plastron united to the carapace by suture, with long axillary
and inguinal buttresses; humero-pectoral suture crossing the
entoplastron. Skull with a bony temporal arch; alveolar surfaces
very broad, without median ridge; choanze behind the level of
the eyes. Skin of hinder part of head onlv divided into small
shields. Digits webbed. Tail short.

China, Japan, and India to Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Aquatic and carnivorous.

A single species in the Malay Peninsula.

19. Damonia subtrijuga.
Emys subtrijuga, Schleg. & Mill. in Temminck, Verh. Nat. Neder].
Ind. p. 5U (1844).
Emys macrocephala, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 81 (1864).
Damonia subtrijuga, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 94 (1889) ; 8. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1899, p. 610; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 142
(1903).

Carapace depressed, tricarinate, the lateral keels not extending
to the fourth costal shields ; posterior border not serrated; nuchal
moderate, broader behind ; vertebrals 2 to 4 a little broader than
long, much narrower than the costals. Plastron smaller than the
opening of the shell, flat in both sexes, angulate lateraliy, truncate
anteriorly, angularly notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge
nearly equals the length of the hind lobe; the longest median
suture between the abdominal shields; axillary and inguinal shields
present. Head very large; snout projecting; upper jaw emar-
ginate mesially. Digits webbed to the claws. Shell brown above,
with a more or less distinct black spot on each shield, yellow
beneath, each plastral shield with a large black blotch. Soft parts
dark brown ; a yellow streak from the end of the snout to the
temple, following the canthus rostralis and the supraorbital edge ;

24 TESTUDINID A.
another from the loreal region to the angle of the mouth ; two or
four vertical yellow streaks below the nostrils; a V- or Y-shaped
yellow marking on each side of the mandible; sides of neck with
yellow streaks ; limbs with yellow markings.

Length of shell 200 millim.

Cochinchina, Siam, Camboja, Malay Peninsula (lower reaches of
Patani River), Java.

In captivity, according to Flower, this tortoise refuses all food
except molluses, crunching up and devouring eagerly the blue
mussel.

Genus ORLITIA.
Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xi, p. 156 (1878).

Neural plates hexagonal, anterior lateral margins shortest.
Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture, with
moderately long axillary and inguinal buttresses, the latter
anchylosed between the fifth and sixth costal plates ; entoplastron
anterior to the humero-pectoral suture. Skuli with a broad bony
temporal arch; alveolar surfaces broad, of upper jaw with a
strong median ridge ; choanze between the eyes. Skin of hinder
part of head divided into small shields. Digits fully webbed.
Tail very short.

A single species.

20. Orlitia borneensis.
Gray, ¢. c. p. 157; Siebenr. Zool. Anz, xxvii, p. 580 (1904).
Bella borneensis, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 100 (1889).
Liemys inornata, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xix, p. 26
(1897).

Carapace moderately depressed, rather narrow, smooth and
rounded in the adult, very convex, tectiform, keeled posteriorly
in the young; posterior border serrated in the young; nuchal
shield triangular ; vertebral shields narrower than costals, first,
fourth, and fifth broader than long, second and third as long as
broad or a little longer. Plastron smaller than the opening of
the shell, truncate anteriorly, deeply notched behind, strongly
angulate laterally in the young; the width of the bridge equals or
exceeds the length of the posterior lobe; the longest suture is
between the abdominal shields; axillary and inguinal shields
present. Head large, short and broad; upper jaw hooked, more
or less distinctly notched in the middle, with a very indistinet
cusp on each side. Limbs with transversely enlarged, band-like
scales. Uniform blackish brown above, lower surface of shell
uniform yellow.

Length of shell 700 millim.

Borneo and Sumatra. A photograph of a large shell from the
Dindings River, sent to me by Dr. R. Hanitsch, shows this tortoise

CALLAGUR. 25

to exist also in the Malay Peninsula (cf. Hanitsch, Rep. Raffles
Mus. 1904, p.5). A stuffed specimen (shell 400 millim. in length)
from Batang Padang, South Perak, presented by Mr. J. Cornwall
in 1902, is preserved in the Selangor Museum, where there is also
a carapace from Batu, Tiga, near Kuala Lumpur. A specimen
from Penang is in the Calcutta Museum.

Genus CALLAGUR.
Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 53 (1870).

Neural plates elongate, hexagonal, anterior lateral margins
shortest. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture,
with extremely developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the
former connected with the first rib, the latter anchylosed between
the fifth and sixth costal plates; entoplastron anterior to the
humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a bony temporal arch;
alveolar surfaces broad, of upper jaw with a median ridge; edge
of jaws denticulated ; choanze between the eyes. Upper surface
of head covered with undivided skin. Digits very broadly webbed.
Tail short.

A single species, of thoroughly aquatic habits; herbivorous.

21. Callagur picta.

Emys trivittata (non D. & B.), Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xvi, p. 610 (1847).

Batagur picta, Gray, P. Z.S. 1862, p.2@4.

Batagur affinis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 40, pl. iii, fig. C (1864).

Callagur picta, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 53 (1870); Bouleng.
Cat. Chelon. p. 60 (1889).

Malay name, Bivku.

Carapace with a strong continuous vertebral and a feeble inter-
rupted costal keel in the young, these keels disappearing in the
adult ; nuchal shield absent or extremely small and linear ; second
to fourth vertebral shields subequal in length, much broader than
long in the young, nearly as long as broad, and nearly as broad as
the costals, in the adult; postero-lateral border of the tiird
vertebral shield concave. Plastron large, strongly angulated
laterally in the young, convex in the adult, truncate anteriorly,
notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge exceeds the length
of the posterior lobe; the longest median suture is between the
abdominal shields; inguinal shield large, axillary smaller. Head
rather small; snout pointed, produced ; upper jaw feebly notched
in the middle. Limbs with transversely enlarged, band-lke scales.
Brown above, yellowish inferiorly ; carapace with three broad,
blackish longitudinal bands.

Length of shell 420 millim.

Penang, Selangor, Johore, Borneo, Philippines.

26 THSTUDINID A.

Genus BATAGUR.
Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 85 (1855).

Neural plates elongate, hexagonal, anterior lateral margins
shortest. Plastron extensively united to the carapace by suture,
with extremely developed axillary and inguinal buttresses, the
former connected with the first rib, the latter anchylosed between
the fifth and sixth costal plates; entoplastron anterior to the
humero-pectoral suture. Skull with a very broad bony temporai
arch; alveolar surfaces very broad, of upper jaw with two strong,
slightly denticulated median ridges; edge of jaws denticulated ;
choane behind the level of the eyes. Limbs somewhat approach-
ing the paddle-shape, very broadly webbed, with four claws. Tail
very short.

A single species, of thoroughly aquatic habits ; omnivorous.

22. Batagur baska.

Emys baska, Gray, Syn. Rept. p. 24 (1831),

Tetraonyx affinis, part., Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 612 (1847).

Batagur baska, Gray, Cat. Sh. Rept. i, p. 35, pl. xvi (1855) ; Giinth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 37, pl. iii, fig. B (1864) | Baulena. Cat. Chelon.
p. 61 (1889) ; ia. Faun. Brit. Ind. , Rept. p. 88 (1890).

Malay name, 7'untong.

Carapace moderately depressed, with a vertebral keel in the
young, which keel] disappears in the adult; nuchal shield broader
than long; second to fourth vertebral shields subequal, much
broader than long in the young, nearly as long as broad and as
broad as the costals in the adult ; postero- -lateral border of the
third vertebral shield concave. Plastron large, strongly angulate
laterally in the young, convex in the adult, trnncate anteriorly,
notched posteriorly ; the width of the bridge exceeds the length
of the posterior lobe; the longest median suture is between the
abdominal shields ; inguinal shield large, axillary smaller. Head
rather small; snout pointed, produced ; upper jaw feebly notched
in the middle. Limbs with transversely enlarged, band-like scales.
Olive brown above, yellowish beneath.

Length of shel! 530 millim.

Bengal, Burma, Cochinchina, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Very
common on all the larger rivers of the Peninsula, laying its eges,
the collecting of which is in many States a royal prerogative, on
sandy banks, above the influence of the tides.

Norn.—Platysternum megacephalum, Gray, P. ZS. 1831, p. 106,
representing the family Platysternide, allied to the Testudinide,
remarkable for its very large head and its very long tail (longer
than the carapace), and inhabiting Southern China, Siam, and
Burma, should be alluded to here, a specimen having been obtained
on Bukit Timah, about 10 miles from Singapore town. But it
was probably introduced from Southern China.

CHELONID. 27

Family CHELONID.

Shell covered with epidermal, horny shields. Neck short, in-
completely retractile. Kar hidden. Temple completely roofed
over; parietal bone in contact with the squamosal; parietals
prolonged downwards towards the pterygoids. Limbs paddle-
shaped, the digits of the fore limb much elongate; phalanges
without condyles; claws one or two.

Marine turtles, approaching the shore only for the purpose of
depositing their eggs, which are very numerous, spherical, soft-
shelled, and buried in the sand.

Two genera :—

Meal sields: 4. pairs. .\. 5.6. si dss ee oc CHELONE, p. 27.
Costal shields 5 or more pairs .......... THALASSOCHELYS, p. 29.

Genus CHELONE.
Brongn. Bull. Soc. Philom. iii, p. 89 (1800).

Carapace with persisting fontanelles between the costal and
marginal plates. Costal shields four pairs. An intergular shield
and a series of inframarginal plastral shields. Head covered with
symmetrical shields.

Two species :—

Dipper jawinot hooked . 2... . ses cee eal C. mydas, p. 27.
Mignetsjiw hooked ics. 6 sella 2 celeste C. imbricata, p. 28.

23. Chelone mydas.

Testudo mydas, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 350 (1768).

Chelonia mydas, Schweigg. Prodr. p. 22 (1814); Bouleng. Cat.
Chelon. p. 180 (1889); id. Faun, Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 48 (1890).

Chelonia virgata, Schweigg. /. c.; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,

xvi, p. 617 (1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 53 (1864).

Malay name, Penyr.

Carapace feebly unicarinate in the young, sometimes with slight
indication of lateral keels, arched or subtectiform in the adult;
dorsal shields juxtaposed ; margin not or but indistinctly serrated,
formed of 25 shields. Snout very short, jaws not hooked ; horny
sheaths of upper jaw with feebly denticulated edge and striated
inner surface, of lower jaw with strongly denticulated ridges ;
symphysis of lower jaw short; one pair of prefrontal shields.
Limbs usually with a single claw; the second digit sometimes
provided with a distinct claw in young specimens. Young dark
brown or olive above, the limbs margined with yellow; yellow
beneath, with a large dark brown spot on the hand and foot.

28 CHELONID ®.

Carapace of adult olive or brown, spotted or marbled with
yellowish.

Length of shell 1100 millim.

Tropical and subtropical seas. Herbivorous; highly valued for
its flesh (Green turtle). According to Cantor it is at all seasons
plentifully taken in fishing-stakes in the Straits of Malacca. Very
common throughout Malayan waters except in the vicinity of
mangroves and mudbanks. Especially common on the Sembilan

Islands on the west and the Redangs on the east coast of the
Peninsula,

Chelone imbricata.

Testudo imbricata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 850 (1766).

Chelonia imbricata, Schweigze. erode. p- 21 (1814); Bouleng. Cat.
Chelon. p. 183 (1889) ; id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 49, fig.
(1890) ; id. Fascic. Malay. , Zool. i, p. 147 (1903).

Caretta squamata, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 54 (1864).

Carapace tricarinate in the young, with the shields strongly
imbricate, the vertebrals rhomboidal; dorsal shields of adult

Fig. 7.— Chelone imbricata (young),

smooth, imbricate except in old specimens; margin formed of
25 shields. Snout compressed in the adult ; jaws hooked, not or

THALASSOCHELYS. 29

but very feebly denticulated on the edge ; symphysis of lower jaw
long ; two pairs of shields anterior to the azygous frontal. Limbs
with two claws. Young pale brown above, blackish below;
carapace of adult marbled yellow and dark brown, plastron yellow;
shields of head and limbs dark brown with yeilow borders.

Length of shell 850 millim.

Tropical and subtropical seas. Mainly carnivorous; valuable
for its epidermal horny shields (tortoise-shell). Of rare occur-
rence on the coasts of the Malay Peninsula, large specimens being
very seldom seem.

Genus THALASSOCHELYS.
Fitzing. Ann. Wien. Mus. i, p. 121 (1835),

Carapace completely ossified in the adult. Costal shields five
pairs or more. A series of inframarginal plastral shields. Head
covered with symmetrical shields.

A single species.

25. Thalassochelys caretta.

Testudo caretta, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 351 (1766).
Be olivacea, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 619
Oe
ae olivacea, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 52 (1864).
Thalassochelys caretta, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 184 (1889) ; id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 50 (1890); S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896,
p- 860; id. op. cit. 1899, p. 618.

Carapace of young with three strong keels, of adult arched or
tectiform ; dorsal shields juxtaposed ; margin serrated posteriorly
in the young, formed of 27 (rarely 25) shields. Intergular shield
very small or absent. Head large, with very strong, hooked jaws ;
symphysis of lower jaw very long ; alveolar surface of horny beak
with a median ridge ; two pairs of shields anterior to the azygous
frontal. Limbs of young usually with two claws, of adult fre-
quently with but one. Young uniform dark brown or blackish ;
adult brown above, yellowish beneath.

Length of shell 1050 millim.

Tropical and warm seas. Carnivorous, feeding chiefly on
crustaceans and molluscs. Of no commercial value. Rare
according to Cantor at Penang, whence there is a specimen in the
Perak Museum, Taiping.

30 SPHARGID®.

Family SPHARGID.

Shell formed of numerous small bones disposéd like mosaic,
separated from the underlying vertebra and ribs. Har hidden.
Neck short, incompletely retractile. Plastron much reduced ; no
entoplastron. Temple completely roofed over; parietal bone in.
contact with the squamosals, without downward prolongation. ~
Limbs paddle-shaped, the digits of the fore limb much elongate ;
phalanges without condyles ; no claws.

Habits similar to those of the Chelonide.

A single genus.

Genus DERMOCHELYS.
Blainy. Journ. de Phys. Ixxxiii, p. 259 (1816).

Dorsal shield completely, ventral shield incompletely bony in
the adult, the former with seven, the latter with five keels. Beak
with two triangular cusps, between three deep notches; jaws
sharp-edged. Head with symmetrical horny shields in the young,
these shields disappearing with age.

A single species.

26. Dermochelys coriacea.

Testudo coriacea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 850 (1766).

Spharygis coriacea, Gray, Syn. Rept. 1, p. 51 (18381).

Dermatochelys coriacea, Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p, 55 (1864).

Dermochelys coriacea, Bouleng. Cat. Chelon. p. 10 (1889); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 50 (1890) ; Kloss, Journ. Straits Branch Roy.
Asiat. Soc. No. 49, p. 63, pls. i (1907).

Malay name, Kambau.

Fore limb as long as dorsal shieid in the young, shorter in the
adult. Colour dark brown, uniform or spotted with yellowish
white ; the dorsal keels and the border of the limbs yellowish in
the young.

Grows to a length of 23 metres (8 feet).

A pelagic turtle, known as the Leathery turtle, generally distri-
buted between the tropics, but scarce everywhere ; an accidental
visitor in temperate seas. Has been known to deposit its eggs,
similar to those of the true Turtles, on the coast of Tenasserim,
and is also known to lay on a sandy patch at the south entrance
of Klang Straits, Selangor. A very large male specimen (Kloss,
loc. cit.) was obtained in Johore Straits im 1905, weighing nearly
a thousand pounds and measuring in a straight line from tip of
head to tip of tail 2°34 metres, with an extreme breadth of
carapace of 84 em. A smaller specimen from Singapore Straits is
in the Raffles Museum of that city.

Feeds chiefly on crustaceans and molluscs.

SQUAMATA, Bill

Order SQUAMATA,

Quadrate bone free distally ; no lower temporal arch. Ribs
single-headed. Teeth not implanted in sockets. Vent transverse ;
copulatory organ present, paired.

The Malay representatives of this Order, which includes the
great bulk of living Reptiles, belong to two suborders :—

J. Lacurrinia, Lizards.—Mandibular rami united by suture.
Limbs usually present.

II. Oputpra, Snakes.—Mandibular rami connected by ligament.
Limbs absent. :

Suborder LACERTILTIA.

Externally, Lizards may be distinguished from Snakes, either
by the presence of limbs, or, in the limbless forms (of which enly
one representative, Dibamus, pertains to this fauna), by the tongue
not being retractile into a basal sheath. As a rule either moveable
eyelids or a distinct ear-opening serve to further distinguish
Lizards from Snakes.

Of the twenty families into which this Suborder is divided,
only six have representatives in the Malay Peninsula.

Synopsis of the Families.

I. Upper surface of head covered with small
scales or granules,
No moveable eyelids or pupil vertical ; dorsal scales
granular or tubercular; tongue short, very
feebly nicked in front ......... macveeseua sce rete Geckonide, p. 32.
Moveable eyelids ; pupil round ; dorsal scales often
imbricate; tongue short, very feebly nicked in

HiONDE. 'G Gieke ob OOD 6 ROIS Oo Ce ee eae Agamide, p. 54.
Moveable eyelids; pupil round; dorsal scales
eranular ; tongue long, exsertile, bifid ........ Varanide, p. 74.

II. Upper surface of head covered with large
symmetrical shields.

Large ventral shields, sharply differentiated from

the scales on the sides; inguinal or femoral

i) T8) aR BRR oc ae Lacertide, p. 79.
Scales on body uniform, roundish, imbricate ; eyes
well developed ; no inguinal or femoral pores .. Scincide, p. 80.

Scales on body uniform, roundish, imbricate ;
eyes rudimentary, hidden under shields ...... Dibamide, p. 98.

By) GECKONID®.

Family GECKONID.

Skull without postorbital or postfronto-squamosal arch; no
squamosal; premaxillary single; nasals distinct; parietals dis-
tinct; frontals completely surrounding the olfactory lobes of
the brain; a fibro-cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a columella _

BL Cs
Fig. 8.—Skull of Gecko verticillatus.
A. Side view. B. Upper view. OC. Lower view.
ang. Angular. f. Frontal. pro. Prootic.
ar. Articular. is. Interorbital septum. pf. Pterygoid.
bo. Basioccipital. m. Maxillary. ptf. Postfrontal.
bp. Basisphenoid. n. Nasal. q. Quadrate.
ce, Columella eranii. oo. Opisthotie. s.ang. Supra-angular.
c.a, Columella auris, p. Parietal. so. Supraoccipital.,
er. Coronoid. pl. Palatine. st. Supratemporal.
d. Dentary. pm. Preemaxillary. tp. Transpalatine.
eo. Exoccipital. prf, pf. Prefrontal. v. Vomer.

cranii; mandible containing only five bones, the angular and
articular having coalesced. ‘Teeth small, numerous, with eylin-
drical shaft ankylosed to the inner edge of the jaws (Pleurodont.

GECKONID®. 33

dentition) ; no teeth on the palate. Vertebre amphiccelous (bi-
concave). Clavicle dilated and perforated proximally ; interclavicle
rhomboidal or cruciform.

Tongue short, very feebly nicked in front, smooth or villose.
Hye usually large, frequently with vertical pupil, usually without
connivent eyelids. Scales usually granular or tubercular above ;
no symmetrical shields on the top of the head. Limbs well
developed ; digits often dilated, adapted for climbing up smooth

Fig. 9.—Pectoral arch of Gecko verticillatus, Fig. 10.-- Tongue of same.

cl. Clavicle. ici. Interclavicle. c.cor, Epicoracoid,
cor. Coracoid. st. Sternum. se, Scapula.

surfaces. Femoral or preanal pores frequently present in the
males. Tail usually very fragile.

More or less nocturnal lizards occurring over all the hotter
parts of the world. So far as is known, the Malay Geckos lay
round, hard-shelled eggs.

We have here to deal with representatives of nine genera.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Digits not dilated, all clawed.
Pupil vertical; claw between two scales... GYMNODACTYLUS, p. 35.
Pupil round ; claw between two scales .. GoNnATODES, p. 38.
Pupil vertical ; claw between three scales. KLUROSCALABOTES, p. 39.

II. Digits strongly dilated.
A. Digits with a compressed distal
joint, rising from within the ex-
tremity of the expansion; sub-
digital lamelle: paired.
Inner digit clawed; lateral expansion of
body, if present, scaled like the body .. Hemrpactyus, p. 40.
Inner digit clawed; a much developed
lateral expansion covered with large
tetragonal scales arranged like bricks .. MimEtozoon, p. 45.

Inmer digit clawless ...0.-.5-.+--+205- GrHYRA, p. 46.
D

34 GECKONID&.

B. Digits with the compressed joint
short and rising from the ex-
tremity of the expansion; inner
digit clawless.

Digits free or with a rudiment of web;
subdigital lamellee paired .........++.
Digits free or webbed at the base ; a single
series of subdigital lamellae ..........
Digits extensively webbed; a single series
of subdigital lamelle ; a much developed
dermal expansion on the side of the
POU Vote Wass or wis Mim euptatGiei es eeu Sole serateas 5

LEPIDODACTYLUS, p. 48.

Gecko, p. 50.

PryCHOZOON, p. 92.

Vig. 12.—Hemidactylus faviviridis. Upper and lower surface of foot.

Fig. 18.—Gehyra mutilata. Lower surface of foot and side view of toe.

GYMNODACTYLUS. 38

Genus GYMNODACTYLUS.
Spix, Spec. nov. Lacert. p. 17 (1825).

Digits not dilated, clawed, cylindrical or slightly depressed at
the base ; the two or three distal phalanges compressed, forming
an angle with the basal portion of the digit ; the claw between
two enlarged scales, the lower of which is more or less deeply
notched under the claw; digits beneath with a row of more or
less distinct transverse plates. Body with granular scales and
tubercles. Pupil vertical. Males with or without preanal or
femoral pores.

Borders of the Mediterranean, Southern Asia, Australia, Islands
of the Pacific, Tropical America. ,

Four species in the Malay Peninsula.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Lower surface of tail covered with small
scales.

Ear-opening suboval, about one third diameter
of eye; male with preanal and femoral

RR a an i atesTybe chsh, osyslch sh43,chspa' cls: Shalt G. marmoratus, p. 35.
Ear-opening subtriangular, about half diameter
of eye; male with przanal pores only...... G. peguensis, p. 36.

II. Lower surface of tail with a row of large
transverse plates.
About 30 ventral scales in a transverse series ;
males with a pubic groove containing pores ;
Beminied! MOLES PLeseNt . 22. 6. enews ee G. pulchellus, p. 36.
About 55 ventral scales in a transverse series ;
males without pubic groove, with preanal
Tl Be TU A ee Genie oe iar eee G. consobrinus, p. 37.

27. Gymnodactylus marmoratus.
Phyllurus marmoratus (Kuhl), Fitzing. N. Class, Rept. p. 47 (1826).
Gymnodactylus marmoratus, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. ili, p, 426,
pl. xxxiv, fig. 1 (1836); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 44 (1885) ;
S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 62; Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1901, i, p. 304;
Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 148 (1903).

Ear-opening suboval, oblique, about one third diameter of eye.
Limbs rather elongate; digits strong, slightly depressed at the
base, with well-developed transverse plates inferioriy. Head
granular, with very small tubercles on the occipital and temporal
regions; rostral with median cleft above, entering the nostril ;
10 to 12 upper and 9 or 10 lower labials ; symphysial triangular ;
two or three pairs of chin-shields, median largest and forming a
suture behind the symphysial. Body and limbs covered above
with small granules intermixed with small roundish, feebly keeled,
subtrihedral tubercles ; a more or less defined series of tubercles

from axilla to groin, limiting the abdominal region ; ventral scaies
D2

36 GECKONID&.

small, imbricate, 40 to 50 in a transverse series. Males with
preanal and femoral pores; the former 12 or 13 altogether, in a
A-shaped series, enclosing a groove, the latter widely separated
from the former, 4 to 6 on each side. ‘Tail covered with uniform
small flat scales, above with a few scattered tubercles. Light
brown above, with dark brown spots, which may be confluent
into cross-bars; a dark brown streak on each side of the head,
passing through the eye; tail with dark annuli; lower parts
brownish.

From snout to vent 76 millim.; tail 72

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.—Known from Penang,
Perak, Legeh, and Jalor on Bukit Besar (2500 feet), where it is
not uncommon on tree-trunks in the jungle, and when disturbed
frequently runs down to the ground $ it is also found under stones.

28. Gymnodactylus peguensis.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xiii, p. 314, pl. vii, fig. 2
(1893) ; Laidlaw, P. Z. 8. 1901, i, p. 304.

Ear-opening subtriangular, half diameter of eye. Limbs
moderate ; toes short, scarcely depressed at the base, the plates
under the basal phalanx small, much narrower than the digit,
roundish, convex. Head granular, with minute tubercles on the
occiput ; rostral with median cleft above, entering the nostril;
9 upper and 7 or 8 lower labials; sympbysial triangular ; four
pairs of chin-shields, the median largest and forming a suture
behind the symphy sial. Body and limbs eranulate above, with
numerous small, round, keeled tubercles ; a “feeble fold along the
side ; ventral scales small, imbricate, about 45 in a transverse
series. Males with an angular series of 7 or 8 preanal pores ;
no femoral pores. Tail covered with small scales. Pale grey
above, with blackish-brown markings edyed with whitish, viz.
several spots on the top of the head, a U-shaped band from eye
to eye across the nape, two series of large spots on the back, and
a series of smaller spots along each side ; lower parts whitish.

From snout to vent 64 millim. ; tail 64.

Originally described from Palon, Pegu; has since been re-
discovered in Patelung and Legeh by Dr. Annandale.

29. Gymnodactylus pulchellus.

Cyrtodactylus pulchellus, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, p. 224 (1828) ; id
Nl. Ind. Zool. ii, pl. xxiv (1854).

Gymnodactylus pulchellus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 118 (1864) ;
Boule Cat. Liz. i, p. 46 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind. , Rept.
a (1890); S. Flower, Preis 1899, p. 626; Bouleng. Fascic.
ees os Zool i, p. 148 (1903).

Ear-opening suboval, vertical or slightly oblique, one third or
two-fifths diameter of eye. Limbs rather elongate ; digits strong,

GYMNODACTYLUS. 37

slightly depressed at the base, with well-developed transverse
plates inferiorly. Head granular, with small round tubercles on
the occipital and temporal regions; rostral with median cleft
above, entering the nostril; 10 to 13 upper and 1C to 12 lower
labials ; symphysial triangular ; two or three pairs of chin-shields,
median largest and forming a suture behind the symphysial.
Body and limbs covered above with small flat granules intermixed
with small roundish, keeled, subtrihedral tubercles: a series of
keeled tubercles from axilla to groin, bordering the abdominal
region; ventral scales moderately large, imbricate, about 30 in a
transverse series. Male with a longitudina! groove on the pubic
region, containing two parallel series of praanal pores, forming 2
right angle with a long series of femoral pores; altogether 18 to
20 pores on each side, 4 or 5 of which are in the groove. Tail
above with small flat scales and annuli of feebly keeled tubercles,
beneath with a series of large transverse plates. Light yellowish
brown in life, with five dark rich brown cross-bands bordered with
white or yellow ; the first band horseshoe-shaped, from eye to eye
over the nape; tail with complete dark annuli; lower parts dirty
white or bluish buff; iris golden-brown.

From snout to vent 115 millim.; tail 144.

Bengal, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula (Penang Hills, 2000-
2400 ft., Larut Hills, Perak, 3400-4400 ft.; Batu Caves, Kuala
Lumpor, Selangor; Jalor Caves, Bukit Besar, 2500 ft., and Goah
Tanah, near Biserat). Also recorded from Singapore.

According to Flower, this Gecko is nocturnal, usually living on
rocks. Bites fiercely when handled. Very common in many of
the limestone caves so abundant throughout the Peninsula.

30. Gymnodactylus consobrinus.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 519; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
ili, pl. ii, fig. 1 (1872); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 47 (18895).

Similar to the preceding, but ear-opening smaller, granules and
tubercles on the upper parts smaller, the dorsal tubercles not or
but very indistinctly keeled, ventral scales much smaller (about
55 ina transverse series), and no pubic groove or femoral pores.
9 to 11 prxanal pores, in an angular series. Grey-brown above,
with darker transverse bands, 4 to 8 in number, much wider than
the interspaces between them; tail with large dark and small
light annuli; in the young, the dark bands almost black and the
interspaces white; lower parts dirty white.

From snout to vent 115 millim.; tail 130.

Originally described from Borneo. Has since been found at
Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, at an altitude of 2500 ft., but has
not been met with elsewhere in the Malay Peninsula.

38 _GECKONID &.

Genus GONATODES.
Fitzing. Syst. Rept. p. 91 (1843

Digits slender, clawed, cylindrical or depressed at the base ;
the distal phalanges compressed, forming an angle with the basal
portion of the digits, the lower surface of which bears a row of
plates. Body more or less depressed, granular or tubercular
above. Pupil circular; eyelid distinct all round the eye. Males
with or without preanal or femoral pores.

Southern Asia, Tropical Africa, Tropical America.

Two species in the Malay Peninsula :—

Base of raised portion of digits with transverse

IDIALOS OOMCHLN Ws ares bute aera Shree s/oton aeoe sees eae G. kendalli, p. 38.
Base of raised portion of digit with small irregular
RERIES Wenewthignes Hehe e sata tee te oe eee G. affinis, p. 38.

31. Gonatodes kendalli.

Feteronota kendallii, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 174 (1845).

Gonatodes kendallii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 63, pl. v, fig. 4 (1885) ;
S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896, p. 863, and 1899, p: 627; Ridley, Journ.
" Straits Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc. No. 32 2, p. 198 (1899).

Habit slender. Snout long and broad, rounded, depressed ;
ear-opening vertically oval, not more than half diameter of orbit.
Limbs elongate ; digits inferiorly with transverse lamelle and a
large oval plate at the articulation between the basal and. the
raised portion. Upper parts covered with minute granules
intermixed on the body with irregularly arranged small keeled
tubercles ; rostral with median cleft above, entering the nostril;
11 to 13 upper and 10 to 12 lower labials ; symphysial very large,
subtriangular; a pair of large chin-shields. Ventral scales very
small, juxtaposed, convex, keeled. No preanal or femoral pores.
Tail slender, with small keeled scales and large pointed tubercles,
of which there is sometimes a median series along the lower
surface. Colour in life, yellow above, marked with reddish
brown and dark brown; tail alternately banded yellow and
reddish brown ; lower parts purplish grey ; iris orange.

From snout to vent 80 millim.; tail 60.

First described from Borneo, this species has since been found
at Bukit Timah, Singapore; Larut Hills, Perak, 3400-4600 ft. ;
and on Great Natuna Island.

During the daytime, according to Flower’s observations ar
Singapore, it hides in crevices under big rocks in the jungle.

32. Gonatodes affinis.

Cyrtodactylus affinis, Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix,
p. 167, pl. x, tig. 1 (1870).
Gymnodactylus affinis, Bouleng, Cat. Liz. 1, p. 42 (1885)

LUROSCALABOTES. 39

Gonatodes penangensis, 8. Flower, P. Z. 5. 1896, p. 863, pl. xliv
fiz: 1.

Gonatodes affinis, S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1898, p. 455; id. P. Z.8. 1899,
p- 627 ; Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1901, i, p. 304; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay.,
Zool. i, p. 148 (1903).

Very similar to the preceding. Distinguished by the scaling of
the lower side of the digits, the basal phalanx of the raised portion
being covered with small irregular scales instead of lamelle, and
by the presence, in males, of femoral pores, 5 to 8, arranged in
an obtusely angular or crescent-shaped line. Colour in life,
yellowish brown above, mottled with dark brown, deepest (rich red
dark brown) on the shoulders ; five transverse yellow bands, two
anterior very bright, three posterior more or less indistinct in
some specimens ; the tubercles on the anterior yellow bands of a
brilliant golden colour; lower surface of head bright orange,
belly purplish grey; tail with alternate bands of light and dark
brown.

From snout to vent 47 millim.; tail 45.

Inhabits the caves among the granite rocks on Penang Hill,
2200-2400 ft. Has also been found in the Batu Caves, Selangor,
by Capt. Flower ; on Gunong Inas, North Perak, 3000-4000 ft., by
Mr. Laidlaw ; on Bukit Besar, Jalor, 2500 ft., by Dr. Annandale.

A very active lizard, to be found running over the walls both
by day and night; also found on tree-trunks in the jungle.

Genus ALUROSCALABOTES.

Alurosaurus (non Owen), Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 73 (1885).
Aluroscalabotes, Bouleng. op. cit. ili, p. 482 (1887).

Digits short, cylindrical at the base, and with transverse
lamellx inferiorly, compressed in the distal phalanges, which are
raised and furnished with a claw retractile between three plates
forming a compressed sheath. Body with small juxtaposed flat
scales. Upper and lower eyelids well developed. Pupil vertical.
Males with przanal pores.

Malay Peninsula and Borneo.

33. Hluroscalabotes felinus.

Pentadactylus felinus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 117, pl. xii, fig. F
(1864).

Ablurosaurus felinus, Bouleng, Cat. Liz. 1, p. 75, pl. ili, fig. 8 (1885).

ASluroscalabotes felinus, Bouleng. op. cit. 111, p. 482 (1887).

Habit slender. Snout pointed; ear-opening small. Body long,
not depressed, limbs long and thin. Rostral broad and low,
separated from the nostril; 13 upper and as many lower labials,

40 GECKONID#.

the latter in contact with another series of equally large shields ;
symphysial small. ‘Tail short, rounded, vertically oval, ending in
a very obtuse point, probably prehensile. Male with 21 preanal
pores in an angular series. Brown above, with two dorsal series
of more or less distinct lighter, dark-edged roundish spots ; some-
times scattered white dots on the sides of the body; upper lip
whitish; lower surfaces whitish, brown-dotted.

From snout to vent 94 millim.; tail 63.

The type specimen of this remarkable Gecko is stated to be
from Singapore, where Mr. Ridley has also collected it. The
species has recently been obtained in some numbers from the
Larut Hills in Perak and is also known from Borneo.

Genus HEMIDACTYLUS.
Gray, Ann. Phil. (2) x, p. 199 (1825).

Digits free or more or less webbed, the base dilated and bearing
two rows of lamelle beneath; the two distal phalanges compressed
and slender, rising from within the extremity of the dilated portion ;
all the digits clawed. Dorsal lepidosis uniform or heterogeneous.
Pupil vertical. Males with preeanal or femoral pores.

Southern Europe, Southern Asia, Africa, 'l'ropieal America,
Polynesia.

Geckos of this genus are the commonest of the house lizards in
the Peninsula and are known as Chi-chah.

~ Synopsis of the Species.

{. Digits free or with a rudiment of web.
A. Slender compressed joint of inner digit
very short; 4 or 5 lamelle* under the
hallux, 9 or 10 under the fourth toe;
dorsal granules uniform or with scat-
tered, small, round convex tubercles .. H. frenatus, p. 41.
B. Slender compressed joint of inner digit
at least half as long as dilated portion.
1. Strongly keeled or trihedral dorsal
tubercles,
4 to 6 lamellae under the hallux, 6 to 8 under
the fourth toe; tail rounded at the sides;
males with 8 to 20 femoro-preeanal pores on
enchasider Gar Get in Fade hoc eee Gee H. brookii, p. 42.
6 or 7 lamelle under the hallux, 10 or 11 under
the fourth toe; tail with sharp denticulated
lateral edge; males with 17 or 18 femoral
POKES ONEREH SINE). arc wieeisaei eer emes H. depressus, p. 45.

* Counted longitudinally, each pair reckoned as one.

HEMIDACLYLUS. 41

2. Enlarged dorsal tubercles, if present,
small smooth, conical or very feebly
keeled.
6 or 7 lamelle under the hallux, 9 to 11 under
the fourth toe; males with 12 to 16 femoral
pores on each side; tail not denticulated on
Cl STLCSS "Sei ie Ack eee H. leschenaultw, p. 43.
8 to 10 lamelle under the hallux, 11 to 13
under the fourth toe; males with 5 or 6
femoral pores on each side; tail not denti-
minted On The sIdes .... 0.66.26. ines ees H, flaviviridis, p. 44.
6 or 7 lamella under the hallux,11 to 14 under
the fourth toe; male with 14 to 19 femoral
pores on each side; tail with sharpish, denti-
Gulatcd lateral’edge. .......-.. 0525.2 e eae H, garnoti, p. 44.
Il. Digits nearly half-webbed; a cutaneous
expansion from axilla to groin; males with
17 or 18 femoral pores on each side...... H, platyurus, p. 45.

34. Hemidactylus frenatus.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iii, p. 366 (1836) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 161 (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 120 (1885) ; id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 85 (1890) ; 8. Flower, P. Z.8. 1899, p. 628.

Digits moderately dilated, free, inner with sessile claw; 4 or 5
lamellae under the inner digits, 7 to 9 under the fourth finger,
9 or 10 under the fourth toe. Rostral with median cleft above,
entering the nostril; 10 to 12 upper and § to 10 lower labials ;
symphysial large, triangular or pentagonal; two or three pairs of
chin-shields, the median in contact behind the symphysial. Upper
surface of body granular, usually with more or less numerous
irregularly scattered, small, round, convex tubercles. Male with
a series of 30 to 36 femoral pores, not interrupted on the preanal
region. ‘Tail rounded, feebly depressed, covered above with very
small smooth scales and six longitudinal series of keeled tubercles,
below with a median series of transversely dilated plates. Greyish
or pinkish brown above, uniform or more or less distinetly marbled
with darker; head generally variegated with brown; a more or
less defined brown streak, light-edged above, on the side of the
head, passing through the eye, sometimes extending along the
side of the body; whitish beneath.

From snout to vent 65 millim.; tail 68.

From China and India to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago ;
islands of the Western Pacific and Indian Oceans; East Africa ;
St. Helena.

The commonest house gecko throughout the Malay Peninsula.
Often found on boats and steamers, which explains its wide dis-
tribution. It frequents, houses, gardens, and the open country,
where it conceals itself in the daytime, but indoors it is not
strictly nocturnal.

42 GECKONID.
35. Hemidactylus brookii.

Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 153 (1845) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 128 (1885) ;
id. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) 1, p. 128 (1898).

Henudactylus maculatus, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 158 (1855) ; Giinth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 107 (1864).

Hemadactylus ei, Murray, Zool. Sind, p. 360 (1884) ; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. p. 129 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 86, fig. 27
(1890).

Digits moderately dilated, free ; 4 to 6 lamelle under the innex
digits, 6 to 8 under the median. Rostral with median cleft
above, entering the nostril; 8 to 10 upper and 7 to 9 lower
labials ; symphysial large, triangular or pentagonal; chin-shields
generally four, median pair largest and in contact behind the
symphysial. Upper surface of body granular, with strongly
keeled, trihedral tubercles, forming 16 to 20 pretty regular longi-
tudinal series. Male with a series of 16 to 40 femoral pores,

Fig. 14.—Hemidactylus brookit.

usually interrupted in the middle. Tail rounded, depressed, above
with small scales and 6 or 8 longitudinal series of large, pointed,
strongly keeled tubercles, below with a median series of trans-
versely dilated plates. Brownish above, spotted with darker; a
dark streak on the side of the head, passing through the eye ;
lower parts dirty white.

From snout to vent 58 millim.; tail 60.

HEMIDACYYLUS. 43

Southern Chinaand India to Malay Peninsula and Archipelago ;
Tropical Africa.
Recorded from Singapore.

36. Hemidactylus depressus.

Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 58 (1842); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 184 (1885);
id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 90 (1890).
Hemidactylus pieresii, Kelaart, Prodr. p. 159 (1855).

Digits distinctly webbed at the base, moderately dilated ; 6 or
7 lamellz under the inner digits, 9 to 11 under the median. Rostral
with median cleft above, entering the nostril; 10 to 12 upper and
8 to 10 lower labials; symphysial large, triangular or pentagonal ;
four large chin-shields, median pair the larger, forming a long
suture behind the symphysial. A fold of the skin on each side of
the belly, from axilla to groin. Upper surface of body with small
flat granules intermixed with trihedral tubercles forming 16 to 20
very irregular longitudinal series. Male with a series of 34 to
36 femoral pores interrupted in the middle. Tail much depressed,
flat below, with angular lateral edge, covered above with small
pointed imbricate scales, which are enlarged and raised on the
sides, forming a strong denticulation, and with 6 or 8 series
of spine-like tubercles forming rings; below with a series of
transversely enlarged plates. Light brown above, marbled or
cross-barred with brown; a dark brown streak, white-edged above,
on the side of the head, passing through the eye; lower parts
whitish.

From snout to vent 80 millim. ; tail 76.

This species inhabits Ceylon. A specimen stated to be from
Singapore is preserved in the British Museum.

37. Hemidactylus leschenaultii.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iii, p. 364 (1836) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 109 (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 186 (1885); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 91 (1890).

Digits free, strongly dilated; 5 to 7 lamelle under the inner
digits, 9 to 11 under the median. Rostral with median clett
above, entering the nostril; 10 to 12 upper and 8 or 9 lower
labials; symphysial large, triangular or pentagonal; four chin-
shields, median pair the larger and in contact behind the sym-
physial. A slight fold of the skin on each side of the belly, from
axilla to groin. Upper surface of body with small granules, uni-
form or intermixed with more or less numerous scattered round
tubercles. Males with a series of 24 to 32 femoral pores, inter-
rupted in the middle. ail depressed, flat below, covered above
with small smooth scales and 6 longitudinal series of conical
tubercles ; beneath with a series of transversely enlarged plates.
Grey above, with darker markings forming wavy cross-bands,

44 GECKONID.

rhomboidal spots on the middle of the back, or regular longi-
tudinal bands; a dark band from the ae to the shoulder ; lower
parts white.

From snout to vent 80 millim. ; tail 82.

Inhabits India and Ceylon. A specimen from Penang, from
Dr. Cantor’s collection, is in the British Museum.

38. Hemidactylus flaviviridis.

Riippell, N. Wirbelth., Rept. p. 18, pl. vi, fig. 2 (1835).

Hemidactylus coctet, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. ili, p. 565 (1836);
Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p- 630 (1847); Gitinth.
Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 100 (1864) ; Bouleng. C Cat. Liz. i, p. 137 (1885) ;
id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 92 ( 1890).

Digits free, strongly dilated; 8 to 10 lamelle under the inner
digits, 11 to 13 under the median. Rosiral with median cleft
above, entering the nostril; 12 to 15 upper and 10 or 11 lower
labials ; symphysial large, triangular or pentagonal ; two or three
pairs of chin-shields, median largest and in contact behind the
symphysial. Upper surface of body with small granules, some-
times with scattered enlarged ones on the sides. Male with a
short series of 5 or 6 pores under each thigh. Tail depressed,
flat beneath, covered above with small smooth scales and 4 or 6
longitudinal series of conical tubercles; beneath with a series of
transversely enlarged plates. Grey or greenish above, uniform or
with indistinct darker markings ; lower parts white.

From snout to vent 76 millim.; tail 81.

From the Red Sea to India, where it is a common heuse gecko.
A specimen from Penang, from Dr. Cantor’s collection, is in the
British Museum, but, like the preceding species, it has not been
rediscovered in any part of the Malay Peninsula.

39. Hemidactylus garnoti.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iii, p, 368 (1836); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i,
p. 141 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 94 (1890) ; Laidlaw,
P. Z.08. L901. 1; p; oda:

Digits free or with a slight rudiment of web, moderately dilated ;
6 or 7 lamelle under the inner digits, 11 to 14 under the median.
Rostral with median cleft above, entering the nostril; 12 or 13
upper and 9 to 11 lower labials; symphysial large, triangular, in
contact posteriorly witha pair of pentagonal chin-shields follow ‘ed by
a second smaller pair; the anterior pair of chin-shields in contact,
the posterior separated from each other. Upper surface of body
covered with minute granular scales. Male with 14 to 19 femoral
pores on each side. Tail depressed, flat beneath, with sharp
denticulated lateral edge; scales on upper surface very sinall,
equal, those on lower surface larger, with a median series of
transverse plates. Brownish grey above, uniform or with more or

MIMETOZOON. 45

less distinct brown and whitish spots; lower parts uniform
whitish.

From snout to vent 60 millim.; tail 69.

Sikkim, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, South Pacific
Islands. Rare in the Malay Peninsula, where two specimens

were caught inside a house by Mr. Laidlaw, at Kuala Aring,
Kelantan.

40. Hemidactylus platyurus.

Stellio platyurus, Schneid. Amph. Phys. ii, p. 30 (1790).
Nycteridium schneidert, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 111 (1864).
Hemidactylus platyurus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 143 (1885); id.

Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 95 (1890) ; 8. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899,
p- 629.

Body and limbs much depressed ; a cutaneous expansion from
axilla to groin, and another bordering the hind limb posteriorly.
Digits about half-webbed, strongly dilated ; 5 or 6 lamelle under
the inner digits, 7 to 9 under the median. Rostral with median
cleft above, entering the nostril; 9 to 11 upper and 7 or 8 lower
labials ; symphysial large, triangular or pentagonal, in contact
with two large chin-shields, followed by two smaller ones. Upper
parts covered with uniform small granules. Male with an unin-
terrupted series of femoral pores, 17 or 18 on each side. Tail
much depressed, flat beneath, with sharp denticulated lateral edge,
above with uniform small granules, below with a series of trans-
verse plates. Grey above, more or less speckled or marbled with
brown ; often with quadrangular dark spots in pairs along the
back, each pair situated on a reddish-brown transverse band; tail
with similar dark cross-bands; a dark line on each side of the
head, passing through the eye, usually present ; beneath bright
lemon-yellow, pale yellow, or dirty white, tail sometimes coral-red.

From snout to vent 61 millim. ; tail 66.

Ceylon, Darjeeling, Burma, Siam, 8S. China, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.

Common in houses and gardens at Singapore. Also known
from Penang; Khota Bharu, Kelantan; Trengganu, Patani; and
Bukit Besar. Decidedly more of a jungle species than #H.
Frenatus.

Genus MIMETOZOON.

Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 767.

Digits extensively webbed, strongly dilated, with two rows ot
lamellze beneath; the two distal phalanges compressed and slender,
rising from within the extremity of the dilated portion; all the
digits clawed. Limbs and sides of head, body, and tail with much-
developed dermal expansions. Upper surfaces covered with
juxtaposed granular scales and tubercles, the parachute-membrane

46 GECKONID®.

covered above with imbricate tetragonal scales arranged like bricks.
Pupil vertical.

A single species is known, which stands in the same relation to
Hemidactylus as Ptychozoon to Gecko.

4]. Mimetozoon craspedotus.

Hemidactylus craspedotus, Mocquard, Le Naturaliste, 1890, p. 144.
Mimetozoon flower, Bouleng. 1. c. pl. xxxvi.

Head slightly distinct from neck ; snout obtusely pointed, much
longer than the distance between eye and ear-opening, once and
a-half diameter of orbit ; forehead concave; ear-opening oval,
horizontal. | Body and limbs mnch depressed ; digits short, two-
thirds webbed ; 5 lamelle under inner digit, 8 or 9 under fourth.
Tail much depressed, bordered on each side by a broad dermal fold
with serrated edges. Rostral quadrangular, broader than deep;
nostril pierced between the rostral and 4 scales ; 12 upper and 10
lower labials ; symphysial triangular ; two pairs of chin-shields,
the median forming a suture behind the symphysial. Head, back,
and limbs covered with small granules, largest on the snout ;
occiput and back with numerous small, round, smooth tubercles ;
ventral scales small, cycloid, imbricate, smooth. Tail covered
with small granular scales, the muscular portion with transverse
rows of small smooth tubercles above and a series of transverse
shields beneath. Grey above, speckled with brown, with quad-
rangular dark spots disposed in pairs along the back, connected
by brownish bars and wavy transverse lines, and confluent into
cross-bars on the tail; a dark streak on each side of the head,
passing through the eye; pale yellow beneath, speckled with —
blackish on the sides, the muscular portion of the tail coral-red.

From snout to vent 49 millim.; tail 56.

North Borneo (Kina Balu) and Penang. <A single specimen
was caught by Capt. Flower on the ground in the garden of the
“Crag” Hotel, Penang Hill, 2200 ft., in March 1896.

Genus GEHYRA.
Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 57 (1842).

Digits strongly dilated, free or webbed at the base, with
undivided or mesially divided transverse lamelle beneath ; distal
phalanges free, elongate, compressed, clawed, raised from within
the extremity of the dilated part; inner digit clawless or with a
very indistinct retractile claw. Body with granular scales above,
with imbricate flat scales beneath. Pupil vertical. Males with
preeanal or femoral pores.

Islands of the Indian Ocean to Australia and Islands of Pacific
Ocean; Mexico. Three species in the Malay Peninsula.

GEHYRA. 47
Synopsis of the Species.

I, Tail depressed, with angular, finely serrated
lateral edge; digits with at least a rudiment

of web.
6 to 8 divided lameile under the median digits.... G. mutilata, p. 47.
3 or 4 divided lamellz under the median digits .. @. butleri, p. 47.
Il. Tail subeylindrical; digits free, with the sub-
digital lamellae undivided.............. G. larutensis, p. 48.

42. Gehyra mutilata.

Hemidactylus (Peropus) mutilatus, Wiegm. N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol.
xvii, p. 238 (1835).

Peripia peroni, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 110 (1864).

Gehyra mutilata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 148 (1885); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., R ept. p. 96 (i890).

Body and limbs depressed; a fold of the skin bordering the
hind limb posteriorly. Digits short, more or less webbed at the
base; the inferior lamelle angular, divided by a median groove, 6
or 8 under the median digits. Rostral with median cleft above,
entering the nostril; 8 or 9 upper and 6 or 7 lower labials;
symphysial moderately large, pentagonal; 3 pairs of chin-shields,
inner very large, elongate, “outer small, frequently broken up into
small scales. Femoral pores in a doubly curved line, angular in
the middle, 14 to 19 on each side. ‘ail depressed, normally with
a sharpish, minutely serrately lateral edge. Greyish or buff
above, sometimes nearly white, uniform or dotted or variegated
with darker ; young yellowish brown or purplish brown above,
spotted with yellow and dark brown or black, and with a dark
line on each side of the head.

From snout to vent 60 millim.; tail 60.

Mascarene Islands, Seychelles, Madagascar, Burma, Siam,
Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, New Guinea, Western
Mexico.

A common house gecko in Penang and Singapore. Less
numerous in houses on the mainland of the Peninsula, but very
common on the trunks of coco-palms.

43, Gehyra butleri.

Bouleng. Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xiii, p. 333, pl. —, fig. 1
(1901) ; id. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 149 (1903).

Body elongate, limbs short. Digits with a rudiment of web,
the basal part granulate beneath, the distal part strongly dilated,
with curved or angular lamelle; the 3 or 4 last of which are
divided by a median groove; 7 lameliz under the fourth toe.
Rostral with median cleft above, entering the nostril; 8 upper
and 6 or 7 lower labials ; two pairs of elongate chin-shields. Tail
depressed, with angular, finely serrated lateral edge. Reddish
brown above, with whitish dots and three longitudinal series of

48 GECKONID2.

dark brown spots, or with round yellowish dark-edged spots; a
dark streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye.
From snout to vent 32 millim. ; tail 25.
Discovered by Mr. W. L. Butler at Kuala Lumpur; has since
been found in the same locality by Messrs. Annandale & Robinson.

44, Gehyra larutensis.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 188 (1900).

Body and limbs not much depressed.* Digits free, strongly
dilated, with entire lamelle beneath, the largest of which are
angulated or chevron-shaped and 38 or 4 in number under the
median digits. Rostral with median cleft above, entering the
nostril; 9 upper and 9 lower labials; sympbysial truncate
behind ; a series of small chin-shields, the median pair largest,
searcely larger than the symphysial. Femoral pores in a long
continuous series, 42 altogether. Tail subcylindrical. Grey-
brown above and beneath; tail yellowish, with small darker spots
on the back and a vertebral series of small blackish spots widely
separated from each other ; a dark line on each side of the head,
passing through the eye.

From snout to vent 37 millim.; tail 32.

Known from a single specimen found under a house in the
Larut Hills, Perak, at 3500 ft. altitude.

Lepidodactylus hurterti, Werner, Zool. Anz. 1900, p. 196, from
Malacea* (type in Berlin Museum) may prove to be identical with
this species.

Genus LEPIDODACTYLUS.
Fitzing. Syst. Rept. p. 98 (1843).

Digits more or less dilated, free or with a rudiment of web,
with mesially divided transverse lamellz beneath, with very short,
compressed distal clawed joint rising from the extremity of the
dilated part; inner digit clawless. Body with granular scales above,
with juxtaposed or imbricate flat scales beneath. Pupil vertical.
Males with preanal or femoral pores.

South-Eastern Asia to Australia and Polynesia. Two species
in the Malay Peninsula.

Inner digit rudimentary ; tail cylindrical ...... LL. ceylonensis, p. 49.
Inner digit well developed; tail depressed, flat
beneath, with sharpish lateral edge .......... L. lugubris, p. 49.

* Dr. Hartert collected on Gunong Inas, the type locality of G. darut-
ensis, and this should, perhaps, be substituted for ‘‘ Malacca,” over 200 miles
distant. On the continent Malacca is used as a general term embracing all
places between Mergui and Singapore distant from each other over 800 miles.

LEPIDODACTYLUs. 49

45, Lepidodactylus ceylonensis.

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 164, pl. xiii, fig. 3 (1885); id. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 98 (1890); 8. Flower, P.Z.S. 1896, p. 867; id.
P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 681; Annandale, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal
(2) i, p. 84 (1905).

Body elongate, limbs short. Digits free, inner rudimentary,
the median with 4 or 5 angular, divided lamella. Rostral entering
the nostril; li or 12 upper and as many lower labials; sym-
physial small, subtriangular ; no chin-shields. Male with 8 pre-
anal pores forming an angular series, and 7 or 8 femoral pores
on each side. ‘Tail cylindrical, covered with uniform small scales.
Brown above, with small round yellowish spots; a dark streak
from the tip of the snout to the shoulder, passing through the
eye. Flower describes a Singapore specimen as dark brown
above, spotted with brick-red and black, with light yellow spots on
lips and behind eyes, purplish brown under the body, rusty brown
and yellow, with minute black spots, under the tail.

From snout to vent 40 millim.; tail 34.

Originally described from Ceylon. Found also in Burma, the
Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Java, and Engano. Two specimens were
found by Capt. Flower in Government House, Singapore.

46. Lepidodactylus lugubris.

Platydactylus lugubris, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iii, p. 804 (1836) ;
Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 622 (1847).

Peripia cantoris, Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 110 (1864).

Lepidodactylus lugubris, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 165 (1885); id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 99 (1890).

Body and limbs moderately elongate. Digits with a rudiment
of web, inner well developed; 7 or 8 angular, divided lamelle
under the fingers, 8 or 9 under the toes. Rostral entering the
nostril; 11 to 138 upper and 10 or 11 lower labials ; symphysial
small ; 4 transverse rows of small chin-shields. Femoral pores in
a long series, angular in the middle, 25 to 30 altogether. Tail
flat beneath, with sharpish, sometimes feebly serrated lateral edge ;
caudal scales small, flat, equal. Light pinkish grey or brownish
above, usually with a series of small, black or purplish brown spots
on each side of the vertebral line; a purplish-brown streak from
the end of the snout to the ear, passing through the eye; labials
usually finely dotted with brown ; lower parts white.

From snout to vent 45 millim.; tail 40.

Burma, Andamans and Nicobars, Penang, Malay Archipelago,
Papuasia, and Polynesia.

50 GECKONID®.

Genus GECKO.
Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 48 (1768).

Digits strongly dilated, free or webbed at the base, with undivided
lamellae below, with very short, compressed distal clawed joint
rising from the extremity of the distal part; inner digit clawless.
Body with granular scales and tubercles above, with small, flat,
imbricate scales beneath. Pupil vertical. Males with preanal or
femoral pores.

Eastern Asia. Three species in the Malay Peninsula :—

I. Rostral not entering nostril; digits free ;
males with preeanal pores.
Width of head twice distance of end of snout to
orbit; throat covered with small flat granules. G. vertzcdllatus, p. 50.
Width of head not twice distance of end of snout
to orbit; throat minutely granulate ........ G. stentor, p. 51.

Il. Rostral entering nostril; digits with a rudi-
ment of web; males with preeanal and
fomOLAl MOLES: F.0%c/skiin slat a keratee. tie < G. monarchus, p. 51.

47. Gecko verticillatus.

Laur, op. cit. p. 44; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 188 (1885); id. Faun,
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 102 (1890); S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 631;
Ridley, Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc. No. 32, p. 198 (1899);
Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 149 (1903).

Platydactylus gecko, Cautor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 623
(1847).

Gecko guttatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 102 (1864).

Head twice as broad as distance from end of snout to orbit.
Digits free. Rostral not entering nostril; 12 to 14 upper and
10 or 11 lower Jabials; 4 or 5 chin-shields on each side. Back
covered with flat granules and about 12 longitudinal series of
mammiform tubercles; throat covered with flat granules. 13 to
24 preanal pores forming an angular series. ‘Tail slightly depressed,
annulate, with large conical tubercles above, each annulus composed
of 5 or 6 transverse rows of squarish scales above, and 3 beneath.
Slaty grey above, with orange or red spots or vermiculations ;
tail with darker and lghter rings; whitish beneath, uniform or
variegated with grey.

From snout to vent 160 millim.; tai] 145.

Southern China to Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Common
on the trunks of coconut palms in the Patani States: found also
in the Province Wellesley, at Singapore, and on Penang. Not
known from the Federated Malay States. In Singapore it pro-
bably owes its introduction to man. In many places it frequents
houses, and is known by the name of Tokay, which expresses
its loud call. It is a bold and fierce Gecko, feeding not only
on insects but on other lizards and mice, and is even supposed
to catch small birds in trees at night.

GECKO, SA

48. Gecko stentor.
oe stentor, Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, xvi, p. 624
Ee es Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 102, pl. xi, fig. A (1864);
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 184 (1885): id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept.
p- 103 (1890); id. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 150 (1903).

Head not twice as broad as distance from end of snout to orbit.
Digits free. Rostral not entering nostril; 12 to 14 upper and
10 to 12 lower labials; 3 to 5 chin-shields on each side. Back
covered with very small granules and 10 to 12 longitudinal geries
of mammiform tubercles; throat covered with exceedingly small
granules. 11 to 16 preanal pores. ‘Tail as in the preceding
species, but each annulus composed of 10 or 11 transverse rows
of scales above, and 2 or 3 beneath. Brown or brownish grey
above, marbled with darker, with or without transverse rows of
whitish spots; sometimes a linear A-shaped dark brown mark
on the head; tail with darker and lighter rings ; lower surface
whitish, generally dotted or variegated with greyish.

From snout to vent 190 millim.; tail 180.

Inhabits Burma, the Andamans, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra,
Borneo, and Java.

This Gecko, one of the largest known, was first discovered in
Penang. It is common in the Malay jungle, especially in Upper
Perak and the adjacent parts of Rhaman. It is usually found on
high trees, is common in bamboo jungle, and rare in houses,
where, however, its presence is considered very lucky.

49, Gecko monarchus.
Platydactylus monarchus, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. iii, p. 335 (1836) ;
Y y s a s I RaQ ays
Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 625 (1847).

Gecko monarchus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 103 (1864) ; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. i, p. 187 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 103
(1890); 8. Flower, P. Z.S, 1899, p. 635; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay.,
Zool. i, p. 150 (1903).

Head not twice as broad as distance from end of snout to orbit.
Digits rather feebly dilated, with a rudiment of web. Rostral
entering nostril; 10 or 11 upper and 9 or 10 lower Jabials; a
large median pair of chin-shields bordered by a few irregular
smaller shields. Back covered with very small granules, intermixed
with numerous rounded conical tubercles; throat with very small
granules. Preanal and femoral pores forming a long series,
16 to 20 on each side. ‘Tail slightly depressed, annulate, covered
above with very small flat granular scales and transverse series of
conical tubercles. Brown or grey above, spotted with blackish,
a double series of spots along the middle of the back being
constant ; tail with more or less marked darker and lighter rings ;
lower parts white.

From snout to vent 95 millim.; tail 110.

Ceylon, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. .

Very common in houses at Singapore; also recorded from

: :
Penang, Province Wellesley, Perak, Selangor, er
B

D2 f GECKONID®,

Genus PTYCHOZOON.
Kuhl, in Fitzing. N. Class. Rept. p. 18 (1826).

Digits strongly dilated, entirely webbed, with undivided lamelle
below; all but the thumb and hallux with a compressed curved
distal phalanx with retractile claw, originating a little before the
extremity of the digital expansion. Limbs and sides of head,
body, and tail with much developed membranous expansions.
Body covered with granular scales above, with or without enlarged
tubercles, below with small,‘slightly imbricate scales; the membrane
on the side covered above with imbricate square scales arranged
like the bricks of a wall, scaleless below. Pupil vertical. Males
with preanal or preeanal and femoral pores.

Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Loo Choo Islands.

Two species :-—

Scales on side-lobes of head larger than

largest ventrals; end of tail broadly

expanded; male with preanal pores only P. homalocephalum, p. 52.
Scales on side-lobes of head not larger than

largest ventrals; male with przanal and

PEMA OTA HOLES pa iejeretainieyele/ertieiee ek earieta a P. horsfieldii, p. 53.

The so-called Flying Geckos, supposed to use the expansion of
the side of the body as a parachute*, are inhabitants of the
jungle, although exceptionally found about the dwellings of men.
Mr. Robinson mentions a specimen having been caught by a native
at Gunong Tahang, 3000 ft., in the act of flight from one tree
trunk to another. The eggs are large, two in number.

50. Ptychozoon homalocephalum,

Lacerta homalocephala, Creveldt, Mag. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl. iii,
p. 267, pl. viii (1809).

Ptychozoon homalocephalum, Cantor, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xvi, p. 626
(1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 105 (1864) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i,
p- 190 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 104 (1890); 5S, Flower,
P.Z.S. 1899, p. 685; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 150
(1903); Annandale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xv, p. 80 (1905) ;
Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. ii, p. 64 (1908).

Rostral large, entering the nostril ; 10 to 15 upper and 10 to 12
lower labials; symphysial small, subtriangular; 3 or 4 small
chin-shields on each side, inner elongate. Back usually with
scattered convex tubercles. Scales on side-lobes of head larger
than the largest ventrals. Males with an angular series of
21 to 26 preanal pores; no femoral pores. Tail much depressed,

* «TJ have not the slightest doubt that the use of the structure is not to
support the lizard in the air, but to assist it in concealing itself by causing it
to fit better into its surroundings and be less conspicuous than it would be
if its body cast a distinct shadow immediately beneath it.” Annandale,

Ann, & Mag. N. H. (7) xv, 1905, p. 31.

PTYCHOZOON. 53

with scolloped lateral membrane, ending in a broad flap, the width
of which equals or nearly equals that of the snout. Greyish or
reddish brown above, with wavy dark brown transverse bands; a
dark brown streak from the eye to the first dorsal band; lower
parts yellow or yellowish.

From snout to vent 95 millim.; tail 92.

Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Java.

Specimens without the enlarged dorsal tubercles have been
named by Annandale var. Mionotum.

Fig. 15.—Ptychozoon homalocephalum.

ol. Ptychozoon horsfieldii.

Pteropleura horsfieldii, Gray, Phil. Mag. (3) ii, p. 56 (1827).
Ptychozoon horsfieldii, F. Mull. Abh. Naturf. Ges, Basel, x, p. 209,
pl. iv (1892); S. Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1899, p. 635.

Differs from the preceding in the following characters :—No
enlarged tubercles on the back; scales on side-lobes of head not
larger than largest ventrals; males with 7 to 12 preanal pores and
9 to 14 pores under each thigh; tail tapering, its extremity less
than half width of snout.

From snout to vent 80 millim.; tail 75.

Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Loo Choo Islands.

The type specimen is from Singapore, and Capt. Flower obtained
a specimen on Penang Hill, at an altitude of 1900 ft.

54 AGAMIDA.

Family AGAMIDA,

Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches ;
supratemporal fossa not roofed over; premaxillary single; nasals
distinct ; parietal single ; a fibro-cartilaginous interorbital septum;
a columella cranii. Teeth ankylosed to the parapet of the jaws
(Acrodont dentition), usually unequal in size or divisible into
incisors, canines, and molars; no teeth on the palate. Clavicle
slender, not dilated; interclavicle T-shaped or anchor-shaped.

Fig. 16.—Skull of Calotes jubatus.

A. Side view. B. Upper view. C. Lower view.
ang. Angular. Jj. Jugal. ptf. Postfrontai.
ar, Articular. m. Maxillary. g. Quadrate.
4p. Basisphenoid. n. Nasal, s.ang. Supra-angular.
cr, Coronoid. p. Parietal. so. Supraoccipital.
d. Dentary. pl. Palatine. sq. Squamosal.
eo. Hxoccipital. pm. Preemaxillary. st. Supratemporal.
f. Frontal. prf. Przefrontal. tp. Transpalatine.
¢

is. Interorbital septum. pi. Pterygoid. v. Vomer,

AGAMIDA. 55

Tongue short, thick, not or but slightly nicked in front, villose.
Eye small, pupil round; eyelids well developed. Scales usually
imbricate, sometimes granular ; no symmetrical shields on the top
of the head; ornamental appendages, such as crests, gular
pouches, &c., frequently present. Limbs well developed. Femoral
pores absent in most of the genera. Tail usually long and not
fragile.

Agamoids are mostly oviparous; eggs with parchment-like
shell. Some are arboreal, others terrestrial. Inhabitants of
Africa, Asia, and Australia.

Only six genera are known to have representatives in the Malay
Peninsula.

Fig. 17.—Pectoral arch of Calotes gubatus.

cl, Clavicle. cor. Coracoid. ic/. Interclayicle. s¢. Sternum
e.cor. Epicoracoid, sc. Scapula.

Synopsis of the Genera.
I. No femoral pores.
A. Ribs much prolonged, supporting a :
wing-like dermal expansion ...... Draco, p. 56.
B. No wing-like lateral expansion; a
dorsal denticulation or crest.
7 Tympanum hidden .........-.. APHANIOTIS, p. 64.
2. Tympanum distinct.
A transverse gular fold; males with a gular

MRPERG sce oe 6 we - chon SOS Aare eter r aan GONYOCEPHALUS, p. 65,
No gular fold ; no gular sac; dorsal scales ;
small, heterogeneous 3h DEAS RS Be ee ACANTHOSAURA, p. 68.

No cular fold; males with a more or less _
distinct cular sac; dorsal scales equal.... CALOorTES, p. 69.

II. Femoral pores present; body depressed ;
re
scales very small; no dorsal crest. Lio.npis, p. 73.

56 AGAMIDS.

Genus DRACO.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 358 (1766).

Body depressed, with a large lateral’ wing-like membrane
folding like a fan, supported by the last five or six ribs which
are much prolonged. A gular appendage and a lateral smaller
one on each side. Tympanum distinct or covered with scales.
Tail long. No femoral or preanal pores.

These lizards have often been represented as resting on a branch
with outspread wings, as the parachute-apparatus is commonly
called. According to Dr. P. Krefft’s observations made at
Singapore on living specimens of D. volans, the brightly coloured
parachute is hardly ever unfolded except for the purpose of gliding
through the air; when the lizard is at rest, or running, the
parachute is closely folded against the body, giving the impression
of a lizard emaciated by starvation or recent oviposition, but
showing no trace of the brilliant coloration which adorns these
membranes. Capt. Flower also observed that these lizards when
at rest on the trunk of a tree are almost invisible, owing to their
dark mottled-brown tint, the bright colour of the wings showing
only when they dart through the air.

Distributed over the greater part of the Oriental Region.
Eleven species are known from the Malay Peninsula.

Malay name, Chi-chah teilang (Flying Gecko).

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Nostrils lateral, directed outwards; no
caudal crest; upper labial shields not

keeled.
Tympanum exposed; hind limb not reaching
beyond elbow of adpressed tore limb ...... D. volans, p. 57.
Tympanum scaly; hind limb reaching beyond
elbow of adpressed fore limb . .......... D. maculatus, p. 58.

II. Nostrils lateral, directed outwards; a
caudal crest.
Caudal crest feeble; gular appendage of male

much longer than head’. o....... saber aos ans D. fimbriatus, p. 59.
Caudal crest strong; gular appendage of male
not longer than head As cases aie: eee D. punctatus, p. 59.

III. Nostrils lateral or more or less perfectly
vertical ; no caudal crest; upper labials
keeled, 8 to 11; gular appendage of male
translucent, covered with large scales.
Nostrils lateral; fore limb reaching tip of snout
or alittle beyond.) s-:7. 5. sae D. cyanolemus, p. 60.
Nostrils nearly vertical; fore limb reaching
considerably beyond tip of snout; gular
appendage of male much longer than head.. D. dlanfordit, p. 61.
Nostrils vertical; fore limb reaching con-
siderably beyond tip of snout; gular ap-
pendage of male not or but little longer
tlie head 2555-5 ge es ome ena ie aeons » Dz. formosus, p. 61.

DRACO 57

IV. Nostrils perfectly vertical; upper head-
scales very small; 11 to 16 upper labials ;
gular appendage of male covered with
small scales.

A. Tympanum exposed; snout shorter than
orbit.
Hind limb reaching axilla or shoulder; gular
appendage of male not or but little longer
DUPER e hts Se il Sed Saves eae . D. microlepis, p. 62.
Hind limb reaching axilla or not quite so far;
gular appendage of male much longer than
(FUL. oy OM > Jehan ee er ean D. melanopogon, p. 62.
B. Tympanum covered with scales; snout
at least as long as orbit.
One or two transverse series of scales between
nasal shield and rostral ; no enlarged scale
above tympanum; gular appendage of male
mimen larcer than head .......:....0e:00+ D, quinquefasciatus,

Three (rarely two) transverse series of scales [ p. 63.
between nasal shield and rostral; a large
pointed scale above tympanum; gular ap-
pendage of male not more than once and
Benaltclencth of head 2... ...2....ss50008 D. maximus, p. 63.

52. Draco volans.

Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 358 (1766) ; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xvi, p. 643 (1847) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 124 (1864); Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. i, p. 256 (1885) ; S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896, p. 868 ; Ridley,
Journ. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. No. 82, p. 191 (1899); Laidlaw,
fos LOL, 1, p. 07.

Head small; snout not or but scarcely longer than diameter
of orbit; nostril lateral, directed outwards; tympanum naked.
Upper head-scales very unequal, strongly keeled; a more or less
distinct A-shaped series of enlarged scales on forehead; a small
subconical tubercle at posterior corner of orbit; 7 to 10 upper
labials. Male’s gular appendage longer than head. Male with a
small nuchal crest. Dorsal scales irregular, keeled, largest at
least twice as large as ventrals; a lateral series of distant
enlarged scales. Fore limb extending beyond tip of snout, hind
limb reaching elbow of adpressed fore limb, or not quite so far.
No caudal crest. Light bronze brown above, with metallic
reflections, and with spots and patches of reddish brown, dark
brown, and black; a black spot between the orbits and another
on the nape; wing-membranes orange above and blue beneath in
the male, rich yellow above and greenish yellow beneath in the
female, with black spots and marblings or irregular cross-bands ;
throat speckled with black; gular appendage yellow or orange in
the male, blue or green in the female.

From snout to vent 85 millim.; tail 125.

Malay Peninsula, Lower Siam, Sumatra, Natuna Islands,
Borneo, Palawan, Java, Celebes. Common in open plantations

58 AGAMIDA,

in Wellesley Province, near Malacca, and at Singapore. Has
also been found in Kedah, the Dindings, and on Penang; in fact,
nearly all over the low-lying country. Specially abundant in
coconut plantations on the islands near the East Coast of the
Peninsula.

Capt. Flower has made the following observations on the habits
of this Draco :—‘ These lizards Avhen at rest on the trunk of a
tree, usually in a vertical position, are almost invisible, owing to
their dark mottled-brown colour, but when darting through
the air overhead they resemble a flashing blue gem, owing to the
bright colours of the underneath of the ‘wings.’ They are very
active and nimble, spreading their parachute as they leap from
any point, and alighting gently on all fours along it as they reach
the ground. They an apparently direct their flight exactly. I
have seen one slide through the air (with its wings quite steady)
for a distance of about 20 yards, and then settle on the trunk
of a tree.” “Some of the females contained four rich-yellow-
coloured leathery-skinned eggs about 5 by 4 millim.” Mr. Laidlaw
found only two or three eggs. Males appear to be more
numerous than females.

53. Draco maculatus.

Dracunculus maculatus, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 286 (1845).

Draco maculatus, Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 645
(1847); Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 125, pl. xiii, fig. C (1864) ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 262 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept.
p- 112 (1890).

Draco haasei, Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1893, p. 424.

Head small; snout a little longer than diameter of orbit;
nostril lateral, directed outwards; tympanum scaly. Upper head-
scales unequal, strongly keeled: a compressed prominent scale on
posterior part of supraciliary edge; 7 to 11 upper labials. Gular
appendage of male very large, always much longer than, and
frequently twice as long as head; female also with a well-
developed but smaller appendage. Male with a very small nuchal
crest. Dorsal scales little larger than ventrals, irregular, smooth
or very feebly keeled; a lateral series of large trihedral keeled
distant scales. Fore limb extending beyond tip of snout; hind
limb reaching a little beyond elbow of adpressed fore limb, or
axilla. No caudal crest. Greyish above, with more or less
distinct darker markings; a more or less distinct dark interorbital
spot ; wing-membranes above with numerous small round black
spots, which are seldom confluent, beneath immacuiate or with
a few black spots; a blue spot on each side of base of gular
appendage.

From snout to vent 82 millim.; tail 115.

From Assam, Yunnan, and Tonkin, to Siam and Tenasserim ;
Penang; Singapore.

DRACO. 59

54. Draco fimbriatus.

Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. p. 101 (1820); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 123
(1864); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 265 (1885); id. Fascic. Malay.,
Zool. i, p. 151 (19038); id. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. iii, p. 64 (1908).

Draco abbreviatus, Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, p. 219 (1828).

Draco grandis, 1. Bartlett, Crocod. Liz. Borneo, p. 83 (1895).

Head large; snout slightly longer than diameter of orbit ;
nostril lateral, directed outwards and slightly upwards; tympanum
naked. Upper head-scales very small, keeled; a more or less
distinct A-shaped series of enlarged scales on forehead ; a conical
tubercle at posterior corner of orbit; 10 to 13 upper labials.
Gular appendage of male longer than head; female also with
a well-developed, but shorter appendage. Male with a small
nuchal crest. Dorsal scales smaller than ventrals, smooth or
very feebly keeled; a lateral series of small subconical distant
seales. Fore limb extending beyond tip of snout, hind limb
reaching axil or nearly so far. A small caudal crest. Greyish
above, marbled with reddish brown, with a few equidistant angular
transverse dark markings, the anterior of which encloses a black
interorbital spot ; wing-membranes above dark brown with lighter
lines, inferiorly dirty grey, immaculate or with a few scattered
black spots; throat bluish, with a more or less marked dark
network enclosing white spots; gular appendage red or salmon
pink.

From snout to vent 108 millim.; tail 165.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Natuna Islands, Borneo, Java.

A scarce species in the Malay Peninsula, usually found in
lowland jungle, and not beyond 3000 feet altitude. I have
examined specimens from Perak, Selangor, and Pahang.

55. Draco punctatus.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 189 (1900) ; id. Fascic.
Malay., Zool. i, p. 151, pl. x, fig. 1 (1903).

Head rather large; snout as Jong as diameter of orbit; nostril
lateral, directed outwards; tympanum naked. Upper head-scales
small, unequal, keeled; a A-shaped series of enlarged scales on
the forehead; two conical, triangular, or spine-like tubercles
on posterior part of supraciliary border; 10 or 11 feebly keeled
upper labials. Male’s gular appendage a little shorter than or
hardly as long as head. Male with a very distinct nuchal crest.
Dorsal scales unequal, feebly keeled, not larger than ventrals; a
lateral series of enlarged, distant scales. Fore limb extending
a little beyond tip of snout, hind limb reaching axil or not quite
so far. ‘Tail with a strong crest of long pointed scales. Greyish
above, tinged with rusty on the crown and on the middle line of
the back; back, and head above and beneath, with large black
dots; four large dark blotches may form a cross between the
shoulders ; wing-membranes black above, streaked with whitish,

60 AGAMID2.

uniform whitish beneath; throat and belly pale blue; gular
appendage and inner side of lateral wattles bright chrome-yellow.

From snout to vent 91 millim.; tail 156.

Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Discovered in the Larut Hills,
Perak, at an altitude of 3000 feet, by Mr. A. L. Butler. A
second specimen from Bukit Besar, Patani States, altitude 2500
feet, formed part of Messrs. Annandale & Robinson’s collection

56, Draco cyanolemus.
Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. iii, p. 64, pl. v, fig. 2 (1908).

Head small; snout as long as diameter of orbit; nostril lateral,
directed outwards and slightly upwards; tympanum naked.
Upper head-seales very unequal, keeled ; 8 to 10 strongly keeled

Fig. 18.—Draco cyanolemus, (From Journ. F. M.S. Mus.)

upper labials. Gular appendage of male longer than head, thin,
translucent, covered with very large scales, of female short.
A slight nuchal fold. Dorsal scales subequal, smooth or faintly
keeled, a little smaller than ventrals; a lateral series of distant
enlarged scales. Fore limb reaching tip of snout or a little
beyond, hind limb reaching axilla or not quite so far. No caudal

DRACO, 61

crest. Greyish above ; wing-membranes above broadly edged with
brick-red, with four more or less distinct black transverse bands
spotted with white; white beneath, immaculate or with a few
black spots near the body; throat blue or bluish, gular appendage
yellow; male with the inner side of the lateral wattle red or
orange, covering a large black spot.

From snout to vent 110 millim.; tail 195.

Malay Peninsula. First described from a single female specimen
from Telém, Perak-Pahang Boundary, altitude about 4000 feet.
I have since referred to the same species two male specimens from
the hills above the Semangko Pass, Selangor (3500 feet).

57. Draco blanfordii.
Draco major (non Laur.), Blanf. Journ. Asiatic Soe. Bengal, xlvii,
p. 125 (1878).
Draco blanfordi, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 207, pl. xx, fig. 7 (1885);
id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 112 (1890); Boettg. Ber. Offenb.
Ver. Nat. 1892, p. 100; Bouieng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 158
(1903).

Head small; snout constricted above, with deeply concave
loreal region, slightly longer than diameter of orbit; nostril
directed upwards, but not perfectly vertical: tympanum naked.
Upper head-scales unequal, keeled; a prominent tubercle at
posterior corner of orbit; 9 or 10 keeled upper labials. Gular
appendage of male much longer than head, thin, translucent,
covered with very large scales. Male with a slight nuchal fold.
Dorsal scales equal, smooth or very feebly keeled, not larger than
ventrals ; a lateral series of distant enlarged keeled scales. Fore
limb extending considerably beyond tip of snout, hind limb
reaching axilla or not quite so far. No caudal crest. Grey-
brown above, with small dark spots; wing-membranes above
marbled with dark brown, with lighter spots and lines, beneath
immaculate; throat unspotted, greenish, pale scarlet beneath the
lateral wattles.

From snout to vent 121 millim.; tail 235.

Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Junkceylon Island, Butang
Islands.

Found in the Larut Hills, Perak, in Selangor, and in the
Patani States and Trang, but not below 2500 feet in the more
southern portions of the Peninsula.

58. Draco formosus.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 190 (1900); id. Fascie.
Malay., Zool. i, p. 152 (1903) ; id. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. iii,
p- 65 (1908).

Head small; snout as long as or slightly longer than diameter
of orbit; nostril vertical, directed upwards ; tympanum naked.
Upper head-scales unequal, keeled ; 9 to 11 keeled upper labials.
Gular appendage of male as long as head or a little longer, very
thin, translucent, covered with very large scales. Nuchal fold

62 AGAMIDE.

feeble or absent. Dorsal scales equal, smooth or very feebly
keeled, not larger than ventrals; a lateral series of distant
enlarged scales. Fore limb extending considerably beyond tip
of snout, hind limb reaching axilla. No caudal crest. Brown
above, head greyer, with dark spots, which may form bars on the
nape and body; a black spot between the orbits and one or three
on the nape; wing-membranes olive or pale gamboge above,
edged with maroon or crimson, with five more or less regular,
often indistinct transverse bands of blackish mottling, uncoloured
beneath ; throat of male, under the lappets and right to base of
cular appendage, maroon or crimson, of temale dark green.

From snout to vent 100 millim.; tail 200.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. Discovered by
Mr. A. L. Butler on the Larut Hilis, Perak, between 1500 and
3000 feet altitude. Has since been found in the Patani States, in
Pahang, in Selangor from sea-level to an altitude of 3500 feet,
in Sumatra, and in the interior of Sarawak.

A very close ally of this species is the Burmese-Siamese
D, teniopterus, Gthr., a smaller lizard, in which the hind lmb
reaches beyond the axilla.

59. Draco microlepis.
Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1893, p. 528, pl. xlii, fig. 2,

Head small; snout shorter than diameter of orbit; nostril
directed upwards, perfectly vertical; tympanum naked. Upper
head-scales very small, keeled, subequal on snout; 11 to 14
upper labials. Gular appendage of male as long as head or a
little longer, covered with moderately large scales. No nuchal
fold or crest. Dorsal scales equal, keeled, a little smaller than
ventrals; a lateral series of a few widely separated enlarged
keeled scales. Fore limb extending with the whole hand beyond
tip of snout, hind limb reaching axilla or shoulder.. No caudal
crest. Pale grey-brown above, with dark spots and marblings ;
wing-membranes above with black marblings forming five rather
ill-defined transverse bands, beneath immaculate; base of gular
appendage and inner surface of lateral wattles purplish red ;
a large black spot on each side of the base of the gular
appendage in the male.

From snout to vent 80 millim.; tail 165,

Originally described from North Borneo. Has since been
found on the Larut Hills, Perak, at 3500 ft. altitude.

60. Draco melanopogon.

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 492 (1887); Lindholm, Jahrb. Nass. Ver.
liv, p. 26 (1901); Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1901, i, p. 307; Bouleng.
Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 152 (1903).

Draco nigriappendiculatus, K. Bartlett, Crocod. Liz. Borneo, p. 82

(1895).

Head small; snout shorter than diameter of orbit; nostril
directed upwards, vertical; tympanum naked. Upper head-scales

DRACO. 63

very small, keeled, subequal on snout; 11 to 15 more or less
distinctly keeled upper labials. Gular appendage of male much
longer than head, covered with moderate scales, of female small.
No nuchal fold or crest. Dorsal scales equal, smooth or feebly
keeled, a little smaller than ventrals; a lateral series of a few
distant enlarged keeled scales. Fore limb extending far beyond
tip of snout, hind limb reaching axilla or not quite so far. Brown
above, with more or less distinct darker marblings or irregular
cross-bands; wing-membranes black above, with rich yellow spots,
colourless beneath; breast, and often also belly, with brown
spots ; gular appendage of male black, of female grey.

From snout to vent 80 millim.; tail 145.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Natuna Islands, Borneo.

Originally described from Malacca. I have since examined
specimens from Bukit Besar, Patani States, Kuala Lumpur, and
Kelantan. Next to D. volans it is the commonest species in the
Peninsula and takes its place in jungle country.

61. Draco quinquefasciatus.
Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, p. 219 (1827); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 126
(1864); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 269, pl. xx, fig. 8 (1885); id.
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii, p. 288 (1891).

Head smal!; snout as long as or longer than diameter of orbit;
nostril vertical, directed upwards; tympanum scaly. Upper head-
scales very small, subequal, keeled; 11 to 15 more or less distinctly
keeled upper labials. Gular appendage of male much longer than
head, covered with small scales, of female very short. A slight
nuchal fold in the male. Dorsal scales equal, smooth or feebly
keeled, not larger than ventrals; a more or less distinct lateral
series of distant enlarged scales. Fore limb extending more or
less beyond tip of snout, hind limb to elbow of adpressed fore
limb or a little beyond. No caudal crest. Reddish-brown above,
usually dotted all over with darker; wing-membranes red
above, with five regular curved black bands as broad as the bright
interspaces. between them, inferiorly with or without much
narrower black bands occupying the same position; the dark
bands of the wing-membranes may extend across the body; a
black band across the ueck, behind the gular appendage ; throat
grey, dotted with brown.

From snout to vent 105 millim.; tail 160.

Malay Peninsula and Borneo. First discovered in Penang ;
has since been recorded from Selangor by Dr. Hanitsch. TI have
examined specimens from near Kuala Lumpur in Selangor, and
from Kelantan. Occurs also in the Butang Islands and Trang.

62. Draco maximus.

Bouleng. P. Z.8. 1903, p. 522, pl. xl, fig. 1; Robinson, Journ.
Straits Branch Asiat. Soc. No. 44, p. 225 (1905).

Head small; snout as lony as diameter of orbit; nostril

64 AGAMID.

vertical, directed upwards; tympanum scaly. Upper head-scales
very small, almost granular, keeled; three (rarely two) transverse
series of scales between nasal shield and rostral; snout often
with a A-shaped series of enlarged scales; a large erect pointed
scale above the tympanum; 14 to 16 upper Jabials. Gular
appendage of male not more than once and a half length of head,
covered with small or moderate scales, of female small. A slight
nuchal fold in the male. Dorsal scales equal, keeled, a little
smaller than ventrals; a few widely separated enlarged scales
may be present on each side of the body. Fore limb extending
beyond tip of snout, hind limb reaching axilla. No caudal
crest. Greyish above, often dotted with black, with more or less
distinct wavy cross-bands ; wing-membranes dark brown or black
above, with light longitudinal streaks, colourless beneath; throat
of male speckled with black, with a black transverse band behind,
of female black with white spots; gular appendage of male red.

From snout to vent 145 millim.; tail 225.

The largest species of the genus.

Malay Peninsula, Natuna Islands, Borneo.

The only specimen I have seen from the Malay Peninsula was
obtained near Kuala Lumpur. This was one of a pair from
Klang Gates, recently obtained, which, with a third from the same
locality, are the only examples known from this region.

Genus APHANTOTIS,
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 385.

Tympanum hidden. Body compressed. Dorsal scales small,
intermixed with larger ones. A dorsal denticulation or crest.
No gular fold, no gular pouch. No preanal or femoral pores.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.—Two species, one of which
inhabits the Malay Peninsula.

63. Aphaniotis fusca.
Otocryptis (Aphuniotis) fusca, Peters, 1. c.

Aphaniotis fusca, Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1901, i, p. 807 ; Bouleng. Journ.
Fed. Mal. St. Mus. ili, p. 65 (1908).

Snout rounded, as long as, or slightly longer than diameter of
orbit, with sharp canthus rostralis; upper head-scales sharply
keeled; 8 upper and as many lower labials. Scales keeled,
ventrals larger; a feeble denticulation along nape and back.
Limbs very long and slender, adpressed hind. limb reaching end of
snout; fifth toe as long as third. ‘Tail cylindrical, very long and
slender. Brown, lighter beneath ; limbs often with a few light
patches. Inside of mouth pale cobalt blue.

From snout to vent 60 millim.; tail 150.

Throughout the mainland of the Malay Peninsula, Borneo,
Natunas. Found sparingly almost everywhere in jungle country
up to about 3000 feet.

GONYOCEPHALUS. 65.

Genus GONYOCEPHALUS.
Kaup, Isis, 1825, p. 590.

Tympanum distinct. Body compressed. Dorsal scales smal,
uniform or intermixed with larger ones. A dorsal crest, more
developed in the male than in the female. A strong transverse:
gular fold distinct at least on the sides. Male with a gular sac.
No preanal or femoral pores.

From Bengal and Burma to Papuasia and North-Eastern
Australia.

Four species in the Malay Peninsula.

Mr. Robinson has repeatedly observed the curiously sluggish
habits of the adult, making no efforts to escape when seized,
though biting viciously; young individuals, however, are ex-
ceedingly active and difficult to capture.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Enlarged scales scattered on the sides; nuchal
and dorsal crests continuous, very high in
the male; fourth finger slightly longer than

third.
Dorsal, gular, and ventral scales keeled ........ G. borneensis, p. 65.
Dorsal and gular scales smooth, ventrals smooth
or faintly keeled ............0...00+- 20+ Gi herveyt, p. 66.

II. No enlarged scales on the sides.

Nuchal and dorsal crests very high in the male,
separated by a notch; gular and ventral scales
smooth; third and fourth fingers equal;
tympanum naked ....... 0+. eee ee eee ee

Nuchal and dorsal crests continuous, the latter
low; gular scales smooth, ventrals keeled ;
fourth finger slightly longer than third; tym-
panum partly covered with SGALOS |. ciereta teeters

G. grandis, p. 66.

G. robinsonit, p. 67.

64. Gonyocephalus borneensis.
Lophyrus borneensis, Schleg. Bijdr. tot de Dierk. i, p. 6, pl. iii, fig. 2
(1848). jf ; ;
Gonyocephalus borneensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 288 (1885) ; id.
op. cit. iii, p. 493 (1887) ; id. Fascic. Malay., Zool. 1, p. 153 (1903) ;
id. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. iii, p. 65 (1908).

Tympanum smaller than eye-opening ; upper head-scales small,
keeled; 9 to 12 upper and as many lower labials; gular sac
moderately large ; gular scales keeled. Nuchal and dorsal crests
continuous, formed of long slender lobes, which are longest on the
nape (as long as snout in the male), and generally decrease in
size on the back, with smaller keeled scales at the base. Dorsal
scales small, obtusely keeled, the points directed upwards and

backwards, with a few enlarged scattered scales on the sides ;
F

66 AGAMID®.

ventral scales larger, keeled. Limbs above with large keeled
scales ; fourth finger slightly longer than third; adpressed hind
limb not quite reaching tip of snout. Tail compressed, with
serrated upper edge at the base. Olive or brownish above, sides
sometimes speckled with black ; in females and young sides with
blackish reticulation and a dark bar on each side of nape;
enlarged dorsal scales usually whitish ; gular sac of male bluish in
the middle with an orange red patch on each side; gular fold
black; belly white or yellowish; tail with dark brown or black
annuli.

From snout to vent 130 millim.; tail 275.

Borneo, Malacca, Semangko Pass (Selangor-Pahang border,
2700 feet), Maxwell’s Hill, Perak (38600 feet); not uncommon
at Kuala Teku, Pahang (500 feet), but difficult to detect in the
deep jungle in which it lives.

65. Gonyocephalus harveyi.

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 495 (1887) ; id. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 153
(1903).

Tympanum slightly smaller than ear-opening; upper head-
‘scales small, unequal in size, bluntly keeled; a few enlarged
tubercles above and below the tympanum ; 10 to 12 upper and 10
lower labials ; gular sac moderately large; gular scales smooth.
Nuchal and dorsal crests continuous, formed of long slender lobes
which are longest on the nape (longer than snout in full-grown
male), and generally decrease in size on the back, with smaller
smooth scales at the base. Dorsal scales small, smooth, the
points directed upwards and backwards, with a few enlarged
seales scattered on the sides; ventral scales larger, smooth or
faintly keeled. Limbs above with large, very faintly keeled scales ;
fourth finger slightly longer than third; adpressed hind limb
reaching tip of snout. ‘Tail compressed, with serrated upper
edge at the base. Olive or brownish above, back of head and
nape sometimes with blackish vermiculations ; females and young
with dark cross-bars on body and limbs; enlarged tubercles on the
sides usually whitish; lower parts whitish, gular fold blackish,
the gular region with dark longitudinal lines in the young; tail
with dark brown or black annuli.

From snout to vent 145 millim.; tail 310.

Malacca; Batang Padang, 8. Perak; Natuna Islands.

66. Gonyocephalus grandis.

Dilophyrus grandis, Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 239 (1845); Cantor, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Beng. xvi, p. 640, pl. xx (1847) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 186 (1864).

Gonyocephalus grandis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 298 (1885); id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 124 (1890) ; id. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i,
p. 153 (1903).

Tympanum nearly as large as eye-opening; upper head-scales

-

GONYOCEPHALUS. 67

very small, bluntly keeled; one or two enlarged tubercles on each
side behind occiput; 10 to 13 upper and as many lower labials;
gular sac moderately large; gular scales smooth. Nuchal and
dorsal crests subcontinuous, separated by a deep notch, composed
of long lanceolate spines in the male, united together, free only
at the tips, with smaller triangular smooth scales at the base ;
greatest height of nuchal crest often nearly equal to or exceeding
length of snout; crest very low in the female, reduced to a mere
serration. Dorsal scales very small, equal, the points directed
upwards and backwards; ventral scales rather small, smooth.
Limbs above with equal, smooth or very feebly keeled scales ;
third and fourth fingers equal; adpressed hind limb reaching to
between eye and tip of snout. Tail strongly compressed, with
sharp serrated upper edge. Brown or olive above, with or without
darker cross bands; flanks with roundish yellow spots; female
and young with a dark, light-edged band behind eye, meeting,
or nearly meeting, its fellow on scapular region.

From snout to vent 155 millim. ; tail 405.

Rangoon (?), Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Nias, Men-
tawei. I have examined specimens from Penang, Batang Padang
(Perak), and Sungei Kongkoi (Jelebu, 1200 feet).

67. Gonyocephalus robinsonii.
Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. iii, p. 65, pl. v (1908).

Tympanum smaller than eye-opening, partly covered with

Fie. 19.—Gonyocephalus robinsonti. (From Journ, F. M.S. Mus.)

scales; upper head-scales small, keeled, unequal in size; an
enlarged tuberele behind superciliary edge and others on occiput
F2

68 AGAMID®.

and temple (these tubercles less distinct in the young); 10 upper and
8 lower labials; gular sac large; gular fold distinct only on the
sides; gular scales very small, smooth or obtusely keeled.
Nuchal crest formed of large triangular lobes, in contact with each
other at the base; the crest continuous with the dorsal, the lobes
of which are much smaller and gradually decrease in size. Dorsal
scales small, equal, obtusely keeled, the points directed upwards
and backwards, very small on the flanks; ventral scales larger,
sharply keeled. Limbs above with large, equal, keeled scales ;
fourth finger slightly longer than third; adpressed hind limb
reaching anterior border of eye. ‘Tail compressed, with serrated
upper edge at the base. Greyish olive above, with four oblique,
blackish bars on each side; eyelids black; a black bar from eye
to ear; an oblique black bar in front of the shoulder; whitish
beneath.

From snout to vent 152 millim.; tail 320.

The type specimen was obtained on the side of the final peak
of Gunong Tahan, altitude 5200 feet. I have since examined a
young specimen from the mouutains of the Selangor main range,
between 2000 and 3000 feet, preserved in the Selangor Museum.

This aberrant species connects Gonyocephalus with Calotes.

Genus ACANTHOSAURA.
Gray, Griff. A. K. ix, Syn. p. 56 (1831).
Tympanum distinct. Body usually compressed, covered with
unequal-sized scales. A dorso-nuchal crest. No guiar fold, no.

gular sac. No preanal or femoral pores.
South-Eastern Asia. Two species in the Malay Peninsula :—

Postorbital and nuchal spines at least # diameter

TROD TOME eet te crt ge Soe ane has Polis ep vi cca esse ene an A, armata, p. 68.
Postorbital and nuchal spines not more than
i diameter of orbit ......... See heeile a iene Se A, crucigera, p. 69.

68. Acanthosaura armata.

Agama armata, Gray, Zool. Journ, iii, p. 216 (1827).

Lophyrus armatus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xvi, p. 638
1847).

hey ics armata, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 148 (1864) ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 301, pl. xxii, fig. 1 (1885); id. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 125 (1890); 8S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 688 ;
Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 158 (1903).

Snout as lung as or slightly shorter than diameter of orbit ;
canthus rostralis angular ; upper head-scales keeled, much larger
on supra-orbital region ; a long spine (7 to 1 diameter of orbit).
behind superciliary edge; 11 to 13 upper and 12 to 15 lower
labials ; tympanum nearly as large as eye-opening; gular scales
strongly keeled, much smaller than ventrals. An oblique fold in
front of shoulder. A long spine on each side of nape, above.

CALOTES. 69

tympanum. Nuchal crest not continuous with dorsal, composed
of large compressed spines, with the base concealed under two or
three rows of smaller spines; dorsal crest as high as or a little
lower than nuchal in front, becoming very low behind; the crest
less developed in females. Dorsal scales extremely small, inter-
mixed with enlarged, rhomboidal, strongly keeled scales ; ventral
scales a little larger than enlarged dorsals, strongly keeled. Hind
limb reaching between temple and nostril. Tail compressed.
Colour very changeable, brown, blackish, or green, with lighter
or darker spots; dark lines radiating from the eye; sky-blue spots
may be present on the body, limbs, and tail; a dark brown or
black band from the interspace between the nuchal and dorsal
crests to the sides of the throat; yellow beneath tinged with
orange on the chest; gular region of male pale lilac ; inside of
mouth bright orange.

From snout to vent 135 millim.; tail 160.

Cochin China, Siam, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, and Penang.
Obtained by Dr. Annandale at Bukit Besar, Patani States, 2500
feet.

Feeds on worms, which it digs out with its fore limbs. This
lizard has considerable power of changing colour; when angry it
distends its throat. It is somewhat rare on the mainland, but is
fairly numerous on many of the small islands on both coasts of
the Peninsula.

69. Acanthosaura crucigera.

Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 802, pl. xxii, fig. 2 (1885); id. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 125 (1890).

Distinguished from the preceding by the shorter spines, the
_ postorbital and nuchal not measuring more than half the diameter
of the orbit, and the somewhat larger dorsal scales.

Originally described from Tenasserim. A female specimen
measuring 140 millim. from snout to vent, from Larut, Perak, is
preserved in the Perak Museum, and has been submitted to me by
Mr. L. Wray.

Genus CALOTES.
Cuvier, Régne Anim. 11, p. 35 (1817).

Tympanum distinct. Body compressed, covered with equal-
sized scales. A more or less distinct dorso-nuchal crest. A more
or less developed gular sac in the male ; no transverse gular fold,
or a very feebly marked one. ‘Tail round or feebly compressed,
No femora] or preanal pores.

Arboreal or subarboreal lizards inhabiting South-Eastern Asia.
Four species in the Malay Peninsula.

Some of these lizards change colour as rapidly as chameleons.
The eggs are large, elongate, spindle-shaped.

70 ; AGAMIDA,

Synopsis of the Species.

I. No fold in front of he shoulder.

A. Lateral scales pointing backwards and down-
wards; more than 50 scales round the body.

Dorsal seales larger than ventrals.............. C. floweri, p. 70.
Dorsal scales smaller than ventrals ............ C. cristatellus, p. 70.

B. Lateral scales pointing backwards and up-
wards; less han 50 scales round the body. C. versicolor, p. 71.
II. An oblique curved fold in front of the
shoulder; a long spine behind supraciliary
edge, and two others above ear............ C. emma, p. 72.

70. Calotes floweri, sp. n.
Calotes microlepis (non Bouleng.) Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Mal. St.
Mus. iii, p. 66 (1908).

Upper head-scales unequal-sized, keeled, without tubercles or
spines; tympanum about half diameter of orbit. Gular pouch
not developed; gular scales feebly keeled, smaller than ventrals.
No fold in front of shoulder. Nuchal crest formed of 6 to 8 small
spines ; dorsal crest quite indistinct. 53 scales round middle of
body ; dorsals keeled, directed backwards, laterals larger, smooth
or teebly keeled, directed downwards and backwards, ventrals
smaller, strongly keeled. Hind limb reaching axilla; third and
fourth fingers equal, about as long as fifth toe. Tail moderately
compressed. Grey or brown above, with three large dark patches
on each side of the body, which may unite across the back to form
cross-bands ; dark lines radiating from the eye.

From snout to vent 98 millim.; tail 180.

Siam and Malay Peninsula. <A specimen of this species,
referred to C. microlepis, which differs in the narrower head,
smaller scales (65 round the body) not distinctly keeled on the sides,
and the more compressed tail, was obtained by Capt. Flower at
Chantaboon, and two at Gunong Tahan (6500 and 6200 feet) by
Mr. Robinson, who observes that this is one of the highest
ranging Vertebrates on Gunong Tahan. ‘These two specimens
were caught one on a rock and the other among low vegetation.
They had little, if any, power of colour change.

71. Calotes cristatellus.

Agama cristateila, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. vergl. Anat. p. 108 (1820).

Bronchocela cristatella, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xvi, p. 636
(1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 158 (1864).

Calotes cristatellus, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 816 (1885); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 184 (1890) ;_ 8. Flower, P. Z. $. 1896, p. 871;
id. op. cit. 1899, p. 639; Ridley, Journ. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc.
No. 82, p. 191 (1899); Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 154;
id. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. iii, p. 66 (1908).

Malay name, Sumpa-sumpa.
Upper head-scales rather small, keeled, slightly enlarged on
supraocular region ; a few more or less distinct, erect, compressed

CALOTES. 7)

scales behind supraciliary edge; tympanum half, or more than
half, diameter of orbit. Cul ‘pouch very small; gular scales
keeled, smaller than ventrals. No fold in front of shoulder.
Nuchal crest composed of erect compressed spines, the longest
never equalling diameter of orbit; dorsal crest a mere serrated
ridge. 57 to 120 keeled scales noua middle of body ; dorsal
scales much smaller than ventrals, upper directed upwards and
backwards, laterals downwards and backwards. Hind limb reaching
between eye and tip of snout; third and fourth fingers equal or
nearly so, about as long as fifth toe. Tail round, subtriangular at
base. Green, uniform or with reddish or dark brown markings,
changing rapidly to yellowish, grey-brown, dark brown or
blackish ; in April, according to Flow er, the lips, cheeks, and.
throat of the males assume golden, red, and crimson shades.

From snout to vent 180 millim.; tail 440.

Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago; common
everywhere.

This species, according to Annandale, is rather less active than
C. versicolor, and often sits quite motionless on tree-trunks, with
its hind and fore quarters raised from the surface to which it
clings. This is the “‘ Chameleon” of Europeans in the Peninsula.

2. Calotes versicolor.

Agama versicolor, Daud. Hist. Rept. iii, p. 395, pl. xliv (1802).

Calotes versicolor, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 140 (1864) ; Bouleng.
Cat. Liz. i, p. 135 (1885); id. pane Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 135,.
fig. 42 (1890) ; 8. Flower, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 872; id. op. cit. 1899,
p. 639; Bouleng. Fascie. Malay. 4 ‘Zool. i, p. 154 (1908).

Upper head-scales rather large, smooth or feebly keeled, imbri-
cate, more or less enlarged on supraorbital region; two well-
separated spines (seldom absent or scarcely distinct) on each side
of the back of the head, above the ear; tympanum half, or less
than half, diameter of orbit. Gular pouch feebly developed; gular
scales smooth or feebly keeled, as large as ventrals or larger,
larger and mucronate in the adult male. No fold in front of
shoulder. Dorso-nuchal crest well developed in the male, com-
posed of lanceolate spines gradually decreasing in size on posterior
part of body. 35 to 57 scales round middle of body, dorsals more
or less distinctly keeled, larger than ventrals, all directed upwards.
and backwards; ventral scales strongly keeled. Hind limb
reaching temple or eye; fourth finger a little longer than third.
Tail round ; brownish or yellowish, uniform or with dark trans-
verse bands or spots, or dark olive-brown with light spots or
longitudinal lines ; belly sometimes with dark longitudinal lines.
The male assumes brilliant colours (red, yellow, and black) during
the breeding season.

From snout to vent 95 millim.; tail 280.

India and Ceylon, Baluchistan, and from Southern China to
the Malay Peninsula. Very abundant in Trang, the Patani

ie AGAMIDA,

. 20.—Calotes versicolor.

States, and in Upper Perak, but rare in South
ty Perak, and does not seem to extend to the Southern
i | portion of the Malay Peninsula. Fairly common
in Penang near sea-level, but rare in the hills
f (2200 feet).
| It is an extremely active lizard, principally
found in the neighbourhood of human dwellings.
According to Annandale, when it is much excited
and in rapid motion, the locamotion becomes, at

any rate, tor short distances, bipedal. Annandale
; (P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 858) has published an account
\ of its nuptial dance, which is of interest as

showing that the changes of colour proceed very
largely from a psychological or psychico-physio-
j logical stimulus.

73. Calotes emma.
Gray, Cat Liz. p. 244 (1845) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 144 (1864) ;
douleng. Cat. Liz. 1, p. 324, pl. xxv, fig. 1 (1885); id. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 187 (1890); id. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 155
(1903).

Upper head-scales imbricate, keeled, considerably enlarged on:
supraorbital region; a long spine, surrounded by small ones,
behind supraciliary edge, and two others on each side between
tympanum and nuchal crest. No well-developed gular pouch;
gular scales keeled, as large as ventrals or a little larger. A very
strong oblique curved fold in front of shoulder. Nuchal crest
composed of long lanceolate spines, soon decreasing in size, the
dorsal crest reduced to a feebly serrated ridge. 51 to 55 scales

LIOLEPIS, ie

round middle of body; dorsal scales keeled, all directed upwards
and backwards; ventral scales smaller, strongly keeled. Hind
limb reaching eye; third and fourth fingers nearly equal. Tail
slightly compressed. Pale sage green to olive, with transverse
dark brown bands which are interrupted by a more or less
strongly defined whitish lateral band; blackish lines radiating
from the eye; the fold in front of the shoulder black: male with
the skin and base of scales on gular pouch dark crimson lake.

From snout to vent 90 millim. ; tail 240.

Khasi and Kakhyen Hills, Pegu, ‘Tenasserim, Mergui, Siam.
In the Malay Peninsula, known from Trang and the Patani States,
and recently met with at Parit on the Perak River, south of
which it has not been found. A jungle-loving lizard.

Genus LIOLEPIS.
Cuvier, Régne An., 2nd ed. ii, p. 37 (1829).

Body depressed ; skin of sides lax, expansible ; no crest ; scales
very small. T'ympanum distinct. No gular pouch; a strong
transverse gular fold. Tail long, rounded, feebly depressed.
Femoral pores.

South-Hastern Asia. A single species.

74. Liolepis belliana.

Uromastix beliiana, Gray, Zool. Journ. ili, p. 220 (1827).

Levolepis belli, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xvi, p. 647 (1847).

Liolepis guttatus, Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 154 (1864).

Liolepis belliana, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 403 (1885); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 156 (1890); S. Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1899, p. 642;
Ridley, Journ. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. No. 32, p. 191 (1899) ;
Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 155, pl. x, fig. 2 (1903).

Malay name, Biawak past.

Head rather small, snout short; tympanum large, vertically
oval ; upper head-scales small and sharply keeled on snout and
interorbital region, minute and granular on supraorbital region
and occiput. Gular scales small, granular; a series of chin-
shields on each side, parallel with the lower labials. Side of neck
plicate ; a more or less distinct fold along side of body. Dorsal
scales minute, granular, feebly keeled, ventrals larger, subimbri-
cate, smooth. Hind limb reaching neck or tympanum; 14 to 21
femoral pores on each side. Tail covered with small, equal, keeled
scales. Adult grey, olive-green, brownish, or blackish above, with
yellow black-edged spots which may form ocelli or be confluent
into longitudinal bands; sides with black or dark blue and orange
vertical bars; lower parts yellow, or greyish, uniform or varie-
gated with black or blue. Young blackish above, with five yellow
longitudinal lines, the median biturcating on the nape; tail bright
brick-red.

From snout to vent 170 millim. ; tail 330.

74 VARANIDA.

Southern India; Southern China to Malay Peninsula. This.
lizard is partly insectivorous, partly herbi- and frugivorous. It
has the power of expanding its flanks in a sort of wing, which -
foreshadows the parachute of the Dragons ; as observed by Cantor,
fear or anger will cause a momentary expansion, as with the hood
of the Cobra. It is terrestrial and‘a burrower; a specimen was
taken by Mr. Robinson climbing a tree-trunk, but this is a most
unusual position. According to Dr. Annandale it is MOnogamous,
a single pair inhabiting a burrow, which may be shared by several
young ones. In spite of its rather heavy build it can run very
quickly.

In the Malay Peninsula it is on record from Perlis, Prov.
Wellesley, Patani States, Jalor, Kelantan, Trengganu, and Pahang,
in sandy localities. Common on the Langkawi group and the
Dindings, and also found on the coast of Negri Sembilan and
on islands near the town of Malacca.

Family VARANID.

Skull with incomplete postorbital and complete post-fronto-
squamosal arches; supratemporal fossa not roofed over; pre-
maxillary single, narrowed and much produced posteriorly ; nasals
coalesced, narrow; parietal single; frontals completely sur-
rounding the olfactory lobes of the brain; a fibro-cartilaginous
interorbital septum; a columella cranii. Teeth large, dilated at
the base, which is fixed to the inner side of the jaws; palate
toothless. Clavicle slender, not dilated; interclavicle anchor-
shaped.

Tongue smooth, very long and slender, bifid, retractile into a
sheath at the base, similar to that of Snakes. Pupil round;
eyelids well developed. Head covered with small juxtaposed
scales ; back with roundish granular scales surrounded by rings.
of minute granules; ventral scales quadrangular, arranged in
transverse series. Neck long. Limbs well developed, strong.
Tail iong, not fragile.

Lizards mostly of large size, “carnivorous, terrestrial or semi-
aquatic. Lay oval, soft-shelled eges.

A single genus.

Genus VARANUS.
Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 58 (1820).

Body elongate, limbs well developed, strong; neck long ; tail
long, usually compressed. Head covered with small scales.
Dorsal scales roundish or oval, juxtaposed, surrounded by rings.

VARANUS. [ae

of minute granules; ventral scales squarish, arranged in transverse
series. Femoral and prienanal pores usually absent.

Inhabit Africa, Southern Asia, Papuasia, and Australia. Five:
species in the Malay Peninsula.

Malay name, Biawak.

Fig. 21.—Skull of Varanus griseus,

A. Side view. B. Upper view. C. Lower view.
ang. Angular. 7. Lachrymal. ptf. Postfrontal.
ar. Articular. m. Maxillary. g. Quadrate.
bo. Basioccipital. n. Nasal. s.ang, Supra-angular,
bp. Basisphenoid. vo. Opisthotic. so. Supraoccipital.
ce, Columella cranii. p. Parietal. sor. Supraorbital.
er, Coronoid. pl. Palatine. st. Supratemporal.
d. Dentary. pm. Premaxiilary. sg. Squamosal.
co. Bxoccipital. pro. Prootic. ip. Transpalatine.
ft. Frontal. prf. Prefrontal. tu. Turbinal.
is. Interorbital septum. pt. Pterygoid. v. Vomer.

7. Jugal.

76 VARANIDA,

zcl

Fig. 22.—Pectoral arch of Varanus griseus.

cl. Clavicle. cor. Coracoid. icl. Interclavicle,
st. Sternum. é.cor. Epicoracoid. se. Scapula,

Synopsis of the Spectes.

I. Ventral scales smooth.
Nostril a little nearer end of snout than orbit.... V. flavescens, p. 76
Nostril much nearer orbit than end of snout .... V. nebulosus, p. 77.
Il. Ventral scales keeled.
Nostril much nearer orbit than end of snout;

nuchal scales large, not or but slightly keeled .. V. dumerilii, p. 77
Nostril much nearer orbit than end of snout;

nuchal scales extremely large, strongly keeled . V. rudicollis, p. 78.
Nostril much nearer end of snout than orbit ;

nuchal scales small, not larger than dorsals .. V. salvator, p. 78.

75. Varanus flavescens.

Monitor flavescens, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix, Syn. p. 25 (1831).

Varanus flavescens, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 634
(1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 65, pl. ix, fig. A (1864);
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 309 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept.
p- 164 (1890).

Teeth subconical, scarcely compressed, Snoat short, convex, a
little less than half length of head to ear. Nostril elongate,
oblique, a little nearer end of snout than orbit. Median series of
supraocular scales slightly enlarged transversely. Scales on upper

surfaces moderate, oval, ecled Ventral scales smooth. Tail
compressed, keeled above. Olive or yellowish brown above, with
irregular darker markings which are generally confluent into broad
cross-bars ; a blackish temporal streak ; lower parts yellowish, with
rather indistinct brown cross-bars, most distinct on the throat.
Young dark brown above, with yellow spots confluent into cross-
bars; yellow beneath, with dark brown cross-bars.

VARANUS.

~I
~I

From snout to vent 410 millim.; tail 510.

Nepal, Bengal, Burma, and in the Malay Peninsula at Trang
and Penang.

Terrestrial.

76. Varanus nebulosus.

Monitor nebulosus, Gray, Griff. A. K. ix, Syn. p. 27 (1881).

Varanus nebulosus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 633
(1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 66, pl. ix, fig. D (1864) ;
Bouleng. Cat. Liz. 11, p, 311 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept.
p. 165 (1890) ; id. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 157 (1903).

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout pointed, convex, about half
length of head. Nostril elongate, oblique, nearly twice as distant
from end of snout as from orbit. 4 or 5 transversely enlarged
supraocular scales. Scales on upper surfaces small, oval, obtusely
keeled, those on anterior part of neck larger, subcircular, not
keeled. Ventral scales smooth. Tail compressed, keeled above.
Greenish or brownish olive above, irregularly marbled and dotted
with darker and lighter ; chin and throat with transverse blackish
bands, or marbled with blackish. Young with numerous yellowish
ocelli above, and the lower parts marbled with blackish ; nape
with two posteriorly-directed, chevron-shaped blackish bands, the
anterior proceeding from the eyes.

From snout to vent 350 millim.; tail 600.

Bengal, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula (Jalor, Perak, Malacca,
Singapore, Penang).

Found on river-banks.

77. Varanus dumerilii.
Monitor dumerilit (S. Mull.) Schleg. Abbild. p. 78 (1844).
Varanus macrolepis, Blanf. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1, p. 239,
pl. xvi (1881).
Varanus dumerilii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 812 (1885); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 165 (1890).

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout depressed at the end, a little
more than half length of head to ear. Nostril oval, oblique,
nearly twice as distant from end of snout as from orbit. Middle
supraocular scales slightly enlarged transversely. Scales on upper
surface of neck very large, about as long as broad, flat, the hinder-
most slightly keeled; dorsal scales large, oval, keeled. Ventral
scales slightly keeled. ‘T'ail compressed, with a very low, doubly-
toothed crest. Light brown above; a dark temporal streak, from
eye to ear, usually confluent with a U-shaped dark marking on the
neck; back with very broad dark tranverse bars, broader than
the interspaces between them; limbs dark brown, spotted with
yellow; more or less distinct vertical dark bars on the lips ; belly
yellowish, uniform or with transverse dark bands. Young with
the head and neck yellow with black markings, and the body and

78 VARANIDA.

tail black with yellow transverse bands; these yellow parts,
Mr. Robinson informs me, are vermilion in life.

From snout to vent 370 millim.

Known from Tenasserim, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Malay
Peninsula, whence only young specimens have as yet been
obtained.

78. Varanus rudicollis.
Gray, Cat. Liz. p. 10 (1845) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 313 (1885) ;
id. op. cit. iii, p. 505 (1887); Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1901, i, p. 810.

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout pointed, more than half length
of head. Nostril oblique, more than twice as distant from end of
snout as from orbit. Supraocular region with a posterior central
series of 3 to 6 transversely dilated scales. Scales on upper surface
of neck extremely large and prominent, strongly keeled, forming
10 to 12 longitudinal series; dorsal scales small, strongly keeled.
Ventral scales keeled. ‘Tail compressed, with a low, doubly-
toothed crest. Blackish above, neck and anterior part of body
yellowish, the former with three black longitudinal streaks, the
latter with two broad transverse black bands; hinder part of back
and flanks with yellowish ocelli; limbs with small yellowish spots;
lower parts with black reticulations.

From snout to vent 440 millim. :

Malay Peninsula, Trang, Perak (forests at foot of Gunong Inas),
Selangor and Malacca; Borneo, Philippines. Found in heavy

_jungle.

79. Varanus salvator.

Stellio saivator, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 56 (1768).

Varanus salvator, Cantor, Journ. Asiat, Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 635
(1847); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. 11, p. 314 (1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind.,
Rept. p. 166 (1890) ; 8S. Flower, P. Z.8. 1896, p. 873; Ridley,
Journ. Straits Br, Asiat. Soc., No. 52, p. 190 (1899) ; Bouleng.
Fase. Malay., Zool. i, p. 187 (1905).

Hydrosaurus salvator, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 67, pl. ix, fig. E
(1864).

Teeth acute, compressed. Snout depressed at the end, about
half length of head. Nostril oval, at ieast twice as far from orbit
as from end of snout. Supraocular region with a series of 4 to 8
transversely enlarged scales. Scales on upper surfaces small, oval,
keeled. Ventral scales keeled. Tail strongly compressed, keeled
above. Dark brown or blackish above, with yellow spots or ocelli ;
snout usually lighter, with transverse black bars, most distinct on
the lips, and continued across the chin; a black temporal band,
commencing from the eye and bordered by a yellow band which
-gometimes extends along the side of the neck; lower parts yellow.
The markings most accentuated in the young.

From snout to vent 1040 millim. ; tail 1320.

LACERTID &. 79

Ceylon, Nepal and Southern China to the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago.

Found in marshy localities or on trees overhanging rivers :
enter the water readily. Lays its eggs in burrows or in hollow
tree-trunks. By far the commonest of the Malay Varanide.

Family LACERTID 4.

Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches,
with bony dermal plates roofing over the supratemporal fossze ;
premaxillary single; nasals distinct; parietal single; a fibro-
cartilaginous interorbital septum; a columella cranii. Dentition
pleurodont; palate often toothed. Clavicle dilated and perforated
proximally ; interclavicle cruciform.

Tongue fat, elongate, bifid in front, covered with rhomboidal

scale-like imbricate papille or oblique plicee converging forwards.
Pupil round; eyelids well developed. Head covered with large
symmetrical shields. Ventral scales large, shield-like, forming
longitudinal and transverse series, distinguished from the lateral
‘scales. Limbs well developed. Femoral or inguiral pores usually
present. ‘Tail long, fragile.
The family of true Lizards, mostly small, terrestrial creatures,
laying eggs with parchment-like shell or bringing forth their
young alive, is spread all over Europe, Asia, and Africa, but in
the Malay region it is only represented by one species of the
aberrant genus Tachydromus.

Genus TACHYDROMUS.
Daudin, Hist. Rept. ii, p. 251 (1802).

Head-shields normal. Nostril pierced between two nasals and
the first labial. A more or less distinet collar. Back covered
with large, rhomboidal, keeled shields forming longitudinal series ;
flanks granular; ventral shields rhomboidal, imbricate, all or part
keeled. Digits subcylindrical, with smooth, tubercular lamelle
below. Inguinal pores. Tail extremely long, cylindrical.

Eastern Asia. Only one species in the Malay Peninsula.

80. Tachydromus sexlineatus.
Daud. t. c. p. 256, pl. xxxix; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 69, pl. viii,
fiz. C (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 4 (1887) ; id. Faun, Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 169 (1890) ; Laidlaw, P. Z. S. 1901, i, p. 310.

Supraoculars in contact with the supraciliaries; the large
anterior supraocular in contact with the loreal; temporal scales
strongly keeled. 6 or 8 longitudinal series of strongly keeled
‘shields on the nape, 4 on the back, median pair largest ; 10 or 12

80 SCINCID ©.

longitudinal series of strongly keeled ventrai shields. 1 or 2
inguinal pores on each side. Greenish or brownish above, with
metallic gloss ; a more or less distinct whitish, black-edged streak
from the supraciliary edge along each side of the back to the base
of the tail; the black band bordering the light streak produced
along’the side of the head; sides frequently with small round
light spots ; lower parts yellowish or greenish.

From snout to vent 69 millim.; tail 285.

From Southern China and the Eastern Himalayas to the Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago. Fairly common in the more northern
parts of the Peninsula as far south as Taiping, where it is called
“ Benkarong Ular,” or Snake-lizard. According to Annandale,
it runs about on the top of the long grass; apparently the
great length of its body, produced chiefly by the remarkable extent
of the tail, saves it from breaking the grass or falling through to
the ground. When chased, it seeks satety by diving, so to speak,
down through the grass to the ground.

Family SCINCID®.

Skull with bony postorbital and postfronto-squamosal arches,
with bony dermal plates roofing over the supratemporal fossze ;
premaxillaries distinct ; nasals distinct ; parietal single; a fib,
cartilaginous interorbital septum ; a columella cranii. Dentition
pleurodont ; palate often toothed. Clavicle dilated, usually
perforated proximally ; interclavicle cruciform.

Tongue flat, moderately elongate, nicked in front, covered with
rhomboidal scale-like imbricate papiile. Pupil round; eyelids
usually well developed. Head covered with large symmetrical
shields. Body protected by bony plates underlying the scales,
which are cycloid or cyclo-hexagonal, imbricate, arranged quin-
cuncially above and beneath. Limbs more or less developed or
absent. No femoral pores. ‘Tail usually long, fragile.

The family of Scinks includes terrestrial and arboreal forms,
inhabiting all the warmer parts of the world. They are as a rule
ovoviviparous, but some of the species of Jabuia lay soft-shelled
eggs.

Only two genera have representatives in the Malay Peninsula:—

Pterygoid bones separated in the middle line of the
palate, the palatal notch extending anteriorly to
an imaginary line connecting centres of eyes ;
dorsal scales usually with several keels in the
Malayan epecieds.>. i ccs ain pial oie oas-Fa8 rob Masvtza, p. 82.

Pterygoid bones in contact in front, the palatal
notch not extending to between centres of eyes ;
dorsal scales usually smooth in the Malayan
SPGCLOS! sic» «ix,sitieps aps Misi ake e mn else ers ia bcecaNeate LyGosoma, p. 85.

SCINCIDA, 81

Fig. 23.—Upper and side views of head of Mabuia multifasciata, to
explain the nomenclature of the shields.

es. Chin-shields. la’. Lower labials. pn. Postnasal.
f. Frontal. m. Mental, 7, Rostral.
fn. Frontonasal, n. Nasal. sho, Subocular.
Jp. Frontoparietal. nm’. Nuchal, se. Supraciliaries. ,
ip. Interparietal. p. Parietal. sv. Supranasal.
l. Loreals. pf. Prefrontal. so. Supraocular.

la, Upper labials.

82 SCINCID®.

Genus MABUIA,
Fitzinger, N, Class, Rept. p. 28 (1826).

Palatine bones in contact mesially; palatal notch separating
entirely the pterygoids. Movable eyelids; ear distinct, tympanum
more or less deeply sunk. Nostril in a single nasal; supranasals,
preefrontals, and frontoparietals present. Limbs well developed,
pentadactyle; digits subcylindrical or compressed, with transverse
lamellze beneath.
igAfrica and Madagascar, Southern Asia, Central and South
America, and West Indies.

Malay name, Bengkarong.

Synopsis of the Species,
I, Dorsal scales with 5 to 11 strong keels.

32 scales round the body, dorsals with
‘ 9 to 11 keels (8 median strong); 2 or 3

lobules in front of the-ear.............. M, novemcearinata, p. 82.
26 to 30 scales round the body, dorsals

with 5 to 7 keels; ear nearly as large

as a lateral scale, with or without very

indistinct lobules anteriorly ; anterior loreal

deeper than second’: . erat hreeect <=: M, macularia, p. 83.
26 scales round the body, dorsals with 5

keels; ear very small, with projecting

granules all round; anterior loreal not

deeper thanrsecond sop ots oon cle rece M. rugifera, p. 83.

II. Dorsal scales without or with 2 or 3

(rarely 5) keels.

30 to 34 (usually 32) scales round the body,

dorsals with 3 (rarely 5) keels; ear with 3

to Dshort lobules... ..3% « sa2 oie + ein eye eee M. multifasciata, p. 84.
26 to 380 (usually 28) scales round the

body, dorsals smooth or with 2 or 3

keels; ear without lobules.............. M. siamensis, p. 84.

81. Mabuia novemcarinata.

Euprepes novemearinatus, Anders, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xl, p. 12
(1871).

Mabuia novemcarinata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 179 (1887);
S. Flower, P.Z.S8. 1896, p. 873.

No postnasal; anterior loreal not deeper than second ; supra-
nasals in contact behind the rostral; frontonasal in contact with
the frontal; four supraoculars, six supraciliaries; interparietal
entirely separating the parietals; 4 labials anterior to the sub-
ocular. Har-opening roundish or oval, nearly as large as a lateral
scale, with 2 or 3 small lobules anteriorly. 32 scales round the
body, dorsals with 9 to 11 keels. The hind limb reaches the wrist
of the adpressed fore limb, Olive-brown above, with blackish

MABUIA. 83

spots ; a broad blackish lateral band, from the tip of the snout,
passing through the eye and above the ear, to the base of the tail;
whitish beneath (pale green in life).

From snout to vent 98 millim.; tail 110.

Originally described from Mandalay, Burma, this species has
been rediscovered by Capt. Flower on Penang Hill, at an altitude
of 2200 ft.

82. Mabuia macularia.

» Euprepes macularius, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxii, p. 652
1853).
ree brevis, Giinth. P. Z.8. 1875, p. 225.
Mabuia macularia, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 182 (1887); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 190 (1890) ; id. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 158
1903).
Mubuia en Bouleng. Cat. t. c. p. 185, pl. xi, fig. 1 (1887).
Postnasal usually absent; anterior loreal deeper and shorter
than second; frontonasal in contact with the rostral and usually
with the frontal; four supraoculars, five supraciliaries; inter-
parietal entirely separating the parietals; 4 (exceptionally 3)
labials anterior to the subocular. EHar-opening oval, as large as or a
little larger or a little smaller than u lateral scale, with or without
a few very indistinct lobules anteriorly. 26 to 30 scales round
the body, dorsals with 5 to 7 sharp keels. Scales on tibia mostly
bicarinate. The adpressed limbs meet or overlap. Brown or
olive-brown above, sides darker and usually with white black-
edged spots; back uniform or black-spotted, or with one or two
black longitudinal lines; sometimes two light lateral lines on each
side, well marked only on the neck ; lower parts yellowish.
From snout to vent 65 millim.; tail 85.
India, Burma, Indo-China, Siam. Rare in the Malay Peninsula
(Biserat, Jalor).

83. Mabuia rugifera.
Tiltqua rugifera, Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix, p. 170,
pl. x, fig. 3 (1870).
Mabuia rugifera, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ili, p. 184 (1887); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 190 (1890) ; 8S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 645;
Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (2) 1, p. 141 (1905).

Postnasal usually absent ; anterior loreal not deeper and much
smaller than second; frontonasal largely in contact with the
rostral, and nearly always with the frontal; four supraoculars, 6
(rarely 5) supraciliaries ; interparietal entirely separating the
parietals ; 4 or 5 labials anterior to the subocular. Ear-opening
very small, oval, with projecting granules round its border. 26
seales round the body, dorsals with 5 very strong keels. Scales
on tibia bicarinate. The hind limb reaches the elbow of the
adpressed fore limb. Dark olive brown above, usually with 5 or 7

G2

84 SCINCID A.

continuous or interrupted light longitudinal lines, greenish-white
beneath (orange-red in life).

From snout to vent 65 millim.; tail 120.

Nicobars, Malay Peninsula (Perak, Selangor, Singapore),
Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

84. Mabuia multifasciata.

Scincus multifasciatus, Kuhl, Beitr. z. Zool. u. vergl. Anat. p. 126
(1820).

hae! rufescens, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p, 652
(1847) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 79 (part.) (1864).

Mabuia multifasciata, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 186 (1887); id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 191; 8. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 646 ;
Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (2) 1, p. 141 (1905).

A postnasal ; anterior loreal not deeper than the second ; supra-
nasals frequently in contact behind the rostral, or narrowly
separated ; prefrontals forming a median suture; four supra-
oculars, five or six supraciliaries ; interparietal entirely separating
the parietals ; 4 (rarely 3) labials anterior to the subocular, Ear-
opening roundish or oval, as large as or a little smaller than a
lateral scale, usually with a few very small lobules anteriorly.
30 to 34 (usually 32) scales round the body, dorsals tricarinate
(rarely quinquecarinate). Scales on tibia mostly tricarinate. The
hind limb reaches the wrist or the elbow of the adpressed fore
limb. Colour very variable. Brown or olive above, uniform or
with a dark brown lateral band, or with dark spots, or with a
light dorso-lateral band, or with a red lateral band or blotch; sides
frequently dark brown with light, black-edged ocelli, Bright
sulphur or pale greenish below, throat sometimes whitish or bluish
white.

From snout to vent 130 millim.; tail 220.

Common from Burma and Siam to the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago and New Guinea. Called ‘*Sun Lizard” or ‘“ Grass
Lizard” in the Straits Settlements. Capt. Flower observes that
numbers are to be seen when the sun comes out after heavy rain,
sunning themselves in the grass and on stones and showing off
their brilliant metallic colours. By far the commonest Scink
in the Peninsula.

85. Mabuia siamensis,
Eumeces siamensis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 91 (1864).
Mabuia siamensis, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. 111, p. 188 (1887) ;_S. Flower,
P. Z.S. 1899, p. 647; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 158
(1903); id. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. iii, p. 67 (1908).

A postnasal; anterior loreal not deeper than second ; supra-
nasals frequently in contact behind the rostral ; prafrontals often
forming a median suture ; four supraoculars, 6 (rarely 5 or 7) supra-
ciliaries ; interparietal entirely separating the parietals ; 4 labials

LYGOSOMA, 85

anterior to the subocular. EHar-opening roundish or oval, as large
as or a little larger than a lateral scale, without projecting lobules.
26 to 30 (usually 28) scales round the body, dorsals smooth or
more or less distinctly bi- or tricarinate. The hind limb reaches
the elbow of the adpressed fore limb. Bronze-brown above, the
back usually immaculate, but sometimes with five more or less
distinct narrow longitudinal black lines; a broad dark brown or
black band on each side, bordered with pale yellow above; sides
below the lateral band pale sulphur or greenish yellow; lower
parts emerald green, or yellowish green.

From snout to vent 116 millim.; tail 214.

Formosa, Hainan, Siam, Malay Peninsula (Jalor and Pahang).

M. tytlert (Boulenger, Cat. p. 187; Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal (2) i, 1905, p. 142), from the Andamans, should perhaps
be united with JZ, siamensis.

Genus LYGOSOMA.

a

Palatine bones in contact mesially; pterygoid bones aiso in
contact anteriorly, the palatal notch not extending forwards to
between the centres of the eyes. Movable eyelids; ear distinct
or hidden. Nostril in a single nasal; supranasals present or
absent ; prefrontals and frontoparietals present (the latter some-
times fused). Limbs well developed, rudimentary, or absent.

Represented in every part of the world, Europe excepted.

Malay name, Bengkarong.

Gray, Zool. Journ. iii, p. 228 (182

Synopsis of the Species.
I, Limbs well developed, pentadactyle.
A. Ear-opening distinct.
1. Lower eyelid scaly ; no supranasals.
a, The limbs overlap when pressed
against the body.

a, 24 to 28 scales round the body.
24 scales round the body; 22 to 25 lamellee

Emer the FOUL TOC 6. ee selene «tse L. stellatum, p. 87.
28 scales round the body; 20 lamellae under
Me HOUNUM COC Mr Nar cals dere cc6 ses teleie a vat} L. presigne, p. 88.

8. 80 to 34 scales round the body.
30 or 52 scales round the body ; no nuchals;
25 or 24 lamelle under the fourth toe.... LZ. scotophilum, p. 88.
82 or 34 scales round the body; 3 or 4 pairs
of nuchals; 22 or 23 lamelle under the
OEE OG a5 coc agatha habeas si) vie) @)aiss'« Shere L. sanctum, p. 89.

y. 88 to 42 scales round the
body ; 16 to 21 lamellee
under the fourth toe.
5 supraoculars ; the hind limb does not reach
Bayond theishoulden toicy jie. a siuute s+ LL. maculatun, p. 89.

86. SCINCID 2%.

4 supraoculars ; the hind limb reaches nearly
GHG GYO% 2652.<\s}..5 ae thre SAE Gla take ee shed
6. The limbs do not meet when
pressed against the body ; 32
scales round the body; 12 to
15 lamelle under the fourth

toe.
Fourth toe considerably longer than third ..
Fourth toe not or but slightly longer than
GHIGM : = Neg lies eee mee tat: es. Thachags kom eee

2. Lower eyelid scaly; supranasals
present.

a. The limbs overlap when pressed
against the body; 28 to 80
scales round the body, dorsals
with 5 to 9 keels; 17 to 20
lamellee under the fourth toe. .

b. The limbs do not meet when
pressed against the body.

a. 26 to 80 scales round the
body; frontal not broader
than supraocular region; 12
to 15 lamelle under the
fourth toe.

The labial below the eye (subocular) much
longer than deep, usually about twice as
long as the shield preceding it .........

The labial or labials below the eye not longer
than deep, not twice as long as the other
labiale yet suhe ie. 4 oot oe sh ees ae

B. 88 or 40 scales round the
body ; frontal broader than
supraocular region; 16 la-
mell under the fourth toe .

2. Lower eyelid with an undivided
transparent disk.

a. No supranasal; 28 scales round
the body; 25 lamelle under
the fourth toe N20. 426 asst

b. Supranasals present ; fronto -
parietal single; 385 to 38
lamelle under the fourth toe.

36 to 40 scales round the body ............
34 scales round the body ................

B, Ear covered with scales; no supra-
nasal,

a. Frontoparietal single; 18 or 20
scales round the body; lower
eyelid with an undivided semi-
transparent disk.

Distance between end of snout and fore limb
13 times in distance between axilla and
POM 4 7% pings ave eae Pee Ren eee

L. anomalopus, p. 90.

L. malayanum, p. 91.
L. butleri, p. 91.

L, olivaceum, p. 91.

L. bowringit, p. 92.

L. albopunctatum, p. 93.

L. bampfyldi, p. 95.

L. vittigerum, p. 94.

LL. atrocostatum, p. 94.
L. singaporense, p. 95.

L. quadrivittatum, p. 95.

LYGOSOMA. 87

Distance between end of snout and fore limb
twice in distance between axilla and groin. ZL. swrdum, p. 96.
b. Frontoparietal paired; 22 scales
round the body; lower eyelid
RORY Ee ave spsoys5 om Sart gra dyrtels .. L. cophias, p. 96.
I. Limbs rudimentary.
Digits five, extremely short, subequal; a
punctiform ear-opening ; 24 or 26 scales

perm ecbe yay: ry A534). ste SHES Gee L. chaleides, p. 97.
Digits two; ear hidden ; 26 scales round the
COUT gS ee gS L. larutense, p. 97.

Digits two to the fore limb; hind limb un-
divided; ear hidden ; 22 scales round the

ody..:....:2. RW AG ite so Qla wee e ae ee Se L. miodactylum, p. 98.

Nors.—The ZL, indicum, Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. [2] xii,
1853, p. 388), ranging from the Eastern Himalayas and Southern

Fig. 24.—Lygosoma indicum.

China to Tenasserim, and which is here figured, will probably be
found in the Malay Peninsula. It differs from ZL. maculatum in
having only four large supraoculars.

86. Lygosoma stellatum.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 192 (1900).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 14 to 13 times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed, penta-
dactyle ; the hind limb reaches the wrist or the elbow of the
adpressed fore limb. Snout obtusely pointed ; lower eyelid scaly ;
no supranasal ; rostral forming a straight suture with the fronto-
nasal ; prefrontals meeting or forming a short median suture (in
one specimen separated by a small azygous shield); frontal as
long as frontoparietals and interparietal together; five supra-
oculars, fifth very small; parietals forming a suture behind the
interparietal; 2 or 3 pairs of nuchals; fifth labial below centre of
eye. ar-opening oval, a little smaller than eye-opening; no
auricular lobules. 24 smooth scales round the body, dorsals

88 SCINCID&.

largest, those of the two median series more than twice as broad
as long. A pair of enlarged preanals. Digits rather long, com-
pressed; subdigital lamelle smooth, 22 to 25 under the fourth
toe. Bronze-colour above, spotted ail over with black and white,
the black spots preceding the white ones and more crowded on
the sides; lips spotted with black; the spots disposed in trans-
verse series on the tail ; lower parts bluish or greenish white.

From snout to vent 80 millim.; tail 93.

Larut Hills, Perak, between 3500 and 4000 ft. altitude.

87. Lygosoma presigne.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 191 (1900); id. Fase.

Malay., Zool. i, p. 159 (1903); id. Journ. Fed. Mal, St. Mus. iii,
p- 67 (1908).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 13 to 13 times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed, penta-
dactyle ; the hind limb reaches the elbow of the adpressed fore
limb. Snout obtusely pointed; lower eyelid scaly; no supra-
nasal; rostral forming a straight suture with the frontonasal ;
prefrontals usually forming a median suture; frontal very narrow
behind, at least as long as frontoparietals and interparietal
together ; 5 supraoculars, fifth very small; parietals forming a
very short suture behind the interparietal; 3 pairs of nuchals;
fifth labial below centre of eye. Ear-opening oval, nearly as
large as eye-opening; no auricular lobules. 28 smooth scales
round the body, dorsals largest, those of the two median series
more than twice as broad as long. A pair of enlarged przanals.
Digits rather long, compressed; subdigital lamellee smooth, 20
under the fourth toe. Reddish brown above, marbled with darker
or with scattered black dots, grey on the sides, spotted with black
and white; a series of large roundish black spots on each side of
the neck and anterior part of body; lips spotted with black; tail
black above and on the sides, with irregular annuli of whitish
scales or brown with blackish cross-bars ; lower parts white.

From snout to vent 110 millim.; tail (reproduced) 130.

Fairly common on all the high hills of the Peninsula.

88. Lygosoma scotophilum.

Bouleng. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xiii, p. 335 (1900).
Lygosoma flowert, Laidlaw, P. Z. 8. 1901, i, p. 310,

Distance between end of snout and fore limb not much less
than that between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed,
slender, pentadactyle; the hind limb reaches the elbow, the
axilla, or the shoulder. Snout obtusely pointed; lower eyelid
scaly ; no supranasal; rostral forming a straight suture with the
frontonasal ; prefrontals just meeting in the middle or narrowly

LYGOSOMA, 89

separated ; frontal very narrow behind, as long as frontoparietals
and interparietal together ; five supraoculars ; parietals forming a
short suture behind the interparietal; no nuchals; fifth and sixth
labials below the eye. ar-opening oval, smaller than the eye-
opening ; no auricular lobules. 80 or 32 smooth scales round the
body, dorsals largest. A pair of feebly enlarged preanals. Digits
slender; subdigital lamelle smooth, 22 or 23 under the fourth
toe. Brown above, with yellowish and dark brown spots; the
latter may forma lateral band, spotted with yellowish, and a wavy
vertebral band ; lips white, spotted with dark brown; lower parts
white.

From snout to vent 50 millim. ; tail 80.

The type specimen was caught by Mr. A. L. Butler under a
limestone rock in the Batu Caves, Selangor. The types of
L. flowert are from the foot of Gunong Inas, Perak. Specimens
have also been found near Kuala Lumpur, and at Ulu Gombak,
Selangor, and on Pulau Rumpia, Sembilan Islands.

89. Lygosoma sanctum.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 732 (1839) ; M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn.
ii, p. 171, pl. xiv, fig. 4 (1890).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 1} times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed, penta-
dactyle ; the hind limb reaches the axilla. Snout obtuse; lower
eyelid scaly ; no supranasal ; rostral forming a broad suture with
the frontonasal, which forms a narrow suture with the frontal;
latter as long as frontoparietals and interparietal together; five
supraoculars ; parietals forming a suture behind the interpar:etal ;
no nuchals; fifth and sixth labials below the eye. Har-opening
oval, rather large, but smaller than the eye-opening ;. no auricular
lobules. 32 or 34 scales round the body, dorsals largest and finely
striated, laterals smallest. A pair of large preanals. Digits long,
compressed ; subdigital Jamellze feebly unicarinate, 25 or 26 under
the fourth toe. A silvery vertebral band, bordered on each side
by a black band spotted with whitish; sides greyish brown ; lower
parts whitish.

From snout to vent 48 millim.; tail 68.

Originally described from Java. A specimen from Selangor,
1500 ft., is preserved in the Raffles Museum.

90. Lygosoma maculatum.

Lissonota maculata, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxii, p. 653
(1853).

Mabuia maculata, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 84 (1864).

Lygosoma maculatum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iti, p. 242 (1887); id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 196 (1890).

90 SCINCID®.

Lygosoma mitanense, Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (2) i,
p. 144 (1905).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 11 to 14 times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed, penta-
dactyle; the hind limb reaches the elbow, the axilla, or the
shoulder. Snout obtuse; lower eyelid scaly; no supranasal ;
rostral perfectly flat or a little concave above, forming a broad
suture with the frontonasal, which forms a narrow suture with
the frontal; latter as long as frontoparietals and interparietal
together ; five supraoculars ; parietals forming a suture behind
the interparietal ; nuchals absent, or one or two pairs; fifth and
sixth labials below the eye. Har-opening oval, rather large but
smaller than the eye-opening; no auricular lobules. 38 to 42
smooth scales round the body, dorsals largest, laterals smallest.
A pair of large preanals. Digits long, compressed ; subdigital
lamelle feebly unicarinate, 16 to 21 under the fourth toe. Brown
or olive-brown above, usually with two dorsal series of small dark
brown spots; a dark brown lateral band, usually spotted with
whitish and edged below with white; flanks white-spotted ; lower
parts white.

From snout to vent 65 millim.; tail 115.

From the Eastern Himalayas and Northern Bengal to the
Malay Peninsula (Larut Hills, Perak, 1000 ft.; also found at
Kuala Lumpur and on the islands of the Pahang coast).

91. Lygosoma anomalopus.

Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 84, pl. xi, fig. 4.
Lygosoma paradoxum, Werner, Verh. zool.~bot. Ges, Wien, xlvi,
p- 18, pl. i, fig. 8 (1896).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb nearly equal to
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed, penta-
dactyle ; the hind limb nearly reaches the eye. Snout obtuse ;
lower eyelid scaly ; no supranasal; rostral flat above, forming a
broad suture with the frontonasal ; preefrontals forming a short
median suture; frontal very narrow behind, as long as fronto-
parietals and parietals together ; four supraoculars ; parietals in
contact behind the interparietal ; no nuchals; fifth and sixth or
sixth and seventh labials below the eye. Ear-opening oval, large
but smaller than the eye-opening ; no auricular lobules. 38 smooth
scales round the body, laterals smallest. <A pair of large preanals.
Fingers moderate, toes very unequal, the fourth half as long as
the distance between axilla and groin, with 16 keeled subdigital
lamellae. Brown above, with pale reddish-brown transverse bands ;
a black loreal streak; a series of white spots along each side ;
lower parts white.

From snout to vent 70 millim.

Penang and Sumatra.

LYGOSOMA. 91

92, Lygosoma malayanum.
Doria, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) vi, p. 651 (1888) ; M. Weber,
Zool. Ergebn. ii, p. 170 (1890).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 12 times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed but
short, pentadactyle, not meeting when pressed against the body.
Snout obtuse ; lower eyelid scaly ; no supranasal; rostral forming
wu straight suture with the frontonasal; prefrontals forming a
median suture or narrowly separated ; frontal shorter than fronto-
parietals and interparietal together; four supraoculars ; parietals
forming a suture behind the interparietal ; no nuchals ; fifth labial
below centre of eye. Ear-opeuing oval, a little smaller than the
eye-opening; no auricular lobules. 32 smooth scales round the
body. <A pair of enlarged preanals. Toes short, fourth con-
siderably longer than third ; subdigital lamellz smooth, 13 to 15
under the fourth toe. Dark brown above, spotted or reticulated
with yellowish or pale brown spotted with blackish; a dark
lateral band, edged with yellowish above ; lower parts yellowish.

From snout to vent 65 millim. ; tail 85.

Sumatra. A specimen from Selangor is preserved in the Kuala
Lumpur Museum, and two have recently been obtained on Gunong
Grah, Upper Perak, 6900 feet, by Mr. J. N. Sheffield.

93. Lygosoma butleri, sp. n.

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 13 to 12 times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs short, pentadactyle,
not meeting when pressed against the body. Snout obtuse ;
lower eyelid scaly ; no supranasal; rostral forming a straight
suture with frontonasal; prefrontals forming a median suture ;
frontal shorter than frontoparietals and interparietal together ;
four supraoculars ; parietals forming a suture behind inter-
parietal; no nuchals; fourth and fifth labials below eye. Har-
opening nearly as large as eye-opening; no auricular lobules.
30 or 32 smooth scales round the body. A pair of enlarged
preanals. Toes short, third and fourth equal or fourth shghtly
longer; subdigital lamellae smooth, 12 or 13 under the fourth
toe. Dark brown above, spotted with yellowish; a dark lateral
band, edged with yellowish, most distinct on the head and neck ;
lower parts yellowish.

From snout to vent 43 millim.

Described from five specimens, obtained by Mr. A. L. Butler in
the Larut Hills, Perak, between 4000 and 4500 ft. altitude.

94. Lygosoma olivaceum.
Dasia olivacea, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 11, p. 851 (1888).
Euprepes ernestii, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 696 (1889) ; Cantor,
Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 653 (1847).

92 SCINCID &.

Euprepes olivaceus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 80, pl. x, fig. D
(1864).

Lygosoma olivaceum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 251 (1887); id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 198 (1890) ; 8. Flower, P. Z. S. 1896,
p. 874.

Distance between end of snout and fore limb u to 13 times in
the distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed,
pentadactyle; the limbs feebly overlap, the hind limb never
reaching beyond the wrist. Snout obtusely acuminate; lower
eyelid scaly; a supranasal, rarely in contact with its fellow;
frontonasal usually in contact with the rostral and frequently also
with the frontal; frontal as long as frontoparietals and inter-
parietal together, or a little longer ; four supraoculars; parietals
not meeting behind the interparietal; fifth labial below the eye.
Ear-opening very small. 28 or 30 scales round the body, dorsals
with 3 to 9 more or less strong keels. Digits moderate, strongly
compressed at the end; subdigital lamelle smooth, 17 to 20 under
the fourth toe. Olive or olive-brown above, with more or less
. regular transverse series of pale, dark-edged spots, or traces of
dark cross-bands ; a more or less distinct pale dorso-lateral band
on the posterior part of the body, continued on the tail; lower
parts light green. Young with the back and limbs black, the
former with pale greenish or yellow narrow cross-bands ; tail
brilliant scarlet. .

From snout to vent 110 millim. ; tail 130.

Tenasserim, Nicobars, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Known from Penang, Province Wellesley, Selangor, Singapore,
and the Sembilan Islands near the Dindings.

95. Lygosoma bowringii.

Eumeces bowringu, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 91 (1864).

Euprepes punctatostriatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 51.

Lygosoma bowringii, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ill, p. 308, pl xxill, fig. 5
(1887) ;10) PF. 7.35. 1807, 4p. r 914; S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 650.

Lygosoma whiteheadi, Mocquard, Le Natural. 1800, >. 144,

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 14 to 2! times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed but
short, pentadactyle, not meeting when pressed against the body.
Snout obtuse ; lower eyelid scaly ; supranasals pr esent, in contact
behind the rostal: frontonasal forming a suture with the frontal,
which is as long as frontoparietals and interparietal together ;
four supraoculars ; parietals forming a suture behind the inter-
parietal; a pair of nuchals; fifth “(rarely fourth) upper labial
below the eye, much longer haa deep, usually about twice as
long as the shield preceding it. Har-opening small, round. 26
to 30 scales round the body, smooth or dorsals indistinetly tri-
carinate. Marginal preanals a little enlarged. Digits moderate,
compressed ; fourth toe a little longer than third, with 12 to 14
feebly keeled lamelle inferiorly. Yellowish brown or olive-brown

LYGOSOMA. 93

above, each dorsal scale with a darker spot forming more or less
continuous longitudinal lines; a dark brown dorso-lateral band,
edged with yellowish above; sides pale pink to bright vermilion,
spotted with black and yellow; yellow beneath, sometimes pale
coral-red on the throat.

From snout to vent 55 millim.; tail 65.

First described from Hong Kong, this species has since been
recorded from ‘Tonkin, Burma, Siam, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo,
and Celebes. In the Malay Peninsula it is only known from
Singapore and Jambu, one of the Patani States.

Capt. Flower observes that this Scink spends the day hiding
under stones, logs, &c., and only goes about after its prey at
twilight. ;

96. Lygosoma albopunctatum.
ee Paictata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii, p. 480
Brmeces punctate, Cantor, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 651
47),
3 es en Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 92 (1864).
Lygosoma albopunctatum, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. i, p. 809 (1887) ; id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 208 (1890).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 2 to 24 times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed but
short, pentadactyle, not meeting when pressed against the body.
Snout obtuse ; lower eyelid scaly ; supranasals present, in contact
behind the rostral; frontonasal forming a suture with the frontal,
which is as long as frontoparietals and interparietal together ;
four supraoculars; parietals forming a suture behind the inter-
parietal ; nuchals present or absent ; fifth or fifth and sixth labials
below centre of eye, not longer than deep, not twice as long as
the other labials. Har-opening small, round. 26 or 28 smooth
scales round the body. Marginal preanals scarcely enlarged.
Digits moderate, compressed ; fourth toe a little longer than third,
with 12 to 15 feebly keeled lamelle inferiorly. Pale brown or
rufous above, each dorsal scale with a darker spot forming longi-
tudinal series ; sides spotted with black and white; lower parts
yellowish white.

From snout to vent 65 millim. ; tail 75.

India, Assam, Burma, and Penang.

97. Lygosoma bampfyldii.

KE. Bartlett, Journ. Straits Branch Asiatic Soc. No. 28, p. 96
(1895) ; Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 192 (1900).

Lygosoma schneidert, Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xiii, p. 487,
pl. xxxi, fig. 1 (1900).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 1? times. in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed but
short, pentadactyle, not meeting when pressed against the body.

94 SCINCID A.

Snout obtuse ; lower eyelid scaly ; supranasals present, in contact
behind the rostral ; frontonasal forming a broad suture with the *
frontal; prefrontals small; frontal broader than supraocular
region, slightly longer than frontoparietals and interparietal
together ; four supraoculars; parietals forming a suture behind
the interparietal; fourth or fourth and fifth labials below the eye.
Ear-opening rather small, oval, with three pointed lobules in front.
38 or 40 smooth scales round the body. No enlarged preeanals.
Digits short, compressed ; fourth toe a little longer than third,
with 16 obtusely keeled lamelle inferiorly. Pale brown above,
head dark brown above, with a yellow band across the occipital
region; sides of head yellow, with a dark brown spot below the
eye; lower parts yellowish ; tail olive.

From snout to vent 120 millim.

Borneo and Sumatra. Discovered in the Larut Hills, Perak,
by Mr. A. I. Butler.

98, Lygosoma vittigerum.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xiv, p. 615 (1894) ; id. Journ.
F, M.S. Mus. iii, p. 67 (1908).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb not much less
than that between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed,
slender, pentadactyle ; the hind limb reaches nearly the axilla.
Snout acutely pointed ; lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk; no supranasal; nostril forming a straight suture with the
frontonasal ; prefrontals just meeting or forming a median suture;
frontal very narrow behind, as long as or a little shorter than
frontoparietals and interparietal together; four supraoculars ;
parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal; 3 or 4 pairs
of nuchals; fifth labial below the eye. Ear-opening small,
roundish; no auricular lobules. 28 smooth seales round the body,
those of the two vertebral series much larger than the others,
laterals very small. A pair of enlarged preanals. Digits slender ;
subdigital lamellee smooth, 25 under the fourth toe. A greenish-
white vertebral stripe, extending to the end of the snout, bordered
on each side by a rather broad black stripe ; sides pale olive, with
or without black dots ; lower parts greenish white.

From snout to vent 40 millim.; tail 55.

Originally described from Sereinu, Mentawei Islands, this
species has since been rediscovered in Sarawak and in the Malay
Peninsula at Kuala Teku, Pahang, 500 ft., and also at Ginting
Bidai, 2300 ft.

99. Lygosoma atrocostatum.

Scincus atrocostatus, Lesson, Voy. ‘ Coquille,’ Zool. ii, p. 50, pl. iv,
fic. 3 (1880).

Mabouya jerdoniana, Stoliezka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p, 172
(1870). -

LYGOSOMA. 95

Lygosoma atrocostatum, Bouleng, Cat. Liz. ili, p. 295 (1882) ;
S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 649.
Lygosoma jerdonianum, Bouleng. t. c. p. 300.

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 1+ to 14 times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed, penta-
dactyle ; the hind limb reaches the elbow or the axilla. Snout
obtusely pointed; lower eyelid with an undivided transparent
disk ; supranasal present ; frontonasal forming a suture with the
rostral and often also with the frontal ; latter smaller than the
frontoparietal, which is single; four supraoculars ; interparietal
small, the parietals meeting behind it; a pair of nuchals; four or
five labials anterior to the large subocular, Har-opening oval, as
large as or a little larger than the transparent palpebral disk,
usually with one or two small projecting lobules anteriorly. 36
to 40 smooth scales round the body. Marginal preanals slightly
enlarged. Digits moderately elongate, somewhat flattened except
at the end; subdigital lamellz smooth, 35 to 38 under the fourth
toe. Greyish, brownish, or olive-green above, with small darker
and lighter spots ; a more or less distinct blackish lateral band or
series of spots on each side ; greenish, yellowish, or orange below.

From snout to vent 95 millim.; tail 170.

A widely distributed species, ranging from Borneo to New
Guinea, the Caroline and Santa Cruz Islands, and Cape York.
Occurs also on Pulau Tikus Kechil, a small island off the North-
east Coast of Penang, whence it was first described as Mabouya
jerdoniana.

100. Lygosoma singaporense.
Eumeces singaporensis, Steind, Sitzb. Ak. Wien, 1xii, i, p. 341, pl. iv,
fig. 2 (1870).
Lygosoma singaporense, Bouleng. Cat. Liz. ii, p. 297 (1887).

Only known from Steindachner’s description. Apparently
agrees with the preceding species, except in having only 34 scales
round the body. Yellowish grey above; some of the scales on
the flanks much lighter.

Singapore.

Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (2) i, p. 147, 1905, is
probably right in uniting ZL. singaporense with L. atrocostatum.
He records a specimen from Sinkep Island.

101. Lygosoma quadrivittatum.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 19 ; Boulenger, Cat. Liz. iii, p. 329
(1887); id, Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 159 (1903).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb 14 times in
distance between axilla and groin. Limbs well developed, penta-
dactyle, not meeting when pressed against the body. Snout
pointed ; lower eyelid with an undivided semitransparent disk ;

96 SCINCIDA,

no supranasal; frontonasal broadly in contact with rostral and
with frontal; preefrontals small ; frontal small, acutely pointed
behind, scarcely longer than frontoparietal, which is single; four
supraoculars ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ;
3 or 4 pairs of nuchals; fifth upper labial below the eye. Har
hidden under scales, indicated by a mere depression. 18 or 20
smooth scales round the body, of two dorsal rows largest. Pre-
anals slightly enlarged. Digits slender; fourth toe the longest,
with 15 or 16 lamelle inferiorly. Yellowish or pale brown above,
with four blackish longitudinal bands, the median pair extending
to the supraoculars, the lateral to the eyes; digits with dark
cross-bars; lower parts yellowish or brownish white.

From snout to vent 37 millim.

3orneo, Philippines, Celebes, Malay Peninsula. Found on
Bukit Besar, Patani States, by Messrs. Annandale & Robinson,

102. Lygosoma surdum.

Bouleng. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xiii, p. 383, pl. —, fi
(1900).

o, 2
‘sn

Distance between end of snout and fore limb nearly twice in
distance between axilla and groin, Limbs well developed but
short, pentadactyle, widely separated when pressed against the
body. Snout pointed; lower eyelid with an undivided semi-
transparent disk ; no supranasal; frontonasal broadly in contact
with rostral and with frontal; prafrontals small; frontal narrow,
a little longer than frontoparietal, which is single ; four supra-
oculars ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; three
pairs of nuchals; fourth and fifth labials below the eye. Ear
hidden under scales, indicated by a mere depression. 20 smooth
scales round the body, of two dorsal rows largest. Preeanals
scarcely enlarged. Fourth toe longest, with 16 Jamelle inferiorly.
Uniform dark brown above, greyish beneath.

From snout to vent 50 millim.; tail 67.

Known from two specimens discovered by Mr. A. I. Butler in
Selangor: the first on the Sungei Buloh River, among the roots of
a large epiphytic plant; the second at Kuala Lumpur, under the
dead fibre round a palm tree.

103. Lygosoma cophias.
Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Mal. St. Mus. iii, p. 67, pl. iv, fig. 3 (1908).

Distance between end of snout and fore limb twice in distance
betweeni axilla and groin. Limbs well developed but short, widely
separated when pressed against the body. Snout obtuse ; lower
eyelid scaly ; no supranasal; frontonasal forming a broad suture
with the rostral and a narrow one with the frontal, which is

LYGOSOMA, 97

scarcely longer than the interparietal ; four supraoculars ; parietals
in contact behind the interparietal ; no nuchals; fourth and fifth
labials below the eye. Ear hidden, indicated by a depression.
22 smooth scales round the body. No enlarged preanals. Toes
short, fourth not longer than third, with 12 smooth lamelle
inferiorly, Brown above, mottled with darker, white beneath.

From snout to vent 36 millim.

A single specimen was obtained on Gunong Tahan, at an altitude
of 3000 feet.

104. Lygosoma chalcides.

Lacerta chaleides, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 369 (1766).

Lygosoma chaleides, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 660
(1847) ; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 340 (1887); S. Flower,
P. Z. 8. 1899,.p. 652.

Eumeces chalcides, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Iud. p. 90 (1864).

Body much elongate ; limbs very weak, pentadactyle Snout.
obtuse ; lower eyelid scaly ; no supranasal; frontonasal forming
a suture with the rostral and with the frontal; preefrontals small ;
frontal small, a little broader than the supraocular region; four
supraoculars ; frontoparietal single, large; parietals forming a
suture behind the interparietal ; fifth labial below eye, first largest.
Ear-opening punctiform, about as large as nostril. 24 or 26
smooth scales round the body. Preanals not or very slightly
enlarged. Digits extremely short, subequal. Pale brown above,
with more or less distinct darker longitudinal lines running
between the series of scales, or with fine longitudinal golden-
brown lines; white beneath, uniform or with brown longitudinal
lines.

From snout to vent 96 millim.; tail 96.

Southern China, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java. Known from
Penang, Perak, and Kelantan.

Dr. Annandale observes that the limbs of this species”are of
more use in progression than their small size would indicate.
These lizards are, however, burrowing forms, so often associated
with the Typhlopide that the Malays regard them as the larve of
these snakes,

105. Lygosoma larutense.
Bouleng. Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist. (7) v, p. 306 (1900).

Body much elongate; limbs minute, didactyle. Snout obtuse ;
lower eyelid scaly ; no supranasal ; frontonasal broadly in contact
with rostral and with frontal; prefrontals small; frontal slightly
longer than broad, broader than the supraocular region; four
supraoculars ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ;
fourth labial below the eye. Har completely hidden. 26 smooth

H

98 DIBAMID#%.

scales round the body. <A pair of enlarged preanals. Hind limb
twice as long as fore limb; fingers tubercule-like, clawed, equal ;
second toe twice as long as first. Uniform brownish.

From snout to vent 114 millim.; tail 128.

The. type of this species was obtained by Mr. Wray on Maxwell’s
Hill, Perak, at an altitude of 3000 ft. Other specimens were
obtained by Mr. Butler in the same locality at 4000 ft.

106. Lygosoma miodactylum.
Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 159, pl. x, fig. 8 (1903).

Body much elongate; limbs minute, the anterior with two
rudimentary, bud-like digits with blunt claws, the posterior
terminating in a single sharp claw. Snout obtuse; lower eyelid
scaly ; no supranasal; frontonasal broadly in contact with the
rostral and with the frontal; prefrontals small; frontal slightly
longer than broad, broader than the supraocular region; four
supraoculars ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ;
fourth labial below the eye. Ear completely hidden, 22 smooth
scales round the body. <A pair of enlarged preanals. Dark
brown above, white beneath, sides white with longitudinal series
of brown spots corresponding to the scales.

From snout to vent 87 millim.

A single specimen was found at the Semangko Pass, Selangor-
Pahang Boundary, at an altitude of 2700 ft., and still remains
unique.

Family DIBAMID/.

Skull compact ; no arches; premaxillaries distinct ; no inter-
orbital septum; no columella cranii. Teeth small, pointed,
hooked, none on the palate. Not even rudiments of the shoulder-
girdle.

Tongue short, pointed in front, covered with curved lamelle or
plice. Eyes rudimentary, concealed under the shields. No ear-
opening. Head with large shields. Body vermiform, covered
with cycloid imbricate scales. Fore limbs absent; the hind pair
absent or represented by a pair of flaps on the sides of the
vent. ;

Degraded, burrowing lizards, in all probability derived from the
Scincide.

A single genus.

DIBAMUS. 99

Fig. 26.—Anal region of Dibamus nove-quinee. A, Female. B. Male.
?, Rudimentary limbs.

Genus DIBAMUS.
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. v, p. 833 (1839).

Snout normally covered by three large shields, viz. the rostral,
and a labial on each side, which, however, may fuse into a single
shield ; a frontal, an interparietal, and an ocular. Nostril pierced
in the rostral, with a straight horizontal suture behind it. Limbs
totally absent in the female, represented in the male by flap-like
rudiments.

A single species.

107. Dibamus nove-guinez.
Dum. & Bibr. t. c. p. 854; Bouleng. Cat. Liz. iii, p. 435 (1887) ;
id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 230 (1890); id. Fascic. Malay.,
Zool. i, p. 160 (1903).

Snout conical, obtuse, slightly projecting ; interparietal larger
than frontal, both broader than long; eye scarcely distinguishable
H2

~~ 100 OPHIDIA,

through the ocular; a narrow, elongate, trapezoid symphysial; a
very large lower labial on each side. Scales equal, smooth, 22 to
26 round the body. Przanal scales very small. Tail very short,
obtuse. Uniform purplish brown.

Total length 165 millim.; tail 18.

The distribution of this species extends from the Nicobars and
the Malay Peninsula to New Guinea. In the Malay Peninsula it
is only known trom Bukit Besar, where an egg, containing a fully
developed embryo, was obtained by Messrs. Annandale & Robinson.
This egg, which was found by a native in a dead tree-trunk/was
broad in proportion to its length, but not circular ; it had a brittle
and highly calcareous shell,

Suborder OPHIDIA.

Snakes. Limbless, without movable eyelids or ear-opening,
with long, slender forked tongue retractile into a basal sheath,
and with the rami of the lower jaw connected by ligament at the
symphysis.

Seven families are represented in the Malay Peninsula. Poi-
sonous Snakes are restricted to the fifth and seventh families.

Synopsis of the Families.

I, Eyes covered over by shields ; body worm-
like, covered with uniform imbricate
scales ; tail rudimentary ; only the upper
lw GOOUREO Or 2.5 atoetnie msec eiaie a te ee Typhlopide, p. 101.

II, Eyes exposed; median row of ventral
scales more or less enlarged, usually
forming transverse shields; both jaws
toothed.
A. Maxillary bone horizontal.
1. Vestiges of hind limbs, terminating
in a claw-like spur usually distin-
euishable on each side of the vent.
Tail prehensile ; scales very small .......... Boide, p. 105.
Tail not prehensile, extremely short, blunt.... Ilysiidze, p. 109.

2. No vestiges of hind limbs.

a. A mental groove.
Frontal shield in contact with a large azygous

occipital ; teeth in premaxillary bone...... Xenopeltide, p. 112.
No azygous occipital shield; no preemaxillary
Lethe, ceyyeitiw ah sn cea Sie ERR Ee ae Colubridz, p. 114.
b, No mental groove ; ecillary bone
converging posteriorly towards [p. 206,
PalaLine:; owe slnkese eevee a Amblycephalide,

B. Maxillary bone very short, vertically
erpciile: 7.4058: Gu ce ahen rate aes Viperide, p. 211.

TYPHLOPID ©. 101

Family TYPHLOPIDA.

Cranial bones solidly united; no transpalatine ; pterygoids not
extending to mandible; no supratemporal; maxillary vertical,
loosely attached, with a few teeth; lower jaw toothless; coronoid
bone present. Vestiges of pelvis, reduced to a single bone on
each side. Body covered with uniform cycloid scales; eyes under

the shields.

Fig. 27.—Skull of Typhlops diardi.

A. Upper view. B. Lower view.

ar, Articular. f. Frontal. pro. Prootic.

bo. Basioccipital. m. Maxillary. pt. Pterygoid.
bp. Basisphenoid. n. Nasal. g. Quadrate.

cor. Coronoid. p. Parietal. so. Supraocular.
d. Dentary. pm. Premaxillary. tu. Turbinal.
eo. Exoccipital. prf. Prefrontal. v. Vomer.

Fig. 28.—Head of Typhileps braminus.
A. Upper view. B. Side view.

To illustrate the nomenclature of the shields.

f. Frontal, o. Ocular. prf. Prefrontal.
zp. Interparietal. p. Parietal. 7. Rostral.
l, Labial, po, Preocular, so. Supraocular,

n. Nasal.

102 TY PHLOPID ©.

Small worm-like Snakes leading a subterranean life, feeding
principally on worms. Found in rotten trees, in the sawdust of
saw-mills, and in the ground. Oviparous; eggs very large,
elongate, few in number.

A single genus in the Malay Peninsula.

Genus TYPHLOPS.
Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 839 (1801).

Head with large shields ; nostril in a single or divided nasal.
Tail extremely short.

Southern Asia, borders of the Mediterranean, Africa, Australia,
Central and South America and West Indies.

Six species are recorded from the Malay Peninsula, where they
are known as ular tana, ‘ earth-snakes.”’

Synopsis of the Species.

I, No preeocular ; ocular in contact with the
second and third labials; 22 scales round
bodiy eases 20s See tobyer easetan serum cue etrele T. lineatus, p. 102,

II. A preocular, in contact with the second
and third labials.
A. 18 or 20 seales round body.
Both nasals completely separated and extending
to upper surface of head; 20 scales round

civabrpeaeeee cos Attar hte wethencs heeet ne oe T. braminus, p. 103.
The two nasals fused above the nostril; 18
scales aound hody. yee tvs ee acebemaes ame T. albiceps, p. 103.
B. 24 or 26 scales round body.
A rounded concavity on each side below the Tp. 104,
Pe HuIME nna tee an Ch RRR eS ohn Se on Oe T. bothriorhynchus,
No concavity below the nostril.............. T. niyroalbus, p. 104,

III. A preeocular, separated from the labials
by a small shield; 24 scales round
OGY: 2 veh laceh ei Re ie reto eter mesons ie T. mutilatus, p. 105.

108. Typhiops lineatus.

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 563; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 15 (1898).

Pilidion lineatum, Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 897
(1847).

Typhliina lineata Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p, 171, pl. xvi, fig. B
(1864).

Snout rounded, strongly projecting, flat inferiorly; nostrils
inferior. Rostral very large; nasal semidivided, the cleft pro-
ceeding from the first labial ; a single large shield (the ocular) on
each side behind the nasal; eyes hidden; prefrontal, supra-
oculars, and frontals large, transverse; 4 upper labials. Dia-
meter of body 40 to 60 times in total length; tail about as long

TYPHLOPS. 103:

as broad, ending ina spine. 22 scales round the body. Blackish
above, each scale with a yellowish spot, or yellowish or pale
brownish with dark brown longitudinal lines running between
the series of scales ; head and lower parts yellowish white.

Total length 480 millim.

Malay Peninsula, where it is generally distributed, and the
Archipelago.

109. Typhlops braminus.

Eryx braminus, Daud. Hist. Rept. vii, p. 279 (1803).

Typllops braminus, Cuy. R. An, 2nd ed. ii, p. 78 (1829) ; Cantor,
Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 899 (1847); Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 175, pl. xvi, fie. 1 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind.,
Rept. p. 236 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 16 (1893).

Snout rounded, moderately projecting ; nostrils lateral. Rostral
narrow, its upper portion hardly one third the width of the head,
not extending quite to the level of the eyes; nostril between two
nasals, the anterior (lower) of which extends to the upper surface
of the head and is in contact inferiorly with the preocular ;
preocular nearly as large as the ocular, in contact with the second
and third labials; eyes distinct ; upper head-scales a little larger
than the scales on the body ; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body
35 to 55 times in total length; tail as long as or a little longer
than broad, ending in a spine. 20 scalesround the body. Brown
or blackish above, lighter beneath ; snout, anal region, and end of
tail usually whitish.

Total length 175 millim.

Widely distributed over Southern Asia and the islands of the
Indian Ocean ; also found in South Africa and in Mexico.

The commonest 7’yphlops in the Malay Peninsula.

110. Typhlops albiceps.

Bouleng. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) i, p. 124 (1898); 8. Flower,

P. Z. 5. 1899, p. 654, pl. xxxvii, fig. 1.

Snout rounded, moderately projecting ; nostrils lateral. Rostral
two fifths the width of the head, extending to between the eyes;
nasal incompletely divided, the cleft extending from the second
labial to a little beyond the nostril; preeocular as broad as the
nasal or the ocular; eyes just distinguishable ; preefrontal, frontal,
and interparietal moderately large, equal, slightly larger than the
supraocular, in contact with the second and third labials; 4 upper
labials. Diameter of body 64 times in total length; tail as long
as broad, ending ina spine. 18 scales round the body. Pale or
dark brown; head, anal region, and end of tail whitish.

Total length 128 millim.

Originally described from Siam. Has since been found in the
Larut Hills, Perak.

104 TYPHLOPID &.

111. Typhlops bothriorhynchus.

Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 174, pl. xvi, ig. G (1864) ; Bouleng.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 289 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 23 (1898).

Snout rounded and strongly projecting; nostrils lateral; a
rounded concavity on each side below the nostril, and two opera
less marked, on the third labial and on each side of the rostral.
Rostral narrow, its upper portion about one third the width of the
head, extending to between the eyes; nasal nearly completely
divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial and passing
through the subnarial pit; a preocular, nearly as large as the
ocular ; eyes distinct; upper head-scales a little longer than the
scales on the body ; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body 30 times
in total length; tail about as long as broad, ending in a spine.
24 scales round the body. Dark brown above, paler beneath.

Total length 160 millim.

The type of this species is said to be from Penang (Cantor’s
collection), but the species, which is known from the North-West
Provinces of India and Assam, has not been rediscovered in the
Malay Peninsula.

112. Typhlops nigroalbus.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vi, p. 205 (1844); Cantor, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 898 (1847) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 172,
pl. xvi, fic. F (1864) ; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i , p. 24 (1898) ; Laidlaw,
P.Z.S. 1901, il, p. 575.

Snout rounded and strongly projecting ; nostrils lateral. Rostral
narrow, its upper portion about one third the width of the head,

Fig. 29.—Typhlops n igroalbus.

extending to between the eyes or not quite so far; nasal nearly
completely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial ; a
preocular, a little broader than the ocular, in contact with the
second and third labials; eyes distinct; upper head-seales con-
siderably larger than the scales on the body; 4 upper labials.

BOIDA. 105

Diameter of body 30 to 33 times in total length; tail broader
than long, ending in a spine. 26 scales round the body. Upper
half black, lower yellowish white.

Total length 360 millim.

Malay Peninsula (Penang, Prov. Wellesley, Jalor { Bukit Besar],
Kelantan, Perak, Singapore) and Sumatra.

113. Typhlops mutilatus.
Werner, Zool. Anz, xxiii, p. 196, fig. (1900).

Snout rounded and strongly projecting ; nostrils lateral. Rostral
narrow, its upper portion about one third the width of the head,
not extending to between the eyes ; nasal completely divided, the
cleft proceeding from the first labial ; a preocular, separated from
the labials by a small shield; eyes distinct, separated from each
other by a broad frontal and, on each side, by a small supra-
ocular ; 4 upper labials. Diameter of body 53 to 59 times in total
length; tail blunt, without spine. 24 scales round the body.
Brown, each scale with a darker dot; head and end of tail
yellowish white.

Total length 296 millim.

The types, stated to be from Malacca, are preserved in the
Berlin Museum.

Family BOID.

Maxillary, palatine, and pterygoid movable; transpalatine
present; pterygoid extending to quadrate or mandible; supra-
temporal present, attached scale-like to cranium, suspending
quadrate; both jaws toothed; lower jaw with coronoid bone.
Vestiges of pelvis and hind limbs, usually terminating in a claw-
like spur visible on each side of the vent.

Inhabit all the warmer parts of the world.

Only one genus occurs in the Malay Peninsula.

Genus PYTHON.
Daud. Hist. Rept. v, p. 226 (1803).

Premaxillary bone toothed ; anterior maxillary and mandibular
teeth very long, gradually decreasing in size. Head distinct from
neck ; snout covered with shields ; nostril supero-lateral ; rostral
and anterior upper labials with deep pits; some of the lower
labials alsv pitted. Eye moderate, with vertical pupil. Scales
small, smooth ; ventral shields narrow. Tail moderate or short,
prehensile ; subcaudals all or greater part in two rows.

Africa, South-Eastern Asia, Papuasia, Australia.

106

ang.
ar.

bo.
bp.
Ca.
cor.

d.
60.

BOIDA.

SS
ea
Jy}
MA
teas

.

IZ
a

oo
Soe8

i
3
Ores

1)
a
o,8

SS
S35)

i

oe
ES

Fig. 31.—Skull of Python reticulatus.

A. Upper view. B. Lower view.

Aneular. f, Frontal. pt. Pterygoid.
Articular, m. Maxillary. ptf. Postfrontal.
Basioccipital. nm. Nasal. g. Quadrate.
Basisphenoid. p. Parietal. so. Supraoccipital.
Columella auris. pl. Palatine. sor. Supraorbital.
Coronoid. pm. Premaxillary. st. Supratemporal,
Dentary. prf. Prefrontal. tp. Transpalatine.
Exoccipital. pro. Prootic. v. Vomer,

PYTHON. 107

Three species are known from the Malay Peninsula :—

Rostral as deep as broad; 4 upper labials

pitted ; 69 to 79 scales across thickest part

of body; ventrals 297-330; subcaudals 78-

MIDAS Saati Poi. wis. cinsise invite 2 ta be reheulatus, pr 107,
Rostral broader than deep; 2 upper labials

itted ; 61 to 75 scales round body ; ventrals

242-265 ; subcaudals 60-72 ...........-. . LP. molurus, p. 108.
Rostral broader than deep; 2 upper labials

pitted ; 53 to 57 scales round body; ventrals

160-175 ; subcaudals 26-32 .............. P. curtus, p..109.

=

ae

Fig. 832.— Head and anterior part of body of Python molurus (A) and
P. reticulatus (B). (After Sordelli.)

114. Python reticulatus.

Boa reticulata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 264 (1801).

Python reticulatus, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 44 (1842); Cantor, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 902 (1847); Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 380 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 246 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 85 (1893); 8. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 654;
Ridley, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1899, p. 196;
Kloss, op. cit. 1906, p. 281.

Malay name, Ular sawah.,

Rostral as broad as deep; internasals about once and a half as
long as broad, followed by a pair of large prefrontals; a large
supraocular (rarely divided) and a large, usually undivided frontal ;

108 BOID#.

12 to 14 upper labials, 4 anterior deeply pitted, seventh or eighth
entering the eye; 2 or3 of the anterior and 5 or 6 of the posterior
lower labials pitted. Scales in 69 to 79 rows. Ventrals 297-3380 ;
anal entire; subcaudals 78-102. Light yellowish or brown
above, with large circular, rhomboidal, or X-shaped. bluish-black
markings ; young with three longitudinal series of light, black-
edged spots; a black line along the middle of the head, from the
end of the snout to the nape, and another on each side from
behind the eye to the angle of the mouth; lower parts yellowish,
with small brown spots on the sides, or nearly entirely brown.

Mr. Ridley mentions having seen a very dark, almost black
variety.

Grows to a length of 30 feet, or more.

Burma, and Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Fairly numerous in suitable places in the Malay Peninsula,
where it is often mis-named “ Boa constrictor” by the European
residents.

This snake is nocturnal and lives chiefly on trees near the water,
which it readily enters, and feeds on mammals and birds which it
kills by constriction like all members of this family. Lays large
oval, soft-shelled eggs, which the female incubates by coiling herself
round them.

115. Python molurus.

Coluber molurus, Linn, Syst. Nat. i, p. 587 (1766).

Python molurus, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 44 (1842) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p, 331 (1864) ; Stoliezka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix,
p. 205 (1870) ; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 246 (1890) ; id.
Cat. Sn. i, p. 88 (1893).

Rostral broader than deep; internasals not more than once and
a half as long as broad, followed by a pair of large prefrontals ; a
large supraocular, separated from its fellow by a pair of frontals ;
11 to 13 upper labials, 2 anterior deeply pitted, sixth or seventh
entering the eye, if not separated by a series of suboculars ; a few
of the anterior and posterior lower labials feebly pitted. Scales
in 61 to 75 rows. Ventrals 242-265; anal entire; subcaudals
60-72. Greyish brown or yellowish above, with a dorsal series of
large elongate subquadrangular reddish-brown black-edged spots,
and on each side one or two series of smaller spots with light
centres ; a dark lance-shaped marking on the head and nape;
a lateral brown stripe passing through the eye, and a brown vertical
bar below the eye ; lower parts yellowish, sides brown-spotted.

Grows to 30 feet, but a much heavier snake than the preceding.
7 India and Ceylon, Southern China, Burma, Malay Peninsula,

ava.

Appears to be rare in the Malay Peninsula; neither Mr. Robinson
nor Mr, Ridley has ever come across a specimen; recorded from
the Province Wellesley by Stoliczka. Possibly introduced,

ILYSIID#. 109

J. Hagenbeck (‘ Spolia Zeylonica,’ 1905, p. 197) remarks on the
incubation of the eggs, lasting 23 months, in a Ceylonese specimen
28 feet long. The eggs may number up to 100.

116. Python curtus.

Schlegel, Dierentuin, Rept. p. 54, fig. (1872) ; Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1889,
p. 432, pl. xlv; id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 89 (1893),

Rostral broader than deep; internasals as broad as long,
separated from the frontal and supraoculars by two pairs of large
preefrontals ; frontal longitudinally divided, followed by several
pairs of transverse parietal shields ; a large supraocular; a series
of suboculars may separate the eye from the labials ; 10 or 11 upper
labials, the first 2 deeply pitted ; anterior and posterior lower
labials feebly pitted. Scales in 53 to57 rows. Ventrals 160-175 ;
anal entire ; subcaudals 26-32. Brown or brick-red above, with a
dorsal series of round pale spots, which may be confluent into a
stripe on the posterior part of the back; a black line along the
middle of the head, followed by elongate whitish black-edged
spots; sides of body with greyish black-edged spots or wavy
bands; sides of head dark, with an oblique light streak from
behind the eye to the angle of the mouth; lower parts whitish,
uniform or spotted with brown.

Grows to 9 feet ; a short and stout snake.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. According to Ridley
(Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1899, p. 197) this little
Python is not rare in the Malay Peninsula; he says it is a quiet
snake in captivity, and seems to feed chiefly on rats. Not
uncommon in swampy country, and known as Ular sawah darah,
“the Blood Python.”

Family ILYSILD.

Cranial bones more or less solidly united; transpalatine pre-
sent ; pterygoid extending to quadrate ; supratemporal very small
and wedged in between the adjacent bones; quadrate very short ;
teeth in both jaws; lower jaw with coronoid bone. Vestiges of
pelvis as in the Boide.

These snakes may be regarded as degraded Boide.

South-Eastern Asia and South America.

A single genus in the Malay Peninsula.

Genus CYLINDROPHIS.
Wagler, Icon, Amph. (1828).

Teeth moderate, 10 to 12 in each maxillary, none in pre-
maxillary. Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small,
with round or vertically subelliptic pupil; head with large
symmetrical shields; nostril in a single nasal, which forms a

110

ar. Articular. m. Maxillary. pt. Pterygoid.
bo. Basioccipital. n. Nasal. g. Quadrate.
cor, Coronoid, p. Parietal. so. Supraoccipital.
d. Dentary. pm. Premaxillary. st. Supratemporal.
eo. Exoccipital. prf. Prefrontal. tp. 'Transpalatine.

f. Frontal.

ILYSIIDA.

Q
as
S
SS
aS
Qa

Fig. 84.--Skull of Cylindrophis rufus.

pro. Prootic.

CYLINDROPHIS. iat

suture with its fellow behind the rostral; no loreal or pra-
ocular; a small postocular; a mental groove. Body cylindrical ;
scales smooth, in 19 or 21 rows; ventrals feebly enlarged. Tail
extremely short and blunt.

South-Eastern Asia.

Two species in the Malay Peniusula :—

Diameter of eye 2 to 5 times in its distance from

nostril and not more than twice in its distance

PRGMPOOLGGT Of MLOWL MN. nc sais ce ns teawa we ase C. rufus, p. 111.
Diameter of eye about 4 times in its distance from

nostril and more than twice in its distance from

MRA SE Ole TOUMN eer seid Ose oasis wes ees ees C. lineatus, p. 111.

117. Cylindrophis rufus.
Anguis rufa, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 71 (1768).
Cylindrophis rufus, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 46 (1842) ; Cantor, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 900 (1847); Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 179 (1864) ; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 250 (1890) ; id.
Cat. Sn. 1, p. 185 (1893); S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 656,
pl. xxxvii, fig. 5.

Diameter of eye 2 to 3 times in its distance from nostril, not
more than twice in its distance from border of mouth; distance
between eyes greater than length of snout; frontal at least as
large as supraocular, a little larger than parietals ; 6 upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 19 or 21 rows.
Ventrals 136-245; anal divided; subcaudals 5-10. Iridescent
black, with or without alternating whitish or pale brown cross-
bands above, with transverse white or pale yellow bands beneath ;
an orange collar sometimes present; a bright vermilion mark
on the tail often present.

Total length 825 millim.

Generally distributed from Burma and Siam to the Malay
Peninsula. Called Ular kepala dua (‘two-headed snake”) by
the Malays. ;

This burrowing snake has been observed by Capt. Flower to
have the power of depressing its body. When touched or worried
it will not attempt to strike or bite, but keeps its head flat on the
ground and raises its tail off the ground in such a manner that any
casual observer would imagine the tail was the head and think the
snake to be threatening to strike.

The young are brought forth alive.

118. Cylindrophis lineatus.

Blanf. P. Z.S. 1881, p. 217, pl. xx; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 187
(1893).

Diameter of eye about 4 times in its distance from nostril, more
than twice in its distance from border of mouth; distance between
eyes equal to length of snout; frontal about as large as the supra-
ocular and a little larger than the parietal; 6 upper labials, third

ay XENOPELTID ®.

and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 21 rows. Ventrals 210—
215; anal divided; subcaudals 9-10, Bilackish brown above, with
two white longitudinal streaks ; belly white, with alternating black
cross-bands ; head and tail yellowish.

Total length 730 millim.

First described from a single specimen from Singapore, this
species has since been found in Borneo. This typical specimen
was described from a collection sent by Dr. Dennys, who had been
much in Borneo and did not label his specimens individually. It
is therefore possibly not a Peninsular species.

Family XENOPELTID.

Cranial bones more or less solidly united ; transpalatine present ;
pterygoid extending to quadrate ; supratemporal present, sus-
pending quadrate ; prefrontal in contact with nasal; teeth in
jaws, palate, and premaxillary ; lower jaw without coronoid bone.

A single genus.

60
Fig. 35.—Upper view of skull of Xenopeltis wnicolor.

ang. Angular. m. Maxillary. g. Quadrate.
ar. Articular. 2. Nasal. so. Supraoccipital.
bo. Basioccipital. p. Parietal. st. Supratemporal.
d. Dentary. pm. Premaxillary. tp. Transpalatine.
co. Exoecipital. pr}. Prefrontal.
f. Frontal. pro. Prootic.

Genus XENOPELTIS.
Reinwardt, in Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 564.

Teeth small, equal, closely set, and very numerous (4 on each
side of premaxillary, 33-38 in each maxillary, 35-36 in each
ramus of mandible). Dentary bone attached loosely to the apex
of the articular and movable on it. Head not distinct from neck;

XENOPELTIS. 113

eye small, with vertically elliptic pupil. Nostril between two
small nasals ; frontal in contact with a large azygous interparietal
or occipital shield, which is in the middle between four parietals.
A mental groove. Body eylindrical; scales smooth, in 15 rows ;
ventrals large. ‘Tail short; subcaudals in two rows.

, A single species.

Fig. 36.—Head of Xenopeltis unicolor.

119. Xenopeltis unicolor.
Reinw. 1. c.; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 901 (1847) ;
Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 180 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind.,
Rept. p.. 276 (1890); id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 168 (1893) ; 8S. Flower,
P. Z. 8S. 1896, p. 878, and 1899, p. 657; Wall, Journ. Nat.

Hist. Soc. Bombay, xix, p. 292, pl. x (1909).

Head much depressed, snout rounded; frontal as long as its
distance from the rostral; supraocular small, smaller than the
upper postocular; a single large preocular or loreal: 2 post-
oculars, upper the larger; 8 upper labials, first in contact with
internasal, fourth and fifth entering the eye ; a pair of very small
ehin-shields. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals 166-196; anal
divided; subcaudals 26-31. Black or brown above, highly
iridescent, scales with lighter edges; upper lip and lower parts
pale yellow ; young with the head yellowish, with a broad yellow
nuchal collar.

Total length 1000 millim. ; tail 100.

Southern India, Burma, Indo-China, Siam, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. Generally distributed throughout the Peninsula.

A burrowing snake, living mostly underground. Feeds on
other snakes and small mammals.

114 COLUBRID.

Family COLUBRID.

Facial bones moveable ; prefrontal not in contact with nasal ;
transpalatine present ; pterygoid extending to mandible or quad-
rate; supratemporal present, usually attached scale-like to the
skull and suspending quadrate ; maxillary horizontal, not moveable
perpendicularly to the transpalatine; both jaws toothed; lower jaw
without coronoid bone.

Ai B

Fig. 87.—Skull of Tropidonotus piscator.
A. Upper view. B. Side view.

ar. Articular. p. Parietal. ptf. Postfrontal.
c.a, Columella auris. pl. Palatine. g. Quadrate.

d, Dentary. pm, Premaxillary. so. Supraoccipital.
f. Frontal. prf. Prefrontal. st, Supratemporal,
m. Maxillary. pro. Prootic. tp. Transpalatine.
2, Nasal. pt. Pterygoid, vo. Vomer,

Divided into three parallel series and six subfamilies :—

Series A. AauypHa.—AlII the teeth solid, not grooved. Harmless.

Subfam. Acrochordine.—Postfrontal bone produced over the
supraorbital region; scales not imbricate. Thoroughly
aquatic.

Subfam. Colubrine.—Postfrontal bone not produced over the
supraorbital region ; scales imbricate. Aquatic, terrestrial,
or arboreal,

Series B. OptstHogiypHa.—Only one or more of the posterior
maxillary teeth grooved. More or less poisonous.

Subfam. Homalopsine.—Nostrils valvular, on upper surface of
snout. Thoroughly aquatic.

Subfam. Dipsadomorphine.—Nostrils lateral. Terrestrial or
arboreal.

ACROCHORDUS 115

Series C. ProrrrociypHa.—Anterior maxillary teeth grooved
or ‘ perforated’. Poisonous.

Subfam. Hydrophiine.—Tail strongly compressed. Marine.

Subfam. Hlapine.—Tail cylindrical. Terrestrial.

Subfamily ACROCHORDIN &.
Synopsis of the Genera.

I. No ventral shields.

Body scarcely compressed .............+.- AcrocHorRDvts, p. 115.
Body and tail compressed, with a fold below... CHERsyprus, p. 116.
II. Ventral shields well developed ........ XENODERMUS, p. 117.

Genus ACROCHORDUS.
Hornstedt, Abh. Ac. Stockh. viii, p. 8307 (1787).

Teeth subequal, about 15 in each maxillary. Head not distinct
from neck, covered with granular juxtaposed scales ; nostrils close
together on the top of the snout ; eye very small, with vertically
subelliptic pupil. Body stout, slightly compressed; scales very
small, tubercular, spinose; no ventral shields. Tail short, sub-
cylindrical, prehensile.

A single species.

120. Acrochordus javanicus.
Hornst. 1. c. pl. xii; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 905
(1847) ; Gunth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 886 (1864) ; Bouleng. Cat. Sn.
i, p. 173 (1898) ; S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 658.

Malay name, Ular belaler gajah ( elephant’s trunk snake”).

Head-scales very small, rough, larger and flat towards the
mouth ; no shields of any kind. About 120 to 150 scales round
the body, dorsals largest. Brown or olive above, more or less
distinctly spotted, striped, cr marbled with black ; lighter beneath.

Grows to 8 feet.

Siam, Malay Peninsula (Penang, Selangor, Pahang, Patani,
Singapore), Borneo, Java, New Guinea.

A purely aquatic snake, frequenting ditches and canals. Horn-
stedt found a quantity of undigested fruits in the stomach of a
specimen from Java. Cantor, who justly compares its physi-
ognomy to that of a buil-dog, observed a female in his possession
to bring forth 27 young ones, which showed themselves very
active, and bit fiercely. Flower describes the adult as very power-
ful, twisting round one’s arm with a grasp like that of a python.
In Siam it is valued for its skin, which is used for making the
drum-heads of native drums, though that of the python is in
greater request. 5

IZ

116 COLUBRID.

Genus CHERSYDRUS.
Cuvier, R. Anim, ii, p. 75 (1817).

Teeth subequal, 12 to 15 in each maxillary. Head not distinct
from neck, small, covered with granular juxtaposed scales ; nostrils
close together on the top of the snout; eye very small, with verti-
cally subelliptie pupil. Body stout, compressed; scales very
small, juxtaposed, rhomboidal, with a short, tubercle-like keel,
spinose on the belly; no ventral shields; a fold of the skin
running along the median line of the abdomen. ‘Tail short, com-
pressed, prehensile.

A single species.

121. Chersydrus granulatus.

Hydrus granulatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 248 (1799).

Acrochordus granulatus, Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 906 (1847).

Chersydrus granulatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 336 (1864) ;_
Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 855, fig. (1890); id. Cat.
Sn. i, p. 174 (1893) ; 8. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 658,

No rostral shield, but a series of slightly enlarged shields on
each lip, separated from the oral border by a series of minute

Fig. 38.— Chersydrus granulatus.

scales. About 100 scales round the body, dorsals largest. Dark
olive or blackish, with pale cross-bands or annuli, which may
become indistinct in the adult.

Total length 1000 millim. ; tail 100.

Rivers and coasts from Southern India and Cochin China to
New Guinea. Recorded from Penang, Singapore, and Patani.

COLUBRIN 2. ples

Very similar in appearance to a HH: ydrophis, Ww ith which it is
often confounded, Frequently found in the sea. Feeds on fish,
and is viviparous.

Genus XENODERMUS
Reinhardt, Overs. Vid. Selsk. Forh, 1856, p. 6.

Teeth subequal, about 15 in each maxillary. Head distinct
from neck, covered with granular juxtaposed scales; nostrils
directed forwards, in an undivided nasal; eye moderate, with
round pupil. Body slender, compressed, with small juxtaposed
keeled scales and longitudinal rows of large tubercles; ventrals
well developed. Tail long, with single subeaudals.

A single species.

122. Xenodermus javanicus.

Reinh. 1. ¢., and Vid. Selsk. Skrift. x, p. 257, pl. ii, figs. 1-8 (1848)
Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 175 (1895),

Rostral smali, triangular, not visible from above; nasals meeting
behind the point of the rostral, followed by two pairs of small
shields ; labials scarcely enlarged, about 20 on each side. About
40 scales across the body ; the enlarged tubercles disposed in
pairs alternating with single ones on the vertebral line, and
forming a single series along each side of the back. Ventrals
173-185; anal entire; subcaudals 147. Dark brown above,
lighter beneath.

Total length 350 millim. ; tail 135.

Java and Sumatra, Recorded from Penang by F. Miiller,
Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vii, 1887, p. 268. A specimen from the
coast of Perak is preserved i in the Federated Malay States Museum.

Nothing is known of the habits of this rare snake.

Subfamily COLUBRIN Al.
Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Teeth very small, equal, closely set,
more than 35 in each maxillary; head
not or but slightly distinct from
neck; pupil round; scales smooth,
nL 7-OWS ais ane Zeheremelthese, <6 »«..,+. POLYODONTOPHIs, p. 120,

II. Less than 55 teeth in each maxillary.
A. Pupil round; scales keeled, in 19
(rarely 17) rows; ventrals not
angulate laterally, 120-180; sub-
caudals not more than 115.
1. A pair of internasal shields.

Teeth equal nostril in a single nasal .... NXwNOCHROPHIS, p. 121.
Teeth increasing in size posteriorly. forming’

SHC ONTMNUOUS SOLOS ngs yous see 7 es hs TROPIDONOTUS, p. 122.
Two last teeth very large fangs, separated

from the rest by an inter SPACE snes sk): .. Macropisruopon, p. 128.

2. A single internasal shield ...... HE.icors, p. 130,

118 COLUBRID.

B. Pupil vertically elliptic; scales
smooth or feebly keeled; ventrals
178-265 ; subcaudals 50-110*.

Some of the anterior teeth enlarged, fang-
like, separated from the rest by an inter-

f space; scales in 17 or 19 rows ........ Lycopon, p. 151.
Maxillary teeth short, increasing in size
posteriorly ; scales in 13 or 15 rows .... DryocaLamus, p. 134,

C. Pupil round; head distinct from
neck; scales smooth or feebly keeled
(rarely strongly keeled); ventrals
often keeled or angulate laterally,
160-285 ; subcandals 50-165.

1. Scales in 14 or 16 rows ge /%.... Zaocys, p. 135.

* Unless otherwise stated in the generic diagnoses, the upper head-shields
are understood to be normal, viz., to consist of a rostral, a pair of internasals,
a pair of prefrontals, a frontal, a pair of parietals, and, on each side, a’
supraocular, one or two nasals, a loreal, one or more pre- and postoculars.
temporals, and several labials.

Fig, 39.—Three views of head of Zamenis ventrimaculatus, to explain the
terminology of the head-shields,

es. Chin-shields (anterior). m. Symphysial. sho. Subocular.

cs’. Chin-shields (postericr). n. Nasal. so. Supraocular.

J. Frontal. p. Parietal. ¢. Temporals (first row),
in. Internasal. pf. Prefrontal, 7'. Temporals (second row),
7. Loreal. pro, Preocular, 4, First ventral.

lu, Upper labials, pto, Postocular,

Za'. Lower labials, r. Rostral.

COLUBRIN &. 119

2. Scales in odd numbers, forming
straight longitudinal series.

a, Ventralsandsubcaudalsrounded
or more or less distinctly
angulate laterally.

Scales in 15 to 23 rows, vertebrals not en-

larged; maxillary teeth increasing in

SIABEDOSLETIONY. oie xs «2g sis oo a2 oem ens ZAMENIS, p. 136.
Scales in 17 rows, vertebrals slightly en-

larged; maxillary teeth increasing in size

BOS SOUI VG Aue Spipe sed sek Os ve a we XENELAPHIS, p. 159.
Scales in 19 to 27 rows; teeth equal...... CoLuBER, p. 139.

b. Ventrals and subcaudals with a
suture-like lateral keel and a
notch on each side, corre-
sponding to the keel ; scales in
MOROW Sins smarty ste ce ere ais Gonyopuis, p. 144.

3. Scales in 13 or 15 rows, oblique ;
ventrals and subcaucals with a
suture-like lateral keel and a
notch on each side corresponding
to the keel.

Teeth increasing in size posteriorly ; verte-
iral.sedles enlarzed. 0c. eee DENDROPHIS, p. 145.
Teeth decreasing in size posteriorly; verte-
bral scales not or but slightly enlarged... DrnpRELAPHIS, p. 146.
| [ | | ‘
ie
i] os

Fig. 40,—Sealing of body of Dendrophis pictus, showing the enlarged vertebral
scales (8), the apical pit* on the oblique dorsal scales, and the lateral
keel along the ventral shields (7).

* The apical pit is a minute impression near the extremity of the seale 3
these pits may be disposed in pairs. ‘The character derived from the presence
or absence of the apical pits appears to me of about the same systematic import-
ance as the presence or ahsence of a keel on the dorsal scales, or the division
or non-diyision of the subcaudal shields. In some cases it may aid in defining
a natural genus, in others it breaks down as a generic character.

120 COLUBRID”.

D. Pupil round; head small, not or
but slightly distinct from neck ;
scales smooth.

1. Nostril pierced in a moderately
large, single or divided nasal;
eye moderate.

Snout more or less projecting; rostral shield
large ; posterior maxillary teeth strongly

enlarged; scales in 17 to 21 rows...... Srmores, p. 147.
Snout not projecting ; maxillary teeth equal;
Scales tae s:OPA OD TOMS x Jee & ties ABLABES, p. 151.

2. Nostril pierced between a nasal
and the first labial; eye smali;
no internasals; scales in 15 rows. MacrocaLamvs, p. 153.
3, Nostril pierced in a minute nasal ;
eye small; no temporals ; parie-
tals in contact with labials.
Internasals present; scales in 15 rows .... PsruDORHABDIUM, p. 154.
No internasals; scales in 13 rows ........ CALAMARIA, p. 154.

Genus POLYODONTOPHIS.
Bouleng. Faun. Ind., Rept. p. 801 (1890).

Teeth very numerous and closely set, 35 to 50 in each maxillary,
equal in size. Dentary bone completely detached from the arti-
cular posteriorly. Head small, not or but slightly distinct from
neck; eye moderate or rather small, with round pupil. Body
cylindrical, elongate; scales smooth, without apical pits, in (17 or
19) rows. Tail moderate or long ; subcaudals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia, Madagascar, and Comoro Islands; Central
America.

Two species in the Malay Peninsula :—

9 upper labials, 3 entering the eye ; ventrals 144—

169s sulbcadals cO— Ab wie aoreivte ec earls os P. geminatus, p. 120.
7 or 8 upper labials, 2 entering the eye; ventrals
205-286 ; subcaudals 54-70... ..........-0 P. sagittarius, p. 121.

123. Polyodontophis geminatus.
Coluber geminatus, Boie, Isis, 1826, p. 211.

Ablabes melanocephalus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 229 (1864).
Polyodontophis geminatus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 185 (1898).

Rostral twice as broad as deep ; suture between the internasals
shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep or a little deeper than long; 1 preocular ;
2 postoculars, both in contact with the parietal; temporals 2 + 2;
9 upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye; 4 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as large
as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 144-169; anal
divided ; subcaudals 89-145. Brown or blackish above, with two
dighter, yellowish or bluish-grey longitudinal streaks each of

XENOCHROPHIS, 121

which may bear a series of black spots ; upper lip with a white,
black-edged streak; lower parts yellowish, with a black dot or
spot at the outer end of each ventral or subcaudal shield.

Total length 410 millim. ; tail 155,

Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded from
Kelantan, Malacca, and Singapore.

124. Polyodontophis sagittarius.
Calamaria sagittaria, Cantor, P. Z. 8. 1839, p. 49, and Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal .xvi, p. 911 (1847).
Ablabes sagittarius, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 227 (1864).
Polyodontophis sagittarius, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 508
(1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 187 (1898).

Rostral not twice as broad as deep; suture between the inter-
nasals shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal small and longer than deep, or absent; 1 pre-
ocular ; 2 postoculars, both in contact with the parietal; temporals
141 or 1+2+4+1; 7 or 8 upper labials, third and fourth or
fourth and fifth entering the eye; 4 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are about as large as the posterior.
Seales in 17 rows. Ventrals 205-236; anal divided; subcaudals
54-70. Yellowish or pale brown, sides brown or grey, separated
from the pale dorsal region by a black line; 1 vertebral series of
minute black dots; head and nape dark brown or black, forehead
marbled with yellow, and with a large elongate oval patch of
yellow on each side of the back of the head ; the black nuchal spot
more or less distinctly bordered with yellow behind ; lower parts
yellow, with a black dot at the outer extremity of each ventral
shield.

Total length 280 millim.; tail 60.

Western Himalayas, Bengal, Assam. One specimen was
obtained in Penang by Dr. Cantor.

Genus XENOCHROPHIS.
Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 273 (1864).

Maxillary teeth about 20, subequal; anterior mandibular teeth
largest. Head slightly distinct from neck ; eye moderate, with
round pupil; nostrils directed upwards, pierced in a single nasal.
Body cylindrical ; scales keeled, without apical pits, in 19 rows ;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

A single species.

125. Xenochrophis cerasogaster.

Psammophis cerasogaster, Cantor, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 52.

Tropidonotus cerasogaster, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 939 (1847).

Xenochrophis cerasogaster, Giinth. op. cit. p. 274; Bouleng. Faun,
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 353, fig. (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 191 (1893),

122 COLUBRID®.

Head narrow, elongate, with angular canthus rostralis and
slightly concave lores. Rostral once and one third to twice as
broad as deep ; suture between the internasals nearly as long as
that between the prefrontals; frontal narrow, much longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep; 1 preocular;
2 or 3 postoculars and 1 or 2 suboculars; temporals 2 + 2 or
2+3; 9 upper labials, fourth entering the eye; 5 or 6 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long

Fig. 41.—Head of Xenochrophis cerasogaster.

as or a little shorter than the posterior. Scales strongly keeled,
in 19 rows. Ventrals 140-151; anal divided; subcaudals 60-79.
Brown above, with or without darker spots and with a more or
less distinct paler dorso-lateral stripe; lower parts cherry-red to
purplish black, with a yellow stripe on each side extending from
the lips to the end of the tail. Ivis crimson. i

Totai length 600 millim. ; tail 140.

Oude, Bengal, Assam, Khasi Hills. Recorded from the Province
Wellesley by Cantor, and also obtained in Larut, Perak, by
Wray.

Genus TROPIDONOTUS.
Kuhl, in Férussac, Bull. Se. Nat. ii, p. 81 (1824).

Maxillary teeth 20 to 30 (40), posterior longest; mandibular
teeth subequal. Head more or less distinct from neck; eye
moderate or large, with round pupil. Body cylindrical; scales
keeled (or smooth), usually with apical pits, in 17 or 19 (15-23)
rows; ventrals rounded. ‘Tail moderate or long; subcaudals in
two rows.

Europe, Asia, Africa, North Australia, North and Central
America.

TROPIDONOTUS. 123

Usually found in or near the water, and feeding on Batrachians
and Fishes. The Old-World species appear to be all oviparous,
laying as a rule 20 to 30 eggs with white, parchment-like shell.

Seven species have been found in the Malay Peninsula.

Synopsis of the Species.

L. Posterior maxillary teeth not abruptly
enlarged.

Internasals much narrowed in front; nostrils

directed upwards; 1 or 2 labials entering

the eye; 2 superposed anterior temporals 7’. piscator, p. 128.
Internasals broadly truncate in front; nostrils

lateral, between two nasals ; 3 labials enter-

ing the eye; 2 superposed anterior

ifELED/N OTD LG een ek a eer eee T. trianguligerus, p. 125.
Internasals broadly truncate in tront; nostrils

lateral, in a single nasal; 2 labials entering

the eye; a single anterior temporal..... SPAT, nas, p. 125:

II. 2 or 3 last maxillary teeth abruptly
enlarged; 3 labials entering the eye.
A. Eye moderate or large; subcaudals
50-93.
Internasals much narrowed in front, nearly as
long as the preefrontals; a single anterior
temporal; scales of outer row smooth.... 7. stolatus, p. 125,
Internasals broadly truncate in front, shorter
than the prefrontals; 2 superposed
anterior temporals; scales of outer row :
Seu MRP Og e Ale ashy). Ph nema cee ia sate G T. subminiatus, p. 126.
Internasals broadly truncate in front, as long
as the prefrontals; 2 superposed anterior
temporals ; all the scales strongly keeled.. 7. chrysargus, p. 127.
B. Eye very large; subcaudals 95-115 ;
all the scales strongly keeled...... T. maculatus, p. 128.

126. Tropidonotus piscator.

Hydrus piscator, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 247 (1799). :

Tropidonotus piscator, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535 ; Bouleng. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 849 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn.i, p. 280 (1893) ; 5. Flower,
P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 660; Wall, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xvi,
p. 857, pl. iv (1907). % “i -

Tropidonotus quincunciatus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. 11, p. 307, pl. xi,
fiys. 4 & 5 (1837); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 260 (1864),

Tropidonotus umbratus, Schleg. t.c. p. 309; Cantor, Journ. Asiat.
Soe. Bengal, xvi, p. 986 (1847).

Bye rather small; nostrils turned upwards. Internasals much
narrowed anteriorly, subtriangular, as long as the preefrontals ;
frontal once and two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or a little
shorter than the parietals ; loreal nearly as long as deep ; 1 pra-

124 COLUBRID.E.

and 3 or 4 postoculars; temporals 242 or 2+3 (rarely 1+2);
9 upper labials, fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; 5
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales more or less strongly keeled, of
2 or 3 outer rows smooth, in 19 (exceptionally 17) rows. Ventrals
125-150; anal divided; subcaudals 65-90. Yellowish or pale
olive-brown above in life, usually with black spots arranged

Fig. 42.—Head of Tropidonotus piscator.

quincuncially, these spots sometimes so large as to occupy nearly
the whole upper surface, which appears black with small yellowish
spots; the dark spots sometimes very indistinct; bright scarlet
markings sometimes present on the sides; two black streaks on
each side of the head, one below and the other behind the eye ;
sometimes a pair of small black-edged yellow spots close together
on the parietal region ; yellowish or whitish beneath, the shields
often edged with black.

The variety with black stripes (4 on the nape, 5 on the body),
T’. melanozostus, Boie, has not yet been found in the Malay
Peninsula.

Total length 1200 millim. ; tail 300.

From India and Southern China to the Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

More thoroughly aquatic than any of its congeners in the Malay
Peninsula, feeding on fish and frogs. Capt. Flower observes that
when newly caught and frightened it is apt to be fierce, but soon
becomes tame in captivity. Most authors agree as to its ferocity.
Like most, if not all, of the Indo-Malayan species of this genus,
it lays eggs, the number in one clutch being large, up to about 40.

TROPIDONOTUS. Dey

127. Tropidonotus trianguligerus.

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 261 (1864) ;
Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 224 (1893).

Hye moderate. Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep; inter-
nasals longer than broad, trapezoid, as long as or longer than the
prefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once and three fourths as
long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a
little shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep, or deeper ;
1 (rarely 2) pre- and 3 or 4 postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or
2+ 3; 9 upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye
5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales strongly keeled, of outer row
smooth or feebly keeled, in 19 rows. Ventrals 134-150; anal
divided; subeaudals 67-94. Dark olive above, with small black
spots; usually a lateral series of large triangular black spots, with
the points extending down to the ventrals, separated by red inter-
spaces ; these markings disappearing or becoming indistinct on the
posterior half of the body ; upper labials yellow ish, with black
sutures; lower parts yellowish, uniform or the shields edged with
black.

Total length 1200 millim ; tail 340.

Southern Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Abundant
throughout the Peninsula in ditches.

128. Tropidonotus inas,
Laidlaw, P. Z. 8, 1901, ii, p. 576, pl. xxxv, fig. 2.

Hye moderate. Internasals broadly truncate in front, shorter
than the prefrontals ; frontal once and a half as Jong as broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal a little longer than deep; 1 pre- and 2 post-
oculars ; temporals J + 2; 9 upper labials, fourth and fifth entering
the eye. Scales keeled, of outer row smooth,in 19 rows. Ventrals
143; anal divided; subcaudals 96. Brownish black above; a series
of ill-defined yellowish spots on each side ; a yellowish-white streak
from under the eye to the lateral series of spots; ventrals white,
with a square black spot on the outer margins.

Total length 272 millim. ; tail 125.

Described from a single specimen obtained on Gunong Inas,
Perak.

129. Tropidonotus stolatus.

‘oluber stolatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 879 (1766).

Tropidonotus stolatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535; Cantor, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 987 (1847); Cantie Rept. eats Ind. p. 266
(1864) ; Bouleng. Faun, Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 348, fig. (1890) ; id.
Cat. Sn. Laps 253 (1893).

Hye moderate. Rostral twice as broad as deep; internasals
much narrowed in front, as long as broad or a little longer,

126 COLUBRID.

nearly as long as the prefrontals; frontal once and two
thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than its distance
from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal
as long as deep or deeper; 1 pre- and 3 postoculars, tem-
porals 1+1 or 1+2; 8 upper labials normally, third, fourth,
and fifth entering the eye; 5 or 6 lower labials’ in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales strongly keeled, outer row smooth, in 19 rows.
Ventrals 120-161; anal divided; subcaudals 50-89. Greenish or
brownish olive above, with more or less distinct black spots or
reticulated cross-bars intersected by two yellow longitudinal bands,

Ry tee | ge s See haar ee lsat

ea

a

Fig. 43.—Tropidonotus stolatus.

which are best marked posteriorly ; pra- and postoculars yellowish ;
lower surfaces white, usually with a black spot on each side of
each ventral shield.

Total length 680 millim. ; tail 180.

India and Southern China to the Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago. On record from Penang and Singapore. Appears to be
rare in the Malay Peninsula.

Of gentle habits, feeding on frogs. Eggs few, up to about 10.

The allied 7’. vittatus, L., which inhabits Java and Celebes, has
been erroneously reported from Penang by Stoliczka (Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xlii, 1873, p. 114), who quotes Giintner (Colubr.
Snakes) as his authority. No such mention, however, cccurs in
any of Giinther’s works.

130. Tropidonotus subminiatus.

Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 813 (1857); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p- 265 (1864) ; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 847 (1890) ; id.

Cat. Sn. i, p. 256 (1895); S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 662.

Eye moderate or rather large. Rostral twice as broad as deep

TROPIDONOTUS. 127

internasals broadly truncate in front, shorter than the preefrontals ;
frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as
long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or
deeper; 1 pre-and 3 postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or 2+ 3; 8
(rarely 9) upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye;
5 (rarely 6) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are usually a little shorter than the posterior. Scales
strongly keeled, of outer row smooth, in 19 rows. Ventrals 132-
166; anal divided ; subcaudals 65-87. Olive-brown, greyish olive,
or greenish above, adult uniform or with black and yellow reticu-
lation; neck often tinged with bright vermilion ; a dorso-lateral
series of light spots may be present; a black oblique spot below
the eye, on a white ground, usually present; young with a jet-
black cross-band on the nape, bordered with yellow behind; belly

yellowish ; frequently a black dot on the outer end of each ventral
shield.

Total length 1060 millim. ; tail 255.

Southern China, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Siam,
Malay Archipelago. Recorded from Penang and Perak.

Feeds on frogs and toads.

131. Tropidonotus chrysargus.

Schleg. Phys. Serp. 11, p. 312, pl. xii, figs. 6 & 7 (1837) ; Bouleng.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 845 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 258 (1893) ;
S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 663.

Tropidonotus junceus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 940
(1847) ; Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 268, pl. xxii, fig. F (1864).

Hye large. Rostral twice as broad as long; internasals
broadly truncate in front, nearly as long as the prefrontals ;
frontal once and two thirds to once and three fourths as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals ; loreal nearly as deep as long; 1 or 2 pre- and
3 postoculars ; temporals 2 + 2 or 2 + 3; 8 or 9 upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the
eye; 5 or 6 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales all strongly keeled,
in 19 rows. Yentrals 148-175; anal divided; subcaudals 60-93.
Brownish or olive-green above, usually with a series of yellow
spots or short transverse bars along each side of the back ; young
with black spots and cross-bars, which become indistinct with age ;
the skin between the scales sometimes red ; upper lip yellow, with
the sutures between the shields black, the yellow colour extending
as a more or less distinct angular or crescentic band on the nape ;
belly yellowish, with or without blackish dots, and with a more or
less distinct series of small black spots along each side.

Total length 680 millim.; tail 190.

Eastern Himalayas and Southern China to the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, Known from Penang and the Larut Hills,

128 COLUBRID.

Perak, from 3000 to 3400 feet altitude, and from Jalor in the

Siamese Malay States, where it was observed to feed on frog

spawn. .
Of fierce habits, according to Cantor.

132. Tropidonotus maculatus.

Edeling, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. ii, p. 203 (1864); Bouleng. Cat.
Sn.i, p. 260 (1893).

Form slender. Eye very large. Rostral broader than deep ;
internasals broadly truncate in front, as long as the pretrontals ;
frontal once and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal as
deep as long, or deeper; 1 pre- and 3 postoculars; temporals
2 +43; 9 upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye ;
5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
shorter than the posterior. Scales all strongly keeled, in 19 rows.
Ventrals 144-156; anal divided; subcaudals 95-113. Olive
above, with four longitudinal series of small square black spots
and two of yellowish ones; upper labials yellowish, with black
sutures ; lower parts yellowish, the shields edged with black.

Total length 810 millim. ; tail 270.

Malay Peninsula (Malacca), Sumatra, Borneo.

Genus MACROPISTHODON.
Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 256 (1893).

Maxillary teeth 12 to 20, followed after an interspace by a pair
of extremely large fangs; mandibular teeth subequal. Head
distinct from neck; eye moderate or large, with round pupil.
Body stout; scales strongly keeled, in 19 (to 27) rows, with apical
pits; ventrals rounded. ‘Tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia.

Two species in the Malay Peninsula :—-

Maxillary teeth 18 to 20 + 2; usually 8 upper

Aeubtals Whats (2 ae erate laurps eases erprenrte nie petegel pe oe M., flaviceps, p. 128.
Maxillary teeth 12 to 15+ 2; usually 7 upper
Heiss) PEGs tare ce. ett eee eS M. rhodomelas, p. 129. *

133. Macropisthodon flaviceps.

Amphiesma flaviceps, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén, vii, p. 738 (1854).

Tropidonotus leuwcomelaus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 271, pl. xxii,
fig. I (1864).

Macropisthodon fiaviceps, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 266 (1893).

Maxillary teeth 18 to 20+2. Rostral twice as broad as deep ;
internasals shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal a little longer

MACROPISTHODON. 129

than broad, as long as or a little shorter than its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as
deep, or deeper ; one pre-and 3 or 4 (rarely 2 or 5) postoculars ;
temporals 2+2 or 2+3; 8 (rarely 7) upper labials, fourth and
fifth (or third and fourth) entering the eye; 5 or 6 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields.
longer than the anterior. Scales very strongly keeled, in 19 rows..
Ventrals 120-138 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 49-60. Body black..
young with greyish-white or pale olive cross-bars, widening
towards the sides, and of which at least traces persist in the adult ;.
a broad orange band across the nape, sometimes disappearing in
the adult, separated from the head, which is yellowish brown or
olive, by a broad black band; belly olive, with black cross-bands,
or entirely black.

Total length 840 millim. ; tail 190,

Malay Peninsula, where it is very common, Sumatra, Borneo.

134. Macropisthodon rhodomelas.

Tropidonotus rhodomeias, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 535.

Macropisthodon rhodomelas, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 266 (1893); 8.
Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 880, and 1899, p. 664; Ridley, Journ.
Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soc. 1899, p. 198.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 1542. Rostral at least twice as broad
as deep; internasals shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal once:
and one fourth to once and one third as long as broad, a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter
than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little deeper ;
one preocular, usually with a small subocular below it ; 3 or 4 post-
oculars; temporals 2+2, 2+3, or 3+3; 7 (rarely 8) upper
labials, third and fourth (or fourth and fifth) entering the eye ;
4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ;
both pairs of chin-shields broad and subequal in length, or hinder
pair the longer. Scales strongly keeled, in 19 rows. Ventrals.
124-138; anal divided; subcaudals 42-58. Greyish or pale reddish
brown above, with a dark brown or black vertebral stripe, which
expands inte a V-shaped bluish blotch on the nape ; lips, throat,
and sides of belly pink, middle of belly yellow ; a series of small
black spots along each side of the belly.

Total length 520 millim. ; tail 85.

Malay Peninsula (Pahang,-Perak, Selangor, Patani, Kelantan,
Singapore) and Archipelago. Rarer than the foregoing species.

Common at Singapore, in short grass and among low bushes.

According to Ridley, “its peculiarity is its means of defence.
When vexed, it sits up after the manner of a cobra, and seems to
flatten out its neck as if it were trying to imitate that species,
while from the bluish patch on its neck are exuded some drops

K

130 COLUBRID.

of a white viscid liquid representing the well-known cobra marks,
I noticed that my dog, seizing this snake in its mouth to worry it.
presently foamed at the mouth, as if he had been licking a toad,
and soon dropped the snake. I tasted the exudation, and found it
bitter, but it had no effect on my salivary glands.”

Genus HELICOPS.
Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 170 (1830).

Maxillary teeth 18-25, posterior longest; mandibular teeth
subequal. Head not, or but slightly distinct from neck; eye
moderate (or small), with round pupil; nostril directed upwards,
in a semidivided nasal; a single internasal. Body cylindrical ;
scales usually striated and keeled, without apical pits, in 19 (to 25)
rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia, Africa, America.

A single species in the Malay Peninsula.

1385. Helicops schistosus.

Coluber schistosus, Daud. Hist. Rept. vii, p. 152 (1803).

Tropidonotus schistosus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 938 (1847).

Atretium schistosum, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 273 (1864).

Helicops schistosus, Jan, Elenco, p. 76 (1863) ; Bouleng. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 352 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 274 (1898).

Rostral broader than deep, forming a narrow suture with the
internasal; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, much longer
than its distance from tie end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal deeper than long; 1 pre-and 2 or 3 post-
oculars; temporals 2+ 2; 8 or 9 upper labials, third and
fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales more or less distinctly keeled, in 19 rows,
Ventrals 129-160 ; anal divided ; subeaudals 55-85. Olive-brown,
above, uniform or with two series of small black spots along the
back; a more or less distinct dark lateral streak; upper lip,
outer row of scales, and lower parts yellow or orange.

Total length 750 millim.; tail 180.

India and Ceylon, 8. China, Burma, and Malay Peninsula.
Obtained at Penang by Cantor, who describes this snake as very
fierce, preparing to attack by raising the head three or four inches
vertically from the ground, and having the power of flattening
and laterally expanding the skin of. the anterior part of the body
like a cobra, but ina much slighter degree. Feeds on frogs and
fishes. In Ceylon it is found chiefly in rivers and streams.

LYCODON. 13]

Genus LYCODON.
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 521.

Maxillary bent inwards ante-
riorly in the adult, the 3 to 6
anterior teeth increasing in size,
fang-like, and separated by a
toothless interspace from the
rest, 7 to 15 in number, which
increase in size posteriorly ; ante-
rior mandibular teeth longest,
fang-like. Head not or but
slightly distinct from neck, more
or less strongly depressed; eye
small or moderate, with vertically
elliptic pupil. Body more or less
elongate, cylindrical or slightly
compressed ; scales smooth or
feebly keeled, in 17 (or 19) rows,
with apical pits. Tail moderate ;
subcaudals single or double.

Southern Asia.

Five species are known to in-

Fig. 44.—Head and dentition of habit the Malay Peninsula.
Lycodon aulicus. / These snakes are nocturnal and
oviparous.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. A preocular, separating the eye from the
prefrontal.

A. Scales smooth.
Loreal present, extensively in contact with the
iMmpemmasale-wanaliddvidedi. sys. nscslee «cca
Loreal present, not or but slightly in contact with
faenintermasal: anal divided'.......<.......-
Loreal absent, prefrontal in contact with the
PeaiRir ists ME CMM Ge waren eins ce aes ee «cw e oc
B. Scales very feebly keeled..............

Il. No preocular; prefrontal entering the
eye; scales feebly or faintly keeled ......

136. Lycodon aulicus.

L. aulicus, p. 181.
L. laoensis, p. 132.

L. effrenis, p. 132.
L. butleri, p. 133.

L. subcinctus, p. 133.

Coluber aulicus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 881 (1766).

Lycodon aulicus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 551; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, xvi, p.915 (1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 199 (1864) ;
Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 294 (1890); id. Cat. Sn. i,
p. 852 (1893) ; 5. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 664; Wall, Journ.
Nat. Hist, Soc. Bombay, xix, p. 87, pl. ix (1909).

Snout much depressed, spatulate in the adult. Rostral much °

K 2

132 ~ COLUBRID.

broader than deep; internasals much shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal once and one third to once and two thirds as long as broad,
usually shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal elongate, not entering the eye,
extensively in contact with the internasal ; one przocular, usually
in contact with the frontal; 2 (rarely 3) postoculars; temporals
small, 2+ 3 or 3+3; 9 upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales smooth,
in 17 rows. Ventrals 178-224, obtusely angulate laterally ; anal
divided ; subcaudals 57-80. Brown above, with fine yellow reti-
culations ; a yellow collar or a triangular yellow blotch on each
side of the occiput; back often with yellow cross-bands bifurcating
on the sides, or with a dorsal series of quadrangular yellow
blotches ; labials yellow, some or all of them with a brown spot ;
mniform white or pale yellow.

Total length 510 millim. ; tail 110.

India and Ceylon, Burma and Cochin China to Malay Peninsula.
and Archipelago. Recorded from Penang, Singapore, and Kui;
not unfrequently found in inhabited houses. Lays 3 to 9 eggs.

137. Lycodon laoensis.

Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 317 (1864) ; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p, 854
(1893) ; Laidlaw, P. Z. S, 1901, ii, p. 576,

Snout much depressed but not spatulate. Rostral much
broader than deep; internasals much shorter than the preefrontals ;
frontal once and one third to once and a half as long as broad, as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals; loreal elongate, separated from or but just touching the
internasals ; one przocular, in contact with the frontal; 2 post-
oculars; temporals small, 2+ 3; 9 upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth entering the eye; 4+ or 5 lower Jabials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 175-185, obtusely angulate
laterally ; anal divided; subcaudals 67-73. Dark brown above,
with a whitish cross-band on the occiput and others on the back,
which bifurcate on the sides ; lower parts white.

Total length 470 millim. ; tail 100.

Siam, Malay Peninsula (Kota Bharu, Kelantan and Jalor,
Patani States).

138, Lycodon effrenis,
Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 917, pl. xl, fig. 2 (1847) ;
Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 856 (1898).
Tetragonosoma effrene, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 820, pl. xxiv,
fie. K (1864).

Snout much depressed, subspatulate. Rostral twice as broad as
deep ; internasals half as long as the prefrontals; frontal once

LYCODON, 133

and a half to once and two thirds as long as broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; no loreal; prefrontal in contact with the
second and third labials ; a preocular, not reaching the frontal ;
2 or 3 postoculars ; temporals 2+8 or 3+3; 9 upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; 5 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Body slender. Scales smooth, in 17 rows. Ventrals 215-228,
angulate laterally ; anal entire; subeaudals 75-98. Brown above
and below, with a few distant yellowish-white rings, some or all
of which may become obsolete in the adult; young with a
yellowish streak on each side of the top of the head.

Total length 700 millim.; tail 170.

Cantor’s type is from the Great Hill of Penang, and a specimen
was obtained in Kelantan by Dr. Gimlette. The species occurs
also in Sumatra and Borneo.

139. Lycodon butleri.

Bouleng. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 198 (1900); id. Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xiii, p. 336 (1900).

Rostral twice as broad as deep; internasals shorter than the
prefrontals; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal more than twice as long as deep, bordering the eye below
the single preocular; 2 postoculars; temporals 24+ 2; 8 upper
labials, third, fourth and fifth entering the eye; 5 or 6 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Body slightly compressed; scales in 17 rows,
dorsals very feebly keeled. Ventrals 228, strongly angulate
laterally ; anal entire; subeaudals 88. Blackish brown above and
beneath, with 43 rather irregular annuli of whitish spots or hight
edges to the scales.

Total length 540 millim. ; tail 118.

Discovered in Perak, Larut Hills, at an altitude of 5000 feet,
where it is very common, by Mr. A. L. Butler.

140. Lycodon subcinctus.

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 551; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 859 (1898) ; S.
Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1899, p. 665.

Lycodon platurinus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 916
(1847).

Ophites subcinctus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 822 (1864).

Snout much depressed, broad but not spatulate. Rostral much
broader than deep; internasals much shorter than the prefrontals ;
frontal slightly longer than broad, shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal

134 COLUBRID.

elongate, usually entering Be eye, widely separated from the
internasal; no preocular; 2 or 3 postoculars ; temporals 1 + 4;
8 upper labials, third, foneth, and fifth (sometimes also the sixth)
entering the eye; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are usually longer than the posterior. Scales
in 17 rows, dorsals feebly or faintly keeled. Ventrals 198-230,
angulate laterally ; ; anal divided (rarely entire) ; subcaudals 61-90.
Dark brown or purplish black above, brown or yellowish brown
below, with a white occipital blotch and widely separated white
rings on the body and tail ; these markings become less distinct or
entirely disappear in the adult.

Total length 1000 millim. ; tail 180.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Known from Penang,
Perak (Larut Hills (4400 feet), Taiping); Johore Bahru, Kuala
Teku, Pahang; Kemaman, Kelantan, and Singapore.

Feeds on lizards.

As Capt. Flower remarks, the similarity in colouring of this
harmless snake and the larger poisonous Bungarus candidus is
worthy of notice.

Genus DRYOCALAMUS. .
Ginth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 121 (1858).

Maxillary teeth 8 to 10, rather short but stout, increasing in
size posteriorly ; anterior mandibular teeth a little longer than the
posterior ; one or two more or less distinct tooth-like knobs on the
basisphenoid. Head distinct from neck, much depressed ; eye
moderate or rather large, with vertically elliptic pupil. Body
slender, slightly compressed; scales smooth, tn 18 or 15 rows,
with apical pits; ventrals strongly MGESE on each side. Tail
moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia. A single species in the ] Malay Peninsula.

141. Dryocalamus subannulatus.

Odontomus subannulatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén, vii, p. 454
(1854), ;

Nymphophidium maculatum, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 285,
pl. xix, fig. H (1864).

Hydrophobus subannulatus, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 297
(1890).

Dryocalamus subannulatus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. 1, p. 871 (1898).

Rostral not twice as broad as deep, visible from above ; suture
between the internasals as long as or Jonger than that between the
prefrontals ; frontal once and a half as long as broad, longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep, entering the eye; 1 pre- and 2 post-

ZAOCYS, 135

oculars ; temporals 2 + 2; 7 upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye; 3 or 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, Seales in 15 rows. Ventrals 225-244; anal entire ;
subcaudals 93-107. Pale brownish above, with a dorsal series of
large brown transverse spots, and, on each side, a series of small

Fig. 45.—Dryocalamus subannulatus.
Head and anterior part of body of type specimen, (After Sordelli.)

spots alternating with the dorsals ; a brown band across the pre-
frontals, another between the eyes, and a large brown blotch on
the parietals ; yellowish beneath.

Total length 295 millim. ; tail 170.

Malay Peninsula (Penang, Proy. Wellesley, Singapore), and
Sumatra.

Genus ZAOCYS.
Cope, Proc, Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 563,

Maxillary teeth 20 to 33, increasing in size posteriorly ; mandi-
bular teeth subequal. Head elongate, distinct from neck; eye
large, with round pupil; a subocular below the preocular. Body
elongate, a little compressed ; scales smooth or keeled, with apical
pits, in 16 or 18 (or 14) rows; ventrals rounded. Tail long;
subcaudals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia.

Two species are known from the Malay Peninsula :— .

Two or four median rows of scales keeled; sub-

Seat PSN LON ity, ropes Sen aveye sear Satie din ron Be Z. carinatus, p. 186.
Scales all smooth; subcaudals 160-165 ........ Z. fuscus, p. 136,

Like the Rat-snakes these large snakes are sometimes mistaken
for the Hamadryad, Vaia bungarus.

142. Zaocys carinatus,

Coryphodon carinatus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 112 (1858).
Zaocys carinatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 256 (1864); Boulene.
Cat. Sn. i, p. $77, pl. xxvii, fig. 1 (1893).

Rostral broader than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter
than the prefrontals ; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as.
its distance from the rostral, a little shorter than the parietals ;

136 COLUBRID.

2 or 3 loreals; 1 preocular, with a subocular below it; 2 post-
oculars; temporals 2+ 2; 9 upper labials, fifth and sixth entering
the eye; 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 16 or 18
rows, 2 or 4 middle rows keeled. Ventrals 208-215; anal
divided; subcaudals 110-118. Brownish olive or blackish
anteriorly, with yellowish spots or irregular cross-bands, yellowish
or pale brown posteriorly with a large deep-black network; lower
parts yellowish anteriorly, black and yellow posteriorly.

Total length 3000 millim.; tail 750.

Malay Peninsula (Perak, Singapore), Sumatra, Borneo.

143. Zaocys fuscus.

Coryphodon fuscus, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 112 (1858).
Zaocys fuscus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 256 (1864); Bouleng.
Cat. Sr. i, p. 378, pl. xxvii, fig. 2 (1893).

Rostral a little broader than deep, visible from above ; inter-
nasals shorter than the prefrontals; frontal a little longer than
broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; 8 loreals; 1 przocular,
with 1 or 2smallsuboculars below it ; 2 postoculars; temporals2+2;
9 upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye; 5 lower labials
in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter
than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 16 rows. Ventrals 189-
198; anal divided; subcaudals 160-165. Olive or olive-brown
above, with or without a brick-red vertebral line; a black lateral
band along the posterior part of the budy and along the tail,
extending to the outer ends of the ventral and subcaudal shields ;
lower parts pale yellow.

Total length 2900 millim. ; tail 1000.

Penang, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

A specimen obtained on Penang Hill, at an elevation of 1900
feet, by Capt. Flower, bad in its stomach a recently swallowed
frog, Megalophrys nasuta.

Genus ZAMENIS.
Wagler, Syst. Amph. p. 188 (1880).

Maxillary teeth 12 to 20, increasing in size posteriorly ; man-
dibular teeth subequal, or anterior slightly enlarged. Head
elongate, distinct from neck; eye moderate or large, with round
pupil; usually one or more suboculars. Body elongate, cylin-
drical; scales smooth or feebly keeled, with apical pits, in 15 to
23 (18 to 43) rows; ventrals rounded or with an obtuse lateral
keel. Tail moderate or long; subcaudals in two rows.

Europe, Asia, North Africa, North and Central America.

ZAMENIS. Way:

Three species in the Malay Peninsula :—

Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 160-177 .......... Z. korros, p. 137.
Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 187-208 .......... Z. maucosus, p. 1387.

OU

Scales in 21 or 23 rows; ventrals 197-225...... Z. fasciolatus, p. 188.

144, Zamenis korros.
Coluber korros, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 189 (1837) ; Cantor, Journ.
Asiat, Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 121 (1847).
Ptyas korros, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 250 (1864).
Zamenis korros, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 324 (1890) ; id.
Cat. Sn. i, p. 384 (1893); 8. Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1899, p. 666.

Eye very large. Rostral a little broader than deep; internasals
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal 14 to 1 times as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, or a little
longer, and as long as the parietals; usually 2 or 3 loreals ;
one large preocular, usually not touching the frontal, with a small
subocular below it; 2 postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; 8 upper
labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; 5 lower labials in con-
tact with the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Scales in 15 rows, smooth, or feebly keeled on the
posterior part of the back in the adult. Ventrals 160-177 ; anal
divided; subeaudals 122-145. Brownish or olive above, the
scales on the posterior part of the body and on the tail often
yellow and edged with black; lower parts yellow; young with
transyerse series of roundish pearl-coloured spots, or with narrow
yellow cross-bars.

Total length 1780 millim.; tail 700.

_ Southern China and Eastern Himalayas to the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. Recorded from Penang, Patani, Perak, Prov.
Wellesley, Selangor, Kelantan, and Singapore. Common eyvery-
where.

A powerful snake, feeding on frogs, birds, and especially rats,
whence the name of Rat-snake given to this and the following
species. Possesses, like other species of this and the preceding
genus, a superficial resemblance to the Hamadryad.

145. Zamenis mucosus.

Coluber mucosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 388 (1766).
Coluber dhumna, Cantor, P. Z. 5. 1839, p. 51.
Ptyas mucosus, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 249 (1864).
_ Zamenis mucosus, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 324 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 385 (1893); S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 666 ;
Wall, Journ, Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xvii, p. 259, pl. 11 (1906).

Hye very large. Rostral a little broader than deep ; internasals
shorter than the prefrontals; frontal 14 to 13 times as long
as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as the parietals, or slightly shorter; usually 3 loreals; one large

1388 COLUBRID.

preocular, not touching the frontal, with a small subocular below
it; 2 postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; 8 upper labials, fourth and
fifth entering the eye; 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17
rows, more or less distinctly keeled on the posterior ‘part of the
back, Ventrals 187-208; anal divided; subcaudals 95-140.
Light yellowish brown to olive-brown above, frequently with
more or less distinct» black cross-bands on the posterior part of the
body and on the tail; young usually with light cross-bands on the
front half of the body; labial shields yellow, edged with black ;
pale yellow beneath, the posterior ventral and subcaudal shields
often edged witi black.

Total length 2280 millim. ; tail 550.

From Transcaspia and Afghanistan through India and Ceylon
to Southern China and the Malay Peninsula.

This Rat Snake is less generally distributed than the preceding
species. It is fierce when newly caught, but may become very
tame in captivity. When angry it utters a curious sound, audible
some yards off, described by Capt. Flower as ‘“‘ roaring,” or some-
thing like the deep growling of a big dog. Capt. Flower adds
that it also rears up its head like a cobra and dilates its neck in
such a way that the ventral shields are thrust out and become
acutely keeled, whilst the skin on the sides of the neck is widely
stretched. This snake is said to grow to 11 feet 9 inches. It
lays 8 to 16 eggs.

146. Zamenis fasciolatus.

Coluber fasciolatus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p.528 (1802); Cantor, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 919 (1847).

Zamenis fasciolatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 254, pl. xxi, fig. F
(1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 827 (1890) ; id. Cat.
Sn. i, p. 404 (1893).

Snout curved and projecting; eye moderate. Rostral large,
broader than deep, the portion visible from above more than half
its distance from the frontal; internasals as long as the pre-
frontals ; frontal 13 to 14 times as long as broad, nearly as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, or as the parietals; a
single loreal; one preocular, in contact with the frontal, usually
with a small subocular below it; 2 or 3 postoculars ; temporals
242 or 248; 8 upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the
eye; 4or5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are about the same length as the posterior. Scales in 21
or 23 rows, smooth. Ventrals 197-225; anal divided; sub-
eaudals 73-92. Yellowish or brownish olive above, with narrow
white, brown, and black variegated cross-bands on the anterior
half of the body; these bands may entirely disappear in the
adult ; lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 1060 millim. ; tail 220.

COLUBER. 139

This species inhabits India. A young specimen was obtained
by Dr. Cantor in the Province Weilesley.

Genus XENELAPHIS.
Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 250 (1864),

Maxillary teeth 25 to 30, generally increasing in size ; anterior
mandibular teeth a little enlarged. Head moderately elongate,
distinct from neck ; eye moderate, with round pupil; a subocular
below the preocular. Body elongate, cylindrical; scales smooth,
with feebly marked apical pits, in 17 rows, the vertebral row
slightly enlarged and six-sided; ventrals rounded. Tail long ;
subcaudals in two rows.

A single species.

147. Xenelaphis hexagonotus,

Coluber hexahonotus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 921
(1847).

Xenelaphis hexagonotus, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 251, pl. xxi,
fig. C (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 336 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 8 (1894) ; S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 882.

Rostral broader than deep ; internasals as. long as or a little
longer than the prefrontals; frontal 13 to 14 times as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, a little
shorter than the parietals; loreal nearly as long as deep; one
preocular, with a rather large subocular below it; 2 postoculars
and a large subocular; a third subocular occasionally present,
separating the eye from the labials ; temporals 2+2; normally
8 upper labials, fourth entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as the
posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 185-198 ; anal divided ;
subcaudals 140-179. Brown above, with black cross-bands, which
become indistinct with age, on the anterior half of the body, old
specimens showing mere traces of the outer ends of these bands ;
lower parts uniform yellowish.

Total length 1650 millim. ; tail 600.

Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. On record from
Penang, Pahang, Prov. Wellesley, and Singapore.

Genus COLUBER.
Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 375 (1766).

Maxillary teeth 12 to 22, subequal in size; anterior mandi

bular teeth longest. Head elongate, distinct from neck: eve
to) . 5 ? - ’ J

moderate or rather large, with round pupil. Body elongate,

140 COLUBRID.

cylindrical or feebly compressed ; scales smooth or keeled, with
apical pits, in 19 to 27-(15 to 35) rows; ventrals rounded or
angulate laterally. Tail moderate or long; subcaudals in two
rows.

Europe, Asia, North and Tropical America.

Five species in the Malay Peninsula.

/Graceful, bold, and aggressive! snakes, feeding chiefly on
‘mammals and birds, which they kill by constriction. Oviparous.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 19 rows.
Scales smooth : ventrals 190-218, not angulate
laterally ; anal divided; subcaudals 52-76 . C. porphyraceus, p. 140.
Scales keeled ; all caudal scales keeled ; ven-
trals 193-234, angulate laterally; anal entire;
NU DCAUGAIS COG) | oe wee cesiesin sieversinners <tate C. melanurus, p. 141.
Scales keeled, outer caudals smooth ; ventrals
224-945, angulate laterally: anal entire ;
subcaudals:SO—1OO).,..7. 2 elels elisa s.0' +e owststenay C. vadiatus, p. 141.
IL. Seales in 23-27 rows, smooth or feebly
keeled ; ventrals 230-505, angulate

laterally.
Frontal longer than broad; subcaudals 89-
NTA Gey secant Bact roth ates Seay. cikisiehs cies & eRe C. teniurus, p. 142.
Frontal as long as broad, or a little longer;
Subeaudale 122-149) vice. wiwierste cielo poe C. oxycephalus, p. 143.

148. Coluber porphyraceus.
Cantor, P. Z.S. 1889, p. 51; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 239,
pl. xx, fig. J (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 34 (1894).
Psammophis nigrofasciatus, Cantor, t. c. p. 58.
Ablables porphyraceus, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 308
(1890).

Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep ; internasals shorter than
the prefrontals ; frontal broad, as long as or a little longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal rather small, longer than deep; a large preocular ; 2 post-
oculars ; temporals 1+2; 8 upper labials, fourth and fifth entering
the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are longer than the posterior. Scales smooth, in
19 rows. Ventrals rounded, 190-218; anal divided; sub-
caudals 52-76. Red or pale reddish brown above, with dark
brown black-edged cross-bands; a black streak along the middle
of the head, and another on each side, from the eye to the first
transverse band; the whole or posterior part of body and tail
with two longitudinal black lines, in addition to the cross-bands ;
lower parts uniform yellow.

Total length 760 millim. ; tail 140.

Eastern Himalayas, hills of Assam, Burma, Yunnan, Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra. The type of Cantor's Psammophis nigro-
fasciatus is from Singapore.

COLUBER. 141

149, Coluber melanurus.
Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 141, pl. v, figs. 11 & 12 (1837); Bouleng.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 3384 (1890); id. Cat. Sn, ii, p. 60
(1894).
Compsosoma melanurum, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 244 (1864),

Malay name, Ular tikus.

Rostral broader than deep; internasals shorter than the pre-
frontals; frontal 14 to 1} times as long as broad, as long as or a
little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal not or but slightly longer than deep ;
a large preocular; .2 postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 243;
9 upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; 5 or 6 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long
as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, rather strongly keeled; all
caudal scales keeled. Ventrals with an obtuse lateral keel,
193-234; anal entire; subcaudals 89-115. Grey or pale brown
anteriorly, with a yellow or reddish, black-edged vertebral stripe,
which becomes gradually more and more indistinct towards the
hinder part of the body, which, like the tail,is darker brown or
black ; a series of black spots on each side of the anterior part of
the body, of ocelli with bright yellow centres in the young; some
adults nearlyuniform blackish brown; a black streak below the
eye ; an oblique black streak from the eye to the mouth, and
another on the temple and neck.

Total length 1800 millim. ; tail 400.

Southern China and Burma to Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago. Generally distributed in the Malay Peninsula.

150. Coluber radiatus.

Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 185, pl. v, figs. 5 & 6 (1837); Cantor,
Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal, xvi, p. 920 (1847); Bouleng. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 883 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 61 (1894)

Compsosoma radiatum, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 243 (1864).

Malay name, Ular tahi kerbau.

Rostral a little broader than deep ; internasals shorter than the
prefrontals ; frontal 1} to 13 times as long as broad, as long as
or a little shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal usually longer than deep; a
large preocular; 2 postoculars ; temporals. usually 2+2; 8 or 9
upper labials, third to fifth, fourth and fifth, or fourth to sixth
entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior
chin-shields, which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows,
more or less strongly keeled on posterior half of body, outer series
smooth. Ventrals with an obtuse lateral keel, 224-245; anal
entire; subcaudals 85-100. Yellowish brown above, with one or
two black stripes on each side of the anterior half of the back, the
lower usually broken up; a black line across the occiput ; three

142 COLUBRID &.

black lines radiating from the eye; lower parts uniform yellow or
speckled with olive.

Total length 1610 millim. ; tail 330.

From Southern China, the Eastern Himalayas, and Bengal to—
the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded from Penang,
Proy. Wellesley, Jalor, Kelantan, and Singapore. According to
Laidlaw, it is common in houses in Patani, where it is called
the Rat-snake, “ Ular tikus,” which is used as a general term for all
non-poisonous carnivorous snakes of considerable size.

151. Coluber teniurus.

Elaphis teniurus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 565; Gunth.
Rept. Brit. Ind, p. 242 (1864).

Elaphis grabowskyt, Fisch. Arch. f. Nat. 1885, p. 59, pl. iv, fig. 3.

Coluber teniurus, Bowleng. Faun, Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 833 (1890) ; id.
Cat. Sn. ii, p. 47 (1894); Ridley, Journ. Straits Branch Roy.
Asiat. Soc. 1898, p. 99; S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 668; Bouleng.
Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 162, and Journ. Fed. Malay States
Mus. iii, p. 68 (1908).

Coluber teniurus, var. ridleyi, Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe.
Bombay, xii, p. 426 (1899).

Malay name, Ular bulan (Moon-snake).

Rostral broader than deep; internasals much shorter than the
pretrontals ; frontal 11 to 12 times as long as broad, as long as

Fig. 46.— Coluber teniurus.

Young from Kuala Teku, Pahang.

or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal longer than deep ;
a large preocular, sometimes in contact with the frontal, usually

COLUBER. 143

with a small subocular below it; 2 postoculars ; temporals 2+2
or 2+3; usually 9 (sometimes 8) upper labials, fifth and sixth
(or fourth and fifth) entering the eye; 5 or 6 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a
little longer than the posterior. Scales in 23 or 25 rows, dorsals
feebly but distinctly keeled, outer rows smooth. Ventrals dis-
tinctly angulate laterally, 230-305 (279-305 in Malay specimens) ;
anal divided, rarely entire ; subcaudals 89-114. Typical form grey-
brown or olive above, head and nape uniform; a black stripe on
each side of the head, passing through the eye; anterior part of
back with black transverse lines or network, posterior part with a
pale vertebral stripe between two broad black ones ; belly yellowish
anteriorly, greyish posteriorly ; a black stripe along each side of
the posterior part of the belly and along each side of the tail,
separated from the upper lateral stripe by a whitish streak.
Specimens living in caves (var. ridleyt) are much paler, the neck
and back of a pale ochreous colour, without dark transverse lines
or network, each scale tipped with isabelline, and the under parts
are yellowish white; along the sides runs a purplish-grey band,
becoming darker, or black, towards the tail; head bluish grey
above.

Total length 2000 millim. ; tail 400.

Northern China and Kastern Himalayas to Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, and Borneo. In the Malay Peninsula this hand-
some snake is found in all limestone caves of any size, living
often in total darkness and feeding on bats which it kills by
constriction, and harmonising in colour with its surroundings,
though it is frequently found lying asleep or gorged on the dark
brown guano, when it isextremely conspicuous. Specimens have,

however, been found, far away from caves, in Johore, Selangor,
and Pahang.

152. Coluber oxycephalus.

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 335
(1890); id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 56 (1894); 8. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899,
p: 668; Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iii, p. 68 (1908).

Herpetodryas oxycephalus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 927 (1847).

Gonyosoma oxycephalum, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 294 (1864).

Malay name, Ular selenseng.

‘Body rather compressed. Snout subacuminate, elongate,
obliquely truncate and projecting ; rostral nearly as deep as
broad; internasals 3 to 2 as long as the prefrontals; frontal as
long as broad, or a little longer, as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ;
loreal very elongate; a large preocular, in contact with the
frontal; 2 postoculars; temporals 2+3,; 9 to 11 upper labials,
2 (rarely 3) entering the eye; 6 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are much longer than the

144 : COLUBRID &.

posterior. Scales in 23 to 27 rows, smooth or faintly keeled.
Ventrals with a lateral keel, 233-263; anal divided ; subcaudals
122-149. Bright green above, the scales usually finely edged
with black ; yellow or pale green below; a blackish streak along
each side of the head, passing through the eye; tail usually
yellowish brown, with or without vermilion bands.

Total length 2300 millim. ; tail 480.

Eastern Himalayas, Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Of universal occurrence in the Malay Peninsula.

Genus GONYOPHIS.
Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii, p. 290 (1891)

Maxillary teeth 23, equal; mandibular teeth subequal. Head
elongate, distinct from neck; eye moderate, with round pupil.
Body elongate, compressed ; scales feebly keeled, with apical pits,
in 19 rows; ventrals with a suture-like lateral keel, and a notch
on each side corresponding to the keel. Tail long ; subeaudals in
two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals.

A single species.

153. Gonyophis margaritatus.

Gonyosoma margaritatum, Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1871, p. 578.

Gonyophis margaritatus, Bouleng. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii,”
1891, p. 290; id. Cat, Sn. ii, p. 7a (1894); id. Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. iii, p. 68 (1908).

Rostral broader than deep; internasals as long as broad,
shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal a little longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal longer than deep ; a preocular, not in contact with
the frontal, or just touching ; 2 postoculars ; temporals 2+ 2 or 3;
9 upper labials, fourth to sixth, or fifth and sixth, entering the
eye ; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, feebly
keeled. Ventrals 230-249; anal divided; subeaudals 108-130.
Black above, each scale with a yellowish-green spot, or green with
black borders to the scales; hinder part of body and tail with
bright orange rings; lower parts yellowish, the shields with or
without a black edge; a black streak on each side of the head
behind the eye, and another along the suture between the
parietals,

Total length 1530 millim.; tail 370.

This snake, first described from Borneo, has been found in
Singapore, on Gunong Tahan, Pahang, 3000 feet, on Kelantan, and
near Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

DENDROPHIS. 145.

Genus DENDROPHIS.
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 33, the posterior more or less enlarged,
stouter if not longer than the rest; anterior mandibular teeth
longest. Head more or less elongate, distinct from neck; eye
large, with round pupil. Body elongate, more or less compressed ;
scales smooth, in (13 or) 15 rows, narrow, disposed obliquely, with
apical pits, those of the vertebral row more or less enlarged ;
ventrals with a suture-like lateral keel and a notch on each side,,
corresponding to the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows,
keeled and notched like the ventrals.

South-Eastern Asia, Papuasia, and Australia.

Two species in the Malay Peninsula :—

Eye as long as its distance from the nostril ;

BRPDTMCMNAUS tcc ie Sine cae nl cme wkfee wee Aas D. pictus, p. 145.
Eye longer than its distance from the nostril ;
@ (rarely 2 or 4) postoculars ............0606 D. formosus, p. 146.

154. Dendrophis pictus.

Coluber pictus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i, p. 1116 (1788).

Leptophis pictus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 930
(1847).

Dendrophis pictus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p, 297 (1864) ; Bouleng.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 337 (1890); id. Cat. Sn. li, p. 78:
(1893) ; S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 669; Wall, Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Bombay, xix, p. 787, pl. xii (1910).

Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Rostral much
broader than deep; internasals as long as or a little shorter than
the prefrontals ; frontal 13 to 13 times as long as_brvad, as long
as its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals; loreal elongate (rarely absent); one pre- and
two postoculars ; temporals 242, rarely 1+1 or 142; 9 upper
labials, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth, entering
the eye, rarely 7 or 8; 5, rarely 4, lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior.
Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals nearly as large as outer. Ventrals
156-204; anal divided; subcaudals 119-164. Olive or bronze-
brown above; a black stripe on each side of the head, passing
through the eye, usually very strongly marked on the temple and
extending to the nape, where it may widen or break up into spots,
separated by diagonal bands of rich blue-green ; a whitish or yellow
lateral stripe, bordered below by a dark stripe along the limit
between the lower row of scales and the ventral shields ; lower
parts white, yellowish, or greenish.

Total length 1180 millim. ; tai! 440,

146 COLUBRID.

India, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Not
uncommon and generally distributed in the Malay Peninsula,
living chiefly on bushes and trees. Capt. Flower observes that it
is very gentle when handled, and occasionally eats frogs. It feeds
also on lizards. Dr. Annandale says it is probably the most
abundant snake in the cultivated parts of the Patani-States, where
it is called “ Ular lidi” (Coconut-palm snake), and is generally
found among bushes, often at the edge of rice-fields. According
to Major Wall (J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xviii, 1907, p. 189), this
snake is ovoviviparous.

155. Dendrophis formosus.

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 542; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 84 (1894) ;
S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 883, and 1899, p. 670.

Eye very large, as long as its distance from the rostral or the
anterior border of the nostril. Rostral twice as brozd as deep ;
internasals a little longer than the prefrontals ; frontal 13 to 14
times as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, as long as the parietals; loreal elongate; 1 pre- and 2
to 4 (usually 3) postoculars ; temporals 24+2; 9 upper labials
(rarely 8), fifth and sixth or fourth, fifth, and sixth (rarely third,
fourth, and fifth) entering the eye; 5 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are much shorter than the pos-
terior. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals considerably larger than the
outer. Ventrals 174-205; anal divided; subcaudals 132-158.
Olive, bronze-brown, or yellowish brown above, with red and green
shades, scales edged with black, neck and sometimes top of head
red-brown ; a black stripe on each side of the head, passing through
the eye and extending on to the nape, where it considerably widens
and converges towards its fellow ; two black lines may be present
along each side of the posterior part of the body; upper lip
greenish yellow ; lower parts green.

Total length 1420 millim.; tail 480.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java. Known from Penang,
Proy. Wellesley, Selangor, Kelantan, Malacca, and Singapore, but
not so common as the foregoing.

Genus DENDRELAPHIS.
Bouleng. Faun. Brit, Ind., Rept. p. 839 (1890).

Maxillary teeth 18 to 23; anterior maxillary and mandibular
teeth longest. Head elongate, distinct from neck; eye large,
with round pupil. Body much elongate, feebly compressed ;
scales smooth, in 13 (or 15) rows, narrow, disposed obliquely,
with apical pits, those of the vertebral row not or but very slightly

SIMOTES. Jie 7p

enlarged; ventrals with a suture-like lateral keel and a notch on
each side, corresponding to the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in
two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals.

South-Eastern Asia and Papuasia.

A single species in the Malay Peninsula.

156. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus.

Ahetula caudolineata, Gray, Il. Ind. Zool. ii, pl, Ixxxi (1834).

Leptophis caudolineatus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 932 (1847).

Dendrophis caudolineatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 297 (1864) ;
Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 339 (1890); id. Cat. Sn. ii,
p- 89 (1894).

Hye nearly as long as snout. Rostral a little broader than
deep; internasals as long as or a little shorter than the pre-
frontals; frontal 13 to 12 times as long as broad, longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal elongate ; one pre-and two postoculars ; tem-
porals 242; 9 upper labials, fifth and sixth (rarely fourth to
sixth) entering the eye; 5 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are shorter than the posterior. Scales
inl3rows. Ventrals 171-188 ; anal divided ; subeaudals 100-112.
Ligkt brownish bronze or greenish yellew above, the scales with
black edges forming more or less regular longitudinal lines; a
yellowish lateral streak, edged above and below by a black band,
the lower of which extends to the outer edge of the ventrals;
lips and lower parts pure metallic citrine, the tail with a black
median line.

Total length 14520 millim.; tail 380.

Southern India, Mergui, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Recorded from Penang, Prov. Wellesley, Pahang, Perak, and
Singapore, and almost the commonest snake in Selangor. Mr.
Ridley remarks (Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat. Soe. 1899,
p-. 198) that when annoyed it emits an appalling odour of carrion.

Genus SIMOTES.
Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii, p. 472 (1853).

Maxillary teeth 8 to 12, posterior very strongly enlarged and
compressed ; mandibular teeth subequal. Head short, not distinct
from neck; eye rather small, with round pupil; rostral shield
large. Body cylindrical; scales smooth (or feebly keeled), in 13
to 21 rows, with or without apical pits; ventrals rounded or
obtusely keeled laterally. Tail short or moderate ; subcaudals in
two rows.

Ti,

148 COLUBRID®.

South-Eastern Asia. Five species have been recorded from the
Malay Peninsula.

Small terrestrial snakes, feeding chiefly on lizards and smaller
snakes.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Scales in 19 or 21 rows; anal entire; two
superposed anterior temporals.
Frontal considerably longer than its distance

from the end of the snout ...............+ S. purpurascens, p. 148.
Frontal as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout ........ S. cyclurus, p. 149.

II. Scales in 17 rows.
Anal entire; two superposed anterior tem-

porals ; 6 upper labials ..............++-- S. octolineatus, p. 149.
Anal entire; a single anterior temporal ;

Zmpper lamps, 5 j5 steepest fe = ae Dees ale ¢ S. signatus, p. 150.
Anal divided ; a single anterior temporal; 7 or

8 upper labile... .. 6 et ever ewes S. cruentatus, p. 150.

157. Simotes purpurascens.

Xenodon purpurascens, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 90, pl. ii, figs. 18
& 14 (1837); Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 914
(1847).

Stmotes labuanensis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 217 (1864).

Simotes trinotatus, Giinth. op. cit. p. 219.

Simotes purpurascens, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 218 (1894); S. Flower,
P. Z..S. 1899, p.. 671. ’

Portion of rostral visible from above as long as its distance
from the frontal; suture between the internasals as long as or
longer than that between the prefrontals ; frontal large, consider-
ably longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as
or longer than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep; 1 or 2 pre-
oculars, with 1 or 2 suboculars below ; 2 or 3 postoculars; tem-
porals 243 or 242; usually 8 upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye, or fourth excluded by the second subocular ;
4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are about twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 or
21 rows. Ventrals 160-210, angulate laterally; anal entire;
subeaudals 40-60. Brown or deep purple above, with darker,
black-edged sinuous transverse bands, or with yellowish black-
edged cross-bars ; a large arrow-headed dark brown marking on
the occiput and nape, with the apex on the frontal and usually
confluent with a dark-brown chevron-shaped transverse band
passing through the eyes ; a dark oblique temporal streak ; belly
yellowish or pinkish buff, with square blackish spots, which may
be confined to the sides.

Total length 680 millim. ; tail 110.

SIMOTES. 149

Southern China and Cochinheina to Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago. Recorded from Penang, Prov. Wellesley, Kelantan,
Pahang. Johore, and Singapore.

158. Simotes cyclurus.
Coronella cyclura, Cantor, P. Z. 8S. 1839, p. 50.
Simotes bicatenatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 217 (1864).
Simotes fasciolatus, Giinth. op. cit. p. 218, pl. xx, fig. B.
Stmotes cochinchinensis, Giinth. op. cit. p. 219, pl. xx, fig. C.
Stmotes cyclurus, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 311 (1890) ; id.
Cat. Sn. ii, p. 219 (1894) ; 8. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 671,

Portion of rostral visible from above nearly as long as its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals as long
as or shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal as long
as its distance from the end of the snout or a little longer, and as
long as the parietals ; loreal as long as deep, or a little deeper than
long; preocular single, usually with a small subocular below it,
between the third and fourth labials; 2 postoculars; temporals
2+2 (rarely 1+2); normally 8 upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; 4, rarely 3, lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields 4 to 2 the length
of the anterior. Scales in 19 or 21 rows. Ventrals 156-210,
angulate laterally ; anal entire; subcaudals 36-58. Pale brown
or greyish above, with or without four darker brown stripes, the
median pair separated by the vertebral series of scales; antero-
lateral border of some of the scales frequently black ; markings on
the head as in the preceding species ; lower surfaces yellowish,
uniform or with squarish brown spots on each side of the angle
of the ventrals ; these spots may be confluent or form two chain-
like series,

Total length 700 millim.; tail 100.

Southern China and Bengal to Malay Peninsula and Sumatra.
Stoliczka has recorded a specimen (A. catenifer) in a collection
from Penang and Province Wellesley.

159. Simotes octolineatus.

Elaps octolineatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph., ii, p. 299 (1801).
Simotes octolineatus, Bouleng. Faun, Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 818 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 224 (1894); S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 884.

Portion of rostral visible from above a little shorter than its
distance from the frontal; suture between the internasals nearly
as long as that between the prefrontals ; frontal longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal
as long as deep; one preocular; two postoculars; temporals
2+ 2; 6 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; 4
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals obtusely

150 COLUBRID.

angulate, 156-197; anal entire; subcaudals 43-61, Yellow or
pale brown above, with 6 or 8 black longitudinal stripes, or blackish
with yellow longitudinal lines, which are much narrower than the
interspaces between them; head yellow, the two median black
dorsal stripes meeting on the frontal; a black crescentic cross
band anteriorly, passing through the eyes, and an oblique band on
each side from the parietal shield to below the angle of the mouth;
lower parts uniform yellow, or with a series of black spots on each
side of the ventrals, sometimes confluent into a line.

Total length 680 millim. ; tail 100.

Southern India, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded
from Perak and Singapore. The commonest of the genus in the
Peninsula.

160. Simotes signatus.
Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 215, pl. xx, fig. F (1864) ; Bouleng. Cat.
Sn. ii, p. 226 (1894).

Portion of rostral visible from above shorter than its distance
from the frontal; suture between the internasals as long as or
shorter than that between the prefrontals; frontal longer than
its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals ;
a small square loreal ; one pre- and one postocular; temporals
1 +2; 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; 3 or 4
lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals
141-157; anal entire; subcaudals 47-59. Dark brown above,
with yellowish cross-bands or transverse rhomboidal spots; the
first two cross-bands chevron-shaped; head with dark brown
symmetrical markings separated by yellowish interspaces; belly
yellowish, with a lateral series of brown spots.

Total length 520 millim.; tail 130,

Singapore, Sumatra, Java.

161. Simotes cruentatus.

Giinth. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) i, p. 417 (1868); Bouleng. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 815 (1890): id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 231 (1894).

Portion of rostral visible from above shorter than its distance
from the frontal ; suture between the internasals much shorter
than that between the prefrontals ; frontal as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals ;
loreal longer than deep; one preocular ; two postoculars ; tem-
porals 1 + 2; 8 (rarely 7) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third
and fourth) entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior.
Scales in 17 rows. Ventrals 148-173; ana! divided; subcaudals
27-37, Brown above, with four more or less distinct darker
longitudinal lines; symmetrical dark markings on head broken up,
rather indistinct in the adult, an oblique spot below the eye and a

ABLABES. Ad51

large patch on the occiput being distinguishable ; lower parts
coral-red, with square black spots, at least on the posterior third
of the belly; a large black spot at the base of the tail, and some-
times a second near the tip.

Total length 350 millim.; tail 45.

Burma. Stoliczka has mentioned a specimen in a collection
received from Penang and Province Wellesley.

Genus ABLABES.
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii, p. 304 (1854).

Maxillary teeth small, equal, 15 to 30; mandibular teeth sub-
equal. Head not or scarcely distinct from neck; eye rather
small or moderate, with round pupil; loreal present or absent ;
nasal entire or divided. Body cylindrical, usually slender; scales
smooth or feebly keeled, without apical pits, in 13 or 15 rows ;
ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or long ; subcaudals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia and Japan.

Three species in the Malay Peninsula :—

Nasal single; no loreal; scales in 15 rows; sub-

enmlalle; OBES ee an eee so aera Bae A, tricolor, p. 151.
Nasal divided ; loreal present ; scales in 13 rows ;

BRMERUGTIEIOO—1O, areattd 5+ = sein dieni sided oss A. baliodirus, p, 152
Nasal divided ; loreal present or absent; scales

in 13 rows; subcaudals 77-103 ......-..... A. longicauda, p. 152.

162. Ablabes tricolor.
Herpetodryas tricolor, Schleg. Phys. Serp. il, p. 187, pl. vi, figs. 16-
18 (1837).
Ablabes tricolor, Bouleng. Cat. Sn, ii, p. 281 (1894); 8. Flower,
PLZ. 5. 1899; p. 6738.

Snout rather long and depressed, twice as long as eye; rostral
broader than deep ; nasal entire; no loreal, the prefrontal in con-
tact with the second and third labials ; frontal not broader than
the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; one pre- and two postoculars; tem-
porals 1 + 2; 8 upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye ;
4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are a little shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 140-187 ; anal divided ; subcaudals 103-137. Olive or
greenish above; a black streak on each side of the head and
anterior part of the body, passing through the eye; upper lip and
lower parts yellowish white; a pale olive streak along each
side of the belly.

Total length 560 millim. ; tail 220.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Known from Penang,
Kelantan, and Singapore, and met with in Perak.

152 COLUBRID.

163. Ablabes baliodirus.

Coronella baliodira, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539; Cantor, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 9135 (1847).

Ablabes baliodirus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 224 (1864) ; Bouleng.
Cat. Sn. ii, p. 283 (1894); S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 673.

Snout short; rostral broader than deep ; nasal divided; a small
loreal; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals; one or two pre- and two postoculars ;
temporals 1 + 2; 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are as long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in
13 rows. Ventrals 115-137; anal divided; subeaudals 58-75.
Brown above, usually with small black-edged yellow spots, some-
times with blackish cross-bands or two series of large alternating
black blotches on the anterior part of the body, or with two light,
dark-edged streaks along the body and a third on the nape; head
sometimes yellowish ; lips yellowish, with the sutures between the
shields black; lower parts yellowish or coral-red, the brown of
the upper parts usually descending to the sides of the ventrals,
each of which may bear a black dot at the end; sometimes a
black line along the middle of the lower surface of the tail.

Total length 400 millim.; tail 125.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Obtained on Penang by
Cantor, and in Province Wellesley by Capt. Flower. According
to the latter, a specimen was caught by Mr. H. N. Ridley on the
top of Bujong Malacca, in Perak.

164. Ablabes longicauda.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 574; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 284
(1894) ; S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 673.

Snout short, little longer than eye; rostral broader than deep ;
nasal divided; a small loreal, sometimes confluent with the
posterior nasal; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; one or two pre-and two post-
oculars ; temporals 14+2; 8 (or 7) upper labials, third to fifth
(or third and fourth) entering the eye; 4 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are slightly longer than the
posterior. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 110-122; anal divided ;
subcaudals 77-103. Lustrous dark brown or black above, with
three yellowish longitudinal lines lost on the hinder half of the
bedy ; the vertebral line beginning behind the nape, the laterals
widening anteriorly and descending obliquely with their black
borders towards the throat; a yellow chevron-shaped collar,
pointing backwards; the black of the upper surface of the head
descending as a triangular patch on the temple ; eye bordered

MACROCALAMUS, 153

with black ; upper labials yellowish, with a few small black spots ;
lower parts uniform yellowish white.

Total length 430 millim.; tail 170.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo. Has been obtained in
Penang and Kelantan.

Genus MACROCALAMUS.
Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 198 (1864).

Maxillary teeth about 10, subequal; mandibular teeth subequal.
Head not distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil;
nostril pierced between a nasal and the first upper labial; no
internasals ; loreal present or absent. Body cylindrical; scales
smooth, without apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
short ; subcaudals in two rows.

A single species.

165. Macrocalamus lateralis.

Giinth. op. cit. p. 199, pl. xviii, fig. D; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii,
p. 327 (1894); 8. Flower, P. Z. 8, 1899, p. 673.

Rostral deeper than broad,
extending to the upper surface
of the head, separating the
nasals; frontal ‘longer than
broad, a little longer than its
distance from the end of the
snout, a little shorter than the
parietals ; loreal usually pre-
sent ; one pre- and one post-
ocular; temporals 1+ 2; 8
upper labials, fourth and fifth
entering the eye; 4 lower
labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields ; pos-
terior chin-shields — small.
Seales in 15 rows. Ventrals
110-127; anal entire; sub-
Fig. 47.—Head of Macrocalamus lateralis. caudals 19-27. Rich dark

reddish brown above; below,
head and neck yellow, remainder bright coral-red, with a black
lateral line; labials and sides of neck yellow.

Total length 300 millim. ; tail 32.

The locality of the type specimen is unknown. Capt. Flower
and Mr. A. L. Butler obtained specimens in the Larut Hills, Perak,
at an elevation of 3500 to 4500 feet.

154 COLUBRID”.

Genus PSEUDORHABDIUM.
Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii, p. 10 (1862).

Maxillary teeth 10 to 12, subequal ; anterior mandibular teeth
slightly longer than the posterior. Head not distinct from neck ;
eye small, with round pupil; nostril pierced in a minute nasal;
internasals small; no loreal; preocular small or absent ; no tem-
porals, the parietals in contact with the labials. Body cylindrical ;
scales smooth, without apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded.
Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Two species, the second
confined to the Philippine Islands.

166. Pseudorhabdium longiceps.
Calamaria longiceps, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 210,
pl. —, fig. 1 (1847).
Oxycalamus longiceps, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 199 (1864).
Pseudorhabdium longiceps, Bouleng. Cat, Sn. ii, p. 829 (1894).

Snout rather pointed; rostral small, as deep as broad, well
visible from above ; frontal a little longer than broad, as long as
or alittle shorter than its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals, more than twice as broad as the supra-
ocular ; 1 postocular; 5 upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are about twice as large as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows.
Ventrals 129-146 ; anal entire ; subcaudals 10-28. Tail pointed.
Tridescent brown or black, with or without a yellowish collar ;
usually a yellowish vertical spot above the angle of the mouth.

Total length 230 millim. ; tail 35.

Malay Peninsula: Penang, Perak, Pahang (Gunong Tahan),
Selangor, Singapore ; Sumatra, Borneo, Philippines, Celebes.

Fairly common in Selangor, where it is found in damp situa-
tions among dead leaves.

Genus CALAMARIA.
Boie, in Férussac, Bull. Se. Nat. ix, p. 286 (1826).

Maxillary teeth 8 to 11, subequal ; anterior mandibular teeth a
little longer than the posterior. Head not distinct from neck ;
eye small, with round pupil; nostril pierced in a minute nasal ;
no loreal; no internasals; no temporals, the parietals in contact
with the labials. Body cylindrical; scales smooth, without apical
pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two
rows,

From Assam, Burma, and Southern China to the Malay Archi-
pelago. Five species have been recorded from the Malay Peninsula.

CALAMARIA. 155

Small, dwarfed snakes of very/gentle habits, found on the
ground, especially beneath stones, fallen trees, or turf; feeding
chiefly on insects and worms.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. 5 or 6 upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye.
A. Frontal not twice as broad as the supra-
ocular.
Frontal shorter than the parietals: ventrals
Bertie UMW a eC folate lois sces! eb euceie a pees C. vermiformis, p. 155.

Frontal as long as the parietals ; ventrals 143-
167

B. Frontal more than twice as broad as
the supraocular.
Frontal longer than broad ; symphysial in con-
tact with the chin-shields ................ C. sumatrana, p. 156.
Frontal as broad as long; first lower labial in

contact with its fellow behind the sym-
Pia ew eke ato kat Megs cede eee C. leucocephala, p. 157.

ahah) vs) 5 s).si 8) sivas 0) eo si») «, 68) se S 2 # 6 ene (ese, a 6.

C. albiventer, p. 156.

II. 4 upper labials, second and third entering
DELOV OMe ten i etsioden 2 aha 6 Sia. Siok aae ereceveice C. pavimentata, p. 157.

Fig. 48.—Head of Calamaria pavimentata.

167. Calamaria vermiformis.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp, Gén. vii, p. 85 (1854); Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii,
p. 333 (1894),

Rostral a little broader than deep ;’ frontal longer than broad,
not twice as broad as the supraocular, shorter than the parietals ;
a pre- and a postocular; diameter of eye equal to its distance from
the mouth; 5 or 6 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye ;
symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields. 18 rows of
scales. Ventrals 147-210; anal entire; subcaudals 15-26. Tail

156 COLUBRID.

ending in a point. Dark brown or black above; head often
yellow, entirely or partially; body sometimes with yellowish
cross-bars or transverse series of spots; yellowish beneath, with
or without large black transverse spots or cross-bands.

Total length 410 millim. ; tail 33.

Perak (4000 feet) and Malay Archipelago.

168, Calamaria albiventer.

Changulia albiventer, Gray, Ul. Ind. Zool. ii, pl. Ixxxvi, fig. 3

(1834).
Calamaria linnei, var., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 909
(1847).

Calamaria albiventer, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 197° (1864) ;
Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 386 (1894); S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899,
p. 674.

Rostral nearly as deep as broad ; frontal once and a half as long
as broad, not twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as the
parietals ; a pree- and a postocular; diameter of eye equal to its
distance from the mouth ; 5 upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; symphysial in contact with the anterior chin-shields.
13 rows of scales. Ventrals 143-167; anal entire ; subcaudals
16-21. Tail ending in a point. Red-brown above, with a pair of
black-edged bright red vertebral lines and a bluish-white, black-
edged line on each side; lower parts red (carmine or coral-red),
yellow under the head; a black line along the middle of the tail.

Total length 399 millim. ; tail 20.

Known from Penang and Province Wellesley.

169, Calamaria sumatrana,
Edeling, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xxxi, p. 879 (1870); W. L.
Sclater. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, lx, p. 233 (1891); Bouleng.

Cat. Sn. ii, p. 889 (1894),

Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal longer than broad,
rather more than twice as broad as the supraocular, a little shorter
than the parietals; a pre- and a postocular; diameter of eye
equal to its distance from the mouth; 5 upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye ; symphysial in contact with the anterior
chin-shields. 13 rows of scales. Ventrals 129-176; anal entire ;
subcaudals 12-31. Tail ending in a point. Reddish brown or
dark brown above, with five black longitudinal lines or series of
small black spots; each scale of the outer row with a white spot ;
a more or less distinct yellow collar on the nape, continuous or
narrowly interrupted in the middle ; sometimes a similar marking
at the base of the tail; lower parts uniform yellowish, with a
more or less distinct black line along the middle of the tail.

Total length 265 millim.; tail 12.

Singapore and Sumatra.

CALAMARIA. 137

170. Calamaria leucocephala.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii, p. 83 (1854) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 198 (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 344 (1894); S. Flower,
P. Z. S. 1899, p. 674.

Calamaria lumbricoidea, var., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal,
xvi, p. 908 (1847).

Calamaria nigro-alba, Giinth. 1. ¢. pl. xviii, fig. C,

Rostral much broader than deep ; frontal at least as broad as
long, four times as broad as the supraocular, shorter than the
parietals ; a pre- and a postocular; diameter of eye much less
than its distance from the mouth; 5 upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its
fellow behind the symphysial.. 13 rows of scales. Ventrals 136—
171; anal entire; subcaudals 19-45. ‘Tail ending in a point.
Dark brown or black above, highly iridescent ; head sometimes
yellow, with or without dark brown markings ; lower parts white,
buff, or very pale purplish blue; a faint brown subcaudal line may
be present.

Total length 450 millim.; tail 48.

Malay Peninsula (Penang, Selangor, Singapore), Sumatra,
Borneo, Java.

171. Calamaria pavimentata.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii, p. 71 (1854); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind.,
Rept. p. 282 (1890); id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 848 (1894); S. Flower,
P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 886, and 1899, p. 675.

Calamaria quadrimaculata, Dum. & Bibr. t.c.p. 78; Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 197 (1864).

Calamaria stamensis, Giinth. op. cit. p. 196.

Rostral as deep as broad ; frontal longer than broad, twice and
a half as broad as the supraocular, shorter than the parietals; a
pree- and a postocular ; the diameter of the eye nearly equals its
distance from the mouth; 4 upper labials, second and third
entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow
behind the symphysial. 13 rows of scales. Ventrals 133-182;
anal entire; subcaudals 9-27. Tail pointed. Reddish brown
above, with five dark longitudinal lines or series of spots ; nape dark
brown, separated from the back by a yellow collar; a pair of
yellow spots on the base and another at the end of the tail.

Total length 320 millim. ; tail 15.

Southern China to Malay Archipelago (Penang, Proy. Wellesley,
Perak, Pahang), Java.

158 COLUBRID.

Subfamily HOMALOPSIN &.

Synopsis of the Genera.

[. Nasals in contact above the rostral.
Scales smooth; parietal shields well developed, Hypsrrurya, p. 158.

Scales keeled ; parietals well developed ........ Homatopsis, p. 162.
Scales keeled; parietals more or less broken up
BTICOMSCAL OS Mie oy. othe 0 cae erercan ous etme eueiacets CERBERUS, p. 163.

II. Nasals separated by an internasal; scales
smooth.

Loreal absent; parietals well developed; body

stout ; ventrals large, not keeled ...........-. Forponta, p. 164.
Loreal present; parietals well developed; body

extremely elongate; ventrals large, not keeled. Canrorta, p. 165,
Loreal present; parietals broken up into scales;

ventrals very narrow, bicarinate ............ Hipistss, p. 166.

The snakes of this subfamily are thoroughly aquatic and vivi-
parous.

Genus HYPSIRHINA.
Wagl. Syst. Amph. p. 169 (1880).

Maxillary teeth 10-16, followed, after an interspace, by a pair
of enlarged, grooved fangs; anterior mandibular teeth longest.
Head small, not or but slightly distinct from neck; eye small,
with round or vertically elliptic pupil; head-shields large ; nasals
in contact behind the rostral, semidivided, the cleft extending
from the nostril to the first labial or the loreal ; internasal single or
divided ; loreal present. Body cylindrical ; scales smooth, without
pits, in 19 to 83 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or short ;
subcandals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia, Papuasia, Northern Australia.

Five species have been found in the Malay Peninsula.

Synopsis of the Species.
J. Scales in 19 rows,
Ventrals 173-175; two internasals ............ H, indica, p. 159.
Ventrals 117-189; a single nasal (rarely divided). H. plumbea, p. 160.
Il. Scales in 21 rows or more.

Scales in 21 or 23 rows; a single internasal .... H. enhydris, p. 160.
Scales in 27 rows; a single internasal.......... H, bocourti, p. 161.
Scales in 29-33 rows; two internasals ....,... H, sieboldit, p. 161.

HYPSIRHINA. 159

Fig. 49.—Head of Hypsirhina plumbea.

172. Hypsirhina indica.

Raclitia indica, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 67 (1842).
Hypsirhina indica, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 4, pl. i, fig. 1 (1896).

Rostral broader than deep; internasals distinct; frontal as
broad as or narrower than the supraocular (which appears to
have fused with an upper postocular), little longer than broad, as
long as its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout, shorter
than the parietals ; loreal longer than deep, in contact with the
internasal; one pre- and one postocular; temporals 1+ 2; 8
upper labials, fourth entering the eye ; + lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields, which are longer than the posterior ;
the latter separated from each other by scales. Scales in 19 rows.
Ventrals 173-175; anal divided; subcaudals 28-34. Dark
purplish brown above, with a tew interrupted, yellowish, trans-
verse lines on the occiput and anterior part of the body; sides
with yellowish (red?) vertical bars; belly yellowish (red ?),
spotted with black.

Total length 345 millim. ; tail 40.

The only known specimens, the types in the British Museum,
are supposed to be from the Malay Peninsula.

160 COLUBRID ®.

178. Hypsirhina plumbea.
Homalopsis plumbea, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 560 ; Cantor, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 948 (1847).
Hypsirhina plumbea, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 66 (1842); Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 280 (1864) ; Bouleng. Faun, Brit. Ind, ee p. 376,
fig. (1890): id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 5 (1896) ; 8. Flower, Pans! 1899,
Dp: 675.

Rostral much broader than deep; internasal single (rarely
divided), broader than long; frontal once and half to once and
two thirds as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or
deeper than long; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 1+2;
8 upper labials, fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; 4 or
5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
larger than the posterior; latter separated by scales. Scales in
19 rows. Ventrals 117-139; anal divided; subcaudals 29-46.
Brownish or greyish olive above, uniform or with a vertebral series
of small black spots; upper lip and lower parts white, usually
with a blackish line along the middle of the tail; belly sometimes
with some blackish spots, or with a median series of blackish dots.

Total length 485 millim.; tail 65.

Burma, Southern China, Indo-China, Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Recorded from Penang, Perak, Patani States, and
Kedah.

According to Capt. Flower, this snake, Avhen frightened, will
bite fiercely at anything within reach.

174. Hypsirhina enhydris.

Hydrus enhydris, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 245 (1799).

Homalopsis enhydris, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, xvi, p. 946
(1847).

Hypsirhina enhydris, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 281, pl. xxii, fig. K ;
Bouleng. Faun. Brit, Ind. yee p. 376 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii,
p. 6 (1896) ; S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899 ,p. 676,

Rostral twice as broad as deep; internasal single, nearly twice
as broad as long ; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, as long as
or shorter than its distance from the end of the snout, as lone as
the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep,
in contact with the internasal; one pree- and two (rarely one)
postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2; 8 upper labials, fourth entering
the eye ; 4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields,
which are shorter than the posterior; latter widely separated
from each other. Scales in 21 rows, rarely 23. Ventrals 150-
177; anal divided; subcaudals 47-48. Dark grey, brown, or
olive above, with two more or less distinct light longitudinal bands;
lower parts pale yellow, with a blackish line along each side of the
ventrals and usually a median blackish line or series of dots.

Total length 680 millim. ; tail 135.

India, Ceylon, Southern China and Burma to Malay Peninsula
aud Archipelago. Recorded from Penang, Kedah, and Singapore.

HYPSIRHINA. 16}

175. Hypsirhina bocourti.

Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. iii, p. 258 (1865) ; Bouleng. Cat. Sn.
ili, p. 10 (1896) ; S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 676.

Rostral broader than deep ; a single internasal, about twice as
broad as long; frontal narrow, narrower than the supraocular,
at least twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal a little
longer than deep ; one pre- and two postoculars ; temporals 142;
8 upper labials, fourth entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin- shields, hie are very large;
posterior chin-shields very small and separated from each other by
scales. Scales in 27 rows. Ventrals 126-135; anal divided;
subeaudals 33-48. Pale olive-brown above, with blackish cross-
bands separated by narrow interspaces, or dark olive-brown with
dark yellow spots forming longitudinal lines and more or less
irregular dark yellow, narrow cross-bars; upper lip, sides, and
belly yellow ; the labial shields black-edged.

Total length 1120 millim.; tail 150.

Siam and Malay Peninsula. This snake was discovered in the
Malay Peninsula by Capt. Flower, who obtained an adult female
near Alor Stah, Kedah. While in captivity she gave birth to 17
young, about 220 millim. long. When only a day or two old
they fed freely on small frogs. Specimens were also obtained at
Jalor by Messrs. Annandale and Robinson.

176. Hypsirhina sieboldii.

een. steboldit, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 349, pl. xiii, figs. 4 &
5 (1837) ; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, XVl, p. 945 (1847).

Ferania Dole Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. "O84 (1364),

Hypsirhina sieboldii, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 377 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 11 (1896).

Rostral nearly as deep as broad; two internasals; frontal
broader than the supraocular, as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, as long as the parietals ; loreal as long as deep ora
little deeper than long ; one preocular, sometimes with a small
subocular below it; two postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2; 7 or 8
upper labials, fourth entering the eye; 4 lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields very small.
Scales-in 29-33 rows. Ventrals 147-156; anal divided; sub-
caudals 48-56. Whitish or pale brown above, with dark brown
black-edged elliptical or rhomboidal transverse spots broader than
their interspaces ; a series of round spots on each side, alternating
with the dorsal spots; head with three dark brown longitudinal
bands, confluent between the eyes; lower parts white, checkered
with black.

Total length 600 millim.; tail 120.

India and Burma. Cantor obtained a single specimen in
Province Wellesley.

M

162 COLUBRID”.

Genus HOMALOPSIS.
Kuhl, Isis, 1822, p. 474.

Maxillary teeth 11-13, decreasing in length posteriorly,
followed, after an interspace, by a pair of slightly enlarged, grooved
teeth; anterior mandibular teeth much longer than the posterior.
Head distinct from neck; eye small, with vertically elliptic pupil ;
head-shields large; nasals in contact behind the rostral, semi-
divided, the cleft extending from the nostril to the first labial ;
internasal single or divided; loreal present. Body cylindrical ;
scales distinctly striated and keeled, without pits,in 37 to 47
rows; ventrals well developed, not keeled. ‘Tail moderate; sub-
caudals in two rows.

A single species,

Fig. 50.—Head of Homalopsis buccata.

177. Homalopsis buccata.
Coluber buccatus, Linn, Syst. Nat. i, p. 877 (1766).
Homalopsis buccata, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 837, pl. xiii, figs. 1-3
(1837) ; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 943 (1847) ;
Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 285 (1864) ; Bouleng, Faun. Brit. Ind.,
Rept. p. 374 (1890); id. Cat. Sn. ili, p. 14 (1896) ; 8. Flower,
PiLZUS. VE99s p67 7.

Frontal often broken up into several shields, not much broader,
sometimes even narrower than the supraocular; parietals short ;
loreal sometimes divided into two; 1 or 2 pre- and 2 postoculars;
1 to 3 suboculars sometimes present; temporals small, scale-like ;

CERBERUS. 163

10 to 12 upper labials, fifth or sixth entering the eye, or narrowly
separated from it by suboculars; 2 or 3 pairs of chin-shields in a
transverse row, inner in contact with 3 first lower labials. Scales
in 37-47 rows. Ventrals 158-176; anal divided ; subcaudals 70—
106. Above with broad transverse dark brown, black-edged cross-
bands separated by narrow pale brown interspaces, which are
yellow in the young; head pale, with a triangular or V-shaped
dark brown mark on the snout, a A-shaped mark on the vertex,
and a dark brown band on each side, beginning in front of and
passing through the eye; belly white, shading to yellow on the
sides, which bear a series of black spots; lower surface of tail
spotted with dark brown.

Total length 1050 millim.; tail 230.

Cochinehina, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.

Generally distributed in the Malay Peninsula, where it is found
in or near water, feeding on fish and frogs. Captain Flower says
that this snake when first caught is very wild, but becomes quite
tame in a few days, shows more intelligence than most snakey and
appreciates being petted.

Genus CERBERUS.
Cuvier, Régne Anim. 2nd ed. 1i, p. 81 (1829).

Maxillary teeth 12-17, followed, after a very short interspace,
by a pair of slightly enlarged, grooved teeth ; anterior mandibular
teeth longest. Head small, not very distinct from neck; eye
small, with vertically elliptic pupil; snout covered with shields ;
parietal shields more or less broken up into scales ; nasals in con-
tact behind the rostral, semidivided, the cleft extending from the
nostril to the first or second labial; two internasals (rarely
united); loreal present. Body cylindrical ; scales striated and
keeled, without pits, in 23 to 29 rows; ventrals well developed,
not keeled. Tail moderate, slightly compressed ; subcaudals in
two rows.

South-Eastern Asia and North Australia. A single species in
the Malay Peninsula.

178. Cerberus rhynchops.
Hydrus rhynchops, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 246 (1799).
Homalopsis rhynchops, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 941 (1847).
Cerberus rhynchops, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 279 (1864); Bouleng.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 375 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 16 (1896).
Frontal distinct or broken up into small shields ; loreal usually
in contact with the 3 or 4 anterior labials and with the internasal ;
eye between 4 to 6 shields, separated from the labials by sub-
oculars ; 9 or 10 upper labials ; 4 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-shields smaller and wedged
M 2

164 COLUBRID ®.

in between the anterior and the labials. Scales very strongly
keeled, in 23 or 25 (rarely 27) rows. Ventrals 122-160; anal
divided ; subcaudals 49-72. Grey, brown, olive, or blackish
above, with more or less distinct black spots or cross-bars ; a
black streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye; a
more or less distinct white or yellow lateral band; beneath whitish
or yellowish, spotted or barred with black, or almost entirely
black.

Total length 980 millim. ; tail 180.

India and Ceylon, Burma, Indo-China, Siam, Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, Pelew Islands.

Generally distributed in the Malay Peninsula, where it occurs.
in rivers, estuaries and sea-coasts. It feeds on fish.

Genus FORDONIA.
Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 67 (1842).

Maxillary teeth small, 7 or 8, followed by a pair of enlarged
grooved teeth; mandibular teeth subequal. Head small, not
distinct from neck ; eye very small, with vertically elliptic pupil ;
head-shields large; nostril in an undivided or semidivided nasal 5.
a single internasal, separating the nasals ; no loreal. Body eylin-
drical ; scales smooth, without pits, in 25 to 29 rows; ventrals
well developed, not keeled. Tail short ; subcaudals in two rows.

A single species.

179. Fordonia leucobalia.

Homalopsis leucobalia, Schleg. Phys. Serp. 11, p. 345, pl. xiii,
figs. 8 & 9 (1837); Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 949, pl. xl, fig. 5 (1847).

Fordonia unicolor, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77 (1849); Giinth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 277 (1864).

Fordonia leucobalia, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 378 (1890) ;
id. Cat. En. ii, p. 21 (1896).

Frontal a little longer than broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals ; one pre-
and two postoculars; temporals 1 + 3 or 2 +3; 5 upper labials,
third entering the eye; 3 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are small and a little larger than the
posterior. Scales in 25 to 29 rows. Ventrals 130-156, last
frequently divided; anal divided; subcaudals 26-43. Brown,
yellow, or red above, spotted or marbled with black, or black with
or without small yellowish white spots; lower parts uniform
yellowish white.

Total length 930 millim.; tail 110.

Rivers and coasts of Bengal, Burma, Cochincbina, Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago, New Guinea, and North Australia.

CANTORIA. 165

At Penang, Cantor says, it is numerous not only in fresh water
and estuaries, but in the sea at some distance from the shore,
where it is sometimes taken in fishing nets. It is of sluggish, not
fierce habits, and feeds on fishes and crustaceans. It is also
recorded from Singapore.

Genus CANTORIA.

Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, yp. 182.

Maxillary teeth 10 or 11, last longest and grooved; anterior
mandibular teeth longest. Head small, not distinct from neck ;
eye very small, with round pupil; head-shields large; nostril in a
semidivided nasal, the cleft of which extends to the prefrontal ;
a single internasal, separating the nasals; loreal present. Body
extremely elongate, slightly compressed; scales smooth, without
pits, in 19 rows; ventrals well developed, not keeled. Tail
moderate ; subcaudals in two rows.

A single species.

Fig. 51.—Head of Canzoria vioiacea,

180. Cantoria violacea.

Girard, ]. c. and U. 8. Explor. Exped., Herp. p. 156, pl. xi, figs. 7-
10 (1858) ; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 380 (1890) ; id.
Cat. Sn. 111, p. 28 (1896) ; S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 679.

Cantoria elongata, Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 277 (1864).

Frontal a little longer than broad, shorter than its distance from
the end of the snout or than the parietals ; eye between 4 shields
—a preocular, a supraocular, a postocular, and a subocular; loreal
longer than deep; one elongate anterior temporal; 5 upper

166 COLUBRID”.

labials; 3 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are not longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows.
Ventrals 260-284; anal divided; subcaudals 52-64. Blackish
above, with white transverse bands which widen towards the
abdomen ; some white spots on the head ; lower parts white, with
greyish spots, the continuation of the dorsal bands; these bands
may form complete rings on the tail.

Total length 1220 millim.

Mouth of the Moulmein River, Burma; Prov. Wellesley,
Selangor, Singapore ; Borneo.

A. very rare snake, only a few specimens being preserved in
Museums.

Genus HIPISTES.

Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77 (1849).

Maxillary teeth 8 or 9, followed, after a short interspace, by a
pair of slightly enlarged grooved teeth. Head small, not distinct
from neck ; eye minute, with vertically elliptic pupil ; head-shields

Fig. 52.—Head of Hipistes hydrinus.

small, parietals broken up into numerous shields; nostril a trans-
verse slit between two nasals ; a single internasal, separating the
nasals; a loreal. Body elongate, slightly compressed; scales
smooth, without pits, juxtaposed or subimbricate, in 35 to 43
rows; ventrals narrow, with two sharp keels. Tail short, feebly
compressed ; subcaudals in two rows.

A single species.

181. Hipistes hydrinus.

Homalopsis hydrina, Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 951»
pl. xl, fig. 4 (1847).

DIPSA DOMORPHUS. 167

Hipistes hydrinus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 287, pl. xxiv, fig. H
(1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 882 (1890); id.
Cat. Sn. iii, p. 24 (1896).

Froutal narrow, twice as long as broad, as long as or a little
longer than its distance from the end of the snout ; eye between
4 shields—a supraocular, a preocular, a subocular, and a small
postocular ; 7 upper labials ; 5 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields extremely small.
Seales in 35 to 43 rows. Ventrals 153-172; anal divided ; sub-
caudals 21-35. Pale grey or brownish above, with black cross-
bands, as broad as the interspaces between them or narrower ;
lower parts white.

Total length 485 millim. ; tail 50.

Mouth of rivers and coasts of Pegu, Siam, and the Malay
Peninsula.

The most Hydrophid-like of the Homalopsine. The specimens.
described by Cantor were captured in fishing-stakes placed ia the
sea off the shores of Kedah, or washed on shore by the waves on
the coast of Penang. It is also on record from the coast of
Selangor and from Singapore. It lives almost entirely upon fish.

Subfamily DIPSADOMORPHIN .

Synopsis of the Genera.

Pupil vertical; body more or less com-

pressed; vertebral scales enlarged ; max-

ailany, teeth subequal. .... 0.0 .+. eee DresaDOMORPHUS, p, 167.
Pupil vertical, or vertically subelliptic ;

body cylindrical; vertebral scales not

eularged; third and fourth maxillary

teeth much enlarged, fang-like ........ PSAMMODYNASTES, p. 172.
Pupil horizontal; body compressed, very

slender; vertebral scales slightly en-

larged ; one or two middle maxillary

teeth much enlarged, fang-like ....... . Dryoputs, p- 174
Pupil horizontal; body compressed, slender;

vertebral scales not enlarged; maxillaz

PEEL MOSUDOQU AL tas oro sae ey > maya eco Ceneye DryopHtors, p. 176.
Pupil round ; ventrals and subcaudals with

a suture-like lateral keel and a notch on

each side corresponding to the keel .... CHRYSOPELREA, p. 176.

Genus DIPSADOMORPHUS.
Fitzing. in Tschudi, Faun. Per., Herp. p. 55 (1845).

Maxillary teeth 10 to 14, subequal in size, followed by two or
three enlarged, grooved fangs ; anterior mandibular teeth longest.

168 COLUBRID®.

Head very distinct from neck ; eye moderate or large, with verti-
eally elliptic pupil; posterior nasal more or less deeply concave.
Body more or less compressed ; scales smooth, more or less oblique,
with apical pits, in 17—25 (31) rows, the vertebral row more or less
enlarged ; ventrals obtusely angulate laterally. Tail moderate or
long ; subcaudals in two rows.

Tropical Africa, Southern Asia, Papuasia, Australia.
. . . Vn
Seven species in the Malay Peninsula. ‘Arboreal and “nocturnal.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Scales in 19 or 21 rows.
A. Subcaudals 80-110; snout longer

than eye.
Scales in 19 rows ; preeocular not extending
tovuppercurtice of head 3..00c 2.02 D. multimaculatus, p. 168.
Scales in 21 rows; preeocular not extending
to upper surface of head ...)....:.5 5). os). 0% D. gokool, p. 169.
Scales in 21 rows; preocular extending to
upper suriace sof head! 06 4. ye pene a. D. dendrophilus, p. 169.

B. Subcaudals 114-166.
Scales in 21 rows; snout not longer than

CY OO an rae cat mate cnet amauee evo Ree D, jaspideus, p. 170.
Scales in 19 rows; snout not longer than
CYC: Sia. cick oti ea bat a Aone © oneatinte et oes D. drapiext, p. 171.
Seales in 21 rows; snout longer than eye.. D. nigriceps, p. 171.
II. Scales in 28 or 25 rows; subcaudals
fel 4 UDO Bec. ct cisteny er ee et aca D. cynodon, p. 172.

182. Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus.

Dipsas multimaculata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549; Cantor, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 923 (1847); Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 811 (1864) ; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 360 (1890).

Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 63 (1896).

Anterior palatine teeth scarcely larger than the posterior ;
anterior mandibular teeth moderately enlarged. Snout longer
than eye. Rostral broader than deep ; frontal as long as broad or
a little longer than broad, as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals ;
loreal as long as deep or deeper than long; one preocular, not
extending to the upper surface of the head ; 2 postoculars ; tem-
porals 242 or 2+8 (rarely 1+2); 8 upper labials, third, fourth,
and fifth entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin-shields, which are as long as or a little shorter
than the posterior. Scales in 19 (rarely 17) rows, vertebral row
strongly enlarged. Ventrals 202-235; anal entire; subcaudals
80-106. Grey-brown above, with two alternating series of

DIPSADOMORPHUS. 169

roundish dark brown spots and two, other series of smaller spots
lower down on the sides; two blackish bands on the head, diverg-
ing posteriorly ; a blackish streak from the eye to the angle of the
mouth ; lower parts whitish, marbled or spotted with brown, and
with a series of brown spots along each side.

Total length 750 millim. ; tail, 165.

Southern China to the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Obtained by Cantor in the hills of Penang.

183. Dipsadomorphus gokool.
Dipsas gokool, Gray, Ul. Ind. Zool. ii, pl. xxxiii, fig. 1 (1834);
Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 313 (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 360 (1890).
Dipsas cynodon, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 924 (1847).
Dipsadomorphus gokool, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 64 (1896).

Anterior palatine teeth scarcely larger than the posterior;
anterior mandibular teeth feebly enlarged. Snout longer than
eye. Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal as long as broad
or slightly longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end
of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as deep or
deeper than long; 1 or 2 preoculars, not extending to the upper
surface of the head; 2 postoculars; temporals 24+; 8 upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; posterior chin-
shields as long as the anterior and in contact with each other.
Scales in 21 rows, the vertebral row strongly enlarged. Ventrals
224-225; anal entire; subcaudals 87-94. Yellowish brown
above ; head with an arrow-headed brown, black-edged marking,
longitudinally bisected; a black streak on each side of the head,
passing through the eye ; a yellowish vertebral streak ; a series of
erect ¥Y-shaped markings on each side of the back ; lower parts
yellowish, with a series of brown spots along each side.

Total length 830 millim.; tail 170.

Bengal, Assam, Penang.

184. Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus.

Dipsas dendrophilus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p.549; Cantor, Journ. Asiat.
Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 923 (1847); Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 310
(1864).

Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 70 (1896) ;
S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 680; Ridley, Journ. Str. Br. Asiat.
Soc. 1899, p. 199.

Malay names. Ular ringkup and ular chin-chin mas ; ular
punti; ular tiyong.

Anterior palatine teeth scarcely longer than the posterior ;
anterior mandibular teeth moderately enlarged. Snout longer

170 COLUBRID&.

than eye. Rostral a little broader than deep ; frontal as long as
broad or a little longer than broad, as long as or a little shorter
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the
parietals ; loreal as long as deep or a little longer than deep; one
preocular, extending to the upper surface of the head but not
reaching the frontal; 2 postoculars; temporals 24+2 or 2+3;
8 (exceptionally 9) upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering
the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are as long as or a little longer than the posterior.
Scales in 21 (rarely 23) rows, vertebral row more or less strongly
enlarged. Ventrals 209-239; anal entire; subcaudals 89-110.
Black above with yellow cross-bars, which are continuous across
the back or are restricted to the sides ; labials yellow, edged with
black ; throat and sometimes anterior part of belly yellow, the
rest of the lower parts black or leaden blue-black.

Total length 2310 millim.

Lower Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded
from most localities in the Peninsula.

Dr. Annandale observes that this nocturnal snake is very
vicious, and drums with its tail on the ground when alarmed.
Mr. Ridley, on the contrary, describes it as a very quiet snake,
becoming quite tame very shortly after capture. Its food consists
of small mammals, frogs, lizards, other snakes, fish, and even
slugs.

185. Dipsadomorphus jaspideus.
Triglyphodon jaspideum, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii, p. 1093
(1854).
Dipsas boops, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 509, pl. xxiv, fig. G
(1864).
Dipsadomorphus jaspideus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 73 (1896).

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth feebly enlarged. Eye
as long as the snout. Rostral broader than deep; internasals
as long as the prefrontals; frontal 13 to 13 times as long as
broad, much longer than its distance trom the end of the snout,
as long as or a little shorter than the parietals ; loreal as long as
deep or deeper than long; one preocular, narrowly separated
from the frontal; 2 postoculars; temporals 242; 8 upper
labials, third, fourth, and fifth entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-
shields as long as or Jonger than the anterior, separated from each
other by scales. Scales in 21 rows, vertebral row strongly en-
larged. Ventrals 243-266; anal entire; subcaudals 140-166.
Light brown or reddish above, mottled and speckled with black or
dark brown, and with more or less distinct blackish cross-bars
interrupted on the vertebral line; a series of large whitish spots
on each side, partly on the ventrals; all the head-shields spotted
with black, the larger spots light-edged; a black, light-edged

DIPSADOMORPHUS. 171

longitudinal streak on the occiput; yellowish beneath, speckled
with brown.

Total length 1400 millim.; tail 370.

Java and Borneo. Obtained in Kelantan by Dr. A. G. H. Smart
and in Selangor by Mr. Butler, but nowhere common. Recorded
from Singapore by F. Miiller, Verh. Nat. Ges. Basel, vu, 1882,
p- lol.

186. Dipsadomorphus drapiezii.
Dipsas drapiexit, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559.
Dipsadomorphus drapiexi, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 74 (1896) ;
S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896, p. 889.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth moderately enlarged.
Eye as long as snout. Rostral broader than deep ; internasals
shorter than the prefrontals ; frontal as long as broad or slightly
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small or absent; one
‘preocular, in contact with or narrowly separated from the frontal;
2 postoculars; temporals 2+2, 2+3, or 3+3,; 8 upper labials,
third, fourth, and fifth, or fourth and fifth, entering the eye; 5 or
6 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are
as long as or a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows,
vertebral row scarcely enlarged. Ventrals 250-276; anal entire ;,
subcaudals 114-163. Pale brown above with dark transverse
spots, or brown with yellowish or reddish, dark-edged pale trans-
verse bands each of which ends in a white spot on the side of the
belly ; brownish white below, uniform or speckled with brown,
with two more or less distinct brown longitudinal lines.

Total length 1524 millim.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded from Malacca
‘and Singapore.

187. Bipsadomorphus nigriceps.
Dipsas nigriceps, Gunth. Ann. & Mag’. Nat. Hist. (8) xii, 1863, p. 859.
Dipsadomorphus nigriceps, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 72 (1896).
Dipsadomorphus pallidus, Bouleng. Fascic. Mal., Zool. i, p. 164, tig.
(1903).

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth enlarged. Snout longer
than eye. ostral broader than deep; frontal as long as broad, or
a little longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or
longer than deep; one preocular, in contact with or narrowly
separated from the frontal; two postoculars ; temporals 1+ 2,
2+3, or 3+3; 8 upper labials, third, fourth, and fitth entering
the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-
shields, which are usually shorter than the posterior. Scales in
21 rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged. Ventrals 240-263 ;
anal entire; subcaudals 140-154. Head uniform blackish or

172 COLUBRID&.

purplish grey above; body reddish or pale greyish brown, uniform
or irregularly mottled with darker, sometimes with the dorsal
series of small black spots; upper lip and lower parts yellowish
white ; belly and tail often speckled with grey.

Total length 1650 millim. ; tail 410.

Borneo, Java, and Selangor. The pale variety named D. pal-
lidus was described from a single specimen from Jalor.

188. Dipsadomorphus cynodon,

Dipsas cynodon, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 808 (1869).

Dipsas cynodon, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 924 (1847).

Dipsadomorphus cynodon, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 78 (1896) ;
S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 681.

Malay name, Ular sawa burong.

Anterior palatine and mandibular teeth very strongly enlarged.
Rostral broader than deep; internasals shorter than the pre-
frontals ; frontal as long as broad or slightly longer than broad,
as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals; /oreal square, or longer than
deep; one preocular, narrowly separated from the frontal; 2 post-
oculars ; temporals 24+2, 243, or 3+3; 8 to 10 upper labials,
three entering the eye; 4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are smaller than the posterior. Scales
in 23 (rarely 25) rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged. Ventrals
248-290 ; anal entire; subcaudals 114-159. Yellowish or pale
reddish brown above, usually with dark brown or black transverse
spots or cross-bars, or dark brown or black, with more or less
distinct lighter cross-hars ; a dark streak on each side of the head,
behind the eye; belly yellowish, uniform or speckled or marbled
with brown, or entirely black.

Total length 2450 millim.

From Assam and Burma to the Malay Peninsula and Archi-
pelago; generally distributed in the Malay Peninsula (Penang,
Prov. Wellesley, Perak, Selangor, Johore Bahru, Jalor, Malacca,
Singapore).

A specimen taken by Dr. Annandale, coiled up on a bush about
four feet above the ground, was sluggish in demeanour and made
little attempt to escape.

Genus PSAMMODYNASTES.
Gunth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 140 (1858).

Maxillary teeth 9 to 11, third or third and fourth much en-
larged, fang-like, followed by a short interspace, last enlarged
and grooved; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Head

PSAMMODYNASTES. 1/32

distinct from neck, with angular canthus rostralis; eye rather
large, with vertically elliptic or subelliptic pupil; nostril in a
single nasal; frontal very narrow. Body cylindrical; scales

Fig. 53.—Head of Psammodynastes pulverulentus.

smooth, without pits, in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail
moderate or rather short ; subcaudals in two rows.
South-Eastern Asia. ‘lwo species are known :—

Two pairs of chin-shields separating the

MRC ME NALNISIUS ish. Sat se ciate yo dim iee ome ake P. pulverwlentus, p. 173.
Third lower labial very large, bordering the

mental groove behind the small anterior

RMS ACLS aie mevevare opcheij.tsonert able ence P. pictus, p. 174.

189. Psammodynastes pulverulentus.
Psammophis pulverulenta, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547.
Psammodynastes pulverulentus, Gituth. rept. Brit. Ind. p. 292
(1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 363 (1890); id. Cat.
Sn. i, p. 172 (1896) ; Wall, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xx,
p- 72, figs. (1910).

Snout short, pointed or somewhat turned up in the adult.

. Rostral broader than deep; internasals much shorter than the
prefrontals ; frontal twice to twice and a half as long as broad,
much narrower, in the middle, than the supraocular, much longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than
the parietals; loreal about as long as deep, often transversely
divided into two; 1 or 2 pra- and 2 to 4 postoculars ; temporals
2+3 (rarely 24+2); 8 upper labials, third, fourth, and fifth
entering the eye; 3 (rarely 4) lower labials in contact with the
anterior chin-shields, which are followed by two smaller pairs.

174 COLUBRID.

Scales in 17 (rarely 19) rows. Ventrals 146-175; anal entire ;
subeaudals 44-66. Dark brown or ochraceous above, with or
without small darker and lighter spots; head usually with sym-
metrical longitudinal markings; a more or less distinct dark
streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye; usually
a dark brown band along each side; lower parts powdered with
brown, and with dark brown spots or longitudinal lines.

Total length 610 millim. ; tail 130.

Eastern Himalayas and Southern China to the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. Recorded from Prov. Wellesley, Perak, Pahang,
and Jalor.

Noteworthy for its unprepossessing, viper-like appearance, this
snake appears to be as a rule of a lively, vicious disposition.
There are however exceptions, as a specimen caught by Major Wall
in Burma, although very active, and taking up a menacing attitude,
made no efforts to bite. This species is ovoviviparous, and feeds
on lizards and frogs. It is the only snake at all common at high
elevations over 5000 feet.

190. Psammodynastes pictus.

Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 251 (1858); Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ili, p. 174
(1896) ; Laidlaw, P. Z. 5. 1901, ii, p. 578.

Body more slender and tail longer than in the preceding
Internasals as long as or a little shorter than the prefrontals ,
frontal 24 to 3 times as long as broad ; third lower labials very
large, bordering the mental groove. Ventrals 152-169; sub-
eaudals 60-78. Back with dark or light spots or transverse bars
between two light stripes ; whitish beneath, speckled with brown,
or with scattered black dots.

Total length 475 millim. ; tail 90.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Biliton, Borneo. Recorded from
Bukit Besar by Laidlaw. J have examined a specimen from
Selangor preserved in the Kuala Lumpur Museum.

Genus DRYOPHIS.
Dalman, (#fvers. of Zool. Arb., Stockholm, 1822.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 15, one or two in the middle much en-
larged, fang-like, and followed by an interspace, after which the
teeth are very small; one or two posterior grooved fangs, situated
below the posterior border of the eye ; mandibular teeth increasing
in length to the third or fourth, which is very large, fang-like.
Head elongate, distinct from neck, with strong canthus rostralis
and concave lores; eye rather large, with horizontal pupil;
nostril in the posterior part of a single nasal; frontal narrow,
more or less bell-shaped. Body much elongate and compressed ;

DRYOPHIS. 175

scales smooth, without pits, disposed obliquely, in 15 rows,
vertebral row slightly enlarged; ventrals rounded. Tail long,
subcaudals in two rows.
South-Eastern Asia. Two species in the Malay Peninsula.
/Bssentially arboreal and ovoviviparous.

191. Dryophis prasinus.
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 369
(1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 180 (1896) ; S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896,
p- 890, and 1899, p. 682.
Dryinus prasinus, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 928 (1847).
Tragops prasinus, Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 803 (1864).

Malay names, Ular puchok and ular daun.

Snout acutely pointed, projecting, rather more than twice as
long as the eye. Internasals usually in contact with the labials ;
1 to 4 small loreals between the prefrontal and the labials ; frontal
as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout, a little longer than the parietals ; one preocular, in contact
with the frontal; 2 postoculars ; temporals 2+ 2 or 3+3, rarely
142; 9 upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye;
4 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, usually faintly
keeled on sacral region. Ventrals 194-235; anal divided (rarely
entire); subcaudals 154-207. Bright green, pale olive, or grey-
brown, with a yellow line along each side of the lower parts;
interstitial skin of the neck black and white.

Total length 1790 millim.; tail 600.

Eastern Himalayas and Indo-China to Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Very common and generally distributed in the
Malay Peninsula. Some specimens are gentle, whilst others are
snappish or even fierce. ‘This snake feeds chiefly on lizards and
frogs, which it paralyses by the poison injected through the
erooved posterior fangs.

192. Dryophis xanthozona.

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. i, p. 180 (1896).
Dryinus prasinus, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 928 (1847).

Malay name, Ular kunyet.

Distinguished from the preceding by the somewhat shorter
snout, and fewer shields below. Ventrals 186-195; anal entire
(rarely divided) ; subcaudals 115-156.

Total length 1080 millim. ; tail 410.

Java. Obtained in Penang by Cantor, and in Trang (Western
Siamese Malay States) by Messrs. Robinson and Kloss.

76 COLUBRID.

fal

Genus DRYOPHIOPS.
Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 193 (1896).

Maxillary teeth 20, subequal, the last two or three a little
enlarged and grooved ; anterior mandibular teeth enlarged. Head
elongate, distinct from neck, with distinct canthus rostralis; eye
rather large, with horizontal pupil; nasal entire ; frontal narrow,
bell-shaped. Body slender, compressed; scales smooth, oblique,
with apical pits, in 15 rows; ventrals with suture-like lateral keel
and a notch on each side corresponding to the keel. Tail long;
subcaudals in two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals.

A single species in the Malay Peninsula.

193. Dryophiops rubescens.
Dipsas rubescens, Gray, Il. Ind. Zool. ii, pl. Ixxxiv, fig. 2 (1834).

Chrysopelea rubescens, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 299 (1864).
Dryophiops rubescens, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 194 (1906).

‘Rostral twice as broad as deep; internasals shorter than the
prefrontals ; frontal once and a half to once and two thirds as
Jong as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout,
shorter than the parietals ; loreal much elongate; one preocular,
forming a suture with the frontal; 2 or 3 postoculars ; temporals
242; 9 upper labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye;
4 or 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which
are much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows. Ventrals
188-199; anal divided ; subcaudals 111-1386. Bronzy or reddish
brown above, with small black spots; upper surface of head with
wavy longitudinal markings; a dark streak on each side of the
head, passing through the eye; a median dark streak on the
occiput and neck; labials with a few small black spots; lower
parts yellow in front, reddish behind, dotted with darker, with
or without scattered small black spots.

Total length 750 millim. ; tail 210.

Obtained in Kelantan by Dr. A. G. H. Smart. The type
specimen is believed to be from the Malay Peninsula, and one
specimen from the north of Penang Island is in the Selangor
Museum. Otherwise this snake is known from Siam, Sumatra,
Borneo, and the Mentawei and Natuna Islands,

An essentially arboreal type. A specimen preserved in the
British Museum had swallowed a Draco melanopogon.

Genus CHRYSOPELEA,
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520.

Maxillary teeth 20 to 22, subequal, the last three a little longer
and grooved; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Head distinct

CHRYSOPELEA. OE

from neck ; eye rather large, with round pupil. Body elongate,
compressed ; scales smooth or feebly keeled, oblique, with apical
pits, in 17 rows; ventrals with suture-like lateral keel and a notch
on each side corresponding to the keel. Tail long; subcaudals in
two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals.

Fig. 54.—Head of Chrysopelea ornata (after Sordelli).

These tree-snakes, the opisthoglyphous analogues of the Dendro-
plas, are known as Flying-Snakes, from the habit they have of
shooting down from trees and descending to the ground at an
oblique angle, the body being kept rigid the whole time of the
“flight.” Mr. Shelford, who has investigated the phenomenon
(P. Z. 8. 1906, p. 227), finds that the ventral surface between the
lateral keels, which he compares to.hinges, can be drawn inwards,
so that the snake becomes deeply concave along the ventral surface;
at the same time there is a slight dorso-ventral flattening of the
body. During this muscular contraction the snake is like a piece
of bamboo bisected longitudinally, and is buoyed up in such a way
as to explain its parachute-like descent from trees.

Two species are known in the Malay Peninsula.

194. Chrysopelea ornata.

Coluber ornatus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 477 (1802).
Chrysopelea ornata, Boie, 1. c.: Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept.
_p. 371 (1890); id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 196 (1896) ; S. Flower, P. Z. S.
1899, p. 682; Wall, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xviii,
p. 227, pl. vi (1908).
Leptophis ornatus, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 934 (1847).
Chrysopelea ornata, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 299 (1864).

Snout much depressed, squarely truncate. Rostral broader than
deep ; internasals nearly as long as the prefrontals; frontal once
and one third to once and two thirds as long as broad, nearly as
long as its distance from the end of the snout, as long as or
slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal small and elongate
(rarely fused with the prefrontal); one preocular, often in

N

178 COLUBRID &.

contact with the frontal ; 2 postoculars ; temporals 242; 9 or 10
upper labials, fifth and sixth, or fourth, fifth, and sixth entering
the eye; 5 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth or faintly
keeled, in 17 rows. Ventrals 200-238, last usually divided; anal
divided; subcaudals 106-138. Coloration very variable. Head
black with yellow cross-bars and spots. Malay specimens black
above, each scale with a round greenish-yellow spot or green with
the scales black- edged; usually larger coral-red spots on the back,
resembling a series of tetrapetalous flowers; ventrals ereenish
yellow, usually edged with black. Young yellowish green with
black transverse bands.

Total length 1120 millim.; tail 310.

India, Ceylon, Burma, and Southern China to Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. Generally distributed in the Malay Peninsula.

Feeds on lizards, chiefly Geckos, and frogs, occasionally on bats.
Some individuals are of gentle disposition, others are quite the
reverse. Cantor says this species is remarkable for its gentleness,
whilst Captain Flower describes it as the fiercest snake he has met.
Although its bite appears to be harmless to man, it has, according
to Flower, the effect of stupefying lizards to some extent. It is
diurnal in its habits, and may be seen moving about in the hottest
midday sunshine.

According to Cantor, the female lays 6 to 8 white, elongated
cylindrical eggs.

195. Chrysopelea chrysochlora.
Dendrophis chrysochloros, Schleg. Phys. Serp. ii, p. 284 (1837).
Leptophis ornatus, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 934 (1847).
Chrysopelea ornata, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 299 (1864).
Chrysopelea ehrysochlora, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 198 (1896) ; 8.
Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1899, p. 685.

Head rather shorter and snout less depressed than in the pre-
ceding species. Scales smooth, in 17 rows, less oblique than in
the preceding. Ventrals 181-199; subcaudals 98-120. Above,
with yellow black-edged narrow transverse bands separated by
broad bright red interspaces ; head olive-brown above, with a red
chevron-shaped cross-band, pointing forwards, behind the eyes ; a
black line on each side of the head; lips yellow ; ventral shields
pale olive-green between the keels, bright lemon-yellow on the
sides.

Total length 739 millim.

Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded from
Penang, Johore, Kelantan, Selangor, and Singapore.

HYDROPHIIN &. 179

Subfamily HY DROPHIIN A.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Ventral shields, if at all distinct, very small.
A. Nasal shields in contact with each other
on the median line of the snout.
1. Symphysial shield exposed.
No ventral shields; scales all juxtaposed .... Hyprus, p. 180.
Ventral shields distinct at least in the anterior
part of the body; scales imbricate in the

anterior part of the body ....°........... Hypropuis, p. 181.
Ventral shields distinct at least in the anterior
part of the body ; scales all juxtaposed .... ENnuypris, p. 192.

2. Symphysial shield narrow, partly con-
cealed in a deep groove in the chin... ENuypriNA, p. 193.
B. Nasal shields separated by internasals ;

scales all juxtaposed .. 2... 5... ccaes THALASSOPHIS, p. 194.
IL. Ventrals large ; scales all imbricate.
Nostrils on upper surface of snout ......... AIPYSURUS, p. 195.
PAPURIESUMECRAN 52 5P ath cd ot nolele GBs Sale PLaTuRwSs, p. 196.

ZS

AS
S
Serge ee E SESE

Terxetetcovesr.

A as -
»

Fig. 55.—Views of right maxillo-palatal aren.
A, Platurus. B. Enhydris. C. Hydrus.
m, Maxillary. pl. Palatine. pt. Pterygoid. ¢p. Transpalatine or Ectopterygoid.

The presence or the absence of a groove on the small teeth behind
the poison-fangs has been used by me for defining genera, but it
has been shown, by Stejneger and by Wall, that this character
must be given up, the groove being found to be present in
species believed to be deprived of it, when a sufficiently strong
magnifying power is applied to the examination of the a The

N

180 COLUBRID &.

generic distinction between Hydrophis and Distica is consequently
abandoned.

The snakes of this and the following subfamily, constituting the
Series Proteroglypha, or Poisonous Colubrine Snakes, are all highly
dangerous to man, unless of gentle disposition, sueh as Platurus
among the Sea- Snakes, and Callophis and Doliophis among the
terrestrial forms. The physiological action of their venoms, so far
as these have been investigated, is very different from that of the
Viperine Snakes; the paralytic action upon the nervous system is
their best marked feature. Respiratory paralysis is quickly brought
about in Mammals by bringing the poisons into contact with the
central nervous mechanism which controls respiration. By far the
most active poison is that of the Common Sea-Snake, Lnhydrina
valakadien ; next in order follow Bungarus candidus, Naia tripu-
dians, Naia bungarus, and Bungarus fasciatus.

For a recent resumé of our knowledge of Snake-poison, cf. C. J.
Martin and G. Lamb in T. C. Albutt and H. D. Rolleston’s
‘System of Medicine,’ 1907.

With the exception of Platurus, and possibly also Aipysurus, the
Hydrophiinze are absolutely aquatic, never leaving the water, and
feeding on fishes and crustaceans. With two exceptions, they only
occur in salt water. According to Cantor, the large individuals
are very ferocious, the young ones less so. Fortunately for the

fishermen, who often bring them up in their nets, the light blinds

these snakes, which, when out of their element, become sluggish
and soon expire. The fishermen in the Straits of Malacca are:
aware of the dangerous nature of these snakes, and therefore take
care to destroy them while landing the fishes; they call them Ular
laut, ‘‘ serpents of the sea,” among which, however, the innocuous
Chersydrus granulatus is also comprised. On the Patani Coast
they are called Ular terang or yerang, or Ular gelireh.

All sea-snakes bring forth live young.

Enhydrina valakadien is extremely common on the coasts of the
Maiay Peninsula; the other species are comparatively rare.

On the habits, cf. Cantor, Trans. Zool. Soe. ii, p. 303 (1841).

Genus HYDRUS.
Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 288 (1799).

Maxillary bone longer than the ectopterygoid, not extending
forwards as far as the palatine; poison-fangs rather short, followed
by 7 or 8 small teeth. Nostrils superior; snout long; head-shields
large. nasals in contact with each other; a preocular, no loreal.
Body rather short; scales hexagonal or squarish, juxtaposed ; no.
distinct ventrals.

A single species.

HYDROPHIN. 181

196. Hydrus platurus.

Anguis platurus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 391 (1766).

Hydrus bicolor, Schneid. 1. c. p. 242; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, xvi, p. 1056 (1847).

Pelamis bicolor, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 382 (1864); Fayrer,
Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xvii (1874).

Hydrus platurus, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 897 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 267 (1896).

Rostral as deep as broad or a little broader than deep ; frontal
large, at least as long as the snout or the parietals; one or two
pree- and two or three postoculars; one or two suboculars some-
times present; temporals small and numerous; 7 or 8 upper labials ;
chin-shields small or indistinct. 45 to 47 scales round the body,
smooth in the female and young, laterals and ventrals rough with
one, two, or three small tubercles in the male. Black and yellow,
the markings very variable, or black above and brown beneath,
with a yellow lateral band; tail usually yellow with black spots.

Total length 700 millim. ; tail 80.

Indian Ocean; Tropical and Sub-tropical Pacific. The most
widely-distributed sea-snake. Recorded from the Province
Wellesley, Singapore, and the Gulf of Siam.

Genus HYDROPHIS.
Daudin, Hist. Rept. vii, p. 872 (1803).

Maxillary longer than the lower aspect of the ectopterygoid,
not extending forwards as far as the palatine ; poison-fangs large,

Fig. 56.—Head of Hydrophis gracilis.

followed by a series of 4 to 18 small teeth. Head moderate or
small; nostrils superior, pierced in a single or divided nasal shield,
which is in contact with its fellow ; head-shields large ; preeocular

182 COLUBRIDA.

present ; loreal usually absent. Body more or less elongate, often
very slender anteriorly ; scales on anterior part of body imbricate

ventrals very small, if distinct.

Indian and Pacific Oceans, from the Persian Gulf to Japan and

New Caledonia.

So far, only 15 species can be recorded from the coasts of the
Malay Peninsula, but many more will be discovered.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Head not remarkably small, nor neck
remarkably slender.

A. All the scales distinctly imbricate ;
ventrals usually in pairs, except quite
anteriorly ; no chin-shields; 9 or 10
upper labials; 59-47 scales round
neck, 48-57 round body* ..........

B. Scales on posterior part of body feebly
imbricate or juxtaposed ; one or two
pairs of chin-shields; 7 or 8 upper
labials.

1. Eye as long as or a little longer than
its distance from the mouth ; second
par of chin-shields, if distinct,
separated by several scales; 2 or 3
superposed anterior temporals ; 35—
42 scales round neck, 40-50 round
Dod yy poke. cies eee ee

2. Eye much shorter than its distance
from mouth in the adult ; two pairs
of chin-shields, in contact on the
middle line, or posterior pair sepa-
rated by a single scale ; 27-33 scales
round neck, 52-45 round body.

A single large anterior temporal; scales
smooth or with a central tubercle or short
obtuse keel. Gn vis. ot Lee eee

A single large anterior temporal ; scales very
strongly keeled, many of the keels broken
lipanto tubercles\<../s2. cece. eee

Two superposed anterior temporals; scales
very strongly keeled, the keels often
broken up into tubercles ..............

C. Scales slightly imbricate, 15-17 round
neck, 19-21 round body; eye as lone
as its distance from mouth; 5 upper
labials, followed by a large temporal
descending to the edge of the mouth.

H., stokesii, p. 188.

H, ornatus, p. 184.

HI. brugmansit, p. 184.
H. wrayt, p. 185,

H. cyanocinctus, p. 185.

HI, jerdoni, p. 186.

* At its thickest point.

HYDROPHIS.

II, Head very small; neck very slender;
eye not much shorter than its distance
from mouth.

A. 23-40 seales round neck, 33-55 round
body.
1. Two superposed anterior temporals.

35-38 scales round neck, 48-50 round body ;

183.

PEE TOO SOON ce seca wk acai d a cralbrealeta H. cerulescens, p 187.

27-29 scales round neck, 39 round body ;

CST LORS 0S 63 ee ee H, nigrocinctus, p. 187,

2. A single anterior temporal.
a. Third labial not in contact with
prefrontal.
a. Frontal as long as its distance
from rostral.
Rostral broader than deep; 31-40 scales °
round neck, 40-50 round body ; ventrals

MN RMN Stoel aic) Sis as alauerw ayaa sls 6 apsi H. diadema, p. 188.
Rostral broader than deep; 31 scales round
neck, 55 round body ; ventrals 422....... H. rhombifer, p. 188

Rostral nearly as deep as broad; 25-5
scales round neck, 40-48 round body;
WEMpne S754 —H0Oloi45 ke os sacs e cy eloieiaolene H, fasciatus, p. 189.
8. Frontal much shorter than its
distance from rostral.
5 upper labials; 25 scales round neck, 33
round body; ventrals 3860 ...........%.'. H., klossi, p. 190.
6 or 7 upper labials ; 35-45 scales round neck,
43-45 round body ; ventrals 240-290 ..., H. torquatus, p. 190.
e. Third labial in contact with pre-
frontal ; 23-25 scales round neck,
41-47 round body ; ventrals 412—

EEO syste ves eo chia ots cdl oi < 9 Vaglh oh H. cantoris, p. 191.
B. 19-21 scales round neck, 29-33 round
body ; ventrals 225-297 .......... H. gracilis, p. 191.

197. Hydrophis stokesii.

Hydrus stokesit, Gray, in Stokes, Discov. Austral. i, p. 502, pl. iii

(1846).
Hydrophis annulatus, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 59 (1849).
Hydrophis stokesti, Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 8683 (1864).

Distira stokesti, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 408 (1890);

id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 288 (1896).

Head moderate; body stout. Eye shorter than its distance
from the mouth. MRostral as deep as broad; frontal longer
than broad, as long as or slightly longer than its distance from
the rostral; one pre- and two postoculars; 9 or 10 upper
labials, fourth, fifth, and sixth entering the eye, if not divided
to form a series of suboculars; 2 or 3 superposed anterior
temporals ; no chin-shields. 39 to 47 scales round neck, 48 to 57

184. COLUBRID.

round thickest part of body ; scales much imbricate in the adult,
pointed, keeled, the keels frequently broken up into two tubercles.
Ventrals usually distinct only quite anteriorly, then in pairs and
not larger than the adjoining scales, 230-267. Yellowish or pale
brownish, with broad black dorsal cross-bands, or with complete
black annuli.

Total length 1510 millim.; tail 200.

From the Mekran Coast and the Chinese Sea to the North
Coast of Australia. Two specimens from Singapore (one of
which is the type of Gray’s H. annulatus) are preserved in the
British Museum.

This snake produces 12 to 14 young, the length of which is
from 30 to 42 millim.

198. Hydrophis ornatus.

Aturia ornata, Gray, Zool. Mise. p. 61 (1842).

Hydrophis ocellata, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 53 (1849); Gunth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 378, pl. xxv, fig. P (1864).

Hydrophis ornata, Ginth. op. cit. p. 376, pl. xxv, fig. V.

Hydrophis elliott, Gunth. op. cit. p. 377, pl. xxv, fig. N.

Distira ornata, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 411 (1890) ; id.
Cat. Sn. iii, p. 290 (1896).

Head moderate ; body moderately elongate. Eye as long as or
a little longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral broader
_than deep ; frontal longer than broad, as long as or a little longer
than its distance from the rostral or the end of the snout; one
pre-and two or three postoculars ; 2 or 3 superposed anterior
temporals; 7 or 8 upper labials, third and fourth entering the
eye; anterior chin-shields in contact, posterior, if distinct, sepa-
rated by 2 or 3 scales. 35 to 42 scales round neck, 40 to 50
round thickest part of body; scales feebly imbricate anteriorly,
juxtaposed and hexagonal in the middle of the body, smooth in
the young, with a central tubercle or short keel in the adult.
Ventrals feebly enlarged, 210-300. Young with blackish cross-
bars, tapering on the sides, and with one or more lateral series of
roundish dark spots; the bands may be confluent in some speci-
mens, which are uniform blackish olive above and white beneath.

Notal length 1200 millim. ; tail 130.

Krom the Persian Gulf to North Australia. Recorded from
the Gulf of Siam, and obtained at Patani by the Skeat Expe-
dition.

199. Hydrophis brugmansii.

Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 554.

Hydrus striatus, part., Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 1047 (1847).

Hydrophis cyanocincta, part., Gintb. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 867
(1864).

HYDROPHIS. 185

Hydrophis robusta, Ginth. op. cit. p. 364 ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind.
pl. xxi (1874).

Distira robusta, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 409 (1890).

Distira brugmansii, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 292 (1896).

Head moderate ; body elongate. Eye shorter than its distance
from the mouth. Rostral broader than deep ; frontal much longer
than deep, as long as its distance from the rostral or the end of
the snout ; one pre- and one or two postoculars; a single large
anterior temporal, sometimes descending to the border of the
mouth ; 7 upper labials, third and fourth, or third, fourth, and
fifth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact on
the middle ine. 27 to 31 scales round neck, 32 to 40 round
thickest) part of body ; scales rhomboidal and subimbricate, smooth
or each with a more or less distinct central tubercle or short
obtuse keel. Ventrals distinct throughout, smooth or bituber-
culate, 300-354. Greenish yellow above, dorsal scales with black
margins, with black cross-bands or annuli, which are narrower
than the interspaces between them ; sides and lower parts yellow ;
end of tail black.

Total length 1800 millim.; tail 120.

- Persian Gulf to Malay Archipelago. Obtained at Penang by
antor.

200. Hydrophis wrayi.

Distira wrayi, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v, p- 307
(1900).

Head moderate; body long, rather strongly thickened posteriorly.
Eye minute. Rostral considerably broader than deep; frontal
nearly twice as long as broad, slightly shorter than its distance
from the rostral; one pre- and one postocular; a single
very large anterior temporal, nearly reaching the oral border ;
7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of
chin-shields, in contact with each other. 27 scales round neck,
37 round thickest part of body; scales feebly imbricate, very
strongly keeled, many of the keels broken up into two tubercles.
Ventrals small, bicarinate, the keels mostly broken up into two
tubercles, 296. Tail ending in a spine-like compressed scale.
Blackish, with 67 narrow light annuli, which are olive on the back,
yellow on the sides and on the belly.

Total length 940 millim.

Known from a single male specimen obtained on the Perak
Coast.

201. Hydrophis cyanocinctus.

Daud. Hist. Rept. vii, p. 883 (1803); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 367, part. (1864); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xxiii (1874).

186 COLUBRID.

Hydrus striatus, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 1047 (1847).

Hydrophis aspera, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 55 (1849); Giinth. op. cit.
p- 365,

Distira cyanocincta, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. E 410 (1890) ;.
id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 294 (1896).

Head moderate ; body elongate. Eye shorter than its distance
from the mouth in the adult. Rostral slightly broader than deep ;
frontal much longer than broad, as long as its distance from the
rostral or the end of the snout ; one pre-and two postoculars ;
two superposed anterior temporals ; 7 or 8 upper labials, third and
fourth, fourth and fifth, or third, fourth, and fifth entering the
eye ; two pairs of chin-shields, in contact on the middle line, or
posterior pair separated by one scale. 27 to 33 scales round neck,
39 to 45 round thickest part of body ; scales rhomboidal and sub-
imbricate, with a short kee] which is very strong, and broken up
into two or three tubercles, in adult males. Ventrals distinct
throughout, smooth or with two or more tubercles, 281-385.
Greenish olive above, with dark olive or black cross-bars or annuli,
broadest on the back, and sometimes joined by a black band
running along the belly; or yellowish with a black vertebral
stripe sending off a few bar-like processes on the neck.

Total length 1500 millim.; tail 140.

Persian Gulf to Japan and New Guinea. The type of Gray’s
H. aspera is from Singapore.

202. Hydrophis jerdonii.

Hydrus nigrocinctus, var., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 1050, pl. x1, fig. 8 (1847).

Kerilia jerdonn, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 57 (1849).

Hydrophis jerdontii, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p, 362, pl. xxv, fig. B
(1864) ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xx (1874).

Distira jerdonii, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 408 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 299 (1896).

Head short, snout declivous and rather pointed ; body mode-
rately elongate. Eye as long as its distance from the mouth.
Rostral as deep as broad; frontal longer than broad, nearly as
long as its distance from the end of the snout; one pre- and one
postocular ; 5 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; a
single large anterior temporal, descending to the labial margin ;
one or two pairs of chin-shields. 15 or 17 scales round neck, 19
or 21 round body; scales broader than long, slightly imbricate,
strongly keeled. Ventrals feebly enlarged, more or less distinctly
bituberculate, 224-2938. Olive above, yellowish beneath, with
black cross- bands, which form complete rings in young and half-
grown specimens ; a black spot may be present between each pair
of annuli ‘

Total length 910 millim. ; tail 100.

HYDROPHIS. 187

Bay of Bengal, coasts of the Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
Cantor obtained a single specimen, captured in a fishing-stake off
Penang; several were found on the Patani Coast by the Skeat
Expedition and by Messrs. Annandale and Robinson.

203. Hydrophis czrulescens.

Hydrus cerulescens, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 561 (1802).

Hydrophis cerulescens, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 365, pl. xxv,
fig. C (1864): Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 400 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 275 (1896).

Head very smail ; body long, very slender anteriorly. Hye as
long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral broader than deep ;
frontal longer than broad, shorter than its distance from the
rostral; one pre- and one postocular ; two superposed anterior
temporals ; 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye;
chin-shields very small, posterior pair separated by scales. 35 to
38 scales round neck, 48 to 50 round thickest part of body ; scales
rhomboidal, imbricate, with a strong short keel. Ventrals distinct
throughout, 280-309. Grey above, with black cross-bands,
broadest on the back, forming complete rings or interrupted on
the belly ; head uniform black.

Total length 665 millim. ; tail 75.

Coasts of India and the Malay Peninsula. Dr. Cantor’s collec-
tion contained a specimen from Penang. Others were obtained
on the Perak Coast by Mr. L. Wray and on the Patani Coast by
Messrs. Annandale and Robinson.

204. Hydrophis nigrocinctus.
Daud. Hist. Rept. vii, p. 380 (1808); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 368, pl. xxv, fig. L (1864); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xxv
(1874) ; Bouleng. Faun, Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 400 (1890) ; id. Cat.
Sn. i, p. 277 (1896).

Head small; body long, slender anteriorly. Eye as long as its
distance from the mouth. Rostral broader than deep ; frontal
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout ; one pre- and one or two postoculars ; a small loreal some-
times present; two superposed anterior temporals; 7 upper
labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-
shields, posterior separated by scales. 27 or 29 scales round
neck, 39 round thickest part of body; scales imbricate, rhom-
boidal, keeled. Ventrals feebly enlarged, 310-331. Pale olive
above, yellowish beneath, with black annuli, which are broader on
the back.

Total length 1000 millim.; tail 100.

Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca. Obtained also on the
East Coast, at Patani, by the Skeat Expedition.

188 COLUBRID.

205. Hydrophis diadema.

Hydrophis diadema, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 373, pl. xxv, fig. 8
(1864).

Hydrophis stricticollis, Ginth. op. cit. p. 3876, pl. xxv, fig. R;
Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xxviii (1874).

Hydrophis obscurus (non Daud.), Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept.
p. 403 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 284 (1896); S. Flower, P.Z.S.
1899, p. 687.

Head very small; body long, extremely slender anteriorly.
Eye as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral broader
than deep ; frontal longer than broad, as long as its distance from
the rostral or the end of the snout; one pre- and one or two
postoculars; a single anterior temporal; 7 or 8 upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields,
posterior small and usually separated by scales. 31 to 40 scales
round neck, 40 to 50 round thickest part of body; scales rhom-
boidal, imbricate, feebly keeled in the female, strongly in the
male, the keels often broken up into tubercles. Ventrals very
feebly enlarged, bicarinate in the male, 310-438. Olive or dark
green above, with yellowish cross-bars, which form complete rings
round the slender part of the body, whilst further down they are
interrupted on the back; a yellow spot on the snout and a yellow
streak on each side of the upper surface of the head; or pale
olive with dark cross-bands forming rings on the anterior part of
the body.

Total length 970 millim.; tail 105.

Bay of Bengal to Malay Archipelago ; Gulf of Siam.

Hydrophis obscurus and chloris of Daudin are identical with
H, coronatus, Gthr., as pointed out by Wall (Mem. Asiat. Soe.
Bengal, ii, p. 202), not with this species.

206. Hydrophis rhombifer.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v, p. 306 (1900).

Head very small; body long, extremely slender anteriorly.
Hye a little longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral
considerably broader than deep ; frontal small, longer than broad,
as long as its distance from the rostral; one pre- and one
postocular ; a single anterior temporal; 7 upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye ; two pairs of small chin-shields, in
contact with each other. 31 scales round the neck, 55 round
the body; scales smooth, rhomboidal and imbricate anteriorly,
elsewhere hexagonal, subimbricate, each with one or several small
tubercles. Ventrals very small, 422. Head and neck black, the
latter with two series of round yellowish spots; body yellowish
white, with a series of blackish rhomboidal spots on the back,
these spots confluent on the vertebral line ; end of tail black.

Total length 620 millim.; tail 47.

A single specimen is known, from the coast of Perak.

HYDROPHIS. 189

Fig. 57.—Hydrophis rhombifer.

207. Hydrophis fasciatus.

Hydrus fasciatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. 1, p. 240 (1799).

Hydrophis chloris (non Daud.), Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 370
(1864).

Hydrophis lindsayi, Giinth. op. cit. p. 871.

Hydrophis atriceps, Giinth. 1. c. pl. xxv, fig. I.

Hydrophis fasciatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 849, pl. i,
fig. 1; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 404 (1890) ; id. Cat.
Sn. ui, p. 281 (1896).

Head very small; body long, very slender anteriorly. Eye a
little longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral nearly as
deep as broad; frontal longer than broad, as long as its distance
from the rostral; one pre- and one or two postoculars ; a single
anterior temporal; 6 or 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye; two pairs of small chin-shields, in contact with each
other. 25 to 31 scales round neck, 40 to 48 round thickest part
of body; all scales rhomboidal and imbricate, or scales sub-
imbricate or juxtaposed on the posterior part of the body, on the
neck smooth, on the body with a small tubercle or short keel.

190 COLUBRIDA.

Ventrals feebly enlarged, 345-500. Head and neck black, the
latter with yellowish cross-bands ; body pale, with black cross-
bands or annuli, which are broadest on the back.

Total length 1000 millim.; tail 85.

Coasts of India to China and New Guinea. Cantor obtained a
young specimen at Penang.

208. Hydrophis klossi, sp. n.

Head small; body long, very slender anteriorly. Eye nearly
as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral a little broader
than deep; frontal very small, as long as broad, not half as large
as the supraocular; a single anterior temporal ; 5 upper labials,
fourth, or third and fourth, entering the eye; two pairs of chin-
shields, in contact with each other. 25 scales round the neck,
33 round thickest part of body; scales imbricate, smooth on
anterior part of body, keeled on posterior part. Ventrals feebly
enlarged, 360. Head and anterior part of body black, the former
with small yellowish spots, the latter with yellowish cross-bars,
which gradually extend to the belly and transform into rings ;
body olive above, yellowish beneath, with black rings, which
are broader than the light interspaces on the back, narrower on
the belly.

Total one 900 millim.; tail 75.

This species is based on a single specimen, from Thuala, Selangar,
received from the Selangor Museum.

209. Hydrophis torquatus.

Hydrus nigrocinctus (non Daud.), Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc, Bengal,
xvi, p. 1049 (1847).

Hydrophis torquatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 369, pl. xxv,
fic, H (1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 402 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. ill, p. 285 (1896).

Head small; body long, very slender anteriorly. Eye as long
as its distance from the mouth. KRostral broader than deep;
frontal small, as long as broad or a little longer than broad,
shorter than its distance from the rostral; one pre- and one
postocular; a single anterior temporal; 6 or 7 upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin-shields, in
contact with each other. 33 or 35 seales round neck, 43 or 45
round thickest part of body; scales imbricate and keeled. Ven-
trals feebly enlarged, 240-290. Pale grevish olive, with blackish
cross-bands tapering ot: the sides.

Total length 560 millim.; tail 50.

Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca.

HYDROPHIS. 191

210. Hydrophis cantoris.

Hydrus gracilis, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 1051 (1847).

Hydrophis cantoris, Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 374, pl. xxv, fig. U
(1864); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 405 (1890) ; id. Cat.
Sn. iii, p. 281, pl. xiv (1896).

Head very small; body long, extremely slender anteriorly.
Diameter of eye equal to or a little less than its distance from the
mouth. ostral deeper than broad; frontal small, longer than
broad, hardly as long as its distance from the rostral; one pre-
and one postocular ; a single anterior temporal; 6 upper labials,
third in contact with the prefrontal, third and fourth entering
the eye; two pairs of small chin-shields, in contact with each
other. 23 to 25 scales round neck, 41 to 47 round thickest part
of body; scales smooth, rhomboidal and imbricate anteriorly,
elsewhere hexagonal, juxtaposed, each with two or three tubercles
one before the other. Ventrals hardly enlarged, 412-456. Body
dark olive or blackish anteriorly, with yellowish cross-bands
above; posterior part of body olive above, yellowish on the
sides; tail with olive vertical bars; a blackish streak along
the belly.

Total length 7600 millim.; tail 130.

Bay of Bengal and Straits of Malacca. Cantor’s type specimen
is from Penang.

211. Hydrophis gracilis.
Hydrus gracilis, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 560 (1802).
Hydrophis gracilis, Giuth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 873 (1864) ; Bouleng.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 404 (1890); id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 280
(1896).

Head very small; body long, extremely slender anteriorly.
Hye at least as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral as
deep as broad; frontal very small, longer than broad, hardly as
long as its distance from the rostral; one pre- and one post-
ocular; a single anterior temporal; 6 upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye; two pairs of small chin-shields, in
contact with each other. 19 to 21 scales round neck, 29 to 33
round thickest part of body; scales smooth, rhomboidal and
imbricate anteriorly, elsewhere hexagonal, juxtaposed, each with
two cr more tubercles, which are feeble in the female and very
strong in the male. Ventrals distinct only anteriorly, very feebly
enlarged or split into two posteriorly, 225-297. Bluish black or
greyish olive above in the adult, with more or less distinct lighter
cross-bands anteriorly. Young with the head and neck black,
the latter with light transverse bands; body with rhombic black

192 COLUBRID &.

cross-bands continued to the belly or sub-interrupted on the
sides; or black with a series of elliptical vertical whitish spots
on each side,

Total length 1020 millim.; tail 90.

From the coast of Persia to the Malay Archipelago.

A young specimen was obtained on the Patani Coast by Messrs.
Annandale and Robinson and was erroneously referred by me to
H.wrayi. The species is recorded from Singapore by Hanitsch
(Rep. Raffles Mus. 1897, p. 10).

Genus ENHYDRIS.
Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 140 (1820).

Maxillary bone as long as the ectopterygoid, extending forwards
as far as the palatine, with two large poison-fangs followed by
2 to 4 small teeth. Nostrils superior ; head-shields large ; nasals
in contact with each other; a preocular; loreal present or absent.
Body short and stout; scales hexagonal or squarish, juxtaposed ;
ventrals very feebly developed, if at all distinct.

Two species :—

Parietals broken up into small shields ........ E. curtus, p. 192.
Parietalem@arce tt... os Surette cen caesar cites E. hardwickii, p. 195.

212. Enhydris curtus.

Hydrus curtus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 562 (1802).

Enhydris curtus, Mery. Tent. p. 140 (1820) ; Bouleng. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 396 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 300 (1896); Laidlaw,
P.Z.S. 1901, ii, p. 580.

Hydrophis curta, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 379 (1864); Fayrer,
‘Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xxiv (1874).

Rostral broader than deep; parietals broken up into small
shields ; one pre- and one or two postoculars ; no loreal; 2 or 3
superposed anterior temporals ; 7 upper Jabials, 1, 2, or 3 entering
the eye; chin-shields very small and separated by scales, or quite
indistinct. 30 to 38 scales round anterior part of body, 33 to 42
round middle, with a very feebly developed tubercle or short
keel; scales on lower surface with a strong spinose tubercle in
males, ventrals with two. Ventrals 150-200. Above with dark
transverse bands, broadest in the middle; these bands usually
very dark, nearly black, rarely rather indistinct (in old specimens);
end of tail black.

Total length 750 millim.; tail 75.

Persian Gulf to Malay Archipelago. Obtained at Singapore by
the Skeat Expedition.

ENHYDRINA. 193

213. Enhydris hardwickii.

Lapemis hardwickiit, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii, pl. Ixxxvii, fig. 2
(1834).

Hydrus pelamidoides, Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 1054 (1847).

BAydrophis hardwickit, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 880, pl. xxv,
fie. W (1864).

Hydrophis loreata, Ginth. 1. c.

Enhydris hardwickit, Bouleng, Faun, Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 397
(1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 801 (1896).

Very similar to the preceding, but rostral as deep as broad or
slightly broader than deep and parietals large and entire; a
loreal sometimes present. 25 to 33 scales round anterior part of
body, 34 to 37 round middle. Ventrals 130-200. The dark
bands often form complete rings round the body.

Total length 750 millim.; tail 80.

Bay of Bengal to New Guinea. Recorded from the Straits of
Malacca, Singapore, and the Patani Coast.

Genus ENHYDRINA.
Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 47 (1849).

Maxillary scarcely longer than the ectopterygoid, not extending
forwards quite so far as the palatine, with two large poison-fangs
followed by 4 sinall teeth. Nostrils superior; head-shields large,
nasals in contact with each other; a preocular, no loreal.
Symphysial shield narrow, partly concealed in a deep groove in
the chin. Body moderately elongate; scales imbricate; ventrals
distinct but very small.

A single species.

214. Enhydrina valakadien.

Hydrus valakadyn, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 554.

HAlydrus schistosus, Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 1053
(1847).

Enhydrina bengalensis, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 48 (1849); Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 381 (1864); Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xviii
(1874).

Enhydrina valakadyen, Gray, 1.c.; Bouleng. Faun, Brit. Ind. p. 406,
fig. (1890); id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 502 (1896).

Rostral deeper than broad; frontal smali, longer than broad,
shorter than its distance from the end of the snout; one pre-and
cne or two postoculars; 7 or 8 upper labials, fourth or third and
fourth entering the eye; usually a single anterior temporal ;
chin-shields small or indistinct. 40 to 60 scales round anterior
part of body, 50 to 70 round middle; scales feebly imbricate,
with a small tubercle or short keel, which is stronger in males.

Oo

194 COLUBRID ®.

Ventrals very feebly enlarged, 230-314. Young olive or grey
above, with black transverse bands, broadest in the middle and
tapering to a point on the sides; in the adult these bands are
usually less distinct, some specimens being uniform dark grey
above ; sides and lower parts whitish.

Total length 1300 millim.; tail 190.

Fig. 58.—Enhydrina valakadien.

Persian Gulf to New Guinea. Cantor says, “cs Incredibly
numerous in the Bay of Bengal, at Penang and Singapore,’iar
more so than any known terrestrial serpent. The fishing-nets
are hardly ever worked but one or more are among the contents.”
Has also been obtained on the Patani Coast and in the Gulf
of Siam.

Genus THALASSOPHIS.
Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. ii, p. 75 (1852).

Distinguished from Hydrophis and Enhydiis by the presence
of a pair of internasal shields separating the nasal.

Coasts of the Malay Peninsuia and Archipelago. One species
in the Straits of Malacca.

AIPYSURUS. 195

215. Thalassophis annandalii.

Distira annandalii, Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1901, ii, p. 579, pl. xxxv,
ieee IL

Thalassophis annandali, Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 16
(1903).

Head moderate; body short and stout, strongly compressed
behind the neck. Rostral broader than deep; nasals small,
separated by a pair of large internasals, which widen in front;
upper head-shields more or less broken up, the parietals small and
separated from each other, and sometimes also from the frontal,
by very small scales; frontal and supraocular large ; one or two
pre- and one or two postoculars ; eye separated from the labials
by one or two suboculars ; temporal scales small, numerous; 9 to
12 upper labials; chin-shields usually broken up into scales.
Seales extremely small, 90 to 100 round the middle of the body,
juxtaposed ; dorsals with a more or less distinct central tubercle
or short keel. Ventrals very feebly enlarged, 310-370. Pale
ereyish olive above, white beneath; back with dark cross-bars,
narrower than the interspaces, tapering to a point on the sides.

Total length 600 millim. ; tail 80.

The type specimen of this very remarkable snake was obtained
at Patani by the Skeat Expedition. Further specimens have
since been tound in the same locality by Messrs. Annandale and
Robinson.

The water in which the type specimen was taken is stated by
Dr. Annandale to have been fresh to the taste.

Genus AIPYSURUS.
Lacép. Ann. Mus. Paris, iv, p. 197 (1804).

Maxillary a little longer than the ectopterygoid, extending for-
wards beyond the palatine; poison-fangs moderate, followed
by 8 to 10 small teeth. Snout short; nostrils superior ; head-
shields large or broken up into scales; nasals in contact with each
other. Body moderate ; scales imbricate ; ventrals large, keeled
in the middle.

Malay Seas and Western Tropical Pacific Ocean.

A single species has been found on the coasts of the Malay
Peninsula.

216. Aipysurus eydouxii.
Tomogaster eydouan, Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 59 (1849).
Aipysurus anguilliformis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 357 (1864) ;
Boettg. Zool. Anz. 1892, p. 420.
Aipysurus eydouxti, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 804 (1896) ; S. Flower,
P, Z. S. 1896, p. 893, and 1899, p. 688.

Rostral a little broader than deep ; upper head-shields regular :
frontal large, longer than its distance from the end of the snout,
o2

196 COLUBRID.

as long as or a little longer than the parietals; nasal in contact
with or narrowly separated from the preocular; one pre- and two
postoculars ; temporals 1 + 2 or 2+ 2; 6 upper labials, fourth
entering the eye; anterior chin-shields shorter than the posterior,
which are separated by an azygous shield. Scales smooth, in 17
rows. Ventrals 134-142. Dark brown above, with cross-bands
of yellow, black-edged scales, often broken up on the vertebral
line; these bands widening towards the belly, which is yellow,
with or without dark brown spots.

Total length 559 millim. ; tail 80.

Coasts of Singapore, Java, and the Philippines. Boettger records
three specimens from Singapore, and Flower obtained one caught
on some flooded land near the Serangoon Road.

Another specimen, from Java, was kept alive by Flower for
about a month. It was gentle when handled, never attempting to
bite. It could move fast, but awkwardly, on dry land, and some-
times would crawl out of the water of its own accord.

Genus PLATURUS.
Daudin, Hist. Rept. vii, p. 225 (1803).

Maxillary much shorter than the ectopterygoid, extending for-
wards beyond the palatine, with two large poison-fangs ; one or
two small teeth near the posterior extremity of the maxillary.

Fig. 59.—Head of Platurus laticaudatus.

Head shields large ; nostrils lateral, the nasals separated by inter-
nasals ; preocular present; no loreal. Body much elongate ;
scales smooth and imbricate; ventrals and subcaudals large.
Hastern parts of the Indian Ocean and West Pacific.
Only one species has been recorded from the Malay Peninsula.

i

PLATURUS. 197

These snakes approach in many respects the genus Bungarus in
the following subfamily.

217. Platurus colubrinus.

Hydrus colubrinus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 258 (1799).

Laticauda scutata (non Laur.), Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xvi, p. 1046 (1847).

Platurus scutatus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 356 (1864).

Platurus colubrinus, Bowleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 395 (1890) ;
id. Cat. Sn. i, p. 808 (1896).

Rostral deeper than broad; an azygous shield between the pre-
frontals and sometimes one or two between the internasals ; frontal
as long as or slightly shorter than the parietals; one pre- and two
postoculars; temporals 1+2 (rarely 242); 6 or 7 upper labials,
third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 21 to 25 rows.
Ventrals not keeled, 195-240 ; subcaudals 30-45. Olive or grey
above, yellowish beneath, with black or blackish annuli which are
as wide as the interspaces between them or narrower; some or all
of the annuli may be interrupted on the belly. Iris black.

Total length 1270 millim. ; tail 125.

Bay of Bengal to Chinese Sea and Western South Pacific
Ocean. Recorded from Penang and Singapore.

This snake is not so absolutely aquatic as the other sea-snakes,
and has occasionally been found crawling about out of the water.
It is not known ever to bite.

The allied Platurus laticaudatus, Linn., distinguished by the
absence of azygous shields on the suout, will probably be found on
the coasts of the Malay Peninsula, as its distribution is nearly the
same as that of P. colubrinus.

Subfamily ELAPIN A.
Synopsis of the Genera.

I, Body moderately slender.

Mertebral scales enlaraed (2. 5icy ccieeis vee tree et BuNGARUS, p. 198.
Vertebral scales not enlarged; neck more or less
dilatable, with oblique scales .............. Nata, p. 200.

II. Body very slender; scales in 13 rows, verte-
brals not enlarged.
Poison-gland not extending beyond the head; anal
AGS odes yale bevels eager cite sass 07s) oySa'« wyotin CALLOPHIS, p. 203,
Poison-gland extending along each side of the an-
terior third of the body ; heart shifted hack to
second third of body; anal entire............ Do.ioputis, p, 204.

198 COLUBRID®.

Genus BUNGARUS.
Daud. Hist. Rept. v, p. 263 (1803).

Poison-fangs followed by one to four small teeth, Head not or
but slightly distinct from neck ; eye small, with round or verti-
cally subelliptic pupil; nostril "between two nasals ; no loreal.
Seales smooth, oblique, without pits, in 13 to 17 rowel vertebral
row enlarged, hexagonal; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or
short ; subcaudals single or in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia.

Synopsis of the Species.

Tail ending very obtusely ; subcaudal shields single ;

anterior temporal shield scarcely longer than

deepresemes aM MD VEOMS wi wirjerascysen je Sone nee a cnet B. fasciatus, p. 198.
Tail tapering to a point ; subcaudal shields single;

anterior temporal much longer than deep; scales

AGS POWH sin Whew chassis fee wt eee che elaine Role B. candidus, p. 199.
Tail tapering to a point; subcaudal shields partly
single, partly double; scalesin 13 rows ...... B. flaviceps, p. 200.

218. Bungarus fasciatus.

Pseudoboa fasciata, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 283 (1801).

Bungarus fasciatus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, xvi, p. 1034
(1847) ; Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 343 (1864) ; “Fayrer, Thana-
toph. Ind. pl. ix (1874); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 388
(1890); id. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 366 (1896) ; S. Fiower, P.Z.S. 1899,
p. 689; Wall, Journ. Nat, Hist. Soc. Bombay, XX, p- 933, pl. xv
(1911).

Rostral much broader than deep ; frontal longer than broad, as
long as or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as
long as or a little shorter than the parietals; one pre- and two
postoculars ; temporals 1+2, anterior scarcely longer than deep ;
7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. An obtuse
keel or ridge along the back and tail; latter ending very obtusely.
Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals much enlarged, broader than long.
Ventrals 200-234 ; anal entire; subcaudals single, 23-39. Annu-
late black and yellow, the black annuli as broad as the yellow or
broader; head yellow, with a black band, widened behind, beginning
between the eyes and extending to the nape; snout brown. Iris
black; tongue flesh-coloured.

Total length 1450 millim. ; tail 130.

India, Burma, Southern China to Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, ie
Java. Generally distributed in the Malay Peninsula, but nowhere ©
common.

According to Flower, this snake is popularly confounded with

BUNGARUS. 199

Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus. Laidlaw says (P. Z. 8. 1901, 1,
p- 580) the Malay of Biserat call the two by the same name (Ular
Katam tabu), but they appear to distinguish them to some extent,
regarding the Dipsadomorphus as non-poisonous, or at any rate not
so poisonous as the Bungarus. Ridley (Journ. Str. Br. Asiat. Soc.
1899, p. 200) has observed it near the sea, in tidal waters. This
species feeds, like the Krait, chiefly on other snakes, although
occasionally on mice, lizards, and toads, even on fish.

According to Col. Evans (Journ. N. H. Soc. Bombay, xvi, p. 519,
1902), the eggs, 8 in number, are incubated by the mother, who
secretes herself in a hole for the purpose.

219. Bungarus candidus.

Coluber candidus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 384 (1766).

Pseudoboa cerulea, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 284 (1801).

Bungarus ceruleus, Daud. Hist. Rept. v, p. 270, pl. ixv, fig. 2 (1808) ;
Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 345 (1864) ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind.
pl. x (1874); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 388 (1890).

Bungarus semifasciatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 552; Giinth. op. cit.
p, S44.

Baaras candidus, Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 1054
(1847); Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 868 (1896) ; 8. Flower, P. Z. 5.
1899, p. 689.

Rostral broader than deep; frontal longer than broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parie-
tals; one pre- and two postoculars; temporals 1+1 or 142;
7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 15
rows, vertebrals much enlarged, broader than long on the hinder
half of the body. Ventrals 195-237; anal entire; subcaudals
single, 37-56. Dark brown or purplish black above, with narrow
white cross-bands or transverse series of small white spots often
in pairs ; lower parts white or pale yellow. Iris black. The Malay
Archipelago specimens belong to the var. ceruleus, which is regarded
as distinct from the typical form (from Java and Celebes) by some
authors.

Total length 1100 millim.; tail 150.

India, Burma, and Southern China to Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

The Krait, as this very deadly snake is called in India, appears
to be of very rare occurretice 1n the Malay Peninsula, where it is
on record from Penang and Kedah, while the Selangor Museum
possesses specimens from near Kuala Lumpur. It bears a decep-
tive similarity in form and coloration to the harmless Lycodon
aulicus. The poison of this and the preced‘ng species of Bungarus
is similar to that of the Cobra, acting chiefly on the central
nervous system, death resulting from failure of the respiratory
‘mechanism, probably owing to a direct action of the venom on the
respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata. Although the true
Krait is small and injects only a comparatively small quantity of

200 COLUBRID®.

poison, it is far more deadly than the larger Bungarus or the Cobra,
the toxicity being at least four times as great as in the latter. All
authorities agree in describing the Krait as a quiet and shy snake,
rarely biting except in self-defence or when hurt. Most accidents
happen through barefooted people treading on.these peaceful
creatures. Yet more mortality is caused in India by the Krait
than by any other snake.

The food of the Krait consists mainly of other snakes, but
lizards, toads, and small mammals are occasionally eaten. The
eggs, 6 to 10 in number, are deposited in holes in the ground.

220. Bungarus flaviceps.

Reinh. Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. x, p. 267, pl. iii, fig. 4 (1843) ; Can-
tor, Journ. Asiat. Soe. Bengal, xvi, p. 1033 (1847) ; Bouleng. Cat.
Sn. iii, p. 871 (1896) ; 8. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896, p. 894.

Megerophis flaviceps, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 346 (1864).

Rostral broader than deep; frontal as broad as long, or slightly
longer than broad, as long as its distance from the end of the
snout, shorter than the parietals ; one pre-and two (rarely three)
postoculars; temporals 1+ 2; 7 upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals strongly enlarged.
Ventrals 193-237; anal entire; subcaudals 42-54, partly single,
partly double. Black above, with or without a yellow vertebral
stripe or a series of yellow dots along the vertebral line; head red
or yellow; tail, and sometimes posterior part of body, orange-red ;
a yellow lateral streak may be present; belly brown, or yellow with
the shields edged with brown. Iris and tongue black.

Total length 1850 millim.; tail 220.

Cochinchina, Tenasserim, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Bornes,
andJava. Throughout the Federated Malay States, andin Penang
and the adjacent parts of the mainland, but of rare occurrence.

This snake combines the structure of a Bungarus with the
coloration of a Callophis or Adeniophis.

Genus NATA.
Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 90 (1768).

Poison-fangs followed by one to three small teeth. Head not
or but slightly distinet from neck, which is more or less dilatable
fexpanding into a “hood” supported by the anterior ribs); eye
moderate, with round pupil; nostril between two nasals and the
internasal; no loreal. Scales smooth, oblique, without pits, in 15
to 25 rows (or more on the neck); ventrals rounded. Tail
toderate ; subcaudals all or greater part in two rows.

Southern Asia and Africa.

NAIA. 201

The Cobras are represented by two species in the Malay
Peninsula :—

23-29 scales across the neck, 17-21 across the
body; ventrals 163-200; no large occipital
shields

BE feusrR Arr ritl crore richers sre menn sactesh ore coe, ah N. tripudians, p. 201.
19-21 scales across the neck, 15 across the

body ; ventrals 215-262; a pair of large occi-

pital shields behind the parietals .......... N. bungarus, p. 202.

Fig. 60.—Head of Naia bungarus.

221, Naia tripudians.*

Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 147 (1820); Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 338 (1864) ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pls. i-vi (1874) ; Bouleng.
Faun, Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 391, fig. (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 380
(1896) ; S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 690.

Naia sputatria, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 557.

Naia lutescens, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 1038

(1847).

Malay name, Ular tedong sendok.

Rostral broader than deep, its upper portion measuring one
fourth to one haif its distance from the frontal: internasal in

* The Cobra occurring in the Malay Peninsula does not belong to the
typical form with a spectacle-like marking on the hood, but to the vars. fasciata,

Gray, sputatrix, Boie, and leucodira, Blgr. The present diagnosis applies only
to these.

202 COLUBRID,

contact with the preocular ; frontal as long as broad or longer
than broad, as long as or a little longer than its distance from the
rostral ; one pre- and three postoculars ; temporals 2+ 3 or 343;
7 upper labials, third deepest, seventh longest, third and fourth
entering the eye. 23 to 29 scales across the neck, 17 to 21 across
the body. Ventrals 163-200; anal entire; subcaudals 42-75.
Yellowish, olive, dark brown, or black above, with or without a pale
or bright yellow U- or O-shaped marking on the hood, sometimes
followed by a yellow collar ; sometimes some yellow or orange on
the sides of the head and neck; lower surface of head and neck
yellowish white, or bright yellow, usually fellowed by a black cross-
bar, rest of lower parts dark brown or black; sometimes an azygous
black spot under the neck, followed by one, two, or three pairs.

Total length 1830 millim.

Southern Asia, from Transcaspia to China and the Malay
Peninsula and Archipelago.

Although generally distributed, the Cobra does not seem to be
so numerous in the Malay Peninsula as in India, Burma, and Siam,
yet it is common enough in some parts. According to Ridley
(Journ. Str. Br. Asiat. Soc. 1899, p. 200), the specimens met with
in the south of the Peninsula are nearly always inky black, further
north they are brown, while in parts of Upper Perak and the ad-
jacent districts of the Patani States, they are turmeric yellow.
When annoyed, he adds, the Cobra sits up in the well-known
manner, and makes a very curious snorting noise, holding its
mouth open in the form of a circle and every now and then spitting
its poison at its opponent. It never attempts to bite, but spits
with great accuracy, at a distance of eight feet. It is nocturnal,
and feeds on small mammals, batrachians and snakes. <A female
killed by Captain Flower in Siam contained 19 eggs.

The poison of the Cobra is very active, and often fatal to man,
acting in the first place on the nervous system and then producing
asphyxia. It contains a substance the direct action of which
prevents the coagulation of blood.

222. Naia bungarus,

Hamadryas hannah, Cautor, Asiat. Res. xix, p. 87, pls. x-xii (1836).

Naia bungarus, Schleg. Phys. Serp. i, p. 476, pl. xvii, figs. 8 & 9
(1837); Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 392 (1890) ; id. Cat.
Sn. ili, p. 386 (1896); S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 691.

Hamadryus ophiophagus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 1037 (1847).

Ophiophagus elaps, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 541 (1864) ; Fayrer,
Thanatoph, Ind. pls. vii & viii (1874).

Malay names, Ular tedong selar ; ular kunyet terus (immature).
Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above; internasal

separated from the preocular ; frontal once and one fourth to once
and a half as long as broad, as broad as the supraocular, as long

CALLOPHIS. 203

as its distance from the end of the snout ; a pair of large occipital
shields; one preocular (rarely two); 3 postoculars; temporals
2+2; 7 upper labials, third deepest, seventh longest, third and
fourth entering the eye. 19 or 21 scales across the neck, 15 across
the body. Ventrals 215-262; anal entire; subcaudals 80-117,
the anterior usually single. Yellowish or olive above, with or with-
out more or less distinct dark cross-bands or annuli, or uniform
dark brown or blackish; some young annulate black and yellow,
others blackish with a yellow spot on each scale.

Total length 4500 millim.

India, Burma, and Southern China to Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Generally distributed throughout the Malay Penin-
sula, as common or commoner than the Cobra, but essentially a
jungle-haunting form.

The King Cobra or Hamadryad is reputed to be the most
aggressive of all poisonous snakes, occasionally pursuing people.
It feeds almost entirely on other snakes. A specimen 142 feet
long (which is about the average length of large specimens) is
preserved in the Perak Museum, according to Flower.

On the habits of this snake in India, cf. G. H. Evans, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xiv, 1902, p. 409.

The venom of the King Cobra closely resembles that of ‘its
congener, causing gradual paralysis throughout the body, death
taking place from interference with the respiratory apparatus.

Genus CALLOPHIS.
Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. ii (1834).

No small teeth behind the poison-fangs. Head small, not
distinct from neck; eye small, with round pupil; nostril between
two nasals; no loreal. Body much elongate, slender; scales
smooth, without pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short,
subcaudals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia.

Two species in the Malay Peninsula :—

Six upper labials; ventrals 303-320 .......... C. gracilis, p. 208.
Seven upper labials; ventrals 205-247 ...... C. maculiceps, p. 204.

223. Callophis gracilis.
Gray, op. cit. pl. Ixxxvi, fig. 1; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 349
(1864) ; Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 396 (1896).
Elaps nigromaculatus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 1029, pl. xl, fig. 7 (1847).

Eye minute, about half as long as its distance from the mouth.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal as long as its distance from
the rostral or the end of the snout; one pre-and two postoculars ;
a single temporal; 6 upper labials, third and fourth entering the

204 COLUBRID ®.

eye. Scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 303-820; anal divided; sub-
caudals 21-28. Reddish or pale brown above, with three dark
brown or black longitudinal lines passing through distant round
dark brown or black spots, the lateral spots alternating with the
vertebral; two outer rows of scales dark brown or black with a
yellow longitudinal streak ; belly and lower surface of tail barred
black and yellow. Iris black; tongue bluish grey.

Total length 740 millim. ; tail 35.

Malay Peninsula and Sumatra. Recorded from Penang, South
Perak, and Singapore, and known from Selangor. Generally
rare, except on Penang, where, according to Cantor, it is of no
uncommon occurrence in the hills.

224. Callophis maculiceps.

Elaps melanurus (non Shaw), Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xvi, p. 1027, pl. xl, fig. 6 (1847).

Elaps maculiceps, Giinth. Cat. Col. Sn. p. 232 (1858).

Callophis maculiceps, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 351 (1864) ;
Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 384 (1890) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii,
p- 897 (1896) ; Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1901, ii, p. 580.

Eye measuring at least two thirds its distance from the mouth.
Rostral broader than deep; frontal as long as its distance from
the end of the snout ; one pre- and two postoculars; a single
temporal; 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye.
Seales in 13 rows. Ventrals 205-247 ; anal divided ; subcaudals
21-32. Light bay above, strongly iridescent, witha distant series
of black dots along each side of the back; head and nape black,
with one or two yellow bands on each side; lower parts red ; tail
with two black rings. Iris black; tongue black.

Total length 485 millim.; tail 30.

This species, discovered by Cantor in the Province Wellesley,
had not been found since in the Malay Peninsula, until obtained
on Gunong Inas, Perak, by the Skeat Expedition. A local speci-
men is in the Selangor Museum. It is also known from Burma
and Cochinchina,

Genus DOLIOPHIS.
Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad, 1857, p. 182.

Characters of Cullophis, except that the poison-glands, instead
of being confined to the temporal region (as in most snakes)
extend along each side of the body for about one third of its
length, gradually thickening and terminating in front of the heart
with club-shaped ends. The presence of this organ may be
ascertained without dissection by feeling the thickening and rigidity
of the cardiac region in the second third of the body, the heart
being shifted further back than in other snakes owing to the
extension of the glands.

DOLIOPHIS. 205

South-Eastern Asia.
Two species in the Malay Peninsula. Both are called Ular
sina mata-hari, “sunbeam snake,” by the Malays of Patani.

Fig. 61.—Doliophis intestinalis and D, bivirgatus, after Sordelli.

225. Doliophis bivirgatus.
Elaps bivirgatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 556; Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soe.
Bengal, xvi, p. 1030 (1847).
Callophis bivirgatus, Gimth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 348 (1864).
Doliophis bivirgatus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 400 (1896) ; 8. Flower,
P. Z. 8S. 1896, p. 895, and 1899, p. 692.

Eye nearly as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral a
little broader than deep; frontal large, longer than broad, as long
as or longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as or a little shorter than the parietals; one pre-and two post-
oculars; temporals 1+1 or 1+2; 6 upper labials, third and
fourth entering the eye. Scalesin 13 rows. Ventrals 244-293;
anal entire; subcaudals 34-53. Dark purple or blackish blue
above, highly iridescent ; head, tail, and lower parts coral-red ; one
or two pale blue lines on each side of the body, ora pale blue
stripe along the two outer rows of scales. Iris and tongue
black.

Total length 1810 millim.

Burma and Cochinchina to Malay Peninsula and Archipelago.
Generally distributed in the Malay Peninsula, especially plentiful
in the hill woods. A specimen from Kelantan, in Dr. Smart’s
collection, was captured in the act of swallowing an Amblycephalus
moellendorffir.

Experiments on the action of the poison of this and the
following species are much to be desired, in view of the extra-
ordinary development of the poison-glands. These snakes feed
chiefly on other snakes, but in captivity, Cantor says, they refuse

206 COLUBRID.

food and water, and die in a short time from inanition. They
have never been observed to bite.

226. Doliophis intestinalis.

Aspis intestinalis, Laur. Syn. Rept. p. 106 (1768). °

Elaps furcatus, Schneid. Hist. Amph. ii, p. 303 (1801).

Maticora lineata, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. 11, pl. Ixxvi, fig. 2 (1834).

Elaps intestinalis, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 1028
1847).

Elups ene Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. vii, p. 1227 (1854).

Callophis intestinalis, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 348 (1864).

Adeniophis intestinalis, Bouleng. Faun. brit. Ind., Rept. p. 386
(1890).

Doliophis intestinalis, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iti, p. 401 (1896); 5.
Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 693.

As in the preceding, but ventrals 197-273 and subcaudals 15-
33. Brown or blackish above, with darker or lighter longitudinal
streaks: belly yellowish white or pale yellow, tail coral-red, both
with black cross-bars. Three colour-varieties are known to occur
in the Malay Peninsula:

Var, annectens, Bler. Dark brown above, blackish towards the
middle of the back, with a yellow or orange narrow vertebral
line.

Var. lineatus, Gray. Greyish, reddish, or purplish brown, with
a pair of blackish dorsal lines bordering a scarlet vertebral stripe.

Var. trilineatus, D. & B. As-in the preceding, but the bright
vertebral stripe broken up by dark brown spots at regular
intervals.

Total length 580 millim.; tail 45. :

Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Generally distri-
buted. Capt. Flower says: “ Of the Malay poisonous snakes this
is perhaps the most frequently met with. I have come across it
both in bright daylight and after dark, crawling slowly about ; it
is easily caught. What the effect of its poison on a man would
be is, I believe, quite unknown; but from its small mouth and
want of activity it can hardly be looked on as a dangerous
species.”

Family AMBLYCEPHALID.

Facial bones slightly movable, the prefrontal not in contact with
the nasal; ectopterygoid (transpalatine) present ; pterygoid short,
not extending to quadrate or mandible; supratemporal rudi-
mentary; maxillary horizontal, parallel with or converging
posteriorly towards the palatine. Mandible without coronoid
bone. Solid teeth in both jaws.

May be readily distinguished from the Colubride by the absence
of amental groove, the mouth being susceptible of but slight

HAPLOPELTURA. 207

expansion. Feed chiefly on worms and slugs. The vertical pupil
indicates nocturnal habits.

Inhabitants of South-Eastern Asia and Tropical America.
Represented by two genera in the Malay Peninsula :—

Subcaudals single ...... stay rettereieteet a) a « HAPLOPELTURA, Pp. 207.
Subcaudals in two rows ............4. AMBLYCEPHALUS, p. 208.

Fig. 62.—Skull of Amblycephalus.

an, Angular. n. Nasal, g. Quadrate.

ar, Articular. p. Parietal. so. Supraoccipital.
bo. Basioccipital. pl. Palatine. sp. Splenial.

bs. Basisphenoid. pm. Premaxillary. st. Supratemporal.
c.a. Columella auris. prf. Prefrontal. tp. Transpalatine.
d. Dentary. pro. Prootic. tu. Turbinal.

jf. Frontal. pt. Pterygoid. v. Vomer.

m. Maxillary. ptf. Postfrontat.

Genus HAPLOPELTURA.
Dum. & Bibr. Mém. Ac. Se. xxiii, p. 463 (1853).

Maxillary bone very short, deep, with 5 subequal teeth ;
maxillary and mandibular teeth decreasing in size posteriorly.
Head distinct from neck; eye large, with vertical pupil; nasal
single. Body strongly compressed; scales smooth, without pits,

208 AMBLYCEPHALID®.

oblique, in 13 rows, vertebral row strongly enlarged; ventrals
rounded. Tail moderate ; subcaudals single.
A single species.

227. Haplopeltura boa.
Amblycephalus boa, Boie, Isis, 1828, p. 1084; Giinth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 325 (1864).
tees boa, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 925, pl. xl,
3} (1847 »
raiiepathe a boa, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iti, p. 439 (1896) ; 8S. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1899, p. 693; Bouleng. Fascic. Mal., Zool. i, p. 170 (1903).

Snout very short and deep. KRostral narrow, much deeper
than broad: frontal not broader than the supraocular, once and
two thirds to twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from
the end of the snout, as long as ora little longer than the parietals ;
two or three enlarged occipitals ; two or three superposed loreals,
the lower often entering the eye, which is bordered by 6 to 8
shields in addition to the supraocular; temporals 3+3 or 4; 8 to
10 upper labials, none entering the eye; 2 pairs of lower labials
in contact on the median line behind the symphysial ; 3 or 4 pairs
of large chin-shields, the anterior pair sometimes fused to a
single azygous shield or preceded by an azygous shield. Scales in
13 rows. Ventrals 148-191; anal entire; subcaudals 88-127.
Yellowish or pale brown above, yellowish beneath, mottled with
dark brown ; usually with large dark brown blotches, which may
extend acr Dee the belly ; - a ee ge dark brown blotch on the head ;
sides of head yellowish white, with three or more dark streaks
radiating from the eye.

Total ‘Jeneth 750 millim. ; tail 220,

Malay Peninsula and Ar chipelago. Known from Penang Hills,
Bukit Besar (Patani States), the Larut Hills in Central Perak,
2000 feet, and Kelantan. A specimen taken at Bukit Besar by
Dr. Annandale was lying almost straight along the middle of the
leaf of a small palm in the jungle. The whole coloration and
attitude suggested a stick that had fallen from above, and the
blunt snout and buff markings on the head appeared to represent
that part of the stick which had been broken from its present
branch.

Genus AMBLYCEPHALUS.
Kuhl, Isis, 1822, p. 474.

Maxillary bone very short, deep, with 5 or 6 subequal teeth;
mandibular teeth gradually decreasing in length. Head distinct
from neck; eye moderate, with vertical pupil; nasal single.
Body more or less compressed; scales smooth or feebly keeled,
without pits, more or less oblique, in 15 rows, vertebral row
enlarged or not. Ventrals rounded. ‘Tail moderate or short;
subcaudals in two rows.

South-Eastern Asia. Four species in the Malay Peninsula.

AMBLYCEPHALUS. 209

Synopsis of the Species.

I. A single shield between the nasal and the
eye; one or two labials entering the eye.
Six upper labials ; symphysial in contact with an
azygous chin-shield ; ventrals 148-176 .... A. levis, p. 209.
Seven upper labials; symphysial in contact with
an azygous chin-shield; ventrals 154-170... A. malaccanus, p. 209.
Seven upper labials ; first lower labial forming
a suture with its fellow behind the sym-
physial ; ventrals 183-194 .............. A, vertebralis, p. 210.
I. Loreal and preocular distinct; upper
labials separated from the eye by one
or two suboculars ; symphysial in con-
tact with a pair of chin-shields ; ventrals
PAG NO epee lait tiie PAG RN bogey hs A, moellendorffi, p. 210.

228. Amblycephalus levis.
Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 520; Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 415
(1800) ; id. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 441 (1896) ; Laidlaw, P. Z. S. 1901,
i, p. O81.
ae levis, Giinth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 328 (1864).

Rostral a little broader than deep ; frontal as long as broad or
a little broader than long, as long as or a little longer than its
distance from the end of the snout, two thirds the length of the
parietals ; supraocular very small; prefrontal and loreal entering
the eye; no preocular; one or two postoculars ; temporals 2+ 2;
6 upper labials, third and fourth, or third, fourth, and fifth entering
the eye, sixth very long; symphysial in contact with a small
azygous chin-shield; third Jower labial very large, forming a
suture with its fellow ; two pairs of large chin-shields, broader than
long. Scales in 15 rows, smooth, vertebrals enlarged. Ventrals
148-176; anal entire; subcaudals 34-69. Brown above, with
irregular transverse blackish cross-bands; sides dull orange ;
lower parts brownish or yellowish, spotted with brown or with
transverse brown spots on the sides.

Total length 545 millim.; tail 65.

Java, Borneo, Natuna Islands, and Malay Peninsula. Dr.
Annandale obtained a single specimen on the boundary between
Legeh and Rhaman; its native name was given as Ular kapak
rimau or “ tiger axe-snake.”

229. Amblycephalus malaccanus.

Asthenodipsas malaccana, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac, 1864, p. 27,
pl. —, fig. 3. pone
Amblycephalus malaccanus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. ii, p. 442 (1906).

Rostral a little broader than deep; frontal as long as broad or

a little broader than long, as long as or a little longer than its

distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the
P

210 AMBLYCEPHALID ®.

parietals ; supraocular small; prefrontal and loreal entering the
eye; no preocular; two postoculars; temporals 242, the two
upper sometimes fused ; 7 upper labials, third and fourth entering
the eye, seventh large ; symphysial in contact with a small azygous
shield ; second or third lower labial very large, usually in contact
with its fellow; two pairs of large chin-shields, broader than
long. Scales in 15 rows, smooth, the three median rows a little
enlarged. Ventrals 154-170; anal entire ; subeaudals 26-55.
Yellowish or pale brown above, with rather irregular dark brown
cross-bars, which are interrupted on the spine; vertebral scales
yellowish ; head sometimes whitish ; sides and lower surface of
neck black; belly whitish, uniform or speckled with dark
brown.

Total length 440 millim. ; tail 50.
_ Originally described from ‘Malacca’ (read Malay Peninsula).
Since found in Sumatra and Borneo.

230. Amblycephalus vertebralis.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v, p. 307 (1900).

Rostral slightly broader than deep ; frontal slightly longer than
broad, much longer than its distance from the end of the snout,.
a little shorter than the parietals; prefrontal and loreal entering
the eye; no preocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+2: 7
upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, seventh very
long; first lower labial narrow, forming a suture with its fellow
behind the symphysial ; second lower labial-in contact with an
azygous chin-shield; 3 pairs of large chin-shields, followed by a.
very large azygous one, all broader than long. Body strongly
compressed, keeled above. Scales in 15 rows, smooth, vertebrals
strongly enlarged. Ventrals 183-194; anal entire; subcaudals
56-63. Reddish brown above, with small dark brown spots and
ilJ-detined dark cross-bands ; an interrupted yellow vertebral line,
formed by a small spot on each median scale; labials and chin-
shields yellowish, edged with dark brown ; belly yellowish, with
some brown spots on the sides.

Total length 460 millim.

Deseribed from a single specimen obtained by Mr. L. Wray on
Maxwell’s Hill, Larut, Perak, at an altitude of 3000 feet. Speci-
mens were also obtained by Mr. A. L. Butler in the same locality,
and are now in the Selangor Museum.

231. Amblycephalus moellendorffi.

Pareas carinata, part., Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 326 (1864).

Pareas moellendorffii, Boettg. Ber. Offenb. Ver. 1885, p. 125.

Amblycephalus moellendorffii, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iti, p. 4483 (1896) ;
Laidlaw, P. Z. 8. 1901, ii, p. 581; Bouleng. Faseic. Malay.,
Zool. i, p. 170 (1903).

VIPERID &. Q1}t

Rostral nearly as deep as broad; frontal as long as broad or a.
little longer than broad, longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, much shorter than the parietals ; prefrontal entering
the eye ; loreal separated from the eye by one or two preoculars ;
one or two suboculars, sometimes fused with the postocular;
temporals 2+2 or 3; 7 (rarely 8) upper labials, none entering
the eye, last longest ; 3 pairs of large chin-shields, anterior longer
than broad and in contact with the symphysial. Scales in 15
rows, smooth, vertebrals not enlarged. Ventrals 136-159; anal
entire; subcaudals 37-47. Brown or dark grey above, with
irregular transverse series of black and white spots; a white
nuchal collar usually present ; lower parts white, spotted or dotted
with black, at least on the sides.

Total length 350 millim. ; tail 57.

Southern China to Malay Peninsula. Recorded from Jalor and
Kelantan.

Called Ular kapak at Biserat, Jalor.

Family VIPERIDZ.

Facial bones movable; prefrontal bone not in contact with
nasal; ectopterygoid(transpalatine) present, extending to mandible;
supratemporal present, attached scale-like to the skull and sus-
pending quadrate ; maxillary much abbreviated, erectile perpen-
dicularly to ectopterygoid, supporting a pair of large poison-fangs
without external groove. Mandible without coronoid bone.

Poisonous snakes including terrestrial, semiaquatic, arboreal,
and burrowing types. In the Malay Region the passage from
terrestrial to arboreal types is so gradual as to preclude their
being referred. to distinct genera. With a few exceptions, the
Viperide are ovoviviparous. ‘They are mostly semi-nocturnal.

Many of the Viperide are among the most dangerous poisonous
snakes, but the Malayan Lachesis have comparatively small poison-
glands, and it has been repeatedly ascertained that their bite
does not produce death in man and large animals. The physio-
logical action of Viperine poison is very different from that of the
Colubrines of the Indian and Malay regions. It brings about
coagulation of the blood and clotting of the pulmonary arteries,
but its effect on the nervous system is not great and no individual
group of nerve-cells appears to be picked out, and the effect upon
respiration 1s not so direct. The influence upon the circulation is
more striking than the effect upon the respiration, and the great
depression which is a symptom of Viperine poisoning may be
explained in this way.

The Viperide are divided into two subfamilies, according to the

P2

212 VIPERIDA.

presence (Crctaline) or absence (Viperine) of a deep pit on each
side of the snout, between the nostril and the eye. The Viperine

A

Fig. 63.—Skull of Lachesis gramineus.

A. Upper view. « B. Side view.
ar, Articular. m. Maxillary. pro. Prootie.
bo. Basioccipital. n. Nasal. pt. Pterygoid..
ca. Columella auris. p. Parietal. ptf. Postfrontal.
d, Dentary. pf. Poison-fang. g- Quadrate.
¢o. Exoccipital. pm. Premaxillary. st. Supratemporal.
f. Frontal. prf. Pretrontal. tp. Transpalatine.

are not represented in the Malay Peninsula, from which only two
genera of Crotaline are known :—

Upper surface of head covered with large

symmetrical shields <2... cee caunaes ANCISTRODON, p. 212.
Upper surface of head covered with scales or
STETEN AUS) COC) CG (ou ae on RD RA Sire Sea erro Say LacHEsIs, p. 214.

Genus ANCISTRODON.
Palisot de Beauv. Tr. Am. Philos. Soe. iv, p. 681 (1799).

Pupil vertical. Upper surface of head with nine large sym-
metrical shields. Body cylindical; scales smooth (or keeled),
with apical pits. Tail moderate or short; subcaudals in two
rows (or single).

Avia, North and Central America.

A single species in the Malay Peninsula.

ANCISTRODON. 213:

232. Ancistrodon rhodostoma.

Trigonocephalus rhodostoma, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 561.

Calloselasma rhodostoma, Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 391 (1864).

Ancistrodon rhodostoma, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 527 (1896) ; id.
Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 170 (1903).

Snout pointed, somewhat turned up at the end. Rostral as
deep as broad, or a little deeper than broad ; frontal as long as or
a little longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long
as or a little shorter than the parietals; upper preocular sepa-
rated from the posterior nasal by a loreal ; one or two postoculars
and one subocular, separating the eye from the labials ; loreal pit
separated from the labials; 7 to 9 upper labials. Scales smooth,
in 21 rows. Ventrals 188-159; anal entire; subcaudals 33-54
pairs. Reddish, greyish, or pale brown above, with large angular,
dark brown, black-edged spots disposed in opposite pairs or alter-
nating; a dark brown vertebral line; lips yellowish or pink,
powdered with brown; a broad dark brown, black-edged band.
festooned below, from the eye to the angle of the mouth, with a
light band above it; yellowish beneath, uniform or powdered or
spotted with greyish brown.

Total length 810 millim.; tail 90,

Siam, Malay Peninsula, Java.

Fig. 64.—Ancistrodon rhodostoma.

This handsome snake, somewhat suggestive of a Python in its.
markings, was long known from Java only, where it is regarded
as one of the most dangerous poisonous snakes, cases being known
of men dying five minutes after being bitten. In the neighbour-
hood of Biserat and Kuala Jalor, where it was discovered by
Messrs. Annandale and Robinson, and does not seem to be at all
uncommon, the natives do not believe its bite to be fatal. It lies

914 VIPERID®.

about among dead leaves and is very sluggish. The Jalor Malays
call it Ular kapak daun, or “leaf axe-snake.” It feeds on frogs
and mammals. The species occurs also on the island of Junk
Ceylon or Selanga, off the west coast of the Malay Peninsula,
south of the isthmus of Kra.

Genus LACHESIS.
Daudin, Hist. Rept. v, p. 349 (1803).

Pupil vertical. Upper surface of head covered with scales or
small shields. Body cylindrical or compressed ; scales smooth or

Fig. 65.—Head of Lachesis monticola.

keeled, with or without apical pits. Tail moderate or short; sub-
caudals in two rows (or single).

South-Eastern Asia, Central and South America.

Six species in the Malay Peninsula.

LACHESIS. 215

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Scales between the eyes smooth or
obtusely keeled; gular scales smooth.

A. Snout not prominent, not raised
above the nostrils.
Supraocular shields large, separated on
the vertex by 5 to 8 series of scales ;
scales smooth or feebly keeled, in 21
to 25 (rarely 27) rows; ventrals 132-
oS setail not prehensile ..... 62.4. L. monticola, p. 215.
Supraoculars very narrow if distinct,
separated by 12 to 15 series of scales ;
scales strongly keeled, in 25 or 27
rows ; ventrals 160-182; tail slightly
PER MGl Be os ove ares scite steve s/s 5 aah « L. purpureomaculatus, p. 216,
Supraoculars narrow if distinct, sepa-
rated by 8 to 13 series of scales;
scales nearly smooth or more or less
distinctly keeled, in 19 to 23 rows;
veutrals 150-175; tail prehensile.... ZL. gramineus, p. 217.
Supraoculars large, separated by 4 to 9
series of scales; scales feebly keeled,
in 21 rows; ventrals 180-191; tail
PMMA oe oa sca so atars ce teneinolans L, sumatranus, p. 217.
B. Snout very prominent, the upper
edge strongly raised above the
nostrils ; scales in 19 or 21 rows;
ventrals 152-168 ; tail prehen-
SM tienes dr fat coold Sh5. ecuuah bevel x, L, borneensis, p. 218.
II. Scales between the eyes strongly
keeled; gular scales obtusely keeled;
scales in 21 to 25 (rarely 19 or 27)
rows; ventrals 127-154; tail pre-
PLC TEN, 8 a Vevali tte here ie 8 os L. wagleri, p. 218.

233. Lachesis monticola.

Trimeresurus monticola, Gunth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 388, pl. xxiv,
fiz. B (1864) ; Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind. pl. xv (1874) ; Bouleng.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 426 (1890).

Trimeresurus convictus, Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix,
p. 224, pl. xii, fig. 1 (1870).

Lachests monticola, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 548 (1896).

Malay name, Ular kapar.

Snout very short ; eye very small. Rostral as deep as broad or
a little broader than deep; upper head-scales small, subimbricate,
smooth; supraocular large; 5 to 8 scales in a transverse line
between the supraoculars ; 3 or 4 rows of scales between the eye
and the labials; 8 or 9 upper labials, second usually forming the
anterior border of the loreal pit. Scales feebly keeled or nearly

216 VIPERID#.

smooth, in 21 to 25 (rarely 27) rows. Ventrals 132-158; anal
entire ; subcaudals 21-57 pairs. Tail not prehensile. Brown or
vellowish above, with one or two dorsal series of large squarish
dark brown spots, and a lateral series of smaller spots ; head dark
brown above, pale brown or yellowish on the sides, with a dark
brown temporal streak ; lower parts whitish, powdered or spotted
with brown, the brown spots sometimes confluent into two
stripes.

Total length 740 millim.; tail 115.

Tibet, Himalayas, hills of Assam, Burma, and the Malay
Peninsula, Sumatra. Recorded from Penang and Singapore, and
known from the Larut Hills, Perak. The type-specimen of
Stoliczka’s 7’. convictus was found near the top of the western hill
of Penang (about 2400 feet), and was stepped upon by an old
convict coolie, who was bitten in the left foot. The man sucked
his wound, and was given some brandy, and escaped from the
accident without any ill effects, without even a swelling of the
foot. L. monticola is one of the few Viperine snakes which lays
eggs instead of being ovoviviparous, some 10 eggs forming a cluster
(cf. G. A. Miller, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe. Bombay, xv, p. 729, 1904).

234. Lachesis purpureomaculatus.

Trigonocephalus purpureomaculatus, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. i, pl. Ixxxi
(1882).
Trigonocephalus puniceus (non Reinw.), Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soe.
Bengal, xvi, p. 1045 (1847).

Trimeresurus carinatus, Ginth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 586 (1864) ;
Fayrer, Thanatoph. Ind, pl. xiii (1874).

Trimeresurus purpureus, Gunth. op. cit. p. 587.

Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept.
p. 429 (1890).

Lachesis purpureomaculatus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iui, p. 558 (1896) ;
S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896, p. 896; Ridley, Journ. Straits Branch
Roy. Asiat. Soe. no. 52, 1899, p. 208.

Rostral as deep as broad; upper head-scales very small, juxta-
posed, convex or obtusely keeled ; supraocular very narrow, some-
times broken up into scales; 12 to 15 scales in a transverse line
between the supraoculars ; 2 or 3 small postoculars and a sub-
ocular, which is separated from the labials by 2 or 3 series of
seales ; 11 to 13 upper labials, fourth and succeeding small, first
usually fused with the nasal, second usually forming the anterior
border of the loreal pit. Scales strongly keeled, in 25 or 27 rows.
Ventrals 160-182; anal entire; subcaudals 55-76 pairs. Tail
slightly prehensile. Dark purplish brown or blackish, uniform
or variegated with pale green; flanks usually pale green or
spotted with pale green; olive or greenish white below, uniform
or spotted with black; some specimens uniform green.

Total length 980 millim. ; tail 150.

LACHESIS. 207

Eastern Himalayas, Bengal, Assam, Burma, Andamans, Nico-
bars, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Recorded from Penang and
Singapore, and very common on the small islands round the
Malay Peninsula, but rarely if ever met with on the mainland.
On Singapore, according to Ridley, it seems always to reside on
the sea-shore, hiding under rocks or basking in the sun.

235, Lachesis gramineus.

Coluber gramineus, Shaw, Zool. iii, p. 420 (1802).

Trigonocephalus gramineus, part., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,.
xvi, p. 1040 (1847).

Trimeresurus gramineus, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 385 (1854) ;.
Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 429 (1890).

Trimeresurus erythrurus, Ginth, op. cit. p. 386.

Lachesis gramineus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p.554 (1896) ; 8. Flower,
P. Z. 8S. 1899, p. 695; Wall, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, XVl,.
p. 536, pl. i, figs. 1-4 (1905).

Snout without distinct canthus. Rostral as deep as broad or:
a little broader than deep; upper head-scales small, smooth, im-
bricate or subimbricate, 8 to 13 in a transverse series between the
supraoculars, which are narrow (rarely divided); 2 or 3 post-
oculars and a subocular; usually 1 or 2 (rarely 3) series of scales:
between the subocular and the labials; 8 to 12 upper labials,.
second forming the anterior border of the loreal pit, third largest.
Scales in 21 (rarely 19 or 22) rows, smooth or more or less dis—
tinctly keeled. Ventrals 150-175; anal entire; subcaudals 52—-
75 pairs. Tail prehensile. Bright green above, rarely olive or
yellowish, with or without ill-defined blackish cross-bands ; usually
a light, white or yellow streak along the outer row of scales ; end.
of tail often yellow or red; lower parts green, yellow, or whitish.

Total length 870 millim. ; tail 150.

Himalayas, Bengal, and Southern China to Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. Generaliy distributed, and common in most
parts of the Peninsula.

It is usually found on bushes or trees, often concealed in the
dense foliage ; feeds on small mammals, lizards, birds, and frogs
and toads. Its bite is considered as not very dangerous. It
produces 7 to 12 young.

236. Lachesis sumatranus.

Coluber sumatranus, Raffles, Tr. Linn. Soc. xiii, p. 354 (1822).
Lachesis sumatranus, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 557 (1896).

Head rather elongate. Rostral as deep as broad or a little
broader than deep; upper head-seales rather large, flat, smooth,
imbricate or subimbricate, largest on the snout, 4 to 9 in a trans-
verse series between the supraoculars, which are large; 2 or 3
postoculars and a subocular, which is in contact with the third or

218 VIPERIDA,

third and fourth labials; 9 to 11 upper labials, second forming
the anterior border of the loreal pit, third largest. Scales in 21
rows, feebly keeled. Ventrals 180-191; anal entire; subcaudals
58-82 pairs. Tail prehensile. Bright green above, the scales
usually black-edged, with or without black cross-bands ; two series
of small whitish spots may be present along the back; a more or
less distinct whitish or yellow streak usually present on each side,
along the outer row of scales; ventrals yellowish or green, with
or without fine black edges; end of tail red.

Total length 1100 millim. ; tail 180.

Sumatra, Borneo, Palawan. Specimens stated to be from
Singapore were presented to the British Museum by Dr. Dennys ;
and in Selangor and Perak and Pahang it is fairly abundant at
elevations of 2000-3000 feet, especially where there is much
bamboo-jungle.

237. Lachesis borneensis.
Atropophis borneensis, Peters, Aun. Mus. Civ. Genova, iii, p. 41
(1871).
Lachesis borneensis, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 561 (1896).

Snout short, obliquely truncate, with sharp, raised canthus
most developed above the nasal shields. Rostral as deep as
broad; upper head-scales small, juxtaposed or subimbricate,
smooth on snout and vertex ; 9 to 11 scales in a transverse series
between the supraocular shields, which are narrow or broken up
into scales ; 2 or 3 rows of scales between the eye and the labials ;
10 to 12 upper labials, second forming the anterior border of the
loreal pit, third largest. Scales in 19 or 21 rows, dorsals feebly
and obtusely keeled. Ventrals 152-168; anal entire ; subcaudals
43-65. ‘Tail prehensile. Greyish or reddish brown above, with
more or less distinct darker spots, which may be edged with
blackish ; a light, dark-edged streak on each side of the head,
behind the eye; belly profusely powdered with brown, or brown
with a lateral series of yellowish-white spots; end of tail red or
reddish.

Total length 770 millim.; tail 105.

Originally described from Borneo, this snake has since been
rediscovered in Sumatra and, by Mr. L. Wray, at Merak in the
Perak Hills, at an altitude of 3000 feet. Mr. A. J. B. Butcher
has recently presented to the State Museum a specimen obtained
at Ayer Itam, Selangor.

238, Lachesis wagleri.

Cophias waglert, Boie, 1sis, 1827, p. 661.

Trigonocephalus sumatranus (non Raftles), Cantor, Journ, Asiat. Soe.
Bengal, xvi, p. 1042, pl. xl, fig. 9 (1847).

Trimeresurus wagleri, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 388 (1864).

LACHESIS. 219

Lachesis wagleri, Bouleng. Cat. Sn. iii, p. 562 (1896) ; 8. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1899, p. 696; Ridley, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. Asiat.
Soc. No. 32, 1899, p. 202.

Malay name, Ular bakaw (Mangrove-snake).

Head very broad, little longer than broad; snout very short,
with more or less distinct canthus; eye very small. Rostral as
deep as broad or a little broader than deep; upper head-scales
small, strongly imbricate, keeled ; 7 to 13 scales in a series between
the supraoculars, which are usually narrow or broken up into
scales ; 1, 2, or 3 postoculars and a subocular, which is separated
from the labials by one or two series of scales, rarely in contact
with the third labial; 8 to 10 upper labials, second not entering
the loreal pit, third very large; gular scales obtusely keeled.
Seales in 21 to 25 rows (rarely 19 or 27), more or less distinctly
keeled. Ventrals 197 154; anal entire; subcaudals 45-55 pairs.
Tail prehensile. Adults usually green above, the scales black-
edged, with bright yellow, black-edged cross-bands, or black with
yellow cross-bands ; head black, spotted with yellow ; belly bright
yellow or yellow and green, the shields black-edged; end of tail
black. Young green above, with yellow or white cross-lines edged
behind with blue or purple, or with two dorsal series of small spots
or cross-bars of the same colour; a yellow or white line on each
side of the head, passing through the eye, edged below with blue
or purple; belly white or pale green, with or without black edges
to the shields; end of tail usually red or reddish brown. Iris
yellow.

Total length 980 millim.; tail 150.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Generally distributed in the
Peninsula, and common in Singapore. Lives both on the ground
and on trees. Feeds on mammals, birds, and lizards. When
annoyed, Ridley says, it opens its mouth exceedingly wide, showing
its poison-tangs, but it is very slow and stupid, creeping away in
a leisurely manner. It is quite gentle in captivity. Its bite does
not seem to be deadly for large animals.

The commonest of its genus in the Malay Peninsula, but not as
a rule far from the coast ; exceedingly abundant in the mangrove-
belt, where the Chinese fuel-cutters are often bitten, without,
however, any very serious results.

220 ADDENDUM TO COLUBRIDA.

ADDENDUM TO COLUBRID.

The description of the following Snake was _ inadvertently
omitted from p. 157 :— ;

171 a. Calamaria gimletti.
Bouleng. Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) xv, 1905, p. 456.

Rostral as deep as broad, its upper portion as long as its
distance from the frontal, which is as broad as long, and 3 to 33
times as broad as the very small supraocular; no preocular; a
very small postocular; eye 4 to § as long as its distance from the
mouth ; 4 upper labials, second and third entering the eye ; first
pair of lower labials forming a suture behind the symphysial ;
two pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other. Scales in
13 rows. Ventrals 202-239; anal entire ; subeaudals 11-17. Tail
rounded at theend. Reddish brown above and on the outer ends
of the ventrals, which are otherwise white ; a pair of yellowish-
white dorsal spots on the base of the tail; a brown line in the
middle of the lower surface of the tail.

Total length 175 millim. ; tail 13.

The type specimen was obtained in Kelantan by Dr. Gimlette.
I have examined a second specimen, the locality of which is
unknown, but Mr. Kloss assures me there can be no doubt as to
its having been procured in some part of the Malay Peninsula.

Class BATRACHIA.

Cold-blooded Vertebrates usually breathing by gills during at
least part of their existence, undergoing metamorphoses*. In
the recent forms, body naked or with scales imbedded in the skin,
and skull with a large parasphenoid, devoid of supraoccipital and
basioccipital, and articulating with the vertebral column by two
condyles. Paired limbs as in the higher Vertebrates, pentadactyle
or derivable from the pentadactyle type.

Represented in the Fauna here dealt with by two Orders ~~
I. ECAUDATA, Frogs and Toads.
lI. APODA, Cecilians.

Order ECAUDATA.

Four limbs and no tail. Radius and ulna and tibia and fibula
confluent; tarsus (astragalus and calcaneum) elongate, forming an
additional segment in the hind limb. Frontal bones confluent
with parietals, nasals with prefrontals.

The bedy is short, the dorsal vertebral column consisting of
but eight presacral vertebrz (exceptionally still further reduced),
and the coccygeal vertebre are confluent into a single styloid bone.

* The young of certain species leave the egg or the body of their mother in
the perfect condition, thus dispensing with the metamorphosis.

By ECAUDATA.

The young usually pass through lengthy metamorphoses, in the
principal aquatie stages of which they are known as ‘ tadpoles.”
In the tadpoles the head and body are globular, with internal
gills, limbs are absent and a tail is present; the hind and fore
limbs appear successively, the tail is gradually absorbed, and the
gills disappear, after which last transformation the young leaves
the water.

The eggs and early development are essentially similar to those
of fishes, and quite unlike those of Reptiles. In many the eggs
are small, very numerous, and deposited in water. But in others
the eggs are large, with large vitelline mass, and the young pass
rapidly through part or all of the metamorphoses within the egg
capsule, emerging as advanced larve or even as perfect lung-
breathing frogs. Much remains to be done in observing the
breeding habits and development of the Malayan Batrachians.

Tailless Batrachians occur all over the world wherever insect
food is procurable. Representatives of four families are found in
the Malay Peninsula.

Series A. FIRMISTERNIA.

Coracoid firmly united by the epicoracoid cartilage ; preecora-
coids, if present, each resting with its distal extremity upon the
coracoid, or connected with the latter by the epicoracoid cartilage.
(See tig. 66.)

Upper jaw toothed; diapophyses of sacral

verte pracy linAdiiealia ec Mile aye eere chloe Ranide, p. 225.
Jaws toothless; diapophyses of sacral
VerleDLascllatedi ey eee eee Mere Engystomatide, p. 257.

Series B. ARCIFERA.

Coracoids and epicoracoids connected by an arched cartilage
(the epicoracoid), that of the one side overlapping that of the
other. (See fig. 74, p. 267.)

Jaws toothless; diapophyses of sacral vertebra
dilenicd 4. MOse TG, DLN EArt mee oct ores Bufonide, p. 267.

Upper jaw toothed ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra
strongly dilated! sional: «tee ati ie tele emo Pelobatide, p. 276.

RANIDZ. 223.

Series A. FIRMISTERNIA.
Family RANIDA.

Upper jaw toothed; diapophyses of sacral vertebra not dilated.

OSE,

Fig. 66.—Vertebral column and pectoral arch of Rana tigrina.

ce, Coceyx. eco. Epicoracoid. sc. Seapula.
co. Coracoid. ost. Omosternum. st. Sternum.
con. Sacral condyles. peo. Preecoracoid s.v. Sacral vertebra.
(+clavicle).

Cosmopolitan, except the greater part of Australia.
Four genera in the Malay Peninsula.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. No intercalary ossification between the
distal and penultimate phalanges ; ex-
tremity of penultimate phalanx not
sharply defined externally (see fig. 67, 1);
digits perfectly free.
Tongue entire; vomerine teeth none ....... ', OXyGLossus, p. 224.

224

RANIDA.

‘Tongue deeply emarginate and bifid behind ;
yomerine teeth. present (2)... G5 be cee Rana, p. 226.
Il. An intercalary ossification between the
distal and penultimate phalanges; ex-
tremity of penultimate phalanx sharply
defined externally (see fig. 67,2); tongue
deeply emarginate and bifid behind.

Vomerine teeth present
“Vomerine teeth none .

a.

Fig. 67.—1. Finger of Rhacophorus maximus. 2. Finger of Rana latopalmata.

a. Upper view.

Tschudi, N. Class.

Pupil horizontai.

RUE cs Os eens RuacopHorts, p. 247.
BAe tana gree eres eee IXALUS, p. 252.

f

Q

<P?

ae 6

(P. Z. 8. 1888, p. 206.)
b, Side view. a’, b'. Skeleton.

Genus OXYGLOSSUS.

Batr. p. 85 (1838).

Tongue narrow, entire and free behind.

Fig. 68.— Oxyglossus lima. Open mouth and pectoral arch.

Vomerine teeth none.

Tympanum indistinct. Fingers free, toes

OXYGLOSSUS. 22

webbed, the tips not dilated into regular disks. Outer metatarsals
separated by web. Omosternum with a bony style; sternum a
cartilaginous plate.

Southern China and Bengal to the Malay Archipelago.

Two species :—
Tongue pointed behind ; toes pointed ; belly warty... O. lima, p. 225.

Tongue rounded behind; tips of toes dilated; belly
SLDEUIEG 2.6 ois a iS RIS reels Orerinieireastiercae O, levis, p. 225.

239. Oxyglossus lima.
Rana lima, Gravenh. Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratisl. p. 41 (1829).
Oxyglossus lima, Tschudi, 1. c.; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 401
(1864); Bouleng. Cat. Batr, Ecaud. p. 5 (1882); id. Faun. Brit.
Ind., Rept. p. 486 (1890); S. Flower, P. Z. 8, 1899, p. 886;
Laidlaw, P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 884; Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i,
p. 184 (1903).

Tongue elongate, extensively free and pointed behind. Habit
stout. Head small; snont rather pointed, without canthus
rostralis ; interorbital space very narrow, much narrower than
the upper eyelid. Fingers rather slender, acutely pointed, first
not extending beyond second; toes pointed, fourth not very much
longer than third and fifth, very broadly webbed; subarticular
tubercles very small; two metatarsal tubercles, inner the larger
and oval, outer subconical; a short tarsal fold and a small tarsal
tubercle just below the tibio-tarsal articulation. The tarso-
metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Skin warty,
the warts most numerous and of unequal size on the back, largest
and forming more or less symmetrical rows on the throat and
belly. Greenish brown above, with small darker markings ;
sometimes a light (yellow or green) vertebral stripe; yellow
beneath, with a dark brown band on the arm and along the hinder
side of the thigh, and sometimes a brown L-shaped mark on
each side at the base of the thighs; sometimes a brown band
on each side from the chin to the breast. Iris brown, with a
narrow gold line round the pupil. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 33 millim.

From Bengal and Southern China to the Malay Archipelago.

Locally distributed in the Malay Peninsula. Recorded from
Kedah, Jalor, and Patani.

A thoroughly aquatic frog, found in small ponds, often indistinctly
brackish water.

Called ‘‘ Katak lempong” by the Malays of Kedah.

240. Oxyglossus levis.
Ginth. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 7, pl. 1, fig. A (1858); Bouleng. Cat. Batr.
Keaud. p. 6 (1882); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 437 (1890);
S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896, p. 897; Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 228;
Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 884. ;
Tongue oval, rounded behind, free in the posterior third or
Q

226 RANIDA,

fourth. Head small; snout rounded, without canthus rostralis ;
interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid. Fingers
short, with blunt tips, first not or but slightly extending beyond
second; toes entirely or nearly entirely webbed, the web more
emarginate than in O. lima, the tips swollen into small disks ;
subarticular tubercles small; inner metatarsal tubercle elliptic,
compressed; outer metatarsal tubercle absent or very indistinct ;
a short tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the
tip of the snout, or a little beyond. Skin smooth, or with small
smooth warts. Brownish above, with or without rather indistinct
darker spots; sometimes a light vertebral line; a light streak from
the eye to the commissure of the mouth often conspicuous; hind
limbs with rather irregular dark cross-bands; lower parts whitish,
throat often speckled with brown. Male with an internal vocal
sac.

From snout to vent 40 millim.

The tadpole is remarkable for the small mouth, with horseshoe-
shaped lip without horny teeth, the closed mouth appearing as a
vertical slit; a black horny beak; eyes on upper surface; spira-
culum sinistral, anus median; tail acutely pointed, with low
crests, more than twice as long as body. Olive above, white
beneath, tail speckled with dark brown. ‘Total length 51 millim.

Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula (Perak, Jalor) and Archipelago.

Genus RANA.
Linn, Syst. Nat. i, p. 854 (1766).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and deeply notched behind.
Vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free,

Fig. 69.—Open mouth of Rana macrodon.

toes webbed, with simple or dilated tips. Outer metatarsals
separated by web. Omosternum and sternum with a bony style.
Distal phalanges obtuse or T-shaped.

RANA. UPAll

Cosmopolitan, except in the Southern parts of South America,
in Australia and New Zealand.

Some species are chiefly terrestrial, others aquatic, others
arboreal. Arboreal habits are usually to be recognized by the
distal enlargement of the digits, although some strictly aquatic
forms, such as R. huhlit, have the toes ending in small but very
distinct disks.

This genus is represented by 22 species in the Malay Peninsula.

Synopsis of the Species.

I, No glandular dorso-lateral fold *; digits
with the tips not or but feebly dilated,

A. Toes acutely pointed, very broadly
webbed; inner metatarsal tubercle
Cumleal@ tai atin cei aed ares eee R. cyanophlyctis, p. 228.

B. Toes blunt or with dilated tips.

wi: Tympanum indistinct or hidden;
™ toes at least 3 webbed.
Tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching beyond
Bye tympanum hidden .......0:....05- R. kuhlir, p. 229.
Tibio-tarsal articulation to between eye and
tip ¥ snout; tympanum scarcely distinct... laticeps, p. 230.

2. Tympanum very distinct.

“a. Vomerine teeth commencing on
a line with the hinder edge of
the choane ; tips of fingers and
toes dilated into small disks.

Toes nearly entirely webbed; skin smooth or

with irregular glandules on the back...... RK. doria, p. 281.
Toes 3 to 2 ‘Swebbed ; skin of back with regular

longitudinal foldays WeeeWe eRieice a R. plicatella, p. 231.
Toes 3 to 3 webbed; no dorsal folds........ R. hascheana, p. 232.

6. Vomerine teeth between the
choanze, or commencing from
the anterior corner of the latter.

a. Tips of fingers not dilated.

Toes broadly webbed, with distinctly swollen

tips; skin smooth above, or with small

RA ee MN ede inthe a erecta ac tye.e ware R, macrodon, p. 238.
Toes broadly webbed, obtuse; skin warty,

the warts usually forming longitudinal

SAR ho ake eterna SEEN ¢ R. tigrina, p. 234.
Toes half webbed; skin warty, the warts
usually forming longitudinal folds ........ R. limnocharis, p. 236.

8. Tips of fingers and toes dilated
into small disks.
Toes 3 to 2 webbed; first finger much longer
than second; back with flat warts, at least
SLEAULPC REIT a SARE AL tA Ae ine aA R. glandulosa, p. 236.

* Except in young &. macrodon,
Pp yi, g i
Q2

228 RANID®.

Toes 3 webbed ; first finger much longer than

second ; back smooth or finely granulate... R. signata, p. 287
Toes not 4 webbed ; first finger a little longer
than second; back smooth ........0...+. R. luctuosa, p. 288,

IJ. A glandular fold along each side of the
back; tympanum very distinct; digits
more or less dilated at the end.
A. Web not reaching the disks of the
“™ third and fifth toes.
Toes half webbed, very slender ; foot nearly
as long as the distance between tympanum
STIG VOM es, «dia vome sa ed's eoata aNayeise a atetate shes ae R. macrodactyla, p. 288.
Toes 2 webbed; foot about half length of
head and body; two small metatarsal
tubercles; first finger not extending much
beyond Seconds. ici <\vsptteuls eh « pieteuchat= iehete R. nicobariensis, p. 240.
Toes 2 webbed; a large compressed inner
metatarsal tubercle ; first finger much longer
chemmsgeial Sh Maostaatorscnsarapsedoes R. lateralis, p. 239.
B. Web reaching the disks of the third
and fifth toes.
1. Disks of fingers small; glandular
lateral fold broad.
No outer metatarsal tubercle ; first finger not

extending beyond second.............+6- R. erythrea, p. 241.
A small outer metatarsal tubercle ; first finger
extending beyond second............---. RL. nigrovittata, p. 242.

2. Disks of fingers large; glandular
lateral fold narrow.
First finger not extending as far as second ;
tibio-tarsal articulation reaching end of
snout or alittle beyond 5.2: 0.5.05. ss. R. labialis, p. 242.
First finger extending as far as second ; tibio-
tarsal articulation reaching a little beyond
end OL BNOUE Ay minioe a wa oon eet den 5 otelo R. hosit, p. 248.
First finger extending as far as second ; tibio-
tarsal articulation reaching far beyond end
OF SHOUE Gh clits oe neccesary lee eaten ere R. jerboa, p. 244,
IIL. Glandular lateral fold absent or feeble
and interrupted ; digits dilated into
very large disks.
First finger a little longer than second; tym-

panum about half diameter of eye........ R., livida, p. 245,
First finger shorter than second ; tympanum
a GinmebOriOk Cye- facets. wien eeemted OF 8 R. larutensis, p. 245,

241, Rana cyanophlyctis.

Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 187 (1799); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind.
p. 406 (1864): Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 17 (1882) ; id. Faun.
Brit. Ind. p. 442 (1890).

Rana leschenaultit, Dum. & Bibr, Erp. Gén. viii, p. 342 (1841) ;
Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 1059 (1847).

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series extending a little
beyond the hinder edge of the choane. Head moderate; snout

RANA, 229

scarcely pointed; canthus rostralis indistinct; interorbital space
much narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, about
= the size of theeye. Fingers slender, pointed, first not extending
beyond second; toes webbed to the tips, which are pointed,
fourth not much longer than third or fifth; outer toe strongly
fringed ; subarticular tubercles small; inner metatarsal tubercle
conical, much like a rudimentary toe. Tibio-tarsal articulation
usually reaching a little beyond eye. Skin with small tubercles
and warts above, and with rows of pores. Brown or olive above,
dark spotted or marbled ; two blackish streaks on the hinder
side of the thighs, seldom absent; beneath often speckled with
blackish. Male with two external vocal sacs, opening by two slits
beneath the angles of the mouth.

From snout to vent 97 millim.

The tadpole (described and figured by J. Anderson, P.Z.%S.
1895, pl. xxxvii, fig. 2) grows to a length of over 100 millim.
The mouth is furnished with a strong, entirely black beak,
surrounded by a large circular lip with a single marginal series of
upper horny teeth, and two lower series, and with large subconical
papille on the sides. Spiraculum sinistral, anus dextral. Tail
pointed, about 13 times the length of the body, with high dermal
folds or crests, the upper of which extends on the back to the
vertical of the spiraculum ; it is largely blotched with black.

This species is common in South Arabia, Baluchistan, India
and Ceylon. The only authority for its occurrence in the Malay
Peninsula, which I think doubtful, is Cantor, who adds, “the
species is apparently not numerous.” Two specimens from Cantor’s
Collection, labelled as from Penang, are in the British Museum.

A thoroughly aquatic frog, well known in India for its curious
habit, probably shared by the allied R. hevadactyla, of making
leaps over the surface of the water, alighting on all fours and
starting again as they would on land. Capt. Flower has observed
it in India to sometimes make a dozen leaps before going under
the surface.

242, Rana kuhlii.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp, Gén. viii, p. 584 (1841); Giinth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 404 (1864), part.; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 443
(1882); id. Faun. Brit. Ind. p. 443 (1890); S. Flower, P.Z.S.
1899, p. 887; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bomb. xv,
p. L195 (1903).

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique series behind the choane ;
lower jaw with two more or less developed tooth-like prominences
in front. Head moderate in females, very large in males ; snout
short, rounded, without canthus rostralis; eyes prominent,
directed upwards; interorbital space as broad as or a little broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum hidden. Fingers moderate,
blunt, first and second equal, or first extending a little beyond
second; toes broadly webbed, sometimes to the tips, which are

230 RANIDZ.

dilated into small disks; subarticular tubercles well developed ;
inner metatarsal tubercle narrow, blunt, about 2 length of inner
toe; no outer tubercle; a tarsal fold. Tibio-tarsal articulation
reaching temple or eye. Above with short longitudinal glandular
folds or roundish tubercles, sometimes nearly smooth, except upon
the tibia. Brown or olive-green above, with or without irregular
sinall black spots; a black transverse line or bar, preceded by a
yellowish one, often present between the eyes; sometimes a
yellow vertebral stripe; chin and sides of head, body, and limbs
yellow ; lips and limbs mottled or spotted with dark olive-brown ;
lower parts buff. Iris bronze with a black cross, and a narrow
gold rim round the pupil. Male without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 90 millim.

Southern China, Formosa and Loo Choo Islands to Malay
Peninsula. Found in the Larut Hills, Perak, up to 4500 feet
altitude, also on the hills of Selangor and Negri Sembilan, but
nowhere common.

Thoroughly aquatic.

243. Rana laticeps.

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 20, pl. i, fig. 1 (1882); id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 444 (1890) ; 8. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896,
p- 897. %

Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups behind the level of
the choane; lower jaw with two bony prominences in front,
acute and directed backwards in the adult male. Head large,
triangular, especially in the male; snout short, subacuminate,
with rounded canthus rostralis ; interorbital space broader than
the upper eyelid ; tympanum scarcely distinct, § the size of the
eye. Fingers moderate, blunt, first not extending beyond second ;
toes moderate, # to nearly entirely webbed, the tips dilated into
very small disks; a tarsal fold; subarticular tubercles well
developed ; inner metatarsal tubercle elongate, blunt, 3 length of
inner toe; no outer tubercle. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching to
between eye and end of snout. Upper parts with small elongate
warts and rounded tubercles ; a fold above the tympanum. Brown
above, indistinctly marbled with darker; a light, dark-edged
cross-band between the upper eyelids and usually a A-shaped dark
marking on the back ; limbs more or less distinctly cross-barred ;
throat often spotted with brown. Male without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 53 millim.

Bengal, Khasi Hills, and Malacca. Recorded by Hanitsch (Rep.
Raffles Libr. & Mus. 1898) from Gunong Kledang, Ipoh, Perak,
2000 feet. Specimens from that locality, collected by Dr. Hanitsch,
are preserved in the British Museum.

-RANA, 231

244, Rana doriz.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) v, p. 482, pl. viii, fig. 1
(1887) ; id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 447 (1890) ; id. Ann. Mus.
Civ. Genova (2) xiii, p. 328 (1893) ; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 196 (1904).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups commencing on a
line with the hinder edge of the choane; lower jaw with or
without bony prominences. Head moderate in females, very
large in full-grown males ; snout short, obtuse ; canthus rostralis
obtuse ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid, very convex
in males; tympanum distinct, 2 to once diameter of eye. Fingers
moderate, first extending a little beyond second; toes moderate,
nearly entirely webbed ; a feeble cutaneous fringe along the outer
side of the fitth toe; tips of fingers and toes dilated into small
disks ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; inner metatarsal tubercle
elongate, blunt, 2 length of inner toe; no outer tubercle; a
feeble tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye
or the nostril. Skin smooth, or with irregular glandules on the
back; a more or less distinct transverse fold connects the
posterior borders of the eyes; a strong fold from eye to shoulder,
above tympanum. Brown above, with small irregular darker
spots; sometimes a yellowish vertebral stripe; a lighter cross-
band between the eyes, bordered with darker behind; lips with
verticai dark brown bars; hind limbs with rather irregular
dark cross-bands; white beneath, uniform or scantily spotted
with brown, throat of males spotted or marbled with brown or
black. Male without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 57 millim.

Originally described from Tenasserim, this frog has been
rediscovered in Burma and jin the Larut Hills, Perak, by
Mr. L. Wray, and on the top of Bukit Timah, Singapore, by
Mr. A. L. Butler.

245. Rana plicatella.

Stoliczka, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xlii, p. 116, pl. xi, fig. 1
(1873); Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud, p. 26 (1882); 8S. Flower,
PZ. 5. '800, pe S90; luaidlaw, P..Z. 8. 1900, p. 88;
A. L. Butler, Journ, Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 196
(1903).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series converging behind,
originating on a line with the hinder edge of the choane. Lower
jaw with two fang-like bony prominences in front. Head large ;
snout bluntly pointed ; canthus rostralis rounded ; occiput swollen
at the sides, interorbital region broader than the upper eyelid,
convex and followed by a knob-like prominence; tympanum distinet,
as large as or a little larger than the eye. Fingers moderate, first

232 RANIDA,

slightly longer than second, the tips dilated into small but
distinct disks ; toes 3 to ? w ebbed, the tips dilated like the fingers ;
subarticular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle
elongate, prominent ; no outer tubercle; a very slight tarsal fold.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of. the snout or
between the eye and the end of the snout. Skin of back with 8
or 10 longitudinal folds, sometimes with numerous small tubercles
between them ; a strong fold above the tympanum ; upper eyelid
tubercular. Bronze above, changing from bright yellowish red to
dull brown shades, with or without a yellow vertebral line; some
of the folds edged with black; a black chevron, pointing back-
wards, between the eyes; limbs with dark brown cross-bars ;
belly bright sulphur-yellow. Iris bronze, with a black cross, and
avery narrow red ring round the pupil. Male without vocal
sacs.

From snout to vent 40 millim.

Penang, Gunong Inas, between Kedah and Perak, up to 4000
feet above sea-level, and Bukit Timah, Singapore.

246. Rana hascheana.

Polypedates hascheanus, Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxix,
p. 147, pl. ix, fig. 3 (1870).

Rana hascheana, Ww. Sclater, P.Z.S. 1892, p. 344; 8. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1899, p. 894; Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 885; A. Ei,
Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 197 (1903).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique oval groups commencing on a
line with the hinder edge of the choanee. Head moderate; snout
short, obtuse; canthus rostralis obtuse ; interorbital space as broad
as the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, about 2 the diameter of
the eye. Fingers rather short, first and second equal or first
slightly the longer, the tips scarcely dilated ; toes moderate, 3 to
4 webbed, the tips dilated into small but very distinct disks ;
subarticular tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle
elongate, blunt, 3 to # length of inner toe; no outer metatarsal
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the
snout, or between the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth
or with small flat warts or feeble corrugations ; a strong fold from
eye to shoulder, above tympanum. Rich yellow to orange brown
above, in life, with dark brown spots; a dark brown cross-band
between the eyes, edged with paler yellow in front, followed by a
faint W-shaped mark, the ends of which begin behind the eyes ;
sides of body finely spotted with very dark brown and white ;
limbs with dark brown cross-bands ; lower parts white, with pale
purple and golden shades, and an interrupted line of dark brown
spots across the throat.

From snout to vent 38 millim.

Common in the higher forests of Penang; also found in the
Larut Hills, Perak, from 2000 to 3000 feet elevation, and on

RANA. 233

Gunong Inas, between Kedah and Perak. Also known from the
Natuna Islands. Mr. Butler observes that it croaks throughout
the day, uttering a single very loud crow-like caw two or three
times in succession and then remaining silent for some minutes.
When tracked down the frog is almost always found under a dead
leaf, not in a hole of any sort. It is extremely active and hard
to catch, making off with long leaps through the undergrowth
directly it is disturbed. In croaking, the throat is gently
inflated.

247. Rana macrodon.

Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. viii, p. 882 (1841); Blanf. P.Z.S. 1881,
p. 225, pl. xxi, fig. 4; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 24, pl. 1,
tig. 4 (1882) ; id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 448 (1890) ; 8. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1896, p. 898, pl. xlv, fig. 1, and 1899, p. 888; Laidlaw,
P. Z.S. 1900, p. 885; A. L. Butler, Journ, Nat. Hist. Soe.
Bombay, xv, p. 196 (19038).

Rana fusca Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxiv, p.719 (1855) ;
Stoliczka, op. cit. xlii, p. 115 (1873).

Vomerine teeth in two long oblique series commencing from
the inner front edges of the choanz ; lower jaw with two tang-like
bony prominences in front, sometimes scarcely developed. Head
large, occiput more or less swollen on the sides; snout rather
pointed; canthus rostralis obtuse; interorbital space usually
broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct, usually smaller
than the eye. Fingers moderate, obtuse, first much longer than
second; toes broadly webbed, sometimes to the tips, which are
feebly but distinctly dilated ; subarticular tubercles well developed ;
inner metatarsal tubercle blunt, about 2 the length of the inner
toe; no outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the eye or the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above, or
with small rounded warts ; upper eyelid tubercular ; a strong fold
above the tympanum; young with « narrow glandular fold on
each side of the back. Olive-brown or green above, sometimes with
a broad orange vertebral line ; belly and lower surface of limbs pale
orange. The larger variety found in Singapore is bright bronze,
chocolate red, or pale yellowish or reddish, rarely olive-brown,
usually with a narrow pale yellow vertebral stripe, and pale yellow
beneath. Limbs more or less distinctly barred with dark brown,
sometimes with a pale yellow line along the inner side ot the
tibia. Male without vocal sacs.

Total Jength 230 millim. One of the largest frogs known.

The tadpole, which measures only 37 millim., differs from that
of 2. cyanophlyctis in the upper caudal crest not extending forwards
to the base of the tai]. Sides and lower edge of the lip bordered
with papille, the upper edge with a series of horny teeth, followed
on each side by a short series; 3 series of teeth on the lower lip,
first very short, weak and uninterrupted, second also uninter-
rupted, third longer and narrowly interrupted; beak broadly

234 RANID.

edged with black. Above light reddish brown with a dark brown
line threugh the eye; crests and posterior portion of muscular
part of tail colourless, with irregular dark brown vertical bars.

Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded from
Penang, Perak, Johore, Malacca, Singapore, from sea-level to
4000 feet on the hills.

Active frogs and good swimmers, called ‘‘ Koldoo-ayer” by the
Malays of Penang, and “ Koldok-merah” at Singapore. Young
specimens are usually known as Katak umpan or * bait-frogs” by
the Peninsular Malays. According to Flower, their food consists
of snails, crabs, insects and scorpions; they probably also feed
on other frogs, and an instance is known of one swallowing a
snake.

248. Rana tigrina.

Daud. Hist. Rain. Gren. Crap. p. 64, pl. xx (1802) ; Cantor, Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi, p. 1060 (1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit.
Ind. p. 407 (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 26 (1882) ;
id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 449, fig. 132 (1890); S. Flower,
P.Z..S. 1896, p. 901, and 1899, p. 891, pl. lix, fig. 2. Aga
Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 197 (1908).

Vomerine teeth in two Jong oblique series commencing from
the inner front edges of the choane ; lower jaw with two more or
less distinct prominences in front in the adult. Head moderate ;
snout rounded or obtusely pointed, at least as long as the orbit ;
canthus rostralis obtuse; interorbital space narrower than the
upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, ? to ? the diameter of the
eye. Fingers rather short, blunt, first extending beyond second ;
toes moderate, entirely or nearly entirely webbed ; a membranous
fringe along the outer side of the fifth toe; subarticular
tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle oval or elliptical,
blunt, 3 to 2 the length of the inner toe*; no outer metatarsal
tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye. Skin of
back with small warts and more or less distinct longitudinal
folds; a more or less distinct fold across the head behind the
eyes ; a glandular fold above the tympanum. Brown, olive, or
green above, usually with darker spots, with or without a
yellowish vertebral line; back of thighs yellow, marbled with
black; limbs with dark cross-bars. Iris dark brown, with a
golden ring round the pupil. Male with two gular vocal sacs,
forming folds on the sides of the throat, these regions generally
blackish.

From snout to vent 160 millim.

The tadpole differs from that of 2. macrodon in having 5 series
of teeth in the upper lip, the first uninterrupted, and also 5 in
the lower lip, the first short and uninterrupted, the second long
and uninterrupted, the remainder broadly interrupted and very

* In the Malay specimens,

RANA, 235

short; the large powerful beak is entirely black, the upper
mandible has a single sharp cusp, the lower has two sharp cusps.

Fig. 70.—Rana tigrina.

Tail yellow, mottled with brown, with a dark line along the basal
third of the muscular portion. Total length 52 millim.

India and Ceylon and Southern China to the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. Known from Penang, Province Wellesley,
Kedah, Patani, and Kelantan. Apparently very local, and far
less common than the following species. Mr. Butler says
that in three and a half years’ collecting he has never met
with it.

236 . RANIDA.

249. Rana limnocharis.

Wieem, N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xvii, i, p. 255 (1885) ; Bouleng.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 450 (1890), part.; S. Flower, P. Z.8.
1896, p. 901, and 1899, p. 893; Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 885;
A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv; p. 197 (1903);
Bouleng. Spol. Zeyl. 11, p. 73 (1904).

Rana gracilis, (non Gravenh.), Wiegm. t. c. p. 257; Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 409 (1864) ; Bouleng, Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p, 28, part.
(1882).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane.
Head moderate ; snout more or less pointed, at least as long as
the orbit ; canthus rostralis obtuse; interorbital space narrower
than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, 2 to 2 the
diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, blunt, first extending
beyond second ; toes rather slender, half-webbed; subarticular
tubercles moderate; inner metatarsal tubercle oval or elliptical,
blunt, about half the length of the inner toe; a very small outer
metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye,
or between the eye and the tip of the snout. Back warty, the
warts often confluent into more or less regular longitudinal folds ;
a glandular fold above the tympanum. Brown or olive above,
' with darker spots or marblings, often with a yellow vertebral line
or stripe; back of thighs yellow, marbled or reticulated with
black ; limbs with dark cross-bars; lips with dark bars; lower
parts white, the sides of the throat black in the male, which is
provided with vocal sacs as in the preceding species.

From snout to vent 65 millim,.

The tadpole, described by H. S. Ferguson (Journ. Nat. Hist.
Soe. Bombay, xv, 1908, p. 502, pl. A. fig. 3), is very different from
that of FR. tigrina, and resembles more that of R. cyanophlyctis.
Beak black ; upper lip with one row of teeth, on the edge; two
uninterrupted series of lower labial teeth; papille present both
on the sides and below. Body pinkish brown, tail lighter, with
reddish brown markings throughout. Total length 37 millim.

India and Ceylon and China and Japan to the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago. Common and widely distributed in the
Peninsula, often found in brackish water and tidal creeks and
ditches. Together with 2. erythrea the commonest rice-field
frog.

250. Rana glandulosa.

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 73, pl. vii (1882); id. Ann, & Mag.
Nat. Hist. (6) viii, p. 291 (1891), and xiv, p. 87 (1894) ; S. Flower,
P.Z.S, 1896, p. 905; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Bombay, xv, p. 200 (1903).

Vomerine teeth in two short oblique series between the choane.
Head rather large; snout rounded, as long as the orbit, with

RANA. ' OST

obtuse canthus rostralis and concave loreal region ; nostril nearer
end of snout than eye ; interorbital space as broad as or slightly
narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, 2 to #
the diameter of the eye. Fingers rather elongate, first extending
much beyond second; toes moderate, 4 to 2 webbed; tips of
fingers and toes merely swollen, or dilated into very small disks ;
subarticular tubercles very prominent ; a small oval inner meta-
tarsal tubercle, and a smaller rounded one at the base of the
fourth toe. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye, or between
the eye and the tip of the snout. Back more or less distinctly
granulate, with large flat glandules, at least on the sides. Olive-
brown or reddish brown, spotted and speckled with blackish ; lips
dark, with large whitish spots or bars ; limbs with dark cross-bars ;
lower parts whitish or buff, uniform or spotted with brown.
According to Butler, the eye is of a conspicuous fiery red. Male
with a vocal sac on each side of the throat, forming folds, and a
large oval gland on the inner surface of the arm.

From snout to vent 95 millim.

Malay Peninsula (Pahang, Selangor, Malacca, Singapore),
Borneo, Palawan. This is one of the creatures foundin the Batu
Caves in total darkness.

251, Rana signata.

Polypedates signatus, Giinth. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 600, pl. xl, fig. C.

Rana signata, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 71 (1882); Werner,
Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xiii, p. 493 (1900); Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1900,
p- 886,

Rana obsoleta, Mocquard, N. Arch. Mus. (8) 11, p. 147 (1890).

Vomerine teeth in two small oblique groups between the choane.
Head moderate; snout subacuminate, as long as or a little
shorter than the orbit, with distinct canthus rostralis and concave
loreal region ; interorbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ;
tympanum very distinct, 2 to ? the diameter of the eye. Fingers
slender, first extending a little beyond second; toes moderate,
2 webbed ; tips of fingers and toes swollen; subarticular tubercles
well developed ; a small oval inner metatarsal tubercle and a small
rounded: one at the base of the fourth toe. The _ tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the tip of the snout or not quite so far. Skin
of upper parts smooth or granular. Dark olive to blackish above,
or olive largely spotted or marbled with black; a yellow or white
line from tke tip of the snout along the canthus rostralis and the
border of the upper eyelid, continued along each side of the back ;
hind limbs with black and light cross-bars, or orange spotted or
barred with black. Male with internal vocal sacs,

From snout to vent 60 millim.

First described from Borneo, this frog has since heen found in
Sumatra and at the foot of Gunong Inas, between Kedah and
Perak.

238 RANIDZ.

252. Rana luctuosa.

Limnedytes luctuosus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p.579; id. Ann.
Mus. Civ. Genova, iii, p. 45, pl. vi, fig. 1 (1872).

Rana luctuosa, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 68 (1882); S. Flower,
P. Z.8. 1896, p. 904, pl. xlvi, and 1899, p. 896; A. L. Butler,
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 199 (1903).

Rana decorata, Mocquard, N, Arch. Mus. (8) ii, p. 145, pl. x, fig. 1
(1890).

Vomerine teeth in twosmall oblique groups between the choane.
Head moderate ; snout rounded, as long as the orbit, with indis-
tinct canthus rostralis and scarcely oblique, feebly concave loreal
region ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid; tym-
panum very distinct, about # the diameter of the eye. Fingers
rather short, first extending beyond second: toes moderate,
4 webbed ; tips of fingers slightly, of toes more distinctly dilated ;
subarticular tubercles moderate; a small, oval inner metatarsal
tubercle ; no outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articula-
tion reaches the tip of the snout, or not quite so far. Skin smooth.
Top of head and back bright red or rich dark chocolate-brown,
bordered on each side from the end of the snout to the base of the
hind limbs by a very distinct white or yellow line; sides of head
and body very dark brown or black; tympanum dark reddish
brown ; along the lower part of the sides cf the body a few white
or yellow spots in an irregular line from angle of mouth to thigh ;
limbs very dark brown or bluish black with bluish-white or very
pale grey or orange marblings or transverse lines; throat brown
or black, remainder of the lower parts dirty buff, darker on the
limbs, sometimes with small light spots. Iris pale golden bronze,
extensively marked with very dark bronze. Male without vocal
sacs.

From snout to vent 50 millim.

Tadpole with sinistral spiraculum and dextral anus. Lip
bordered with papille and with 5 or 6 series of fine horny teeth
above, only the outer uninterrupted, and 4 series beneath, the inner
very narrowly interrupted, the remainder uninterrupted; beak
broadly edged with black. ‘Tail acutely pointed, the upper crest
not extending on the back. Blackish brown above, white beneath,
with a grey mottled tail. Total length 68 millim.

First described from Borneo, this very handsome frog has been
found common on Penang Hill, between 2000 and 2200 feet, and
in the Larut Hills, Perak, at an altitude of 4000 feet.

253. Rana macrodactyla.

Hylorana macrodactyle, Giinth. Cat. Batr. Sal. p. 72, pl. ii, fig. C
(1858) ; id. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 424 (1864).
Rana trivittata, Hallow. Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 504.

RANA. 239

? Hylorana subcerulea, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1868, p. 140.

Rana macrodactyla, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Eeaud. p. 54 (1882) ; id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 455 (1890) ; S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899,
p-. 895; Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 885.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups or short series between
the choane. Head depressed, much longer than broad ; snout
long, pointed; canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region not very
oblique, concave ; nostril much nearer end of snout than eye;
interorbital space as broad as or broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye, or at least 2
its diameter. Fingers slender, elongate, first not extending beyond
second ; foot as long as or nearly as long as the distance between
tympanum and vent; toes very slender, half-webbed; tips of
fingers and toes dilated into very small disks; subarticular tubercles
moderate ; a small oval inner and a small rounded outer meta-
tarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the
snout or a little beyond. Skin smooth ; a narrow glandular dorso-
lateral fold. Colour, in life, above rich dark brown, spotted with
black, and in some individuals mottled with dull yellow and vivid
green, with four or five very distinct longitudinal lines, which are
white with golden shades ; the median line (rarely absent) from the
snout to the vent, the next on the dorso-lateral fold, the outer
from the tympanum to the hind limb; upper surface of limbs
reddish yellow with dark brown markings, forming short cross-
bars on the thigh and the sides of the tibia, and two or three
lines along the back of the thigh ; head and body white beneath,
limbs yellowish. Imis golden. Male without vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 42 millim.

Southern China, Tonkin, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula.
Capt. Flower obtained many specimens near Jenan and Alor Star,
Kedah, and Dr. Annandale caught them hopping about in a rice-
field near Biserat, Jalor. Capt. Flower found them among
swampy paddy-fields, sitting in the grass on the ridges between
the submerged fields, leaping into the wator when alarmed, but
always at once swimming back to the land. “ Remarkably nimble,
active frogs, and specimens I had in captivity used to climb up a
vertical surface of glass like a true tree frog.”

254. Rana lateralis.

Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) v, p. 483, pl. viii, fig. 2 (1887) ;
id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 457 (1890); Laidlaw, P.Z.S.
1900, p. 886, pl. lvii, figs. 1 & 2.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane, and
extending to the inner anterior corners of the latter, widely
separated from each other. Head moderate; snout as long as
the orbit, acuminate, projecting ; nostril equally distant from orbit
and from end of snout ; loreal region concave ; interorbital space

240 RANIDA.

as broad as the upper evelid; tympanum as large as or a little
smaller than the eye. Fingers moderate, first much longer than
second ; toes 2 webbed ; tips of fingers and toes feebly dilated ; sub-
articular tubercles small; a large, compressed, very prominent
inner metatarsal tubercle, 2 the length of the inner toe; no outer
metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between
the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth; a narrow glandular
dorso-lateral fold; the specimen from Kwala Aring has very
curious fine glandular folds across the back, running obliquely
backwards from left to right. Back grey, sides black or grey with
black spots, the black sharply separated from the grey on the
lateral fold and on the canthus rostralis; a black line vorders the
upper lip, separated from the black loreal and temporal regions
by a broad pure white band which extends to above the shoulder
and sends up a process behind the tympanum; a black humeral
spot; hind limb with black eross-bars; hinder side of thighs
marbled black and white; throat blackish, with a whitish median
line ; breast closely spotted with black; beily white. Male with
internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 70 millim.

Originally described from Tenasserim. Mr. Laidlaw caught a
single specimen in thick jungle at Kwala Aring, Ulu Kelantan.

255. Rana nicobariensis.

Hylorana nicobariensis, Stoliczka, Journ, Asiat. Soc. Beng, xxxix,
p- 150, pl. ix, fig. 2 (1870). :
Rana nicobariensis, Bouleng. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xvi, p. 389
(1885); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 459 (1890); id. Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii, 1891, p. 291.

Rana erythrea, var. elongata, Werner, Jahresb, Nat. Ver. Magdeb.
1892, p. 525.

Rana lemniscata, Boettg. Zool. Anz, 1898, p. 337.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane.
Head a little longer than broad ; snout more or less pointed, as
long as ora little longer than the orbit, with distinct canthus
rostralis and nearly vertical, concave loreal region ; nestril much
nearer tip of snout than eye; interorbital space a little broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, ? to ? the
diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first extending a little
beyond second; toes moderate, webbed ; tips of fingers and toes
dilated into small but very distinet disks; subarticular tubercles
rather small; a small oval inner metatarsal tubercle, and a smaller,
rounded one at the base of the fourth toe. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or not quite so far.
Upper parts smooth or finely granular, back and sides sometimes
with a few small glandules; a strong but narrow glandular
dorso-lateral fold. Greyish or reddish brown, uniform or spotted
with darker; sides of head dark brown or black, which shade

RANA, 241

may be prolonged on the sides of the body below the lateral fold ;
a white streak on the upper lip; limbs with dark cross-bars ;
white beneath, uniform or spotted with brown, throat and breast
brown in the male. Male with internal vocal sacs and a flat oval
gland on the inner side of the arm.

From snout to vent 54 millim.

Nicobars, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Mentawei Ids.,
Java. A specimen from the Batu Caves, near Kuala Lumpur,
Selangor, is in the British Museum; also known from Kuala
Tahan, Pahang.

256, Rana erythrea.

Hyla erythrea, Schleg. Abbild. p. 27, pl. ix, fig. 3 (1837).

Limnoadytes erythreus, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. viii, p. 511,
pl. Ixxxvili (1841); Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p- 1062 (1847).

Hylorana erythrea, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 425 (1864).

Rana erythrea, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 65 (1882); id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 460 (1890) ; S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896,
p- 902, pl. xlv, fig. 2, and 1899, p.895; Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 885:
A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 198 (1903).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups between the choane.
Head a little longer than broad; snout longer than the orbit,
obtusely pointed and projecting ; canthus rostralis strong; loreal
region concave ; nostril much nearer end of snout than eye; inter-
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct,
nearly as large as the eye. Fingers rather slender, first not ex-
tending beyond second; toes nearly entirely webbed; tips of
fingers and toes dilated into small but well-developed disks; sub-
articular tubercles moderate; a small oval inner metatarsal
tubercle; no outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaches the tip of the snout, Skin smooth; a rather broad
and prominent glandular dorso-lateral fold. Bright green above,
changing to dull green or yellowish brown; a very dark brown
‘stripe, generally darker at the edges, along each side of the head
and body from the nose to the hind limb; glandular lateral fold
white or yellowish white ; upper lip yellow; limbs reddish-buff or
yellowish brown, without cross-bars; lower parts pure white.
Tris golden or golden-orange. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 75 millim.

Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded
from Penang, Province Wellesley, Perak, Kedah, Jalor, Singapore.

Capt. Flower says it is a true water-frog and appears to occur
only at low elevations. It is most active both on land and in the
water; it can hop over the surface of a pond, much as R. cyuno-
phlyctis does in India, and also jump right out of the water.
Owing to the vivid green colour of its back exactly matching the
colour of the weeds in a pond, it is often difficult to see but for
its bright golden eyes.

R

242 RANIDA.

Mr. Butler says it is never found away from water. Known
together with Rhacophorus lewcomystaw as Katak pisang, “ Banana-
leaf frog,” from the colour of its back.

257. Rana nigrovittata.
Limnodytes nigrovittatus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxiv,
p- 718 (1855).
Rana nigrovittata, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoya (2) xii,
p. 334, pl. viii, fig. 3 (1893) ; S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 896 ;
Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. i, 1905, p. 20.

Vomerine teeth in two oblique groups on a level with or just
behind the posterior borders of the choane. Head as long as
broad or a little broader than long; snout rounded, shorter than
the orbit; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region nearly vertical,
slightly concave ; nostril nearer end of snout than eye; inter-
orbital space as broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum very
distinct, ? to 4 the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first
extending beyond second; toes nearly entirely webbed ; tips of
fingers and toes dilated into small but well-developed disks ; sub-
articular tubercles strong; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval ;
a small but very prominent, round tubercle at the base of the
fourth toe. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the
snout, or between the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin more
or less distinctly granulate on the head and back; a broad but
feebly prominent glandular dorso-lateral fold. Brown abeve,
uniform or with a few small darker spots ; a blackish stripe on
each side, from the tip of the snout to the groin, passing through
the eye, involving the tympanum, and bordering the dorso-lateral
fold; a white streak from below the eye to the shoulder; limbs
with dark cross-bars; hinder side of thighs spotted or marbled
with black ; lower parts whitish, throat and breast more or less
obscured with brown mottlings. Male with internal vocal sacs
and a large flat gland on the inner side of the arm.

From snout to vent 60 millim.

Tonkin, Burma, Siam. Young specimens, which I have referred
to this species, have been found by Mr. Robinson in muddy pools
at the foot of the hills in which the Batu Caves, Selangor, are
situated.

258. Rana labialis.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, p. 345, pl. x, fig. J
(1887); id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (4) xiv, p. 617 (1894) ;
S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 908, pl. xlv, fig. 3; Peracca, Rey.
Suisse Zool. vii, p. 829 (1899) ; Laidlaw, P. Z. S. 1960, p. 886 ;
A. L. Butler, Journ, Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 199 (1903).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the posterior
borders of the choane. Head longer than broad; snout acumi-
nate, as long as or longer than the or bit ; canthus rostralis strong ;

. RANA. 243

loreal region nearly vertical and deeply concave; nostril much
nearer end of snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as or a
little broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, at
least ? the diameter of the eye, sometimes as large as the eye.
Fingers rather slender, first not extending quite as far as second ;
toes moderate, ? or nearly entirely webbed ; tips of fingers dilated
into large disks, the diameter of which equals about half that of
the tympanum ; ; disks of toes smaller; subarticular tubercles
moderate ; two small metatarsal tubercles, outer rather indistinct,
rarely absent. ‘The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the
snout ora little beyond. Upper parts finely granulate ; a glandular
dorso-lateral fold, distinct only anteriorly. Bright green or bronze
brown above, turning to brown or purple in spirit, sides dark
green or dark brown, with rather indistinct darker spots; tym-
panum chestnut-brown; a white or light golden streak on the
upper lip; limbs with more or less distinct dark cross- -bands ;
whitish beneath, throat and breast spotted or marbled with brown.
Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 55 millim.

Tadpole with sinistral spiraculum and dextral anus, the skin very
transparent, the intestines being clearly seen; on the back on each
side behind the eye a patch of granulated skin. Lip fringed with
papillz on the sides and beneath; upper lip with 4 series of fine
teeth, the outermost uninterrupted; lower lip with 3 series of
teeth, the two outer uninterrupted ; beak edged with black. Tail
pointed, the upper crest not extending on the back. Briek-red
above, pale yellow beneath. Total length 37 millim.

The type specimens are from Malacca. The species has been
found also in the Mentawei Islands, in Sumatra, in Singapore, in
Selangor near Kuala Lumpur, and on Gunong Inas between
Kedah and Perak. Found in bushes as well as in the w ater ; less
aquatic than 2. erythrea.

259. Rana hosil.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) viii, p. 290 (1891) ; id. Journ.
Fed. Malay States “Maus. i ili, p. 62 (1908).

Vomerine teeth in two strong oblique series extending posteri-
orly beyond the level of the choane. Head as long as broad or
slightly longer than broad; snout subacuminate, as long as the
orbit’; canthus rostralis strong ; loreal region slightly oblique and
deeply concave; nostril nearer end of snout than eye; inter-
orbital space as broad as or a little narrower than the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, 3 diameter of eye in females,
2 to 2? in males. Fingers and toes moderately elongate and
expanded at the end into large disks, those of the outer fingers
as large as or smaller than the tympanum ; first finger not ex-
tending beyond second; toes w ebbed to the disks ; subarticular
tubercles well dev eloped: inner metatarsal tubercle elliptic, feebly

R2

244 RANIDA,

prominent ; no outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal artieu-
lation reaches a little beyond the end of the snout: tibia not #
length of head and body. Upper parts finely granulate ; a feebly
prominent glandular dorso-lateral fold. Uniform purplish brown
above, darker on the sides, especially of the head; a white or
whitish streak along the upper lip; limbs with darker cross-bars,
which may be very indistinct; lower parts white, uniform or
spotted or marbled with brown. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 95 millim. Males much smaller (50 millim.).

Originally described from Borneo, since found in Sumatra and
Java. Specimens were obtained in Pahang, at Kuala Teku and
on the Tahan River, altitude 500 feet, by Mr. Robinson.

260. Rana jerboa.

Hyjorana jerboa, Giinth. P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 599, pl. xl.

Rana jerboa, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 67 (1882); id. Ann,
Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xiii, p. 335 (1893); id. P. Z. 8. 1893,
p. 526; S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 916; A. L. Butler, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 199 (1903); Van Kampen,
Natuurk. Tijdschr, Ned. Ind. 1xix, p. 39, pl. ii, figs. 3-6 (1909).

Vomerine teeth in two short, transverse or oblique series
between the choangz or extending beyond the level of the latter.
Head as long as broad or slightly longer than broad; snout rounded
or obtusely pointed, as long as or a little longer than the orbit ;
canthus rostralis strong ; loreal region slightly oblique and deeply
coneave ; nostril equally distant from eye and from end of snout ;
interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower than the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, } to + the diameter of the eye.
Fingers and toes rather slender, with rather large disks, which
are much smaller than the tympanum ; first and second fingers
equal, or first slightly longer; toes webbed to the disks; sub-
articular tubercles well developed; inner metatarsal tubercle small,
oval, feebly prominent; no outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia
2 to 4 length of head and body. Upper parts finely granulate ;
a moderately prominent glandular dorso-lateral fold. Brown or
greyish above, uniform or marbled with darker, darker on the sides,
especially of the head; a more or less distinct light streak along
the upper lip; limbs with darker cross-bars, which may be very
indistinct ; lower parts white, uniform or throat and_ breast
spotted or speckled with brown. Male with internal vocal sacs.

From snout to vent 102 millim. Males much smaller (50
millim.).

The tadpole has been figured in the Catalogue of Batrachia
Ecaudata, p. 89. It is remarkable for the presence of a large
sucking disk behind the mouth, free on its borders, truncate in
front. Spiraculum on the left side. Lips much developed, not
fringed, with 4 series of fine horny teeth above, the outer un-
interrupted, and 4 beneath, only the inner interrupted; beak

RANA, 245

black, feebly denticulate. Tail pointed, the upper crest not
extending to the base of the muscular part. Total length 60 millim.

Similar larvee, specially adapted for life in torrential streams,
are produced by the two following species.

Burma, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java. The only
specimens known from the Malay Peninsula are from the Batu
Caves and from Bukit Itam, Selangor, 1500 feet, where it is very
abundant.

261. Rana livida.

Polypedates lividus, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxiv, p. 718
(1855).

Poiypedates chloronotus, Giinth. P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 569, pl. Ixv,
fig, A.

Rana chloronota, Bouleng, Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 69 (1882).

Rana linda, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 462 (1890) ; A. L.
Butler, Journ. Nat, Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 201 (1903).

Vomerine teeth in two oblique series commencing between, and
extending posteriorly beyond, the choanze. Head much depressed,
about as long as broad ; snout rounded, shorter than the orbit ;
canthus rostralis obtuse ; loreal region nearly vertical, concave ;
nostril a little nearer tip of snout than eye; interorbital space as
broad as the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, about half the
diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, depressed, first extending
slightly beyond second ; toes webbed to the disks ; tips of fingers
and toes dilated into very large disks, that of the third finger as
large as the tympanum ; subarticular tubercles large ; a small oval
inner metatarsal tubercle; no outer metatarsal tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of the snout; tibia
as long as the trunk, Skin smooth. Upper surface of head and
body green, usually with a few black spots; sides of head and body
and limbs dark brown ; limbs with blackish cross-bands ; groin and
back of thighs with yellow spots or marblings; a white streak
along the upper lip ; beneath white or yellowish, the throat usually
speckled with brown. Male with twu external vocal sacs, below
the angles of the mouth.

From snout to vent 90 millim.

The tadpole of this species is provided with an adhesive ventral
disk or sucker ; it has a round black spot on each side behind the
eye and another on each side of the belly, near the base of the tail.
Total length 52 millim.

Eastern Himalayas, mountains of Assam and Burma; a speci-
men was obtained in the Larut Hills, Perak, by Mr. L. Wray.

262. Rana larutensis.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii, p. 273, pl. xi, fig. 1 (1899) ;
S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1899, p. 898; Laidlaw, P. Z. 8. 1900, p. 886

246 RANIDE.

pl. lvii, figs. 8 & 4; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay,
XV, p. 200 (1903) ; "Boulenz. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. 111,
p. 63 (1908).

Vomerine teeth in two very small groups just behind the level
of the choane. Head as long as broad; snout rounded or sub-
acuminate, shorter than the orbit ; canthus rostralis sharp ; loreal
region concave ; nostril equally distant from eye and from end
of snout; interorbital space narrower than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum distinct, 3 the diameter of the very large eye. Fingers
moderate, the tips dilated into large disks, which are larger than
the tympanum ; first finger shorter than second ; toes very broadly
webbed, the web involving part of the terminal disks, which are
smaller than those of the fingers; subarticular tubercles feeble ;
a small, feebly prominent, oval inner metatarsal tubercle; no
outer metatarsal tubercle. The tibio- tar sal articulation reaches
beyond the tip of the snout; tibia 2 to $ length of head and body.
Skin smeoth or faintly eranular ; a) “feeble interrupted dorso-lateral
fold sometimes present. Above pale yellowish green, the head
and body very extensively blotched with black, the limbs with
black transverse bars ; below, head and body pure white, limbs
pale green and grey, hands and feet very dark, and web between
the toes black. Iris olive-brown, with a very narrow gold ring
round the pupil.

From snout to vent 70 millim. Males much smaller (45 millim.).

Tadpole provided with a well-developed ventral sucker extend-
ing from the lip to beyond the middle of the abdomen. Beak
minutely serrated ; 9 upper series of labial teeth, 4 uninterrupted
and 5 interrupted; 5 lower series, 4 uninterrupted and 1 inter-
rupted. Greenish white, mottled with dark green. Total length
65 millim.

Capt. Flower discovered this frog in numerous individuals
sitting on the rocks in a swift rocky mountain-stream in the Larut
Hills, Perak. Mr. Laidlaw found it extremely common along the
banks of the rapid jungle-torrents running about the foot of
Gunong Inas. The frogs sit on the great boulders strewn along
the courses of the streams, and when one approaches them spring
boldly into the water, no matter how fiercely it may be pouring
down. Soon after being disturbed they will again take up their
station on the rock w fren they had quitted, and in such a position
their colouring renders them well-nigh invisible. Mr. Robinson
obtained specimens in Pahang, between 500 and 5200 feet, and at
Ginting Simpah, near Kuala Lumpur, at an altitude of 1800 feet.
The species occurs also in Borneo.

RHACOPHORUS, 247

Genus RHACOPHORUS.
Kuhl, Isis, 1827, p. 294.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and deeply notched behind.
Vomerine teeth. Tympanum usually distinct. Fingers free or
more or less webbed; toes webbed; tips of fingers and toes
dilated into regular disks. Outer metatarsals separated by web.
Omosternum and sternum with a bony style. An intercalary
ossification between the penultimate and distal phalanges ; latter
usually bifurcate.

Eastern and South-Eastern Asia and Madagascar. Five species
are known from the Malay Peninsula.

Arboreal frogs, remarkable for the frothy masses containing
eggs which many species deposit outside the water, some even in
the form of nests attached to the leaves of a tree or shrub over-
hanging a pool (see H.S. Ferguson, Journ, Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay,
xv, 1904, p. 508, pl. C).

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Fingers free or with a rudiment of web.

Wiper pantsvery warty ..........0.08e2 0. RK. leprosus, p. 247.
Upper parts smooth, upper surface of head
MEMS OMIM TRO AULT oe eee ne ew es R. leucomystax, p. 248.

II. Fingers entirely webbed.
No cutaneous folds along the limbs; loreal

feoion nearly vertical ........02.5-5..0. RK. robinsonit, p. 249.
Cutaneous folds along the limbs and above

the vent feebly developed; loreal region

“(DIG ESS eae nee R. bimaculatus, p. 250.
Cutaneous folds along the limbs and above

the vent strongly developed ; loreal region

BUNCE ta laloiste aes oa ctstetacs werale whine Ale LR. mgropalmatus, p. 251.

263. Rhacophorus leprosus.

Theloderma leprosum, Tschudi, N. Class. Baty. pp. 32 & 75 (1888) ;
Horst, Notes Leyd. Mus. v, p. 287 (1888).

Hyjla leprosa, Schleg. Handl. Dierk. p. 55, pl. iv, fig. 68 (1857).

Polypedates leprosus, Ginth. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xx, p. 315,
pl. xvi, fig. A (1887).

Rhacophorus leprosus, Bouleng. P. Z. S. 1890, p. 284; S. Flower,
P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 907: A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soe.
Bombay, xv, p. 203 (1903) ; Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay States
Mus. i, p. 29 (1905).

Vomerine teeth in two short transverse series touching the
inner front edges of the choane. Snout rounded, as long as the
orbit; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril
nearer end of snout than eye; interorbital space broader than the

248 RANIDA.

upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, ? the diameter of the eye.
Fingers free, toes nearly entirely webbed; disks not more than
half the size of the tympanum; subarticular tubercles well deve-
loped ; a very small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches between the eye and the tip of the snout.
Upper parts covered with large warts and tubercles of different
sizes bearing granular asperities; lower parts, except the limbs,
granular. Colour in life rich warm chocolate-brown above, the
top of the warts paler, some of those on the back yellow ; jet-black
beneath, marbled with pale bluish grey; under surface of fingers
and toes, interdigital web, and disks bright rose-red. Iris pale
warm brown, pencilled radially with black, with a fine yellowish-
orange line bordering the pupil. Male without vocal sac.

From snout to vent 65 millim.

Larut Hills, Perak, 4000 feet ; Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan,
2600 feet; and Sumatra.

Mr. L. Wray, who discovered this remarkable frog in the Malay
Peninsula, remarks as fellows :—

“The colour and rugose character of the skin of this frog is
evidently a means of protecting it from birds and other enemies,
the whole upper surface being such a close copy of the back of a
tree that it is very hard to detect one when resting upon it. This
species also lives in holes in trees, and the note produced by it is
not so loud as that of Phrynella, and has a more metallic ring in
it.

Six or eight specimens were obtained by Mr. Wray at the same
spot twenty-five years ago, but the frog has since been found ou
only one occasion on Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, as recorded

by Mr. Robinson.

264. Rhacophorus leucomystax.

Hyla leucomystax, Grayenh. Delic. Mus. Vratisl. p. 26 (1829).

Hyla sexvirgata, Gravenh. op. cit. p. 28.

Hyla quadrilineata, Wiegm. N. Acta Ac. Leop.-Carol. xvii, i,
p- 260, pl. xxii, fig. 1 (1835).

Polypedates leucomystax, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. L065 (1847).

Polypedates maculatus, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 428 (1864).

Polypedates quadrilineatus, Giinth. op. cit. p. 429.

ee maculatus, part., Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 83
(1882).

Rhacophorus leucomystax, Bouleng. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 474
(1890); S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 905, pl. xliv, fig. 2, and
1899, p. 898, pl. lix, fig. 3; Laidlaw, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 887; A. L.
Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 202 (1903).

Vomerine teeth in two more or less oblique series between the
choan, or commencing close to the inner front edges of the latter.
Upper surface of head rugose in the adult, the skin adhering to

RHACOPHORUS. 249

the nasal and frontoparietal bones; snout obtusely pointed, about
as long as the orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region con-
cave ; nostril much nearer.end of snout than eye; interorbital
space broader than the upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct,
2 to 2 the diameter of the eye. Fingers with a slight rudiment of
web ; toes 3 webbed ; disks moderate, smaller than the tympanum,
subarticular tubercles moderate ; a small inner metatarsal articu-
lation. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye, or between
the eye and the tip of the snout. Skin smooth above, granulate
on the belly and under the thighs; a fold from eye to shoulder.
Colour very changeable, even in the same individual ; upper parts
grey, yellow, brown, reddish, or greenish, spotted or mottled with
brown or black, or with four dark longitudinal bands on the head
and body; limbs with dark cross-bars; hinder side of thighs
uniform or light-spotted ; lower parts white or buff. Male with
internal vocal saes.

From snout to vent 75 millim.

Tadpole with the eyes lateral, sinistral spiraculum and dextral
anus. Mouth with a large circular lip, bordered with papille on
the sides and beneath, the upper part with 4 or 5 series of fine
horny teeth, the uppermost uninterrupted, the others interrupted,
the lower part with 3 long series uninterrupted or the third
narrowly interrupted; beak black. Tail very acutely pointed,
the upper crest not extending on the back. Total length up to
46 millim.

Southern China, Sikkim, and Assam to Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Generally distributed and common in the Malay
Peninsula, up to 5000 feet, as well as at sea-level.

Capt. Flower observes that this frog apparently breeds at
various times of the year, as specimens are frequently to be seen
in the evening in embrace on the edges of rain-water butts of
houses, from March to October. ‘The spawn floats on the surface
of the water, enelosed in an envelope resembling white foam.
Mr. Laidlaw observed the breeding in August and September.
The eggs were laid in a frothy mass on the leaves of trees over-
hanging small pools of water: after a short time they slid off the
leaves and fell into the water, where the frethy envelope dis-
solved away, setting free the tadpoles. Mr. Butler observes that
about houses, tubs of rain-water are commonly used as breeding-
places.

265. Rhacophorus robinsonii.
Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 136, pl. v, fig. 2 (1903), and
Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iii, p. 63 (1908).

Vomerine teeth in two long oblique series touching the inner
front edges of the choane. Snout obtusely pointed, as long as
the orbit, with straight canthus rostralis and nearly vertical,

250 RANIDE.

slightly concave loreal region; nostril a little nearer end of snout
than eye; interorbital space a little broader than the upper eye-
lid; tympanum very distinct, $ the diameter of the eye. Fingers
and toes webbed to the disks; disks of fingers as large as the
tympanum, of toes a little smaller; subarticular tubercles small ;
a very small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaches the eye or between the eye and the tip of the snout.
Skin smooth, granulate on the belly and under the thighs ; a strong
fold above the temple. Pinkish brown or pale coffee colour above,
bluish grey on the sides of the body and limbs; sides of head
darker, purplish grey to blackish, which shade is sharply defined
on the canthus rostralis ; more or less defined dark spots on the
back; limbs with greyish brown cross-bars; interdigital webs
blackish, with light veins; whitish beneath, throat spotted or
mottled, belly marbled with grey.

From snout to vent 82 millim.

The type specimen was obtained by Messrs. Annandale and
Robinson on Bukit Besar, at an altitude of 2500 feet, in thick
jungle. A second was obtained by Mr. Robinson at Kuala Teku,
Pahang, altitude 500 feet.

266. Rhacophorus bimaculatus.

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Eeaud. p. 90 (1882) ; id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept.
p- 472 (1890); A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv,
p- 202 (1903). :

Vomerine teeth in two long oblique series touching the inner
front edges of the choane. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit ;
canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region concave; nostril nearly
halfway between eye and tip of snout; interorbital space broader
than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, half the diameter of
the eye. Fingers nearly entirely webbed, the disks as large as
the tympanum ; toes webbed to the disks, which are smaller than
those of the fingers; subarticular tubercles well developed; a
small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the eye or the nostril. Skin smooth above, granular
beneath ; head with a small triangular dermal process; feebly
developed dermal folds along the limbs and above the vent. Green
above, uniform or speckled with darker; upper arm not coloured ;
only the outer finger and toe green; a large black spot on each
side behind the ari, generally followed by a smaller one; lower
parts white. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 65 millim.

Khasi Hills in Assam and Karin Hills in Burma. The only
specimen known from the Malay Peninsula is from Larut, Perak,
and was submitted to me for identification by Mr. L. Wray.

RHACOPHORUS. DARL

267. Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xvi, p. 170 (1895) ; S. Flower,

P. Z. S. 1899, p. 899; Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xiii, p. 496
(1900); Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 157, pl. vi, fig. 1

(1903).

Vomerine teeth in two long, straight or slightly curved trans-
verse series between the front edges of the choane. Snout

‘ths 3

Mpa

i

Fig. 71.—Rhacophorus nigropalmatus.
(From Fascie. Malay.)

rounded, as long as the orbit, with feeble, curved canthus rostralis ;
loreal region concave ; nostril near the tip of the snout; inter-
orbital space broader than the upper eyelid ; tympanum distinct,
3 to } the diameter of the eye. Fingers and toes webbed to the
disks, which are as large as or smaller than the tympanum ; sub-
articular tubercles small ; a-small inner metatarsal tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the nostril or the tip of the snout.
Skin smooth or finely granulate above, coarsely granulate on the

252 RANIDA.

belly and under the thighs ; a strong dermal fold along the outer
edge of the forearm and tarsus, at the heel, and above the vent.
Colour in life green above, powdered with white or with lichen-
like white markings ; one or two conspicuous white spots on the
upper surface of the thigh; flanks yellow or orange, veined with
black ; interdigital membranes black at the base, yellow or orange,
veined with black, towards the border; throat and chest cream-
colour, belly and lower surface of limbs salmon-pink, sometimes
dotted over with yellow.

From snout to vent 100 millim.

Malay Peninsula (Perak, Jalor, Ulu Legeh), Sumatra, Borneo.

This is probably the species alluded to by Wallace (Malay
Archipelago, i, p. 6V) as the “ flying-frog ” of Borneo. Mr. Robin-
son, who took a specimen at Mabek, Jalor, noted that it dropped
almost vertically from a tall tree growing at the edge of a large
clearing in the jungle. Beyond the statement of the Chinaman
who procured Wallace his specimen, there is no evidence to prove
that the so-called flying-frog uses its webbed hands and feet as a
parachute to support itself in the air.

Genus IXALUS.
Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. viii, p. 528 (1841).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue free and deeply notched behind.
Vomerine teeth none. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers
free or more or less webbed; toes webbed; tips of fingers and
toes dilated into regular disks. Outer metatarsals separated by
a groove or narrow web. Omosternum and sternum with a bony
style. An intercalary ossification between the penultimate and
distal phalanges; latter obtuse or bifurcate.

South-Eastern Asia. Represented by seven species in the Malay
Peninsula.

Arboreal frogs, differing from the preceding by the absence of
vomerine teeth. Mostly of small size.

Synopsis of the Species.
I. Fingers free or with a rudiment of web.
co

A, Upper parts smooth or nearly so; tym-
panum, if distinct, not more than half

diameter of eye; throat granular.
1. Tympanum not very distinct, or hidden;

fingers quite free.

Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching posterior border

ODOC, 65 sic jsce pautyehe oc eves ws) clue Oe ete iar I. brevipes, p. 258.
Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching between eye
GNIG OMG n OL SMOM ran, ven lcycinte ats aieennal eke tetas I. larutensis, p. 255.
Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching end of snout .. J. castanomerus,
2. Tympanum very distinct ; fingers with [p. 254.
a KUGImIeNG Of WEN". ts ener eee a weee I. vermiculatus,

[p. 254.

IXALUS. 253

B. Upper parts rough with granular tu-
bercles; tympanum very distinct, at
least 2 diameter of eye ; throat smooth.

Snout pointed ; loreal region nearly vertical ; toes

PTR ESOL 200 Ree ele Pee cee Cy Seer en I. pictus, p. 255.
Snout rounded; loreal region oblique; toes at
PoPe MRO N GEC aes ca cies viscns < ) vequigtercs «cms 54 I. asper, p. 255.

II. Fingers half-webbed ; upper parts with
large warts and granular asperities ........ I. horridus, p. 256.

268. Ixalus brevipes.

Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iii, p. 63, pl. iv, fig. 1
(1908).

Head large, much depressed; snout rounded, shorter than the
orbit; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal region concave; nostril
nearer tip of snout than eye ; interorbital space broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum not very distinct, 4 diameter of eye.
Fingers short, tree, with large disks; toes short, barely half-
webbed ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle. Tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaching the posterior border of the eye. Skin smooth
above, glandular on the sides, granular on the throat and belly.
Greyish olive above, with symmetrical markings, viz. a large
transverse band between the eyes and a large marking on the
anterior part of the back, trifid in front, the median branch
bifureate and extending to the upper eyelids, bifid behind; a
dark canthal streak ; sides reddish brown with white dots; limbs
with dark cross-bars ; lower parts dirty white.

From snout to vent 31 millim.

Described from a single specimen obtained by Mr. Robinson on
Gunong Tahan, Pahang, at 3000 feet altitude.

269. Ixalus larutensis.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 187 (1900); id. Fascie.
Malay., Zool. i, p. 189, pl. v, figs. 8 & 4 (1903).

Snout rounded or obtusely pointed, as long as the orbit;
canthus rostralis distinct; loreal region eoncave; nostril a little
nearer end of snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as the
upper eyelid; tympanum moderately distinct in the adult, in-
distinct in the young, half the diameter of the eye. Fingers
free, toes half-webbed ; disks of fingers as large as the tympanum ;
subarticular tubercles moderate ; a small inner metatarsal tubercle.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between the eye and the tip
of the snout. Upper parts smooth, or with small flat warts ;
throat, belly, and lower surface of thighs granulate. Grey-brown
or reddish brown above, with dark brown symmetrical markings,
a cross-band between the eyes being constant ; a whitish vertebral

254 RANIDA.

line and a similar line along the upper surface of the thigh and
leg sometimes present; usually a YC or )-(-shaped marking
on the anterior part of the body; sides of body and of thighs
with white spots on a brown ground, or between the meshes
of a brown network ; a dark brown lumbar spot may be present;
limbs with dark cross-bands; lower parts white, spotted or
speckled with brown, sometimes with a white median line from
chin to breast. A specimen from Gunong Tahan is blackish
brown on the sides and limbs, with the upper surface of the
head and a broad band on the dorsal region of a very pale
brown.

From snout to vent 35 millim.

Larut Hills, between 4000 and 4500 feet, Bukit Besar, 2500 to
3500 feet, and Gunong Tahan, Pahang, 3000 feet. The Bukit
Besar specimens were found among dead leaves, to which they
bore a remarkable resemblance, on the jungle floor.

270. Ixalus castanomerus.

Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. i, p. 39, pl. iv, fig. I
(1905).

Head rather large; snout obtusely pointed, as long as the
orbit ; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region concave ; nostril a
little nearer end of snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as
the upper eyelid; tympanum slightly distinct, 2 diameter of eye.
Fingers free, toes half-webbed ; disks of fingers larger than the
tympanum ; subarticular tubercles moderate ; a small inner meta-
tarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of
the snout. Upper parts finely shagreened; throat, belly, and
lower surface of thighs granulate. Greyish white, with a large
darker grey blotch covering the greater part of the back anid
extending T-shaped to between the eyes; this blotch, which
is speckled with black, with sharp concave outline on each side ;
upper lip and loreal and temporal regions with dark marblings ;
limbs with oblique dark cross-bands ; sides of thighs and lower
surface of tibiz chestnut-brown ; lower parts whitish, with brown
network.

Total length 32 millim.

Described from a single specimen from Bukit Kutu, Selangor,
3500 feet.

271. Ixalus vermiculatus.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 187 (1900); id. Journ.
Fed. Malay States Mus. i, p. 39, pl. iv, fig. 2 (1905).

Head large; snout rounded, as long as the orbit; canthus
rostralis distinct; loreal region concave; nostril a little nearer
end of snout than eye; interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, 2 the diameter of the eye. Fingers

IXALUS. 255:

with a rudiment of web; toes half webbed; disks of fingers
as large as the tympanum; subarticular tubercles moderate ;
a small inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches between the eye and the tip of the snont. Upper parts
smooth; throat, belly, and lower surface of thighs granulate.
Olive-green above, closely vermiculate with black; upper surface
of thighs with a series of large black blotches; sides of thighs
and anal region orange-yellow; white beneath. Male with a
large gular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 33 millim.

Described from three specimens from the Larut Hills, Perak, at
4000 feet altitude, obtained by Mr. A. L. Butler among ferns
and moss.

272. Ixalus pictus.

Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 580; id. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova,
i, p. 44, pl. vi, fig. 8 (1872); Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 99
(1882); S. Flower, P. Z.S8. 1896, p. 908; A. L. Butler, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 203 (1903); Robinson, Journ.
Fed. Malay States Mus. i, p. 30 (1905).

Snout pointed, longer than the orbit ; canthus rostralis strong ;
loreal region nearly vertical, slightly concave ; nostril nearer tip
of snout than eye; interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, $ to 4 diameter of eye. Fingers
free, toes half-webbed; disks large, but smaller than the tympanum;
subarticular tubercles moderate; a small, very feebly prominent
inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches.
the end of the snout or a little beyond. Upper parts rough with
small granular tubercles; throat smooth, belly coarsely granulate.
Light brown or bright reddish orange above, head, body, and limbs
with cream-coloured, dark-edged spots; belly white, with or without
biotches of greenish black. Iris golden in its upper half, bronze-
brown in its lower half.

From snout to vent 35 millim.

Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Obtained on Bukit Timah,
Singapore, by Dr. Hanitsch, and in the Larut Hills, Perak, at
4000 feet altitude, among dead leaves, by Mr. Butler, and on
Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, at 2600 feet.

273. Ixalus asper.
Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1886, p. 415, pl. xxxix, fig. 1; W. Sclater,
P.Z.S. 1892, p. 347 ; Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) xiii,
p. 387 (1893); A. L. Butler, Journ, Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv,
p. 204 (1903).

Snout rounded, as long as the orbit; canthus rostralis very
feebly marked ; loreal region oblique, concave ; nostril nearer tip
of snout than eye; interorbital space broader than the upper
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, nearly as large as the eye.

256 RANID&.

Fingers free, toes ? or nearly entirely webbed; disks large,
but smaller than the tympanum; subarticular tubercles weak ;
a small, very feebly prominent inner metatarsal tubercle. The
tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout. Upper
parts rough with small conical, granular tubercles ; throat smooth,
belly coarsely granulate. Blackish, the granules’ on the upper
parts appearing as white dots, or ashy grey with a large square
or triangular dark brown marking on the back, a cross-bar
between the eyes, and cross-bars on the limbs; throat black,
belly and lower surface of limbs marbled black and bluish grey.

From snout to vent 35 millim.

Discovered in the Larut Hills, Perak, at 3300 feet elevation, by
Mr. L. Wray, and rediscovered in the same hills, between 3500
and 4000 feet, by Mr. A. L. Butler. Has also been found on
Bukit Itam, Selangor, 3000 feet, by Mr. Robinson. Further
known from the Karin Hills in Burma and the hills between
Burma and Siam.

274. Ixalus horridus.
Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool. 1, p. 189, pl. vi, fig. 2 (1903).

Head rather strongly depressed, the obtusely pointed snout
a little longer than the orbit; canthus rostralis obtuse; loreal
region concave; nostril close to the end of the snout; inter-
orbital space a little narrower than the upper eyelid ; tympanum
distinct, as large as the eye. Fingers half-webbed, with large
disks which are broader than long and as broad as the tympanum ;
toes webbed to the disks, which are smaller than those of the
fingers; subarticular tubercles very small; a small, oval inner
metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches between
the eye and the tip of the snout. Upper parts with very pro-
minent, irregular large warts, themselves studded with granular
asperities in the adult ; throat, breast, lumbar and antero-femoral
region and lower surface of limbs smooth ; belly and anal region
with large flat granules. Dark warm-brown above, with rather
indistinct blackish spots on the body and regular cross-bars on the
limbs ; the granular asperities greyish ; a large black lumbar spot;
webs blackish ; lower parts blue-grey, largely spotted and marbled
with black. Male with a large soft pad on the inner side of the
first finger and an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 40 millim.

The tadpole has the body much depressed ; eyes superior. The
mouth has a circular lip as in Rana, the sides and lower edge
fringed with papille ; upper lip with a long series of fine horny
teeth, followed on each side by 8 series; 3 interrupted series of
teeth on the lower lip. Spiraculum sinistral, anus dextral. Tail
2 to 3 times as long as deep, rounded at the end, the upper crest
not extending on the body. Uniform dark brown or blackish,
with whitish lines of sensory organs. Length up to 50 milhm.

ENGYSTOMATID®. Ty

A considerable number of adults were discovered by Messrs.
Annandale and Robinson in a tree in the jungle on Bukit Besar.
The tree was one of those from the lower part of the trunk of
which large buttresses project, and the buttresses had coalesced in .
pairs, forming cavities containing several gallons of rain-water and
dead leaves. The frogs deposit their pigmentless eggs on the
trunk in frothy masses about the size of a cricket-ball, a foot or
two above the surface of the water in these cavities. The eggs are
washed down by the rain into the water within three or four days,
otherwise the froth dries up and the eggs perish.

This frog bears a striking resemblance to Rhacophorus leprosus,
and the habits of the two appear to be identical.

Family ENGYSTOMATID.

Jaws toothless ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated.
Africa, Eastern Asia, New Guinea, America.
Four genera in the Malay Peninsula.

Synopsis of the Genera.

I. Przecoracoids present; digits not dilated
at the end ; tympanum usually distinct. CALOPHRYNUS, p. 257.

{I. No precoracoids; digits more or less

dilated at the end ; tympanum hidden.
Tongue elliptic; palatine bones not forming a

PRIA SO eae sce ec os hse ha ee ess Microwy.a, p. 258.
Tongue elliptic or pyriform; palatine bones

forming a sharp ridge across palate........ CALLULA, p. 263.
LIS s (G01g0 It) 9 0 rr PHRYNELLA, p. 265.

Genus CALOPHRYNUS.
Tschudi, N. Class. Batr. p. 86 (1838).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue elliptic, entire and free behind.
A more or less distinct dermal ridge across the palate behind
the choane, and two others in front of the cesophagus, the
posterior always and the others sometimes
denticulated. T'ympanum usually distinct.
Fingers free; toes webbed at the base,
the tips not dilated into regular disks.
Outer metatarsals united. Przecoracoids
\ weak, parallel to the broad coracoids ;
| omosternum and sternum cartilaginous.

Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately

| dilated.
Fig. 72.—Palate of Southern China, Cochinchina, Burma,
Calophrynus pleurostigma. Siam, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago ;
Madagascar.

A single species in the Malay Peninsula.

258 ENGYSTOMATID ®.

275. Calophrynus pleurostigma.

Tschudi, l.c.; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 158 (1882); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 490 (1890) ; 8. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896, p. 908,
and 1899, p. 900; Bouleng. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus. iii,
p. 62 (1908). .

Bufo studeri, Isenschmidt, Mitth. Nat.;Ges. Bern, 1903, p. 14, pl. v,
fig. 2.

Snout prominent, truncate; canthus rostralis angular ; loreal
region vertical; tympanum nearly as large as the eye, rarely
hidden under the granulate skin. Fingers short, first a little
shorter than second ; toes short ; tips of fingers and toes slightly
swollen; subarticular tubercles very prominent ; two rounded,
more or less distinct metatarsal tubercles. The tarso-metatarsal
articulation reaches the shoulder or the eye. Skin of the back
smooth or granular, very thick, glandular ; belly and !ower surface
of thighs coarsely granular; a more or less distinct lateral fold,
commencing from the eye. Brown or reddish above, with or
without longitudinal dark spots or bands converging on the head ;
a dark, light-edged round spot on the loin ; sides of body, throat,
and breast dark brown; limbs usually with dark cross-bands, thighs
sometimes bright crimson on the sides. Male with an internal
vocal sac.

From snout to vent 47 millim.

Southern China, Tonkin, Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Natuna Islands, Borneo. Recorded only from Johore,
Pahang, Selangor, and Singapore.

Mr. Robinson makes the following remarks about specimens
observed by him on Gunong Tahan, alt. 83000 feet :—

“Though only a single specimen of this frog was obtained, it
was probably anything but rare, as its peculiar note, which is
more like that of an insect than a batrachian, was constantly
heard in the evening after rain. The species lives in small holes
in tree-trunks, often at a considerable height from the ground,
and is to be secured by dropping salt into the water with which
the hole is generally filled, when the frog will rise to the
surtace.”

Genus MICROHYLA.
Tschudi, N. Class. Batr. p. 71 (1838).

Pupil round. Tongue elliptic, entire, free behind. One or two:
dermal ridges in front of the wsophagus. Tympanum hidden.
Fingers free ; toes free or more or less webbed; tips of fingers
and toes more or less dilated. Outer metatarsals united. No.
precoracoids; no omosternum ; sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses
of sacral vertebra moderately dilated.

China and South-Eastern Asia.

Seven species are known from the Malay Peninsula.

MICROHYLA. 259

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Toes free or webbed at the base.
A. Snout shorter than orbit; a single
metatarsal tubercle.
Toes quite free, the tips dilated into very small
disks ; tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the
Pe MEDI OE MUO LO VON io 28. cc 8 <5 cheats hugs es M. inornata, p. 259.
Toes webbed at the base, the tips dilated into
well-developed disks; tibio-tarsal articu-
lation reaching the eye or between the eye
andshetip of thersnout..) vss. oles sy. M. leucostigma, p. 260.
B. Snout at least as long as orbit ; two
i metatarsal tubercles.
Toes with a very slight rudiment of web, the
tips simply swollen or very feebly dilated ;
tibio-tarsal articulation not reaching beyond
PR gps) cates Hed wpa ie ays thts «4 dpghe M. ornata, p. 260.
Toes webbed at the base, the tips dilated into
small but very distinct disks; tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching the eye.............. M. butleri, p. 261.
Toes webbed at the base, the tips dilated into
small but very distinct disks; tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching tip of snout or beyond. M., achatina, p. 241.
I. Toes at least half-webbed, the tips dilated
into rather large disks; tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching beyond tip of snout.
‘Toes half-webbed ; a single metatarsal tubercle. M. annectens, p. 262.
Toes webbed to the disks; two metatarsal
BRN AS Tas conc, shan gavin Ss ohei a <oyioiniaie. M. berdmori, p. 263.

276. Microhyla inornata.

Bouleng. P.Z.S. 1890, p. 37; 8. Flower, P. Z.8. 1899, p. 905;
Laidlaw, P. Z. S. 1900, p. 887.

Habit moderately slender. Snout obtuse, shorter than the
orbit. Fingers and toes moderately elongate, the tips dilated into
very small disks; first finger much shorter than second; toes
quite free; subarticular tubercles very distinct; a very small,
round inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the temple or the eye; tibia 2 to 3 length of head and
body. Back smooth or with small smooth warts. Grey or dark
brown above, spotted or marbled with black, the spots sometimes
forming longitudinal stripes ; sides of head black, with a series of
white spots on the upper lip, sometimes confluent into a streak ;
lower parts brown or spotted with brown; throat of male blackish.
Male with an internal vocal sae.

Total length 23 millim.

First described from Sumatra, this small frog has since been
recorded from Borneo, Burma, and Siam. Specimens were
obtained by the Skeat Expedition on Bukit Goah, near Biserat,
in Jalor, and Dr. Werner has sent me one from Perak.

82

260 ENGYSTOMATID®,

277. Microhyla leucostigma.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) iii, p. 275, pl. xii, fig. 1 (1899) ;
S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1899, p. 905; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 888 (1904).

Habit moderately slender. Snout rounded, shorter than the
orbit. Fingers and toes rather short, the tips dilated into small
but very distinct disks; first finger much shorter than second ;
toes with a slight rudiment of web; subarticular and inner meta-
tarsal tubercles flat, very feebly prominent. Tibio-tarsal articula-
tion reaching the eye or between the eye and the tip of the snout ;
tibia 2 length of head and body. Skin smooth. Colour in life
intense iridescent black above, with very small scattered bluish-
white spots, which increase in size towards the sides and in the
anal region ; upper surface of limbs reddish brown, with black
cross-bands, and thickly studded with very small white spots;
hands and feet with bright yellow spots; below very rich dark
brown, blacker on the throat, redder on the belly and thighs,
nearly covered with large very distinctly defined spots of intense
yellow, the ground colour appearing as a dark network between
them. Iris very dark brown, very minutely spotted with pale
gold.

From snout to vent 27 millim,

Discovered in the Larut Hills, Perak, altitude 3500 feet, by
Capt. Flower; has also been found in Borneo. A pair were
caught pairing; the embrace was axillary, and the fingers of ‘the
male did not meet on the breast of the female.

278. Microhyla ornata.

Engystoma ornatum, Dum. & Bibr. Erp. Gén. viii, p. 745 (1841).

Diplopelma ornatum, Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p, 417 (1864).

Microhyla ornata, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 165 (1882); id.
Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 491 (1890); S. Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1899,
p. 901, pl. Ix, fig, 1; Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1900, p. 887.

Habit moderately slender. Snout obtuse, as long as orbit or a
little longer. Fingers rather slender, first much shorter than
second ; toes rather slender, with a slight rudiment of web; tips
of fingers and toes simply swollen or dilated into very small disks ;
subarticular tubercles very distinct; two small but prominent,
subequal metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation
reaches the eye, or between the shoulder and the eye; tibia 4 or
a little less than 4 as long as head and body. Skin smooth.
Reddish or greyish olive above, with a large dark marking on
the back, beginning between the eyes and widening as it extends
to the hind part of the body; on each side of this marking wavy
dusky lines often present ; a dark band along the side of the head
and body ; limbs with dark cross-bars ; throat and breast generally
greyish or brownish, dotted with white; the remainder of the
lower parts whitish, unspotted. Inris golden, speckled with bronze.
Male with a large subgular vocal sac.

MICROHYLA. 261

From snout to vent 28 millim.

The tadpole is transparent and almost colourless. Spiraculum
and anus median; eyes perfectly lateral; mouth without hard
beak, labial teeth, or papille, with a simple upper lip and a
contractile lower one ; tail ending in a very fine point. The feet
are for a time completely webbed, the web disappearing when the
young leave the water. Total length 20 millim.

Cashmir, India and Ceylon, Southern China to Malay Peninsula.
Known from Penang, Kedah, Jalor, and Kelantan.

According to Flower, this very active, elegant frog is to be
found hiding during the day under stones, logs, &c., in the
crevices in the mud in dried-up pools, and among dead leaves. It
comes out at dark and seems to remain abroad all night. The
males have a loud croak.

279. Microhyla butleri.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 188 (1900); A. L. Butler,
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 388 (1904).

Habit slender. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit. Fingers
and toes ratber slender, the tips dilated into small but well-
developed disks; first finger much shorter than second; toes
webbed at the base ; subarticular tubercles small; two very small
metatarsal tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the
eye; tibia 2 length of head and body. Skin smooth or with small
smooth warts above. Grey on the back, pale reddish on the sides
and limbs, with symmetrical dark brown markings forming bars
on the limbs; some small scarlet spots on the sides, a whitish
oblique streak from the eye to the base of the fore limb and a
whitish spot on the end of the snout; whitish beneath, throat
and breast speckled with dark brown.

From snout to vent 26 millim.

Described from a single specimen, obtained by Mr. A. L. Butler
in the Larut Hills, Perak, at 4000 feet elevation, along with the
type of M. annectens. The same species has since been re-discovered
in the Man-Son Mountains, Tonkin, between 3000 and 4000
feet.

280. Microhyla achatina.

Hylaplesia achatina, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 294.

Microhyla achatina, Vschudi, N. Class. Baty. p. 71 (1858) ; Bouleng.
Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 166 (1882) ; S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 906 ;
Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 888.

Habit slender. Snout subacuminate, as long as or a little
longer than the orbit. Fingers rather slender, first much shorter
than second, the tips swollen into very small disks ; toes slender,
webbed atthe base, the tips dilated into well-developed disks ;
subarticular tubercles distinct; two small metatarsal tubercles.

262 ENGYSTOMATID®.

The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout, or a
little beyond; tibia 3 to 2 length of head and body. Skin smooth.
Brown or reddish above, with dark brown spots or symmetrical
markings, or with rather indistinct chevron-shaped darker and
lighter lines ; a light vertebral line sometimes present; sides of
head and body dark brown or black; limbs with more or less
distinct dark and light cross-bars; anal region blackish; lower
parts purplish buff. Iris golden. Male with a subgular vocal
sac.

From snout to vent 23 millim.

Tonkin, Tenasserim, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java,
Moluccas. Recorded from Penang, Perak, Rhaman, Kedah,
Kelantan, and Malacca.

Flower describes this as a very active frog, at times taking very
sudden, long hops like a grasshopper, at others using its dilated
digits in climbing like a true tree-frog.

281. Microhyla annectens.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi, p. 188 (1900); A. L.
Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 389 (1904).

Habit slender. Snout rounded, as long as the orbit. Fingers
and toes moderately slender, the tips dilated into rather large
disks ; first finger much shorter than second; toes half-webbed ;
subarticular tubercles feebly prominent; a very small inner meta-
tarsal tubercle. Hind limb remarkably long, the tibio-tarsal
articulation reaching far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia 2
length of head and body. Skin smooth. Brown or pinkish above,
with symmetrical blackish light-edged markings, a large one on
the back being produced to between the eyes, where it expands
into a transverse bar; side, from the shoulder to the lumbar
region, black, with sharply defined upper outiine; an oblique
whitish streak from the eye to the base of the fore limb; a
blackish spot at the knee, a dark ecross-bar on the thigh, another
on the femur, and a third on the tarsus; lower parts whitish,
or closely marbled with dark brown.

From snout to vent 18 millim.

This frog was discovered by Mr. A. L. Butler on the edge of a
small pond in jungle on the Larut Hills, at about 4000 feet
elevation ; it has also been found at the entrance of the Batu
Caves, Selangor. It is diurnal and a good swimmer. It has
recently been recorded from Java by Van Kampen, in M. Weber’s
Zool. Ergebn. iv, p. 404 (1907), and a specimen from the Kidi
District, Sarawak, presented by Mr. C. J. Brooks, is in the British
Museum.

CALLULA. 263

282. Microhyla berdmorii.
Engystoma ? berdmorii, Blyth, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxiv,
p. 720 (1855).
Microhyla berdmorii, Bonleng. Cat. Batr. Eeaud. p. 166 (1882) ;
id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 492 (1890); S. Flower, P. Z.5.
1899, p. 906 ; Laidlaw, P. Z. 8.1900, p. 888; A. L, Butler, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 390 (1904).

Habit slender. Snout subacuminate, as long as or a little
longer than orbit. Fingers rather slender, first much shorter
than second, the tips swollen into very small disks; toes long,
webbed to the tips, which are dilated into rather large disks ; sub-
articular tubercles very distinct; two very small metatarsal
tubercles. The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches beyond the tip of
the snout ; tibia # as long as head and body. Skin smooth, or
with a few scattered tubercles on the back and sides. Brownish,
olive, or pinkish above ; a darker, light-edged, hourglass-shaped
large spot on the head and anterior part of the back, beginning
between the eyes, sometimes continued on the hind part of the
back ; black spots on the sides of the limbs and occasionally on
the-flanks ; a chevron-shaped black marking on the anal region ;
throat and breast clouded with brown, the remainder of the lower
surface whitish. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 45 millim.

Burma, Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra. Recorded from
Perak and Legeh.

Flower deseribes this frog as nocturnal, frequenting the neigh-
bourhood of water, and an extraordinarily good jumper.

Genus CALLULA.
Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 88 (1831).

Pupil round. Tongue oblong, entire and free behind. Palatine
bones forming a sharp, sometimes toothed ridge across the palate ;
two dermal, more or less denticulated ridges across the palate,
in front of the esophagus. Tympanum hidden. Fingers free ;
toes free or webbed ; tips of fingers and toes more or less dilated.
Outer metatarsals united. No precoracoids: no omosternum ;
sternum cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately
dilated.

China and South-Eastern Asia. A single species in the Malay
Peninsula.

264. ENGYSTOMATID &.

283. Callula pulchra.

Gray, 1. c.; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 487 (1864); Bouleng. Cat. _
Batr. Ecaud. p. 170 (1882); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 494
(1890); S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1896, p. 908, and 1899, p. 906;
Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 888; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 890 (1904).

Hyledactylus bivittatus, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 1064 (1847).

Snout short, rounded, as long as or shorter than the orbit.
Fingers rather slender, first shorter than second, the tips dilated
into well-developed truncated disks; toes moderate, slightly
webbed at the base, the tips swollen; subarticular tubercles well
developed ; two metatarsal tubercles, inner large, compressed,
with rather sharp edge. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches
the axil, the shoulder, or a little beyond. Skin smooth, or back ©
with flat smooth tubercles ; a fold from the eye to the shoulder,
and another, more or less distinct, across the head behind the
eyes. Yellow or pink above, usually with a large rich dark brown
spot covering nearly the whole of the back, and a dark lateral
stripe; sometimes with irregular yellowish spots on the back; a

Fig. 73.—Callula pulchra.

faint black vertebral line may be present; limbs grey, mottled
with dark brown, and with more or less distinct yellow spots:
dirty buff below, chin and throat black in the male. Male with
an external subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 75 millim.

India, Ceylon, and Southern China to the Malay Peninsula.
Very locally distributed in the Peninsula; known from Jalor,
Selangor, Kelantan, Trengganu, Malacca, and Singapore. Probably
introduced into the southern portions of the Peninsula, as it is
only found in large towns. Known as the “ Bull-frog” by the
English in Singapore, and detested for the noise it makes at

PHRYNELLA. 265

night, the males’ croak being very loud and audible at a consider-
able distance. The males croak while floating on the surface of
the water, the head and inflated sides of the body just above the
surface, the vocal sac swollen out like a globe and the limbs ex-
tended. They can hop well on land, and are probably good
burrowers, as the shape of the inner metatarsal tubercle indicates.
Feeds on insects, chiefly termites. When pairing, the embrace
is axillary: the eggs are expelled in masses of the size of a
cherry and the development is very rapid. The fully developed
tadpole has not been described.

Genus PHRYNELLA.
Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, p. 846 (1887).

Pupil horizontal, Tongue cordiform, free behind. Vomerine
teeth none. No ridges across the palate. Tympanum hidden.
Fingers free, toes extensively webbed; tips of fingers and toes
dilated; outer metatarsals united. No przecoracoids ; sternum
cartilaginous. Diapophyses of sacral vertebra moderately dilated.

Two species :—

Toes at least three fourths webbed; subarticular

tubercles of fingers large and flattish............ P. pulchra,
Toes hardly half-webbed : subarticular tubercles very [p. 265.
large and prominent; male with a strong tubercle-
ite rudiment of pollex’’ oP. S52 2-2. ER 6 P. pollicaris,
[p. 266.

284. Phrynella pulchra.
Bouleng. t. ec. pl. x, fig. 2 (1887) ; Isenschmidt, Mitth. Naturf. Ges.
Bern, 1903, p. 12, pl. v, fig. 1.

Habit stout. Head small, with short, truncate, projecting
snout ; interorbital space much broader than upper eyelid. Fingers
depressed, dilated into large subtriangular disks; first finger
shorter than second; subarticular tubercles very iarge and flat.
Toes three fourths or nearly entirely webbed, feebly dilated at the
end; a small, oval, flat inner metatarsal tubercle. The tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the temple or nearly the posterior
border of the eye. Skin smooth, or with small flat warts on the
sides and hinder part of the back. Brown above, with symmetrical
darker spots, some of which are edged with a pink line; throat
and lower surface of foot brown; belly, groin, and hinder side of
thighs yellowish ; vent in a large dark brown spot, separated from
the dark colour of the back and the upper surface of the thighs
by a band of the yellowish colour of the lower surface. Male
with an internal gular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 42 millim.

First described from Malacca. Has since been found in Sumatra.
and the Mentawei Islands.

266 ENGYSLTOMATID A.

285. Phrynella pollicaris.

Phrynella pulchra (non Bouleng.) Giinth. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
(5) xx, p. 3138, pl. xvi, fig. B (1887). ;

Phrynella pollicarts, Bouleny. P.Z.S. 1890, p. 37; A. L, Butler,
Journ, Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 392 (1904).

Distinguished from the preceding by a stouter habit, a shorter
head, shorter and thicker digits with much stronger and very
prominent subarticular tubercles, hardly half-webbed toes, and by
the presence, in the male, of a strong, tubercle-like rudiment of
pollex. Colour in life, according to Mr. Wray, dark olive-brown
above ; an oblique yellow line from the eye to the angle of the
mouth; a pale olive-yellow mark across forehead, through the
eyes, and down the sides of the body to the thighs, this band
minutely spotted with dark brown, principally along the centre; a
triangular dark-centred pale mark on the anal region; limbs with
pale cross-bands; throat of male dark brown, passing into yellow
on the breast ; belly brown, spotted with whitish. Iris red-brown.
The colour is very changeable, passing to blackish or vellowish.

From snout to vent 34 millim.

Inhabié the hills of Perak, from 3000 feet upwards, living in
holes in trees which are so situated as to contain more or less
rain-water. They have a loud, flute-like, musical note, which
they utter at irregular intervals, principally during the night.
They blow themselves out with air, and look more like bladders
than anything else. When inflated they float on the surface .of
the water, and will remain motionless for a long time with legs
and arms stretched out.

This frog has also been found in Sumatra and Borneo.

BUFONID®. 267

Series B. ARCIFERA.

Family BUFONID.

Jaws toothless ; diapophyses of sacral vertebra dilated.

The family of true Toads, which is cosmopolitan (except Mada-
gascar), is represeiited in the Malay fauna by three genera :—

Fingers webhed, the tips dilated into disks ;

BAB UA platen ale Wy, «ei. . tsi Secitolss’ stzveraiat’ ... NECTOPHRYNE, p. 268.
Fingers free, not dilated into disks; nostrils
RoR eM cs Pe es hye sons ides yw ods Pow BuFo, p. 269.

Fingers free or webbed at the base, pointed ;
nostrils directed upwards, on upper surface of
snout NECTES, p. 275.

Fig. 74.—Vertebral column and pectoral arch of Bufo asper.

e, Coccyx. ; - eco. Epicoracoid. st. Sternum.
co. Coracoid. peo. Preecoracoid. s.v. Sacral vertebra.
on. Sacral condyles. sc, Scapula.

268 BUFONIDA.

Genus NECTOPHRYNE.
Buchh. & Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1875, p. 202.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue elliptical, entire and free behind.
Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers and toes webbed, the tips
dilated into disks. Outer metatarsals united. No omosternum ;
sternum cartilaginous.

Tropical Africa, Seychelles, India, and Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago. Two species in the Malay Peninsula :—

Inner finger rudimentary ; no tarsal fold........ N. guentheri, p. 268.
Inner finger well developed; a tarsal fold ,..... N., host, p. 268.

286. Nectophryne guentheri.

Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Hcaud. p. 280 (1882); 8. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896,
p: 910; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, XV, p. 304
(1904) ; Roux, P. Z. 8. 1906, i, p. 62.

Habit slender. Head small; snout obliquely truncate ; loreal
region vertical ; interorbital yee broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum very distinct, $ to # diameter of eye. Fore limb very
slender. ingers moderate, men depressed, 4 3 Webbed, the web
extending as a margin to the tips, which are broad and truncate ;
first finger rudimentary, hardly half as long as second; toes rather
short, the web extending to the tips, but deeply emarginate; the
tips caved like those of ane fingers; subarticular tubercles small ;
two small, flat metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. The tarso-
metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout or beyond.
Skin covered with small tubercles. Olive-brown above, spotted
with yellow and blackish ; lower parts yellowish, throat and belly
spotted with brown or blackish.

From snout to vent 30 millim.

Known from Borneo, the Natuna Islands, Bukit Timah,
Singapore, where several specimens have been found by Mr. H. N.
Ridley and Capt. Flower, and the lower hills of Selangor, where
it is by no means uncommon.

287. Nectophryne hosii.

Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1892, p. 508, pl. xxx, fig. 2; Robinson, Journ.
Fed. Malay States Mus. i, p. 19 (1905) ; * Roux, P. Z.S. 1906, i,
p: 59; pl. ute. 1:

Habit stout, but limbs rather thin. Head concave above;
snout truncate; loreal region slightly oblique, concave; inter-
orbital space twice as broad as the upper eyelid ; tympanum very
distinct, about half the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate,

BUFO. 269

much depressed, webbed at tie base, the web extending as a margin
to the tips, which are broad and truncate ; first finger shorter than
second; toes rather short, nearly entirely webbed, the disks a little
smaller than those of the fingers; subarticular tubercles small,
feebly prominent ; two flat metatarsal tubercles, inner the larger ;
a tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of
the snout, or not quite so far. Above with small scattered warts,
beneath finely granulate; a short but very prominent parotoid
gland. Male uniform brown, with indistinct spots or cross-bands
on the limbs, or dark brown with lighter markings which may
form indistinct, coarse vermiculations; belly brown or whitish ;
throat dark brown or blackish. Female black above, with bright
yellow spots or vermiculations, or greenish olive with bright
chrome-yellow round spots on the sides and beneath.

From snout to vent, male 65 millim., female 98.

The largest species of the genus.

Borneo and Malay Peninsula, where Mr. Robinson captured
two specimens, male and female, in a tree in deep jungle about
nine miles from Kuala Lumpur. The pairing and oviposition are
the same as in Bufo melanostictus, the eggs forming long strings.

Genus BUFO.
Laurenti, Syn. Rept. p. 25 (1768).

Pupil horizontal. Tongue elliptic or pyriform, entire and free
behind. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Fingers free ; toes more

Fig. 75.—Open mouth of Bufo asper.

or less webbed. Outer metatarsals united. <A large gland (paro-
toid) often present behind the eye. No omosternum; sternum
cartilaginous or calcified.

Cosmopolitan, except Australia and Madagascar.

Seven species in the Malay Peninsula.

270 BUEONIDZ.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. No bony ridges on the head; habit slender ;
parotoids absent or very small.

Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching eye or between
eye and tip of snout; tibia 3 length of head [p. 270.
ANG IDOd wy his eee ere AAE “tee saver ee oe ane B. penangensis,
Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching far beyond tip
of snout; tibia 2 length of head and body .... B. jerboa, p. 271.

II. Bony ridges on the head; body stout ;
parotoids very distinct.
A, Orbital and orbito-tympanic, but no
parietal ridges.

Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching tip of snout
or beyond ; toes completely webbed; tym-

panum about } diameter ofeye ............ B. asper, p. 271.
Tarso-metatarsal articulation not reaching beyond

eye; toes incompletely webbed ; tympanum at [p. 272.

least 2 diameter Of eye . 6.0.6.5. .8e eh ees B. melanostictus,

B. Supraorbital ridges continued on the
parietal region and straight.

Tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching beyond

eye; parotoids short, round or subtriangular .. B. parvus, p.274.
Tarso-metatarsal articulation not reaching beyond [p. 274.
eye; parotoids long and narrow ............ B. quadriporcatus,

C. Supraorbital ridges continued on the
parietal region and forming an angle;
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaching tip
ol snout or beyond) 2 a eanes ashore B. divergens, p. 275.

288. Bufo penangensis.

Ansonia penangensis, Stoliczka, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxix,
p- 152, pl. ix, fig. 4 (1870).

Bufo penangensis, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 287 (1882) ;
S. Flower, P. Z. 8. 1896, p. 911, and 1899, p. 908, pl. lx, fig. 3;
A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 895 (1904).

Habit slender. Crown without bony ridges; snout obliquely
truncate, strongly projecting beyond the mouth; loreal region
vertical; interorbital space as broad as upper eyelid; tympanum
very distinct, 4 to 2 diameter of eye, close to latter. Fingers
rather long and slender, with feebly swollen tips, first shorter than
second, without or with very indistinct subarticular tubercles ;
toes short, 4 to 2 webbed, without or with very indistinct sub-
articular tubercles; two flat metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold.
The tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the eye or between the eye
and the tip of the snout ; tibia about 3 length of head and body.
Upper parts with unequal sized small warts, lower granulate ; no
distinct parotoids. Dark brown above, with yellowish spots or
symmetrical markings, forming oblique bars across the limbs;

Oo)

BUFO. 27

brownish beneath, speckled with yellow, or marbled with brown.
Male with a large external gular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 40 millim.

Tadpoles, living in the swift-flowing hill-streams, remarkable
for their large lips forming a sucking-disk with two upper and
three lower uninterrupted series of minute horny teeth; beak
white, lower jaw edged with black, upper with a conspicuous black
diagonal mark on each side. Tail acutely pointed, upper crest
only on posterior two thirds. Spiraculum sinistral ; anus median.
Sepia-brown above, mottled darker and lighter. Total length
34 millim.

This little toad, which occurs also in Borneo, has been found in
the hills of Penang (2000 ft.) and Perak (2000-83000 ft.).

289. Bufo jerboa.

Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1890, p. 328, pl. xxv, fig. 3; Laidlaw, P.Z.S.
1900, p. 889.

Habit very slender. Crown without bony ridges; snout
obliquely truncate, strongly projecting beyond the mouth; loreal
region vertical ; interorbital space as broad as or a little narrower
than the upper eyelid ; tympanum very distinct, 4 to 2 diameter
of eye, close to latter. Fingers long and slender, with feebly
swollen tips, first as long as or a little shorter than second, with
very prominent subarticular tubercles ; toes short, 4 to 4 webbed,
with very prominent subarticular tubercles ; two small but. pro-
ininent metatarsal tubercles; a tarsal fold. The tibio-tarsal
articulation reaches far beyond the tip of the snout; tibia about
= length of head and body. Upper parts with granules and very
small warts ; lower granulate; parotoids, if at: all distinct, very
narrow. Brown above, with dark and light spots or symmetrical
markings, often forming an X-shaped figure in front of the sacral
region ; a yellowish dorso-lateral streak sometimes present ; dark
bars on the limbs and on the lips; yellowish or pale brownish
beneath, throat and breast dark brown or much mottled with dark
brown.

From snout to vent 50 millim.

Borneo, Gunong Inas, N. Perak, where a single specimen was
obtained by the Skeat Expedition, and vicinity of the Batu Caves,
near Kuala Lumpur, Selangor.

290. Bufo asper.

Gravenh. Delic. Mus. Zool. Vratisl. p. 58 (1829); Giinth. Rept.
Brit. Ind. p. 423 (1864); Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 313
(1882); id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 507 (1890); 8. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1896, p. 912, and 1899 p.912; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat.
Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 896 (1904).

A broad supraorbital and a thick orbito-tympanic bony ridge ;
snout short, obliquely truncate; canthus rostralis angular; loreal.

272, BUFONID2.

region vertical ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum distinct, 3 diameter of eye. First finger not extending
beyond second; toes entirely webbed, with single subarticular
tubercles ; two moderate metatarsal tubercles; atarsal fold. The
tarso-metatarsal articulation reaches the tip of the snout or beyond.
Upper parts with very prominent, conical, spinose tubercles ;
parotoids very prominent, usually small, subtriangular or roundish.
Uniform brown or blackish above, at certain seasons spotted with
crimson; whitish beneath, uniform or spotted with black. Iris
golden yellow, very finely speckled and vermiculated with very
dark bronze.

From snout to vent 215 millim.

Tenasserim, Mergui, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java.

Widely but locally distributed in the Malay Peninsula, this toad,
one of the largest Batrachians, is found in abundance in caves and
in the neighbourhood of waterfalls, but seldom away from these
particular haunts. It occurs at 4500 feet elevation in the Larut
Hills, Perak, and on the Semangko Pass between Selangor and
Pahang, at 2000 feet on Penang Hill. Abundant in the Batu Caves,
Selangor, in places where no daylight ever penetrates, half a mile
underground. Also known from Legeh, Jalor, Telubin, and
Malacea. According to Annandale and Robinson, it is common
at Bukit Besar, generally near human dwellings or in secondary
jungle, occasionally penetrating into thick forest country. Young
specimens, which are much lighter in colour than adults, are often
found in large numbers on the banks of rapid mountain-streams,
where they harmonize so well with the sand that they are difficult
to detect except when in motion. According to Flower, this toad
smells strongly of musk.

291. Bufo meianostictus.

Schneid. Hist. Amph. i, p. 216 (1801); Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc.
Bengal, xvi, p. 1063 (1847); Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 422
(1864); Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 306 (1882); id. Faun.
Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 505, fig. (1890); S. Flower, P. Z.S. 1896,
p- 911, pl. xliv, fig. 3, and 1899, p. 910.

Head with more or less prominent bony ridges, viz. a canthal, a
preorbital, a supraorbital, a postorbital, and a short orbito-tym-
panic; snout short, blunt ; interorbital space much broader than the
upper eyelid; tympanum very distinct, at least ¢ diameter of eye.
First finger usually extending beyond second. Toes at least half-
webbed, with single subarticular tubercles ; two moderate meta-
tarsal tubercles; no tarsal fold. TTarso-metatarsal articulation
reaching tympanum or eye. Upper parts with more or less pro-
minent, often spiny, warts; parotoids very prominent, reniform
or elliptical, more or less elongate. Yellowish or brownish above,
the spines of the warts and the ridges of the head usually black ;
beneath whitish, immaculate or more or less spotted. Male with

BUFO. 273

a subgular vocal sae, and black nuptial excrescences on the two
inner fingers.

From snout to vent 115 millim.

Tadpole small (up to 23 millim.) and dark brown or blackish,
belly and caudal crests grey. Tail rounded at end, both crests
nearly equal in depth. Spiraculum sinistral; anus median. Beak
white, edged with black; lips with papille only at the sides; in

Fig. 76.—Bufo melanostictus.

upper lip two series of fine teeth, upper uninterrupted ; in lower
lip three uninterrupted series of teeth.

India, Himalayas, and China to Malay Peninsula and
Archipelago.

This toad is very common and generally distributed in the
Malay Peninsula. Crepuscular and nocturnal, except during the
breeding-season, which takes place in March and April, when

T

274 BUFONIDE.

the spawn may be seen in ponds, in long strings twined about the
water-weeds, exactly as in the common English toad, the habits of
which are quite similar.

The Malay name of this and the preceding species is katak puru.

292. Bufo parvus.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, p. 346, pl. x, fig. 3
(1887); S. Flower, P.Z.S. 1899, p. 911; Laidlaw, P.Z.S. 1900,
p. 888.

A supraorbital and a parietal bony ridge, forming together a
straight line, and a short orbito-tympanic; snout very short,
truncate, projecting considerably beyond the mouth ; interorbital
space as broad as or a little broader than the upper eyelid; tym-
panum very distinct, close to the eye and = to ? diameter of
latter. First finger extending considerably beyond second ; toes
hardly half-webbed, with simple subarticular tubercles ; two rather
strong metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal
articulation reaches between the eye and the end of the snout,
or even a little beyond. Upper parts rough with very prominent,
conical, often spinose tubercles; parotoids prominent, round or
subtriangular, scarcely larger than the tympanum; lower paris
with round tubercles of unequal size. Brown above, with a few
darker spots, and often with a few scattered irregular spots of a
beautiful pink; limbs with dark cross-bands ; lower parts spotted
with brown; throat brown in the male, which is provided with a
subgular vocal sac and black nuptial asperities on the two inner
fingers. Iris golden, speckled with black.

From snout to vent 50 millim.

Originally described from Malacca ; has since been found widely
distributed in the Malay Peninsula and in Burma and Sumatra.

293. Bufo quadriporcatus.

Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xix, p. 347, pl. x, fig. 4
(1887); Giinth. op. cit. xx, p. 314, pl. xvi, fig. C (1887).

A straight, prominent supraorbital ridge, continued into a short
parietal; a strong and broad orbito-tympanie ridge continuous
with the parotoid, which is prominent and compressed, ridge-like ;
snout truncate, projecting tar beyond the mouth; loreal region
nearly vertical ; interorbital space broader than the upper eyelid ;
tympanum very distinct, close to and nearly as large as or larger
thaneye. First finger extending beyond second ; toes short, hardly
half-webbed, with simple subarticular tubercles ; two moderate
metatarsal tubercles ; no tarsal fold. The tarso-metatarsal articu-
lation reaches the tympanum or the eye. Upper parts more or
less warty ; parotoids much elongate, usually followed by a lateral
series of large tubercles; some specimens prickly all over with
horny spines. Brownish above, uniform or marbled with olive ;

NECTES. 278

the parotoids sometimes whitish, edged with black; limbs with
dark cross-bands; lower parts whitish, uniform or marbled with
brown.

From snout to vent 65 millim.

Malay Peninsula (Malacca, Perak Hills up to 800 feet), Sumatra,
Borneo.

294. Bufo divergens.
Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 579; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud.

p- 312, fig. (1882); A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat, Hist. Soc, Bombay,
xv, p. 396 (1904).

Nearly allied to the preceding, but parietal bony ridge forming
an angle with the supraorbital, and hind limb longer, the tarso-
metatarsal articulation reaching the tip of the snout or beyond,
and the tibia measuring half length of head and body. A yellow
vertebral line sometimes present.

From snout to vent 50 millim.

Borneo, Natuna Islands, Selangor.

Genus NECTES.
Cope, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1865, p. 103.

Pupil horizontal. Tongue elliptical, entire and free behind.
Nostrils directed upwards. Tympanum distinct. Fingers free
or webbed at the base; toes fully webbed, the tips not dilated.
Outer metatarsals united. No omosternum; sternum cartilaginous,
ossified along the centre.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. A single species has to be
dealt with in this fauna.

295. Nectes subasper.

Pseudobufo subasper, Tschudi, Class. Batr. p. 87 (18388).

Nectes subasper, Cope, 1. c.; Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 327,
fir. (1882); S. Flower, P. Z. S. 1899, p. 916; A. L. Butler,
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 393 (1904).

Nectes pleurotenia, Fischer, Arch. f. Naturg. li, i, p. 47 (1885) ;
Van Kampen, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xxii, p. 711 (1905).

Nectes sumatranus, Werner, Zool. Jahrb., Syst. xiii, p. 497, pl. xxxv,
fig, 9 (1900).

Head rather small ; snout prominent, obliquely truncate ; loreal
region nearly vertical ; nostrils small, valvular, close together on
the upper surface near the tip of the snout; upper eyelid rather
narrow; interorbital space broad; tympanum more or less
distinct, 2 to ? diameter of eye and close to latter. Fingers rather
slender, obtuse or pointed, tree, first shorter than second ; toes
pointed, united to the very tips by a very broad and thick
membrane; no subarticular tubercles; two very indistinct, flat
metatarsal tubercles; a rather indistinct tarsal fold. The tarso-

rt 2

276 PELOBATID &.

metatarsal articulation reaches between the shoulder and the eye.
Upper parts covered with closely set smooth round warts of
different sizes, the largest being distinctly porous ; sides and lower
parts granulate. Dark brown or blackish above, with or without
a more or less distinct whitish or yellowish band, along the side
and the back of the thigh and metatarsus; a light brown
vertebral stripe may be present ; brownish white beneath, with or
without minute dark dots; throat of male grey. Male witha
large subgular vocal sac.

From snout to vent 150 millim.

Java, Borneo, Sumatra. Discovered by Mr. A. L. Butler on the
banks of the little Sungei Buloh River in Selangor, above the
reach of tidal influence, where this curious toad is not uncommon.
Mr. Butler describes the habits as aquatic and arboreal. ‘‘ They are
usually found sitting on branches overhanging the water, into
which they dive when disturbed. They are, as their fully webbed
hind feet would lead one to suspect, powerful swimmers. When
the males are croaking the blackish pouch under the throat is
inflated to the size of a pigeon’s egg. Their croak is generally
uttered three or four times in very rapid succession and then
followed by an interval of silence.”

Family PELOBATIDA:.

Upper jaw toothed; diapophyses of sacral vertebra very
strongly dilated.

Europe, Southern Asia, New Guinea, North America.

Represented in the Malay Subregion by a single genus.

Genus MEGALOPHRYS.
Kuhl, Isis, 1822, p. 475.

Pupil erect. Tongue circular or pyriform, entire or nicked and
free behind. Vomerine teeth in two small groups, if present.
Tympanum distinct or hidden under the skin. Fingers free, toes
free or shortly webbed ; outer metatarsals united. Sternum with
a bony style. Coccyx, if distinct from the sacral vertebra, with
simple articulation.

South-Eastern Asia.

Seven species in the Malay Peninsula.

Synopsis of the Species.

I. Profile of snout obliquely truncate, strongly
projecting beyond lower jaw; canthus
rostralis angular and loreal region
vertical or slightly oblique; vomerine
teeth usually present.

bo
=]
~I

MEGALOPHRYS.

A. Head at least once and a half as broad
as long (to occiput); tibio-tarsal
articulation not reaching eye; tym-
panum hidden or feebly distinct.
End ofsnout without or with a mere indication
of a dermal appendage; outer border of
upper eyelid produced in the adult into a
pointed appendage, which does not, as a
rule, measure more than half diameter of
ET ED 4.2 AR hROAE 6 GOLC rainy Sen cniap area ieieinine M. montana, p. 277.
Snout terminating in a pointed dermal ap-
pendage ; outer border of upper eyelid
produced into a pointed appendage, which is
at least 3 diameter of eye in adult ....... . M. nasuta, p. 279.

B. eed once and one fourth as long as
broad; —_tibio-tarsal —_ articulation
reaching beyond tip of snout; tym-
panum distinct; upper eyelid with a
horn-like tubercle 2.00. ..6. 0c .seaa M., longipes, p. 280.

If. Snout rounded or feebly truncate, not or
but feebly projecting beyond lower jaw ;
no vomerine teeth.

A. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching eve or
beyond ; tympanum perfectly distinct.
Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching tip of snout;

BUPEREEOUNGCH co. op cc cca 6 ae oi sche clas ateiny M. gracilis, p. 281.
Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching eye; snout
TUDODILEY. 26858 0 pio eG DIS Ciena PERO ON Map orig M. heteropus, p. 281.

Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching eye or be-
tween eye and nostril; snout rounded .... MM. pelodytoides, p. 282.
B. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching
shoulder; tympanum feebly distinct
BHPOGET Gee cvets seu 5 sesso wo feels M, hasseltiv, p. 282.

296. Megalophrys montana.

Kuhl, in Férussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. ii, p. 83 (1824); Bouleng. Cat.
Batr. Ecaud. p. 442 (1882); Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 889;
Annand. Fascic. Malay., Zool. i, p. 275 Be 903); A. te Butler,
Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 899 (1904); Bouleng.
P. Z. 8. 1908, p. 411.

Megalophrys montana, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 415
(1864).

Megalophrys montana, var. aceras, Bouleng. Fascic. Malay., Zool.
i, p. 181, pl. v, fig. 1 (1903

Tongue entire or feebly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth usually
present, in two widely separated small groups just behind the level
ot the choane. Head large, 13 to 1? times as broad as long,
usually defined behind by a more or less distinct transverse fold ;
snout truncate or obtusely pointed, projecting beyond lower jaw,
as long as or a little shorter than eye; canthus rostralis sharp;
loreal region vertical or a dink oblique, concave ; interorbital space
concave, its width 14 to 2 times that of upper eyelid ; tympanum

278 PELOBATID2®.

usually feebly distinct, rarely hidden, its diameter 4 to 2 that of
eye. Fingers obtuse or feebly swollen at the end, first as long
as or a little longer than second; no subarticular tubercles; no
distinct metacarpal tubercles. Toes rather short, obtuse or
feebly swollen at the end, with a mere rudiment of web, or,
at most, } webbed; no subarticular tubercles ; a flat, very indis-
tinct inner metatarsal tubercle. ‘Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching
the shoulder, the commissure of the jaws, or the temple ; tibia 3
to 4 length from snout to vent; foot as long as or shorter than
tibia. Skin of upper parts smooth, or with scattered conical
warts, old specimens with bony deposits on the head and anterior
part of the back; a strong glandular fold from eye to shoulder,
usually another on each side of the back; upper eyelid witha
sharp, raised edge, which is produced into a more or less distinet
point or ‘horn’ (very indistinct in var. aceras), not measuring more
than } diameter of eye; limbs usually with oblique transverse
glandular ridges ; belly with small tubercles. Olive-brown above,
uniform or variously marked with darker or lighter; a more or
less distinct large triangular dark spot between the eyes, the base
forwards, and a dark oblique bar below the eye; limbs with more
or less distinct dark cross-bars; lower parts pale brown, spotted
or marbled with darker; a white tubercle on each side of the
breast. Male without vocal sac.

Total length 88 millim.

Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Rare in the Peninsula, but
recorded from Perak, Bukit Besar, and Gunong Inas.

This is a sluggish and thoroughly nocturnal Batrachian.
Nothing has been observed concerning its breeding habits, but
I find the eggs to be large, those in the oviduct of a specimen
83 millim. long measuring 3 millim. in diameter. The larvae were
first described by Max Weber (Ann. Jard. Botan. Buitenzorg,
1898, Suppl. ii, p. 5) from Java, and Laidlaw and Annandale have
made observations on specimens from the Malay Peninsula.
These extraordinary tadpoles are found in mountain-streams with
gravelly beds, and are remarkable for the funnel-like float formed
by the lips, which are beset with minute horny teeth; these are
not connected in any way with definite ridges or lamelle, but
radiate along the anterior surface of the funnel. According to
Annandale, the funnel-shaped lip is capable of assuming two very
distinct forms, according to the position of the tadpole :—(1) When
the animal is hanging from the surface-film, as it frequently does,
this structure becomes a translucent rhomboidal or lozenge-shaped
float, depressed in the centre towards the mouth, but otherwise
nearly flat; (2) when, on the other hand, the animal is resting on
the bottom, the float takes on the appearance of a pair of slender
processes, continued upwards on the sides, like a pair of horns.
The spiraculum is sinistral. The tail is more than twice as long as
the body, the total length of the largest tadpole being about
40 millim. The coloration is of a very dark brown, even on the

belly.

MEGALOPHRYS, 279

297. Megalophrys nasuta.

Megalophrys montana (non Kuhl), Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal,
xvi, p. 1061 (1847).

ie nasuta, Schleg. Handl. Dierk. ii, p. 57, pl. iv, fig. 72
(1858).

Megalophrys montana, part., Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 415 (1864).

Megalophrys nasuta, Ginth, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xi, p. 419
(1873); Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 443 (1882); 8. Flower,
iP 4. 3, 1899; p: 913;, Laidlaw, P.Z.'S.,.1900, p.. 882; A,
L. Butler, Jown. Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 899 (1904) ;
Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1908, p. 413, pl. xxii.

Very closely related to the preceding; distinguished by the
greater length of the palpebral horn-like appendage, which is at
least 2, and often quite, as long as the eye in tie adult, and the
presence of a similar appendage on the end of the snout. Vomerine
teeth ona level with the posterior border of the choane. ‘The

Fig. 77.--Megalophrys nasuta.

dermal ossification may completely fuse with the skull, and form a
bony shield on the presacral part of the body. Male with an
internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 125 millim.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Natuna Islands. Recorded
from Penang, Perak, Selangor, Jahore, Malacca, and Singapore,
where it is not rare. It is principally a low-country species.

H. O. Forbes (‘ Naturalist’s Wanderings,’ p. 154), who has ob-
served this frog in Sumatra, says its anvil-clinking “ Kang-kang ”

280 PELOBATID®.

fills the air in the evenings; but it simulates so closely the dead
leaves among which it lies, that it is difficult to find. When
pairing, the male clasps the female round the lumbar region.
Called ‘“‘Katak bertandok” (horned frog) by Malays throughout.
the Peninsula.

298. Megalophrys longines.

Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1885, p. 850, pl. lv; Giinth. Ann. & Mag. Nat.
Hist. (5) xx, p. 316 (1887) ; A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Bombay, XV, p. 400 (1904); Robinson, Journ. Fed. Malay
States Mus. i, p. 29 (1905); Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1908, p. 415.

Tongue feebly nicked behind. Vomerine teeth in two small
groups just behind the level of the choane. Head moderate, much
depressed, once and 7 as broad as long; snout obliquely truncate,
projecting beyond lower jaw, nearly as long as eye; canthus
rostralis sharp; loreal region vertical, concave; interorbital space
concave, as broad as ora little broader than upper eyelid; tym-
panum distinct, 2 to 2 diameter of eye. Fingers slender, ‘feebly
swollen at the end, first as long as ora little longer than second.
Toes long and slender, feebly swollen at the end, with a slight
rudiment of web; no subarticular tubercles ; no distinct. meta-
tarsal tubercle. Tibio- tarsal articnlation reaching beyond tip of
snout ; tibia 2 to 2 length from snout to vent ; foot shorter than
tibia. “Sem sunnah noes with small warts ‘on the flanks, and
two pairs of delicate glandular folds originating on the scapular
region and converging posteriorly ; a strong fold from eye to
shoulder ; a short horn-like tubercle on outer edge of upper eyelid ;
lower parts smooth. Olive-brown above; sides of head with
oblique dark bars; a large triangular dark marking between the
eves; limbs with dark cross-bars; hinder side of thighs dark
brown, with one or two round whitish spots; belly dotted or
spotted with brown ; throat and breast dark brown, or with large
dark brown spots or symmetrical markings. Male with an
internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 65 millim.

Only known from the mountains of Perak, between 3000 and
4500 feet, and from Gunong Angsi, Negri Sembilan, at 2600 ft.
Mr. A. L. Butler has observed it to be the commonest frog on the
hills above 3000 ft. and to be entirely nocturnal, being found in
the daytime under logs, rocks, or in holes in banks, and in densely
shaded spots among dead leaves. These frogs appear to be quite
bewildered by the sunlight, and when disturbed give one jump into
the open and make no other attempt to escape. When seized in
the hand they frequently open their mouths widely for some
seconds. Mr. Butler has never seen this frog enter water of its
own accord, and he suspects very large ova (3 inch in diameter),
containing tadpoles with the hind limbs and tail well developed,
which he found under damp moss in tree-trunks, to belong to it.

MEGALOPHRYS. 281.

299. Megalophrys gracilis.

Leptobrachium gracile, Giinth. P. Z.S. 1872, p.598; Bouleng. Cat.
Batr. Ecaud. p. 440 (1882) ; id. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus.
ill, p. 61 (1908).

Megalophrys gracilis, Bouleng. P. Z.S. 1908, p. 421, pl. xxv, fig, 1.

Tongue nicked behind. Vomerine teeth absent. Head mode-
rate, as long as broad or slightly broader than long; snout rounded,
not projecting beyond lower jaw; canthus rostralis distinct ;
loreal region not very oblique, concave; interorbital space a little
narrower than the upper eyelid; tympanum distinct, 3 diameter
of eye. Fingers slightly swollen at the end, first and second equal
and about $ length of third; no subarticular tubercles ; two meta-
carpal tubercles, inner very large, outer small. Toes rather long
and slender, with blunt or slightly swollen tips, with a very short
web at the base; no subarticular tubercles, but a more or less
distinct dermal ridge along the lower surface ; a feebly prominent,
elliptical inner metatarsal tubercle. Tibio-tarsal articulation
reaching tip of snout; tibia a little more than 4 length from
snout to vent; foot shorter than tibia, but longer than head.
Skin smooth; a curved glandular fold above tympanum. Greyish
olive to dark olive above, with more or less distinct darker spots
or symmetrical markings on the head and body and cross-bars on
the limbs ; a whitish spot below the eye and another on the arm
and elbow sometimes present; lower parts dirty white, with or
without irregular brown spots.

Total length 44 millim.

First discovered in Borneo, this species has been found in
Gunong Tahan, Pahang, at an altitude of 5200 feet.

The eggs in the oviduct are very large and comparatively few,
the diameter of the vitelline sphere being 2 millim.

300. Megalophrys heteropus.
Leptobrachium heteropus, Bouleng. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vi,
p- 186 (1900).
Megalophrys heteropus, Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1908, p. 422, pl. xxv, fig. 2.

Tongue nicked behind. Vomerine teeth absent. Head mode-
rate, as long as broad; snout truncate at the end, not projecting
beyond lower jaw; canthus rostralis strong; loreal region not
very oblique, concave ; interorbital space as broad as the upper
eyelid; tympanum distinct, 4 diameter of eye. Fingers blunt,
first and second equal and about # length of third; no subarticular
tubercles ; two metacarpal tubercles, inner very large, outer small.
Toes moderately long, blunt, webbed at the base only, the web
continued as a slight fringe along each side; a strong dermal
ridge or keel along the lower surface of the third and fourth toes ;
a small, feebly prominent, oval inner metatarsal tubercle. Tibio-
tarsal articulation reaching eye; tibia 3 length from snout to
vent ; foot shorter than tibia, but longer than head. Skin smooth,

282 PELOBATID2®.

with small tubercles on the upper eyelids. Grey above, with
darker light-edged symmetrical markings, the largest occupying
the middle of the back; a black lumbar spot ; a black canthal and
temporal streak; black spots on the sides; dark cross-bars on the
limbs; lower parts grey, speckled with black; a round whitish
spot on each side of the breast, at the base of the arm, another
on the back of each thigh.

From snout to vent 33 millim.

This species is known from a single specimen from the Larut
Hills, Perak, altitude 3500 feet.

301. Megalophrys pelodytoides.
Leptobrachium pelodytoides, Bouleng. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2)
xiii, p. 345, pl. xi, fig. 38 (1893); A. L. Butler, Journ. Nat. Hist.
Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 898 (1904).
Megalophrys pelodytoides, Bouleng. P. Z. 8. 1908, p. 428,

Tongue notched behind. Vomerine teeth absent. Head mode-
rate, as long as broad or a little broader than long; snout rounded,
scarcely projecting beyond lower jaw; canthus rostralis distinct ;
loreal region oblique, concave ; interorbital space as broad as upper
eyelid ; tympanum distinct, 3 to 2 diameter of eye. Fingers with
slightly swollen tips, first and second equal and about = length of
third; no subarticular tubercles; two metacarpal tubercles, inner
large, outer small. Toes moderately long, with slightly swollen
tips, 3 webbed or less, the web extending as a fringe along each
side, and with a more or less distinct. dermal ridge along the
lower surface ; a small, feebly prominent, oval inner metatarsal
tubercle. Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching eye, or between eye
and nostril; tibia 3, or a little less than 4 length from snout to
vent, as long as or slightly longer than foot. Upper parts with
small smooth warts, lower smooth. Olive above, with dark spots,
marblings, or symmetrical markings, which may be edged with
lighter ; upper lip with dark vertical bars; limbs with dark cross-
bars; sometimes a round white, dark-edged spot on back of
thighs, nearer tibia than vent; white beneath, throat of male
brown. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 42 millim.

First discovered in the Karin Hills, between Burma and Siam.
Since found in Tonkin and in Perak.

302. Megalophrys hasseltii.
Leptobrachium hasseltiit, Tschudi, N. Class. Batr. p. 81 (1838) ;
Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Ecaud. p. 441 (1882); id. Faun. Brit. Ind.
p. 511 (1890); id. P.Z.S. 1890, p. 37; A. L. Butler, Journ.
Nat. Hist. Soc. Bombay, xv, p. 897 (1904).
Megalophrys hasseltti, Bouleng. P, Z. 8S. 1908, p. 425, pl. xxv, fig. 3.

Tongue nicked behind. Vomerine teeth absent. Head large,
about once and } as broad as long ; snout rounded, not projecting

MEGALOPHRYS. 283

beyond lower jaw; canthus rostralis distinct ; loreal region very
oblique, concave; interorbital space a little broader than upper
eyelid ; tympanum hidden or feebly distinct, + to # diameter of
eye. Fingers obtuse, not swollen at the end, first and second
equal or first the longer, third nearly twice as long as second ;
subarticular tubercles, if distinct, irregular in their disposition ;
two moderately large metacarpal tubercles, inner a little larger
than outer. Toes short, obtuse like the fingers, webbed at the
base in females, 7 to 3 webbed in males; subarticular tubercles
sometimes distinct, sometimes more or less confluent into an
obtuse ridge; inner metatarsal tubercle small, oval, feebly pro-
minent. ‘'Tibio-tarsal articulation reaching the shoulder; tibia
3 to 2 length from snout to vent; foot as long as head. Skin
smooth or with small tubercles above, granular on belly ; a gland-
ular fold from eye to shoulder. Brown, grey, or pale olive above,
with small or large dark brown spots or marblings, which may be
irregular or form asymmetrical pattern; a more or less distinct
dark canthal and temporal streak ; sides of snout with dark vertical
bars; limbs with dark cross-bars; throat and belly dirty white,
or brown speckled with white. Male with an internal vocal sac.

From snout to vent 74 millim.

Tadpoles of rather large size (body 25 to 40 millim.), without
funnel-shaped lip, marked all over with numerous deep black dots.
Spiraculum sinistral ; tail once and a half as long as body.

Burma, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Recorded from
Perak, Selangor, and Singapore.

284. CECILIIDA.

Order APODA.

No limbs ; tail absent or rudimentary ; body worm-like. Pala-
tine bones fused with maxillaries, frontals distinct from parietals,
and prefrontals from nasals. Males with an intromittent copula-
tory organ.

Fig. 78.—Skull of Ichthyophis glutinosus, outlines after Sarasin. = *

ca, Columella auris. n. Nasal. pt. Pterygoid.

e. Ethmoid. p. Parietal. ptf. Postfrontal.
eo. Exoccipital. pl. Palatine. g. Quadratum.
J. Frontal. pm. Premaxillary. sg. Squamosal.
m. Maxillary. ps. Parasphenoid. v. Vomer,

ad. Mandible.

A single family :—

Family I. CAECILIID.

Worm-like, often blind or nearly blind burrowing Batrachians,
inhabiting the AEthiopian, Indian, and Neotropical Regions. A
single genus in the Malay Peninsula.

Genus ,ICHTHYOPHIS.
Fitzinger, N. Class. Rept. p. 86 (1826).

Squamosal bones in contact with parietals. ‘T'wo series of teeth
in the lower jaw. Lye distinct. A cultriform, exsertile tentacle
between the eye and the nostril. Cycloid scales imbedded in the
skin, which bears very numerous circular folds (235 to 400)

ICHTHYOPHIS, 285

forming an angle on the belly. Tail distinct though rudimentary,
pointed.
Two species :—

preyollowpateral DANG! se. cw erm pvcesiee senna I. glutinosus, p. 285.
iimiform: brown or blackish 2.5.0... 60.600. . I. monochrous, p. 286.

303, Ichthyophis glutinosus.

Cecilia glutinosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. i, p. 393 (1766).

LEpicrium glutinosum, Ginth, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 441 (1864),

Ichthyophis glutinosus, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Caud. p. 515 (1882) ;
id, Faun. Brit, Ind., Rept. p. 515, fig. (1890); S. Flower, P.Z. 8.
1899, p. 914; Laidlaw, P. Z.S. 1900, p. 890.

Both series of mandibular teeth well developed. Snout rounded,
the width of the head between the eyes equals the distance of
the eye from the end of the snout; eyes easily distinguishable ;
tentacle small, in front of the eye, close to the lip. Body eylin-
drical, moderately elongate, with the circular folds (except those
on the hindmost part of the body) alternately longer and shorter.
Very dark rich purple in life, each circular fold showing as a
narrow paler line; along each side of the body a bright lemon-
yellow, sharply defined band, varying much in width; tentacle
white.

According to Flower, the eyes, though so small, are bright ;
they are black, with a very narrow pale brown ring round them.

Total length 380 millim.

Inhabits the hilly parts of Southern India and Ceylon, the
Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Burma, Siam, the Malay Peninsula,
Sumatra, Borneo, and Java. In the Malay Peninsula this
Cecilian has been found in Penang (1800 to 2200 feet), in Perak
(3000 to 4000 feet), at Biserat, Jalor, and on Gunong Panti,
Johore. It does. not seem to be common anywhere, but is
apparently more abundant in the N.E. portions of the Peninsula
than elsewhere.

These curious Batrachians are found in damp situations, usually
in soft mud, Flower says “in life the tentacles are constantly
being protruded and retracted, and the throat is in constant
motion, like a frog’s. These creatures are gentle and make no
attempt to bite; although their usual movements are very slow
and deliberate, when they want to they can wriggle away with
surprising speed. They do not feel at all slimy when handled.”

The complete development has been observed in Ceylon and
described by the Drs. Sarasin (Ergebn. Naturw. Forsch. auf
Ceylon, vol. 1). The eggs are very large, yellowish, strung
together by a prolongation of the outer capsule, and rolled ina
ball, deposited in a burrow near the water. The female protects
them by coiling herself round the egg-mass, which the young do
not leave until after the loss of the large external gills, three on
each side; they then lead an aquatic lite, and are provided with

286 . CECILIID £.

an opening, or spiraculum, on each side of the neck. In these
larve the head is newt-like, provided with large labial lobes, with

Fig. 79.—Ichthyophis glutinosus, female with eggs (after Sarasin).

well-developed eyes; the tail is more distinct than in the adult,
strongly compressed, and bordered by a dermal fold above and
beneath.

304. Ichthyophis monochrous.

Ichthyophis glutinosus, var., Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xvi,
p. 1058 (1847).

Epicrium monochroum, Bleek. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. xvi, p. 188
(1858) ; Giinth. Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 443 (1864).

Ichthyophis monochrous, Bouleng. Cat. Batr. Caud. p. 91, pl. iv,
fie. 1 (1882) ; id. Faun. Brit. Ind., Rept. p. 517 (1890) ; 8. Flower,
P.Z.S. 1899, p. 916,

Like the preceding, but head shorter, the distance between the
eyes being more than the length of the snout, and inner series of
mandibular teeth composed of a few teeth only. Uniform purplish
black.

Total length 350 millim.

Distribution the same as in the preceding species, but not
recorded from Ceylon. A few specimens have been obtained in
Singapore (in a garden) and in the Larut Hills, Perak (8380 to.
4000 feet).

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SKETCH MAP
OF THE

MALAY PENINSULA

Joo MES

MES 30 40 39 20 10 9 50

| Scale 1 Inch to 64 Miles

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

[Synonyms are printed in italics. ]

abbreviatus (Draco), 59.

Ablabes, 151.

Acanthosaura, 68.

achatina (Hylaplesia),
261.

achatina (Microhyla),
261.
AcROcHORDIN®, Iles
Acrochordus, 115.
Alurosaurus, 39.
/Eluroscalabotes, 39.
affinis (Batagur), 25.
affinis (Cyrtodactylus),
38.

affinis (Gonatodes), 38.
affinis (Gymnodactylus),
38

affinis ( Tetraonyx), 26.

AGAMIDE, 54.

Aipysurus, 195,

albiceps (‘yphlops), 103.

albiventer (Calamaria),
156.

albiventer (Changulia),
156.
albopunctata (LRiopa),

albopunctatum (Lygo-
soma), 93.
albopunctatus (Humeces),
93. =
AMBLYCEPIALID®, 206,
Amblycephalus, 208.
amboinensis (Cistudo),
21.
amnbotnensis
21.
amboinensis (Cyclemys),
>)

(Cuora),

aide

amboinensis (Testudo),
21
a)

Ancistrodon, 212.

anguilliformis (Aipy-
surus), 198.

annandalii (Cyclemys),
10!

annandalit
LOA:

annandalii (Thalasso-
phis), 195.

annectens (Microhyla),
262

(Distir a),

annulatus (Hydrophis),
183.

anomalopus (Lygosoma),
Aphaniotis, 64.
Apopa, 284.

ArciFrera, 222, 267.
armata (Acanthosaura),
68. :

armata (Agama), 68.

armatus (Lophyrus), 68.

asper (Bufo), 271.

asper (Ixalus), 255.

aspera (Hydrophis), 186.

atriceps (Hydrophis), 189.

atrocostatum (Lygosoma),
94.

atrocostatus (Scincus),

aulicus (Coluber), 131.
aulicus (Lycodon), 131.

baliodira (Coronella),
152.
baliodirus (Ablabes),

152.
ag ae (Lygosoma),

tare (Batagur), 2

baska (Emys}, 26.

Batagur, 26.

Barracuta, 221.

Bellia, 22.

belliana (Liolepis), 73.

bellianu ( Uromastic),
re

73.

bellii (Liolepis), 7

bengalensis Cap iva ina),
193.

berdmorti (Engystoma),
2 Oo.

berdmorii (Microhyla),
263.

bicatenatus (Simotes),

bicolor (Hydrus), 181.

bicolor (Pelamis), 181.

bimaeulatus (Ihacopho-
rus), 249.

bivirgatus (Callophis),
200.

bivirgatus (Doliophis),

205

bivirgatus (Elaps), 205.

bivittatus (Hyledactylus),
264.

blanfordii (Draco), 61.

boa (Amblycephalus),
208.

boa (Dipsas), 208.

boa (Haplopeltura), 208.

bocourti (Hypsirhina),
161.

Borps#, 105.

boops (Dipsas), 170.

borneensis (dAtropophis),
218.

borneensis (Bellia), 24.

borneensis (Gonyocepha-
lus), 65.

288

borneensis (Lachesis),
218.

borneensis (Lophyrus),
695.

borneensis (Orlitia), 24.

bothriorhynchus (Typh-
lops), 104.

bowringii (Eumeces), 92.

bowringii (Lygosoma),
92.

braminus (Eryx), 103.

braminus (‘'ypblops),
103

brevipes (Ixalus), 253.
brevis (Euprepes), 83.
brevis (Mabuia), 85.
brookii (Hemidactylus),
42.
brugmansti
185.
brugmansii (Hydrophis),
184.
buecata
162.
buccatus ( Coluber), 162.
Bufo, 268.
Buronip#, 267.
Bungarus, 198.
bungarus (Naia), 202.
butleri (Gehyra), 47.
butleri (Lycodon), 133,
butleri (Lygosoma), 91.
butleri (Microhyla), 261.

(Distira),

(Homalopsis),

Caciiip#, 284.
cerulea (Pseudoboa), 199.
esrulescens (Hydrophis),

187.

cerulescens (Hydrus),
187.
ceruleus (Bungarus),
199.

Calamaria, 154.

Callagur, 25.

Callophis, 203.

Callula, 268.

Calophrynus, 257.

Calotes, 69.

candidus (Bungarus),
199.

candidus (Coluber), 199.

Cantoria, 165.

cantorii (Pelochelys), 12.

cantoris (Hydrophis),
191.

cantoris (Pelochelys), 11.

cantoris (Peripia), 49.

caretta ( Testudo), 29.

caretta (Thalassochelys),

ad.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

carinata (Pareas), 210,

carinatus (Coryphodon),
1395.

carinatus ( Trineresurus),
216.

carinatus (Zaocys), 135.

cartilaginea (Gymnopus),
1

cartilaginea (Testudo),
It,
cartilagineus (Trionyx),

castanomerus (Ixalus),
254.

caudolineata (Aheiulla),
147.

caudolineatus (Dendre-
laphis), 147.

caudolineatus (Dendro-
phis), 147.

caudolineatus (Leptophis),
147.

cerasogaster (Psammo-
phis), 121.
cerasogaster ( Tropido-

notus), 121.
cerasogaster (Xenochro-
pais), 121.
Cerberus, 163.
ceylonensis (Lepidodac-
tylus), 49.
chalcides (Eumeces), 97.
chalcides (Lacerta), 97.
chaleides (Lygosoma),
97.
Chelone, 27.
CuELOonIA, 6.
CuELONID», 27.
Chersydrus, 116.
chloris (Hydrophis), 189.
chloronota (Rana), 245.
chloronotus (Polypedates),
245.
chrysargus (Tropidono-
tus), 127.
chrysoehlora (Chryso-
pelea), 178.
chrysochloros (Dendro-
phis), 178.
Chrysopelea, 176.
cochinchinensis (Simotes),
149,
cocteit (Hemidactylus),
Coluber, 139.
Coxtusrips, 114.
Cotusrin#, 117.
colubrinus (Hydrus),
197.
colubrinus (Platurus),
197.

consobrinus (Gymnodae-
tylus), 37.

convictus (Trimeresurus),
215.

cophias (Lygosoma), 96.

coriacea (Dermatochelys),
30)

coriacea (Dermochelys),

coriacea (Sphargis), 30.

coriacea ( Testudo), 39.

craspedotus (Hemidacty-
lus), 46.

craspedotus (Mimeto-
zoon), 46.

crassicollis (Bellia), 22.

crassicollis (Emys), 22.

cristatella (Agama), 70.

cristatella (Bronchocela),
70.

cristatellus (Calotes), 70.

CrocopiLip#, 2.

Crocodilus, 4.

crucigera(Acanthosaura),
69.

cruentatus (Simotes),
150.

curta (Hydrophis), 192.

curtus (Enhydris), 192.

curtus (Hydrus), 192.

curtus (Python), 109,

cyanocincta (Distira),
186.

cyanceincta (Hydrophis),
184.

cyanocinctus (Hydro-
phis), 185.

cyanolemus (Draco), 60.

cyanophlyctis (Rana),
228

Cyclemys, 18.

cyclura (Coronella), 149.

cyclurus (Simotes), 149.

Cylindrophis, 109.

eynodon (Dipsadomor-
phus), 172.

cynodon (Dipsas), 169,
172.

Damonia, 29.

decorata (Rana), 238.

Dendrelaphis, 146.

dendrophilus (Dipsado-
morphus), 169.

dendrophilus (Dipsas),
169.

Dendrophis, 145.

depressus (Hemidaety-
lus), 43.

Dermochelys, 30.

dhor (Cyclemys), 20.
dhor (Emys), 20.
dhumna (Coluber), 137.
diadema (Hydrophis),
188.
Dinamipx, 98.
Dibamus, 98.
Dirsapomorrnin#, 167.
Dipsadomorphus, 167,
divergens (Bufo), 278.
Doliophis, 204.
doriz (Rana), 231.
Draco, 5b.
drapiezii (Dipsadomor-
phus), 171.
drapiezii (Dipsas), 171.
Dryocalamus, 134.
Dryophiops, 176.
Dryophis, 174.
dumerilii (Monitor), 77.

dumerilii (Varanus), 77.

Ecaupara, 221.
effrene (Tetragonosoma),
2

effrenis (Lycodon), 132.
Enarina, 197.
elaps (Ophiophagus), 2
elliott (Hydrophis), ‘ek.
elongata (Cantoria), 165.
elongata (Testudo), 14.
emma (Calotes), 72.
Enyposavrta, 1.
emys (Manouria), 15.
emys (Testudo), 15.
Encysromatip.x, 257.
Enbydrina, 193.
Enhbydris, 192.
enhydris (Homalopsis),
160

enhydris (Hydrus), 160,
enhydris (Hypsirhina),
16v.

ernestii (EHuprepes), 91.

erythrea (Hyla), 241.

erythrea (Hylorana),
241.

erythrea (Rana), 241

erythreus (Limnodytes),
241,

erythrurus (Trimeresu-
rus), 217.

eydouxii (Aipysurus),
195.

eydouxii (Tomogaster),
195.

fasciata (Pseudohoa), 198.

fasciatus (Bungarus),
198,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

fasciatus (Hydrophis),
9

Jasciatus (Hydrus), 189.

Fasciolatus (Coluber), 138.

fasciolatus (Simotes), 149.

fasciolatus (Zamenis),
138.

Te li nus (Ailurosaurus),
feiinus( Allurosealabotes),
fel inus (Pentadactylus),
Pees (Dec 0); 09.
FirMisternia, 222, 223.

flavescens ee 76.
flavescens (Varanus), 76.

Haviceps (Amphiesma),
128.

flaviceps (Bungarus),
200.

flaviceps (Macropistho-
don), 128.

Aaviceps (Megerophis),
200.

flaviviridis (Hemidacty-
lus), 44.

floweri (Calotes), 70.

floweri (Lygosoma), 88.

flowert (Mimetozoon),
46.

Fordonia, 164.

formosus (Dendrophis),
146.

formosus (Draco), 61.

frenatus (Hemidactylus),
41.

Furcatus (Elaps), 206.

fusea (Aphaniotis), 64.

Jusca ( Otocryptis), 64.

Jusca (Rana), 233.

res (Coryphodon),

6

fuscus (Zaocys), 136.

gangeticus (Gymnopus),
9

gangeticus (Trionyx), 9.
garnoti (Hemidactylus),

Gecko, 50.
gecko (Platydactylus),
50.

Gurckonips, 32.

Gehyra, 46.

geminatus (Coluber),
20.

geminatus (Polyodon-
tophis), 120.

289

Geoemyda, 16.
gimletti (Calamaria),
220.
glandulosa (Rana), 236.
gleadovii (Hemidactylus),
42.

glutinosa (Cecilia), 28

glutinosum (Epicr Leh
285.

glutinosus (Ichthyophis),
285, 286.

gokool _—_( Dipsado-
morphus), 169.

gokool (Dipsas), 169.

Gonatodes, 38.

Gonyocephalus, 65.

Gonyophis, 144.

grabowskyi (Hlaphis),
142.

gracile (Leptobrachium),

281.

eracilis (Callophis), 203.
gracilis (Hydrophis),
isle

gracilis (Hydrus), 191.

gracilis (Megalophrys),
281.

gracilis (Rana), 236.

gramineus (Coluber), 217.

gramineus (Lachesis),
217.

gramineus (Trigono-
cephalus), 217.

gramineus( Trimeresurus),
217.

grandis (Dilophyrus), 66.

grandis (Draco), 59.

grandis (Geoemyda), 17.

grandis (Gonyocephalus),
66.

granulatus (Acrochordus),
116.

granulatus (Chersydrus),
116.

granulatus (Hydrus), 116.

guentheri (Nectophryne),
268.

guttatus (Gecko), 50.

guttatus (Liolepis), 73.

Gy mnodactylus, 35.

haasei (Draco), 58.
hannah (Hamadryas),
202.
Haplopeltura, 207.
hardwickii (Enhydris),
193.
hardwickii (Hydrophis),
193.
U

290
hardwickii (Lapemis),
3.
harveyi (Gonycephalus),
66

hascheana (Rana), 232.

hascheanus (Polypedates),
232.

hasseltii (Leptobrachium),
282.

hasseltii (Megalophrys),
282.

Helicops, 130.

Hemidactylus, 40.

heteropus (Leptobra-
chium), 281.

heteropus (Megalophrys),
281.

hexagonotus (Xenela-
phis), 139.

hexagonotus (Coluber),
139.

Hipistes, 166.

homalocephala (Lacerta),
52.

homalocephalum
chozoon), 52.

Homatorsin®, 158.

Homalopsis, 162.

horridus (Ixalus), 256.

horsfieldii (Pteropleura),

(Pty-

53.
horsfieldii (Ptychozoon),
53

hosii (Nectophryne),
268.

hosii (Rana), 243.

hurum (Trionyx), 9.

hydrina (Homalopsis),
166.

hydrinus (Hipistes), 166.

Hyproruin, 179.

Hydrophis, 181.

Hydrus, 180.

Hypsirhina, 158.

Techthyophis, 284.
Inysups#, 109.
imbricata (Chelone), 28.
imbricata (Chelonia), 28.
imbricata (Testudo), 28.
inas_ (Tropidonotus),
125.
indica (Chitra), 11.
indica (Hypsirhina),
159.
indica (Raclitia), 159.
indicus (Gymnopus), 12.
inornata (Liemys), 24.
inornata (Microbyla),
259.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

intestinalis (Adeniophis),
206.
intestinalis (Aspis), 206.
intestinalis (Callophis),
9

intestinalis (Doliophis),
206.

intestinalis (Elaps), 206.

Txalus, 252.

jaspideum (Triglypho-
don), 170.

jaspideus (Dipsadomor-
phus), 170.

javanicus (Acrochordus),
115.

javanicus (Xenodermus),
1.

jerboa (Bufo), 271.

jerboa (Hylorana), 244.

jerboa (Rana), 244.

jerdoniana (Mabouya),
94.

jerdonianum (Lygosoma),
95.

jerdonii (Distira), 186.

jerdonii (Hydrophis),
186

jerdonii (Kerilia), 186.
junceus (Tropidonotus),
127.

kendalli (Gonatodes), 38.
kendallit (Heteronota),
38.
klossi (Hydrophis), 190.
korvos (Coluber), 137.
korros (Ptyas), 137.
korros (Zamenis), 137.
kuhlii (Rana), 229.

labialis (Rana), 242.

labuanensis (Simotes),
148.

Lacertip&, 79.

Lacertizia, 31,

Lachesis, 214.

levis (Amblycephalus),
209.

levis (Oxyglossus), 225.

levis (Pareas), 209.

laoensis (Lyecodon), 132.

larutense (Lygosoma),

97.
larutensis (Gehyra), 48.
larutensis (Ixalus), 253.

larutensis (Rana), 245.

lateralis (Macro calamus),,
153.

lateralis (Rana), 239.

laticeps (Rana), 280.

- latinuchalis (Geoemyda),

15.

latinuchalis (‘Testudo),
15.

lemniscata (Rana), 240.

Lepidodactylus, 48.

leprosa (Hyla), 247.

leprosum (Theloderma),
247.

leprosus (Polypedates),
247.

leprosus (Rbacophorus),
247.

leschenaultii (Hemi-
dactylus), 48.
leschenaultii (Rana),
992

leucobalia (Fordonia),
164.

leucobalia (Homalopsis),
164

leucocephala(Calamaria),
bye

leucomelas ( Tropidonotus),
128.

leucomystax (Hyla), 248.

leucomystax (Polype-
dates), 248.
leucomystax (Rhaco-

phorus), 248.
leucostigma (Microhyla),
260. : ae
lima (Oxyglossus), 225,
lima (Rana), 225.
limnocharis (Rana), 236.
ges (Hydrophis),
189.

lineata (Maticora), 206.

lineata (Typhlina), 102.

lineatum (Pilidion), 102.

ae (Cylindrophis),
11

lineatus (Typhlops), 102.
linnei (Calamaria). 156.
Liolepis, 73.
livida (Rana), 245.
lividus (Polypedates),
245.
longicauda
152.
longiceps (Calamaria),
154.
longiceps (Oxycalamus),
154.

(Ablabes),

longiceps (Pseudorhab-
dium), L54.

longipes (Megalophrys),
280.

loreata (Hydrophis), 193.
luctuosa (Rana), 238.

luctuosus (Limnodytes),
238. ;

lugubris (Lepidodacty-
lus), 49.

lugubris (Platydactylus),
49

lumbricoidea (Calamaria),
157.

lutescens (Naia), 201.

Lycodon, 181.

Lygosoma, 85.

Mabuia, 82.

Macrocalamus, 153.

macrocephala (Emmys),
23

macrodactyla (Hylorana),
238.

macrodactyla (Rana),
macrodon (Rana), 233.
macrolepis (Varanus),

Macropisthodon, 128.

macularia (Mabuia), 83.

macularius (Huprepes),
83

maculata (Lissonota), 89.

maculata (Mahuia), 89.

maculatum (Lygosoma),
89.

maculatum (Nympho-
phidium), 134.

maculatus (Draco), 58.

maculatus (Dracunculus),
58.

maculatus (Hemidacty-

» lus), 42.

maculatus (Polypedates),
248.

maculatus (Rhacophorus),

8.

maculatus (Tropido-
notus), 128.

maculiceps (Callophis),
204.

maculiceps (Elaps), 204.

mayor (Draco), 61.

malaccana (Astheno-
dipsas), 209.

malaccanus (Ambly-
cephalus), 209.

malayanum (Lygosoma),
91.

margaritatum (Gonyo-
soma), 144.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

margaritatus (Gonyo-
phis), 144.
marmoratus (Gymno-
dactylus), 35.
marmoratus (Phyllurus),
3D.
maximus (Draco), 63.
megacephalum (Platy-
sternum), 26.
Megalophrys, 276.
melanocephalus (Ablabes),

melanopogon (Draco),
62.

melanostictus (Bufo),
273
272.
melanurum
soma), 141.

melanurus (Coluber),
41

( Compso-

melanurus (Elaps), 204.
Mierohyla, 258.
microlepis ( Calotes), 70.
microlepis (Draco), 62.
Mimetozoon, 45.
miodactylum(Lygosoma),
98.
mitanense (Lygosoma),
90.

nioellendorffi (Ambly-
cephalus), 210,

moellendorffii (Ambly-
cephalus), 210.

moellendorffii (Pareas),
210.

molurus (Coluber), 108.

molurus (Python), 108.

monarchus (Gecko),
51.

monarchus (Platydacty-
lus), 51.

monochroum (Epicrium),
286.

monochrous (Ichthyo-
phis), 286.

montana (Megalophrys),
277, 279.

monticola (Lachesis),
215.

monticola (Trimeresurus),
215.

mucosus (Celuber), 187.

mucosus (Ptyas), 1387.

mucosus (Zamenis),
137.

multifasciata (Mabuia),
84.

multifasciatus (Scincus),
84.

multimaculata (Dipsas),
168.

291

multimaculatus(Dipsado-
morphus), 168.

mutilata (Gehyra), 47.

mutilatus (Hemidactylus) ,
47.

mutilatus (Typhlops),
105.

mydas (Chelone), 27.
mydas (Chelonia), 27.
mydas (Testudo), 27.

Naia, 200.

nasuta (Ceratophryne),
279.

nasuta (Megalophrys),
279.

nebulosus (Monitor), 77.

nebulosus (Varanus),
ie

Nectes, 275.

Nectophryne, 268.

nicobariensis (Hylorana),
240.

nicobariensis
240.

nigriappendiculatus
(Draco), 62.

nigriceps (Dipsado-
morphus), 171.

nigriceps (Dipsas), 171.

nigro-alba (Calamaria),
157.

nigroalbus (Typhlops),
104.

(Rana),

nigrocinctus(Hydrophis),
187.

nigrocinctus (Hydrus),
186, 190.

nigrofasciatus (Psam-
mophis), 140.

nigromaculatus (Elaps),
205.

nigropalmatus (Rhaco-
phorus), 251.

nigrovittata (Rana),
242.
nigrovittatus (Limno-

dytes), 242.
novee-guine (Dibamus),
99.
novemcarinata (Mabuia),
9

_*

novemearinatus (Eupre-
pes), 82.
obscurus (Hydrophis),

188.
obsoleta (Rana), 237.
ocellata (Hydrophis), 184.

~ ornata

292

octolineatus (Elaps), 149.
octolineatus (Simotes),
149.
oldhami (Cyclemys), 20.
olivacea ( Caouana), 29.
olivacea (Chelonia), 29.
olivacea (Dasia), 91.
olivaceum (Lygosoma),
91

olivaceus (Huprepes), 92.
Opuipta, LOO.
ophiophaqus
dryas), 202
Orlitia, 24.
ornata (Aturia), 184.
(Chrysopelea),
lez, Uae
ornata (Distira), 184.
ornata (Hydrophis), 184.
ornata (Microbyla), 260.
ornatum (Diplopelma),
260

(Hama-

ornatum (Engystoma),
260.
ornatus (Coluber), 177.
ornatus (Hydrophis),
184.

ornatus (Leptophis), 177,
178.

ornatus (Trionyx), 11.
oxycephalum (Gonyo-
soma), 148.
oxycephalus (Coluber),
143.
oaycephalus
dryas), 149.
Oxyglossus, 224.

(Herpeto-

pallidus (Dipsadomor-
phus), 171.

palustris (Crocodilus), 5.

paradoxum (Lygosoma),
90,

parvus (Bufo), 274.
pavimentata (Calamaria),

peguensis (Gymno-
dactylus), 36.

pelamidoides (Hydrus),
193.

PELOBATIDE, 276.
Pelochelys, 11.

pelodytoides (Lepto-
brachium), 282.

pelodytoides (Megalo-
phrys), 282.

penangensis (Ansonia),
270.

penangensis (Bufo),
270.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

penangensis (Gonatodes),
39.

peronit (Peripia), 47.

phayrii (Trionyx), 10.

Phrynella, 265.

picta (Batagur), 2

picta (Callagur \ 25.

pictus (Coluber), 145.

pictus (Dendrophis),
145.

pictus (Ixalus), 255,

pictus (Leptophis), 145.

pictus (Psammo-
dynastes), 174.

pieresti (Hemidactylus),
43.

piseator (Hydrus), 123.

piscator (T'ropidonotus),
123.

platurinus (Lycodon),
135.

Platurus, 196.

platurus (Anguis), 181.

platurus (Hydrus), 181.

pla (Cycleinys),
18.

platynota (Emys), 18.

platynota (Notochelys),
18.

platyurus (Hemidac-

tylus), 45.
platyurus (Stellio), 45.
pleurostigma (Calo-
phrynus), 258.
MESHES (Nectes),
2795.
plicatella (Rana), 231.
plumbea (Homalopsis),
160.
plumpee (Hypsirhina),
160.
pollicaris (Phrynella),
266.
Polyodontophis, 120.
porosus (Crocodilus), 4.
porphyraceus (Adlabes),
140.
porphyraceus (Coluber),
140.

presigne (Lygosoma),
88.

prasinus (Dryinus), 175.

prasinus (Dryophis),
178.

prasinus (Tragops), 175.

Psammodynastes, 172.

pseudemys (Testudo), 15.

Pseudorhabdium, 154.

Ptychozoon, 52.

pulchellus (Cyrtodac-
tylus), 36.

pulchellus (Gymno-
dactylus), 36.
pulehra (Callula), 264.
pulchra (Phrynella), 265,
266.
pulverulenta (Psammo-
phis), 173.
pulverulentus (Psammo-
dynastes), 173.
punctatostriatus
prepes), 92.
punctatus (Draco), 59.
punctatus (Humeces), 93,
puniceus —_ ( Trigono-
cephalus), 216.
purpurascens (Simotes),
148.

(Bu-

' purpurascens (Xenodon),
148.

purpureomaculatus
(Lachesis), 216.

purpureomaculatus ( Tri-
gonocephalus), 216.

purpurcomaculatus ( Tri-
meresurus), 216.

purpureus _ ( Trimere-
surus), 216.

Python, 105.

quadrilineata (Hyla),
248.

quadrilineatus (Poly-
pedates), 248.

guadrimaculata (Cala-
maria), 157.

quadriporeatus (Bufo),

quadrivittatum (Lygo-
soma), 95.

quincunciatus ( Tropi-

donotus), 123.
quinquefasciatus (Draco),
63.

radiatum (Compsosoma),

radiatus
143.

Rana, 2 28

Ranip#, 22

Repviuta, ie

reticulata (Boa), 107.

(Coluber),

reticulatus (Python),
107.

Rhacophorus, 247.

rhodomelas (Macro-

pisthodon), 129.
rhodomelas (Tropido-
notus), 129.

rhodostoma = (Ancis-
trodon), 213.
rhodostoma (Callo-

se/asma), 213.
thodostoma (Trigono-
cephalus), 2138.
rhombifer (Hydrophis),
188.
rhynchops (Cerberus),
163.
rhynchops (Homalopsis),
163

rhynchops (Hydrus),
163.

robinsonii (Gonyo-
cephalus), 67.
robinsonii (Rhaco-

phorus), 249.
robusta (Distira), 185.
robusta (Hydrophis), 185.
rubescens (Chrysopelea),
176.
rubescens (Dipsas), 176.
rubescens (Dryophiops),
176.

rudicollis (Varanus), 78.

rufa (Anguis), 111.

rufescens (Euprepes), 84.

rufus (Cylindrophis),
THe

rugifera (Mabuia), 83.

rugifera (Tiliqua), 83.

sagittaria (Calamaria),
121.
sagittarius (Ablabes),
at.
sagittarius (Polyodonto-
phis), 121.
salvator (Hydrosaurus),
38

salvator (Stellio), 78.
salvator (Varanus), 78.
sanctum (Lygosoma), 89,

schistosum (Atretium),
130.

schistosus (Coluber), 130,

schistosus (Helicops),
130.

schistosus (Hydrus), 193.

schistosus (Tropidonotus),
130.

schlegelii (Gavialis), 3.

schlegelii (Tomistoma), 3,

schneideri (Lygosom«a),

schneideri (Nycteridium),
45.
Scincip#, 80.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

scotophilum (Lygo-
soma), 88.

seutata (Laticauda),
197.

seutatus (Platurus), 197.
semifasciatus (Bungarus),

sexlineatus
dromus), 79.

sexvirgata (Hyla), 248.

stamensis (Calamaria),
157.

stamensis (Humeces), 84.

siamensis (Mabuia), 84.

sieholdii (Kerania), 161.

sieboldii (Homalopsis),
161.

steboldii (Hypsirhina),
161

(Tachy-

signata (Rana), 237.
signatus (Polypedates),
237.

signatus (Simotes), 150.

Simotes, 147.

singaporense
soma), 9).

singaporensis (Humeces),
95.

Spuaraips, 380.

spinosa (Hinys), 17.

spinosa (Geoemyda), 15,
17

(Lygo-

sputatrix (Naia), 201.

Squamara, 31.

squamata (Caretta), 28.

stellatum (Lygosoma),
87

stentor (Gecko), 51.

stentor (Platydactylus),
51.

stokesii (Distira), 188.

stokesii (Hydrophis),
183.

stokesti (Hydrus), 183.

stolatus (Coluber), 125.

stolatus (Tropidonotus),
1253

striatus (Hydrus), 184,
186.

stricticollis (Hydrophis),
188.

studeri (Bufo), 258.

subannulatus (Dryo-
calamus), 134.

subannulatus (Hydro-
phobus), 134.

subannulatus
tomus), 134.

subasper (Nectes), 275.

subasper (Pseudobufo),

275,

( Odon-

293

subcerulea (Hylorana),
98

subeinetus (Lycodon),
158.
subcinetus ( Ophites),
38.
subminiatus _ (Tropi-

donotus), 126.
subplanus (Trionyx), 9.
subtrijuga (Damonia),

23.

subtrijuga (Emys), 23.

sumatrana (Calamaria),
156,

sumatranus (Coluber),

sumatranus (Lachesis),
217.

sumatranus (Nectes), 275.

sumatranus (Trigono-
cephalus), 218.

surdum (Lygosoma), 96.

Tachydromus, 79.
teniurus (Coluber),
142,
teniurus (Hlaphis), 142.
TrstuDInIp&, 12.
Testudo, 13.
Thalassochelys, 29.
Thalassophis, 194.
tigrina (Rana), 284.
Tomistoma, 3.
torquatus (Hydrophis),
190.
trianguligerus (Tropi-
donotus), 125.
tricolor (Ablabes), 151.
tricolor (Herpetcdryas),
151.
trilineatus (Elaps), 206.
trinotatus (Simotes),
148.
Trionycuip™, 8,
Trionyx, 8.
tripudians (Naia), 201.
trivittata (Emys), 25.
trivittata (Rana), 238.
Tropidonotus, 122.
Typatorip», 101.
Typhlops, 102.

umbratus ( Tropidonotus),
123.

unicolor (Fordonia), 165.

unicolor (Xenopeltis),
118,

x

_?

294

valakadien (Enhydrina),
193,

valakadyen (Enhydrina),
193.

valakadyn Hydrus),
193. 5 iz:

VarAnipm, 74.

Varanus, 74.

vermiculatus (Ixalus),
254,

vermiformis (Calamaria),

155.
versicolor (Agama), 71.
versicolor (Calotes), 71.
yertebralis | (Ambly-
cephalus), 210,

Printed by Taytor and Francis, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street.

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ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

verticillatus (Gecko), 50.

vidlacea (Cantoria), 165.

Virrrip®, 211.

virgata (Chelonia), 27.

vittigerum (Lygosoma),
94.

volans (Draco), 57.

vulgaris ( Crocodilus),4, 5.

wagleri (Cophias), 218.
wagleri (Lachesis), 218.
_ waglert (Trimeresurus),
8

| whiteheadi (Lygosoma),
92.

s

i

mito: 4
Xenelaphis, 139
Xenochrophis
Xenodermus, 1
XeENoPELTIDA, 112.
Xenopeltis, 112.

?

*

Zamenis, 136. “a
Zaocys, 135.

AMNH LIBRARY

- Non