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Washington, D. C.-. , nil raver iy, 1918. ee ettnioe

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VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE

By JoHN R. MOHLER
Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry

CONTENTS

Page Page
History and characteristics ________ f-|-Contagiousness2=—2 An statins 5
CIOL O Sys = a ee Se en 8 ee os ee 8 Immunity eee eet Meet ee ek 7
Bathocenicity 2 eee ee ee 3) |e Differentials diaenosis= = as
Symptoms and lesions_____________ 41 f Drea tient as Cees Petre es oar 10

HISTORY AND CHARACTERISTICS

Vesicular stomatitis is known in Europe and South Africa, and
has been observed occasionally in sporadic form in the United States,
- but without attracting any particular attention. During the early
fall of 1916, however, it became very extensive in certain sections of
this country, being especially prevalent in Nebraska, South Dakota,
Colorado, and Wyoming. it was first reported among the horses
and mules at remount stations in the Central West, “where large
numbers of animals had been collected prior to shipment to Kurope
for use in the French and British Armies. Here the disease found
ideal conditions for its spread among thousands of these animals
closely quartered in barns and pens. From these remount stations
in the Central West the disease became distributed by following the
channels of trade from the westward markets eastward as far as the
Atlantic coast. The aifection did not stop even there, as several
shipments were made abroad while the horses were in the ineubative
stage of the disease, and infected American horses were found
shortly after arrival in France.
\ Strange as it may seem, the first information that this country
‘Ad was experiencing an outbreak of vesicular stomatitis was reported in
an article by the French veterinarian Jacoulet, which appeared in the
Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, December 30, 1915. Owing to the
difficulties attending the delivery of European periodicals during
the recent war this copy was not received until several months
later. Jacoulet referred to the erosive stomatitis of indeterminate
nature affecting horses coming from America for the French Army.
23930°—30

2 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

He indicated that some of the veterinarians coming to the army depot
were acquainted with this disease, calling it stomatitis of horses and
attributing it to the fact that the new horses frequently licked the
freshly whitewashed walls near them. The question of etiology was
at once referred to the Pasteur Institute, but at that time attempts
to carry the disease from horse to horse proved unsuccessful. The
opinion was thereupon advanced that defective feed probably of a
mycotic nature was responsible, especially since moldiness was quite
extensive in American baled hay brought over with the horses.

In the issue of the above-named French journal dated February
29, 1916, Vigel records having observed the disease in question in a
large number of American animals. On the basis of his observations
he believed that the cause of vesicular stomatitis is a contagion and
should not be looked for in the poor quality of hay, as the disease
spread to French horses on the surrounding farms and these animals
had never eaten American hay. At least one cow became similarly
affected. Three bacteriologists of the French Army took samples of
blood and vesicular fluid from infected horses, but their results were
likewise negative. However, Vigel proved quite clearly that the
disease is contagious and transmissible through direct inoculation.
More recently, May 15, 1917, Panisset reports in the Revue Générale
de Médecine Vétérinaire that vesicular stomatitis had gained con-
siderable ground during the previous few months, but not sufficient
to cause any alarm. Particularly those depots that received horses
coming from the first infected remount stations have paid heavy
tribute to the affection. Although known and described in France
before the World War, it had been observed only occasionally, and
its frequency there in 1917 was considered by Panisset to be due to
importations of infected American horses for military purposes.

Notwithstanding that the disease primarily affects horses and
mules, it may spread to cattle under appropriate conditions, but
thus far it has not been observed under natural conditions among
hogs and sheep. Evidently the necessary conditions for its spread
from horses to cattle existed in Nebraska, as a shipment of cattle
from that locality to the Kansas City Stock Yards in the fall of 1916

was found infected. Much excitement was occasioned thereby, as

the disease was quite suggestive of foot-and-mouth disease. How-
ever, a series of careful experiments was at once begun, from which
the true nature of the disease was ascertained and the diagnosis of
vesicular stomatitis made.

Among other more important forms of stomatitis may be men-
tioned mycotic stomatitis of cattle, which results from eating feed
containing irritating fungi; necrotic stomatitis, especially affecting
calves and pigs, which is caused by infection with the necrosis bacil-
lus; stomatitis contagiosa, or foot-and-mouth disease, which is one
of the most highly infectious diseases of livestock and caused by a
filterable virus; and pustular stomatitis, which is less contagious in
character than the former and confined solely to the equine.

Concerning vesicular stomatitis, the name not only indicates the
location of the lesions in the mouth but also suggests that the
vesicles or blisters are characteristic features, being observed at the
beginning of the disease. Other names which have been applied to
this affection are sporadic aphthe, stomatitis vesiculosa, stomatitis

A)

VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE 3

aphthosa, erosive stomatitis, sore mouth, “ blue tongue,” and pseudo
foot-and-mouth disease. :
ETIOLOGY Y

Vesicular stomatitis is Bae by a filter-passing virus, which has
been shown to pass through such bacteria-retaining filters as the three
grades of Berkefeld, designated by the letters V, N, and W, and of
the Chamberlain, known as L 3 and L 7.

The virus is contained in the contents of vesicles which develop
in the course of the disease in the epithelium covering them and also
in the blood during the febrile stage and for a short period follow-
ing. It has not thus far been demonstrated to occur in the milk of
cows except as a contaminant from vesicles, which sometimes form

on the teats. However, the work dene to determine this has not been
sufficient to lead to conclusive results. The virus disappears from
the mouth of the affected animals within a few days after the rupture
of the vesicles.

Though little work has been done to determine the resistance of the
virus to sunlight, drying, and disinfectants, the indications are that
it is rapidly destroyed by these means. However, fragments of the
epithelial coverings of vesicles kept in a moist state either in 50 per
cent glycerin or without it, placed in test tubes, sealed with paratfiin,
and kept in the dark in the ice box, have been found in some
instances to contain active virus at the end of a month.

Virus kept alive for more than four years, by successive passages
through guinea pigs, still appeared to have lost little of its virulence.
On the other hand, the disease often appears to die out in naturally
infected herds without infecting more than a small proportion of the

animals,
PLURALITY OF TYPES OF VIRUS

In 1925 the Bureau of Animal Industry discovered the existence
of two types of vesicular stomatitis in the United States, which
appear to be indistinguishable clinically, just as there has been
found to be three types of foot-and-mouth-disease virus in Europe.
The general characteristics of the two viruses seem to be the same,
but one type of virus does not immunize against the other, although
it does against itself. An animal recovering from one type might
suffer from a fresh attack of the disease caused by the other within
a few weeks, whereas it would be immune to the same type for
months and possibly years.

One of the two types of virus was found to be responsible ‘for an
outbreak of vesicular stomatitis in the Middle West early in 1925,
another in New Jersey late in 1925, and a third outbreak in Ala-
bama in 1929.

PATHOGENICITY

Under natural conditions the disease is transferable to cattle,
horses, and mules, but in the several outbreaks of the disease that
have occurred in this country no hogs or sheep have been observed
to have become affected with the disease through natural exposure.
Hogs, however, may be infected by inoculation, as may also guinea
pigs. but the latter likewise do not contract the affection by natural
exposure.

4 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Burton?! in describing a disease under the name stomatitis con-
tagiosa of horses, but which appears to be identical with vesicular
stomatitis, reports that mules, though by no means immune, are
not so susceptible as horses and that the affection is transmissible
to man. He cites three cases of human infection, one of which was
himself. However, vesicular stomatitis has not been reported in
man in North America, and mules have not been observed to be less
susceptible than horses.

SYMPTOMS AND LESICNS

The first phenomenon of vesicular stomatitis consists in the for-
mation of reddened patches on the buccal mucosa, especially of the
tongue. These are quickly succeeded by vesicles or blisters of
grayish-red color only slightly elevated and of various sizes from a
dime to a silver dollar, filled with clear or yellowish serous fluid.
These blisters may be isolated, but frequently they coalesce to form
a large vesicle. They usually rupture in a very short time, which
accounts for their not being recognized at times even in the early
stages of the disease. The rupture of the vesicles results in exposing
the raw underlying surfaces, which appear as reddened erosions with
the grayish-white fragments of the torn mucous membrane of the
preexisting vesicles still attached to the irregular borders like a
fringe. These erosions may become confiuent, varying from the
size of a dime to that of the palm of the hand, and may evén involve
practically the entire upper surface of the tongue in horses. Heal-
ing varies, but usually occurs quite rapidly in from 8 to 15 days in
uncomplicated cases.

While these lesions in horses are principally confined to the upper
surface of the tongue, they may involve the inner surface of the
lips, the angles of the mouth, and the gums. In cattle lesions may
occur on the tongue, hard palate, lips, and gums, sometimes extend-
ing to the muzzle and around the nostrils. Often the lips of the
horse are swollen and itchy, which causes the animal to rub the
muzzle against any near-by object. In a very few cases fresh cows
have shown similar lesions on the teats when their infected calves
have been sucking them.

In one outbreak in which the disease seemed to be of unusual
virulence and infected more than 30 herds, a large proportion of the
cows in three dairy herds developed large vesicles on the teats, the
virus evidently being carried on the hands of the milker from cow
to cow. In none of the affected cows were vesicles observed on the
udder proper.

While foot lesions were reported to occur in horses by Capt. A. C.
Burton, of the English Army Veterinary Corps, in 1917, and while
they have been produced by bureau investigators in the feet of both
horses and cattle in a few cases by inoculation, no lesions on the feet,
in either of these animals, due to natural infection, were observed in
the United States in the outbreaks occurring before 1925. Since
then, however, a few cases in which foot lesions developed in cattle
have been observed in the field. In nearly all of these cases the

1 Bourton, A. C. “ STOMATITIS CONTAGIOSA’’ IN HORSES. Vet. Jour. (n. s. 24) 78: 234-
242, illus. 1917.

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VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE 5

lesions were confined to a single foot of the affected animal. The
lesions consisted of a very large vesicle in the interdigital space,
extending over its entire area. Other vesicles appeared around the
coronet. In some of the affected feet observed there was consider-
able separation of the horny from the deeper structures at the heels.
The lesions of the feet were practically identical in appearance with
those of foot-and-mouth disease, but, unlike them in the cases ob-
served, were confined to one foot. Furthermore, only a very small

roportion of affected animals had lesions of the feet, whereas in
Pear und woath disease the feet, as well as the mouth, usually become
affected.

Immediately before or simultaneously with the appearance of the
vesicles, the animal is usually depressed and there is present a rise of
temperature, which rapidly subsides after the vesicles rupture. A
more or less profuse flow of saliva follows, which dribbles from the
lips and consists of a thin, stringy, or frothy fluid. Not infrequently
the presence of salivation is the first indication that the animal is
sick. Owing to the painful condition of the mouth at this stage,
there is-loss of appetite or at least inability to eat, and in horses
“ oritting ” of the teeth is quite frequent, while in cattle “ smacking ”
noises are heard as in foot-and-mouth disease. This sensitiveness as
a rule remains for several days, after which healing commences, and
it is remarkable to observe how quickly the sick animals wili begin
to eat even while their tongues are still eroded. Although eating
well, they do not regain their original thrifty appearance for some
time longer. In dairy cows in addition to shrinkage in flesh there is
a noticeable reduction in the normal flow of milk for a few days.

So far as observations of the writer are concerned, the period of
incubation of vesicular stomatitis, following natural exposure,
varied from 36 hours to 9 days, but the greatest number of cases
occurred in from 2 to 5 days after exposure. Following inoculations,
vesicles are seldom more than 48 hours in appearing, are usually
present after 38 to 44 hours, and occasionally appear in 24 hours.
The temperature begins to rise between the eighteenth and twenty-
fourth hours and may reach 105° or even 107° F. in cattle.

No losses have been reported from uncomplicated cases of this dis-
ease in either horses, mules, or cattle. A certain proportion of
horses and mules having vesicular stomatitis also became infected
with either influenza or contagious pneumonia, or perhaps both,
and some deaths have occurred among such animals.

CONTAGIOUSNESS

The degree of contagiousness varies between wide limits. In
fact, certain writers have claimed that it is not contagious, because
they fail to reproduce the disease after experimenting with only one
healthy animal. ‘The writer’s experience with this disease shows
that unless the inoculation is made from a freshly ruptured vesicle
frequently one or even more of the inoculated animals in an experi-
ment will fail to develop the infection, as in several instances the
disease was produced in only 2 out of 3, or 2 out of 4, or, again, 3 out
of 9 of the experimental animals; so that it is necessary to use more
than one animal if accurate information is to be obtained. This

6 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

point is strongly brought out by the opposite conclusions reached by
the two French investigators, Jacoulet and Vigel, who found the
disease in American horses shipped to France. The former believes
the disease is benign, nontransmissible, and of alimentary origin,
while the latter readily transmitted the disease to other horses and
convinced himself of its contagiousness.

Experiments have proved that the disease 1s most readily trans-
missible at the time the blisters rupture or shortly thereafter, but
when the lesions are 5 or 6 days old the virus of the disease has prac-
tically disappeared. This may account for the greatly diifering
results investigators have had in their attempts to ‘transfer the dis-
ease artificially. These facts show the necessity of using several
experiment animals for inoculation, and also of injecting the infee-
tious material as soon as possible after the blisters have formed.

The virus is evidently of short life. The disease usually is trans-
mitted only by close contact, and it is probable that infected enyiron-
ment may remain dangerous longer than the infected animal. At the
Bureau of Animal Industry Experiment Station, at Bethesda, Md.,
a young bull was placed in close association with two cat tle in a
pen 14 by 16 feet, 5 days after the rupture of vesicles in his mouth,
without transferring the disease to the healthy animals. However.
when an animal in the early stages of the disease was placed with
these two cattle and allowed to remain until the vesicles ruptured,
both developed the disease, one on the fourth day and the other on
the eighth day after rupture of vesicles in the mouth of the exposing
animal. In other experiments, horses and cattle were placed in a
field, set aside for animals that had recovered, 3 weeks after they
first showed symptoms of disease and a day of two less than this
after rupture of vesicles. Healthy cattle placed with these animals
developed no disease. Likewise, susceptible animals turned into a
stable which 3 weeks previously, in one instance, and 16 days previ-
ously in another, had harbored active cases of vesicular stomatitis,
remained well. In another experiment, a heifer was tied in an
uncleaned stall immediately after it had been vacated by an animal
which 5 days previously was in the active stage of the disease,
vesicles having just ruptured. In still another, a cow was similarly
placed in a stall immediately after another cow in which vesicles
had ruptured in her mouth 53 hours earlier had been removed. Both
of these animals failed to contract the disease. As proof that their
failure to do so was not because they were immune, both were later
inoculated with virus and contracted the disease. Several instances
have been reported in which a line fence or a board fence in a double
corral has been sufficient to prevent transmission ot the disease from
the infected animals on one side to the healthy animals on the other.

Investigations indicate that the disease is very seldom communi-
cated by owners or caretakers of affected animals visiting other
farms. Asa rule the disease appears to spread by direct contact with
recently affected animals, or by recently infected feed troughs, water
troughs, bridles, or pails. However, in one outbreak, in which the
virus seemed to be unusually virulent, the disease appeared to spread
in some other way in addition to these, possibly by a person who
visited infected herds and then handled susceptible cattle. In this

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VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE i

outbreak, which lasted about a month, 33 herds, containing in all
approximately 700 animals, became infected. Inoculation » experl-
ments on such laboratory animals as rabbits, rats, and mice have
resulted negatively, but guinea pigs can be regularly infected by
inoculation through scarification on the metatarsal pads, and less so
by intra- abdominal injection. Attempts, however, to infect them by
natural exposure have not been successful. The disease manifests
itself in susceptible animals more rapidly after the application of
infectious material to scarified areas in the mouth than through
intravenous injection, although positive results have been obtained
also by the- latter method. Incculations made on the upper suriace
of the tongue are more likely to take than if made elsewhere. The
freshest material that it is possible to obtain should be used in
making the inoculations.

Contrary to experiences in the field, the bureau was able in several
test inoculations to transmit infection to the feet of cattle in a small
proportions of cases, and likewise also produced lesions in from 5
to 9 days in the feet of one hog, in the mouth of another, and on
the snout of the third. While these cases were the exception and
not the rule, they should be recorded for their scientific interest. In
this connection it should be stated also that a number of hogs in
immediate contact with these animals but without receiving any arti-
ficial inoculation remained normal in all cases, while a number of
cattle similarly exposed contracted lesions which were confined solely
to the mouth.

IMMUNITY

An attack of the disease caused by one of the two known viruses
has been shown to protect one lot of guinea pigs against an inocula-
tion with the same strain of virus for at least a year, and another lot
2 years, but does not afford protection against the other virus. A
number of horses and cattle which were typically affected at the
bureau experiment station failed to contract the disease when inoc-
ulated with the virus 3 months later, although the control animals
became infected promptly. In these cases immunity lad persisted
for at least 3 months. Further tests regarding its duration could
not be made ai the time because the required infectious material was
not obtainable, since the disease had disappeared. More recently
three cows that had recovered from an attack of the malady failed
to develop it again 5, 7, and 714 months, respectively, later, ;vhen
inoculated with virus proved to be virulent. Still more recently
(19380) two cows that had had the disease 4 years and 7 months
previously resisted an exposure through inoculation which nes the
disease to develop in two susceptible cows and two guinea pigs inoc-
ulated with the same material.

The results of these tests, though made on a limited number of
iarge animals, coupled with the fact that guinea pigs remain immune
for a long time following an attack of the disease, indicate that im-
munity in cattle, and also likely in horses, is fairly lasting.

Whether the milk of affected cattle is or is not infectious for
people has not been recorded, but such milk has been fed experi-
mentally to hogs without producing any ull effects.

3 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

While the disease has not the great economic importance of foot-
and-mouth disease, it nevertheless is contagious and causes consider-
able alarm owing to its close resemblance to the dreaded European
disease. Furthermore, as most writers state, this infection in cattle
may be readily confounded with foot-and- mouth disease, and experi-
ence has shown that a prompt and exact differentiation is accom-
panied with numerous difficulties. The real difficulties surrounding
the diagnosis are best appreciated by those who have faced them with
the consciousness that their pronouncement if mistaken would lead
on one hand to unnecessary and serious economic disturbances and on
the other hand to the spread of one of the most dreaded and easily
communicated among animal plagues. Vesicular stomatitis there-
fore will prove a menace whenever and wherever it may reappear.
For these reasons it is strongly urged that local quarantines to pre-
vent its spread be imposed by State livestock officials in whose terri-
tory the disease may be found. All owners and handlers of horses,
mules, and cattle, particularly hverymen, managers of stockyards,
and stockmen, should be directed to separate sick from well animals,
clean and disinfect contaminated premises, and have all infected
animals appropriately treated.

The opinion that the malady is not foot-and-mouth disease is based
on the fact that persistent observation of sick animals has failed to
reveal certain typical symptoms which would be expected in an out-
break of foot-and-mouth disease. The drooling, vesicles, and ero-
sions are similar in appearance to those produced by foot-and-mouth
disease, but animals in the field rarely show soreness of the feet,

which is a common symptom of foot-and-mouth disease. Moreover,
many horses have this particular ailment, but horses have not been
observed to contract foot-and-mouth disease in any of the previous
foot-and-mouth outbreaks in the United States. Hundreds of hogs
exposed to the disease and in association with the sick animals in
pastures have shown no signs of the malady, which is regarded as
significant, because in the 1914 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease
hogs were as susceptible to that disease as were cattle. Exposed
sheep also failed to show vesicular stomatitis, yet these cloven-footed
animals are susceptible to foot-and-mouth infection. In a number
of cases of vesicular stomatitis the lesions appeared to be continuous
or progressive, and not explosive, as in foot-and-mouth disease. In
these instances secondary lesions were apparent on a number of con-
secutive days in the mouths of both horses and cattle, and vesicles
were observed on the bases of tongues whose free portions were al-
most denuded of mucous membrane as a result of the rupture of
similar vesicles six or seven days before.

Complications are extr emely rare in vesicular stomatitis, and
mammitis and chronic diseases of the hoof following vesicular
stomatitis, are unusual. Sucking calves are seldom affected with the
disease, and rarely in other than a mild form, while an attack of
foot-and-mouth disease in calves is always serious and not infre-
quently fatal. The vesicles in foot-and-mouth disease as a rule
are larger than in vesicular stomatitis, and are more tightly filled
with serous fluid, but in may cases are, in appearance, indistinguish-

Se ee

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VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES AND CATTLE 9

able from them. Furthermore, instead of increasing in virulence as
it passes through the herd and infecting practically every animal
in it, vesicular stomatitis tends to die out before it has infected a
very great proportion of them.

The percentage of animals infected in each of the herds of cattle,
and the history of exposure without transmission of the disease ex-
cept by immediate contact, would indicate that this ailment is not
the highly contagious foot-and-mouth disease which, once it is intro-
duced into a herd, quickly affects practically 100 per cent of the
cattle and hogs on all the farms to which the virus may be carried
by intermediate agencies. |

The result of this study of vesicular stomatitis suggests the neces-
sity of inoculating horses with suspected material in any future out-
break of disease bearing a resemblance to foot-and-mouth disease,
as this appears to be the only present method of promtly differen-
tiating between it and vesicular stomatitis.

Finally, it must be apparent that vesicular stomatitis is a disease
more closely resembling foot-and-mouth disease than either mycotic
or necrotic stomatitis, and that Hutyra and Marek are correct in

their opinion that a reliable differential diagnosis can be made only

after inoculation experiments and careful observation lasting a
number of days.

In mycotic stomatitis portions of the lning membrane of the
mouth become inflamed, and in a few days it changes to a croupous
membrane which peels off, leaving a raw surface, while the thin
skin between the toes may also be inflamed. Swelling of the feet
and stiffness of the animal are. frequently evident in mycotic stoma-
titis. ‘The previous history of the case, the absence of its spread
to horses exposed to the infection, and the complete negative results
obtained by the inoculation of calves, distinguish between this dis-
ease and vesicular stomatitis. Lastly, mycotic stomatitis occurs in
only from 10 to 15 per cent of the cattle in a herd, usually late in
the summer or early in the fall after a dry spell, and it does not
run a regular course.

Necrotic stomatitis may be distinguished from vesicular stoma-
titis by the fact that while it affects cattle and especially calves, it
may also involve pigs and sheep, but its spread among the animals
of a herd shows a much lower degree of infectiousness than vesic-
ular stomatitis. The characteristic lesion of the latter is the appear-
ance of blisters containing a serous fiuid on the mucous membrane
of the mouths of the affected animals. In necrotic stomatitis blis-
ters are never formed, destruction of the tissues occurring from the
beginning and being followed by the formation of yellowish, cheesy
patches principally found involving the lining membrane of the
mouth, especially the tongue and cheeks. The cause is Actenomyces
necrophorus (Bacillus necrophorus).

In horses vesicular stomatitis must be differentiated from con-
tagious pustular stomatitis, and this is not difficult. In the latter
disease there are no simple erosions, but. instead there are raised
nodules on the mucous membrane of the mouth. These nodules
suppurate and liquefy in the center, causing the conical surfaces
to slough, resulting in the formation of pustules or ulcers, from
which the name of the disease is derived. The location of the

10 BULLETIN 662, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

nodules and pustules is chiefly on the lips, gums, inside of the cheek,
and on the tip and sides of the tongue. While the disease may be
transmitted artificially to cattle, sheep, and hogs it occurs under
natural conditions only among equines.

TREATMENT

The treatment of vesicular stomatitis consists in first removing the
affected from the healthy animals and isolating the former until fully
recovered. Such isolation, together with the adoption of rigid sani-
tary precautions, oreatly reduces the prevalence of the disease.
Medicinal treatment or undue handling of the affected parts should
not be attempted until after the true nature of the disease has been
determined, as the lesions may be so mutilated as to make diagnosis
difficult. If it is found that the animals are affected with vesicular
stomatitis and they are gentle enough to be handled, one-half table-
spoonful of borax should be placed on the tongue twice daily, or the
mouth syringed several times a day with a 1 per cent solution of per-
manganate of potassium; otherwise 2 heaping tablespoonfuls of
borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium chlorate should be dissolved -
in a bucket of water and the affected animals allowed to drink or
rinse their mouths with this medicated water at their pleasure.
Hay should not be fed for the first few days, but instead bran or
other soft feed should be given. If the animals are treated in this
manner and carefully fed, the disease should rapidly disappear.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1930

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. - - - - - Price 5 cents

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