hen Se PS) og” * ELS TS eee MOT eg Pps on Vane AM sos i (erst pe, Pane ayy Triad Ree \ Watt, i if) KM ie att aT a ie a ere sbeaet i 7% rm eg hi \PR ria gen GES Lee Hg tA 4S ath he ae OY, 7 Fi flr id Lyre tcl - ee aera Lee M0 Duk Otro, (FE pier A. Vez pod, bier a ae a i) ; 1) ee ‘ a ww ae Pint ' : ¥ \ ; . ~ | a Ny 3h % 4 _ 7 ; a? alg ( ‘ 4 a it ; ay 6 agen’ ~ a AD ad % | an ay (a A, - = : ’ i ’ : ae ; ; : ‘ tw > i & — ; on : , —_ .— : © me = * d ‘ o ” . % ij i we : " : ona ie ; oo: “a i i ¥ bee 4s, : r iy , ‘ = "> . f if iby j * ' = a os 7 = by a Bat be + Ps a> f | ve vw . ry * | iid” — ws } } 2 fee r 7 ’ a ; ' ry - ‘ ay 7 Sg EVE. Os : a a q * \ : ; ‘ t ‘ L] a% , iy ) ' » ' i ‘ i 6 e ‘ 3 . v= *. 1 MV ‘ : — x : i >) . a , : " =\ i The Author regrets very much that, owing to the heavy cost of the plates, it has been found necessary to slightly increase the price of the book. | lp, 56 LbW.9? REPTILES & AMPETBIANS 4 Ame U. 8. VSTIONaL MUSEUM THE VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY OF SIND/ ieee A SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE KNOWN SPECIES OF MAMMALS, BIRDS, AND REPTILES INHABITING THE PROVINCE; OBSERVATIONS ON THEIR HABITS, &c. ; TABLES OF THEIR GHOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION IN PERSIA, BELOOCHISTAN, AND AFGHANISTAN; PUNJAB, NORTH-WEST PROVINCES, AND THE PENINSULA OF INDIA GENERALLY, WITH WOODCUTS, LITHOGRAPHS, AND COLOURED ILLUSTRATIONS. BY. JAMES A. MURRAY, \ XN CURATOR, KURRACHEE MUNICIPAL MUSEUM; AUTHOR OF A “ HAND-BOOK TO THE GEOLOGY, BOTANY, AND ZOOLOGY OF SIND;” “THE PLANTS AND DRUGS OF SIND;” “KURRACHEE TO KANDAHAR,” &c. V as: f SN } é wv \ { a ~S ‘ bs ee a = L cw cS) LONDON :—Ricuarpson & Co., 13 Patt Matt. \3 2 ae x4 Bom i= ' BOMBAY :—Epvucation Socrery’s Press, Bycunia) —; ree i \ : = \P eo 1884, ~ SS + A La ne - 2 ee r ’ ee Ht - = ‘ gig 16 YO0.100N a> PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S PRESS, BYCULLA. 3 pet ‘ f ae % i z 4 Y 7 r aoe j : i Py BK ’ A i e, i ‘ — { fa: { n n } t af = Deal | TO JAMES STRACHAN, Esq., M.1.C.E., ENGINEER AND SECRETARY, KURRACHEE MUNICIPALITY, TO WHOSE UNVARYING INTEREST IN THE ZOOLOGY OF THIS PROVINCE, MANIFESTED DURING THE LAST DECADE AS VICE-PRESIDENT AND MEMBER OF THE COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT OF THE KURRACHEE MUSEUM, IS GREATLY DUE THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLLECTION IN THAT INSTITUTION, THIS ATTEMPT TO MAKE THE STUDY OF THE ZOOLOGY OF SIND MORE POPULAR AND TO HELP FURTHER DISCOVERIES, IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS. PAGE RM BAC I yeti ee Rie hose actos te hao senate ere ee Vv INTRODUCTION thst eoncte mast eesmunern a eee riaaeens wacmteaee vu MAM Agia tA Te. 3 Ae te aoe soe Pete eh UNAS 2. 1 Do]: Pe Ak, eR A CRORE REPT MON Derr er NEM fe LR Os. | 62 | S10) 48 0) 0. eae anes OP Pie WE rd Pee ee Rl yi 333 AAS RUAG GRAN, has, Seon oie re tg Oly (Gc ee ee a 397 WISTRIBUTION “MABrE tj siss bkuts, Gagan ce eee eee 4.02 ERRATUM. Stenodactylus Dunstervillei, p. 363, stands as 8. Orientalis. Since this has been in print the specimen representing this species _has been carefully compared with the type specimen of S. Orientalis in the Indian Museum, Calcutta, by Dr. J. Anderson, who determimes it to be that species. = sy R ‘« . : ua * on 2 wt Pi ‘ > é = uv D ‘ ‘ i ( Ph 5 4 - Fe = ' - . p P - 5 U - ‘ us : 2 ‘ c F x . - ‘ 7 f 1 — i a } i] 7 " . 7 : V ao f PREFACE. In publishing this work I fulfil the promise held out in my hand- book to the Geology, Botany, and Zoology of Sind, of issuing in due course a series of volumes descriptive of the flora and fauna of Sind. In 1881 the “ Plants and Drugs,” of the Province was published. This, . besides being largely patronized, has been productive of good results, inasmuch, as affording aid to collectors, several collections have been brought together of the Sind plants, as well as of those of Beloochistan and the shores of the Persian Gulf, a knowledge of the flora of which latter countries was hitherto very limited. The importance, too, of the subject may well be estimated by the calls from America, Continental Kurope, and Museums in India for supphes of the indigenous drugs. The present work will, it is hoped, be found as useful a manual of the four vertebrate classes, viz., Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians of Sind, as well as of the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, Beloochistan, Persia and the Western Presidency generally, in so far as the animals inhabiting these parts are identical with those of Sind ; especially to those interested enquirers to whom hitherto a descriptive manual was a desideratum, and to others who find delightful employ- ment or enjoyment in their leisure hours in attempting to elucidate from personal observations the various branches of natural history. It is purely intended as a means to the acquirement of a better knowledge of the fauna of the Province, by recording what is already known. ‘There is no other British possession in India which, in this respect, is so far behind as Sind. Mr. Blanford speaks of this fact in a pamphlet circulated in 1875, and, as he says, “it is really not creditable to us to be obliged to confess that, after Sind has been British territory for thirty-two years, (more now) we actually know less of the animals inhabiting it than the Russians have already ascertained in the case of their newly-acquired Province of Tur- kistan.” vl | PREFACE. It is only very recently that any attempt has been made towards contributing to a knowledge of the Sind fauna. Among the first of the naturalists to whom science owes much, may be named Mr. W. T. Blanford, whose contributions from time to time in various scientific journals have helped toa general knowledge of the mammals and reptiles inhabting the Province. To Mr. A. O. Hume, c.z., we are indebted for a knowledge of the avi-fauna, his chief and largest contribution having appeared in the first volume of the periodical entitled, “ Stray Feathers,” launched by him in 1872. Captain Butler, Mr. H. E. James, Colonel LeMesurier, Mr. 8S. B. Doig, Lieutenant Barnes, myself, and others following up the interest in the subject, contributed subse- quently to a more complete knowledge, the number of known species being now 399. But notwithstanding these researches, Sind cannot be said to be thoroughly explored, to do which with any degree of success 1s a task of no small difficulty, and requires the co-operation of enquirers and interested persons. The materials for this work have been mainly derived (Ist) from collections made by myself during a thirteen years’ residence in Sind, and during occasional tours in the Concan, Deccan, Central and South India, the Punjab, N.-W. Provinces, and Southern Afghanistan. Next, are the different works treating of these four vertebrate classes, as well as the various important contributions to a knowledge of the local fauna of many parts of India in the volumes of the London Zoological Society’s Journal, Annals and Magazines of Natural History, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, [bis, Stray Feathers, and other scientific periodicals. Descriptions are given of all the Sind vertebrates—except fish— known to science. In every instance where a sufficiently satisfactory series of specimens was not available to me for description, and where the animal had already been so fully described as to leave nothing to be desired, I have preferred to give the original descriptions. These are chiefly from Dobson’s excellent monograph of the Chieroptera ; Oldham Thomas’ monograph of the Indian species of Mus ; Sharpe and Seebohm’s monographs of birds in the collection of the British Museum (vols. 1 to 6); Gunther's most valuable work on the PREFACE. Vil. reptiles of British India, which, it is to be hoped, will soon be re- published with additions; Blanford’s Zoology of Hastern Persia, which has been of special value; Theobald’s Reptiles of India ; Hume’s Stray Feathers, and the valuable papers contributed from time to time to the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal by Dr. J. Anderson, Superintendent of the Indian Museum at Calcutta. It will, therefore, be understood that this work is chiefly a compilation. To facilitate the identification of animals, diagrams are given, illus- trating the different parts of birds and reptiles, with the corresponding terms used in their description. These, it is hoped, will be found useful to collectors, students, and would-be enquirers. The scientific and trivial English names of each species is given; the different synonyms by which it is known; an account of its habits, resorts, and distribution, and its name in the vernacular. In the case of reptiles, besides their description, range, &c., diagrams are given showing the dentition of venomous and non-venomous species, and the nature of the punctures that would be made by their bites. The symptoms of the action of their poison, and the treatment to be followed in all cases of wounds caused by them are also detailed. For the sportsman woodcuts of most of the game birds are added. Tables of the distribution of the animals of Sind are also appended, the range or geographical limits being, on one side, to Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan, and on the other, throughout India, including the Punjab, N, W. Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Burmah, the Western Coast, Rajputana, Southern and Central India, the Concans and Deccan. INTRODUCTION. AN arid country like Sind, with an extra-tropical climate, a scanty rain-fall, and temperature during the hot months ranging from 95 to 102° Fahr., allow of only acomparatively moderate flora, and necessarily a fauna less abundant, than in more moist climates, where the mean average rain-fali—a potential factor in the distribution of vegetable and animal life—is above 40 inches. In some respects the fauna of Sind differs widely from that of other parts of India, having members of an Indo-African character, which do not extend far to the south or east of the Province, while animals peculiar to heavy forest lands are practically absent. On the other hand, owing to the remarkable similarity of climate, and nearly the same average rain-fall, the fauna is almost identical with that of the Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Beloochistan, the shores of the Persian Gulf, Rajputana, and parts of the Western Presidency, south of Sind. A glance at the distribution table (pp. 402-404) will sufficiently prove this. Of the 73 mammals known to inhabit Sind, 20 belong to the order Chieroptera, 4 to the Insectivora, 20 to the Carnivora, 4 Cetacea, 15 Rodentia, 9 Ungulata, and 1 to the Edentata. Six of these occur only to the westward ; 12 are found both west and northwards, extending into the Punjab, N. W. Provinces and Bengal. Those extending northwards are Vesperugo serotinus et maurus, Scotophilus pallidus (not beyond the Punjab), Hrinaceus jerdonii (not beyond the Punjab), Herpestes persicus, Vulpes vusillus, Nesokia Hardwickii, Mus bactrianus et alexandrinus, Capra cegagrus and Ovis cycloceros; 19 extend to Afghanistan ; 22 do not occur east or south of the Province; 5 are peculiar to it, and the rest are generally distributed. The forms characteristic of the Persian fauna are Felis chaus, Gerbillus erythrourus,* et indicus,* Lepus craspedotis,* Mus bactrianus,* Ovis cycloceros,* Capra wgagrus,* Herpestes persicus* and Phyllorhina tridens. These do not occur to the south, nor to the east of Sind, but those marked with an asterisk, with a few others, as Cynonicteris amplexicaudata, Pipistrel- lus leucotis, Sciurus palmarum, Nesokia Hardwickti, Vesperugo abramus et maurus and Felis caracal occur also in Beloochistan and along the shores of the Persian Gulf. A better idea of their distribution will be gained by reference to the table at pp. 402-404. INTRODUCTION. 1x it is to be regretted that the fauna of Afghanistan, and the interior of Beloochistan, have not been as fully worked out as that of Persia ; all the available information have, however, been utilized. The following shows the distribution of the 73 mammals of Sind. The information has been collected with the greatest ascertainable accuracy, from materials at hand :— Sima vehasckks Kdisdanssrnds bea teceiacaelas of Pr aS Beloochistan......... ie esRahs Gale ofa tise siactorgefate reo TP GUS eis Mans heen te aris inne nese gc By AB atte 25 Afghanistan........ Bsns zenith sie fScianass cee L TGs LIVI GON OMAR Orne REDE NROr BE CHUB APR RERISER & 51 IN Wis Provan eSigiccsiséssete ceases Br it EL Oudh;......: sate Rasect Slag aed Seemets Sete tahler 41* | 8{e1s1072) DRSB ewe nose en Sencdosuece ened bo Rhioborat 40 Rajputana...... BARN HCCOUOPEG PEL oaeRC ne auou OO Centrale limeiay once slss ceathmacecce SA Ae 33 Kntcltvcess.cavs Oar the Matacic ceae anes sok? s 4.4, Guizerati: a. a76 soca seen teens AaB nde Joe Wonca eps :.s ccs Ee ee ee en 35% IDENT). ee ere eee TORE Cae ORME ene 38* South India ....... Peta ters abat Meelis oss 367 Although the mammalian fauna is small, owing to the paucity of natural forests and covert yielding vegetation, yet the marshes, the plains, deserts, valleys, the rivers, forests and hills have each their peculiar inhabitants. The Hog-deer and Wild Boar affect the acacia-lined banks -of the Indus and the thick tamarisk-fringed delta, the Gangetic Porpoise and the Otter sport in the Indus, the Civet Cat roams along the edges of the marshes, the Gazelle on the plains adjacent to or below the hills, while some of the most inaccessible parts of the mountainous regions claim the Ibex (Capra cgagrus), the Gud (Ovis cycloceros) and the Bear (Ursus Thitetanus), and the domed tombs, (a peculiar feature in Sind) untenanted buildings, vaulted caverns and similar retreats afford shelter to the Chieroptera, which, in number of species, equals that of the carnivorous order. Avuis.—Not unlike the indigenous oe a the character of the avi-fauna of Sind shows a marked analogy to that of Persia, Arabia and N. E. Africa. European forms also occur, and these are generally all the Waders, as Storks, Herons, Snipe and Curlews, as well as Geese and Ducks, of which there are numerous species and vast number of indivi- dual members of each, chiefly migrants which arrive and stay during * Imperfectly known. B x INTRODUCTION. winter, and leave the Province at tolerably fixed periods during the months of March, April and May. The whole net. work of channels» mud banks and marshes at the mouth of the Indus, the lakes or dhunds formed by the periodical inundations of the river, as well as the sea coast, literally teem from about the middle of September to the beginning of June, with almost every form of bird-life affecting such situations, from the unwieldy Pelican to the little Snippets, which run along the ripple-marked sands of the sea coast. There is abundance of shooting during this period in all the lass and their neighbourhood. Wild Fowl literally swarm, especially on the Munchur, where they are in thousands and myriads, their compact masses forming, as it were, living islands upon the water, and, when disturbed, a feathered cloud in the air. Flamingoes, Geese and Ducks too are quite as numerous. With these come some of the rapacious order, also winter visitants, whose movements are necessarily connected with those upon which they prey. Again there arethe smaller birds which keep along the scrub or tamarisk jungle fringing the banks of the Indus and the edges of lakes, as the Sylviine and Phylloscopine families. Neither songsters nor gallinaceous birds are numerous in regard to species, though abundantly so as to individuals; among the latter are Grouse, Patridges, Quails, the Houbara Bustard, Floriken, and several other resident species. The Sylviine and Saxicoline families too are prominent visitors during winter, and are fairly well represented. Among the great multitude of birds, regularly visiting us, area few stragglers which make their way to the Province in excessively cold winters. These are Ruticilla mesoleuca, Lanius auriculatus, Saxicola leucomelu, Emberiza miliaria, Linaria cannabina, and Cygnus olor (Murray, Additions to the Sind Avi-Fauna, S. F. vol. vii. pp. 108-123) which, although not properly belonging to the fauna, the circumstance of their having occurred during an extremely severe winter in 1878, is worthy of record, since Sind has nearly as many Paleearctic as oriental species. The following gives the distribution of the total number (399) of birds found in the Province :— 257 are found in Beloochistan. | 266 are foand in Rajputana. DAD 2+ gy CEbs Porsia, 230-4, 55-5, Centraliindia. 210% «5505, 4; Afghanistan: 265%. 50 Uy) (eS eatehe 320 ” oP) 29 Punjab. 283 ” » ” Guzerat. 308%. 125° "5 INAWeProvinces, 237, O38 Vie) SOC @ongame 279 Din Eh »” Oudh. DAG) hh », Deccan. 262 5, » » Bengal. PST, 55. 5) 1s Meare INTRODUCTION, xl A few of those characteristic of the Persian fauna or belonging to the Palearctic region are Afdon familiaris, Bucanetes githagineus, Emberiza huttoni, Melanocorypha bimaculata, Corvus umbrinus, Alcedo ispida, Hypocolius ampelinus, Oriolus galbula, Sawicola albonigra et morio, Hypolais obsoleta, Garrulus atricapillus, Certhilauda desertorum, Pterocles lichtensteinti et coronata, Puffinus persicus and Larus gelastes. There are also a few which extend their range north only into the Punjab, and are not found either south oreast of the Province; such are Gypaetus barbatus, Falco babylonicus, Paleo esalon, Aquila chrysaetos, Falictus albicilla, Merops apiaster, Coracias garrula, Picus sindianus, Sazxicola leucomela, Lusciniola neglectus et melanopogon, Anthus black- istont, Palumbus casiotis, Pterocles alchata, Caccabis chukar, Ammoperdix bonhamit and Vanellus vulgaris, while those peculiar to Sind are, as far as present information extends, Pyctoris griseigularis, Blanfordius striatulus, Phylloscopus sindianus, Passer pyrrhonotus, Serinus pectoralis and Podiceps nigricollis. Reptiles are not numerous in Sind, and if the species of Hydrophidce are excluded, there are not many which are venomous. As far as they have been collected, species of all four orders occur, viz :—Chelonia, Sauria, Ophidia and Amphibia, the number of genera and species be- longing to each of these being comparatively as many as occurs in other parts of India. Climatal conditions are rather favourable to these, and there are many species, especially among the Lacertilia, which are not only peculiar to Sind, but interesting, as beg forms ranging into the Palearctic region ; others are of a wide range, and a few are peculiar to ‘the Province; in fact, the Paleearctic and oriental genera are here inter- mingled. Among lizards, the genus Psammosaurus is a North African form ; Scincus, a North African and Arabian, also Seps and Agama ; all these occurring in the Southern Palearctic region. Of 21 families of the Ophidia, represented in India, 12, or more than one-half, occur in Sind, and, except the Crotalide, all the venomous forms occur, There are aS many species of Lizards as Snakes, and nearly twice as many Chelonians as there are Amphibians, The total number of species of all the different orders and families is 97 ; of these— 27 are found in Beloochistan. 23 are found in Central India. 209s 9900 9 Persia. 29) G5 gp hy se Kutch. LD: 2455 pees Afghanistan. ot ees 5) = jy 4 Guzerat: 46, gp ype Panjab. Dei Ss webs eConcan. 43 ,, par, NeW wProvinces:,| 2" 4; sy sp Deccan: AD 55 peep tenes ers) Dilan x5 » yo Nouth India. 1S oe, » », Rajputana. Xil INTRODUCTION. The different orders, families, genera, and number of species of each genus represented in Sind are shown in the following table :— Order. Family. Genera. Species. Testudimde 7.....5.0.-: 2 2 Chelonia or Turtles and J Emydide ............... Hes A MOrbOIses iy: 7a eee 2 Trionyeidas \...0524.50 3 3 Chelonids.....22sace: 2 2 (}Crocodilidce scess.c: ye} 2 | Varamides=..:ceomcneat 2 4A Sauria or family of | Hacertideay%, .-ceestnc cee 3 5 Limards 2S Ge Aa Semerdia 4.2: Seine. 7 0 | Geckotides....... eveh..3 7 11 | Argamnid ae ox i), aber el 6 bee na) (i Ryphllopidea, 2fac2 ee I 2 Oligodontide ......... 6 10 Homalopside ......... ] 1 Psammophide ......... 1 2 Dipsadidzw:.7...0se iL at 1 Opiiicia ¥¢ . Phyllorhina tridens | 5 fulva Pees cedoae BceeeeGonSeEce 3 3 bicolor | Megaderma lyra J Erinaceus pictus (fig. a to h—Details of head, skull, and fore and hind feet) Q.0....cccucodseccapde-s-coes sates 22 Erinaceus grayi (fig. a to h—Details of head, skull, and,fore,andvhamd feebye. B01 29a ie .ccceek seasicn ss 23 Erinaceus jerdoni (fig. e to j—Details of skull and fore:and hind feet), 7 2 Ot) OBOE. Sieoudnce i cena 24 Baleenoptera indica (Details of skull, &c.) ............ 41 Skull and molars of Gerbillus indicus .,................ 42 4 " , igrrian suo) uh. aeee 43 SkulliofiN esokta Hard wicksiiy, -:s.<-cnacceawen scese seas eeeh 44 a st.) Wepustjoongshaiensig, ..6.c...ssnsdeatee 51 Diagram showing the different parts of birds ....... On Gilareolapratimcola nc. .jaccaassatesccsecisd-o : = Premaxillaries cartilaginous, supporting a pair of small weak im- cisors often absent in adults. Canines close together much curved forwards, separated from the second premolar by a wide space, in TAPHOZOUS. Vv which the first minute premolar scarcely appears above the level of the gum. Last molar a narrow transverse bony lamina. Most of the species have a peculiar glandular sac between the angles of the lower jaw,—a sexual character; also a small band of integument which passes from the inferior surface of the forearm to the proximal extremity of the fifth metacarpal bone, forming with the wing membrane a small pouch,—the radio-metacarpal pouch. Taphozous longimanus, Hardw. Linn. Trans. xiv. p. 525; Tem. Monog. Mamm. uu. p. 289; Kelaart. Prod. Faunce. Zeyl. p. 12; Dobson, P. A. S. B. Aug. 1875, p. 55; id. Monog. As. Chir. p.170; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 384.—Tuer Lone-armep Bar. Gular sac well developed; in the females represented by a rudimentary naked fold of skin. Radio-metacarpal pouch moderately developed. Inner margin of the ear smooth. Wings from the ankles. Muzzle and face nude; the fur of the head extends slightly in front of the eyes. Inner side of ear conch rather thickly covered with moderately long fine hair; posteriorly the ear is almost naked, except a few fine hairs along the outer margin. On the upper surface of the body the fur extends upon the wing membrane as far as a line joming the middle of the humerus and femur; posteriorly the interfemoral membrane is covered as far as the point of exit of the tail, along which some long fine hairs extend. Beneath, under the chin (excepting the nude gular pouch) the fur is very short. Antebrachial membrane covered with longer fur than upon the upper surface. The interfemoral membrane posteriorly is naked, except at the root of the tail. Colour reddish or fuscous brown to black. Upper incisors small and very slender im some individuals ; absent in the greater number of specimens. Length.—Head and body 3:1’, tail 1:15", head 0°95”, ear 0°8”, tragus 0:25”, forearm 2°45", thumb 0:3’, 3rd finger 4°2”, 5th finger 2°15", tibia 0:95", caleaneum, 0°85”, foot 0°45”. Hab.—Sind, Bombay, Madras, Calcutta, Travancore, the Indian Peninsula generally, Ceylon and Burmah. Taphozous saccolemus, Jem. Monog. Mam. ii. p. 285; Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p. 172; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 388; T. pulcher, J. A. S, B. xii. p. 491.—Tus Waurrn-Be.iiep Bar. Ears shorter than the head. Tragus concave on outer surface, upper margin convex, with a marginal fringe posteriorly, of fine hairs ; inner margin of the ear conch smooth, not papillate. Gular sac well developed in both sexes. Lower lip with a deep narrow groove in the centre of its upper surface and in front. No radio-metacarpal pouch. Wings from the ankles. Interfemoral membrane, legs, and feet waked. Fur of the body on the upper surface scarcely extends on the wing membrane. Beneath, the chin and sides of the gular sac are covered with very short hair, the thorax and abdomen with moderately long fur, as on the upper surface. Fur, above, white at the base, the greater part of the hairs dark brown; the surface mottled with small irregular white patches ; beneath reddish brown. z3 18 EMBALLONURIDA. Length.—Head and body 3:5”, tail 1:3”, ear 0°8,” tragus 0:28”, thumb 0:5”, 3rd finger metacarpal 2°75", Ist ph. 1°15", 2nd ph. 1:2”, fifth finger 2°65”, tibia 1:2”, foot 0°65”. Hab.—Sind, Lower Bengal, Southern India, Sumatra, Java, Burmah, and the Malay Peninsula. Not known from Bombay or the Deccan ; but probably occurs there also. Taphozous Kachensis, Dobs. J. A. S. B. 1872, p. 221; Sub. Sp. of T. nudiventris, Dobs. Monog. As. Chir. p. 172.—Tuu Koren Bat. Hab.—Sind and Kutch. Distinguished from 7. nudiventris by the ab- sence of the gular sac in hoth sexes, and slightly different measurements. Length.—Head and body 3°6*, tail 1:25”, forearm 2°95", 3rd finger metacarpal 2:7’. Rhinopoma, Geoff. Descrip. de ? Hgypte ii. p. 128; Gray, P. Z.8. 1866, p. 82; Dobson, Monog. Asiat. Chir. p. 174. Crown of the head slightly elevated above the face line; muzzle thick, obtuse; the superior extremity projecting considerably beyond the lower lip. Nostrils valvular, in the front surface of a fleshy prominence at the anterior extremity of the muzzle ; ears united across the forehead, which is deeply concave between the eyes as in Taphozous. Tragus distinct ; index finger with two phalanges. Tail slender, produced considerably beyond the truncated interfemoral membrane. Dentition. Ine. - c. = pm. a m. — Upper incisors rudimentary, suspended from the small premaxillary bones, which are united in the centre and connected laterally by slender processes as in H’mballonura with the maxillary bones. Nasal bones much expanded laterally and vertically, while posteriorly the frontal bones are depressed, forming a shallow concavity in the forehead. Rhinopoma microphyllum, Wagner. Supp. Schreb. Saugeth. i. p. 444; Dobson, Monog. As. Chir. p. 174; Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. p. 400. Rhinopoma Hardwicku, Gray. Zool. Mise. p. 87; Blyth, J. A. S. B. xiii. p. 492; Dubs. Cat. Chir. Br. Mus. Var. A. Sub Sp—lue Lone-ratcep Lear-Bar, Extremity of the muzzle thick, obtuse, obliquely truncated, pro- Jecting considerably beyond the lower lip. Nose leaf very small ; upper margin convex, with a small raphe passing downwards between the nostrils ; forehead with a deep circular concavity between the eyes, and a narrow groove along the centre of the muzzle to the base of the nose leaf. Kars shorter than the head; inner and outer margins slightly convex, the outer straight for a short distance immediately beneath the tip, the extremity rounded off, ending between the base of the tragus and the angle of the mouth, not forming a separate lobule near its termina- tion; tragus longer than wide, the extremity obtuse and indistinctly irregularly toothed. At the base a small triangular lobule. Meta- carpal bones of the index and of the second fingers equal in length, that of the fourth finger shorter than the second, but longer than that of the third finger. Ist ph. of mid-finger imperfectly flexed SORECID AK, 19 backwards (in repose) upon the dorsal surface of the metacarpal bone. Tibia very long and straight; fibula very slender; feet long and slender, the first toe equal to the middle toe in length. Wing mem- brane from the lower third of the tibia. Calcaneum feeble ; interfe- moral membrane short, perforated close toits concave free margin by the long slender tail, which is produced beyond it toa distance equal to the length of the forearm. Face almost naked ; margin of the upper lip fringed with fine hairs, which are dense on the truncated extremity of the muzzle. Fur on the back short and strictly limited to it. A consi- derable portion of the posterior part of the back naked. The skin of this part and of the wings near the body is covered with longitudinal and transverse wrinkles. The single upper premolar exceeds the molars in vertical extent, with a second vertical basal cusp on its outer and anterior side. Last molar less than half the ante-penultimate molar. Length.—Head and body 8:0", tail 2°35", tail free from membrane, 1:65", forearm 2°6”. Hab.—Sind and the Indian Peninsula generally; N. W. P., South India, Bengal, Kashmir, also Africa and Asia Minor. ORDER—INSECTIVORA. Incisor teeth variable in number, and almost always different in the two jaws. No distinct canines in most; molars with acuminated tubercles. Feet usually pentadactylous, limbs short. Tail variously developed. Skull feeble and elongate, the bones of the face and jaws much ‘produced, the latter weak. There are usually eight teeth in front of each jaw. The orbit and temporal fosse confounded in one cavity, except in T'upaia. Molar teeth studded with sharp cusps or tubercles. Stomach simple, except in Tupaia. No cecum. Mamme ventral, generally numerous. ‘The testes pass periodically from the abdomeninto a temporary scrotum. Nocturnal animals, feeding chiefly on insects. They are divided into four families, Talpide or Moles, Sorecidz or Shrews, Hrinaceide or Hedgehogs, and Tupaidee or Tree Shrews. Sorecidz and Hrinaceide only are represented in Sind. Family, SORECIDA,—Surews. Body covered with soft hair. Eyes small, distinct, external ears in most generally small. Muzzle elongated. Middle incisors of upper jaw long and hooked, the lower ones slanting and lengthened. Three cuspidated molars in each jaw; a tuberculous tooth in the upper jaw. Snout lengthened, pointed and mobile. In some a gland under the skin which secretes a fluid of a musky odour. Habits nocturnal. Sorex, Linn. ; Pachyura, De S. Longchamps; Crocidura, Wagner. Upper front teeth large and strongly hooked, longer than their posterior spur ; inferior incisors entire or rarely a trace of a serrated upper edge. Following those in the upper jaw are four teeth anterior to the scissor tooth, the first large, next two much smaller, the third 90 SORECID Al. exceeding the second, and the fourth diminutive. Teeth white. Har conch distinct. Tail thick and tapering, furnished with a few long scattered hairs. ‘ Pegi: Y= BOE ——— "9? mM, Rane All the Indian species inhabit old walls, stone heaps, hay ricks, kitchens, &c., living in holes in the ground. They are very pugnacious, and it is said if two are confined in a box, the weaker of the two will be found killed and partly devoured. ce 2 Dentition. Ine. ac Lateral gland present. Sorex ceerulescens, Shaw ; Var Sindensis, Blyth. Cat. 244; 8, Indicus, 8S. Giganteus, S. Sonneratti, Geoff; Var Sindensis, Anderson, J. A. 8. B. vol. xlvii. pl. i. 1877; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, Pp. 210: Snout moderately long and pointed ; ears full and rounded, sparsely clad, the margins and flaps, with longish, somewhat stiff hairs. Lower half of limbs seminude; feet slender and toes rather long. Tail rounded, slightly swollen at the base, and about four-fifth the length of the trunk. Fur moderately long, soft, and glossy, neutral grey and washed with umber, but not obscuring the grey ; underparts neutral grey, with a silvery sheen in certain lights. Snout grey ; feet yellowish, sparsely clad with whitish hairs. Claws rather long and hooked. ‘Tail ringed, sparsely clad with white hairs with a few longer interspersed, but much shorter than in the generality of Indian shrews. Length.—Tip of snout to vent 4°70 inches ; tail 2°80"; hind foot 0°82"; tip of snout to eye 0°70"; eye to ear 0:39"; height of ear 0°38"; breadth of ear 0°38”, Upper incisors short and stout, curved, nearly convergent at their tips. No eminence of the cingulum on the inside of the posterior portion of the teeth which is rather broader than the base of the elongated portion. Second incisor not very large, but equalling the conjoint breadth of the third incisor and canine. ‘Third incisor consi- derably smaller than the canine, but the tip of the latter is somewhat above the level of that of the former. he premolar is not very small, and it is nearly as broad as the canine, behind which it directly hes, but externally it is nearly wholly hidden by the first molar. The anterior cusp on the first molar and its large cutting cusp are not strongly developed, the point of the latter is below the level of that of the second incisor. The anterior portion of the frontals is not much narrower than the portion behind the orbits. Anterior margin of foramen magnum to tip of premaxilla, 1:10 inches. Breadth across maxilla (molars) 0°40’; behind infra-orbital foramen 0°25", anterior to brain case 0:26", external to glenoid fossz 0:48"; external to tympanic 0:55”. Length of upper alveolar line 0°58”. Condyle of lower jaw to anterior end of alveolar line 0°60" (Anderson, J.A.S.B.) Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee, Kotree, Schwan). At Kurrachee it affects drains and enters houses at night. Its presence is readily known by a sharp shrill cry it makes on first moving from any place at which ERINACEID&, 91 it had stopped in its rambles or when disturbed. Natives will not kill it, on account of a very popular notion that the musky odour emitted from the lateral glands is nauseous to snakes, and in consequence a deterrent to their entering the house. They feed on beetles, crickets, &c. Family, HRINACEID 4i,—Hepcenocs. Upper parts covered with spines, lower with stiffish hairs and bristles intermixed. Feet pentadactylous; not fossorial. Tail very short or none. Erinaceus, inn, Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. 75; Mivart, Jour, Anat. Phys. ii. p. 147. 3—3 4—4, 3—3 2 3—3 1—1 pag? Pll 5g, We gag (Owen.) Incisors 5—5, ©. j-7> pm. =, miso (Dobson. Anatomy of the Lrinaceide P. Z. 8. 188], p. 402.) Upper middle incisors distant; lower ones procumbent. No true canines. Crown of molars square, tuberculate. Snout long. Lars moderate. Tail short. Body above covered with spines; spines grooved and ridged, the ridges in some species minutely tuberculate. The number of species of this genus has been recently increased by the investigations of Dr. J. Anderson, F. Z. 8., &c., Superintendent of the Indian Museum and Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Calcutta Medical College. Up to the time of the publication of a revision of the species by Dr. Anderson in the Jowrn. As. Socy., Bengal, Vol. xlvii, Part 11., 1878, two species were only known within the limits of India, recognized by Dr. Jerdon (Mammals of India) as Hrinaceus collaris, Gray, and Hrinaceus micropus, Blyth, and distinguished by him as the North Indian and South Indian Hedgehogs. Dr. Anderson also notices several other species which were described before the publication of Dr. Jerdon’s Mammals of India as belonging to the Indian and Himalayan fauna,—but these have necessarily, after careful analysis of a large series of specimens from authentic localities, been ‘incorporated as synonyms of the four admitted good species and referred to two distinct groups. Of these four species H. pictus, H. Grayi and EH. Jerdonit inhabit Sind, the fourth H. micropus, before identified as a Sind species, is now found to be confined to Southern India. The three species, found in Sind, come under the followmg of Dr. Anderson’s groups :— Incisors A. SECOND UPPER PREMOLAR SIMPLE, ONE-FANGED. a. Feet club-shaped, soles tubercular. I. A division or bare area on the vertex. A perfect malar bone; a brown band through the eyes and only very rarely prolonged on to the neck, stopping at the angle of the mouth. Spines yellowish, white at the apex, with a succeeding rather pale 29, ERINACEID AB. brown band, the rest yellowish white. Ears round, moderately large. Limbs brown, under surface yellowish white......... i. pictus. B. SECOND UPPER PREMOLAR COMPOUND, THREE-FANGED. b. Feet well developed and broad. If. No division or bare area on vertex. No large mesial pad on the hind foot. Head elongated and muzzle long. Hars large, high and pointed. General color dark I OMVM—S Patel hoy Genel oie eBanie AY eae BAe a5) cee i. Grayt. III. A division on the vertex, separating the spines into two groups. Hind foot with a large prominent mesial pad. Muzzle moderately long. Hars large, rounded at the tip and broad at the base. Spines long, with two white and three black bands in the adult. General color blacksaboverand below: .. 4, 60.3. eeetetan.. s same Same KH. Jerdoni. The following are Dr. Anderson’s descriptions of these species in detail. Erinaceus pictus, Stol. Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, 1872, p. 223; Anderson, J. A. S. B. vol. xlvi. p. 195; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 73; Dobson, Monog. Insect. pt. 1. p. 18. Prats ILI. Head (fig. d.) short and broad. Lars (fig. g.) somewhat large: and longer than the muzzle; feet (c to f) narrow, small. Toes short. ‘The tail short with a nude area above it. Spines short, about 0°8” in length, with 20-22 finely tuberculated ridges, their tips broadly white, and the brown bands below not very dark. The result is that the latter are nearly obscured by the former. The remaining are pale yellowish, nearly white and not orange. There is no continuation of the brown band of the forehead lower than the angle of the mouth, except as a very rare circumstance. Spines on the head divided by a nude median area. Forehead, neck, breast and sides of the body cover- ed with yellowish white fur, less close on the abdomen. Rump, tail, fore and hind limbs and sides of the face brown. Male. Female. Length of head and body. ... In. 6°70 .6:00 5:85) 5:90) 4:73 DR BR are ill Sahl a Saba he ae 5p 1 O2008..0°68 0°55 0°53 0°58 eis hibrOn ar series ese ts sce see Pia bi 3838 el 8272159 103° 41721 0.85 BSA LM LOL Veal cer ne demaee Senos ao HO S60rSS 0:70 “0:81 0762 Snout to eye ..... Be hiscunbe-remd >, 0788) .0580 0°88 0:95 0°73 Hye bolear aap. deesdethe -32cido » 0°39 0°35 0°30 030 0:25 Length of hind foot without CLAWS), uot canaaumleeriaa nts dvspak iy. shee uO sudo, IctO ,1-1Oor0- 95 Breadth across 5th toe ..,...... Yoon Os00 0°25 0:35 0°30 The skull (figs. @ to c) is distinguished by its shortness and great zygomatic breadth, in which respects it differs from the skulls of all other Asiatic hedgehogs, and by its one-fanged, small, simple, second premolar placed out of the line of the teeth and by the rather marked post-orbital contraction. PLATE DET. HANIA fi} {/ NAN! hu Hh y at i i a walt) Dean Mi i LX ( My lk yp l NM a Yj Loy Nid, GY HI Wh, Hy Hy Lei ae AD diy I Y ERINACEUS PICrus, Stoliczka. «,—Upper view of skull. 6.—-Side view of skull, c.—Skull seen from below. d.—Side view of head. e,—Upper and under aspects of hind foot. f—Fore foot seen from above and from below. y.—Side view of ear. h.—Side view of tail, All drawn natural size. PLATE IV. WT Na SS SS “ NS AS REVS SSS SRe\eey aN AX a \ ALR SAE NN i, SSO ERINACEUS GRAYI, Bennett. 1.—Upper view of skull. 6.—Side view of skull. c.—Skull seen from below. d.—Side view of head. e.—Upper and under aspects of hind foot. f.—Fore foot seen from above and from below: g.—Side view of ear. h,—Side view of tail. All drawn natural size. ERINACEUS. 93 According to Dr. Anderson “this form was first described by Hutton as a probable variety of certain hedgehogs which he doubtfully regard- ed as H. collaris, which two of them appear to have been, but this third specimen, however, was Ii. pictus. H. micropus has diverged from the ordinary character of the genus more than any other Indian hedgehog, as is evinced by the absence of the malar and in the excessively rudimen- tary character of its second premolar, and these modifications occurring in the most southern outlier of a Palsartic type are note-worthy.” Hab.—Sind (Kurrachee), Kutch, Rajpootana, Jeysulmeer, Agra, Guzerat, Ulwar and Goona : Erinaceus Grayi, Bennet, P. ZS. 1852, p.124. Hrinaceus collaris, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. vol. 1., 1872. (not described): id. List, Mam. B. M. 1843, p. 81. partim: Hutton, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xiv. 1845, p. 351. (first two specimens only); Blyth, op. cit. vol. xv. 1846, p. 170 ; td. op. cit. vol. xxul. 1853, p. 582, partim ; Wagner, Schreber Saugeth, Suppl. vol. v. 1856, p. 590; Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc., vol. xli. 1872, p. 225. Anderson, J. A. S. B. xlvii. p. 195; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 73; Dobson, Monog. Insectivora, pt. 1. p. 17. Prate IV, Facial portion of head pointed and rather long (fig. d.). Har, (fig. g.) large, full, long, and somewhat pointed. Feet (fig. e. and g.) large, forefeet rather broad and somewhat truncated, with moderately long tees and powerful claws. ‘The proximal palmar pads forming a pair, and not very prominent. The hind feet with the toes turned in- wards, the fingers moderately long and with strong claws. The proximal pad of the sole internal to the first toe, which is strongly developed as a mesial pad in H. Jerdont, is practically absent in this species, so little is it developed. The tail (fig. A.) is moderately long and shortly haired; no bare space on the vertex. The spines begin slightly behind the anterior margin of the ear, and they are generally about 0°75" long. The longitudinal grooves are numerous and shallow, but broader than the ridges, which are 25 to 26 in number, and studded with small tubercles. .The spines are very narrowly tipped with black, and below this there is a very narrow yellowish band succeeded by a broad dark brown, almost black band, the remainder of each spine being yellow, except at its extreme base, which is dusky. The broad dark brown band below the yellow subapical band 1s so strongly de- veloped, that when the animal is viewed from the side with the spines directed outwards, it has a black appearance. There is however consi- derable variation in the intensity to which the yellow subapical band is developed, and some animals are therefore much lighter coloured than others, as the brown band succeeding the latter is also much paler in some individuals than in others. This species, besides the almost entire absence of the proximal mesial pad of the sole, is at once distinguished by the complete absence of the bare space that occurs in HL. pictus and HM. micropus, among the spines of the vertex. From the two last named species which have no large proximal pad on the sole, it is recognized by its large feet, well developed toes, powerful claws, and by the turning in of the hind feet, D4, ERINACEID AR. as wellas by its different colouration. There is a considerable naked space over the sacrum and on the dorsum of the tail as in other species. The snout is seminude, being sparsely covered by very minute hairs. Behind the whiskers, the hairs become much more numerous and larger, and the area below the eye and the forehead are well clad. The greater part of the front of the ear is nude, but there is a sprinkling of short white hairs internal to and along its margins. The chin and below the lower lips are almost naked, and, immediately behind the chin, the hairs are few. ‘The under parts are well clad, but not densely so, and the limbs are thinly clad, more especially the feet, on which the hairs are very few and short. The tail also is only sparsely clothed. The general colour of the animal is blackish-brown or brown, the spinous portion of the body being darkest. The front of the face, from the nose backwards to the spines, the limbs and all the underparts, with the exception of the chin and a line from it upwards to the ear, which are white, are generally dark-brown or fuliginous-brown, blackish on the face, on which there is occasionally a considerable intermixture of white hairs. The hairs which clothe the ears, and a tuft of hairs at the base of the anterior margin of the ears are white. The white on the chin is more prolonged upwards to the ears in some specimens than in others, giving rise to a kind of white collar which is much exaggerated in the figure of EH. collaris. The claws are horny yellow. The following are the measurements of this species :— Males. Females. Length of body and head... 20.6... Seeeveseoenenee = 6°85 6:70" 16720 - Be UAE wiecbejod os).iaseee omesuuemee eee apetee ne ee eae 0-96 1-30) 1:02 eV G OL CAT ory sioner = aime ce sn yoiemiaieise emis one Fo eeee lester 1°45 1:52 «1°38 BEA Ath OF CATs sticander cpsseienecuseesckcaseah acaescestne 0-97 0°97 1:00 Snout to eye ..... Babee bai te SCs tinder wan Sh Menta Cpe 1:00 0-49 0°62 BWV GUOLEAT: | wate niatists ace Sn iiecc secs aaiece cM Apna a edb rh 0-52 0:49 0°62 Length of hind foot without CLAWS 4s cae aise Meeeacasee 1:45 1°45 1°50 Bread shot Ming: 1OOb As qsisscc- oe rieminiclenstesteee anne 0°40 0°45 0:38 Hab.—Sind, (Kurrachee), Rajpootana, Ajmeer and on the Sutlej. Erinaceus Jerdoni, Anderson, J. A. S. Bengal, vol. xlvii. pt. u. 1878, pl. v.a.; Dobson, Monog. Insectivora, pt.i. p. 16; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Se, Sind, p. 80. Prats V. Muzzle moderately long and pointed. Ears large, rounded at the tips and broad at the base. Feet large, more especially the forefeet, which are broad and powerful, with strong claws. The hind feet are well developed, but proportionately not so large as the forefeet. A large well developed pad on the under aspect of the hind foot. Claws strong. The tail moderately long. The spines begin on a line with the anterior margin of the ear divided on the vertex by a large nude area as in H. micropus and H. pictus. The spines are not very thick, and they are marked generally with 19 grooves and 19 ridges, the latter exceeding the breadth of the former and being very sharp, with the PLATE Y. ERINACEOUS JERDONI, 1.8. e-—Upper view of skull. f.—Side view. g.—Skull seen below. Natural size. h.—Teeth of upper and lower jaws enlarged 2 diameters, §, j-—Under aspect of fore and hind feet, CARNIVORA. | 20 tubercles passing down on their sides almost into the hollow of the furrows. The animal is black when the spines lie flat, but when they are partially erected the white bands show, and a variegated appearance is produced. In theadult, with the spines 2°15” in length, there are two white and three dark bands. The apical bandis broad and deep shining black, and it is succeeded by a white band nearly of the same breadth, which is followed by a brown band with a white band below it, and then a dusky basal band. These are the characters of two females from Kurrachee. The hair generally is dusky-brown, with an intermixture of grey hairs on the head and on the chin and throat ; the fur behind the latter area and on the sides being paler brown than on the limbs, and on the sides, A patch of white hairs occurs at the base of the anterior angle of the ear; the inner surface of the ear is clad with short white hairs, and the apical third of the back of the organ with similar hairs. Tho moustaches are brown and reach behind the ear. The claws are yellow. Female. Male. Length of head and body ..:.............00... 745" 5°85" Sook. hum C) eae aU ct a i oe ibe 2a" Oro sy mind toot. withouticlaws' ~ fi ss5. a rar 1°40” STOW GROL Cat rsd coe tosses sate se Gomdese ote aoa: 1:40” 1°35" PR CatGle OL CAL crqcsesacetasser acs dances yhdede se: 0°76" 0:80” The skull (figs. ef g Pl.) is markedly distinct from the saort and especially broad skull of H. Grayi, and it has much smaller teeth than that species. The very prominent characters of the mesial pad on the hind foot, its larger ears and the presence of a large nude area on the vertex as in 4. micropus and I. pictus, are characters along with those already indicated, separating it from H, Grayi. It resembles H. niger, in having a bare mesial area on the vertex, but is distinguished from that form by its smaller ear, and by its cranial characters as well. Hab.—* Kurrachee, and Rohri in Sind” and Rajanpore, Trans Indus. ORDER,—FERA, Linn. : . 1—1 Incisors 8, regular, erect; canines = forming a regular continuous series, largest in the middle. Feet clawed, thumb non-opposable ; teats abdominal, 4 or more. SUB-ORDER,—CARNIVORA. Grinders of three distinct forms; premolars conical, separated from the hinder tubercular molars by a sharp-edged flesh tooth, bearing a tubercle on its inner side. Family, FELIDA. Tubercular grinders small and in the upper jaw only. Dental formula as in the Order. Flesh tooth three-lobed. Tongue covered with papillz directed backwards, and somewhat recurved, Claws sheathed. ZA, , conical ; molars = 26 FELIDZ. Tribe, FELINA,—Trve Carts. Tigris, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 10. Of large size, striated. Tail long. Pupils round. Whiskers spreading; other characters same as those of the family. Tigris regalis, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 263; Felis tigris, Linn. Jerdon, Mammals Ind. p. 92; Blanford, Hast. Pers. p. 34; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 85. Wagh, Deccan; Skehr, Hind; Yagh, Tibet; Babr, Persian; Sheenh, Sind.—Tse Ticur. Colour bright fawn, more or less tinged with rufous. A series of transverse black bands or bars on the sides of the head, neck and body, continued on the tail in the form of rings. Tip of tail black, under parts white ; hair short, except on the sides of the head, where it is about 4 inches long. Head large and-round, ears short, and at a great distance from each other. Cheeks with spreading whiskers. Pupils round. Skull 14—15 inches long. Length—Variable, the average size of an adult male being from 9 to 9$ feet. Jerdon says that occasionally tigers are killed 10 feet in length, and perhaps an inch or two more—a statement borne out by several persons in the controversy in the “ Asian’’ as to the length of tigers. The height of the tiger is seldom above four feet; 3°9 ft. being the most common. Hab.—The Indian Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, and Central Asia. In the Indian Peninsula it is found in Sind, the Concans and Deccan, Guzerat, Rajpootana, Central and Southern India. Extends to Persia, in the Caspian Provinces, Mazandaran and Ghelan lying north to the Hlburz mountains. ‘These provinces, unlike the plateau of Persia, are covered with dense forests, and in them, Mr. Blanford says, the tiger ranges up to an elevation of 5,000 to 6,000 feet. China, Sumatra, Chinese T'artary and the Altaic mountains are other parts where it is found. Ferrier. (Caravan Journeys) speaks of tigers N. W. of Herat, In Sind, the tiger happily is not common. It is found in the Khyrpoor State, but there are not many records of its causing destruction. In Lower Sind nothing is heard of it. From Sukkur upwards it is said to occasionally issue from its cover, which is the dense fringe of Tamarisk bushes and long grass along the banks of the river, visit the cultivated parts and carry away stray cattle. In Southern India, according to Mr. Walter Elliot, and also in Central India and Khandeish, tigers are the dread of the inhabitants, and almost a scourge, especially in Khandeish in the Malligaum districts, where they are known to carry off inhabitants out of the villages whilst sleeping in their verandahs during the night. The tiger seems to have no other instinct but a constant thirst for blood, a blind fury, which, as Burroughs says, knows no bounds or distinction, and often stimulates him to devour his own young, and to tear the mother in pieces for endeavouring to defend them. He generally les in wait on the banks of rivers, where animals repair for drink, and the bound with which he throws himself on his prey is as wonderful in its extent LEOPARDUS. 27 as it is terrible in its effects. Pennant observes that the distance which the tiger clears in this deadly leap is scarcely credible. In killing large animals, as a horse or buffalo, he seldom tears out the entrails at once, but to prevent interruption drags off the whole carcass to the forest or wood. Neither force, restraint, nor kindness can tame the tiger. Various devices are practised for the destruction of the animal in India, and, except of late, strychnine, which has been used to some purpose, spring bows, box traps,and hunting excursions have done but little towards annihilating it. When once a tiger takes to killing man, Jerdon says, it almost always endeavours to get the same food, being probably easier prey. The tiger is an emblem of power in India. Hyder Ally and Tippoo Sahib had “tr oops, called tiger- soldiers, and the chief ornament of the throne was a tiger’s head gorgeous with jewels. Leopardus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 363.—Of moderate size; tail - long, body spotted simply or in the form of rosettes. Pupil round. Orbit of the skull incomplete behind. Leopardus pardus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867; Jerdon, Mam. of India, p. 97; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., S§c., Sind; Gray, Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. Felis leopardus, F. varia, et F. uncia, Schreb.—Tue Parp or PANTHER. Colour of the fur deep yellowish fulvous or rufous fawn, with dark spots grouped in rosettes, or several spots partially united into a circular, quadrangular or triangular figure in some skins; the spots from 12 to 14 lines in diameter. There are also several isolated dark spots on the outside of the limbs. ‘Tail as long as the head and body, its extremity when turned back reaching to the tip of the nose, or in some a little less, Skull 9°25” to 9°5" x 5°62” wide. Whether the panther and pard or leopard so called are distinct species is a point yet to be settled. The vernacular names for both animals appear the same, ‘‘ Chita”? being applied indiscriminately to both, and is the most common name by which they are known. Mr. Sterndale, in the “ Asian” (Popular Histroy of Mammalia, &c.) considers them distinct, and proposes the name of “ Felis Panthera,’ a name already assigned by Schreb to the South American Jaguar, (Leopardus onca, Linn. Gray P. 4. 8S. 1867,) and by Erxl. to the Thibetan Ounce, Uncia urbis, Gray. P. Z. 8. 1867. Cuvier separates the panther from the leopard specifically. The panther ‘‘ La Panthere” he makes the Kelis pardus a Linneeus, and the Pardalis, 7 Uapdads of the ancients. The panther he describes as yellow above, white beneath, with 6 or 7 rows of black spots in the form of roses, i.c., an assemblage of five or six small simple spots on each side. The tail of the length of the body not including the head. Felis Leopardus, Cuvier says, is similar to the panther, but with ten rows of smaller spots. .Temminck once regarded the panther and ‘leopard as varieties of the one species, Felis Leopardus, butin hismonograph he has separated them specifically. Bennett and Swainson (1838) touched upon the subject without coming to any decided conclusion. Major Hamilton Smith (in Griff.) says that “ the open spots which mark all the panthers have the inner 98 FELIDA. surface of the annuli or rings more fulvous than the general colour of the sides; but in the leopard no such distinction appears, nor is there room,asthe small and more congregated dots are too closeto admit it.” Gray (Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. 1869) also does not separate the pard and the panther specifically, and as synonyms ef Leopardus pardus gives, besides those above, Felis panthera, Erxl., Felis chalybeate, Herms., Felis minor, Ehr., Felis antiquorum, Fischer., fF’. Peecilura, Valenc., Felis paleopardus, Fitz., Var black. F. melas, Peron. If, however, it is found that the cha- racters of the length of the tail, and number of caudal vertebre (22) in the panther, (instead of 28 as in the leopard) is constant, it would certainly be entitled to specific separation. Hab.—The Indian Peninsula, Beloochistan, Persia, N.-W. Provinces and Bengal, and in fact throughout India, and North, South and West _ Africa. In Sind it is found, but 1s not common, and with the hunting leopard, affects the hills approaching the Indus, where both prey on the gazelle or ravine deer. Of the two, this species is said to be the dread of the cultivators, as, unlike the hunting leopard, it is often found hiding during the day in high jowaree fields, while the hunting leopard seldom emerges from its hilly retreat. ‘ Hvery where,” says Mr. Blyth, “it is a fearful foe to the canine races,” and Jerdon states it does not confine itself to the forests, but prowls among villages carrying off sheep, goats, and dogs, and sometimes commits great depredations. On the hills in Sind, Lus Beyla, and in Beloochistan, the inhabitants usually go leopard hunting, not with fowling pieces, but with large heavy clubs, twenty or thirty of them surrounding and beating the animal to death. Felis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867.—Of small size generally. Tail as long as the body, sometimes shorter. Hars rounded at the tip, not pencilled with long hairs. Pupil linear. Orbits generally large. Skull moderate, rather ovate; brain case oblong, moderate. Felis viverrina, Bennet, P. Z. S. 1883, p.60 ; Jerdon, Mammals of Ind., p. 103; Murray, Hdbk., Zool,, Sc., Sind. Felis viverriceps, Hodgs. Viverriceps Bennetti, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 268, fig. 5; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. 16.—THe Largs Tieer Car. Head rather elongate ; ears rounded, not pencilled; cheeks white ; a black face stripe. Colour greyish or dark grey, tinged somewhat tawny, with large dark spots more or less numerous, oblong on the back and neck, and in lines more or less broken or coalescing on other parts of the body. Beneath dull white, chest with 5—6 dark bands. Belly spotted. ail with 6—7 dark bands and a black tip. Feet un- spotted. yes nocturnal. Pupil erect, linear. Skull elongate; face produced, concave on the sides in front of the orbits, which are large and complete behind. Canines conical. Hab.—Not uncommon along the tamarisk fringed banks of the Indus. Found also throughout Bengal up to the foot of the Himalayas, extend- ing into Burmah and China. Common in Travancore, Ceylon and the Malabar Coast. FELIS. 29 Tail shorler than the body ; ears pencilled at the tip. Felis ornata, Gray, Illust. Ind. Zool.; P. Z. S. 1867, p. 401; Jerdon, Mam. of Ind., p. 110; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 86. Felis torquata, Gray, Jerd. Mam. Ind., p. 110. Chaus ornatus, Gray, P.Z. 8.1867, p. 275; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus., p.35.—Tae Sporrep Winp Car. Fur short, pale yellowish, more or less fulvescent, or grayish fulvous, with numerous small black roundish spots, linear on the middle of the back, head, nape and shoulders; and on the hinder part of the sides small and round; on the thighs and upper part of the legs, confluent, forming interrupted bands. One or two black streaks within the arm. ‘'ail reaching to or below the heel, witha well-detined series of black rings. ‘Tip black. lHars externally dull rufous, with a very small dusky pencil tuft. Crown with lines of small spots. Cheeks striped with two narrow dark lines. Chin, throat and spot over the eyes whitish. Belly with or without a few spots, Length.—Head and bedy 19 inches, tail 8 inches or more. Common nearly throughout the Province, in gardens, grass thickets, &c., and occasionally on the river banks, It does much mischief in poultry yards, and has been known to carry away rabbits insecurely penned. Commonly its chief food consists of field rats, and such game as it can secure among birds. Hab.—Sind, Kutch, the Punjab Salt Range, and Hazara; has also been found in Central India. Felis chaus, Guldenst; Jerd. Mam. Ind., p. 111; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 86. Fes Jacquemonti, Is. Geof. Voy. Jacq. t. 3 f. 1-2. Chaus Jacquemonti, Gray, Cat. Mam. Br. M., p. 84. Chaus libycus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 275. Mohta Rahn Manjur, Deccan ; Jung-billee, Sind.—TuEe Common Junae Car. Colour of fur dirty palish ochre-yellow, darker on the back and lighter on the under parts; the hairs or bristles are of the same colour at bottom, have a dark brown ring in the middle, and at the tip are of a grayish yellow, whitish or saffron colour, so that the appearance produced is a mixed colouring of grayish yellow and dirty white. Many . of the hairs have a black tip, and on the sides, where they are close-set, they form pale black perpendicular or oblique spiral lines, and here and there single black points. The hairs of the back are of a light ochre- yellow, with points almost of a saffron colour, and form from the shoulders to the tail a yellow stripe, which is darkest on the cross. The nose is black; above the eye is a large white spot, and below it a smaller one. A black streak from the eye to the muzzle. Edges of the lp bordered with black, and a fine white ring encircles them ; eye- brows and cheek, whitish. Inner surface of ear, towards its outside, bordered by yellowish white hair; back of the ear grey brown or rufous brown, with terminating black tufts from 3 to 4 inch long. Cheeks, lower jaw, throat, neck and chest ochreous yellow; the belly much paler, inclining to whitish yellow, Limbs with four more or less distinct dark stripes externally, and two or three internally. 30 GUEPARDID 4. Tail short, about.one-fourth the length of the body, more or less distinctly annulated and tipped black. Length.—Yead and body 26 inches, of which the tail is from 6” to 10”; height 14—15 inches. Hab.—Sind, haunting the marshes. Occurs also in the Punjab Salt Range, and commonly all over India, from: the Himalayas to Cape Comorin. Itis a native of North-Africa. Said to be numerous in Persia and Mesopotamia. ; Tribe, LYNCINA,—True Lynxzs. Head short, globular; hind legs longest, in caracal more equal ; tail short; ears pencilled at the tip; pupils oblong, orbits incomplete, large, the lateral processes of the intermaxille and frontal bones elongate, nearly reaching each other, (in caracal not so much produced), and the limbs are nearly equal. Lobe on inner side of upper flesh tooth small. Felis caracal, Schreb. Blainv. Csteol. Felis, t. 10; Jerd. Mam. Ind.,p.113; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Caracal melanotis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 277; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus., p. 88. Siahgosh, Hind. Sind, Pers.—Tae Rep Lynx. Fur pale reddish brown with a vinous tinge, paler or nearly white beneath. Two spots of pure white above the eyes, the uppermost on the inner side of the eye, the lower at the external angle at the origin of the moustaches. Hdges of the upper lip, chin, breast and inside of the legs white ; parts whence the whiskers spring, black. Hars deep black at the base externally, and less so towards the tips, which are pencilled with a long black tuft. Length—30—36 inches, tail 9” or 10,” ear 3,” height 16 to 18 inches. Hab —Sind, Panjab, Kutch, Guzerat, Travancore, Northern Circars, Bengal, Central India, Rajpootana and Khandeish, also in Persia, Arabia, and Africa. : According to Temminck this species hunts in packs like the wild dog and so runs down its prey. Jiynxes are often tamed and trained in the chase of peacocks, cranes, and the lesser quadrupeds. Family, GUBPARDIDA. Head short, face short, neck slightly maned. Legs slender, sub- equal. Tail long. Ears rounded. Skull short, convex. Processes of intermaxillz and frontals also short, not separating the nasals. lesh tooth of upper jaw compressed, not lobed internally. Front upper small grinder distinct; small tubercular grinders one on each side of the upper jaw. Gueparda.—Characters those of the Family. Gueparda guttata, Gray, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 896. Felis jubata, Schreb. Jerd. Mam. Ind., p. 114; Murray, Hdbk., Zoul., &e., Sind, p. 86. Felis guttata, Herm. F. venatica, A. Smith. Cyneelurus Semmeringii, fupp.—Tue Huntine Leopard or Cuzera or Inpra. LUTRA. bl Fur bright yellowish fawn above; nearly pure white beneath; covered above and on the sides with numerous closely approximating black spots, $ to 1 ch in diameter, but not grouped in rosettes. A black streak from the corner of each eye down the face; chest and under parts of the body unspotted. The spots on the back are larger than those on the head, sidesand limbs, where they are more closely set. Hars short and rounded, with a broad black spot at the base externally ; the tip and inner side of the ear whitish ; extremity of the nose black. Tail with black spots and the tip black, (tip white, Bennett). Mane not very considerable, pupil circular. Length.—Head and body 4°5—5 feet, tail 30 inches, height nearly three feet. j Hab.—The hunting leopard is found nearly throughout India, in Sind, Rajpootana, the Punjab, Central, Southern and N. W. India, also Syria, Mesopotamia, Arabia and Africa. The employment of the cheetah in the chase of antelopes, &c., is so well-known, that it is scarcely necessary to give a description of it. The skin of all the leopards, and of the tiger also, is an article of some importance in the trade. Family, MUSTELIDA. Sub Family, LUTRINA,—Orrers. Head depressed; feet normal, subdigitigrade; toes webbed; tail thick, tapering, depressed ; teeth normal; flesh tooth acutely tubercular; large tubercular grinder, oblong; nose convex, hairy beneath, Lutra, fay.—Characters those of the Sub Family. ani : 3—3 : I1—1 4—4, 1—1 Dentition : Incisors ;—3 ; canines ;— ; premolars 323 ) Molars 5—. Lutra nair, P. Cuv.; Jerd, Mam. Ind.p. 86; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c¢., Sind, p. 85. Lutra Indica, Gray, Lond. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 980; P. 4 S. 1865, p. 128; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus., p. 104. Loodra, Sind.—Tue Common Inp1an Orter. Muzzle bald, square. Fur above hair -brown, or light chestnut brown, in some grizzled with white hairs, in others tinged with isabelline yellow. Beneath, the fur is short, of a yellowish white or red- dish white colour. Upper lip, sides of head, and neck, chin, and throat whitish, Paws albescent. In some the tip of the tail is white. Length.—3% to 4 feet, of which the tail is 14 feet or more, the width at the base being 3 to 34 inches. The otter is found in great numbers along the Indus to the Punjab. Most of the Mohanas or fishermen have always two or more of these animals as an essential to their avocation to drive fish into their nets. This they are trained to do. In porpoise catching this animal is also of great service to the fishermen. When the boats, which are the homes of the fishermen, are lying at the banks as many as 20 or 30, otters may be seen tied round the waist, tethered to stakes by the 32 MELINID.A. edge of the water, some lying half in and half out of the water, and others rolling about in the sand: dogs and children playing with them. Hab.—According to Jerdon it is found throughout all India, from the extreme south of Ceylon to the Himalayas, and from the Indus to Burmah and Malayana, affecting both fresh and salt water inlets. Family, MELINIDA. Head moderate, elongate. Nose simple, flat and bald beneath, with a central longitudinal groove. 'Tubercular grinders, one on each side of the upper and lower jaws. Claws large, spread out. Ears small or rudimentary. Most of the animals comprised i in this group have the power of diffusing a foetid stench. Sub Family, MELLIVORINA,—Banerrs. Tubercular grinders transverse, band-like, palate only slightly pro- duced behind. Flesh tooth with a small internal lobe, with a single tubercle. Fur black below, white above. Mellivora, Bl.—Head depressed. Nose blunt. EHars distinct. Body stout. Legs short, plantigrade. Toes 5-5. Claws long and strong. ‘Tail short, subcylindrical. Sole of hind foot bald. Mellivora Indica, Bl. Osteogr. Mustela; Gray, P. Z. 8.1865, p. 103 ; Cat. Br. Mus., p. 182; Jerdon, Mam. India, p. 78; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Sind. Bijooand Gorepat of the Sindees.—T ax Inpian Bapgur. Above tawny white or grey, black on the sides and beneath. Tail short. Skull elongate, ovate. Nose short, concave on the sides, flat above. Orbits incomplete. Four middle cutting teeth equal; the side ones conical and witha recurved tip. Canines conical. Flesh tooth of lower jaw with three conical tubercles ina single longitudinal series. Length.—Head and body 30 inches, tail 6”. Hab.—Sind, the Punjab, Deccan, Kutch, Guzerat and throughout India, ev erywhere having the reputation of being a grave digger. Family, HERPESTIDAS,—Moncoostzs. Body elongate. Tubercular grinders two on each side in the upper and one in the under jaw. Nose flat and bald beneath, with a central longitudinal groove. Hind feet slender, their under side bald or more or less covered with scattered hairs. 4008 slender, legs short. Fur harsh grizzled. Orbits of the skull complete. Toes 5-5. Claws short. Herpestes, JIlliger.—Toes 5-5. ‘Tail conical, covered with long hairs. Pupil linear, erect, Teeth 40; false grinders as tubercular grinders transverse. All the species of this genus are noted for their natural antipathy to serpents, and for committing havoc among poultry. They are however excellent ratters. The question of the mongoose neutralizing the poison of the bite of serpents by eating the root of some plant, still remains unsolved. HERPESTES. - oo Herpestes griseus, Desm. Mam. p. 212; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p- 553; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 151 ; Jerd. Mam. India, p.1382; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p. 88. H. pallidus, Schinz. Syn. Mam. 1, p. 373. Mangusta grisea, Fischer, Syn. Mum. p. 164. Newera, Nayria, Nore, Sind.—Tue Mapvras Mongoose. Tawny yellowish grey or pale grey, the hairs harsh, ringed with rufous and yellowish, with a broad white or yellowish subterminal ring. Feet blackish. Tail bushy, concolorous with the body, not tipped black, and nearly equal in length to the body. Cheeks and throat more or less reddish. False grinders 3—8, the first is conical, roundish ; the third triangular. Flesh tooth longer than broad infront. Tubercular grinders transverse. Lower jaw shelving in front. Skuil, length 2°75 inches, width at zygomatic arch 1-42". Length.—Head and body 16-17 inches, tail 14”. Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Kutch, Guzerat, Deccan and Concan, Bengal, Travancore, Nepaland India generally. In Southern and Central India very common. Affects scrubby jungle in Sind. In villages, it is very destructive to poultry. Herpestes persicus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 554; id. Cat. Carn. Br. Mus. p. 151; Blanf. Kastern Persia, p. 42; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &§c., Sind, p. 88.—Tuer Persian on Grey Moncoose. Pale ashy, very closely and abundantly black and white punctulated ; hair short and soft, rmged black and white, one dark band at the base, one in the middle and the third at the tip, the interspaces being white. Chin and under side uniform ashy, brownish on the chest. Tail conical, concolorous with the back. Feet like the back with shorter fur, chiefly tipped white. In general appearance a miniature of H. griseus. Length.—Head and body 10—12 inches; tail 10$—12 inches, skull rather elongate, 2°4 to 2°6 inches in length; teeth normal, the third false grinder subtriangular, with a small central prominent lobe. Flesh tooth subtrigonal, the inner tubercle small on the front edge. Width at zygomatic arch 13", of brain case 1:1”.. Forehead convex. Contrac- tion behind orbit *62”. Hab—Sind and Persia. Habits same as H. griseus. Herpestes ferrugineus, Blanford, P. Z, 8. 1874, p. 661, pl. Ixxxi; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind.—Tue Frerrueinous Mon- GOOSE. General colour ferruginous, minutely speckled and mixed with white. Fur moderately fine. Hairs of the back long, dull rufescent at the base, and the remaining portion composed of short alternating rings of white and ferruginous, there being sometimes as many as six alter- nations in each hair, the extreme tips being ferruginous. On the lower parts the colour is a little paler, and the rings on the hairs are less distinct; upper portions of the feet rather darker red; soles of feet and lower part of tarsus bare. The hair on the tail is long and the z5 Bye HERPESTIDA. white ring's on the hairs gradually disappear backward, the tip being entirely red. Dimensions (from a dried skin and in consequence only approximate) head and body 15 inches ; tail (vertebra not preserved) to end of hairs the same.—(Three specimens in the Kurrachee Museum, ‘measured in the flesh are each half an inch longer both in the length of the head and body, and tail). The hairs on the hinder part of the back are fully I? inch long. Tarsus and hind foot to end of claw 2°8 inches. Mr. Blanford adds that “in general form this mongoose closely resem- bles H. griseus, Geoffr., so much so, that he was at first doubtful whether it was more than a rufous variety of it. But not only is the colour very distinct, but the skull shows some important differences. The orbit is incomplete behind; this is certainly the case in the young of H. griseus, but not to the same extent as in Hf. ferrugineus. The nasal bones are longer in H. griseus, their posterior termination being behind a line connecting the anterior edges of the orbits in the skull; whereas in this new species the nasals terminate posteriorly in front of the same line. The breadth across the frontal region, imme- diately behind the post-orbital processes, is considerably lessin H. griseus, and the auditory bull are differently shaped.” The skull extracted from the skin of H. ferrugineus measures— Inches. Length from upper edge of foramen magnum to anterior termination of intermaxillary bone.............60....0005- he | Left nasal bones along the suture between them......... 0°54. Breadth of frontal region where narrowest behind post- OFbital sprOcess F344! cath Ak Gatos lee theme. See eee 0°62 Length of lower jaw from the angles to the anterior alveolar amangim.), [sds dond.icbnces otsicee oe ebtigs Seeman kient ok 1°85 Hab.—Sind, (Larkhana, Kotree and Kurrachee). Herpestes, Andersoni, Sp. Nov.—Chin, throat, breast and under parts ferruginous, slightly paler on the abdomen. A dark line running from the front of each eye towards the nose, but separated from it by a small ferruginous interspace. Upper series of long moustaches as well as the group of hairs above the orbits black. Forehead darker ferruginous than the lower parts, the hairs being white basally, then black, followed by a subapical ferruginous band and tipped with dusky. The soft under-fur is long and woolly, basally yellowish white, and tipped with pale ferruginous. The hairs on the back are grizzled by tricoloured annulations of white, black and ferruginous; basally the longer hairs are dusky, followed by 3 white and 3 black bands and a subapical ferruginous band, the tips being black. Apical band of the _ Shorter hairs is ferruginous. LEars oblique, covered in front on their inner margins with ferruginous hairs, darker and shorter behind. Feet dark rufous brown, blackish on the toes, where the hairs are broadly tipped with black. Claws black. Tail less grizzled, only a few scattered hairs with black tips. Those on the base of the tail variously coloured, some with broad white bases and a single black CANIS. 35 ring, others basally white and broadly tipped with rufescent, tho interspace being white. Length.—Of head and body (stuffed specimen) 194 inches; tail 174’; ear obliquely across, 1°25; from orifice -93"; tarsus to tip of claw °3"; length of skull 3:12", across zygomatic arches 1°69", length of brain case 1°69", width of ditto -93”, contraction behind orbit -56”. Lower jaw, from the angle to the anterior alveolar margin, 2:1"; orbit complete behind ; sagittal crest linear ; skull solid, sutures not apparent. Super-occipital crest terminates in a strong ridge 0-18" high, continued down to the bull auditorie. A single specimen of this large species was obtained at Kotree. It is quite unlike any of the other species, both in colour and size, and the marked cranial characters appear to me to be sufficient to form a new species. I therefore provisionally name it after Dr. J. Anderson, Superintendent of the Indian Museum, who has very materially assisted me in this work. Family 10, CANIDA,—Tue Doe Trisz. Tubercular grinders two on each side of the upper and lower jaws. , : 6—6 False grinders 2 or 3 on each side of each jaw; molars zz» more rarely -—, or ——.. Toes 5—5 straight, free, with worn-tipped claws, the front inner toe raised. Upper flesh tooth with one inner tubercle, lower with its posterior portion tuberculous. Canis aureus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1, p. 59; Jerd. Mam. Ind., p. 136; Gray, Cat. Mam, Br. Ind., 189; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind. Tholuk of the Mekranees ; Kola, Hind ; Giddur, Sind.—Tur Jackat. Colour of fur variable. During winter, when in good fur, the muzzle is reddish or rufescent brown with a black patch in the centre, ranning up between and on the outside of the eyes; there is also a narrow dark streak running up from the hind edge of the eye to just below the ears, where there is a dense patch of rufescent brown hairs. The long moustachial hairs, the groups over the eyes, sides of face and behind the chin are black. ‘he ears outside are pale rufous at the base, a little darker above near the tip and sprinkled with black hairs. There is also a patch of long greyish white hairs in the anterior upper corner of the ear; the inside of the ear is edged for about an inch all round with white hairs, and the extreme margins with very pale isabelline. The forehead is rufescent brown with some dark hairs in- termixed. The chin is dark brown, except a very small patch, which is white just behind its anterior edge. The upper lip greyish white or white, continued behind and spreading behind the dark chin patch on the throat ; sides of the neck and a collar filling up the interspace between the white of the throat and the chest, rufescent brown, with black hairs intermixed; neck above, back and sides of the body grizzled with black and white or rufescent hairs, and in all good speci- mens there is a saddle-shaped patch of black on the back. There is also a distinct black patch on the root of the tail, rest of the tail 36 CANIDA- having a grizzled appearance owing to the broad rufescent bases of the broadly black tipped hairs showing through; extreme tip of the tail black. Length of hairs from the tip of the tail 3 to 3} inches. The soft under-fur throughout the upper part of the body is dusky grey, except on the forehead, where it is much darker. The anterior two-thirds of the upper parts rufescent, the bases of the hairs being white. Abdomen white or greyish white, as also are the inner sides of the front and hind legs to the middle of the thighs, where, and running up behind the haunches and extending in front and down to the feet, it is rufescent, darker on the outside of the thighs. Front of forelimbs rufescent, with a mesial black line, not extending on the metacarpal portion of the limbs. Length.—Head and body 380—382 inches, tail 10—12 inches, height at shoulder 16—17 inches. Found throughout India. It hunts in packs and is the pest of all villages and cantonments, not only as a marauder, but for its unearthly howls in company with the hyzna. A cry raised by a single individual is taken up in chorus by the pack to which it belongs, and followed up in this way by other packs for a great distance. Jackals are however useful scavengers in camp, cantonment and village, and never being molested increase greatly in numbers annually; being however a prey to wolves, a great number may thusbe exterminated. Inthe Narra districts, and also in Thurr and Parker there are many instances annually of deaths from hydrophobia caused by the bites of jackals. Itis said that six hours is the most a person survives after the bite. Canis pallipes, Sykes, P. Z. S. 1831, p. 101; Gray, List Mam. p. 58; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p.89; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind, p. 89. Lupus pallipes, Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 504; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 189. Landgah, Hind; Buggyar, Sind—Tue Invian Wo r. Colour variable. Hoary fulvous or dirty reddish white, some of the hairs tipped black. Face and limbs somewhat rufous. Lower parts dingy or soiled white ; tail black tipped; ears small; coronal crest of skull linear, high ; upper sectorial teeth large, elongate; mamme 10. The colour of the Indian wolf varies much, both according to season and locality, more generally the fur is fulvous, or dun colour with scarcely any reddish or rufous tinge anywhere. Length.—Head and body 35—40 inches, tail 15—17 inches, height 24—28 inches. Hab.—Sind, also Kutch, the Deccan and Concan, Khandeish and throughout India nearly. Vulpes,—Foxns.—Muzzle lengthened, acute. Temporal crests of the skull linear; ears large, erect; tail with soft fur, long and bushy, and reaching to the ground. Vulpes Bengalensis, Shaw, Zool.i., p. 230; Jerd. Mam. of Ind. p. 149; Gray, Cat. Mam. Br, Mus. p. 204; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., See, Sind, p. 90. Lokree, Lookar, Loomur, Sind; Loomree, Hind.—Tuxr Inpian Fox. VULPES. 37 _ Fur reddish grey or rufescent above and below; colour varying considerably seasonally; ears long, dark brown externally ; tail long, bushy, tipped black; chin and throat whitish. Length.— Head and body 21—22 inches ; tail 12—14 inches. Hab.—Sind, Punjab, Kutch, Guzerat, Deccan, Concan, and through- out India affecting the plains ; burrowing usually in mounds. In Sind its chief food appears to be (from dissection of several examples) the berries of Grewia and Zizyphus, field rats and a large rock lizard, Uromastizx Hardwickii, Vulpes leucopus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. 1854, p. 729; Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 151; Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1868, p. 516; Cat. Mam. Brit. Mus. p. 204; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc. Sind.—Tue Desert Fox. Fur variable, general colour fulvous white mixed with darker brown or black. Facelighterin colour, Taillargely tipped with white. Lower parts nigrescent. Hars black posteriorly. Females usually with whitish limbs. During winter the muzzle is fulvous white, the long moustachial hairs, and the groups above the eyes and behind the angle of the mouth are black; the fur is very variable. Forehead pale rufous, in some specimens bright rufous ; sides of the face, chin and throat and the inner sides of the limbs fulvous white, a dark stripe running down from the corner of each eye to about the middle of the edge of the upper lip. Ears edged all round with fulvous white, externally they are blackish, with, in some specimens, a rufous tinge, the extreme margins fulvous white. Back and upper side of the tail and the outside of the limbs brighter rufescent than the forehead, with a large admixture of white, which colouris chiefly that of the apical rings on the back, while on the flanks, tail and sides of the neck there are more black than white apical rings. Under parts fulvous white, soles of the feet dusky brown. ‘Tail largely tipped with white. Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Rajpootana and the Punjab. Affects chiefly the sandy dunes and lives on field rats, &c., oftentimes associated with the next in Upper Sind. Vulpes pusillus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1854, p. 729; Gray, P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 517; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 205; Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 153; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind.—Tue Smart Ponsas Fox. Fur variable. General colour pale fulvous, darker on the sides and lighter on the shoulders. Middle of back rufous. Tail greyish. Hars externally velvety black. A faint eye streak. Cheeks whitish. Tail white tipped. Length.—24 inches ; tail 14 inches. Family, HY #NIDA,—Hyanas. Digitigrade carnivorous animals with their forelegs longer than their hind legs. Tongue rough, Molars or cutting teeth of great size, conical. Hyes projecting. Hars large. A deep subcandal glandular pouch. Tubercular grinders single, in the upper jaw only. hes 6—6 ee eam Dentition.. Inc. gg, can. fo, molar 7-4=34. 38 URSIDA. Hyena, Linn.—Tubercular grinders of upper Jaw with three roots. Flesh tooth with three lobes; the front one large. Hyena striata, Zimm. Geogr, ii., p. 256; Gray, P. Z. S. 1868, p. 924; Cat. Mam. Br..Mus. p. 212; Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 118; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 87. H. vulgaris, Desm. Mam. p. 215. Canis hyena, Linn. Syst. Nat, i, p. 58. Thurruss, Cherrag, Sind.—Tue Hymna. Colour variable, generally of a pale yellowish or uniform gray, rather paler beneath. Sides, shoulders, haunches, and outside of the legs striped irregularly blackish. Mane and tail also striped or spotted black. Front of the neck, muzzle and outside of the ears black; the latter broad, and nearly destitute of hairs, especially inside; mane on the back of the neck full, and continued, though less distinctly, along the back to the tail. On the back the stiffish hairs are 4—8 inches in length. Hab.—The hyzna is found throughout India, affecting the hilly districts; also in Asia, Africa, the Caucasus, Persia, Beloochistan, Turkey, Syria, Senegal and he Cape. In India it is with the jackal a noisome pest. It lives in holes in the ground, or cliffs of rocks, and preys by night, breaking like the wolf into sheep- folds, and attacking and carrying away dogs. It however has its place in the economy of nature, being a useful scavenger. It is said to possess the peculiar gift of being able in some measure to imitate the cries of other animals, by which means, dogs, calves, and sheep are beguiled. The ancients believed that it changed its sex, imitated the human voice also, and had the power of charming the shepherd, and as it were rivetting him to the place he stood on, and also dogs, so that they became dumb. The super- stitious Arabs, according to Shaw, when they kill a hyena, carefully bury the head, lest it should be applied to magical purposes. They also attribute preternatural powers to its remains. It is said to manifest great attachment to its keeper when tamed, and to be susceptible of the same domestication as the dog. Family, URSIDA),—Bzrars. - c : ote : i—1 ; .Plantigrade mammals with normally § incisors; canines ;—, 3 Pre- molars = molars ae Two tuberculated teeth on each side in the upper jaw, and one or two in the lower jaw. Feet broad and short and generally callous below. ‘Tail short. Nose rather produced. Ursus, Gray.—Teeth as in the characters of the Family. False grinders or molars small, distant, often deciduous. Hinder tubercular molar large, elongate, larger than the flesh tooth. DELPHINUS. 39 Ursus tibetanus, FP. Cuv. Mam. Iithog. t; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p- 70; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Ursus torquatus, Schinz. Syn. Mam. p. 302; Gray, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 688; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 226. Helarctos malayanus, Hodgson, J. A. 8. B. 1, p. 340. Reench or Reech, Baloo, Hind.; Mumh, Bel.; Reech, Sind.—TueE Inpian Brack or Turseran Bear. Far black ; lower lip and chin white. enamelled and furnished with roots. ‘Tail long, bushy. Sciurus, Linn.—Premolars = ; molars = 3 quasi-incisors brown or orange coloured. Fore feet with only four toes, and a tubercle on the site of the thumb. Sciurus palmarum, Gmelin; Blyth, Cat. As. Soc. Mus. 339; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 170; Murray, AHdbk., Zool., Se., Sind, p. 91. Gilloree, Sind.—THr Common Srrivep SQUIRREL, Fur dusky greenish grey above, with three yellowish-white stripes along the whole length of the back, and two fainter lines on each side; beneath whitish. Hairs of the tail variegated with reddish and black. Length.—12—18 inches. ‘Tail about one-half. The only species of the genus in Sind. Found also in the Concans, Deccan, Kutch and Guzerat, and throughout the whole Peninsula of India. Family, MURID. Incisors compressed or rounded. Molars 3 or 4 on each side. Fore- feet usually with four toes; hind feet with five toes. Gerbillus, Cuv.—Upper incisors grooved. Ears oval. Head Jengthened and somewhat pointed. Tarsus and toes elongated. Tail jong, hairy, with a tuft at the tip. Ridges of the molars variable. Gerbillus indicus, Hardwick, Linn. Tr. vii., pl. 7; Blyth, J. A. S. B. 1863, xxxii., p. 827; Jerdon, Mammals of Ind. p.184; Blanford, Hastern Persia, p. 63. Gerbil- lus Hardwickii, Gray, Cat. Mam. B. M. p. 132; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind.—THe JERBOA Rat. Fur above light fulvous brown, fawn colour, or bright rufous brown, many of the hairs tipped brownish ; beneath whitish. Round the eyes brownish. Hinder parts of the cheeks rufous, paler in front. A white supercilium and a white band below the eye. Ears large, almost nude within, outside thickly covered with short brown hair. Whiskers long, black above, white below. Tail brown above, with a narrow band below of the same colour, paler on the sides and tipped with long brownish black hairs. Mammee four 1, Skull of Gerbillus pairs—two pectoral, and two inguinal. Indicus, nat. size. 2, Molar teeth of upper jaw,magnified three diams. MUS. AS Tength.—Head and body 6 to 7 inches, tail 53 to 7 inches, hairs at tip of tail 3 inch. Hab.—Sind, Kutch, Western India generally, Punjab, N. W. Pro- vinces, Beloochistan and Afghanistan, (Chaman) affecting the unculti- vated and sandy plains, where it burrows toa depth of from 4 to 5 feet. Gerbillus Hurrianez, Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 186; Blanford, Eastern Persia, p. 68; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., S:c., Sind, p. 68. G. erythrourus, Jerd. zbid. nec. Gray. Much smaller than the last, the tail and ears also comparatively shorter. Above, the fur is pale rufous or sandy, with fine dusky lines, the hairs being blackish at the base, isabelline near the point with short dusky tips. A fewlonger hairs on the rump and thighs. Sides slightly paler with a few dusky lines. Lower parts whitish, tinged more or less with fawn colour on the belly, the line of demarca- tion of the two colours not strongly marked. Tail concolorous with the back, with a line of dusky hairs along the upper surface of the terminal portion, becoming longer near the tip, the hairs at the tip being éths of an inch long; ears small, round, thinly covered with short hair on the out- side and near the hinder margin within ; whiskers of moderate length; black above, white below; feet pale, hind ones thinly covered with whitish hairs below, except on the posterior half of the tarsus; soles of forefeet naked. Mammeo eight,— two pectoral and two inguinal pairs. Length.—Head and body 5 to 54 inches, tail aataiaetssth, of Toebe to 6 inches, hind foot 1 inch. jaw, enlarged three diams. | Hab.—Abundant all over the Province to the 2 & 8, Skull of Gerbillus Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Kutch, Beloochistan and PRUARE TN oa Afghanistan, living in burrowsat the roots of bushes, Mus, Lin.—Incisors usually smooth in front. Ears rather rounded, and somewhat naked. T'ail long, scaly, haired. The synonomy of the Indian species of the genus Mus, which hitherto was in so much confusion, has now been cleared up by the labours of Dr. J. Anderson,* Superintendent of the Indian Museum, and Mr. Oldfield Thomas, of the British Museum. Both eminent Naturalists have had access to large collections of typical specimens, as materials to work upon, and the result is an excellent synopsis of the species by Mr. Oldfield Thomas; that of the sub-genus Nesokia has been based on Dr. Anderson’s sections in the paper already quoted. The following arethe sub-genera into which the Indian species of Mus have been divided :— (1) Nesokia, (2) Mus, (3) Leggada, and (4) Vandeluria, Of these the two first only are represented in Sind. * J, A. S. B. vol. 47, 1878, plates. + P. Z. S. 188], plates: 44 MURID A. Nesokia.—Incisors -very broad, finely sculptured im front; molars composed of transverse laminz; size large; form stoat and heavy; tail rather short ; fur coarse, not spiny. The following characters of the Sind species are given by Mr. Oldfield Thomas :— I, Anterior palatine foramiua much shorter than the upper molar Series. | Wawa Occ se sapes cocdeneseeteees M. (N.) Hardwicki. IJ. Anterior palatine foramina as long as, or longer than, the molar series. Mamme 14—18......... M. (N) Bengalensis. Til. Palatine foramina as in II., though rather more open behind. MT sama tra) Mo seb oahiaes cetns Nate osemeeten M, (N) bandicota. Mus (Nesokia) Hardwickii, Gray, A. and M. N. H. x., p. 265.; anders. J. A. S. B. xlvii., p. 221, 1878. Arvicola indica, Gray and Hard. Ill. Ind. Zool. i, pl. xi. Mus Hardwickii, Gray, Charlesw. Mag. N. H. i, p. 585. Thomas, P. Z. S. p. 524, 1881. Var Huttonii; Mus Huttoni. Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv., p. 139. M. (N) Huttoni, Anderson. l.c. p. 228. Nesokia Huttoni, Blanf. Hast. Pers. p. 59, pl. vi. fig. 1. Fur variable in quality. Above yellowish brown, or bright rufous, 4s dirty white or dull yellowbelow. In the variety Ahi Huttoni the fur is long and soft, of a bright rufous colour, and the hind feet are longer than in Hardwickit. Head short and bluff; muzzle broad and deep. Eye situated about half way between the ear and the end of the muzzle. Hars not large, rounded, semi-nude, but clad with minute hairs. Tail variable, ringed, nearly nude, less clad with minute hairs; upper surface of the feet sparsely clad. Fur generally soft and moderately long, (or silky in var Huttoni) and somewhat harsh sometimes. -Pelage, of three kinds of hairs, short underlying fur, and ordinary hairs, intermixed among which on the dorsal Skull of Nesokia Hardwickil, : : nat. size. and sacral regions are numerous long black hairs visible beyond the length of the fur. Skull stout and strong. Teeth more rounded than in other species. Length.—Head and body 5:9" to 7, tail 3:8” to 4°5", hind foot 1:45”. The specimens from Lower Sind appear from comparative measure- ments given by Mr. Thomas to be smaller than those of Upper Sind, and the Beloochistan specimens of Huttoni larger than either the Lower Sind or Upper Sind specimens. Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. P., Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan. Mus (Nesokia) Bengalensis; Arvicola Bengalensis, Gray and Hard. Ill. Ind., Zool, ii., p. 21. Nesokia Indica, Blyth, J. A. S. B. Xxxil., p. 828; Jerd. Mam. Ind. pl. 187. Mus (N) Blythianus, Anderson, J. A. S. B. 47, p. 227, pl. xiii, Mus (N) Barclayanus, Anderson 1. c., p. 229, pl. xui., fig. i. to 1. MUS. 45 Form stout and heavy, muzzle blunt. Fur rather short and harsh, grizzled, brown above, rather paler below, and of three kinds as in the preceding, but the piles are not numerous. LEars short and rounded, and laid forward, they do not reach to the eyes. Tail shorter than head and body, ringed and sparsely covered with hairs, uniform brown above and below. Feet of medium size, nearly always brown above. Foot-pads small and rounded, five on the fore and six on the hind feet as in the other species. Mamme 1418,—often different on the two sides of the body. Length.—Head and body 7 to 8 inches ; tail 5 to 7. The common Nesokia of all India. In Sind it has only been found in the Thurr districts and a little below. The Southern Indian race of this species 1s Mus Kok, Gray=M. providens, Hill. Madras Journal. Mus (Nesokia) bandicota, Bechst. Mus giganteus, Hardw. Tr. Inn, Soc. vii-, p. 306 ; Anderson J. A. 8, B. 47, p. 232. Size very large, one to 1} feet or more in length. Tail about the length of head and body or less. Fur coarse, grizzled, blaekish grey and white above, grey beneath ; long piles on the dorsal and lumbar regions, abundant. ‘Tail broadly ringed, sparsely clad with short hairs. Feet well developed, sparsely clad above with short hairs. Moustache long. Mamme 12—three pectoral and three inguinal pairs. Hab.—Sind (at Kurrachee only), affecting cotton godowns, and throughout the Peninsula of India, Mus (as_ restricted).—Incisors narrow, smooth in front. Molars tubercular, not divided into transverse laminz. Pollex only with a nail, the other digits with sharp compressed claws. Other characters variable. The following is a synopsis of the species which occur in Sind :— I. Hind feet with 6 well-defined foot-pads. A Large, 44 to 9 inches in length. Last hind foot-pad elongated= fats. a. Whole of tail covered with short hairs ; upperside of tail dark coloured ; 8—12 mammee. a. Tail dark above and below, shorter than head and body ; 10—12 mamme; hind LOOU Mc dem—icrasebirc ge uaticid: Hess saute. sielees M. decumanus. b. Taillonger than head and body, anterior edge of zygoma root with a strongly marked rounded angle above ; 1O—12 mamme ; hind foot) P2714" sy. iS. ced ceaven en voll, alewandrinus. ~ 4.6 MURIDA. II. Small, 2-4 inches in length. Hind foot-pad circular= Mice. Anterior edge of zygoma root per- pendicular; 10 mammez; tail as long as, or longer than, the head and body. 1. Colour rufous brown, belly scarcely lighter ; limd toot Of — decree crotch es ceca M. urbanus. 2. Colour pale fulvous, belly white ; hind foot Ou S LOS aie oi MER eRInc sek Sarees fe ceo oneeee M., bactrianus. Ill. Hind feet with only 4 or 5 well developed foot-pads; mamme 8; tail about the length of head and body; hind foot about LOO TARE RAPER Ren aris ss So Same orpeciontn aero csr M, mettada. Mus decumanus, Pall. Nov. Glires, p.91. M. brunneus, Hodgs. Ann. and Mag. N. H. xv., p. 266. M. decumanoides, Hodqs. J. A.S.B.x., p: 915; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 195, Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind, p- 92. Chooah, Oondir, Sind, Hind.—THe Brown Rat. Above dusky cinereous brown, with a tinge of yellow; the hairs slaty at base with a yellowish tip, and the longer ones dusky blackish, beneath dirty pale ashy. Hars as broad as long. Har conch 0-7", rounded. Tail 7:1”. Head and body 8°3”. Hab.—Sind and throughout India. Found also in Persia. Spreads into Europe. Mus alexandrinus, Geoff. Desc. de l'Egypte, Hist. Nat. ii, p. 733. M. asiaticus, Gray, Charles. May. N. .i.,p. 585. M.arboreus, B. H. Horsf. Cat. Mus. H. I. C. M. crassipes, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 28, p. 295, Ind.—Var nitidus, Hodgson, Ann. and Mag. N. H. xv., p. 267. M. pyctoris, Hodgs. l.c. Var rufescens Gray, Charles. Mag. N. H. 1., p- 585. M. indicus Geoff. Desm. Mam. i., p. 299. M. flavescens, Ell, Mad. Journ. Int, Sct. x., p. 214. M. brunneisculus, Hodgs. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xv., p. 267. Fur harsh, sometimes mixed with fine spines. Colour variable, above dark rufous grey to reddish fulvous, below white. Feet nearly always white. Tail longer than the head and body. Lars large, laid forward they reach quite to or even beyond the eye. Foot-pads 5—6. Mamme 10, 11 or 12, normally three pectoral and three inguinal pairs, but one or both of the posterior pair often absent. Length.—Head and body 6 to 6°8 inches; tail 7 to 9”; hind foot 1:2” to 1:45". Hab.—Sind, Persian Gulf, Madras, Darjeeling and Ceylon. Occurs also in Gilgit and Egypt. Mus urbanus, Hodgs. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xv., p. 269; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 203; Murray, Hdbk., Zool, &ec., Sind, p. 93. Mus musculus, Ell. Madras Journ. x., p. 214. M. nepalensis, Hoilgs. J. A. S. B. x., p. 915. M. manii, Gray, Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. M. darji- lingensis, Hodgs. op. cit. iii.. p. 203. M. tytleri, Blyth, J. A. S. B. 28, p.- 96. M. rama, Cant. Blyth, J. A. S. B. 34, p. 194. MUS. 47 Above dusky reddish or rufous brown, below rather paler. Fur short, crisp, quite spineless, slate-coloured for three-fourths the length at base and tipped yellowish or orange with a few black-tipped hairs inter- mixed in less bright-coloured specimens. ‘Tail longer than head and body or equal, more or less pale beneath. Mamme 10, three pectoral and two inguinal pairs. Length.—Head and body 2°6” to 8”; tail 3:20” to 3:54”; hind foot 0°65"—0°68." The common house mouse of the whole of India. Mus bactrianus, Blyth, J. A. S. B. xv., p. 140; Blanf. Kastern Persia, p. 56. pl.v. fig. 2; Danfield and Alston, P. Z. S. 1880; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 205. Murray, Hdbk., Zool. &c., Sind, p, 93. M. gerbillinus, Blyth, J. A. S. B, xxii, p. 410. M. Theobaldi, Blyth, TIAL SB: 22, p. 58d. Fur as in M. urbanus, colour light isabelline or sandy fawn. The bases of the hairs with a slaty tinge. Hars shorter than in M/. urbanius, covered inside and out with short hairs of a sandy colour, under parts and feet white. Tail the length of the body, or a very little longer ; brown above, white beneath, and clad with minute hairs. Mamme as in M. wrbanus. Length.—Head and body 2” to 3°4.”; tail 2°45” to 3°55”; hind foot 0°65" to 0°75”. Hab.—Sind, N. W. Provinces, Cashmere, and westwards to the Euphrates; Muscat, Beloochistan, S. Persia and Afghanistan. Mus mettada, Gray, Charlesworth Mag. N. H. i. p. 586. Mus lanuginosus, Hill. Madras Journ. Lit. Soc. x., p. 212. Mus mettada, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlvi., p. 290., pl. 1, skull, foot, &c., Jerdon, Mammals of Ind. p. 2138.—Tue Sorr-rurrep Figip Rat. Fur long, soft or spineless. General colour above grey, below white. Hairs above dark slate colour for seven-eighths of their length, then yellowish white, the extreme tips black or dark brown; some have all the distal quarter of the hair black ; these darker hairs as usual are more numerous along the centre of the back. Belly hairs slate colour for their basal three-fourths, the tips white, hiding the slate colour. The line of separation of the upper and lower colours as a rule is not well marked. Mammee 8—two pectoral and two inguinal pairs. ‘ail about the length of the head and body. Hairs on the tail numerous, rather longer than most species, but not forming a pencil at the tip. Colour brown above, white below. ‘The aboveis Mr. ‘Thomas’ description of Southern Indian and Ahmednuggur specimens. In Sind specimens the general colour of the face is rufescent sandy, the basal half of the hairs being pale French grey, and the rest rufescent with some longer, black, and black-tipped hairs intermixed. The lower series of whiskers are white, and the upper dark brown. There is a patch of pure white on the snout all round and including the lower lip. The ears are round and covered inside and out with whitish hairs, the extreme outer margin intermixed with hairs which have dark brown 48 HYSTRICIDA. bases. A well-defined rufescent circle round the eyes. General colour ef the back greyish, below whitish. The feet are white, the tail is covered with short hairs, and is sharply bicolor, the upper surface being dark brown and the lower white. Soles of feet naked. Pads on forefeet five. On the hind feet the sixth is always, and the fifth frequently, suppressed. Hab.—Sind, Deccan, and Southern India in cultivated fields, living in holes at the roots of bushes or among stone heaps. Family, HYSTRICIDA. Molars = lower angle of lower jaw acute, terminal portion of muzzle clothed with small hairs, the skull with a large ante-orbital opening. Sub-family, HYSTRICINA,—Porcupines. Incisors %, lower truncated ; molars = rooted, compound ; tongue and body covered with spines; clavicles none ; forefeet tetradactylous with a minute wart for a thumb. Hystrix, Linn.—Temporal and orbital fossee very small, parietal bones depressed, occipital and sagittal crests projecting much, tail short, feet plantigrade, the anterior tetradactyle, the posterior pentadactyle, armed with large nails. Hystrix leucura, Sykes, P. Z. 8S. 1830, Blyth, Cat. p. 128; Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 219. Serr, Syal, Sinkore, Sind, Hind.—Tue Inp1an PorcuPINE. Muzzle clad with stiff bristly hairs and a few white spines on the face; spines on the throat short-grooved, some with white points form- ing a demi-collar, spines and open tubes on the tail entirely white. Crest full, long, chiefly of black bristles, a few reaching to the inser- tion of the tail, and with long white points; the largest quills on the back black, many annulated with white at base and middle, and some with white points ; Jong thin quills, mostly white at tip; whiskers, long and black, a few tipped white. Length.—Head and body 32%, tail 7, skull 5:25’, molars 7, in four Sind specimens. Hab.—Sind, the greater part of India, except Bengal, where it is re- placed by H. Bengalensis; also Burmah and Ceylon, Beloochistan, Persia and Afghanistan. HZ, Cristata, Linn, has been found by Mr. Blanford (Hastern Persia, p- 80) at Jalk (Beloochistan), and not unlikely it will be found in Sind, also on the hills north of Mugeer Peer and those separating Sind from Beloochistan. H. cristatus differs from leucura in its general colour, being grizzled dusky black, resulting from a mixture of various shades of white, brown and black. Upper partofthe neck and head furnished with a crest of long hghter coloured hairs. The muzzle and limbs are clothed with very short almost black hair. The whitish band on the fore-part LEPUS. ; 49 and sides of the neck is less distinctly marked than in HW, leucura. The upper back, sides, ramp, and upper parts of the hinder legs are spiny, and the spines longest i in the middle of the back, about the size of a goose quill, striated longitudinally, and ringed an inch or so broad alternately with black and white, and the open tail quills are dusky. The animal measures from 20 to 22 inches, or a third less than leucura. : The Sind speciesis specially destructive to the potato crops. It lives in holes on the hill sides, and banks of the Indus, in the vicinity of cultiva- tion. General MacMaster, in hisnotes on Jerdon’s Mammalia, meutions an instance of his having dug out a porcupine of this species, and says that ‘ the entrance of the animal’s abode was a hole in a bank at which the dogs were yelping and barking ; but the bipeds had gone more scientifically to work, by conntermining from above, eine shafts downwards, till at last they reached his inner chamber, when he scuttled out, and charging (as they always do, and not throwing their quills) backwards at ‘the dogs with all its spines erected, he soon sent them flying, howling most piteously.” The flesh of poreupines is much esteemed in some parts of India, and is in Hurope also, when game is scarce, considered a great delicacy. They are very dainty feeders, and Gene ral MacMaster says, “this the gardeners know to their cost. A pineapple”, he Says, ‘Sis left by them (the porcupines) till the night before it is cut.” Peas, potatoes, onions, &c., are not touched till the owner has made up his mind that they are just ready for the table. Family, LEPORIDA,—Harss. Fur soft. Upper incisors 4, lower ones subulate. Molars 5—6 above, and 6 beneath on each side; all rootless. Hars generally large. Hyes large. Forefeet short, with 5 toes. Hind feet long, with 4 toes. Tail none, or very short. Soles of the feet hairy. Hares are diffused almost over every climate, and, notwithstanding they are hunted and shot everywhere, their numbers never diminish, They propagate the first year of their lives and bring forth four to six young at a time. Lepus, Linn.—Incisors +. Upper in pairs (two in front, large and 6—6 erooved, and two smaller behind). Lower teeth square. Molars pene Le] composed of two soldered vertical plates; the last very small in the upper jaw. Soles of the feet hairy. Tail short, turned upwards. Lepus craspedotis, Blanford, Hastern Persia, p. 80; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 93. Sissa, Soho, Seher, Hind, Sind. Colour brown above, white below. Fur of the back pale French grey at the base, then black, and the tip pale brown, almost isabel- line. The black rings are wanting on the fur of the nape, hind neck and breast, which, like the fore legs and hinder part of the tarsi, are pale rufous brown, ears externally mouse brown, blackish brown on the posterior portion near the tip, the anterior edges white with bas N 5O LEPORIDAL. rather longer hairs, except near the tip, where the hairs are short and black. The posterior margins inside pale isabelline, the pale edge becoming broader near the tip. ‘Tail black above, white on the sides and below, whiskers black near their base, white, except on the shorter ones, throughout the greater part of their length; a pale line from the nose including the eye continued back nearly to theear, Mr. Blanford gives the following dimenions of a @ in the flesh, Length.—Head and body 15,” tail 3°5”, hairs at end of tail 1”, = 19°5”, ear outside 6”, breadth of ear laid flat 3°25"; tarsus aud hind foot 4°25", carpus and fore foot 2°5."—(Blanf. Hast. Pers.) Hab.—Sind and Beloochistan. Lepus dayanus, Pi. P. Z. 8. 1874, p. 663; Murray, Hdbh., Zool., §c., Sind., p. 93. Sissa, Soho, Seher, Hind., Sind.—TueE Sinp Hare. “ Back light brown, much mixed with black ; hairs at the base nearly white, then black, towards the end pale brown, the tips being black ; on the sides of the body the black gradually disappears; belly, as usual, white ; inner surface of the thighs, sides, and lower part of tail the same. Upper part of tail brown, the hairs being dusky and almost black at the base, with brown tips; sides and lower part of neck as far back as the fore legsand the limbs pale rufous ; soles of feet a little darker ; back of neck behind the ears the same. Ears broad and rather long, apparently slightly exceeding those of L, ruficaudatus, both in length and breath; they are nearly naked on the greater part of their surface, both inside and out. The anterior portion of the outer surface is covered with short brown hairs mixed with black, the margin itself having a fringe of longer hairs, and the extreme hinder margin 1s covered with very short whitish hairs. The tips, tov, are covered outside with dark brown hair, nearly black inside; near the edge only with yellowish buff. The hair on the posterior portion of the outer surface, near the base of the ears, is whitish. “Distinguished from DL. ruficaudatus by being rather smaller, by the hair being longer and very much finer, with, so far as can be judged by the specimen examined, much longer black tips to the hairs on the back. The tail in ruficwudatus is rufous brown above, whereas in the present species it is dusky brown above, and the hairs are blackish at the base. In ruficaudatus the nasal bones are longer and much more convex anteriorly, and the posterior prolongation of the post-orbital process is not in contact with the skull behind, whereas in L. dayanus this prolongation joins the skull so as to leave a foramen behind the post-qrbital process, as in L. mediterraneus, which has, on this ground alone, been considered generically distinct from other hares by Dr. Gray. (Ann. Mag. and Nat. Hist. 1867, p. 222). In the skull of L. dayanus, which I have examined, the post-orbital process is not anchylosed with the frontals behind the foramen, but it may very probably be so in older animals. “All the teeth are smaller than in L. ruficaudatus, but the wpper in- cisors appear very indistinetly grooved, and so far as I can judge never LEPUS. GSI) have the raised ridge along the front part of their inner edge so conspicuous in old skulls of L. rwficaudatus, Length.—From nose to rump about 18 inches. The ears are 44 inches long from the orifice to tip, and nearly 2°5” broad; in fresh specimens they would be 5 inches long at least. The tarsus and hind foot to the end of the claws measure just 4 inches ; this measure- ment of course would be the same in the living animal. The skull extracted is imperfect behind; the breadth across the hinder and broadest part of the zygomatic arches is 1°55 inch, across the frontal bones, where narrowest, and between the foramina, behind the post- orbital processes, 0°47". Length of suture between the nasal bones 1:1.°"—Blanfd. P. Z. S. 1874, p. 663. Lepus joongshaiensis, sp. nov—Tue Joonasnar Harn. Upper and lower lip and chin white. Upper series of whiskers entirely black ; median series white with black bases ; the lower series and those fringing the up- per lip entirely white. A pale fulvous, or fulvous white line from the nostrils on each side, including the eye, and for about half an inch behind it. Hairs.4on’ /).the snout rufescent, mixed with blackish on the forehead, black at the base and tip, with a broad fulvescent band in the middle. Kars externally covered with short fulvescent and black hairs, internally with whitish hairs, except for about 0°25 inch along the outer an- Side view. Skull of Lepus joongshaiensis. 4 LEPORIDA. terior edge for the length of its basal half where it is mixed with black; the inner margin of the conch is clothed with long white hairs, which project from its outer edge, and become : shorter, closer, and buffish round the margin of the tip, where it is backed by black hairs on the outer margin, Fur behind the ears at the base, and on the sides of the nape, greyish white. A distinct broad, unmixed rufescent earthy streak from between the ears, behind, to between the shoulders. Ruff below the neck and the sides of the body, above the white of the belly, pale earthy fulvescent, largely mixed with long black spiny hairs, some with black bases and tips and a broad fulvescent mesial band. The upper breast is not white as shown in the plate, of L. craspedotis (Blanf. Hast. Pers.). The under-fur of the upper parts is pale French grey, or light ashy. On the back the fur is soft and long, with broad white bases followed by a dark band, and a subapical fulvous one; the apices narrowly black. Tail black above, white below, with an intervening line of longish, earthy fulvescent hairs. Inner surface of the thighs, the belly, and under side of the tail, white, externally the limbs are rufous; the tarsi and soles of the feet are dark earthy rufescent brown. Length,—Head and body 18 inches; tail 8’—=21. Hars from base of skull 5 inches, greatest breadth 2:6”. Tarsus to tip of nail 4°12”. The length of the skull is 3:25 inches; the width across zygomatic arches where broadest behind, 1:5”; width across frontal bone, where narrowest, behind the post-orbital process, 0:5”. Suture of nasal bones 1:12”, suture of frontal plate 1:37”.. Width of brain case 1:06". The hind superciliary or post-orbital process is serrated ; its hind process is free and not anchylosed to the frontal bone behind, and the greatest width across is 0:93". The nodosity on the anterior angle of the zygoma, above the molars, is large, nearly flat below ; its hind margin grooved with a deep hollow to receive a tendon. The greatest width across theseis 1-44 inches. Upper incisors distinctly grooved. The molars are larger than those of craspedotis and dayanus, the third and largest being 0°18" across ; the four middle ones with a prominent ridge in the centre, their outer edges grooved ; the first molar is aceumbent on the second, with three grooves and three ridges anteriorly. The palatal foramen is 0°25 inches wide anteriorly, while in dayanus it is just 0°12”. In dayanus there is a small projection or point behind as well as in front of the bone separating the palatal foramina, but in this species or form it is wanting behind, I provisionally name it L. joongshatensis. Iam indebted to Mr. Gopal Jairam, the Station Master, at Joongshai, and to Mr. F. Gleadew of the Forest Department, for specimens of this form. Molars enlarged. aanbiiagpentbi sharing iabinnaal Qtr cos) ASINUS. ORDER—BELLU. Pachydermata, Cuv. Regne. Anim. Ungulata, Owen. Teeth of two forms. Upper incisors 6 or none, molars all similar. Canines often wanting orrudimentary. Toes hoofed. Skin thick, with scattered hairs.. Mammee pectoral or inguinal. SUB-ORDER II.—SOLIDUNGULA. Nose round, soft, simple. Neck elongate. Upper lip prehensile. Incisors in each jaw, normal, erect. Canines normal or wanting. ‘Toes single (two united together) and covered with a single hoof. Family, EQUID/,—Horsss. Toes covered with a single hoof; lateral rudimentary toes subequal. Teeth 40. 1 . . 6—6 77 . tel 6 € = 2 7 ‘e Incisors ~. Canines j—," Molars g—] or gq. Molars complex, with Square crowns marked by lamine of enamel. Crown of incisors furrowed by a groove. Mamme inguinal. Equus, Linn.—Tail covered with lone hair to the root. Fore and hind legs with a wart (sellander) on the inner side. Equus caballus, var domestica.—The Sind horse is an interbreed from the Persian and Kattiawaree chiefly, generally with a longish head and narrow chest, but with fairly well formed croup. Usually very quick; the body is somewhat heavy, but the animal is capable of enduring much fatigue. The smaller breeds known as tattoos are very sure-footed animals, with hardy constitutions, good and firm hoofs. They are used both for riding and carrying burdens, aud chiefly the latter. Asinus, Gray, Zool. Jowrn. i, p. 261; Cat. Bellu and Brute Br. M. p. 267. Upper part of tail covered with short hair; lower part covered with lone hair forming a tuft; forelegs only furnished with warts. A dorsal and more or less distinct humeral stripe. Asinus vulgaris, Gray, Zool. Journ. i, p. 244; Cat. Mam. Br. Mus. p. 268; Cat. Bellue and Brute, p. 268. Guddha of the Hindoos ; Garrow, Mahr; Khur, Pathan; Guddha, Sind; Djarh, Arab. —Txe Domzstic Ass. General colour uniform grey with a longitudinal dorsal streak, and a dark streak across the shoulders. THars elongate. Facial line arched. Skull with sub-orbital foramen, as in L. hemionus, rarely of a darker colour than grey, or skewbald. The ass varies in size and appearance in different climates, usually small and shaggy in cold climates; whether it is found in a truly wild state, is doubtful. In Sind the Banians (Hindoos} or grocer section of the community utilize this animal for riding purposes, and in fact prefer a good ass to a horse, as it would carry both its owner and about ay SUID. two maunds of goods for miles without being fatigued. When used for riding only, the Sind animal is very fleet. In general it does not exhibit the proverbial stupidity and obstinacy it is credited with. Asinus onager, Gray, Cat. Ungulata, Br. Mus.; Cat. Belluw, Br. Mus. p. 269. Asinus indicus, Sclater.—Tur GoorkHUR OF SIND AND BELOOCHISTAN. Of a pale reddish or isabelline colour. Muzzle, breast, lower parts and inside of limbs and buttocks white, dorsal streak black, rather wider over the small of the back. Tail tuft and mane blackish brown, frequently a dark cross stripe on the shoulder. Limbs sometimes faintly barred. Ears sandy externally, white internally with a black tip. Skull with the infra-orbital foramen high up. Height 11—12 hands. Hab.—Sind, in the Thurr districts, and west of the Indus River ; Beloochistan, extending into Persia and Turkistan as far north as N. lat. 48°. Dr. Gray says they are abundant in Mesopotamia. In Persia they inhabit the deserts in troops. In Beloochistan, Blanford (Mast, Persia) says, they are abundant near Bampur. In the great deserts of Tartary they inhabit the dry and mountainous parts, arriving in vast troops to feed during the summer in the tracts east and north of Lake Aral. About autumn, Burroughs says, they collect in herds of hundreds and even thousands, towards Persia, which is their usual place of retirement, about the mountains of Casbin. The Arabs and Tartars take them in snares for the sake of their flesh, which is said to be un- savoury fresh killed, but excellent meat after keeping. The Persians are said to catch them and break them in for draught, and on account of their untameable nature, those successfully broken in are sold at high prices, especially those fit as stallions for crossing with the domestic ass. Their food in the wild state is the salt plants, such as Kali, Atriplex, Chenopodium, and some species of Huphorbia. Its bile is a specific among the Persians for dimness of sight. Shagreen is made from the skin of these animals, also of horses and asses, and forms an important article of commerce in Persia and Astrakhan. Family, SUIDA!,—Pics. Head pointed. Snout blunt. Hars large. Body compressed. Skin covered with bristles. Molars tubercular, with a few separate roots. Canines in the males large in both jaws, the lower pair prismatic, triangular; the upper, round, recurved. Teeth 40-44. Incisors various 5—.. a or ad Molars = Teats 10, rarely 8. Sus, Linn.—Face conical, simple, or with 2—3 warts on each cheek. Kars ovate, hairy. ‘Tail moderate, tufted. Incisors 4 or §. Sus cristatus, Wagn. Sus aper, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x., p. 91. Sus scrofa var indicus, Horsf. Cat. H. H.I. C. Mus. Sus Indicus, Gray, List Mam. Br. Mus. p. 185; Horsf. P. ZS. 1852; Murray, Habk., Zool., Sc., Sind. Sus aper, Hodgs. J. A. S. B. x., p. 911.—Boora Junwar, Hind; Dookur, Mahr ; ltatpunny, Madras; Sooar, Dhovokar, Sind.—Tue Inpran Witp Boar. Premolars A ‘ r — TETRACERUS. 55 Bristles of forehead, occiput, and back, elongate and forming a recumbent mane. Cheeks with a beard. A bundle of long black bristles on the throat. Body scantily covered with brownish black, and yellowish brown hairs. Tail covered with short hairs, with long lateral bristles. Nose and extremity brownish. Hars moderate, covered with scattered bristles. Head without any warts. Hoofs black. The young is of a fulvous colour, and striped with dark brown. Length.—Head and body 5 feet or more. Tail 1 foot. Height 30 to 31 inches. Skull, length 13 to 154 inches, height 85 to 9 inches. - Concavity on cheek, in front of orbit, deep and wide behind (variable in depth), and separated from the orbit by a well-marked ridge. Hab.—Whole of India to the foot of the Himalayas and Arrakan, from the level of the sea to 12,000 feet elevation. RUMINANTIA.—(Pecora, Linn.) ORDER—PECORA. Teeth of two or three kinds. Incisors 8 below. Molars 6 on each side in each jaw. Canines more or less developed. S. O. cavicornia, Front of upper jaw toothless. Horn-like prominences of the frontal bone covered with a permanent horny sheath. Family, BOVIDA. Nostrils open, bald within ; nose bovine; muffle large, moist. Horns smooth, spreading laterally, cylindrical or depressed, situated on the frontal edge. Skull without sub-orbital pit. Of this Family we have— Bos taurus, Gray.—Tus Butt.—Domesticated throughout India. The Zebu (Bos indicus) is not found domesticated in Sind. The Buffalo (Bubalus buffelus, Gray) is extensively reared, in Lower Sind especially, and used as milch cattle. Family, HELEOTRAGIDA,—Trur Anretorss. Nostrils bald within, open. Nose bovine. Muflle large, naked, moist. Crumen distinct or rudimentary. Horns conical, annulated, rarely present in females. Tetracerus.—Horns, in the males only, four. Front pairvery short. Sub-orbital fossee large, shallow. Feet pits in the hind feet only. Mammee four. Tetracerus quadricornis, Gray, Cat. Ungul. Br. Mus. p. 68; Cat. Rum. Mam. p. 18; Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 274; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c, Sind. Chowsinghee, Sind, Hind.—Tne Four-sornup ANTELOPE, Uniform brownish bay above, lighter beneath. Middle of belly and inside of limbs white. Forelegs dark. Muzzle and edge of the ears with long hairs. Upper pair of horns about 3 inches long, smooth, black, pointed, erect and bending slightly forward. The additional pair in front are between the orbits from 3 to } of an inch in length, blunt, and erect. 545 ANTILOPIDR. Length.—Nead and body 38 to 42 inches, tail 5 to 6 inches, height at shoulder two feet or more. Hab.—Sind and the Punjab, but is rare and seldom seen in open plains, except in places where the herbage is not stunted, Jerdon says it is found throughout India. It abounds in the hills of the Hastern Ghats, from near Madras northwards. Not known in the Gangetic Valley, nor in the countries to the east of Bengal. Family, ANTILOPIDA,—Anretopss. Nostrils open, bald within. Nose bovine, narrow, simple. Crumen distinct. Horns in males and females. False hoofs well developed. Skull—nose aperture moderate, intermaxillaries generally reaching to the nasals. Gazella.—Fur short, close-pressed, no dorsal streak. Knees tufted. Horns lyrate, elongate, closely ringed. Eye pits small, groin pits distinct, feet pits in all feet. : Gazella bennetti, Sykes ; Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 280; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind, p. 97.—THr Curnxara or Ravine Denr. Colour above deep fawn brown, darker where it joins the white of the sides and buttocks. Chin, breast, lower parts, and buttock behind, white. Tail, knee tufts, and fetlocks, black,a dark brown spot or patch ou the nose, and a dark line from the eyes to the mouth, bordered by a hight one above. Length.—Head and body of adult male 42—44 inches. Tail8—9 inches. Height 26—28 inches. Horns 12—1]3 inches. Largest pair in Kurrachee Museum 143 inches. As a rule the Sind form has the tips of the horns curved forward. Horns of females 4—6 inches lone. Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, Kattiawar, Guzerat, Central India and the Berars, Kutch, Rajputana, and Hurriane. It is numerous everywhere in Sind on the low undulating hills. On the Pubb range it is met with usually in company with the Gud, Ovis cycloceros. Dr. Jerdon mentions Gazella christii, Gray, from Sind and Kutch, and says it is paler in colour, with the horns smaller and more slender, and with the tips abruptly bent inwards. This is joined by Blyth to Bennetti. It is possible that @. subqutturosa, Gray, of North Persia, occurs in Sind. Family, CAPRIDA),—Trve Goats, Horns, usually in both sexes, situate behind the orbits, erect, com- pressed, curved backwards, with a longitudinal keel in front. Chin of males bearded ; bony cores of the horns, thick, porous and cellular. Capra, Linn.—Horns in both sexes long, angular and recurved. No muffle, nor eye or inguinal pits. Feet pits in the forefeet only, or in none. Females with two mamme. Capra egagrus, Pall. Zool. Rosso. As. De F. Viag in Pers ; Hutton. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. pl. xix., p. 521; Blanford’s Eastern Persia, p. 89; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., Sc., Sind. Hireus gazella, Gray. Cat. CAPRA. 57 Rum. Mam, Capra caucasica, H. Smith. Capra gazclla, Linn. The Pasang (male) and Boz (female) of the Persians and Afghans ; Surrah of the Sind Hill Tribes and Beloochis.—Tue Witp Goat or Asia Minor, or the Sinp Ipex. Colour variable seasonally ; generally light or fulvous brown, lighter in summer; a conspicuous dorsal streak present. Horns recurved, triangular, 40—58 inches along the curve. Upper scimitar-like edge much worn, rugose or broken into irregular knots. Length.—6 to 64 feet including the tail, which is small. Captain Hutton (Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist.) in describing this species says :—“ The colour of the animal varies with age and season, but it may be said generally to be of a brownish grey, more or lessintense. During the winter it is paler, and in old specimens altogether pale grey. The face in the mature male is of a deep sooty brown approaching to black, interspersed with grey at the base of the horns and on the cheeks; the forepart of the throat and chest are also of the same colour, which rises obliquely from the latter round the shoulders and unites at the withers, so as to form a dark and distinctly formed collar, while the same colour again extends itself in a stripe along the back from the base of the horns to the extremity of the tail, which is wholly dark brown or blackish. ‘Tail short, naked beneath, and carried, when the animal is alarmed and on the alert, turned up and firmly pressed against the back, as in the domestic goat. In general, at other times, it is pendant. Beard moderately long; deep brown or black, some- times interspersed with a few white hairs, and springs from the chin. Shoulders deep brownish grey, which colour continues down to the knees, from thence to the fetlocks, and forms two bands round the leg, the one at the knee and hock, the other at the pastern joints. Belly and under parts whitish, with a deep brown median line on the sides, which passes along the anterior edge of the hind legs. In summer the colour of the fur changes much. The whole of the upper parts being of a yellowish or fawn coloured brown; the mane on the neck and withers nearly or altogether wanting, and the face has a brown front or streak down its centre, with a stripe of the same colour from the inner canthus of each eye to the nostril. The throat and chest are less dark, andthe collar round the shoulders often wanting. In immature specimens the colours are much the same as the summer dress, but the dark lines are always less intense and often wanting. The adult female has the colours of the upper parts grey, with a shade of pale brown over all, and a broad dark brown stripe down the centre of the face, with another from the inner canthus of the eye to the nostril, Dorsal stripe present or absent. Beard none. The horns of the male differ in length according to the age of the individual. They are (in adults) very large, semi-elliptical, curved strongly backwards, and gradually outwards towards the apex, approxi- mated at the base, divergent at the summits, and transversely wrinkled. ‘he annual markings of increase are very strong and _re- markable, standing forward on the anterior edge or angle, in prominent, z 8 58 ANTILOPIDA. somewhat irregular rounded knobs. This peculiarity, Captain Hatton adds, is caused by the acute edge of the horn being chipped and worn away by friction and combat, but the general opinion of the natives in Sind is that these rugose prominences are caused by the animal letting itself down on its horns in descending crags when pressed or when it has missed its footing. At the base the horns are destitute of these prominences. The following are measurements of horns of females given by Captain Hutton:— 1. Length along curve, from base to apex, 13 inches, distance apart at apex 54 inches, apart at base 14”, basal circumference 4”. Horns much wrinkled with transverse rugosities. 2. Length along curve 12,” between the apices 4,” distance apart at base 1,” circumference at base 34 inches. The horns much wrinkled with transverse rugee. Hab.—Sind ; the Pubb range of hills, also the mountainous regions of Beloochistan, Afghanistan, Sooliman and Hazara ranges, Persia and Asia Minor. It inhabits a great range of climate from 1,000 feet above the sea, close to the coast of Beloochistan, and Mr. Blanford (Hastern Persia) adds on the peaks of the Hlburz, ten degrees further north at a great elevation. Captain Hutton, who has paid much attention to the habits of this species, and also of the wild sheep (Ovis Cyloceros), says: ‘ The attitude of the animal, when on the alert, and springing fearlessly from crag to crag in the rocky fastnesses, is bold and haughty, giving an idea of great muscular strength and agility, which the animal possesses in no ordinary degree. Butits speed is not sufficient when it. descends to the plains to preserve it from the greyhound. It is, however, only when driven from its haunts by the intensity of the winter that he condescends to visit the lowlands, and that but rarely. Its usual quick pace is a kind of canter, which, among hills, enables it rapidly to evade pursuit, but is not nimble enough, nor is the stride sufficiently long to suit it to the plain lands, though for scaling mountainous heights it is admirably adapted. The leaps these animals take are tremendous and almost pass credibility, and the faculty or power of stopping dead-short must be of much service in leaping down crags to avoid falling into the yawning chasms and precipices of the mountains,” It is a very shy and wary animal, and, like the Himalayan species, hard to circumvent under any circumstances, and “ Spindrift,” in an article on ibex shooting (“ Asian,” July 1880), whichis equally applicable to Sind, says: “ But whatever chances of success a man by himself may have in pursuit of the animal, the chance is just halved if he be accom- panied by a friend, for there are two men, instead of one, who may slip, sneeze, stumble, show themselves, or do the hundred and one things that may spoil a stalk.” He adds—‘ If, however, quite by yourself, wary as tho animal is, you can generally get near enough for a shot by exercising alittle patience and paying attention to a few well- known rules. For instance,” he says, ‘you must make an early start aud climb at oxce to the top of the ridge on the slopes of which you OVIS. . 59 hope to find your game. It is all important to get above the animals, whose chief vigilance is directed down hill. During the day-time ibex remain bigh up lying down and sleeping, generally in some com- manding position, where to approach them may be impossible. But in the evening they come down to the grassy slopes to feed, and remain- ing there all night, wend their way up again in the early morning. This is the time to look for them. If you have got on to your ground early, you may be fortunate enough to waylay a hord as they leisurely browse their upward way to their retreat for theday. If not, you must mark them down, and when they are comfortably settled, try and stalk them. This of course,” he says, “is the ‘real Jam.’ It may take you hours of hard work and break-neck climbing to get near them, but you are repaid at last.” The flesh of the ibex is excellent venison. Tho skins are converted into water and flour bags by the hill tribes, and the horns carried by certain sects of mendicants as an insignia of their calling and as “trumpeting horns.” The true bezoar, (pa-zahr) a calcareous con- cretion is said to be obtained from the stomach of this animal. It is to the present day highly prized as a sovereign antidote to snake and other poisons, and as an universal remedy for all diseases. There is a very large specimen in the possession of one Chuttunmull, a native druggist at Hyderabad. It measures 24 inches in diameter. The surface is polished and is of a greenish olive colour. ‘The price paid for the specimen, he said, was Rs. 175. Smaller specimens are obtainable for from Rs. 50 to 7d. Family, OVIDAi,—Suuzep. Horns behind the orbit, more or less spiral, wider than deep, angular, much wrinkled, turned downwards, often almost into a circle. No muffle, no beard. Throat with long shaggy hair, Mamme 2. Ovis cycloceros, Hutton, Cale. Journ. Nat. Histy. vol. 1., 1842, p- 514; Jerdon, Mammals of Ind. p. 295; Gray, Cat. Rum. p. 59; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Horns subiriangular, much compressed laterally and posteriorly, transversely sulcated, curving outwards and returning inwardly towards the face. General colour rufous brown, or uniform yellowish or fawn-coloured brown. Face livid or bluish grey. Sides of mouth and chin white. Belly and legs below the knee whitish. A profuse beard from the throat to the breast intermixed with some white hairs reach- ing to the level of the knees. Tail short, white. Hye pits large. Horns 23 to 2? feet round the curve. Diameter at base 4 to 43 inches. Female, with short straight horns, slightly bent behind. No beard. Hab.—The warmer mountainous regions of Sind, Punjab, Be- loochistan, Persia and Afghanistan, at less elevations than the ibex, and during winter frequently on the plains and valleys. In the Himalayas it is said to be rare, being confined to the belt of country between Cashmere and the Indus Valley, but in the Sooliman, Hazara and Salt Range of the Punjab, numerous, in fairly large flocks. 60 CERVID Al. In general it is extremely shy and wary, and said to be difficult to approach, taking alarm at the least noise, even of the making of one of their own party while browsing. Like most wild ruminants this sheep also has a sentinel posted when the herd is feeding. In some districts, however, where they have not been hunted, they are said to feed with domestic cattle, &. When taken young they are easily domesticated ; but the rams are treacherous, making sudden_and fierce attacks upon unarmed persons. Family, CERVIDA. Nose tapering. Muzzle moist. Muffle naked. Crumen distinct. Antlers well developed. Sub-orbital pit distinct. Canines small, rudimentary. Fur of young spotted. Hyelaphus, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M_—Upper part of antlers simply forked. ‘Tail rather elongate, acute attheend. Antlers on an elongate hairy pedestal. Upper tine oninner hinder edge of the beam. Face short, broad and arched. Hyelaphus porcinus, Gray. Axis porcinus, Zim. Jerd. Mam. Ind. p. 263; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., 5c., Sind. p. 96—TueE Paray or Hoa-Derr. General colour light chestnut or fulvous. An eye-pit—Margin of lips, tail beneath, limbs within, and belly, white. In summer a few white spots are present. The young are spotted as in Awis maculatus. Length.—Head and body 44 inches. Tail about 8 inches. Height 28 inches. Horns 15 to 22 inches, generally short with short snags. It is easily distinguished from Awis maculatus (the spotted deer or chittul) by the absence of a distinct black dorsal stripe and white on its haunches. Hab.—Sind, Punjab, N. W. Provinces, the Gangetic Valley, Assam, Sylhet, and Burmah; also in Central India and Ceylon. In Bengal, Jerdon says, it is abundant in many parts near the foot of the Hima- layas, in Deyra Dhoon and near the Ganges, Sutlej} and Jumna. In Sind, as elsewhere, it prefers the vicinity of water, affects chiefly open forests, especially among the high grass along the banks of the Indus. ORDER,—BRUTA. Teeth of one or two kinds; all very similar, often entirely wanting. Molars rootless. ‘Toes united in the skin to the claws, which are coni- cal and rather compressed. Tongue elongate. Mamme pectoral or abdominal. Pholidotus, Gray.—Fore and hind feet entirely covered with scales, continued to the base of the claws. Mamme pectoral, Pholidotus indicus, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1865; Cat. Bruta, Br. Mus. ; Manis pentadactyla, Lin. Syst. Nat. i. p. 51; Jerdon, Mam. Ind. p. 315; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §¢., Ind. p. 98. (Chulla-Mirroon Sind; Kowlee Manjur, Hind. Dec.—Tuz Inpian Scary Ant-Harzr. PHOLIDOTUS. | 61 Head small in proportion. Muzzle conical, and elongated. Scales on the head small, increasing in size on the back of the neck and on the back; largest in the lumbar region and base of tail with coarse fulvous bristly hairs issuing from under each. Sides of the face, chin, throat, and under surface of the body sparsely covered with fulvous, stiff bristly hairs. Ears with a slightly raised edge; no distinct conch. Tail as long as the body. ‘The fully developed foetus, covered with scales like the parent. Middle claw of forefeet about four times the length of the outer. Eyes black. Soles of forefeet smooth and flabby; of hind feet black, tough and spongy. Length.—Head and body 26 to 30 inches. Hab.—Sind, especially the Southern Districts, Central and South India, Orissa and Bengal; extends to Nepal and Ceylon. Found also in the Deccan. This armour-clad creature appears to be very tenacious of life. A live specimen in my possession, which refused food and drink of every kind, lived for nearly three weeks. Whiteand blackants are its favorite food in Sind, for which it burrows from 6 to ]0 feet in the ground. It walks with its claws turned inward on the sole of the feet, and when disturbed, rolls itself into a ball. The entire body of this animal especially beneath every scale, is always covered with a small bluish tick. Its flesh is considered aphrodisiac by the natives of Sind, and also of the Deccan. CLASS TEL AVES: Vertebrated, oviparous, red and warm-blooded feathered bipeds with their pectoral or anterior limbs organised for flight. Lungs fixed and perforated. Respiration and circulation double. ORDER, RAPTORES,—BIRDS OF PREY. Acctpitres, Linn. Bill short, strong, stout, covered at the base with a cere or naked skin, and strongly curved, the tip perpendicular; nostrils open. Legs and feet muscular, armed with curved, sharp, elongated talons capable of being bent under the feet. Toes four, three in front and one behind ; upper mandible longer than’the lower one; the edges with one, and sometimes two, sharp or blunt festoons. Family, VULTURIDA),—Vutrurss. Upper mandible not toothed, sometimes sinuate; head and neck more or less bare, or clothed only with short down. No true feathers on crown of head. Sub-Family, VULTURINA,—Vutrtvres Proper. Nostrils not perforated. First quill short; third and fourth sub- equal, fourth longest. ‘Tarsus reticulated. Gen. Vultur.—Linn. Bill higher than broad; cere large ; nostrils rounded, naked. Vultur monachus, Linn. S. N.i. p. 122; Jerd. B. of Ind. vol. i, p.6; Hume, Str. F., vol. vii. p. 321; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., &c., Sind.—Tue Crestep or Great Brown VULtuRE. Adult.—Colour rich dark chocolate-brown throughout, including the crop patch, darker on the wings, tail and under parts. Feathers of the nape lengthened, lanceolate, and forming a ruff. Lores, cheeks, and throat downy, also a patch on the occiput; rest of head and neck both behind and laterally is bare, of a livid flesh colour in life. Bill black ; feet yellowish ; iris dark brown. Length.—42 to 45 inches, expanse 96 to 118, wing 29°5 to 32, culmen 38, tarsus 4°25. Hab.—A native of Europe. Found on the lofty mountains of Italy, the Tyrol, and also in Africa. In India it affects the hilly ranges of Central India, Guzerat, and Sind; occurring in the latter only in the winter months. Gen. Otogyps.—Gray. Tarsus longer than middle toe ; head and neck bare, with fleshy folds and a neck-lappet or wattle of skin. Otogyps calvus, G. Rf. Gray, Gen. B.i, p. 4; Jerd. B. of Ind. vol.i, p. 7; Hume, Str. F., vol. viii., p. 370; Shurpe, Cat. Acc. Br. Mus., p.14; Murray, Hdbk., Zool., §c., Sind. Vultur calvus, Scop. Del. Faun. et Flor. Insubr., vol. ii., p.85. V. pondicerianus, Lath. Ind. Orn. i, p. 7; Ran-Gidh, Bhaonra, Hind. ; Wudda Gidh, Sind.—-T'az Brack Vutrurs. _o essere we- g h -. lf mal nih % Upper mandible. Lower mandible. Nostrils. Culmen or keel. Gonys. Margins of mandibles or commissure. Ophthalmic region, or orbit. Forehead. Crown. Sinciput or hind head. Nape. Ear-coverts. Chin or mentum. Throat. Breast. The body Belly or abdomen. Vent. Under-tail coverts. dd Interscapularies back. Lower back. Ramp. Upper-tail coverts. Tail feathers. Central or median tail feathers. Lateral tail feathers. Shoulder of wing. Shoulder joint, wing coverts. ) Axilla, or edge of wing. Spurious wing, or primary coverts. Scapulars. Thigh or tibia. Tarsus. Toes. (lesser Lesser coverts. Median coverts. Greater coverts. Primaries. Secondaries. Tertiaries. Festoon. Cere. PSEUDOGYPS. 63 Adult.—Glossy black, inclining to brown on lower back and rump, some of the scapulars also washed with brown. Quills black, the shafts white, becoming brownish towards the tips. Secondaries whity- brown, blackish towards their tips. ‘Tail black, shaded with brown, the shafts brownish. Crop patch black.