Srarawe. Vai at Le "s rs ey ¥ i eat Aaa Ame Ree Oe f i : l La : wn a ai . x he La) aan , | & * T ' ! ve a q aa ; iy 1 7 \ ‘ ol 7 i : nm r ~ AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW EDITED BY PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M. Member Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris). Veterinary Surgeons (England). Bruxelles ( Belgique), Honorary Fellow Royal College Foreign Corresponding Member Academy of Medicine AND Prof. WITH THE Prof. W. J. CoatTEs, M.D., D.V.S., New York-American Veterinary College. OLAF SCHWARZKOPF, Veterinarian, 3d Cav., U.35. Army, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Prof. W. Reip Brair, D.V.S., New York- American Veterinary College. Prof. S. STEWART, Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo. Prof. M. H. McKi uip, M.D., V.S., McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago, Ill. B. F. Kaupp, M.S., D.V.S., Commissioner of Public Health, Spartanburg, S. C. Prof. M. H. REYNOLDs, University of Minne- sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn. Wn. H. DALtrRyMPLE, M.R.C.V.S., Veter- inarian Louisiana Ag. Exp. Sta., Baton Rouge, La. Joun P. O’LEARY, V.M.D., Veterinary In- spector in Charge, B. A. I., Troy, N.Y. A. T. Kinsey, M.Sc., D.V.S., Path. Kansas aay Veterinary College, Kansas City, lo. PetOr 5. SISSON, S-B;, V.S., Prof. Comp. Anat., Ohio State University, author of Sisson’s Vet. Anat., etc., Columbus, O. J. G. RUTHERFORD, V.S., H.A.R.C.V.S., Ex- Veterinary Director-General and Live Stock Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada. ROBERT, W._ELLIS, D:V.S. COLLABORATION OF jeer: “te ke D.V.S., Dept. Agr., Goshen D. ARTHUR HuGHEs, Ph.D., D.V.M., Insp. Comm. Dept., U. S. Army, Chicago, R. MOHLER, V.M.D., American Veterinary Medical Association, Wash- ington, D.C. Prof. L.A. MERILLAT, V.S., Chicago Veter- inary College, Chicago, II]. SALMON, D.V.M., Ex-Director of the Veterinary School, Montevideo, Uru- guay. Prof. VERANUS A. Moore, Director, New — State Veterinary College, Ithaca JOHN D.E.- | RICHARD P. LyMAN, Dean Vet. Div. Mich. Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich. C.J. MARSHALL, V.M.D., Sec’y A. V.M.A., Philadelphia, Pa. MELVIN, M.D.C., Washington, D.C. Gro. H. GLoverR, M.S., D.V.M., Director Div. Vet. Sci., Colo. Agr. Coll., Ft. Collins, Colo. S.A. GRUENER, M.V.S., Veterinary Inspec- tor, Kamtchatka, Russia. AY. DD: Chief of B.A.I., And several others. VOLUME XLIII. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 509 WEST 152d STREET. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XLIII. PAGE Surgical Records— Gite mutes tiled with wadding and dried: +c. ccwccacecc ss sdessane 3 The trachea is slitted and shows the point where the opening EME eras ss. 0b a. een ieiuie) view ¥ o's ek 0k TO eR RRM = 0.25 Bare 4 Pee ceo’ Prot. Se ATONE, .. 0... cess ensaceccdd catpaeeesneeess 15 Sumy op cwrom County LTeasurer.....icaccsasve ss ane cebedeteenn sss 73 Catheterization of the Bitch— ait EGE SMP MRSLLI CH ES emtayar a ysie's oyavel v.¢-& ace,s 6, ow ave'e wiaieveis eve aie/erelerteebeesene tices ets 81 Ses mn E LOGS CM eter «ic siecle ds a.\/e.c'c o's sva oie abinie.c aisle tials happnmamere cs 90 Tidings from Brazil— Some of tue natives atid. Zebil CrOSseS.......<.6 sored snes segue eceeusees 121 Note the wattles—in some sections of Brazil 90 per cent. show this 122 Curious Sequelae to “ Williams’ Operation” for Roaring.............. 181 eae -orcmoma on the Plantar Surface of a Dog’s Foot....:....... is Sanam Orne Miceacct: co al aco a st sicclehe esi «. croctia)s ciacs pustne a aes b cigternapeioe ae 185 Staff of the Veterinary Division, Department of Agriculture, University GP SMMIVANTAAT SSRN cen eT Nor fates al oct fay are 0.0.15 v5.8, 81a aie.6 cio. 3 eave a's 0) oivne Sonera 218 Ocular Tumors with Case Reports— Showing cauliflower projecting epithelioma, which completely de- SCV CMT CREME ween aes re So oe e oie ons ciwS.clemssi cele ntaeen oak 203 Diffuse epithelioma involving all structures of left orbital fossa.... 293 PS EVELer icine Witliw bl Of UGINGCESss . ss vccs< cs ec ce occcgeenccccuoees 207 AEE AEG Gal Teta c:aoteccmeitials 0.0 «00.0 4 6 sieindus ofaid cwaras eiusek dale etme els 299 SCC ee See ED Gi ao Ss oc on vid cb np ov kane. o wi Sed eee e nbvemes 347 MADMIN CATIA ie sarc Sialeieca o,-s x eile 0 < v vinssteciv's eocldee soe eo 405 A. Liautard, Honorary President of the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the American Veterinary Association............ Frontispiece to No. 5 Officers of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1912-1913, Frontispiece to No. 5 New York, Old and New— aaa a eae a ANTS NE MNRY gpo groe oy , (he es « 298 IniFeniniontn Balok, pier ee eee 417 CE SS Sse oa 400 (Cagairi., [Reet to 646 (0 i 305 Cochran. David Wo.>.-....... 252 Cock, NAS 405 Copeland, ESMee ES ave tee rere ef «sca ss 178 MO GOGICEMENV Sincere nb avers; v.02 see ae 497 Dasara lensW > cic. ssic.e sess 105 DemGrooute i vAL ec. vss tetas. go, 296 Desmond. Vet. Sure........... 604 Dye. AV Se. fe) sha 8 alee ae eee 404 Drinkwater, William ........... 174 ID en sihia \WViras ev ae el 400 Excomorm, Adolph ....,........ 196 Pereuson, Wm, Pis.s...:..... 654 Inari, IN Shee ee oe 16, Bh Breeland: S.t€. oa... + OM azides. ee 550 MUUAUG THIN ess oie. t Lakes oss 363 (Ge titaian IE (eo ee eae 520 Goodwin) J. Arthur. ....2.....- 267 RETIN) oh VV cooncloiar 6 dicks othesere we 289 Mankins» Malcolm J... oe 62 TMBOMPS Og Wat an Seteciae isle o 642, 652 Warn Sarte JP A cepretcoapuse 9 coc 138 WESSON a1), 4 olen Sao eee 180 Winiteneadse anGene cr cece 6 61 Wisilcornt, WINGS GAS eneneeoomeminto I5I Wanchester, John Fo... ...5-...- 184 § vasiee 5 A bee Des ft ca TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIII. PAGE “Aborted Ova,” i (CEC Abscess in Ventricular Septum i COW SMELEART tes /o- c's’ sis Sees Abscess, Pelvic, in a Horse..... Abstracts from Exchanges... .94, 187, 302, 407, 538, Acetozone, Scour in Calves Miveated Wal i. 0... sec c oes PNChGOMICAlOPECia las acc... 20s Acquired Hydrocephaly in Dog. Acute Disease Among Cattle with Nervous Symptoms, Case Re- [ROTARY p's prot on eetteneie s AeOe ae Adamantinomes in the Domestic LAN THAT CIE se Qc a eee Adeno-Carcinoma on the Plantar Surface of a Dog’s Foot, Case TRE DOL PRINT icin ore.0 0, cbtale «te vs Advanced Veterinary Surgery, Castrating Standing vs........ fEgagropilus Obstructs Incom- pletely the Colon of a Horse.. Esophageal Foreign Body in a , Two Cases of Ln oF Sea Pe sceh seal Perforation, Gan- pmeme HOUDWS fics ccc cc sees A Horse 42 years old American Veterinary Education. American Veterinary ee Association ed American Veterinary Medical ee sociation, Fiftieth Anniversary ‘Meeting in New York........ Anatomical Nomenclature, Con- i eIIMEN GE SRE T AEE SS cra lary ia sialy sc +s Ancient History and Post-Mor- fem examination ..........-. Anesthesia, Cocaine as Local, in Amputation of the MHorse’s Till Crop ROR oie AOE ee Aneurism of Branch of Occipital Artery, Ruptured in Guttural Posemot a Mare. ........... Aneurism, Interesting, in a Foal. An Experiment with Eserine... Angell Hospital, the New—A Dwarfed Knowledge of Our (2) J 4235) (0) Angio-Fibroma of the Chorion in a Slut Sipe m wie) cc 00 6 Ue 6 60 2 8 8.0 647 646 PAGE Animals, Domestic, Trypanoso- IMILASI SROs Sees sii) ae ae Riots 445 Animal Serum, Simple in Sur- CEL PS ee eens bees 342 Anithians tile rember. scrote 618 Anthrax Germ, Fate of, in Stables Hilthieauegees noses aces 95 Anthrax Vaccination, Its Use andsApuse®. sch crane eels 267 Anti-Hog Cholera Serum, Meth- od Obs Using ar sacien eee 145 Aorta, Posterior, Ovariotomy and) Atieunismlsof cae )tcctei dares 306 Arecoline and Strychnine. . .652, 653 Arecoline Hydrobromide, Ex- PELIMEeNnt wwithiece eer eee 187 Arecoune, Uses of SS.ece ecco 308 Arloing, Prof. S., Bronze Medal We Pace et cere a'e Se ane nreeteiere see 15 | Army Veterinary Department.. 107, 202, 315, 421, 552 Army Veterinary Legislation, Witrieulties Otter te 421 Army Veterinary ~ Legislation, New lance lone rarer eter 202 Army Veterinary Service Bill... 360 Army Veterinary Service, Re- FornObsthenainwterk ep edietsee 137 Artificial Inoculation of Cattle with the Bacillus of Contagi- CUS PA DOLEHON) Ein eee cere 624 Atlas, Unsuspected Fracture of the pitas Caen. sscresral vets areiene 95 Autonomous Life of Visceral Ap- paratus Away from the Or- SPAT SHE ace.) oie epee otarat te erere 125 Autotheraphy, Two Cases Treat- ed by; Case, Reports... ue. 183 A. V. M. A. Convention Notes.. 667 2 pe M. A. Fiftieth Anniver- EPs cust slo eldiaveksuer ob cnaastenenehict/esel sie 135 A. ENE M. A., Proceedings of the. 229 Bacillus Bronchisepticus—Its Re- lation to Canine Distemper.. 16 pe NAG (Oman coaaonod our 196, 434 Belgian Review .........--+- 98, 545 BrIBLIOGRAPH Y— A System of Veterinary Med- TotiNS. Ueee Bale Beaged ocoresc od 425 VIL TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIII PAGE Bis_ioGRAPHY— 3ovine Tuberculosis and Its Beye hw cc) Wea oy nT ee 322 Ophthalmology for Veterinar- Tinsh 5 A eee 427 Special Pathology and Thera- peutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals ......... 109 Dine) Agimala0ctor.......n0ne8 324 BiGipital SyMOVIUS 2... 05.5 seen 4II sdlmes sr Frank S;.!%.).ssec8 10 Biography of “ Kit,’ Case Re- Doth Serene Sot ky OS 185 Bitch, Catheterization of the.... 80 Bitch, Dystokia in the—Some Observations Made While Per- forming the Caesarian Opera- 0) aE ara cee ist - 390 Bitch, Gastrotomy in aw... «ese 189 Brazil, \Tidings, tromsc sae 121 Breeding, Draft Horst.......-. 176 Bronze Medal of Prof. S. Ar- LORE.” bas cite eyes com eee Pees 15 Burning, Severe, with Hot Cin- ders, (Case Repotts.. ssscer se 207 Butcher’s Meat, Proteus Hemo- sulfurous and the Putrefac- HORVOR 6.5% o.00.0 geet an Gee 339 Galois "a pacialle. 20 pees 639 Calculus, Urethral, in a Horse.. 407 Calf, Double Headed........... 209 Calf, Dystokia Due to Large Size of Hind Quarters of..... 410 Calves, Fasciola Hepatica in LAE S, iC a a et, 5 SER EA Fe 102 Cancer, Three Interesting Cases DREAD Ares thnk eee ae « 540 Canine Distemper—Bacillus Bron- chisepticus, Its Relation to.... 16 Cannabis, Some Surgical Cases Illustrating the Use of as a General Anaesthetic, Case Re- FED 4 50 gb 2.2 vin SVs vistelspie mice es 92 Carcinoma of the Oesophagus in AMOR op eee ast Tee 96 Cardiac Reviviscency .......... 580 Care and Feed of the Work CE CED ease oil «a chiaaee 157 Carrion Crow, Tuberculosis in.. 412 Case of Cutaneous Bovine Tuber- Crone i Man io stones: 102 Case of Flatulent Colic with a Termination More Interesting Than Satisfactory, Case Re- OTE Fiance heir wiosine ses ase» 402 Case of Hemorrhagic Septicemia TO RD: Dy A ee aera ee 94 Case of Intussusception........ 188 Case from My Note Book, Case Report © catecess odes eee 204 Case of Osteomalacia Recovered. 651 Case, ‘Spiaaltovce sc cece . 408 Cases, Reports of....90, 178, 201, 401, 528, 639 Cases, Ten, Interesting...: o..000s 528 Castrating Standing ws. Ad- vanced Veterinary Surgery... 654 Castration of Colts, Standing Operation Versus Casting for. 547 Castration of ‘Mares by Inguinal Method>. 5. % sco. -5 ease poke ee 190 Castration of SOwss.cer eee 336 Catheterization of the Bitch.... 80 Cats, a Paracolon Infection of.. 514 Cat, the Falling, Case Report.. 537 Cattle, Acute Disease Among, with Nervous Symptoms, Case Report "i 0. Ge a eee 178 Cell Inclusions and _ Filtering Vittis 4055. 92 ae aoe eee 221 Certain Phases of Operative Surgery: «.... 22: cee cee ee 169 Chemico-Therapeutic Treatment of Influenza of the- Horse... 103 Chest, Foreign Body in the..... 100 Cholera, Hog’. os. won eee 473 Chorion in a Slut, Angio-Fi- bromia OF thes. 2... te eee 647 Clinical: Cases; Somte. : 7. ase 539 Clinical Diagnosis of Nasal Manifestations in Glanders and Epizootic Lymphangitis... 542 “Cobbler, Stick to Your Last,” Case. epores. <<. arse cane 644 Cocaine as Local Anesthesia in Amputation of the Horse’s Tansee) 00 8 Se ee 205 Coccidiosis in Chickens, Some Experiments on Medical Treat- ment.of: i. cet eee ee ee 497 Caecum, Invagination of the.... 408 Committee Appointed to Exam- ine Limbs of Horses by Vet- erinary Medical Association of New Jersey, Report cf..... 520 Committee, Remarks on Fore- going. Report 01... 0. eee J. Ses Complete Fracture of the Radius.. 650 Complicated and Rare Fracture. 305 Concerning Anatomical Nomen- clattiré ...:c 21:05 saree ee eee 163 Concerning the Application of the Roentgen Procedure in the Diagnosis of Pregnancy...... 103 ; TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIII Ix Congenital Anomalies of the BGS Se re 646 Congenital Defect in Ventricular Septum of the Heart of a Lamb Congenital Goitre of the Dog, OE Sh cg a gI Congress, New, Will Handle Army Veterinary Service Bill RMU OGAY Coc ieg wiby pei cies sens an 315 Congress, 62d, Seven Reasons Why We Should Not Be Dis- mayed at Our Loss in the.... 13 Conjunctival Reaction for Gland- “oe Sa ee Sl a 233 Contagious Abortion, Artificial Inoculation of Cattle with the INAH) olin - ae 624 Contagious Abortion in Cattle, Peptotoxin Production by the Ls a 637 Convention Notes, A. V. M. A.. 66 Coronary Joint, Synovitis of— Autotherapy; Case Report.... 391 Correspondence ....105, 196, 309, 415, 547, 652 Country Practice, Unusual Cases with Recovery Met in a, Case Report Cow, Milch, Attacked by Swarm (ut LS oe 303 Cow's Heart, Abscess in Ven- ERICUlAr Sepititn- OF. +s....5-...- 408 Coyotes, To Exeterminate by Slow Torture Process-....... 550 Grvptorchid., “Three ........... 300 Curious Sequelae to “ Williams’ | Operation” for Roaring, Case IEDR Het. Meet aitaaia «cic. ss < + - 180 Cyst, Ovarian, Caused Death bv Intestinal Obstruction......... 305 Dermatitis, Generalized Exfolia- tive—Exfoliative Erythro-Der- WAH EAT OR ie eee eee 413 Diagnosis of Intestinal Obstruc- TOM MM MEAMLG S32... 2+. -..-: 54T Diet Deficiency and Disease in NEKVERUBOKM Sec eincis weenie es ses 46 Difficulties of Army Veterinary MS ISIAMIOMIN 2 ied. cloccie wens 421 Disease of Sheep, Stomach- OS ae ee 195 Dr. D. Arthur Hughes Called EOMGCIMESLOM sic ojo cjcce asec 156 Dimekranices, Billings.......... 10 Dog, A®sophageal Foreign Body ht: Zio Soc, SG eg Enero 543 Boe Distemper, ionpays ot... 8. ke 647 Dog, Metastatic Chondromata in. 540 Dog, Prostatitis with Unusual Cyst in a, Complicated with BREE GEEUS £1. se eaarteierel cst 8 307 Dogs; Paenia Serrata im.a.s00.: 307 Domestic Animals, Adamanti- MOMS MA WERE. «bs ware a: Savane creatives 194 Doses, Strychnia in Intensive... 129 Double-HeadediCalt °o..4. .s06 26200 Draft-Horse Breeding ......... 170 Drugs, Efiects of Some on the Composition of Cow’s Milk... 646 Dystokia Due to Large Size of Hind Ouvarters: otsGaltie...s\0. 41u Dvystokia in the Bitch—Some Ob- servations Made While Per- forming the Caesarian Opera- CON. 6.5 facke.a’. saaareuhee metry: 390 Eclampsia, the Placenta in the Pathogeny Om ... io datee neers 333 EprToRIAL— American Veterinary Educa- PLOT Pee a a ate Nee rter ont ee 350 American Veterinary Medical ASSO CIAUIONN sere pears 45, 588 Army V eterinary Service Balt 360 Bronze Medal of Prof. S. Ar- loing a heLatviistientet sec cl ely erataieie isle) ev 15 he Fiftieth Anniversary ava of the American Veterinary Medical Association in New Niloy ananassae es ctor crc 403 Governor Sulzer and the Pub- lies Helealtiny -o.coasceo eee 357 McDonough Five-Calked Shoes 471 New Angell Hospital—Dwarfed Knowledge of Our Profes- SOM Lee teen cae ete ae 586 New York, Old and New..... 455 Reform of the Army Veter:- TUR Seu VLGereys cretete ery -retater 137 Seven Reasons (Why We Should Not Be Dismayed at Our Loss in the 62d Con- SHES aR be ELS a eee Se 13 Tenth International Veterinary Congress in London........ 136 Volume Forty-three........... II Will ae Be Honest With [GIES AES eon pees A aes ee tree 231° x TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIII PAGE Education, American Veterinary. 350 Effect of Hoof Expanders...... 281 Effects of Some Drugs on the Composition of Cow’s Milk... 646 Effusion, Pleuritic ........---:- ae Encouragement from the Right (oirntter Teknik baie 46> +2 150 Endemic Springhalt .........-- 9s English Review . .94, 187, 305, 407, 538 Enormous Ovarian Tumor...... 95 Enteritis, Hypertrophying, in the CEES oy Sr rs 545 Epictetus, Ethics and Esthe.ics.. 270 Epizootic Abortion, Outbreak of BE OREIE «055 vas demaen eaewewe 604 Equina, Pasterirellosis .......-- I0L Equine Tuberculosis ........... Oy Equine Typhlitis with Impaction 151 Eserine, Experiment with..... 189 Ethmoidal Turbinated, Polypus of the, and Osteo-Sarcoma of the Maxillary Bone in a Horse.... 99 Etiology of Equine Intiuenza, Studies on thes cc oss cere mmere 580 Bacerm Salye: oi ci..g dee ames ‘104 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES— __ Autonomous Life of Visceral Apparatus Away from the Oreanisin 55.3 esses eee 125 Bibliographic Ack nowledg- TAEUISTe or a eee 345, 585 Bibliographic Actuality ....... 131 BiuGeranny <5... anbs seach eet 453 sibliographic Notices ........ 554 Cardiac Reviviscency......... 580 Castration of Sows........... 336 Cell Inclusions and Filtering Wat: —diisiete en cy aes Orpen 221 Or, Prank S) Billings... Sioa. 10 Hionting Kadney vss. ..0 ses eise 22 Glance in Comparative Pathol- ON. o. 55 sas wane eas 5 aoe eee Intestinal Microbian Flora.... 582 Life of the Head Separated from the Body. :...2s 05.54% 128 Negri Corpuscles and Specific Rabid Formations ......... 225 New Agent in Ovine Vermin- Oliameeneumonia ..3.....-..5 4 15 Pathogeny of Tuberculosis. .8. 57 Placenta in the Pathogeny of BAIRD to oy Sr hins taut se AS Proceedings of the A. V. M. A. 229 Proteus Hemosulfurous and the Putrefaction of want a PR ey ioe hia did ee keke en PAGE EvuroPEAN CHRONTICLES— Rabies and Its Treatment..... 6 Simple Animal Serum in Sur- SCTY asec sc cece ee e-see oe 342 Strychnia in Intensive Doses.. 120 Sundry Ackowledgments...... II Surgical Records... 4. . scene Tendinous Grafting /.><.<.5. Tenth International Veterinary Congress: 232 actin. eee 9,3 Trypanosomiasis of Domestic Animaly iG cess ces tee ceae 445 Tuberculosis Bacilli in the - Vaccinated Animals......,. Umbilical and Ventral Hernia. is Wise Suggestion............. 583 Eventration, Surgical Interfer- ence, Recovery, .siadencseeree 6. Examinations, ‘Rectaliie.neser i sa8 Exchanges, Abstracts fVOt.s se ee 187, 302, 407, 538, 646 Experiment with Arecoline Hy- drobromide: Sean. eee ee 187 Eye, Congenital Anomalies of the 225. Sed cer oie eee 646 Face, Osteo-Sarcoma of the, in a Colt cess cee eee 9 Facial Calculus, Case Report.. 639 Fasciola Hepatica in Fasting Calves: isi. cis tit couay eee 102 Fatal Hepatic Hemorrhage..... 4II Fatal Wound of the Heart...... 304 Fate of the Anthrax Germ in Stable. Fitts 5.3% 23.34% See 195 Fetlock, Injury to, with Puru- lent Inspection—Autotherapy; Case RepGRts voe.tie.. seamen 300 Fiftieth Anniversary, A. V. M. A, iss de SORE Soe 135 Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the American Veterinary Med- ical Association in New York. 463 -Filariasis, Equine, a Report on. 87 Fistula of the Withers—Auto- therapy; Case Report......... 406 | Fistula, Old, Healed with Paste of Bisnruth’ >. eanc. once 97 Fistulous Withers—Autotherapy ; Case Report: ...¢20 suse ae 300 | Five-Francs Piece in the Stom- CH i oF ois ele: J. Q. TaylitiW.Si.oc. sens eee 419 Resuceanit seer. ae ae 201, 314 S. B. Anderson, D.V.M...... 551. T. E; Datigherty, ws sae 419 Obstruction of the Rectum and Floating. Golon..\......<.-se san 190 Occipital Artery, Aneurism of Branch of, Ruptured in Gut- tural Pouch of a Matelsco 302 Occipito-Atloid Wrench........ 649 Occlusion of the Urethra in a Heifer’ «.. 60s. ap Gees ounle 190 Ocular Tumors with Case Re- ports .. ..eeemsaseitn aati I Oesophagus, Carcinoma of the, in a Cat Oesophagus of a Horse, Unusual Foreign Body in the... suai 95 Old and New New York....... 453 ey a eee a me er | Old Diaphragmatic Laceration— Strangulated Hernia in a Mule 192 O'd Fistula Healed with Paste of Bismuth...)>..Jeseseaeneee 97 Omarthritis, Traumatic......... 407 On Dog Distemper............. 647 Order No.. 1096,.8.. A. 1 Acnaee 434 tt ail a oe “ree TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIU, PAGE Osteomalacia, a Case of Recov- Nara soo ss es bc 3 os 'ado 651 Osteo-Sarcoma of the Face in 200 ee Outbreak of Epizootic Abortion in Cattle Ovarian Cyst Caused Death by Intestinal Obstruction......... 305 Ovarian Tumor, Enormous..... 95 Ovariotomy and Aneurism of ISTE) ANIL «iy 5)0)0 ciclo 2 vn 306 Paracolon Infection of Cats..... 514 Paralysis in Horses and Cows Due to the Ingestion of Fod- Cie J ot eS Se ee 363 Parotiditis in Hogs and Dogs.. 2 Pasterirellosis Equina........... 101 Pathogeny of Tuberculosis....8, 577 Pathology, Comparative, a Glance oe BS ee 22 Peculiar Case of Sub-Cutaneous Round-Celled Sarcoma in [diay Fe 8 408 Pelvic Abscess in a Horse..... 409 Peptotoxin Production by the Bacillus of Contagio.s Abor- UTES a 637 ee RU GIA ESM Favs; kioua Syesesarutd sb. 000 174 Perosomus Horridus, Case Re- PCRUMEE SEI phe cig ia Bs}i leis! s tals via a 9/005 405 Phenol in Treatment of Tetanus 508 Pilocarpine, Treatment of Te- tanus by Subcutaneous Injec- Hime On NittateeOfe....s..... 193 Placenta in the Pathogeny of [Eyolcumiya Cie ween oe Se 333 Plantar Surface of a Dog’s Foot, an Adeno-Carcinoma on the, IGASHPREDOUE Ls aicb ic ola ssc nieinias ce 181 PCO MAS, BAUSION si ss. 6 odea ss. 306 Pleuritic Effusions, Treatment Tite ope SA 187 Pneumonia Influenza, Infections, Treatment of, with Salvarsan. 192 Pneumonia, New Agent in Ovine MMU oo bin Ws obsidian sie 452 Primitive Perithelioma of Inguinal Lymph Gland in a Mare Polypus of the Ethmoidal Tur- binated and Osteo-Sarcoma of Maxillary Bone in a Horse... 99 Porto Rico, Glanders in........ 384 Post mortem, Case Report...... 184 Post-mortem Examination, An- cient. Estory, auds:...2...... XU PAGE Practically, Tetanus Treated... 68 Practice, Everyday, Mistakes in. 84 Pregnancy, Concerning the Ap- plication of the Roentgen Pro- cedure in the Diagnosis of.. Principles of Horse Shoeing.. 2 | 252 Probable Food Poisoning in Young Mules, Case Report.. Problems of Broader and More Effective Legislative Work of Our Veterinary Associations. . Proceedings of the A. V. M. A. Profession, the Future of the... Prostatitis, with Unusual Cyst in a Dog, Complicated with PRCDULIIS Selina ss icient aeeemeee Proteus Hemosulfurous and the Putrefaction of Butcher's Meat nisms ease eats Provisions of the Law, By-Laws and Regulations of the State Board of Examiners in Veteri- nary Medicine and Surgery in the State of Montana....... 103 40% 552 229 634 307 339 and CHE. Sli e kecia lars AO ee Pudic Artery, External, in a Horse, Sudden Death by Spon- taneous Post-Operatory Rup- LULET OP ANG: Nteactnd . eee re Pustular Dermatitis and Pyemia by Tetrageni in a Horse...... Pyelonephritis in a Mare—Bacil- lus Coli Communis and Sta- phy‘'ococcus Albus Present.... Rabid Formations, Specific, Ne- ert Gorpuscles and: 2.02 -)s wes. 2225 Rabies and Its Treatment....... 6 Radius, Complete Fracture of (il La Beery. AE, parts dae SO a eB aseNe RF Ranula, Sub-Lingual and Sus- ED yOUd eT DO eters aeiaeis «ie 2's Records, SOUL edad ctka Pei 2 I Rectal Examinations Rectum, Obstruction of, Floating Colon Reference to a Peculiar Case, Fracture with, Case Report... 534 Reform of the Army Veterinary SGiVIGCMN tiers le a)s sho Care Ae ares 137 Remarks on Foregoing Report GummOlmmuineree wen sh skein. sale 525 Renal Lithiasis in a Mule...... 6 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIII. PAGE Report of Committee Appointed to Examine Limbs of Horses by Veterinary Medical. Asso- ciation of New Jersey......- Report on Equine Filariasis.... Reports of Cases....90, 178, 291, 401, 528, 98, 545 -94, 187, 305, 407, 538 Review, Belgian ..........4:- Review, English. Review, French . .g0, 190, 302, 409, 541, Review, German Review, Italian Review, Roumanian Reviviscency, Cardiac Rheumatism Right Quarter, from the Round-Celled Sarcoma in Horse, Peculiar Case of Subcutane- ous eoeeceereneeeeecce er Encouragement Pe ee Pe ee eo ee ee Salve, Eucerin Sarcoma of the Intestinal Wall. Sarcoma of the Neck in a Steer. Sclerostomiasis in Foals........ Scour in Calves Treated with Acetozone Section of the Tendons in the Png S156 OF am Sbeen. aie elem Septicaemia, Hemorrhagic, Case oi pltd eld OUSE. toast ne wie ynisie oye ioi sue Serum Therapy in Practice.... Seven Reasons Why We Should Not Be Dismayed at Our Loss in the,O2d Gonrressy. 5 sted. Severe Burning with Hot Cin- ders, Case Report. :. ..0- 3%. Shoes, McDonough, Five-Ca'ked Significance of the Blood Clot with Regard to the Origin of Sie CROs), sons eons ve oe Simple Animal Serum in Sur- TNE dsb abte ees 0 ales ates SERIE ee ee ee i Society MErrincs— Address Delivered by Dr. W. H. Lynch at the Annual Meeting and Banquet of the Maine Veterinary Medical PEOOTUMOD in Seth woes bin sic Alabama Veterinary Medical PXSSOCTALION. 452i sec Wtegies Central New York Veterinary Medical Association........ Connecticut Veterinary Medi- cal Asnocuntion b.'. 4455s es. 639 648 408 297 471 103 569 655 563 PAGE Society MErETINGS— Illinois State Veterinary Med- ical “Association... #2. nen ee Joint Meeting of the Califor- nia State Veterinary Medical Association and Its Southern Auxiliary Keystone Veterinary Medical Association’: ':.,:. 202teen 213, 429 Maine Veterinary Medical As- SOClatien« tate se. vee te ee 326, 660 Michigan State Veterinary Medical Association North Carolina Veterinary Medical Association Northwestern Ohio Veterinary Medical Association Philippine Veterinary Medical Association Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the South Dakota Veterinary ) ee Medical Association ....... 561 Veterinary Association of Manitoba ti.s. ..cd-eenen eee 118 Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of New York City. .207, 325 Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of New York City— February Meeting........... 112 Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of New York City, March Meeting»... assists 114 York County Veterinary Med- ical Society... ¢ie-saneeeee 118 Some Clinical (Casesi.e) eae neeen 539 Some Experiences with Hog Cholera’ e004... 4 eee 287 Some Experiments on Medical Treatment of Coccidiosis in Chickens 7; 295. e eee eee 97 Some Surgical Cases Illustrating the Use of Cannabis as a Gen- eral Anaesthetic, Case Report. 92 Sows; Castration: Ol.nss.s suse 336 Spinal Case .\.dn vas we ee 408 Springhalt <.2../cies pee ee 08 Springhalt, Endemic » eee 08 Stallion Board Work, Unsound- NIESS AN. 4's ses Gidula seve 572 Standing Operation versus Cast- ing for Castration of Colts.... 547 State Board of Examiners in Veterinary Medicine and Sur- gery in the State of Montana, Provisions of the Law, By- Laws and Regulations of the. 329 Steatoma, Vaginal, in Sows.... 302 Steer, Tetanus in a, Case Report 432 TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIII, Stomach, _in the Stomach-Worm Sheep Strychnia in Intensive Doses... Strychnine, Arecoline and...652, 653 Studies on the Etiology of Manne Vutiwetiza ...<.......-. 5890 Sub-Lingual and Reariitlatt DOGie. i902 «2 = - Sudden Death by Spontaneous Post-Operatory Rupture of the External Pudic Artery in a eee eee ee eee ee see ee reese eee eee eee eww were ee eee eee lnlouse Soe 0s Te eae re 304 Emiccestion, a VWVISE....... 1... 583 Suggestions on Sanitation....... 289 Sulphate of Hordenine and Lacto-bacilline in Diarrhoea of Pe smatidy (ACS; = cialriee in on. 0 - 409 Suppuration of the Sinuses and Turbinated Bones, Unilateral Amyotrophy Following ...... 542 Suppurative Tuberculosis of a Lymph Gland in Cattle....... Surgery, Certain Phases of Op- BIDEN. Sagoo ne 5 COMA 169 Surgical Interference in Even- imation Recovery ............ 649 SiccicaleRecords .5....s56.-.5- I pwemowitis, Dicipital .i....-...... 4II Synovitis of the Coronary Joint Autotherapy; Case Report.... 301 Taenia Serrata in Dogs......... 307 Miendinons Grating ......2....- 7 Tendons, Section of the, in the Hind Legs of a Steer......... O7 men tuteresting Cases.......... 528 dienotomy) Flexor ..:........- 138 emery, LOW, ..c.5.6.0050%- 400 Tenth International Veterinary (Ca RMEERS: 4.6 50ens OOS EEDA , 343 Tenth International Veterinary Congress in London......... 136 Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London, August 3 to Sn be I Tetanus in a Steer, Case Report. 532 Tetanus, Phenol in Treatment OW 25 joe 6c Cem ene ee 08 Tetanus Treated Practically.... 68 The Falling Cat, Case Report... 537 Therapy, Serum, in Practice.... 284 Third Phalanx, Fracture of, and Bier’s Method 651 Those Alphabetical Veterinarians 414 iikneeeGryprorchid ;........... 300 XV PAGE Three Interesting Cases of Can- Cele wets. cs SF oo de aeeal sate es 540 Thrombus, Significance of the Blood Clot with Regard to the Priore et RC aya. dc he ats\eete oe 103 Midmes, from. Brazil... 2. s. «a 121 To Exterminate Coyotes by Slow arture (Process. None of the monkeys showed an infection of the nasal cavity or eye, but did give evidence of an infection of the trachea and bronchi, and a septicemia, as the organism was found in pure culture in the trachea, bronchi and blood. One of these monkeys had a typical bronchial cough.” One of the most complete proofs of the relation of Bacillus bronchisepticus to canine distemper may be found in the accom- panying chart. This chart represents an epizootic which took place among a number of pups I was raising for experimental purposes. A dog infected with a typical case of distemper acci- dentally came in contact with the keeper of these pups, with the result that nearly all became infected. The pups were watched, and from the time the first sign of the disease made its appear- ance until death, every abnormal symptom was recorded. This chart was of value, for it threw more light on the bacteriology and symptomatology of the disease than I could have gathered from any other source of information. A glance at the chart will show the points which should be emphasized. From the dogs OE O_O *‘Tyouo1q ‘d } /paz2A029y soAy 3 OSON (sno.sas) SOA (sno.Jos) aso Rees BvoyslViqy poyeurooe pA SS a aTa4S sl mgt | SIMStS 1949099 PeI9AOdY | PIIBAOIOR (snosas) sors) A (jueTnand) soAg Loh he te eel aSON (snoiss) (sno.as) oSON asoN vaylleiq vayqsiviqy | ysnog ysno,) ysno,) | | ~ ysnog (que[nand) |; | i 1 (qua|jnind) Boyle] *TyouoIq “a por19A0v0 x] (jueynind) SOA (sno.tos) SOAST aSsOoN (snozas) asON “TyoUoIG “a “1youosq “a po19A090y pet9A0d0yy *qdni0 *ydnio edi) UMS (queynaind) soA 2 IsoN (snoxas) soAgT (snodas) (snoros) SoAtT 8sON /(3ueTn4and) osoN (sno.as) asOoN Boysierqy | voysiviq ydno.) _ < a SS oor SoLepuoog soAq aSON eoyireiq pue “UOIS|NAUO.) ‘ydnog | | | So ee eee — s19yjO pur s19yyo pue ee ‘ydeig | “yduig | ‘yduyg “ydeyg “Fyoworq | “tyouorq | “tyouorq || “1youoiq |} *tyouorq || *tyouorq | *tyouorq | ‘tyouorq | ‘1yoU01q a a “a tel “a “a eel uel “al pq 21) PIC ot] Pad 1z rare “4ydnio uryg : a | pia eae al: a (que]nind) ped SOA 6 OL (jueynand) (gue[nind) “Te i =| | SOAG SsoAq BOSON |e eSO MN 6 (}ueTHAnd) | (yuoynand) a | ce soAg ason B ¥SON L 8 | (sno.ias) (sno.as) BS oT soda 9 soAq y (sno.as) (sno.sas) soAR] soAq g 9) (sneras) | (snoias) | (Sno.sas) (sno.es) POEM i i. . Sail aSON asoN aSON ¥ asoN G | eoysielcy (snoses) PUM POEM. Va - £ . 9SON id Z voyliviq | vaysserq || vaysierq || voyssreiqy pay Mee live SE soe) ne @ £ 9 usno) ysnoy ysno.) ‘MHaAuoy || ‘[nNauog |ydnia upg = et Z| Boys, ¢ Z yano.) ysnog ysnoy | pos¥asout}pasraiout it = T| Yysnog | ysnoy | Alo, 9 =e a “Nau | t| ¢ ee ee ee ae | eS. a qsnog | ysnog | ysnoy ‘nMaAuoyT £ naee | g JIL 24 N. S. FERRY. killed early in the disease the Bacillus bronchisepticus was isolated from the trachea in pure culture. From those killed later and others which were allowed to die natural deaths, secondary or- ganisms were isolated, together with the primary organism, the Bacillus bronchisepticus. From those which recovered from the disease and were not vaccinated the bacillus was isolated in pure culture from the trachea, while those which were vaccinated, with one exception, did not show the organism. The first symptom to appear was either a cough or convulsion, usually the convulsion. This was followed shortly by diarrhea. Then came the serous discharge from the nose followed by that from the eye. Then appeared the purulent discharge from the nose, closely followed by the purulent discharge from the eyes. As soon as the purulent discharge from the nose and eyes was noticed the trachea was found to contain the secondary organisms as well as the primary. Dog 105 was the first to become infected, while 106 and 107 soon followed. ‘The remainder of the dogs were probably infected from 105, as they were all running to- gether in a large room. The period of incubation accordingly for the epizootic was five days. I have found this to be about the average period of incubation, whether dogs were experimentally infected or had accidentally contracted the disease. Agglutination Experiments —The agglutination work was carried on extensively by all three of the experimentors, and all came to practically the same conclusions; namely, that the re- action was specific for the bacillus, that serum from dogs spon- taneously infected gave positive reactions, although not in as high dilutions as those experimentally infected, or those artificially im- munized against the bacillus, and that the serum from healthy dogs which had not previously suffered with distemper did not agglutinate the organism. Torrey says that, “ Dogs which are sacrificed during the earlier stages of the disease and those which have succumbed or seem about to die from the infection have not, as a rule, developed any agglutinins for this bacillus. On the other hand, animals which are holding their own, are recovering or have recovered BACILLUS BRONCHISEPTICUS—ITS RELATION TO CANINE DISTEMPER. 25 fully carry agglutinins in their blood which clump the Bacillus bronchicanis in dilutions of from I in 25 to I in 500.” “ This tardy development of agglutinins,” he thought, ‘‘ may be due to the slight properties of the bacillus.” M’Gowan says: I. “ When an animal is immunized with a certain strain, a fairly high agglutinative power is developed in its serum against that strain. This agglutinative power never was higher in the cases examined than I in 120 and rarely above Pin 60.” 2. “In such an animal the serum generally has marked ag- glutinative properties for strains of the organism other than that with which the animal was immunized.” “Here, although the organisms were of very different strains from that used for im- munization, some five cats and some four dogs, the agglutination is almost as marked as with the organism used for immuniza- tion.” 3. “Animals in which there is no evidence of distemper ; e. g., healthy animals brought into the laboratory and killed at once show no agglutinating properties in their serum against the organism.” 4. “ Where an animal is suffering from distemper, and when the organism is found in it during life or postmortem, the serum of that animal may or may not agglutinate a strain of the or- ganism.” In my agglutination experiments it was found that the serum from all dogs suffering with the disease gave an agglutination ranging from I in 40 to 1 in 800, while the serum from those artificially immunized against the organism gave an agglutination ranging from I in 800 to 1 in 4,000. The test of one serum against several different strains ranged from 1 in 600 to I in 6,000. Here again the difference in method may have had some- thing to Go with the great range between M’Gowan’s results and mine. In all my experiments the following procedure, which was found-after many trials to give the best results, was adhered to. The emulsion for the agglutination tests was made from 18-hour agar cultures, taken off in physiologic salt solution, to which was 26 N. S. FERRY. added enough formaldehyde to make a 1 per cent. solution. This emulsion was allowed to stand for five hours at room temperature, which time was sufficient to kill all organisms. The tubes were placed in the incubator and were examined at the end of 24 hours. Serum from dogs which had never suffered with the disease gave negative results. Protective and Curative Inoculations.—As this paper was in- tended to show the relation of the Bacillus bronchisepticus to dog distemper, nothing will be said at this time concerning the vac- cines made from the organism, except in so far as it aids in proving the specific nature of the bacillus. Relative to vaccines, ’ M’Gowan carried on but few experiments, while Torrey makes no mention of his work along this line, except in his conclusion. He says, “ Dogs actively immunized to Bacillus bronchicanis are immune to natural distemper.”’ My work with vaccines made with this organism dates back to about June, 1909, when experi- ments were undertaken to immunize and treat dogs with killed and live cultures of the bacillus. A large number of experiments have been carried on from that time to the present with vaccines of different strengths, with one or more inoculations at varying intervals, and it is safe to say that the majority of pups can be protected, provided they are injected a certain time before ex- posure. It has been found that for practical purposes, three in- jections, with a few days interval between injections, give the best protection. Lately, experiments have been carried on with pups only a few days old, while they are still nursing their mother, and so far no ill effects from the injections have been seen, while it would appear the large majority of the pups are protected. As these experiments are not finished it is impossible to draw any conclusions of value. If the results are favorable the benefits of this protection cannot be overestimated. Experi- ments conducted the past two or three years have sh@wn that about 60 to 70 per cent. of distemper dogs may be saved provid- ing the vaccine is given early in the disease, and the cases are as carefully handled as they would be without the treatment. I be- lieve also that better results are obtained with a vaccine made —s- ew ee 7? Se BACILLUS BRONCHISEPTICUS—ITS RELATION TO CANINE DISTEMPER. » ~ from several strains of the organism than from one. As I have never been able to produce the disease by subcutaneous inocula- tion, it has been a safe procedure in my hands, and with more lasting results, to immunize with suspensions of live organisms. For practical purposes, however, that method is out of the ques- tion. Experimental Distemper.—It is an interesting, but an ex- plainable coincidence, that all investigators who have championed various microorganisms as the cause of canine distemper have claimed to have produced typical distemper with their respective viruses. From the experience of M’Gowan, Torrey and myself it would seem that infections from outside sources play an im- portant part in these results. Enough stress was not laid by others on protecting the experimental animals from outside con- tamination. This great source of error was recognized by the last-named investigators, who used the utmost precautions with all their experimental inoculations, and it was only after their work was thoroughly checked up that they were willing to con- cede the bacillus was the etiological factor in this disease. I will quote from both M’Gowan and Torrey on this subject. Torrey says, “ Most of the investigators who have isolated various microorganisms from distemper dogs have claimed to have produced the same disease with the bacillus which they have considered the etiological factor. It would seem, however, that with a few exceptions the importance of excluding contact in- fection, direct or indirect, in their experimental animals has not been given due consideration. In our experiments the dogs used for experimental infection have been kept in a different part of the building and far removed from all possible contact with cases of spontaneous distemper. They have been cared for by special attendant who has kept away from all other dogs in the labora- tory. These dogs, of which the history was known in most in- stances, were placed in sterilized cages and kept for at least 14 and generally over 20 days before any experimental infection was attempted, in order to eliminate any possible outside infec- tion. After inoculation they were placed in a room never before 28 N. S. FERRY, used for dogs, in new cages and cared for by a special attendant. It has been claimed by Carre that this disease may be experi- mentally induced in dogs by a filterable virus. Under the con- ditions, however, just outlined I obtained uniformly negative re- sults with filtrates from scrapings of the nasal and bronchial pas- sages of distemper dogs and filtered blood, although in earlier and less carefully controlled experiments some apparently posi- tive infections occurred. In these cases, however, the possibility of accidental transmission of the virus from distemper cases could not be eliminated. Our experiments certainly indicate that canine distemper is not due to a filterable virus.” M’Gowan says, ‘‘ Not one of those who have stated that they have found the organism of distemper seems to have appreciated the infectiousness of the disease, for there is no mention in their papers of particular or indeed any care having been exercised to ensure complete isolation. Neglect to mention such precautions in such a case cannot be overlooked.”” ‘‘ The lack of such pre- cautions would explain also the regularity with which the var- ious observers have produced the disease in animals by subcut- aneous inoculation of their organism.” I will quote from my second paper showing also the precau- tions that we felt necessary to take in order to prove conclusively that we were dealing with the causative organism. “In order to carry inoculation’ experiments to a successful termination and be sure that the dogs were not accidentally in- fected, three large rooms in buildings isolated from each other were used, each room being in charge of a different attendant. The pups used were taken directly from their mothers as soon as weaned. After making sure that the pups were in a healthy condition, they were at once given a bath, and then thoroughly soaked in a germicidal solution and placed in the incubation room. Here they were allowed to remain from three to six weeks under strict observation, in the charge of a man who kept away from other dogs. From the incubation room the pups were placed in another room, where they remained under observation at least three weeks longer before experiments were made. The a - ig-lec4 ne: pe ~aeeee ee eeeeee * ae BACILLUS BRONCHISEPTICUS—ITS RELATION TO CANINE DISTEMPER. 29 floors and walls of these rooms were of cement, making it possible to wash and spray thoroughly with a germicidal solution as often as deemed necessary. The rooms were thoroughly disinfected and cleaned before the reception of each lot of pups and after each experiment. They were under lock and key and no one was allowed to enter except the attendant, laboratory assistants and myself. Following these precautions and with careful feeding and handling, one could be reasonably sure that all abnormal symptoms following inoculations were due directly and solely to the treatment. In a third room, in a building far removed from the first two, were kept all the convalescing as well as all sick dogs and others under observation and treatment. All autopsies were held in the laboratory, where cultures could be taken con- veniently without fear of contamination.” In speaking of his experimental work Torrey says, “It has been our aim in these infection experiments to approximate as closely as was feasible natural modes of transfer of the disease. Without doubt the port of entry is the respiratory tract and the vehicle of transfer the discharges from the nose or throat either in a moist or dry state.” “Scrapings from cultures of this bacillus were dried, partially pulverized and mixed with dry sterile dust. By means of insect powder blowers this infected dust was projected into the nasal passages and mouth of the experimental animal. After an incubation period of 3 to 13 days definite symptoms of the disease developed in 6 out of 7 of these animals, the attacks ranging as is the case in natural conditions from mild to very severe and fatal issues.” “ The symptoms developed included rhinitis and bronchitis with persistent cough, typical broncho-pneumonia, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, conjunc- tivitis, and in three instances the appearance of a typical pustular eruption of the skin.” In my second article was reported in detail the work carried on by me in order to attempt to produce the disease experiment- ally. Between 40 and 50 dogs were used and in 28 of these the disease was produced, ranging from the mild type to the very severe. In several instances, following typical symptoms of the 30 N. S. FERRY. disease, death was the ultimate outcome. Being led to believe from my previous autopsy findings that the primary seat of the disease was in the larynx or trachea, the organisms were intro- duced experimentally into the trachea by means of hypodermatic syringes, the medium of transfer being either bouillion or phy- siologic salt solution. In this way there was practically no chance of secondary or other pathogenic organisms accompanying the specific bacillus to its seat of possible infection. Any infection, accordingly, resulting in this region, from which this organism could later be isolated in pure culture, would be caused by the organism in question. Symptoms, therefore, accompanying and following this infection would, a priori, be the result of the in- fectious process set up by the organism. While this procedure has its advantages, the method used by Torrey, which similates natural modes of introduction of the organism, was just as re- liable and possibly of more value. In recapitulating I will state that the Bacillus bronchisepticus was found by three investigators independently in different parts of the world to be the cause of canine distemper. The organism was isolated from the large majority of cases in pure culture, and was found to agglutinate serum from dogs suffering with dis- temper as well as those immunized and experimentally infected with the organism, while all normal controls were negative. Sus- pensions of both live and killed organisms were found to protect dogs from natural distemper, and dogs experimentally infected were found also to be immune to natural distemper. Typical distemper was induced, and the organism again isolated and grown in pure culture under conditions excluding outside source of infection, thus fulfilling Koch’s dictums to the letter, and dis- proving thereby any theory which may previously have been held that the disease is due to a filterable virus, or a virus which is notable to be grown on the ordinary culture media. LITERATURE. Ferry, AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 1910, Vol. xxxvii, No. 4. Ferry, Journal of Infectious Diseases, 1911, Vol. viii, No. 4. M’Gowan, Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1911, Vol. xv. M’Gowan, Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, 1911, Vol. xvi. M’Gowan, The Veterinary Journal, 1912, Vol. \xviii, No. 4309. Ferry, AMERICAN VETERINARY ReEviIEW,1912, Vol. xli, No. 1. Ferry, The Veterinary Journal, 1912, Vol. Ixviii, No. 445. AnaAwWR ~ > | ee a ee NECESSITY FOR MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION.*+ By Louis A. Kien, D.V.M., DEAN oF ScHooL oF VETERINARY MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, Pa. To discuss milk and meat inspection comprehensively, even with the briefest details possible, would require more time than is at my disposal. Therefore, I have decided to confine my efforts to the presentation of the conditions that render milk and meat inspection necessary and of public importance. In adopting the milk of the cow as an article of food man © has created conditions and requirements not provided for by nature. The cow is admirably adapted to supplying nourishment to the calf at its side. The milk passes directly from the udder of the cow to the stomach of the calf, without opportunity for contamination or decomposition, if the cow is healthy. But when the milk is drawn from the udder by man and used for the nour- ishment of human beings more or less distant from the cow, the conditions are radically different. The milk is drawn into a pail held under the body of a cow in a stable, opportunity being thus afforded for material discharged from the cow, or falling from its body, or floating in the air of stable, to get into the milk. Then it is transferred to several other vessels and handled by several individuals before it reaches the consumer, and usually there is a considerable interval of time between its production and use. It will be seen at once that certain precautions are necessary if the consumer is to receive a wholesome article of food. Even the calf suffers when nature’s method is interfered with and proper care is not observed in feeding the animal, although it may be kept close by the cow. On large dairy farms it is cus- tomary to permit the calf to suckle the cow only during the first day or two after birth, the calf being fed milk from a bucket or * Read by invitation before the Seaboard Medical Association of Virginia and North Carolina, at Newport News, Va., December 5-7, 1911. + Reprinted from the Virginia Medical Semi-Monthly. bl 32 LOUIS A. KLEIN. a self-feeder after that time. Unless the milk is fed fresh and in scrupulously clean vessels, the calf frequently suffers from an acute catarrh of the stomach and intestines, in consequence of the presence of decomposition products in the milk, and if the cause is not removed, death may result. A disease of a similar character, and resulting from a similar cause, is the diarrhea and enteritis of young infants, which, in large cities, causes five to twenty per cent. of the total deaths from all causes. In the case of the infants, however, there is a longer period for the milk to undergo decomposition. Moreover, forcing the cow to high milk production, together with the more or less artificial conditions under which the animal must be kept, has somewhat reduced the natural resistance of the cow to disease, especially to conditions and affections of the udder and the other genital organs, and of the digestive apparatus, the parts more active in milk production; thus rendering it necessary to be on the lookout for the appear- ance of diseased conditions in the dairy cow, and also to mitigate as much as possible the artificial conditions to which the animal must be subjected. Sunlight and fresh air in the stable, with judicious exercise in the open air, are of considerable value in this connection. ‘‘ Every farmer loses more in ten years * * * by having unsanitary stables than what it would cost to have made them efficient.” —(Hoard’s Dairyman, p. 1254, November 16; °LODr.) From the time of production to delivery to the consumer, milk is exposed to contamination and subject to decomposition. If the udder is affected with a bacterial disease the milk will contain the disease-producing organisms when it is drawn. lf the disease is located in other parts of the body, bacteria may be thrown off in the manure, in the urine, or by coughing, and may get into the milk after it is drawn from the udder. Some of these organisms are capable of producing the same disease in man as in the cow; others will not produce the same disease, but will irritate the gastro-intestinal tract or bring about decomposition changes in the milk, accompanied by the production of substances which will have an irritant action. Furthermore, abnormal sub- NECESSITY FOR MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION. Qo Ge stances produced in the body of the cow by disease may be elimi- nated in the milk, especially when the other channels of elimina- tion are not operating normally. Some of these substances ren- der the milk irritant. In this connection a case that recently oc- curred near Philadelphia may be cited. Two children receiving the milk from a certain cow developed a low, intermittent fever, refused to eat but a small quantity of food and were constantly cross and fretful. An examination of the cow showed that the animal was affected with catarrh of the gastro-intestinal tract. Laboratory examination of the milk indicated that abnormal ma- terial was being excreted through the udder, passing out in the milk. The milk was withheld from the children; in four days they began to improve perceptibly, and in fourteen days were in good health. No medicinal treatment was given. All of these possibilities can be avoided by using only healthy cows for milk production. This requisite cannot be assured, however, by merely an annual tuberculin test of the herd, as is so often assumed. Particles of manure from the flanks and udder of the cow and hair and scurf from the skin may fall into the pail while the cow is being milked. If the dry fodder is put into the manger before or during milking, the dust from the fodder will be dis- tributed in the air of the stable, and some of it will fall into the milk pail and also into the milk can, if the latter is kept in the barn. If the stable is dirty, or if it is cleaned shortly before milking, additional dust will be carried about in the air, and odors will also arise which will be absorbed by the milk. If the milker has been previously engaged in hauling manure, or cleaning horses, or similar work about the farm, dirt may be added to the milk from his clothing or hands, especially if he has not washed the latter before beginning to milk. Much of this filth can be removed by the use of a strainer, but only the gross par- ticles or visible dirt can be taken out of the milk in this way. The most harmful part of the material, the bacteria that are always contained in it, will pass through the strainer, together with the dissolved dirt, and remain in the milk. These bacteria will grow and multiply rapidly, using up the nutritive substances 34 LOUIS A. KLEIN. of the milk for their nourishment and discharging the waste matter of their bodies into the milk, and by so doing bring about decomposition and putrefaction, with the production of substances that are injurious to the milk consumer. The degree of the in- tensity of these changes will depend upon the extent of the orig- inal contamination, the time elapsing before the milk is delivered to the consumer, and the temperature ‘at which it is kept in the meantime. A great portion of this dirt, and therefore much of the accom- panying bacterial contamination, can be avoided by a decent regard for cleanliness and a few simple precautions. The stable of the dairy cow is not only a place where some of the crops grown on the farm are turned into a better form for the market, but it is also a place where human food is prepared, and should be treated accordingly. Brushing the cows will remove the greater part of the loose dirt, and if the udder is wiped with a clean, damp cloth immediately before milking, any loose particles remaining will adhere to the skin and not fall into the milk pail. The cows should be brushed and the stable cleaned a sufficient time before milking is begun to give the dust time to settle and the odors to be dissipated. The dry fodder should be fed after milking to keep the air as free from dust as possible during milk- — ing. The use of a milk pail with a covered top and a small open- ing is a very great help in keeping dirt out of milk. The with- drawal of the fore milk into a separate vessel before milking will also greatly assist in decreasing the number of bacteria. If the stable is well lighted and well arranged, the floor and gutters of cement, and the stall divisions of iron pipe, cleanliness can be more easily attained. But these things are not necessary to the production of wholesome milk. They are merely labor-saving Alevices. Keeping the cows clean and well bedded and in clean quarters will require more labor than to keep them otherwise, but we have the testimony of successful men engaged in the dairy business that cows kept in the condition necessary for the production of wholesome milk will give a greater yield of milk than when they — ee ey NECESSITY FOR MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION. are kept in uncomfortable filthy stables. C. L. Peck, of Pennsyl- vania, in discussing the productiveness of dairy herds in his sec- tion (Hoard’s Dairyman, page 498, 5-5-11), said, “ I never knew of a herd giving 300 pounds or more unless card and brush were used and liberal bedding provided. In the northern part of Penn- sylvania and the southern part of New York not 3 per cent. of the herds ever see card and brush and not 3 per cent. ever reach 6,000 pounds of milk or 300 pounds of butter fat per year.” F. H. Schribner, of Rosendale, Wis., in reporting the Neenah cow census (Hoard’s Dairyman, page 493, 5-5-11), said that of the forty-four herds in the census the six above the 250-pound butter fat mark “ kept their cows in a comfortable barn, well lighted and ventilated ; they looked well to the comfort of the cow and be- lieved it an important factor in milk production.” H.N. Camp, of Tennessee, writes as follows (Hoard’s Dairyman, page 286, 3-24-11): “I have thirteen cows and after reading an article about currying cows and making my dairyman read the article, in which he did not believe, I induced him to try currying my cows. In one week’s time he gained thirteen pounds of butter.” Keeping the cows, and especially the udders, clean also helps to protect them against udder diseases, which is quite a serious loss to dairymen. When the milk vessels are not properly cleaned, the particles of milk and dirt that adhere to them become culture beds for bac- teria, and milk placed in such vessels will have a high bacterial content and will sour early. It is not only necessary that the milk pails, the milk cooler and all other dairy utensils, together with the cans and bottles, should be thoroughly cleaned with boiling water and soda, but it is also essential that the water should be from a source that is not liable to contamination. These utensils and vessels are rinsed with cold water after they have been scoured with hot water, and if the water contains disease- producing organisms they will find a favorable medium in which to grow when milk is placed in the vessels, and they will have time to multiply in great numbers before the milk is used by the consumer, especially if it is not kept cool. If the well, spring or 36 LOUIS A. KLEIN. stream from which the water is obtained is receiving surface drainage or seepage, or if there is any open cesspool so located that there may be drainage or seepage into the water-well, spring or stream, any disease-producing organisms, such as the typhoid fever bacillus, that may be deposited in the cesspool with other material, will eventually get into the water and infect the milk in the manner described above. Milk has also been contaminated during cooling by infected water through a leak in the cooler or by the entrance of water into the submerged can. Epidemics of typhoid fever transmitted by milk have been brought about in this way. Milk has also been infected with the bacillus of typhoid fever, the bacillus of diphtheria and the causative agent of scarlet fever by men and women handling milk, who have been in con- tact with persons suffering with this disease, or who have them- selves just recovered from one of these diseases. Milk bottles from infected houses have also transmitted these diseases through the milk. Unfortunately, there is no practical method of milk examination by which we can assure ourselves that milk is free from the infectious agents of these diseases, and consequently our efforts must be directed to preventing them from entering the milk. The uses to which milk vessels are put are surprising, and sometimes revolting. In this connection the milk consumer is not always guiltless. A physician tells of a bed-ridden patient using a milk bottle to expectorate in. One inspector has seen the baby’s clothing soaking in the milk pails. Milk pails have also been used to carry swill to the pigs. On one farm the milk cooler was washed in the children’s bath tub. A milk dealer was found washing the milk bottles in the family wash tub. When the milk is drawn from the cow it has about the tem- perature of the cow’s blood, 101.5° F. This temperature is very favorable to the growth of bacteria, and if the milk is not promptly cooled, the bacteria which have entered it during milk- ing will increase in numbers very rapidly. Milk has the property of inhibiting to a slight degree the growth of bacteria when they are not present in large numbers, but this property is not of suf- ~~ NECESSITY FOR MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION. wo aaa ficient force to be depended upon to prevent the increase of the bacteria originally contaminating the milk and the occurrence of decomposition, with the production of injurious products. To prevent bacterial growth and the attendant decomposition it is necessary to reduce the temperature of the milk to at least 60° F. or below as soon as possible after milking, and to keep the milk at this temperature until it is used. This will require not only the attention of the producer, but also of the transportation com- panies, the retailer, who delivers the milk, and the consumer. The necessity for public control of the milk supply is greater to-day than ever before. In the old days where milk was fur- nished by the family cow of a neighbor, there was not the oppor- tunity there is now in the larger dairies for the animal to become infected with disease, or for the milk to become contaminated, and it was used so shortly after its production that there was not much time for decomposition changes. These simple conditions still exist in rural communities. In a barn containing a single cow or two cows, every condition is more favorable to the receipt of wholesome milk by the consumer. The cow is not only less exposed to disease, but is usually kept under better hygienic con- ditions, and the cow, the stable and the milk vessels are more easily kept clean, and there is less liability of infection being intro- duced by the attendants. Moreover, where a milk producer is supplying milk to his neighbors, the element of personal acquaint- ance, friendship or sympathy also enters into the matter, which is not the case where a dairyman is producing milk to be used by people in a distant city, whom he does not know and has no inter- est in, and where the milk will also be handled by two or three other persons before its delivery to the consumer, and perhaps be mixed with the milk from several other farms. The larger the city the more distant the places of production and the longer the period between the drawing of the milk from the cow and its use by the consumer, and hence the greater the importance of having milk produced by healthy cows under cleanly condi- tions and properly cooled and cared for. The question naturally arises, cannot those having to do with 3s LOUIS A. KLEIN. the production, transportation and care of milk be depended on to deliver wholesome milk to the consumer? Past experience and present conditions answer, No. It has already been pointed out that in the case of the milk supply of a large city the responsi- bility is divided and that the milk from any one farm may lose its identity by being mixed with the milk from other farms. Furthermore, one price is usually paid for milk in the city and the dairyman who tries to produce a good article is forced to compete with the man who aims to produce milk as cheaply as possible. There is usually no standard of valuation, except the price. These conditions are not encouraging to the conscientious dairyman who may desire to produce a good article. Wholesome- ness, or quality in a hygienic sense, should be the standard for judging milk. This would encourage the man who is trying to produce good milk and would shut out of the market milk not produced and handled under proper conditions. Such a standard can only be applied by public supervision of the milk supply. All efforts to insure a wholesome milk supply to a community should be directed to keeping milk with injurious properties out of the city, or to preventing it from acquiring such properties during storage or delivery, rather than to discovering unwhole- some milk after it has reached the city. It is possible to discover some of the injurious properties of milk by examining a sample taken in the city, but while the sample is being examined the milk from which it was taken will under ordinary conditions have been consumed, and, furthermore, such contaminations as the specific causes of tuberculosis, typhoid fever, diphtheria and scarlet fever, cannot be detected by practical laboratory methods. A pure milk supply can be insured only by the same methods as a pure water supply, that is, by cleaning and guarding the source. To insure real safety, therefore, the supervision must include the health of the cows, and the methods of feeding and caring for the same; the cleanliness of the stable, milk house and utensils; the method of milking, and of handling and caring for the milk; the character of the water supply, and the health and intelligence of the people who come in contact with the milk. In addition, ee rerlrer SO eeeeeeEeEOEEEEEeEEeEeEeEeEeEEeEEeEeEeEeEeEeEEeEeEeEeEEeEE——eE NECESSITY FOR MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION. 39 laboratory examination of the product from time to time will be of value in checking and controlling the conditions of operation. Meat INSPECTION. Of the 49,179,057 animals inspected at slaughter by the in- spectors of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry last year, nearly 1,000,000 were found to be diseased to a greater or less degree. These animals were purchased by the slaughterers with the knowledge that they would be subjected to inspection, and were, therefore, free from any pronounced external evidence of disease. An important effect of meat inspection, and one that is not always given consideration, is that it keeps visibly diseased animals out of the slaughter house. Moreover, by far the greater proportion of these animals were slaughtered in the West, where animals are raised especially for this purpose and are sent to mar- ket young—at an age when disease is not very common. These statistics, therefore, relate to selected animals and cannot be ac- cepted as representing average. conditions. The federal government has no jurisdiction within a state, and consequently the act of Congress requiring the inspection of animals slaughtered for food and meat products prepared from the same, only applies to butchers and packers doing an interstate or foreign business. Butchers selling meats and meat products in the same state in which their slaughter house is located are not subject to federal inspection. The state or local authorities must provide for inspection in such cases. Where there is an abattoir under federal inspection, in which all animals slaughtered are subjected to a rigid examination, with other abattoirs in the same neighborhood under no inspection, the animals most in need of inspection usually go to the slaughter houses where inspection is not maintained. Until the federal inspection system is sup- plemented by local inspection, meat consumers cannot be assured of a wholesome meat supply, unless they restrict their purchases to meat bearing the government inspection stamp. There are facts on record to support this statement. In 1907 40 LOUIS A. KLEIN. a system of state inspection was instituted in Pennsylvania to supplement the federal inspection in so far as was possible, and the developments of even the first few months amply justified the move. A few incidents may be mentioned by way of illustration. One hundred and eighty-six cattle, mostly all dairy cows, were examined in four slaughter houses in one city, and forty-three were found to be affected with tuberculosis, fifteen to such an extent that the entire carcasses had to be condemned. In another city twenty-two cattle were slaughtered during the time a state agent was present in the slaughter house, and six were condemned on account of tuberculosis. A state inspector happened in a slaughter house and found a butcher at work dressing a cow. A few minutes later he saw the butcher remove a piece of the liver and attempt to throw it out of sight. The liver was tuberculous, and on further examination the cow proved to be so extensively diseased that the carcass had to be condemned. A lung affected with tuberculosis was also found hanging in this slaughter house, but the carcass had been removed and sold before the agent’s arrival. Ina slaughter house in another city an inspector found four cows and one bull being slaughtered, every one of which proved to be affected with generalized tuberculosis. These are, of course, unusual cases and do not represent the average of the conditions found. The conditions in Pennsylvania with regard to tuberculosis in animals are no worse than in any other state where extensive dairy farming is practiced and where the supply of milk cows is kept up by shipments from other states. It is a pleasure to be able to say that a large majority of the butchers are in sympathy with the work. This is as it should be. There is no reason why the butcher and the meat inspector should be an- tagonistic. The object of both should be to give the consumer a wholesome meat supply. The Pennsylvania Meat Hygiene Service cannot provide a complete and continuous examination at all slaughter houses in the state, but the law provides for the establishment by cities and boroughs, and townships of the first class, of local inspection within the limits of their jurisdiction. Many cities and towns in all parts of the country have en- deavored to insure a good meat supply by appointing inspectors NECESSITY FOR MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION. 41 to visit the butcher shops and examine the meat exposed for sale. Much spoiled meat has been excluded from the market in this way, but even where such work is conscientiously done by compe- tent men, the good effect is very limited, because a correct judg- ment of the suitability of meat for human food can be made only after the entire carcass and all of the organs have been examined. Some of the most serious conditions may escape detection if only the meat is examined, and furthermore, market inspection is prac- tically limited to the detection of meat that is defective in a man- ner that can most readily be recognized by the purchaser. It is necessary that the examination be made at the time of slaughter, and it is important that it be made by one who has a knowledge of what to look for and where to look for it. Meat inspection has to do not only with the examination of slaughtered animals, but also with the maintenance of sanitary conditions in the establishment and the proper refrigeration of the meats and meat products, thus providing for the protection of wholesome meat against contamination and for its proper preservation, as well as the exclusion of unwholesome meats and meat products from the market. The sanitary condition of slaughter houses not under public supervision is often deplorable. Not only is the construction of such a character as to make clean- liness an impossibility, but suitable drainage is usually lacking, the water supply deficient, practically no provision for storing bones and hides, and no suitable method of disposing of the blood, offal and refuse. The large slaughterers make a profit out of these latter substances, but the small butcher usually throws them away. Sometimes he feeds them to hogs. The proper disposal of these refuse substances, especially the organs, becomes important from the standpoint of public hygiene, if certain parasitic or bacterial diseases are present. Dogs may become infected with echinococci, coenuri and cysticerci, and may in turn infect man with echinococci, and animals with echino- cocci, ccenuri and cysticerci. Organs from animals affected with tuberculosis, hog cholera and swine plague, may produce these diseases in hogs when fed to them in the raw condition. Hog’ may become infected with trichina in the same way, rendering 42 LOUIS A. KLEIN. their flesh injurious to man; and dogs and rats may also become infected with this parasite in a similar manner and assist in spreading the infection. Fluke disease in man, cattle and sheep, and grub in sheep, may be propagated by carelessness in disposing of infected organs, and until the life history of the tapeworms of cattle and sheep and nodule worm of sheep is better known, organs infected with these parasites must be regarded as danger- ous. On account of the methods used in disposing of offal and refuse matter, country slaughter houses and those on the outskirts of small towns have come under the suspicion of being centers of infection, especially when they are located along streams, as many of them are. Where the blood and the other refuse substances are fed to hogs, filthy conditions are usually found. Disease is also trans- mitted to the hogs and to dogs. At the beginning of the state inspection service in Pennsylvania several lots of hogs fed on raw offal were quarantined and slaughtered under inspection. At one slaughter house where 48 hogs were fed on the raw offal 9 died; the other 39 were slaughtered, and 38 were found to be affected with tuberculosis. Of another lot of 14 hogs fed on offal, 3 were tuberculous and 6 had echinococcus cysts in the liver. In another lot of 8, there were 6 with echinococcus cysts. In a lot of 6 one had an echinococcus cyst in the liver. There was one other lot of 6 hogs, and these were all found to be free from disease, the only instance of the kind. At one slaughter house, where 23 hogs were being fed on offal, hog cholera developed. Ten hogs died and 4 were condemned when slaughtered, leaving 9 for the owner. Disposing of refuse by feeding it to hogs is not only unsanitary, but may also be expensive. In the small slaughter house there is not enough refuse mate- rial to justify the installation of a sanitary rendering plant to work it up into marketable products, and there is no simple, prac- tical method that is economical and sanitary. The small slaugh- terer is here at a disadvantage. A number of small slaughter houses at different locations also renders inspection at the time of slaughter rather difficult. The centralization of the local slaugh- ee ee < rv he mg ~~? = alow NECESSITY FOR MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION. 45 tering business in one abattoir of modern construction, including proper refrigerator facilities and a sanitary rendering tank, is the most feasible solution of both of these problems. It will not only provide for the slaughtering under good sanitary conditions, with convenient facilities for competent and economic inspection, but will also make it possible to derive a profit from the by-products obtained from the offal and other refuse matter. The central abattoir may be a union slaughter house, owned and operated by a company of butchers; an abattoir owned by citizens and designated by the local authorities as the official abat- toir, where all local slaughtering must be done, or a municipal abattoir, owned and operated by the local authorities. Trade jealousies have prevented the building of union slaughter houses by butchers, but in Bridgeport, Conn., Buffalo, N. Y., New Or- leans, La., and Nashville and Knoxville, Tenn., there are pri- vately owned slaughter houses, in which all animals must be slaughtered under municipal inspection. The meat is marked with the city stamp if found to be wholesome, and no meat may be sold within the city without this stamp or the United States stamp. Birmingham, Ala., and Paris, Tex., a city of only 15,000 population, have municipal abattoirs and are in advance of all other municipalities in this respect. The experience of Paris, Tex., is very encouraging to those interested in the establishment of municipal meat inspection. Pre- vious to the erection of the municipal abattoir, the same condi- tions existed in and around Paris as may be found around cities and towns in this state, except that the sanitary conditions were much worse than exist here since the operation of the State Meat Hygiene Service. The municipal authorities of Paris made an effort to improve the conditions, but they did not succeed, prin- cipally because the slaughter houses were located outside of the town and beyond their jurisdiction. An effort was then made to have the individual butchers form a stock company and build a central, union slaughter house, but business jealousies prevented the success of this plan. The mayor, Mr. E. H. McCuistion, and others interested then decided to erect a municipal abattoir. Plans 44 LOUIS A. KLEIN. and estimates were obtained, and the citizens were asked to vote on a bond issue to provide the necessary funds, $10,000. The proposition was approved, and the abattoir was erected and began operation in December, 1909. The capacity of the plant is fifty cattle a day of ten hours, and there are also facilities for hogs and sheep. This is ample for the present needs of the city, and the plant has every conve- nience and sanitary provision to be found at the largest plants. A feature worth noting is the location, which is one of the principal streets of the town, with dwellings on all sides—one within 400 feet. Not only the offal from the animals slaugh- tered, but also dead animals from the city are rendered and re- duced in the plant, without offense to people in the neighborhood. Sanitary rendering tanks are used, and the offensive gases and odors are condensed and trapped into the sewer or passed under the fire-box of the boiler and burned. The selection of such a site by the Paris authorities for the abattoir is quite in contrast with the action of some of the local Boards of Health in Pennsyl- vania in forbidding the erection of slaughter houses within the limits of their towns. The plant is operated by the city, and slaughtering is done for the local butchers at fixed charges: $1.25 for each beef, and 75 cents for each calf, sheep or goat. These charges cover not only slaughtering, but five days’ cold storage and delivery on the hook in the butcher’s shop. If a carcass is left in the refrigerator more than five days, an additional charge of 10 cents per day is made. The owner of the animals slaughtered also receives the hide, all of the tallow adhering to the carcass and the “ rough fat” of the offal. The city retains the blood and offal, with the fat adhering to the latter, and this is worked up into tallow and tankage, which is disposed of at market prices. The other by- products, bones, hoofs, bristles, etc., are not worked up at the present time. It was not the intention to make the plant-profitable, but only self-sustaining, and in a letter dated February 27, 1911, after the plant had been in operation over two years, the mayor Says: ‘we 1 a? een NECESSITY FOR MILK AND MEAT INSPECTION. 45 “ We are greatly pleased with it, and have found it abundantly self-sustaining in every way. We fully believe our system offers a very practical and economical solution of the local meat problem in all small cities.” He also says: “We have demonstrated to the satisfaction of every local butcher that we can hang a carcass on the hook in his shop cheaper than he can; and further, that there is no legitimate comparison between our system and the old one we formerly employed.” A thorough inspection is made of all animals slaughtered in the abattoir, including an ante- and post-mortem examination. The chief inspector is a graduate veterinarian, who had had pre- vious experience and training in the service of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. When an animal is rejected on ante- mortem examination the owner is notified, and the animal is at once removed from the stock pens. If the carcass is condemned on post-mortem examination, it is placed in the offal tank and the owner is paid the value of the tallow and tankage. The chief inspector has charge of the plant. The regular employees include two slaughterers, one driver, one engineer and one “ dead stock ” man. Slaughtering at the municipal plant is not absolutely compul- sory, but an ordinance requires that all slaughtering must be done under the same sanitary conditions as exist in the municipal abat- toir, and the result is that all local slaughtering is done at the city abattoir. Mr. Benjy. H. Mount Dip Nor HAveE GLanbers.—Recalling Chairman McLaughlin’s detailed report to the December meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City, on the case of Mr. Benj. H. Mount (who was supposed to have been in- oculated with the discharge from a glandered horse) which ended with the words: ‘‘ The committee concluded that the patient did not exhibit any positive symptoms of glanders,” it is gratifying as well as interesting to note that Mr. Mount did not have glanders, that he is alive and well, and driving a truck every day. DIET DEFICIENCY AND DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK.* By Fras. Evetyn Ptace, B.V.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., Etc., ETC., VETERINARY LEc- TURER TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Highly as I esteem the honor of being invited to submit a paper before such a learned and erudite body as the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and much as I appreciate the opportunity held out by that body to enable the veterinary surgeons of the Commonwealth and Dominion to foregather under the aegis of its patronage, I feel that as a comparatively new comer I should more fittingly assume the role of a postulant at the feet of such Gamaliels than take upon me the robe of a teacher, and it is in this frame of mind that I venture to occupy your attention for a short while with some oi the aspects presented by the connection between diet deficiency and disease in livestock. Some of the phenomena attracted my attention many years ago during dry summers upon the moors of Devon, but during the Indian famine of 1904 and 5 I began to collate certain symptoms and to assign to them in my own mind a chemico physiological importance in the conditions which prevailed among the livestock in the famine stricken desert of Rajputana, and upon my arrival in Australia some three years ago, I found in Victoria and South Australia that the minds of stockowners were being exorcised over similar if not identical problems quaintly named in the latter state “ Dry Bible” and ‘ Coasting,’ while Tasmania and New Zealand meet with trouble possibly more akin to the English forms in ‘‘ Midland Disease ” and * Bush sickness,” and South Africa joins in with Lam and Stieffziekte, and in the face of all of them the veterinary pro- “A paper read before the Veterinary Section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, at Melbourne, 1913. 46 ee io eo DIET DEFICIENCY AND DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK, 47 fession has unfortunately to admit its ignorance of the causative tactors and has to adopt empirical remedies such as bone meal and to endure a certain amount of scorn from the ignorant and unscientific who know all about it, while the profession is still delving amid the mass of contradictory report and confusing symptoms in an earnest, and I hope soon to be successful en- deavor to elucidate the reason of phenomena noticed. If I may be allowed I would revert for a few moments to a number of diseases which affect ourselves and which I may refer to as belonging to groups such as the beri-beri, the scurvy and the pellagra groups and which are recognized by a large and increasing number of scientists as yielding to suitable diet, and I would class myself among the believers that they are caused by deficiency of certain food elements, the absence of which has a marked and serious effect upon tissue metabolism in nerve muscle and bone, a group of organs which compose about 60 per cent. of the bodies of our domestic animals and which hitherto have received more attention from the breeder of live- stock than from the veterinary surgeon, if we omit those which build up the legs of a horse, in which the psalmist warns us not to put our trust, plainly with prophetic vision foreseeing the advent of motor traction and its effects upon the income of the veterinary practitioner. For a moment I will briefly sketch the symptoms of beri-beri as I have seen them occurring in some poor wretch who has vainly been endeavoring to keep body and soul together upon a handful of moldy weevilly rice. And then I will try and draw a parallel from a horse dying in the ninety-mile desert. The patient loses weight till he is reduced to a skeleton, oedema, contractions, paralysis and anaesthesia of the limbs, marked nervous symptoms, due apparently to degeneration of the peripheral nerves and those of the heart muscle, followed by death or recovery without any treatment beyond a change of locale, with most probably important additions to the defective diet. So much for the human animal, now for the equine: The collar grows too large, fresh holes have to be punched in the 48 FRAS. EVELYN PLACE. girths, the legs swell and the spur vein fills, he trips and totters, and without notice collapses on the sand without a groan or struggle, with spume at the nostril and nought but hide upon his ribs. Or look for a moment at a case of scurvy, with its anaemia and cachexia, its local hemorrhages and hemorrhagic inflammation, the spots upon the ribs, their dislocation from the cartilages with perhaps neuritis and anaesthesia of the limbs, and compare it with a coasty heifer with her bloodless eyes and bottled jaw, her gaspy breath, due to her ribs failing to distend, her tottering walk and swollen fetlocks, and finally her feeble helpless efforts to control her limbs and raise her wasted carcase. Is not one justified in asking: Are these mere coincidences or is there not a closer connection? For my own part I think there is, and it is interesting to note how veterinary surgeons have accepted and rejected the same theories with regard to this class of disease, as have members of the sister profession, though they have worked apart. Intoxication, auto-intoxication, infec- tion, and even the photodynamic theories like ancient dynasties have risen, held their sway and gone, while now the deficiency theory has been hinted at by Theiler, Gilruth and Aston, though but tentatively, and as through a glass darkly. For to us the proteid has been a mass, a pyramid viewed in the mist of early dawn, and in the noonday heat its building stones have but afforded us shelter while we slept, their individual characters, their cryptic signs are still to seek, and perhaps at eventide there shall be light. The cow with her hide-bound belly and stiff stretched neck, chewing the bones of some less lucky mate, has suggested the want of phosphorus and kindly consideration has provided a bone meal lick, but is not this significant of a certain amount of rough and ready argument forced upon the-veterinary surgeon by the pressing need of staying the plague, and is it not characteristic of a certain roughness in feeding experiments which have been carried out? We see the proteid, the carbohydrate and the fat, the tricolor which proclaims the revolution, but we are deaf to the groans, the gabelle raises, we think the miller but dips out a DIET DEFICIENCY AND DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK. 49 negligible mite, we wonder when red ruin racks our state we fail to miss the amides of our meadow hay, we ignore the subtle ethers which scarce move our chemist’s scale, and wonder when our beast falls, never to rise again. Lead by the chemist whose accuracy far exceeds our own, we have framed standard diets with correct nitrogenous ratios, we have carefully balanced the income and the outgoing, at least in theory, and our American cousins have also in fact, in some careful series of experiments, especially those carried out at Wis- consin, without success. Here in Australia we have no data re the composition of our common feed stuffs, we know less about them than we do of the component parts of a German sugar beet or an Indian millet and our ignorance falls upon our own heads in the nemesis of dry bible and coast. South Australia at least is en- deavoring to lift the veil of this darkness, but many years must elapse before the observations and experiments now being carried out at the Agricultural college Roseworthy can be finalized, though from time to time parts of them may be available. Up to now we have no Australian analysis of Cockie chaff or wheaten hay, our grasses and native clovers are unknown quantities, but when we seek them out we must remember that caloric.figures are incomplete records of the value of a food stuff, and that the innate metabolism of a grain has a physiological value which we cannot weigh or count in figures. In short, that the feeding value of any food is based upon almost complicated chain of fac- tors, each dependent on the other till the mind becomes dazed at the number of combinations any one series may present. The appearance of the stock in the dry districts of South Australia leads one to think that a very large amount of feeding value of their forage is expanded in maintenance, more than the five-twelfths of Kellner’s observations, even those which are keeping their condition, give one the impression that too great a proposition of their energy is expended in managing to live, to use a feeder’s expression they have no “bloom,” or in butcher’s terms they “kill light.” A somewhat extensive ac- quaintance with these beasts in the slaughter house supports this 50 FRAS. EVELYN PLACE, idea, their musculature is devoid of inter-muscular fat, and its water content is far too high proportionately, so they shrivel when they set and resemble biltong more than beef, and when canned their gravy is gelatin rather than jelly. A high proportion of this class of beast has an acid reaction with the urine, which is also the case in dry bible, and in some forms of coast disease, anent which it is interesting to recall the note in Smith’s Physiology. ‘* When the herbivora are starved their urine gives an acid reaction.” Now as physiologists we must look further than the kidneys and bladder for the origin of this change and we find it no doubt in the muscles. This is not the place, nor if it were, would time permit to go into detail as to chemical changes in the muscles, but it is worth noting that they become strongly acid in reaction when the call upon their endurance is excessive, either as labor or as deficiency in nutri- ment. In this connection we must call to mind the fact that food deficient in nutriment not only fails to nourish but also lowers the digestibility of nutritious food fed with it, so that large feeds of straw chaff with a modicum of inferior wheat such as form the standard diet of many horses do not conform to the requirements of their system even when liberally diluted with sand, nor are they calculated to produce meat or milk. At first glance the analysis of certain straws does not show them to be entirely unsuited for use as food, but wheat straw seldom shines out well, Kellner’s figures being: Water, 13,6; nitrogenous substances, 3, 3; fat, 1, 3; soluble carbohydrates, 39, 4; fibre, 37, 1; ash 5, 3 with a digestibility of less than a third of its weight. And this is the diet on which a large proportion of Australian stock are supposed to find their nourishment. For an analysis of wheaten hay we have to go to America, and it is by no means improbable that the analyses made there are those of a fodder differing in many effective elements from the same substance here, but it shows a marked improvement in the nutritive ratio and reveals the fact that Cockie chaff probably saves the situa- tion. It is to be hoped that the Roseworthy experiments and DIET DEFICIENCY AND DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK. 51 observations will set this matter more clearly before the feeder. The careful study of the analyses of the common fodders in use in Australia is of value, but analysis alone is most mislead- ing, digestibility is a better guide, but assimilation is not synony- mous even with this, as the appearance of stock on much country, where undoubtedly they are digesting a fair proportion of what they eat clearly shows, for frequently a change to land which does not seem so good brings about an alteration for the better. When dealing with metabolism in the tissues we are dealing with only a limited series of factors, metabolism in the fodder itself while growing and after cutting and while in store, to say nothing of the natural action of the enzymes of the digestive juices in partnership with those of the fodder are all issues which have to be studied both alone and in conjunction. In Australasia livestock present the symptoms of the great groups of deficiency diseases observed in man, the beri beri group is typified by the so-called epizootic paralysis and the disease in horses where the collapse is so.sudden that death may occur upon a journey without warning reminding many who went to the war in South Africa of the fatal horse sickness prevalent in that country, whose lam ziekte and stiffziekte have their counter parts here in neat stock as coasting and dry bible. The scurvy group appear in horses, cattle and sheep in forms widely known but generally receiving local and often unmeaning names such as crankums, rheumatoid arthritis and so on. ‘The pellagra group also have their counter parts in skin and stomach lesions in the central and northern districts of Australia, the midlands of Tasmania and the north island of New Zealand, a chain of tracts which have in common scarcely any climatic or botanic similarities, which fact almost forces on one the necessity of falling back upon physiological resemblances. Fagopyrismus in cattle and epizootic paralysis in horses naturally turn the thoughts to the study of the balance of meta- bolic factors and their influence on the major physiological proc- esses in livestock, because they are instances of the disastrous effect of very slight alterations in those balances. Among phy- 52 FRAS. EVELYN PLACE. sicians one school scoffs at the labored triturations of the other, which in turn smiles in pity upon the germ bespangled broths and jellies of the other, and both in turn are the sport of yet a third party which, while deriding drugs or sera, agitates the public mind with the desire for frequent change, both in venue and diet, to say nothing of habits and thought, and between them nature waves her hand and produces eggs and cream, lamb chops and Murray cod, strawberries and apples, ale and tea, all just proteids, carbohydrates, fats and water, yet every one dis- tinctly different and pleasing in their variety by their distinctive characters, which are to a great extent amides or amido acids almost negligible from an analyst’s point of view, but recog- nizable by the working bullock that suddenly pulls up to crop some succulent weed by the roadside, or the colt which, browsing by its dam, picks off the dainty tops that please its palate, and even the farmer seeks for them when at this time of year he be- moans the fact that pastures so good three months ago are not able to carry the stock now, though, minus the water, the crop upon them is probably weight for weight richer in proteids, etc., than it was then. And here we must pause a moment to consider an important factor which probably has much to do with deficiency in Aus- iralian fodder, namely the fact that plants grown in dry heat are deficient in many of their natural amides, that when present these undergo metabolic changes which render them’ unadapted to the use of stock, a fact unpleasantly forced upon my notice some few years ago in Burma by the untimely and numerous deaths of ponies fed upon phaseolus lunatus and similar legumes grown in a dry district, while lower down in the moister parts the same plants were fed regularly without harm, and I have no doubt that the contradictory reports about Soya beans in Eng- land arise from the conditions under which they have been grown in spite of the similarity of the analyses in all such cases. Recent investigations by the Commonwealth Statistican have demonstrated the curious effect upon the birth and death rate of varying quantities of moisture in the atmosphere as applied to Eee eee ee ee ee Se ee a eee 2 ‘ DIET DEFICIENCY AND DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK. Hits) man, and the practical farmer daily demonstrates the same thing in his movements of stock, while the creek and the waterhole seem to be the determining factors in the utilization of the amides in the fodder illustrated by the saying I heard some thirty years ago in the Riverina, that if the sheep could have a blade of grass one day and a drop of water the next they could weather through the drought, but with the grass alone they could lie down and die. Research has demonstrated that in the large nerve organs as well as in the peripheral nerves of animals that have starved, or in the polyneuritis of pigeons, and in the impaction paralysis of cattle there is a marked deficiency in the normal phosphorus con- tent of those organs despite the fact that phosphatic content of their food has been ample, and one knows how very disappoint- ing from a therapeutic point of view the administration of phos- phorus proves to be in many cases, while in others it seems to act like a charm. A series of analyses of the phosphorus con- tents, both actual and relative, of the otoliths in paralytic stock would probably illuminate the obscurity of many of the symp- toms. When one considers that the caloric energy of bad grass hay, as compared with good grass hay, is very little more than half and that five-twelfths of the amount of food eaten has to be used for maintenance, also that the wastage of bad hay is double that of good, and that the more inferior the fodder is the greater the depression of digestion, also that when in conjunction with these factors they are all intensified if the water supply is in- sufficient, one is bound to consider that under some Australian conditions livestock must be chronically upon the verge of starva- ‘tion, which, as a matter of fact, is just the impression that I gained when first studying these conditions, although an absence of thirteen years from England and an extensive acquaintenance with the appearance of stock in India under famine conditions should have familiarized me with the symptoms of existence under such disadvantages. One notices that when phosphorus is available as when bone meal is given that the nerve lesions are 5+ FRAS. EVELYN PLACE. ne ee minimized, but that the appearance compatible with bloom and health are only restored when natural fodder in an actively growing stage is to be had, unless one makes an exception in the case of stock receiving ensilage, a form of nourishment in which if the natural amides have undergone change their place is taken in some degree by ferment products nearly allied to them. In this connection one’s mind reverts to the empiric remedies of currants and yeast, the administration of which is undoubtedly followed bya measure of success in this class of disease which cannot fairly be attributed to a merely mechanical action upon the ingesta. One other point must be called to mind before we commence to collate the clinical facts we have ben considering and that is the frequency with which enlargement of the thyroid is met with in the class of disease under consideration, one finds this in all classes of stock, colts, calves, mares, geldings, cows and steers, a list which excludes those whose generative organs are im- mature or male animals which, as a rule, are fed with a diet of superior order. It may be that from a clinical point of view I have not brought forward sufficient evidence to convince many that we are dealing with groups of diseases resulting from diet deficiency, that is deficiency in some essential necessary for the normal phy- siological processes, diseases that may still be regarded by many as intoxications, a view I must confess I still have a hankering after although my faith in it is daily being undermined by the contradictory and inexact statements which are constantly being put forward with a view to make its position more tenable, but we have the fact that these deficiency diseases break out in coun- tries where a certain unvarying diet is partaken of for long periods, while near by stock seem to be exempt from their attack, due no doubt to some minute alteration in the diet which con- tains the necessary protective bodies. As I have already alluded to the similarity in the course of the symptoms I may here merely remark that the most prom- inent ones are found in all the diseases we are considering, DIET DEFICIENCY AND DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK. De Cl namely a general cachexia with enormous loss of weight, marked nervous symptoms due most probably to degeneration of the peripheral nervous system, centripetal rather than eccentric. And, roughly, we know that all these diseases can be prevented by the addition of certain substances to the food, and in some cases when the disease is not too far advanced a cure may be hoped for. In the case of human diseases these substances are known to be organic bases and are termed “ Vitamines,” those of the beri beri group and the scurvy group being well recognized and to some extent being interchangeable, though not always. Al- though veterinary research has not so far gone thus far, veter- inary clinical observation which I believe I may justly claim as being keener than that of the sister profession has supplied the missing substances in crude form, bone meal, ensilage, cattle spices, and so forth. While the beans, always considered neces- sary for muscular growth and fitness in training stables, supply the vitamines in profusion. Facts that Gryns and Eykman ap- plied to the treatment and investigation of deficiency diseases and which Worth and myself experimented with in Burma find- ing that the protective substance is soluble in strong alcohol and effective even after the elimination of alcohol soluble proteids. The fact that the phosphorus content of some fodders acted as an index to their harmfulness or otherwise suggested that prob- ably there was a deficiency of certain organic phosphorus com- pounds in the food which has sufficed for Schauman to con- struct his phosphorus deficiency theory. Investigation has proved that the protective substances whichever they may be are: Sol- uble in alcohol, in acidulated alcohol and water. Dailysable. Destroyed by heating somewhat above 100 C. They are neither salts nor proteins. They are easily destroyed by chemical manip- ulation and on this account have most probably escaped the observation of earlier investigators. Funk concluded that owing to the stability of certain sub- stances from yeast in acid solution that these protective sub- stances are probably nitrogenous, of simple chemical nature and 56 FRAS. EVELYN PLACE. belonging to the group precipitated by phospho tungstic acid, and tracked them down till he obtained a compound with the formula C 17. H 20. N 2. O 7.. The quantity of this substance present is extremely small, 1 kg. yielding only o 5, g, and the curative dose was found to be very small indeed, but varying with conditions of nerve degeneration and subsequent diet re- sulting in some critics considering the substance to be merely an activator, a member of the group of hormones. Subsequent in- vestigation, however, upsets this theory and gives rise to another that the neuritic symptoms of starving animals are dependent not only on phosphorus deficiency but also on nitrogen deficiency in the nerve organs, and that in the absence of, the vitamine the organism cannot synthetize its nerve elements and so deficient metabolism ensues and death results. Here the yeast and cur- rants of the empiric tell. Vitamine is necessary for the metabolism of the nervous tissue and its lack forces the animal to take this substance from its own tissues. The result is enormous loss of weight, and when the available stock begins to run short there is a breaking down of the nerve tissue and the resulting symptoms, among which in the southwestern parts of South Australia is the form of epi- demic dropsy, so reminiscent of the so-called wet beri beri. I have already drawn the parallel between some forms of “coast”? and scurvy, the later being so prevalent on a diet of starch and preserved food and yielding so easily to lime juice and fresh fruit and vegetables, especially onions, as I, after some months on boiled milk and brandy, have reason to be thankful for. The prevalence of scurvy of the gums is responsible for many of the dental troubles which supervene on the attentions of quack horse dentists, and is possibly the reason for the exist- ence of these operators. One of the symptoms of this form of disease in cattle in South Australia is a blue hyperaemia of the gums and in some instances ulceration, which have misled me into imagining I had lead poisoning to deal with until undeceived by chemical ooo Se eeeEEEeEeEEEEEeEeEeeEe———eeEeEeEeEeEeEeeEeEeEEEEEEEEEE as ee 76 FON es, ess Ah red erie DIET DEFICIENCY AND DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK. HY’ analysis. In human scurvy only fresh food possesses the pro- tective power, dried material is entirely valueless, but lime juice apparently is possessed of a greater quantity and that more stable and offers a promising therapeutic remedy for stock. In the process of germination seeds are known to develop all kinds of enzymes in order to utilize their food reserves, and grains such as oats develop an antiscorbutic agent after they have germinated, but they lose this power when they are dried again. This is also true when the process of ripening is not completed, so that the shrivelled wheat in Australian hay is probably unable to carry on this process even although its nitro- gen content is high. Infantile scurvy is not uncommon in factory fed calves and pigs receiving waste milk which has probably been preserved by heat. And although the vitamine in milk is fairly stable, it is destroyed by heat, the extent of its destruction depending on two factors, the temperature and length of time of heating. Further factors, says Funk, in a passage which is pregnant with impor- tance to Australian dairymen, are: The reaction of the milk, the natural content of vitamines in the cow’s milk, which, of course, depends entirely on the content of vitamines in the cow’s food, and so far we know nothing about them, except the financial loss such ignorance entails. All the symptoms of the disease we are considering can be produced in miniature in guinea pigs. The loss of hair and weight, the paralysis of the hind legs and catarrh of the intes- tines, by a deficient diet, not deficient in quantity but in pro- tective substances. And their blood is sterile, like those other beasts we deal with. The results of modern investigations in deficiency diseases are not well known to physiologists and are practically unknown to veterinarians, though Mandel and Emil Fischer have long ago forecasted the results at which we are arriving and have pointed out that these substances protective have been too easily overlooked. In the metabolism experiments, performed with a view of DS FRAS. EVELYN PLACE. determining the nutritive value of different proteins, the question of vitamines has not been considered, but.if they are not present, even though the nitrogen content is high, the animal wastes and fails, and in future experiments they must be carefully con- sidered. Abderhalden’s experiments in feeding dogs with their own proteins and his rather too premature conclusion that the question of artificial food is solved have their value in calling our attention to the length of time an animal can survive upon its own tissues or those closely allied to them and enable us to understand how the famine cow survives upon dried dung cakes, or the dry bible beast on mummified rabbits that have succumbed to phosphorus in overdoses. Many years of careful work are still before us before we know much about vitamines and similar protective substances, but my purpose will have been served if by these few ob- servations I have succeeded in arousing among my professional brethren a fleeting interest in them, for it is quite possible that their importance is much greater than has been hinted at in this paper, and a predisposition to many other diseases may be due to a deficiency in these protective substances. We shall see the whole importance of these protective bodies when we know for what purpose these small quantities of sub- stances are required in the animal organism. It is obvious that the minute amount necessary cannot be considered from the point of view of food, unless they are the ambrosia and nectar of the ferments and hormones, or the favored vintages of the internal glands such as the thyroid and pituitary. The further investigation of vitamines, the knowledge of their chemical composition and their fate in the animal body should help to eliminate from veterinary phraseology such classic terms as dry bible, enzootic paraplegia, coasting and other high or low sounding titles which mean nothing and only serve to raise a smile upon the faces of those who deem we are endeavor- ing to hide our thoughts in words. eT DIET DEFICIENCY AND DISEASE IN LIVESTOCK. 59 SUMMARY. The connection between deficiency in certain food elements and disease in livestock has occupied the writer’s attention in England, India, Burma and Australia, where the class of disease is known under various local names, as “ dry bible,” inpaction, coasting, Midland and Bush sickness, and corresponds in many ways to the South African Lam and stieffziekte. But in all the countries there is a lack of accurate knowledge of the cause, though veterinarians treat the forms of disease with a certain amount of success in an empirical way by giving bone meal licks yeast and similar remedies. The similarity between the main symptoms of these diseases and human beri beri and scurvy lead the writer to compare the literature of the human animal diseases which reveal the want of analyses of common Australian fodders, a want that is being remedied by observations at the South Australian Government Agricultural College at Roseworthy; while the failure of rations based solely on chemical analysis has clearly demonstrated a deeper cause for the trouble as well as showing how deficient many fodders are in necessary feeding elements and how chemical changes occur in the animal frame on account of the low feeding value of many of them which really produce slow starvation in which climatic conditions take an active part. The elements found deficient in the brain and nerves are nitrogen and phosphorus, which are supplied in some degree by the empiric remedies. But the diseases really result from a de- ficiency of certain protective bodies in the food termed “ vita- mines,” which give the aroma to hay and chaff, they are chemical substances easily altered by heat and other agencies and they act as nerve food, those in milk stand heating better than those in fodder, but still the fluid loses much of its value by lengthy heat- ing. These substances have hitherto been sadly neglected in feeding experiments upon which they have so great an influence, and when absent from the food the animal has to draw upon the small supply in its own tissues resulting in failure of the proc- 60 FRAS. EVELYN PLACE. esses of life. The writer hopes that the aim of this paper to interest physiologists and veterinarians in the closer observation of ed of Cat these protective substances will bear fruit in a fuller knowl- ge of their value and change from the local meaningless names the diseases to ones having a scientific signification. REFERENCES. | Kellner, The Scientific Feeding of Animals. University of Wisconsin, Various Reports on Feeding Experiments. University of Wisconsin, Research Bulletins 14-18. Armsby and Fries, The Influence of Type and Age upon the Utilization of Feed by tle. ; Ashton, B. C., The Chemistry of Bush Sickness. Ashton, B. C., Departmental Report N. Z., 1910. Ashton, B. C., Journal of Agriculture N. Z. Bruce, Report, Tasmania. Theiler, Agricultural Journal, South Africa. Shaw, T., Feeding Farm Animals. New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Ann. Rep., roor. Renard, A. H., A. B. C. of Scientific Stock Feeding. Thiel H., Landwirtschaftliches Jahrbuch, 1911. Casimir Funk, Journal of State Medicine, 1912. Manson, Tropical Diseases. Hebrard, Le Beri Beri. Eykman, Virchow’s Archives. Fraser and Stanton, Lancet. Schaumann, Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropenhygiene. Kilbourne, Philippine Journal of Science. Mandel, Physiologie. Chittenden, Nutrition of Man. Abderhalden, Zeitschrift f. Physiologie. Smith, Veterinary Physiology. Dr. E. D. Hupson, Gettysburg, Pa., poetically writes: “‘ Dear Editor— p ‘You can count my check for $3 more, And send the Review same as before. It’s always worth the coin you ask To get it monthly, like in the past. It’s found on my desk from morn till night; I read it through with much delight. ~ You can bet your boots I will stick to you, You grand old AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.” This is not the first time our readers have read Dr. Hudson’s etic enthusiasm in regard to the REvIEw. TN ar ~~ ee RHEUMATISM. By F. G. WuireHeap, V.M.D., St. Georce, UTAH. All those diseases of locomotory organs which arise from cold and run their course, causing severe pain in various parts of the body and producing incapacity for movement in the organs affected, have been classed under the name of rheumatism. The muscles, aponeuroses, tendons, sheaths and articular synovial membranes are specially prone to this affection. Such a classi- fication is quite unacceptable, since other diseases make their ap-. pearance after severe exposure to cold, and cold has not been proven to be the definite cause of rheumatism; in fact, some forms of rheumatism are very likely due to infection. Two forms exist, and in order to be more exact the form due to cold or muscular rheumatism will be dealt with first, leaving the articular form until later. A differentiation between the two forms is quite difficult in domestic animals; in fact, sometimes impossible, due to compli- cations of both forms existing at the same time. In the muscular form we have a myositis, while in the articular form a poly- arthritis ; supposedly due to different causes and nothing in com- mon, except the disturbance of function and pain produced. EtioLocy or MuscuLar RHEUMATISM.—Most common in horses, dogs and cattle, but not rare in sheep and pigs. Two of the dogs at the Berlin Hospital are affected with this malady. Cold is regarded as the chief cause; 7. e., damp, cold weather, cold winds and draughts, poorly constructed stables, wet pastures and rapid cooling of overheated animals. This disease is seen most in the changeable weather of fall and spring. Young animals poorly nourished or old emaciated ones seem most prone. The cold is supposed to act as an irritant upon the peripheral nerves of the skin and is by them reflexly transmitted to nerves 61 62 F. G. WHITEHEAD. and vessels of the muscles, causing circulatory disturbances and finally an inflammation of the separate muscle fibres. The old theory that by suddenly checking the perspiration and retain- ing poisonous substances, that would otherwise have been elim- inated, seems to have few supporters at the present time. Some think it is due to an infection, but no one has been able to re- produce the disease through an infectious agent. PosT-MORTEM CHANGES.—In mild cases no changes are manifest, but in severe cases specific changes are present; 1. é., hyperemia, hemorrhages, serous exudation into the interstitial connective tissue, softening, discoloration and disintegration of muscular fibres. Where the affection is of old standing in- flammatory proliferation may be noted in the form of rheumatic nodules. Atrophy of the muscles is a common sequel of chronic rheumatism. Cloudy swelling, fatty and hyaline degeneration of muscle fibres along with rapid degeneration is of pathologic importance. The aponeuroses are diffusely reddened with a serous infiltration, the muscles being highly injected and of bright red color. Fatty degeneration may entirely displace the muscular striation. Symptoms IN Horses.—Single groups of muscles and es- pecially those of the extremities are most likely to be affected. The attack comes on suddenly, the gait becomes stiff, strained posture and incomplete action of the affected muscles; for ex- ample, the animal’s steps are shortened and backing may be im- possible. The affected muscles are tense and painful to the touch and they may be surrounded by an edematous swelling. A characteristic sign is the shifting of the lameness from one leg to another, the primarily affected one recovering rapidly. Re covery upon exercise with recurrent attacks are also sugges- tive of rheumatism. Shoulder and lumbar muscles are often affected; in the former the stride is shortened and the gait is stiff; on backing the foot is dragged and lameness is increased on going up hill or on soft ground. Where the extensors are affected turning the animal in a circle produces most pronounced lameness. Affection of the loins or lumbago shows itself in a Ee RHEUMATISM. - 63 stiffer carriage, sensitiveness and weakness over the lumbar region, a dragging gait, difficulty in rising and even complete immobility of the hind legs. Hip muscles may be implicated, causing a dragging gait and possibly collapse when more weight is thrown upon the affected limb. Rheumatism of the inter- costals is rare if ever present in the horse. Where widespread we note some fever (104° F.), increased pulse and respiratory rate, but if localized no systemic disturbances are encountered. Severe cases may be complicated with catarrh, colic, pleuritis and rarely with the articular form. Cause may be either acute or chronic, recovery taking place in some cases during the first few days. Relapses are very com- mon and once an animal has had muscular rheumatism he is very likely to be reattacked. Where the shoulders or loins are affected we are very liable to have a chronic case lasting some- times for years. In cattle the symptoms are quite the same as in the horse, except that the articular form is often associated with the muscular form. As in the horse the shoulders and loins seem to be most prone to an attack, and we may either have a localized form or a widespread one in which nearly every muscle of the body is affected, here the animal is stiff, won’t move unless forced to, and groans continuously. The muscles are tense and painful and in acute cases the temperature is 104-6 and breath- ing quick and labored. Usually the chronic form attacks cattle, but the acute form may also, and death is often reported. In dogs the rheumatic process is usually localized in the muscles of the neck, shoulders and back, but may affect any part of the body. Yelping and howling upon least provocation is quite characteristic. Lifting or even touching the animal causes pain and fear. The movements are stiff, strained, ani- mal is fearful and timid, neck is held with a peculiar stiffness and the dog lies down continuously. Shifting and recovery of a once affected muscle is seen very often and in a short time the dog may appear in apparently good health. If the jaw muscles are not affected the appetite remains good. Due to painful de- 64 F. G. WHITEHEAD. fecation constipation is the rule. Chronic obstinate cases are often encountered. Among lambs the disease appears in either a local or general form, rarely attacking the older sheep. The gait is stiff, back and neck held rigid, often the head is drawn to one side and lumbago is often present. Pain is manifest as in other animals and lying down continuously is often suggestive. Both the acute and chronic forms have been reported. In pigs as in cattle this form is often associated with articular rheumatism. The animals walk with pain, have a stiff gait, and the back is held rigid. Gastric disturbances are common in pigs and even paralysis of the hind parts is frequent. Epizootic out- breaks among pigs have been noted. Differential Diagnosis.—Affections of the bones, joints, hoofs and tendons may give us trouble, but before making our diag- nosis we should exclude the lower bones of the legs by means of cocaine. In the articular form we usually have a high tempera- ture, painful swelling, and localized pain over the affected joints, but in deep seated articular forms we may be quite at a loss to discover where the trouble lies. Lumbago may be misconstrued with paralysis of the hind quarters, due to affections of the cord, but the cause can usually be outlined. Hemoglobinuria is re- garded as a severe rheumatic myositis of the lumbar muscles, but in ordinary rheumatism we have no hemoglobinuria. We may confuse muscular rheumatism with pleuritis, nephritis, osteomye- litis and in cattle with cerebro-spinal meningitis. Treatment.—For localized muscular rheumatism external ap- plications and massage are especially indicated. Spirits of cam- phor, either alone or combined with oil of turpentine, mustard oil I-50, spirits of ammonia I-I5, or tincture of arnica are usually employed. Friction is the most important; Priessits’s bandages or cold douches followed by warm dressings, finally trying to in- cite perspiration, is very effectual. For chronic shoulder rheuma- tism inject veratrine 34 to 1% grs. in Mxx of alcohol, increas- ing the dose 1/6 gr. daily, omitting every fifth day; exercise after each injection to alleviate restlessness. Lumbago, especially _ i RHEUMATISM. 65 of dogs, may be benefited by an injection into the lumbar muscles of morphia gr. 11 B. D. In general, muscular rheumatism salicylic acid or salicylate of soda is to be recommended and ofttimes in - the local form these drugs prove of great value, though they must occasionally be long continued; for horses 34 to Jiss T. D.; for dogs gr. xxx to 51. The salicylate of soda is to be preferred since the acid exerts a corrosive action on the M-M of the stomach. Best given in pills or electuaries to larger animals; in solution to smaller ones. Salol (phenyl salicylate) and aspirin are used for smaller animals and in man they have attained widespread renown; they are somewhat expensive for our use; given in doses of gr.x T. D. Antipyrine has of late been used for smaller ani- mals and may be given in x-xx gr. doses. Laxatives are quite generally used and tartar emetic is given in feverish cases. Tinc- ture of colchicum is a gentle purgative and some think a rheuma- tic specific for dogs in v-xvm doses T. D. Diaphoretics have been used with good results; 7. ¢., arecoline hydrobromide 1% grs. pilo- carpine hydrochloride in large doses 6 xii grs., dissolved in 511 of water and injected beneath the skin; when sweating commences guard against cold draughts and blankets are indicated. ARTICULAR RHEUMATISM.—An infective febrile disease ac- companied by inflammation of several joints and systemic dis- turbances. Most common in cattle, goats, dogs and pigs, rarely seen among equines. This form is but one-fifteenth as frequent in dogs as is the muscular form. Etiology.—Formerly cold and such causes as were given for the muscular form were supposed to be conductive, but of late this disease, both in man and animals, has been found to be of an infectious nature, though chill may predispose to an attack. The infection is manifest by general feverishness, the simultaneous affections of several joints, the endocarditis which is often a con- comitant, its outbreak in model stables and its close connection with retention of the after birth. Some regard this disease as due solely to the septic material absorbed from the uterus. An epizootic articular rheumatism has been reported among goats. The organism has not been isolated, but streptococci are sup- 66 F. G@ WHITEHEAD. — posed to be responsible. Difficult parturition, abortion and fail- ure to expel the placenta have been found to accompany nearly all recorded cases of articular rheumatism. Post-mortem Findings.—Principally consist of a serous syno- vitis and in chronic forms inflammatory, degenerative modifica- tion of the joints. A suppurative synovitis is rarely found. Sev- eral joints are usually affected at the same time. In acute cases the synovial membrane is highly reddened, permeated by hemorr- hagic spots, swollen, often thickened and the villi enlarged. The synovial fluid is increased and of a reddish tint. The articular cartilages are reddened and later show a yellow, roughened sur- face. A periarthritis is seen and the surrounding tissues are infiltrated with serum and small .hemorrhages; the connective tissue is swollen and gelatinous, and the neighboring muscles are swollen and softened. The articular ends of the bones are hy- peremic and hemorrhagically infiltrated. In chronic cases a thick connective tissue covers the articular cartilage. In rare cases (as is often the case in man) a deforming arthritis is pro- duced. Endocarditis, pleuritis and peritonitis are often con- comitants. Symptoms.—Swelling of the joints, often appearing suddenly and reaching a considerable size. The carpal, tarsal and knee joints seem to be most prone. The swellings are hot, painful, skin tightly stretched and in some cases we may be able to detect fluctuation. ‘The lameness is so intense that one may suspect a broken bone. Animals usually refuse to stand and groan con- tinuously with pain. The temperature is increased 2-3 degrees and the pulse hard and wiry, with increased frequency. Appetite and rumination are suppressed, muzzle dry, defecation delayed, mill secretion decreased and animals emaciate rapidly. Peculiar complications are seen; 7. ¢., acute endocarditis, leading in not a few cases to death. Pleuritis, peritonitis, pericarditis, laryngitis and inflamma- tion of tendon sheaths. Urticaria, as seen in man, may be a sequel and is likely due to the infectious agent. Course.—Usually chronic, rarely acute, though cases of re- ¥ a r £ ee RHEUMATISM. 67 covery in two weeks have been noted. Cure is often only ap- parent, relapses are common and metastasis is frequent. By far the most cases take a chronic course and the outlook is unfavor- able, though the systemic affections may soon leave. Digestive disorders prevail in most cases and often a severe diarrhoea is the conducive cause of death. The surrounding muscles atrophy, joints become distorted and usually remain permanently thick- ened. We must distinguish articular rheumatism from traumatic and pyemic arthritis and meningitis where the vertebral articula- tions are involved. Treatment.—Since we do not know the infectious agent we should remove the most predisposing factor, namely, chill. In cattle an early removal of the afterbirth and thorough disinfec- tion should be practiced. Internally we can administer any of the drugs recommended for the muscular form; i. ¢., salicylic acid, salicylate of soda, salol, aspirin, antipyrine, acetanilid, etc. Antifebrin has of late given good results and is by far the cheap- est drug at our disposal; for cattle give it in Jss to 15 doses T. D. Laxatives and tartar emetic should be resorted to for absorbing exudates and carrying off infectious material. Potassium iodide as a resorbent is of value and to render it less expensive combine it with resublimed iodine 2-3. External applications are valu- able; 7. e., warm packs and bandages about the affected joints after thoroughly rubbing in some ointment; 7. ¢., gray mercury, pheno!, iodoform, cam:phor, etc. In chronic enlargements of joints sharp inunctions are of value; i. ¢. cantharides ungt., tinct- ure of iodine or iodide of mercury. Rheumatic phylacogens have been used with varying success, but until we are more familiar with the causative agent our success with biological products will be unsatisfactory. Frnps 1r A Goop Mepium To Get IN ToucH WITH VETER- INARIANS ALL OVER THE CouNTRY.—Again an advertiser writes in renewing contract for another year: ‘“‘ We are pleased to ad- vise you that we wish you to continue our advertisement in your Review for another year. We find your journal a good medium to get in touch with veterinarians all over the country; we are continually getting inquiries.” TETANUS TREATED PRACTICALLY.* 3y D. D. LeFevre, D.V.M., Newark, N. Y. While at Ithaca a few days ago, attending the veterinary conference, | had a talk with some of the leading veterinarians of the state and also with several members of the faculty of our own state college. We discussed the question of the high price that we are obliged to pay for tetanus anti-toxin, a remedy which you will undoubtedly concede possesses a high value therapeutically. Professor Moore said that he was of the opinion that there was very little tetanus in this state. I replied to him that I believed that there was a considerable amount of tetanus, but not much anti-toxin used, because our patients were not valu- able enough to warrant the purchasing of anti-toxin at present prices. He, in turn, replied something like the fellow from Missouri, that “I would have to show him,” and said that if it could be shown that it was true that we did have considerable tetanus and that anti-toxin was too high for practical use, that it could be put before the State Board of Health and it was quite possible that the State Board of Health might take it upon itself to furnish us with anti-toxin at cost, the same as they furnish it to the M.Ds. Therefore, I have provided the cards which are being passed around so as to be able to have some data. I trust that you will each fill out one of these cards. As you all know at the present time for $2.00 we get from any of the firms a wooden box covered with nice smooth paper, two or three pieces of cardboard, two glass retainers, some rubber caps, tubes and other little digaflitters for good measure, and seven drams of anti-toxin; mind you, seven drams, not eight, and said to be three thousand units. Upon reading the direc- * Read before The Genesee Valley Veterinary Society at its Semi-Annual Meeting at Rochester, N. Y., January, 1912. 68 i ad a TETANUS TREATED PRACTICALLY. GY tions upon the paper, we are told to use as the smallest dose that we may expect any results from at least ten thousand to fifty thousand units, or, in other words, from three and one-third boxes to sixteen of these boxes at one dose. Why a man would want a corn basket to carry them along in! Or, if you take a look at the pocket-book side of the question, it says as the small- est possible dose give nine dollars to thirty dollars’ worth at one dose, and must be repeated every four or eight hours; that is, from fifty-four to one hundred eighty dollars per day of twenty- four hours. I tell you at that rate the drug companies have got you going some. That’s kind of reaching it under the leather a little, don’t you think it? Did you ever try it? Oh, of course, you have had some cases get well by letting a horse look at a box or two, and so have I had some fine recoveries from caramel and water. But the fact remains that anti-toxin has been tried out on experimental cases of tetanus at the drug companies’ labora- tories and to obtain any kind of positive or uniform results the dose recommended by these companies is not too large, but is, as they say, the smallest advisable dose, except as I will attempt to show in this paper that part of the anti-toxin may be dis- placed by the adoption into the treatment of other methods; in fact, | am not here to give you some new specific or cure-all for this disease, but rather to emphasize the importance of a very, very old, yes, almost forgotten treatment, viz., the practice of bleeding, assisted by some of the more recent therapeutic agents, such as anti-toxin, carbolic acid and other agents. The history, etiology and morphology are so familiar to you all that it would be useless for me to dwell upon them, so I will immediately proceed to the question of treatment, and, as bleed- ing in my practice come first, we will talk of that. You may ask “ Why should we bleed?’’ To explain, let us go to the most plausible theory of toxins and anti-toxins. The theory which I believe is now universally accepted, wvvz., Ehrlich’s side-chain theory. Perhaps every one here is _per- fectly familiar with it, and perhaps others have been so busy 70 D. D. LE FEVRE. with their various duties as practitioners that they may not have become thoroughly acquainted with the particulars of this theory. Bleeding is based upon this theory, so to understand why we bleed we must first understand the theory. Therefore, I have copied these drawings* from the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review and will proceed to explain them and at the same time show where the good from bleeding comes in. According to Ehrlich, every toxin has affinities, described as heptophorous and toxophorous, that is, every molecule of the toxin is composed of two different groups of atoms, one of the toxophore or poisonous group, and the other of heptophore or combining group. The heptophorous group of the toxin com- bines or unites with the receptors of the cells for which they have a special affinity, and the toxophorous part of the molecule is thus enabled to pass through the heptophorous group into the cell upon which it acts. Ehrlich says, “Sometimes it destroys the cells, sometimes it stimulates the cell to throw out additional receptors; the cell may have become stimulated to such an extent as to throw off free receptors, which are then called anti-toxin. If enough of these free receptors are thrown off into the blood to completely take up or unite with all the poisonous constitutents in the blood then the disease is overcome.” Now in a horse suffering from tetanus we have reason to believe that the toxin has combined with and taken up all the receptors fast or free and is grasping every new receptor as fast as they are thrown out, and we also have reason to believe that most of the existing cells have been stimulated to their limit of manufacturing receptors, and yet we haven’t enough recep- tors; also many cells may have produced all the receptors that they can produce, and now are inert, so far as fighting the dis- ease is concerned. Many may now be dead or nearly so, and waiting to be eliminated. I believe that many are being killed, * Nor shown—may be found on pages 688, 689, 690, September, 1911, AMERICAN VETERINARY Review TETANUS TREATED PRACTICALLY. (ae especially at the stage where the disease is overcoming the ani- mal. So much for the old cells. Now about the new ones. During the progress of, and directly after recovery from a disease to which immunity is acquired, nature, through an ob- scure power, endows the new cells, which at that time are being formed with a far higher fighting power, or, if you please, with a far higher power of reacting to the stimulation of uniting toxins and producing receptors for that particular disease, as described by Ehrlich, and so long as the cells retain this acquired power of producing this large amount of receptors the individual remains immune to that particular disease. Now if we bleed such a horse, one whose blood is filled with toxins, dead cells and inert bodies, such as combined toxins and antitoxins, say we take away one-half the blood (Smith’s phys- iology, page 20, says a horse has about twenty-five quarts of blood). I have frequently bleed fourteen quarts from an or- dinary farm horse, probably of fourteen hundred pounds. So say we take half the horse’s blood, there is one-half of the free toxins gone that will not need to be neutralized, a thing of great im- portance, besides one-half of the dead cells and inert bodies. Now if we give our antitoxin we get just as much good from one-half of the dose, or twice as much good from the full dose, but what is more important than that, while the horse is in the violent throes of this disease, the taking away of such a large portion of blood is going to set Nature to work, making new blood cells at an enormous rate, and, as just explained, Nature sees to it that every new cell now formed is endowed with a far higher power of fighting this disease than any of its pre- decessors had, which were formed before the advent into the system of this disease, and so long as this disease is present in the animal every time you bleed you are going to get a new crop of cells, possessing a stronger and stronger power to pro- duce receptors for the toxins of this particular disease, or any other disease which may be present in the system to which im- munity may be acquired. I have found bleeding of very great aid in some very bad cases of strangles. le D. D. LE FEVRE. You who have not tried bleeding the horse afflicted with tetanus probably think it is a very simple job. Well now just get that out of your head at once. The easy bleeding, mind you, easy full bleeding to the limit of a nervous horse afflicted with such a nervous disease as tetanus requires no small amount of skill and headwork. First, there is something about a tetanus horse that seems to hinder an ordinary fleam from opening the jugular. In early days I have frequently had occasion to snap this most excellent spring fleam a number of times to even start the blood, and then when part of enough blood had been drawn it would stop running and the same performance would have to be gone over again. Sometimes the fleam would have to be brought into use three or four times in order to extract a suff- cient amount of blood, and perhaps by that time the horse had become thoroughly excited, probably unmanageable, so first thing cast aside all your fleams; also you will find that the blood flowing with noise into a metal pail excites the animal, so pro- vide the assistant with a pail into which has been placed a board or shingle standing on its end, so that the blood may strike it slantingly and noiselessly; have assistant stand on left side of horse, his life hand on the halter, and hold the pail in his right hand on his right knee; clip hair from right jugular, place your left finger on jugular so as to make it fill, then with castrating knife plunge into jugular and cut up and out quickly. Make a large free opening so as to get a stream of blood as big as your finger. ‘The hole will close up quick enough. In all my bleed- ing I have never been able to get one too big, and I dare say that I am as bold with the knife as most of you. Keep the fingers on the jugular so as to keep a good big free stream flowing. Get the blood out of the horse as quick as you can. When you are partly through, should the animal become considerably excited, quit for a few minutes, remove fingers from the jugular and if you_keep the head elevated blood will not flow through the wound, and if you have at the start made a good free opening, it will immediately start when you again block the jugular. One may stop when he feels the pulse become irregular, possibly in- TETANUS TREATED PRACTICALLY. Te w termitting, but I find that one can neatly always safely draw one quart of blood to every one hundred pounds of horse flesh or thereabouts; but you should learn to judge the pulse. I generally repeat the bleeding on the third or fourth day, accord- ing as to how dangerous the horse is, and give the antitoxin immediately after each bleeding, and find that I get at least twice as much action from the antitoxin and gain natural immunity very rapidly. JoHN V. NEwrTon, County TREASURER. Buckeye State men and A. V. M. A. mem- bers recognize in this strong, handsome face, that of Dr. John V. Newton, of Toledo, Ohio, late president of the Northwestern Ohio Veter- inary Medical Association. Dr. Newton, who is an old A. V. M. A. member, was elected County Treasurer at the fall election, on the Progressive ticket. Some of the doctor’s views on ventilation and bovine tuberculosis are published on page 117 of this issue. Tue Bureau or Farmers’ [Nstitrures held a three days’ Session called “ Farmers’ Days” at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., March 18, 19 and 20. The program shows the three days were filled with the presentation and discussion of matters of interest to agriculturists. The first day was designated “ Fertility Day,” and was devoted to the discussion of the care and fertilization of the soil. The second was known as “ Live Stock Day,” including a “ Special Poultry Session.” Live Stock Day was an especially interesting and instructive one, including “ Essential Points in a Good Dairy Cow,” illustrated with living animals; * Intelligent and Economic Feeding”; “ Swine,’ by Commissioner Huson; demonstration of ‘* Essential Points in a Good Horse,” illustrated with living animal; “ Diseases of Domestic Animals,” Dr. De Vine, and “ Slaughter of Reactors to Tuberculin Test”; ‘ Tuber- culosis as a Rural Problem,” etc., etc. The session on poultry was also very full and carefully and intelligently handled. The third day was given to a “ Special Women’s Session,’”’ and was also designated “ Crop and Fruit Day,” covering such questions as corn, alfalfa, spraying problems, etc. Altogether it was a highly educational convention. FOLLICULAR MANGE.* By C. G. Rourer, D.V.S., NEw York, N. Y. This disease is most commonly found in the dog, but may be found in the cat, horse, pig, sheep, ox, wolf and the rat. In rare cases it has been found in man. History.—Follicular mange is caused by a parasite called the sac-mite, hair-sac mite, acarus follicularum or demodex follicularum and belongs to the group of arthropodes (articulated animals). It was first discovered by Henle and Simon in 1843 in man, and later in the same year by Tulk on dogs. Since then the following varieties have become known: Acarus follicu- larum, canis, cati, suis, bovis and hominis. In its fully de- veloped state the body of the demodex follicularum of dogs is worm-shaped and lancet-like. In the pig and. cattle it resembles more the form of a laurel-leaf. It is about 1/75 to 1/100 of an inch long and narrow, and is divided into three segments, head, thorax and abdomen. The thorax and abdomen are joined as one piece. The head is horse- shoe-shaped and consists of an upper and lower jaw and a num- ber of movable feelers and two eyes. The thorax is short and has on its two free edges four pairs of movable limbs. The abdomen is long and pointed behind, being transversely striated. At its interior portion it shows a longitudinal slit which is the aus. This slit is larger in the female than the male and probably serves for copulation and ovulation. The young demodex has only three pairs of legs, is smaller and narrower, and has no rings around its abdomen and is hatched from spindle-shaped or oval ova, or eggs. The fe- males lay from twenty to twenty-four eggs at once, which hatch out in from four to seven days into larva, which after * Presented to the February meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City. 74 FOLLICULAR MANGE. =] fu | _ three or four changes of skin are capable of reproduction in from fourteen to seventeen days. The females die in from three to five weeks after laying the eggs. The males live to be about six weeks old. The eggs will keep for two to four weeks on a moist surface and on a dry one from four to six days. The mites can exist isolated in moist air or on moist dung, etc., for from six to eight weeks; on dry _ surfaces for from one to four weeks. They pass through three stages of skin formation before reaching maturity. From the eggs issues a larval hexapod, the legs of which represent three pairs, and the buccal organs are yet in a rudimentary condi- tion. After a moulting the larva becomes an octoped; the fourth pair of legs appear, but being still small like the other three pairs, a second moulting transforms this larval octoped into a -nympha, which possesses the legs and buccal organs of the ~ perfect state, from which it only differs in the absence of sexual organs, in the male the acquisition of these being the result of a last transformation. The female demodex is larger than the male and more numerous. The male also seems to live a dif- ferent life, being more in exile. Symptoms.—This disease presents itself under different con- ditions and aspects according to the duration, the species af- fected and treatment given before the veterinarian is called in. Some authors divide this disease into three forms; namely, Squamous, Circinated and Pustular. The commencement of the disease commonly occurs about ihe head and shoulders or paws of the animal, rarely on the broad of the back and on the under surfaces of the body. It is usually first noticed by the hair falling out over a small area which at first shows no sign of an irritation. It usually is left alone and gradually other patches appear. These bald or near hairless patches many times have a blue or purplish appearance, usually dry with a scruff or scaly appearance. The skin be- comes thickened and indurated with small pimples or papules appearing. The papules become larger and take on a purple center and are often broken by scratching, after which they 76 : Cc. G. ROHRER. discharge a mucinous sticky matter. This process continues until the entire body is covered with pustules and a very thick skin which folds up and emits a sour fetid odor. At this stage of the disease the animal becomes emaciated and may have a profound effect upon the whole organism. The appetite which has been usually very good is now lost and the animal presents a pitiable sight. ! The Squamous form is described as one might describe the early stages of the disease where the skin has taken on the blue or purplish appearance over small or large areas with the loss of hair and a dry scaly appearance shedding an abundance of epidermic pellicles. There is no humidity and little if any trace of inflammation and usually difficult to diagnose. The Circinated form is described or characterized as being more generalized and the lesions taking on circumscribed or circular areas may be mistaken for ringworms. These areas take on an irritated appearance having innumerable pustules which often coalesce, forming nasty looking purulent patches de- void of hairs. This form causes the animal to scratch consider- ably. The Pustula form is usually found in the more advanced stages of the disease where the whole or nearly the whole part of the body is affected. The hair has all fallen out, the skin is very thick and rolled upon itself with innumerable pustules found on all parts of the body. The animal is usually emaciated and often exhausted by the continued scratching. This form of mange responds to treatment more readily than the other forms, unless it has progressed too far. Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis—This disease can only be positively diagnosed by the microscope. This is done by scraping the skin over the affected parts until it bleeds or the contents of the pustules pressed out. A smear is made on a glass slide and the demodex can be found with a low power jens. The circinated form may easily be mistaken for ringworms, but here the presence of the Tenia tonsorans and the ¢ . FOLLICULAR MANGE. a absence of the demodex will decide the malady. This disease may be mistaken for what is known as red mange or “ Rouge,” which appears in young and old dogs, but which instead of com- mencing on head or paws begins on the under part of the body, the inner surface of thighs and armpits and is non-parasitic. This reddened condition of skin emits a sticky discharge which causes artificial lesions as a consequence of the rubbing and scratching of the animal. se This disease may be mistaken for “ Sarcoptic Mange,” but here again the microscope will aid the veterinarian. Sarcoptic mange is caused by the “ Sarcoptes,’ which has a different con- formation than the demodex. It is accompanied by more scratch- ing and the papules are on the surface of the skin and take on a reddish appearance. Non-parasitic acne and furumculosis may be mistaken for follicular mange, but here again the microscope will help you. Pathology.—The prominent feature in the pathology of this affection is the presence of the Demodex follicularwm in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands, particularly in the hair follicles where they are found in considerable numbers. Some investigators have counted as many as two hundred in one follicle. Here they are found in all stages of develop- ment, from eggs to the sexualized individuals and fecundated females. By their presence they cause an irritation of variable intensity according to their numbers and activity. When the in- flammation is acute it invades the tissue of the derma and causes the formation of the pustules. At other times there is merely hypersecretion of sebaceous matter which dilates the canal of the follicle. The parasites, when they have been for some time in their first location, pass through the walls into the derma and subcutaneous connective tissues, causing an inflammation of the skin and the pustules on the surface and sometimes small ab- cesses.. The shedding of the hairs is due to the proliferation of cells on the inner surface of the follicle and softening of their base. Relapses of the disease may be due to some of the parasites 78 Cc. G. ROHRER. which become encisted and which have again broken sei ic the new walls of the hair follicles. Treatment.—Every known parasiticide substance has been tried for the cure of this disease with just as varied results. Owing to the fact that the disease spreads very slowly, and many times is not properly diagnosed, it becomes generalized and in some instances almost incurable. Again, the parasites being so deeply situated has much to do with the cure. Some investigators pronounce the disease as absolutely incurable, while others find it comparatively easy, but always mention the fact that it takes weeks and sometimes months to effect a cure. Folli- cular mange can be cured and is being cured every day, but a few prominent factors must always be taken into consideration. The General Health of the Animal Affected ——The amount of money to be spent to effect a cure. Patience and hard work combined with good common sense. Cases that are not in the advanced stage or new cases respond to treatment readily in from three to five weeks, others may take from six to twelve weeks, depending on the physical condition of the animal. The first step taken usually is the clipping of the hair over the entire body. This will expose all the affected parts. Wash- ing and thorough scrubbing with a brush will remove the scales and discharge, if any, from the skin. Caustic soda may be em- ployed in these baths. Sulphuretted potash is used by some to dissolve the crusts with good results. The application of the different ointments and mange cures, parasiticides,:etc., are applied by thorough rubbing with frequent baths (to remove the dead derma) must be employed. Peruvian balsam is used by many, especially when the ani- mal is treated at home. Creolin and bichloride baths are used, but care must be taken when the toxic substance is used to pre- vent the animal from licking it. Some of the later methods are the mange vaccines of differ- ent varieties. Staphlo bacterins are recommended. Some veter- inarians report marked results, others not so good. It is not a question of killing the parasite so much as it is to reach it. The a FOLLICULAR MANGE. 79 - following list will illustrate the length of time consumed by a few of the medicinal agents employed to destroy the Demodex _ when applied direct. Cresote, 10 per cent., at once; cresote, 5 per cent., 6 minutes; sublimate, 2 per cent., at once; sublimate, 1 per cent., 15 minutes; creolin, at once; Peruvian balsam, a few minutes; petroleum, 95 minutes; ichthyl, 25 minutes. In conclusion, would say that owing to the length of time it requires to cure Follicular Mange in the dog, and to the delicate constitution of the inbred animals, it is one of the most vexing and trying diseases the veterinarian meets with in canine practice. FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF ONTARIO VETERINARY COLLEGE. —The Ontario Veterinary College will celebrate its fiftieth anni- versary on April 10. An entertainment will be given in honor of the occasion in Convocation Hall at 8 o’clock in the evening. A cordial invitation is extended to alumni of the college and all interested in veterinary science; and we trust Principal Grange will find himself surrounded by loyal friends and supporters on this memorable occasion. Dr. J. F. DE Vine ApprEsSES FARMERS AT SARATOGA Sprines.—At the farmers’ day session at Saratoga Springs, March 19, Dr. John F. De Vine, of the New York State De- partment of Agriculture, gave an address on the “ Diseases of Domestic Animals.” The doctor also gave a slaughter demon- - stration, under the direction of the State Department of Agricul- ture, of animals that had reacted to the tuberculin test and were considered tuberculous. The value of such addresses. and dem- onstrations is incalculable, and much to be commended. This despite the fact that the doctor had officiated as toastmaster at a banquet given in honor of Ireland’s Patron Saint at the St. Elmo, Goshen, N. Y., on March 17, while, as expressed by the Goshen Independent Republican, “ twenty-one of the leading citi- zens of that city were being served with the best the St. Elmo kitchen could produce, and being waited upon by the St. Elmo’s pretty waitresses,” whom it described as “dreams of beauty gowned in immaculate white, with green caps and aprons.” CATHETERIZATION OF THE BITCH.* By Dr. HetnricH JAKos. This method is resorted to, when owing to the fact, that too scanty a quantity of urine present in the bladder, the same can- not be evacuated by slight pressure with the flat hand against the middle and lower portion of the meso and hypogastrium, or when the epithelium of the diseased bladder shall be treated directly. Catheterization of the bitch is usually a very difficult opera- tion. Above all, an exact knowledge of the anatomical rela- tions of the female genital apparatus is absolutely essential. Figure A represents a longitudinal section from the vulva to the portio vaginalis uteri, and the entire surface of the epi- thelium is exposed to view. In the region of the lower border of the vulva is an excavation, the fossa glandis (clitoridis). On both sides the latter is bordered by a rather strong duplicature. In the region of the glans clitoridis and beginning about 1 inch from the vulva is a groove of %4 of an inch in length. The termination of this groove is rather obscure. In the average sized bitch the vestibulum vaginze measures about 2.4 inches in diameter. Fig. A shows an elevation in the median line of the lower commissure of the vestibulum vagine extending from the glans clitoridis to the valvula vagine. Like a wall, this elevation constitutes the division between vagina and vestibulum vagine (Fig. B). At the division between the vagina and the vestibulum vagine a saculation is found, which at the most is % cm. in depth. In straight direction from the glans clitoridis and perhaps 2.4 inches distant from the vulva is the ostium urethre, the opening into the urethra, which terminates in the vestibulum vaginze near the vulvula vagine (diff. Fig. B). This orifice is not as small as is usually assumed. * Translated for the AmerIcAN VeTERINARY Review by Julius A. Jessen, D.V.M., Irwin, la., from Deutsche Therarztl. Wochenschrift, Vol. xx, No. 46, pages 711-714. 80 CATHETERIZATION OF THE BITCH, TIUM CREA RAE. VESTIBULE a GLANS CLitoriDIs BTA FOSSAGLAN DIS yi < = 4 a FassA Qianpis Figures A and B. ies bho HEINRICH JAKOB, The urethra, which is separated from the vestibulum vaginz by the valvula vagine, runs below the entire length of the vagina, which in bitches is comparatively long. The urethra constitutes a duct about 3.6 inches long, extending from the ostium urethre to the vescica urinaria in a straight line and ter- minating at the cervix uteri into the bladder. The distance from the lips of the vulva to the neck of the bladder is in medium sized bitches about 6 inches. When empty or in a slightly filled con- dition the bladder (vescica urinaria) is located directly below the cervix uteri. In catheterization the catheter usually slides over the ostium urethra, forcing itself through the valvula vagine into the vagina and from there into the portio vaginalis uteri (orificum externum). Here it usually strikes upon insurmountable ob- stacles. By using an elastic catheter the point of the same bends at this place and finally again appears outside of the vulva. When a metal catheter is used the bitch becomes very restless. But the catheter may also slide to one side, thus falling into the little excavation located just posterior to the valvula vagine. When this occurs, it becomes impossible to push the catheter forward and the animal fares intense pain. This may entirely be avoided by proceeding in the following manner: The bitch should be placed on its right side. Then the cleansed and oiled left forefinger is pushed through the vestibulum vagine to the valvula vagine. The catheter is dis- infected and coated over with paraffinum liquid. This done, it is introduced into the vulva and passed over the fossa glandis clitoridis and along the median line of the vestibulum vagine. By introducing the finger into the vulva the way to the vagina is almost entirely obstructed, which facilitates the catheter to glide into the ostium urethre much easier. Besides, the catheter can be guided to the ostium urethre in straight direc- tion by the finger, and it thus becomes easy to determine, whether or not it has passed over the valvula vaginz into the vagina. Should this occur, the catheter is withdrawn a few inches. —— CATHETERIZATION OF THE BITCH. 83 In bitches having a very large vulva, one may hold the same _ open with the thumb and middle finger, while the forefinger is pushed forward to the ostium urethre, and slightly bent so as to draw the entire vulva somewhat backwards. By this means the ostium urethre is brought nearer to the exterior, and a catheter. which is inserted in a straight line with the axis of the body can be passed through the urethre without much diffi- culty. In this case the straight elastic or metal catheters are preferred. In small bitches it is impossible to push the finger as far as to the valvula vagine. Here the thumb and forefinger are placed in the vulva by which means the same is slightly drawn back- wards. Then, the catheter is inserted in an almost straight line with the axis of the body and directly forwards. If a slight pressure be exerted upon the valvula vaginz from without, the catheter may thus be prevented from passing into the vagina. Most bitches resist the use of a speculum. The elastic catheters deserve the preference over the metal catheters, while sharply bent catheters should be rejected. [Easily bent or straight catheters are most highly recommended. After catheterization the elastic catheter is rinsed with very warm water for about one minute and hereupon with a 70 to 80 per cent. solution of alcohol. Then, after it is thoroughly dried with a sterile cloth, the catheter is placed in a sealed glass-cyl- inder in the bottom of which lie two to three lozenges of for- malin. In observing these precautions the catheters are always ready for use. In catarrh of the bladder or intense inflammation of the same, where local treatment of the epithelium must be resorted to, the evacuation of the urine by use of a catheter may be fol- lowed by an irrigation with boiled water, which has been cooled to body-temperature. This is best done in conjunction with an infusion and should be repeated until the evacuated water appears clear. Then the bladder should ‘finally be irrigated with a solution to which a good antiseptic and astringent has been added. MISTAKES IN EVERYDAY PRACTICE.* By Dr. F. E. ANDERSON, FINDLAY, OHIO. Your honorable and worthy president in assigning a subject to me knew whereof he spoke when he said ** Mistakes in Every- day Practice,” a subject which I know you have had much ex- perience in, mistakes every day. As | have been practicing up to date 9,730 days you will readily see it will take me some time to relate all of them to you, as some days there might have been more than one. Now, gentle- men, the writer, in order to show he is not altogether to blame for this great number of errors, will begin by relating a few occurrences fhat took place early in life, before he even thought of being a veterinarian, for, as my best recollection serves me, my first and greatest mistake occurred in 1864, April 1. The next very painful mishap that my early recollection serves me with was at about the age of four years, when my inclination to study anatomy got the better of me and the start in dissection was begun by cutting a bumble-bee in cross-section, and for fear of getting bitten (knowing well at that age how severe the bite of a bumble-bee was) I decided to go farther with the posterior end of the bumble and picked it up—you know the rest. About this time in my life was when the writer first discovered what too much salt would do to hogs. When my father left me to watch a sack of the now chloride of sodium while he was ab- sent for a few moments I was like Jimmie watching the baby. Something attracted my attention and my father got back about the same time I did and ten big hogs got at that salt, something they evidently had not had for some time (maybe never), and had ripped the sack into strips and eaten enough salt to kill three or four of them. I think if my father had not been so fat he would have been whipping me yet. In 1884, I started to Toronto, Canada, to enter veterinary school. I was 20 years old; took my first sleeper at Toledo and * Presented to the Northwestern Ohio Veterinary Medical Association, February, 1913. S4 i [ MISTAKES IN EVERYDAY PRACTICE. Sd woke up on board the ferry crossing the river at Detroit into Canada, heard the rushing water and thought my time had come. Had an uneventful time until 1886 when I graduated and re- turned home, feeling I had the bull by the horns. A few days later was called to see a colt with an abscess at the umbilicus. discharging foecal matter; operated at once; peritonitis set in promptly, tried to quiet pain with morphine because was taught that it was the real thing, gave about 40 grains in 12 hours: effect ; colt walked a circle until death. Mistake in operation technique, also in giving morphine. Shortly after this was called one Sunday morning by a preacher to see a Jersey heifer due to calve, with prolapsed vagina and rigid os exposed. Split the os three ways, delivered the calf and killed the heifer. Have not repeated that technique since. Next was called to see a fine big mare which could not give birth to colt. The doctor was short of arm and experience, gave chloroform as anesthetic, delivered colt, gave ergot to cause contraction of uterus, which expelled same promptly, causing death at once. Difficult parturition No. 2, worked six hours trying to deliver without using embryotomy knife, sent for an old castrator big as a giant, who said he never failed. He worked three hours and failed. The owner then consented to let me use the knife which removed the fitus in a couple of hours. Mare died next day from metroperitonitis. Should have used knife early and saved the mare. Brown gelding, worth $250, water seed one side, operated standing in field. Made good incision, water escaped, also about a foot of omentum, cut that off with ecrasure, led horse to barn when another foot protruded, amputated that same way and put stitch in scrotum, called back next morning, made examination per rectum and found loup of small intestine in inguinal ring which had become strangulated, caused very painful death, both to owner and doctor, not saying anything about the animal. In 1886 castrated 100 colts for $1.00 each, too cheap. My first case of azoturia recovered, treated the symptoms; took me SG F. E. ANDERSON. three days to find out what the trouble was. January 4, 1887, moved to my present location, Findlay, Ohio, where, no doubt, the mistakes that have been made in the 26 years have been many and varied. I will try to name a few of the most impor- tant ones without trying to describe them here, but will be glad to go into detail on any of them in discussion if any one is in- terested to know the outcome. In 1887, went into the training business as a side line; fatal termination. Discovered a case of glanders (brick yard mule) and lost business of the firm. 1888, Bought a livery stable on wind. 1889, Invested $2,500 borrowed money in a glass factory; No. 23 skiddo $2,500. 1890, Sold livery stable bought on wind (no mistake). Called Dr. J. V. Newton in consultation (A. M. Gordon’s mare), serious mistake. Giving.a horse a dose of arecoline, that was doing all right; death from ruptured bowels. Ordered a mare shot, think she had extra uterian conception; big mistake. Killed cow with a douche tube; big mistake. Expert opinion on colt struck by lightning? Putting azoturia horse in sling; another big mistake. Giving stallion ezerine; serious big mistake. Giving remedy to increase peristalsis when animal is tympanitic. Diaphragmatic rupture. Operation without using autetanic serum. Over-dress- ing a horse’s mouth; my first. Mistake to remove molar in most cases of ulceration. Mistake in firing spavin with horse cast. Mistake to try to save horse with traumatic pneumonia. Diag- nosed acute indigestion; blk. colt died 18 hours later, found ab- scess from strangles. Ralph Waldo Wine said: “ The past is of value only by way of lessons it has brought us. There should be no regrets or crippled energies that result from such. We have stumbled, all have stumbled.” . Dr. G. \V: BuTLeER TRANSFERRED TO INDIANAPOLIS.—Dr, G. W. Butler, B. A. I., stationed at Lafayette, Ind., was transferred to Indianapolis March 1, and made inspector in charge at that station. We congratulate the doctor on this mark of recognition from his chief. Se A REPORT ON EQUINE FILARIASIS. By Cuas. F. Harrincton, M.D.C., VETERINARIAN QUARTERMASTER COoRPS, U. S. Army, Camp Overton, Minpanao, P. I. While engaged in some work for the civil government of the Philippine Islands, I examined a large number of native ponies and one Australian horse. My first impression, from the clinical aspects, was that I was dealing with surra, for there were many symptoms of that disease, such as swelling of the dependent parts, knuckling of the fetlocks, etc. Upon micro- scopical examination I was, for a moment, strengthened in that diagnosis. Under the two-thirds power objective the move- ments among the red-blood cells somewhat resembled that caused by the Trip. Evansi, although exaggerated; the one-sixth power, however, soon disillusioned me, and i found I was deal- ing with the larval form of filariz. To make sure of this I ‘mounted and stained a specimen and sent it to the Biological Laboratory at Manila, I’. J.; my diagnosis was correct. I then obtained permission to experiment on an American horse belonging to the Quartermaster Department, U. S. Army, my idea being to determine whether or not the parasite could be transmitted from one animal to another by blood-sucking in- sects. I took from the jugular vein of an infected pony about 30 c.c. of blood, verified the presence of the parasite, then in- jected 10 c.c. subcutaneously into the test horse. A careful temperature record was kept, also frequent micro- scopical examinations were made; but there was no rise in tem- perature nor could I at any time demonstrate the presence of the parasite. Then I injected 10 c.c. of the infected blood directly into the jugular vein of the test animal, and a tem- perature record and microscopical examinations were carried out as in the first test. Every test was negative, and there was 87 SS CHAS. F. HARRINGTON. no rise in temperature. Each of these tests was carried over the period of a month. The parasite in the fresh blood has a squirming, twisting motion with but little progress in a given direction, and is easily found under the 16 m.m. power. ‘There was always a greater number per drop of blood when the specimen was taken from the jugular, but the parasite was always demonstrable in speci- mens of blood taken from the tip of the ear, puncture of the nose, and from incisions made in the skin at any part of the body. I counted as many parasites as ten to a very small drop of blood taken from the jugular, but the average from different parts of the body was not over five to the drop. I found the parasite in seven native ponies and in one Australian horse belonging to one man. Later, I operated on an American horse also belonging to the same man, for a filaria in the anterior chamber of the eye, but I do not know whether this was the adult form of the parasite found in the blood. All the animals were in very poor condition, but that is so com- mon here that it could not be taken into consideration. They were all on low ground, but not wet, and it was just at the end of an unusually long drought. The first time I found the parasite was about the middle of June, 1912, and the parasite was still demonstrable the last of September. I submit this report with the hope of starting a discussion and possibly throwing more light on the subject. In my search through such literature as is available I have not been able to find many reports on equine filariasis. True, every author on parasitology speaks, in an indefinite way, of filaria inhabiting the blood stream, but specifically reported cases I find are rare. Law, in his revised work, mentions several species; a French veterinarian, Capt. Darmagnac, mentions a case that resembled dourine; and that is about all the literature I can find on the subject. I went into this subject quite thoroughly and reported my findings to the Quartermaster Department, U. S. Army, with the idea of preventing some of the quacks employed in that A REPORT ON EQUINE FILARIASIS. Sod department from killing animals so affected, mistaking it for surra. Although I did not arrive at any definite conclusions as to the species of this filaria, I think I have successfully demon- strated the fact that it was in an immature form, and that it cannot be transmitted from one animal to another through the bite of blood-sucking insects, because it did not multiply when injected directly into the blood stream nor when injected subcu- taneously ; and also that it is not transient. From the fact that the parasites steadily increased in num- ber, and that I found no mature form in the blood stream, I concluded that the larval form was passing to the blood from the intestinal tract or from a mature form located in some other tissue of the body. Dr. J. G. RutTHERFORD AGAIN HONORED By His PROFEs- SIONAL BrotHers.—Dr. J. G. Rutherford, former veterinary director general of Canada, now chief of the Animal Husbandry Branch of the Department of Natural Resources, Canadian Pacific Railway Company, with headquarters at Calgary, Al- herta, was banqueted by the British Columbia Veterinary Asso- ciation, at Vancouver, B. C., on January 30. Over one hundred were gathered around the festive board, including a few from across the border in Washington State and Wisconsin. In re- sponding to the toast ‘** Our Guest,’ Dr. Rutherford made one of his usual excellent addresses, in which he reviewed the agricul- tural conditions and possibilities in the Canadian Northwest, of which he seems to have a very clear and concise idea. Both he and the Deputy Minister of Agriculture referred to the useful assistance in furthering the live stock industry rendered by the British Columbia Veterinary Association. Lixes 1r Better AFTER FIFTEEN YEARS.—A Tennessee subscriber in renewing writes: “ I don’t see how any practitioner could get along without the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW; this is my fifteenth year and I like it better all the time. I have all my numbers in bindings, which I have for reference Just the same as text-books, only I get more information from them than from my text-books.” REPORTS OF CASES. JABOT IN’ A -BORSE. By J. A. De Groopt, House Surgeon, New York-American Veterinary Col- lege, New York, N. Y. On Tuesday, February 11, this gelding was presented to the “ American Veterinary Hospital’ for treatment, with a history that since the Saturday preceding, it had been unable to swallow; Y — inferior portion; BC—=its greatest transverse circumference, inches; DE its greatest longitudinal circumference, which is inches; A-=smaller dilatation. 90 REPORTS OF CASES. 91 also, that for some time prior to this, when drinking, he would act as if he were choked, then cough and regurgitate a large quantity of water. The following symptoms presented themselves: At about the upper part of the lower third of the dorsal portion of the cesophagus was a balloon-like swelling which, when pressure was applied to it, caused a fluid with a sour odor to pass out through the nostrils. When water was offered to him he would go at it greedily, only to cough and regurgitate after taking a swallow or two; he would refuse food of all kinds. A diagnosis of a jabot was made. As the animal was in such a weakened condition, due to want of nourishment, an operation was considered unfavorable. Upon the following night the animal died. Upon post mortem it was found that the diagnosis made was correct, and in the said region a jabot, a picture of which is enclosed, was found. When the thoracic cavity was opened it was found that the lungs were in a gangrenous condition; so, also, was the trachea, due to the inhalation of said fluid. CONGENITAL GOITRE OF THE DOG.* By Anton Loken, Konigsberg, Germany. According to Prof. Kitt, struma occurs mostly in dogs, sheep and goats, sometimes in horses, but seldom in cattle and eats: In the district Konigsberg the most cases of struma are met with among calves and horses. In the former the goitre is always inherited, and as a rule disappears in the first year of life. In the adult animals the gland can be felt only with dif- ficulty or even not at all. Also in slaughtered animals no micro- scopic change of the gland is found. Congenital goitre is at times also met with in colts, but in general, Piouees! in the size of the gland can be traced to hypertrophy and other diseased changes, as cysts, adenomata, and carcinomata, m¢ ostly found in older horses and among these usually in geldings. Among hogs and sheep the author has observed only singular cases of struma, but for a while never in dogs The fe cases among these animals therefore created ereat interest. The patient in question was an unusually tat dog with a * Translated for the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review by Julius A. Jessen, D.V.M., Irwin, Iowa, from Norsk Veterinaer Tidsskrift xxlll, Arg., No. 16, Oct. 1911, pages 274- 277. 92 REPORTS OF CASES. small, plump head, remarkably short legs and having a large collar-like goitre. This was double-sided, and each gland was as large as a hen-egg. The dog was a lively little creature and would occassionally run around barking happily, but soon drop flat upon its side, apparently suffering greatly from suffocation. Three months later it was again seen by the author; it had grown considerably, being about 10% inches tall. But the struma had also grown and the glands on both sides were per- haps of the size of a goose-egg. The dog was very lively, but still showed difficulties in respiration. The heart-beat was 144 to 150 per minute, the arteries of the throat were pushed aside at the seat of the goitre as could be plainly felt upon manipulation. They were greatly distended, and the pulse- beat of the carotid artery could be observed at a distance. Following the administration of potassium iodide the goitre seemed to gradually disappear. The thyroid gland of the now seven months’ old animal was not much larger than a small hen- egg, and the animal seemed to develop better. Nothing definite can be said regarding the cause of the condition. Out of the same litter, consisting of five, three were affected with inherited struma. i SOME SURGICAL CASES ILLUSTRATING THE USE OF CANNABIS AS A GENERAL ANAESTHETIC. FROM SURGICAL CLINIC—NEW YORK-AMERICAN VETERINARY COLLEGE. During the month of February it was our privilege to hap- pen in at the surgical clinic at the New York-American Vet- erinary College, when the following operations were being per- formed by Prof. H. D. Gill, of the chair of surgery of that institution. These operations were performed without table or stocks, to demonstrate to the students how to do them in country practice, on a farm or wherever they might meet them, without the modern hospital facilities. Case J—Roarer: A black gelding weighing about goo pounds. He was given 10 c.c. of the filtered fluid extract of cannabis Americana in the jugular, and in a few minutes got sleepy and let himself down onto the bed of straw that had been prepared for him, and was soon in a profound sleep. He was turned upon his back and held in position between two — = ULC REPORTS OF CASES. 973 bales of straw; codrennen was injected and the operation pro- ceeded with, the animal being unconscious of what was going on, and therefore in excellent condition to operate upon. Case I[—Ovariotomy: This mare weighed about 1,000 pounds. Was put in slings; 10 c.c. of the filtered fluid extract of cannabis Americana given in the jugular as in the preceding case, and it was only a matter of a few minutes before she was asleep in the slings. The operation through the vagina was proceeded with, and the mare seemed oblivious to the situation —only raising one hind foot slightly, once during the operation. Case 111—Cryptorchid: Tai horse weighed about 1,100 pounds. The hopples were placed on him, and I5 c.c. of the same preparation of cannabis administered per jugular as in the previous cases. He soon got sleepy and practically lay down of his own accord, when the | hopples were tightened up, the horse placed in position, and the operation proceeded with. It seemed in this case, that the cannabis not only kept the horse quiet, but relaxation was so complete that it facilitated this particular operation. The operator explaining the ease with which he reached the testicle. The patients seemed to sleep for about an hour after the completion of the operation; and, while we were not able to observe them afterwards, they were said to be drowsy for the best part of a day. This seemed to us such an easy and safe general anesthetic for a horse, that we have reported them for the benefit of our readers. We understand that Dr. Gill uses this method continuously in his own practice in all surgical procedures, including the opening of fistulous withers, etc., and hope in the near future to get some reports of cases in which he has used it from his own pen. THe Report oF STATE VETERINARIAN M. Ray Powers, CLEMSON COLLEGE, S. C., on the state-wide outbreak of hog cholera in that state, showing that this condition in that and neighboring states is largely due to neglect on the part of citizens in not properly disposing of carcasses of diseased hogs, thereby allowing buzzards and dogs to become factors in disseminating the disease, is very interesting and to the point, and is accom- panied by a little booklet entitled ’”’» What Your Neighbor Says Concerning Anti-Hog Cholera Serum,” prepared by the Veter- inary Division of Clemson College, which is also very instructive. Its object is to inform the farmers of South Carolina as to the results of the serum prepared by the Veterinary Division, Clem- son College. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. A Case OF HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICMIA IN A Horse [Capt. E. S. Gillett, M.R.C.V.S., AV.C.|—As such are rarely re- ported, it may be of interest. History: Has been sick for five days with temperature varying between 101° and 102.4°. One afternoon was found staggering, crossing his legs and blowing hard. Symptoms: When seen, was found down, unable to rise. Pulse very quick and weak. Temperature, 103°. Conjunctiva rather pale. Extremities cold. Respiration abdominal and jerky. Rectal examination negative. He had struggled at first, trying to rise, and now lays quiet, without groaning. Tempera- ture rose to 105° before death, which took place the same day. Post Mortem: Thoracic organs apparently healthy. Small in- testine greatly inflamed all its length; it contains yellowish, sticky fluid with stains of blood. Caecum and colon inflamed. Liver normal. Spleen enlarged. Smears of blood examined showed organisms of pasteurella type, identical with those found in cattle that died from hemorrhagic septicemia. The mode of infection remained speculative—(Journ. of Comp. Path. and Therap.) CONGENITAL DEFECT IN VENTRICULAR SEPTUM OF THE Heart oF A Lams [A. Leslie Sheather, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.|.— It is the second case observed by the author. The specimen was obtained from a ewe lamb, which appeared in perfect health up to the day it died. No special symptoms were observed, except that the animal looked a little dull and refused food. At the post mortem was found a liver twice its normal size, due to very severe chronic venous congestion. Alimentary canal intensely congested. Kumen small and large intestines congested. Pleural cavity full of turbid blood. Pericardium contains about two ounces of clear, straw-colored liquid. In the interauricular sep- tum the foramen ovale is widely open enough to permit the passage of a finger. In the ventricular system there is an elliptical opening situated immediately below the orifice of the 94 eee crm hm er errr ————————— a ph ee sie ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 95 aorta in the left ventricle; it ran transversely and measured 114 by %c.m. It established a free communication between the two ventricles.— (Jbid. ) CocAINE AS LocaL ANESTHESIA IN AMPUTATION OF THE Horse’s Tait [S. J. Motton, M.R.C.V.S.].—After trying the effect of cocaine in a horse, whose tail had been amputated, by applying a pad of wadding soaked in a 4 per cent. solution before searing the stump and having such a good effect, the author resorted to the subcutaneous injections of 15 minims of 4 per cent. solution at each of four places around the tail and five minutes after operated, the animal evincing no pain. A twitch was kept on the animal’s nose. [For years we know this has been resorted to by many practitioners when this operation is required—Ep. |—(Vet. Journal. ) INTERESTING ANEURISM IN A Foat [Arthur Routledge, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Six-months-old filly is observed lame, stiff and in pain. She has switching of the tail and attempts to lay down. She passed feces in small quantity. Her temperature is up to 105.4° F. Mucous membranes injected. She died in a few hours. Post mortem revealed fusiform aneurism of the mesen- teric artery in which seventy strongylus armatus were found.— (Ibid.) Enormous Ovarian Tumor [J. A. Jordan, M.R.C.V.S.|.— Record of a very large neoplasm found at the slaughtering of an aged cow, whose body was so broad across that she could not pass through an ordinary doorway. The tumor weighed 370 pounds.—(/bid.) Unusvuat Foretcn Bopy IN THE OESOPHAGUS OF A HORSE [A. E. Roberts, M.R.C.V.S.].—Young cart gelding showed symptoms of choking. A hard swelling is detected over the cesophagus some 7 or 8 inches down the neck. By palpation and attempts to push the hard substance upwards, the horse coughed and brought up a piece of limestone, weighing two ounces, trian- eular in shape and measuring 134 by 1% inches. It had a very uneven, jagged surface.—( bid. ) UNSUSPECTED FRACTURE OF THE ATLAS IN A Cat [E. B. Reynolds, M.R.C.V.S.].—Post mortem surprise. One-year-old castrated cat had seven weeks ago an abscess behind the right ear, which was open but never healed entirely. The cat appeared 96 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. in good health up to two days ago, when he seemed to have difficulty in standing. He grew worse and was soon in a semi- comatose condition. The fistula of an abscess being still open, it was proved, and on withdrawing the probe a drop of pus with necrotic smell was detected. The cat was destroyed. At the post mortem was found a fracture of the atlas with lesions indi- cating that it was of old standing; repairing periostitis and necrotic fragments being detected. Suppuration had extended into the vertebral canal and started inflammation. It is peculiar that such fracture could have existed since such time without giving rise to any earlier symptom.—(I’ct. Journal.) CARCINOMA OF THE OESOPHAGUS IN A Cat [Prof. Geo. H. Hooldnidge, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Female tabby cat had been wasting for some time and is unable to swallow solid food. Examina- tion of the mouth and pharynx shows that they are clear. A probang passed is arrested at the base of the neck. A hard body was felt by manipulation. _Oesophagotomy advised and the animal chloroformed. The cesophagus exposed, a new growth was readily observed. It had a broad, diffuse base, and had to be curetted out, when then a probang could readily be passed through the cesophagus. The cat died twenty-four hours later. At the post mortem it was found that the growth was extended within the thoracic portion of the cesophagus. Microscopic examination showed it to be carcinomatous.—( bid. ) SARCOMA OF THE INTESTINAL WaLL [Prof. Fred. Hobday, IR.C.V.S.|.—Poodle bitch, nine years, had constant attacks of sickness. Generally under the effect of bismuth, her appetite is very capricious. She had pyorrhea, her teeth attended to and gums dressed with astringent lotion. Diarrhoea then set in and finally she grew in such a miserable state that she was destroyed. At post mortem there was found a small, round-celled sarcoma in the shape of a tumor, the size of a large filbert nut, imbedded in the wall of the large intestine —(Jbid. ) FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. SUPPURATIVE TUBERCULOSIS OF A LYMPH GLAND IN CATTLE [Mr. Deme, Sanitary Inspector].—While this condition is fre- ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 97 quent in superficial glands, it has also been observed in visceral groups. In this case the suppurative process took place in inter- muscular glands. A four-year-old steer had an enlargement on the right gluteal region with fluctuation on the superficial part of the thigh. A stimulating friction was made and after a few days a puncture gave escape to four litres of pus. Notwithstanding antiseptic washings, the suppuration kept up. Three months after, another tumor developed on the right shoulder. The animal was slaugh- tered. Post Mortem—Round the liver there are suppurating lymph glands. Mesenteric, bronchic and retro-pharyngeal glands are normal. The right popliteal was as big as a man’s head, filled with tubercles and caseo-purulent fluid. The subcutaneous con- nective tissue and close intermuscular spaces were infiltrated with pus. The right pre-scapular gland was enormous, surrounded with a thick, fibrous envelope and contained tuberculous sup- purating deposits. The carcass was destroyed.—(KRev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) Op FistuLA HEALED wITH PAsTE oF BismutH [Mr. Bal- nay, Army Veterinarian|.—A mare receives a kick on the in- ternal face of the left thigh. A fistula follows which remains rebellious to antiseptic injections. She is, however, kept at work. Some ten months later she is laid up again on account of the fistula. New free incision and counter opening followed by injections of tincture of iodine. Another failure. The discharge from the fistula is very free, while-yellowish, and covers the whole leg down to the foot. The animal is cast, the opening of the tract is freely incised, and a probe introduced in the fistula runs forward and upward towards the triceps cruralis muscle. Complete curettage is impossible, but is carried as far as possible, and antiseptic injections again resorted to, but after one month the case is as bad as ever. At last an injection is made of sub- nitrate of bismuth in vaseline, melted wax and paraffine. The opening is kept closed with a pad until hardening of the mixture. The secretion began to dry after nine days, finally stopped and had not returned six months after.—(Bullet. Soc. Cent.) SECTION OF THE TENDONS OF HIND LEG IN A STEER— TrREATMENT—Recovery [Mr. P. Herbet].—A steer harnessed to an American cutting machine got accidentally the tendons of the left hind leg completely cut. The animal cannot move except with difficulty ; the foot is very free in its movements, as if the 98 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. first phalanx was fractured. The animal rested on the posterior part of the fetlock. The animal was removed to a stable close by. The treatment consisted in a first antiseptic dressing and repeated irrigations of cold solution of lysol. The animal laid down, got up and stood now and then for fifteen to twenty min- utes. Later iodoform dressing only was applied. Cicatrization was complete after a month. The cicatricial tissue gradually became hard, retracted, and son the animal was able to resume work.—(Journ. de Zootech.) SpRINGHALT [H. Tingand].—Fifteen-year-old gelding has springhalt of both legs. The flexion is so strong that he strikes his abdomen at each step that he takes. But after a few steps the springy flexion was not so severe. Trotting was altogether impossible. Tenotomy of the lateral extensor of the phalanges of the right leg was performed. Improvement was noticed the next day and the trouble removed entirely after a week, when the left leg was then operated, with the same result. Recovery lasted.— (Ibid. ) ENDEMIC SpRINGHALT [Prof. Cadeac].—In a breeding establishment, three animals of various ages were found affected with springhalt, as an endemy by imitation. An eight-year-old half-bred mare in foal had springhalt of the left leg and then of the right. She has much difficulty in moving and strikes her abdomen at each step she takes. A three-year-old filly is soon affected with similar trouble of both legs. She is threatened with falling at every step she makes. A brood mare, also in the same field with the other two, also takes the same trouble in one leg. A fourth animal, a colt, in the same field did not become lame. The operation performed on the filly gave temporary relief. For the other two, the trouble disappeared as soon as they had foaled.—(Journ. de Zoot.) BELGIAN REVIEW. By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M. OstTEO-SARCOMA OF THE FAcEIN a Cort [Prof. Hendrickx]. —Rising now three years’ old, the subject had presented nothing abnormal up to the time of being weaned, when he presented a swelling on the face at the place where the strap of the halter ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 99 crosses it. This was overlooked and neglected by the owner until it had assumed peculiar proportions and growth. On the right lateral side of the nasal region there is a tumor on the median line, measuring at its base 34 centim. round, on the top 41, and between about its middle, 18. Rather regularly rounded, the growth is hard, immovable and painless. The intermaxillary lymph glands are normal. Treatment: Incision of the skin and dissection three centimeters from the base, exposure of the growth, which is amputated with the chain-saw close to the nasal bone. The surface of the amputation showed a spongy tissue in which the elements of sarcoma were detected with the micro- scope. The cicatrization was uneventful and perfect. The growth had not returned four months after.—(Amnales de Med. Vet.). POLYPUS OF THE ETHMOIDAL TURBINATED AND OsTEO-SAR- COMA OF MAXILLARY BONE IN A Horse [By the same].—The animal was three years old. Condition: The head is asymmetrical, the left side is much larger than the right. The left nostril is filled with rosy neoformation, as big as a big apple, covered with the nasal mucous membrance. With the finger introduced in the nasal cavity, it is observed that the growth is pedunculated and inserted at the apex of the ethmoidal turbinated bone, of which it forms a large prolongation. Besides this growth, the animal showed a marked deformation involving the nasal, superior max- illary, zygomatic, lachrymal and frontal bones. Examination of the buccal cavity shows that the maxillary bone is enlarged, the palatine arch is also. Three of the molar teeth are loose. The food passes from the mouth into the alveolar cavities. The lymph glands of the intermaxillary space are swollen. A diag- nosis of osteo-sarcoma of the maxillary was made. After re- moval of the growth of the nostril by amputation of its peduncle, trephining was made over the bones of the face to enter the sinuses when the extent of the disease was found such that for economy’s sake it was decided to destroy the horse (Jbid.). Equine Tusercutosis [Prof. Lienaux].—The record of four cases, three of which had been diagnosed during life of the subjects. First Case—Chronic Pleurisy: Adult gelding, suspected of tuberculosis, gave a negative test of tuberculin. The horse has bilateral thoracic dulness on percussion—no pneumonia. Early and repeated punctures are made. The effusion always returns. 100 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, After two weeks of treatment horse is destroyed. Lesions of pleuro-pulmonary tuberculosis are found. Also some small specific tumors in the spleen and the large colon. Second Case—Prinutive Abdominal Tuberculosis: Half-bred horse in which the classical march of the disease was followed for three or four months. He had polyuria, polydipsia, irregular appetite, slow progressive loss of flesh, temperature varying round 39.5° C., prescapulars, lower cervicals, percrural lymphatic glands enlarged. Rectal examination revealed enlarged meso- colon lymph glands. After death, abdominal and pulmonary glandular lesions were found. Third Case—Retropharyngeal and Cervical Adenitis: Two- year-old stallion has the throat swollen, also the parotids. Un- der the superficial lower muscles of the neck there is one ovoid tumor, very hard. Through the swelling of the throat several hard irregular tumors are felt. Under the partoids an in- durated mass is detected. These tumors are all situated on the course of lymphatics. Tuberculosis is suspected, although no other signs of the disease are present. Tuberculin test gives a positive reaction of 2°. Animal is destroyed. The pharyngeal, superior cervicals and one inferior are the seat of characteristic lesions. Fourth Case—Chronic Enteritis and Diarrhoea: Heavy draught gelding, aged three years, has diarrhoea for six weeks, which remains rebellious to all treatment. The temperature i: 39.5°. Feces liquid. Macro- and microscopic examinations of foecal discharge reveals the presence of tuberculous bacilli. Tuberculin test is positive. The animal is destroyed. The in- testines, large and small, and their lymph glands showed charac- teristic lesions, viz., of paratuberculous hypertrophying enteritis for the first, and caseous degeneration for the second.—(An- nales de Med. Vet.). ForeIGN Bopy IN THE CuHeEst [Mr. Iserentans]|.—During heavy draught work in a wood, this horse suddenly reared vio- lently without any apparent cause and shortly after walks very lame on the near foreleg. He is walked home. Some hours after he is very depressed, and moves with his leg carried as one piece and in great abduction. In the right costal region, back of the shoulder, there is a swelling as big as a man’s fist, and near the maxilla a penetrating wound, in which a hard and rough body is felt. An incision was made through the skin, the pan- niculus and great dorsal muscles, when the superior extremity ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 101 of the foreign body was exposed, secured with a piece of cord and pulled out. It was a big piece of wood, 60 centimeters long, 4% round, more or less cylindrical and covered with sharp asperities. After-care consisted in first repeated injections with sublimated solutions, a rubber drain tube and afterwards irriga- tions of phenicated or creolined water. A large oedematous swelling followed after the first days, which gradually subsided. Cicatrization was completed after two months.—(Echo Veter.). GERMAN REVIEW. By Joun P. O’Leary, V.M.D. PASTERIRELLOSIS EQuina [Dr. Rohr].—As will be under- stood by the name, this is an infectious disease of the horse, presenting varied symptoms, partly as an influenza, partly as an infectious pneumonia and as a typhoid fever. Lignieres exam- ined the blood and exudate of patients in all stages of the dis- ease, and attributes as the cause a coccobacillus ‘* Pasteurella.” However, either micro-organisms, especially streptoccocci, have an etiological significance. The disease was observed very fre- quently among French cavalry horses. From the year 1900 to 1904, 3,428 horses were attacked by the disease, out of a total of 100,000 horses, with about 8.8 per cent. mortality. From 1905 to 1909 the number of animals affected was 3,058, of which num- ber 7.4 per cent. proved fatal. The author confined his observa- tions to the outbreak which occurred during the months of Octo- ber, November and December, 1910. In all cases the disease showed a remarkable constancy, with a temperature varying from a moderately high degree to a hyperthermia. The pulse was’ somewhat accelerated and the arteries tense. Occasional lachrymation, the eyelids were edematous and swollen, and the mucous membranes of the lids were stained from a slight yel- low to a saffron color. There was also observed swelling of the extremities and sometimes edema of the sheath. The appetite in general was slightly affected. The fever subsided after the lapse of two to three days; likewise the edema of the limbs. Recovery resulted in from five to seven days; there remained, however, for a few days, a stiffness in the gait. Complications arose, such as laryngeal and bronchial catarrhs, and sometimes pulmonary affections, where strangles had prevailed in stables at a previous date. The infectious character of the disease was 102 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, beyond question. As Lignieres had demonstrated the cocco- bacillus ‘* Pasteurella” is the cause of the disease. ‘This bacillus is a toxine former and creates a predisposition for the growth of other micro-organisms, particularly for micrococci. The organism is found in the manure and dirty straw in which it re- tains its vitality and multiplies. The disease appears more fre- quently in the harvest, during the rainy season. The affected animal is largely the centre of infection, in its body it harbors . the germ, where it multiplies and is given off through the secre- tions and excretions. The manure and all other objects and attendants that are in contact with the infected animal spread the disease. As prophylactic measures, the stables should be thor- oughly ventilated. Plenty of light and air are prerequisites, both having a decided bactericidal action. In outbreaks of the disease, the affected animals should be immediately isolated, the doors and windows of the stable should be thrown open to admit an abundant supply of light and air. In the treatment of the dis- ease, caffeine, camphor and salicylic acid are recommended.— (Berliner Tierarzthche Wochenschrift, No. 42. 1912). A CASE OF CUTANEOUS BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS IN MAN [G. Cosco, B. Rosa and C. de Benedictis]_—One of the authors (de Benedictis), veterinary inspector in the public slaughter house at Rome, infected a slight wound in his hand with tuberculous matter while engaged in the post-mortem examination of cattle. After a few days there had formed an inflammatory foci, which later developed into a nodule. The swelling shaded in color to a dark violet and was painful. It attained the size of a lentil and gradually became soft,.doughy and cheesy. The skin was per- forated and the cheesy mass bacteriologically examined. A tubercle bacillus was isolated which belonged to the bovine type. After proper treatment, complete recovery followed (Centralblatt fur Bact., U. S. W., 1912, 66 Bd., S. 161), FascioLa HEPATICA IN FastineG CAtves [Dr. K. Buchli and Dr. D. A. de Jong).—As a result of a post-mortem examination held upon five fasting calves, varying in age from one to three days, which, upon ante-mortem examination presented no symp- toms of disease, revealed the presence of distomum, while inci- sions were made into the hepatic glands. As pressure was being exerted upon the large superficial bile ducts in the porta, hepatis, a specimen of the fasciola hepatica came into view. The super- ficial hepatic ducts appeared somewhat inflamed and their walls Eee 0 co he we ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 108 slightly thickened. In the five livers only a small number of distomum were harbored. In the first liver only three were found, probably for the reason that a careful examination had not been made. The length of the parasites varied from 1 to 1% centimeters. Icteric symptoms and ascites were lacking in these cases. Whether their mothers had similarly suffered could not be ascertained.—(Tydschrift voor Veeartsenijkunde, 38 ste Deel Aflevering 17, Sept. 1. 1912, Seite 663-667). CONCERNING THE APPLICATION OF THE ROENTGEN PRrRo- CEDURE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY [Dr. L. Edly, in Mal- mo ]|.—For diagnostic purposes, perfect Roentgen pictures of the foetus can be obtained in the beginning of the third month of pregnancy; also abnormal positions and malformations can be diagnosed through the Roentgen procedure. Further, the diag- nosis of multiple foetuses can be established without difficulty in the first half of gravidity. Hitherto injury to the foetus through Roentgen examinations has not been observed.— (Miinchener Mediz Wochenschrift, 58 Jahrg., 1911, No. 567). THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BLoop CLot WitTH REGARD TO THE ORIGIN OF THE THROMBUS [Dr. K. Kiister, in Breslau|.— In many instances it is thought that the coagulability of the blood depends particularly upon its richness in ferment or fib- rinogen or both together, and that this is of much importance in the formation of thrombi. According to the methods of Arthus and of Wohlgemuth, the ferment value of the blood serum and the fibrinogen worth of the blood plasma have been relatively determined. These methods depend upon basic experiments; for instance, when the blood streaming from a vein was allowed to flow into a solution of magnesium it remained fluid. The plasma obtained by centrifugalization contains fibrinogen, but no fibrin ferment. When fresh serum is added to such plasma coagu- lation occurs. As a result of the clinical importance of the above method and upon the ground of other independent experiments, Kiister concludes that the participation of the above-mentioned fibrin generators in the formation of thrombi is doubtful, and that the connection between blood-clotting and the thrombus cannot be established at the present time-—(Miinchener Mediz. W ochenschrift, 1, 11, Seite 2442). SCLEROSTOMIASIS IN Foats.—Concerning sclerostomiasis in foals, numerous observations have been made by official veteri- 104 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. narians in the government districts of Konigsberg and Gum- binnen, and which appeared in the annual report for the year 1909. Apart from the aneurisms of the mesenteric arteries many interesting pathological processes were observed in the post-mortems. For example, infarcts in the cortical substance of the kidneys, with hemorrhages in the venal capsule and in the neighboring subperitoneal connective tissues, embolic infarcts in the spleen, with rupture of its capsule and hemorrhages in the abdominal cavity. Rupture of the walls of the aneurisms of the posterior mesenteric arteries and hemorrhages in the abdominal cavity. Thrombosis of both venal arteries. In the case of a cachectic foal, on post-mortem examination the colon and ce- cum were beset with numerous nut-like nodules containing a thick greenish pus and a specimen of the strongylus armatus; similar nodules were observed in the lungs. The kidneys were chronically inflamed and partially cicatrized as a result of the embolic nodules. The anterior mesenteric arteries were filled with solid thrombotic masses containing numerous worms.— (Verofentlichungen aus den Jahres-Veterinar-Berichten der beamteten Tierarste Preussens fiir das Jahr 1909; 11 Teil, S 3°) Berlin, igs Dr. D. E. SALMON has left Washington, D. C., and gone up to Butte, Mont. After a summer in that high altitude ‘and ex- cellent climate his friends will meet him at ie A. V. M. A. meet- ing in New York bronzed in complexion and in hale condition. THE Hupson County (N. J.) PRAcTiITIONERS’ CLuB held a meeting and banquet on January 30 at Union Hill in that county. This is a social organization whose membership is made up of the veterinary practitioners of Hudson County, which in- cludes the large municipalities of Jersey City and Hoboken. On January 21, preceding the above meeting, the members took their wives and lady friends to New York in a theatre party and had a very enjoyable time. The veterinarians of that county will prolong their lives by the relaxation that such social functions afford. REVIEW “ JOHNNY ON THE Spot” AND Every VETERIN- ARIAN SHOULD TAKE 1t.—An Jowa veterinarian writes in renew- ing his subscription: “ J do not want to miss a number, and am always anxious for the next one, as there is always something in it very interesting to me. I think this paper is always ‘ Johnny on the spot’; every veterinarian ought to take it.”’ "3 «) i= eee ee Oe" el ee CORRESPONDENCE. COELINSVILLE, ILL., February 26, 1913. Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: DEAR Strs—lI have been a subscriber to the Revrew for 12 years; every volume bound, and through its columns I wish to express my gratitude by sincerely thanking Prof. Law, Dr. Dal- rymple and the Review for the interest manifested in my per- plexity. During three years’ abattoir inspection in B. A. I., I saw Texas fever cases, that I am positive we, in some instances, had something else. Yours very sincerely, Dr. L. B. MICHAEL. P. S—Am enclosing letter from Dr. Dalrymple. Baton Rouceg, La., January 20, 1913. eg. MICHAEL, Collinsville, Ill. : Dear Doctor—Your esteemed favor of the 14th was duly received. I have been talking over the subject matter of your letter with our entomologist, and we are both rather inclined to think that you may have been dealing with some fly, or condi- tion, other than the Buffalo gnat, as the gnats are worst in the early spring, and are found in the neighborhood of running water—not stagnant water. In fact, they breed in running water. The localities in Louisiana in which they are prevalent are some distance from Baton Rouge, and | have not had an oppor- tunity of treating cases. The gnats may attack our cattle, but the general complaint is with reference to horses and mules. Some representatives of the Federal Bureau of Entomology have been working on these gnats for some time, and are at present, I believe. No doubt they will have something to publish on 105 106 CORRESPONDENCE, them before long, more than has already been done. My author- ity for the statement about the gnats emitting a poison was Prof. Osborn, I believe, who had been with the Bureau men- tioned for some time. There seems to be no doubt about their causing a great deal of irritation, and local poisoning, but I have not had the opportunity of making a post-mortem examination of any cases. I thank you for your kindly expressions regarding my *Chi- cago paper. I hope it may be of as much interest to others as it seems to have been to yourself. With best regards, Very sincerely yours, W. H. DALRYMPLE. ***Some of the More Important Insects Affecting Our Farm Animals,” published in January and February, 1913, numbers AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. OBITUARY. ALFRED M. SCHALBERG, D.V.M. Dr. Alfred M. Schalberg, Chicago, Ill., died on February 8 after an operation for appendicitis. Dr. Schalberg was a gradu- ate of the New York State Veterinary College, class of 1909, and was employed in the government service as meat inspector, stationed at Chicago, at the time of his death. The members of his class learn with regret the sad tidings of the death of their young friend, rendered especially sad from the fact that he leaves a widow and infant son. In MemortamM.— JoHN RutTGER PLANTEN ”’ is the inscrip- tion on a folding photo case bordered with a heavy mourning line and containing within it a lifelike picture of the above-named gentleman, who died on December 8, last. Mr. Planten was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands, in 1835, and became a member of the firm of Planten and Son, manufacturers of gelatine cap- sules, in 1857, the firm having been established by his father, in 1836, in New York. Mr. Planten was one of the good old New Yorkers, and his face was good to look upon. —_—. - ~ “ss iz ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. EOS! OUT.” “Lost out. B. refused to report Bill Hoskins.’ These terse words conveyed to us the failure of the army veterinary bill, H. R. 16843, in the closing days of the 62d Congress. It would be useless to lament over the result beyond ordinary regret. It would be a waste of time to search for mistakes made by some one of us in order to gratify a desire for criticism, and to be able to say: I told you so. No great mistakes, if any, have been made by our representatives in charge of the bill. They were of the best among us, earnest, faithful and experienced men, imbued with a just spirit and with no more than a reasonable pride in our profession. They are entitled to our gratitude even now iri the face of defeat. What we ought to think about now is how to strengthen anew their arms, how to further encourage their good efforts, and how best to stand by them without faltering in the struggle to be re- newed for right and justice of our cause. We are right, because this army veterinary bill, if enacted into law, would have been for good government, of far-reaching economic value to the costly mounted service of the army, and it would have been of humane interest to all those who have a heart for the burdened army horse. The bill contained no wild scheme, concocted by an over- ambitious clique, or by a body of men who unduly estimate the value of the services they render to the people of the country. On the contrary, it was a truly moderate measure, merely rec- ommending to improve a branch of the federal service that has been notoriously neglected and kept shamefully backwards. This we can prove. Although we are apt to proudly proclaim to the world that we lead in civilization, here is our army veterinary service outstripped in organization and efficiency by second and third-rate nations of Europe. If there was anything ambigious in this bill, anything contrary to strict honesty and clean purpose, few of us in the army would have approved of it, and none of our colleagues in civil life would have supported it, because they are disinterested and neutral. Moreover, the bill, if wrong or 107 bf 105 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. unnecessary, would not have passed the House of Representa- tives unanimously, for it was there thoroughly searched, care- fully altered to suit the wishes of the War Department and to satisfy the objections of one or two legislators. In spite of all this we are told that one man, a Senator of the United States of America, held up our bill to defeat. It seems hard to believe that the rules and methods of our highest legis- lative body permit such single-handed proceeding. It seems equally difficult to understand that the dignified, exalted position of a Senator could lend itself to such small tactics, from what- ever reason of his own or by whatever influence of other parties. It could not be courage that actuated this Senator to pocket our bill, for true courage is born of a feeling that a wrong must be righted, which is exactly what our little bill attempted to accom- plish. In its last aspect it appears as contempt, or as effrontery, to stand off a whole profession, united on this issue, honorable in its work, honest as to purpose, modest rather than overbearing, willing to serve well, and anxious to still further extend its use- fulness. To judge mildly, this Senator is in error. Although he has sinned against us, may none of us threaten him with ven- geance, but let us prove to him our mettle by convincing him of his error with a broad-minded spirit of forgiveness. It becomes now our duty to do over again the battle just lost. Defeat is a severe teacher, and we have learned some valuable lessons in the fight just ended. They may have been costly, but on the whole neither labor nor money, only time, has been lost in working with the 62d Congress. It was a valuable preliminary skirmish to determine the forces of possible opponents, and we were agreeably surprised to find many friends and unexpected supporters. As the next Congress, in its working organization, will be of one political faith, at least one great factor of defeat, the political dissension between the House and the Senate, will be removed. We ought to reap the fruit of this change in politics. Let us think, therefore, that the prospects of success are good with the 63d Congress. Such is wholesome optimism, that will strengthen our fibres and keep up our heart. When this new Congress opens its doors on April 7, 1913, it will see our repre- sentatives among the first to enter them and file anew our claim, while we, the others of the line, strewn all over the country, shall back them up with a will, cheer them up, and pray that the next time they may “ win out.” Ons BIBLIOGRAPHY. Sees PALHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS . OF iB DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. SPECIAL PATHOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS OF THE DISEASES OF Domestic ANI- MALS, by Dr. Franz Hutyra, Professor of Infectious Diseases, and Dr. Josef Marek, Professor of Special Pathology and Therapy; both of the Royal Veterinary College at Budapest. Authorized American Edition from the Third Revised and Enlarged German Edition. Edited by John R. Mohler, V.M.D., Chief of Pathological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, and Adolph Eichhorn, D.V.S., Senior Bacteriologist, Pathological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. Volume II., Diseases of the Respiratory Organs, Diseases of the Digestive Organs, Diseases of the Nervous System, Diseases of the Organs of Locomotion, Diseases of the Skin. Over 1,000 pages, with 163 illustrations and 5 plates. Chicago, 1913, Alexander Eger. In our November number we had the pleasure of reviewing Volume I. of this excellent work; and now the second volume, translated by our esteemed friend, Maximilian Herzog, M.D., late Pathologist in the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I., Pro- fessor of Pathology and Bacteriology in the Chicago Veterinary College, Pathologist to the German and Alexian Brothers’ Hos- Diemer ehicaco, etc., etc.; A. Leslie Sheather, M.R.C.V.S., B.Sc., Pathological Department, The Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, London, England, and G. Mayall, M.R.C.V.S., Bolton, England, and edited by John R. Mohler, V.M.D., Chief of Pathological Division, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, and Adolph Eichhorn, D.V.S., Senior Bacteriologist of the same division, Washington, D. C., has recently appeared on our desk, magnificent in external appearances as its elder brother. Volume I. ended with an excellent chapter on the diseases of the blood vessels, and Volume II. begins with the Diseases of the Respiratory Organs; and Section I. (the word section being used in place of chapter) gives a very exhaustive treatise on the Diseases of the Nasal Cavities and of the Accessory Cavities of the Nose; in which hemorrhage from the nose, nasal catarrh, including the contagious form in birds, swine and rab- bits, croupous rhinitis, follicular inflammation of the nasal mucosa, new growths in the nasal cavities, animal parasites in 109 110 BIBLIOGRAPHY. the nasal and accessory cavities, catarrh of the maxillary sinus, myxoid degeneration of the turbinated bones and of the facial bones in the horse, inflammation of the cella infraorbitalis in fowls, catarrh of the frontal sinus, catarrh of the guttural pouch, and. bloating of the guttural pouch. All these subjects, of such vital interest and importance to the general practitioner, are clearly described in such an interesting and comprehensive manner, that the reader gains enlightenment while experiencing the minimum of fatigue in their study. Section II. treats of the Diseases of the Larynx just as completely as the diseases of the nasal cavities are treated in the previous section; followed by the Diseases of the Bronchii in Section III., and Diseases of the Lungs in Section IV., in which a hundred pages are devoted to the many diseases and complications of diseases of these vital organs, the subject being generously illustrated. The Diseases of the Digestive Organs are then taken up, divided into eight sections, as follows, and in the order named: Diseases of the Buccal Cavity; Diseases of the Salivary Glands; Diseases of the Oesophagus; Diseases of the Stomach and Intestines; Diseases of the Liver; Diseases of the Pancreas; Diseases of the Peri- toneum, covering more than 400 pages, and including 49 illus- trations; picturing such conditions as pseudo-aphthous inflamma- tion in cattle, introduction of the cesophageal sound in those animals, ectasia of the cesophagus in a horse, X-ray of metal buttons in the crop of a hen, loop of intestine strangulated by a lipoma, and other forms of intestinal strangulation; torsion of the colon, volvulous of the small colon, invagination in a horse and in a dog, abdominal parasites; diagrams showing areas of hepatic dullness in the horse, the cow and the dog; cuts from photographs showing distention of the abdomen due to ascites in the horse and in the dog; the variety of the illustrations sug- gesting the wide range of maladies treated of, from occlusion of the crop in the fowl to bloating of the cow and colic in the horse; in which, by the way, the author prefers the use of the term “colicky affections” to “ colic,” when used in a general sense; because, as he explains, colicky pains being only a, part of a group of symptoms of various affections, he does not think we are justified from a pathological standpoint to consider “colic” as a definite pathological condition. Parasitology is well represented in the consideration of the diseases of the diges- tive organs. Diseases of the Nervous System follow, divided into four sections, as follows: Diseases of the Brain; Diseases of the Spinal Cord; Diseases of the Peripheral Nerves; Func- es BIBLIOGRAPHY. alata tional Nerve Diseases, with 94 subdivisions and 38 illustrations, including both clinical pictures and pathological specimens. A consideration of the Diseases of the Skin, covering 170 pages of text, with 50 extremely interesting illustrations, including two colored plates, completes the subjects embraced in this most excellent work, to which we know we have not done justice in this superficial review, and feel equally sure that we could not do it justice if we spent months in reviewing it, as it has taken years of tedious labor and study on the part of the German authors to produce; but we have endeavored, in our humble way, to point out some of the things it contains. And when we stop to consider that it is the product of two of the ablest patholo- gists of Continental Europe, translated into the English by one of America’s and two of Great Britain’s ablest pathologists, and edited by the chief pathologist and senior bacteriologist of the United States government, assisted by an editor on a medical journal, there is not much left to the imagination. So that Special Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Ammals, by this refining process through which it has passed before reaching English-speaking veterinarians, is unquestionably reduced to the very essence of science and exact- ness, and is an essential to every veterinarian. The publisher deserves great credit for the manner in which he has executed his work and placed this second volume of the work of Hutyra and Marek, clearly printed, splendidly illustrated and _ hand- somely bound, within the reach of the veterinarians of America. RESIDENCE OF Dr. W. O. KeEmp.—Some time ago we were pleased to receive an 8 x 10 photograph showing the residence of Dr. W. O. Kemp, at Key West, Fla., the doctor reclining in an easy rocker on the veranda and Mrs. Kemp standing beside him, making a beautiful home picture that we should have liked to reproduce but for lack of space. The picture shows a splendid up-to-date residence with veranda running across the entire front and half-way around sides on both first and second floors; the house is set in a large plot of ground, surrounded by garden, with stable on one side of the grounds, and surely does credit to the doctor’s industry. The stars and stripes float from a staff at- tached to the second balcony, and the whole picture actuates a desire in one to grasp Doctor Kemp by the hand and congratulate him, and we as well as all his brother veterinarians do, through this medium. SOCIETY MEETINGS. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF -NEW YORK CITY, FEBRUARY MEETING. The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by the president at 8.45 p. m. The minutes of the January meeting were read and approved. The prosecuting committee reported that they had obtained evidence that H. F. Nimphius was practicing unlawfully, and had had him summoned to appear before the chief magistrate on Friday, February 7, 1913. Mr. Nimphius was present and spoke in his own behalf, stating that owing to some unfortunate error or misunderstand- ing, that instead of being required to have 48 Regents’ pass counts, which he was given to understand was the requisite num- ber, sixty pass counts were required before he would be eligible to take the state board examinations and receive a diploma. Drs. Gill and Ellis both stated that although Mr. Nimphius was undoubtedly guilty of practicing illegally, it was unfortunate that the committee had taken the initiative in this particular case. Mr. Nimphius also stated that he now lacked only one or two counts of the required sixty, and expected to make up these at the next Regents’ examination. It was regularly moved and seconded that Drs. Gill and Ellis be appointed as a committee to ask the magistrate that clemency be extended in this case. Carried. The “smoker” committee reported that arrangements had been made to hold the annual°“ smoker and reunion”’ on Wed- nesday evening, February 19, 1913, at Reisenweber’s. A letter from Dr. J. A. McLaughlin declining to further discuss his paper was read by the secretary. Dr. Chase stated that undoubtedly Dr. McLaughlin had given a great deal of time and study to his subject, and moved that an apology be tendered Dr. J. A. McLaughlin by this association for the manner in which his paper had been criticised at the January meeting. Seconded and unanimously carried. Dr. C. G. Rohrer then read an interesting and instructive 112 ——— ee SS SOCIETY MEETINGS. a tale; _ paper on “ Follicular Mange,” which was discussed by several members and visitors. Dr. Crawford stated that he had had good results from the use of the Staphalo Bacterines. Dr. Blair said that he also had excellent results with Parke, Davis & Co.’s vaccine and cited four cases that he has under treatment at the present time and all doing well. He also agreed _ with Dr. Rohrer that the only accurate means of diagnosing this trouble is by the use of the microscope. Dr. Ackerman asked if the vaccines were beneficial in cases _ of chronic eczema, and Dr. Rohrer stated that in his experience _ they were not. Dr. Ellis stated that he had good results by applying oleagi- nous remedies freely, and allowing them to remain without wash- ing off for a period of about two weeks. Stated that he gen- erally used the picric acid, oil of tar and vaseline mixture with good results. The stain due to the picric acid, it is stated, can be readily removed by the use of a saturated solution of hypo- sulphite of soda. Dr. C. J. Marshall, of Philadelphia, gave the history of a cocker spaniel which had been treated for six or eight months without results and finally made an apparently spontaneous recovery. Dr. Cochran also cited some interesting cases, and some that he had seen at Ithaca. Dr. Rohrer then closed the discussion and on motion he was tendered a vote of thanks. D, Dr. Ellis then gave a clear and concise report of the Con- ference on Glanders held in New York City by the Commis- ® sioner of Agriculture on January 17, 1913. q Dr. Ackerman read a letter from Dr. Cotton, of Minnesota, who recommended the destruction of all clinical cases of glanders and all reactors. p Dr. Marshall also spoke on this subject and gave a brief out- line of the method of handling glanders in Pennsylvania. 4 Dr. T. E. Smith, of Jersey City, N. J., also made a few remarks and stated that in New Jersey they were endeavoring to establish a commission, with a veterinarian as chief, with the object of better controlling this disease. Dr. J. G. Wills, Chief Veterinarian of the Department of Agriculture, stated that authority to sign condemnation papers had been arranged in New York City, and also an appraiser re aedrerqap Phen 114 SOCIETY MEETINGS. appointed to appraise condemned animals, relieving the veter- inarians of the department of that duty. Also stated that a con- ference on glanders for horse-owners would be held by Commis- sioner Huson, some time in the near future, to give them an opportunity to voice their views on this important subject. A general discussion of this subject by several of the mem- bers and visitors then followed. Drs. Cochran and McKinney then gave an interesting report of the Veterinary Conference at Ithaca. . Dr. E. B. Ackerman exhibited an interesting specimen of a tumor on a dog’s foot. . Drs. Thomas E. Corwin, Max Danziger and George J. Gou- beaud, whose applications for membership had been approved by the Board of Censors, were unanimously elected as members of this association. Several papers were promised for the Mand meeting. No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned. R. S. MacKE rar, Secretary. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK CITY, MARCH MEETING. The regular monthly meeting of this association was called to order by the vice-president, Dr. R. H. Kingston at 8.45 p. m. Dr. McKinney, being ill was unable to attend. Through the good offices of Dr. R. W. Ellis, the members and visitors of this association, were treated to a literary feast by Prof. E. A. A. Grange, Principal of the Ontario Veterinary College, and Dr. Thos. B. Rogers of Woodbury, N. J., both personal friends of the doctor’s who came in response to his re- quest to address the meeting. The subject of Prof. Grange’s address, was “ The Latest Call to Veterinary Science,’ and that of Dr. Rogers’ paper, “Certain Phases of Operative Surgery,’ and both subjects were presented in the interesting and able manner, so charac- teristic of those gentlemen; and the members of the association are deeply obligated to them for the entertainment and en- lightenment which their addresses furnished, and are indebted to Dr. Ellis for procuring them for the occasion. SOCIETY MEETINGS. ata ta) Prof. Grange prefaced his address with some very pleasing preliminary remarks. He then traced the course of veterinary science from as far back as there is any record of it down to the present time. “The latest Call to Veterinary Science,”’ which Prof. Grange terms the greatest science on this conti- nent, is the demands being made on the veterinarian of to-day for advice and information, not only in regard to the old line of practice, but as to diseases of fowl, botanical research and numerous other matters of vital importance to the growth and welfare of the country. The veterinary profession will be looked to to solve these different problems, and it behooves us to meet this demand. Prof. Grange closed his remarks by extending an invitation to all the members to attend the celebration of the fiftieth an- niversary of the Ontario Veterinary College, on the roth of April, in Convocation Hall, Toronto, Canada. In opening the discussion of Prof. Grange’s address, Dr. Berns said that he had enjoyed the address and thought it very - encouraging to the veterinary profession. Dr. Coates also spoke of the advance in veterinary science. Dr. Gill concurred with the remarks of Prof. Grange, and said that we are now entering an era of sanitary policing. A unanimous vote of thanks was tendered Dr. Grange. Dr. Rogers was then introduced, and before reading his papers made some witty and pleasing remarks. The doctor made an earnest plea that veterinarians in their surgical work, endeavor to follow as nearly as possible the technique of the up-to-date human surgeon, especially as to aseptic measures and the use of anesthetics. In discussing this paper Prof. Grange spoke in favor of aseptic surgery, also Dr. Cochran. Dr. Coates related some of the wonderful results obtained in human surgery by the use of thorough aseptic measures. Dr. Gill said that the veterinarian, owing to surroundings, has great difficulty in reaching the ideal in operative surgery. Dr. Ellis expressed his appreciations of this subject and in- cidentally advocated the use of general anesthesia in the smaller “animals, such as the dog, in the minor surgical procedures of routine practice, as in cases of suturing wounds, setting frac- bures, etc. Dr. Blair said that Dr. Rogers had set a high ideal for vet- erinarians to strive for in their surgery. 116 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Dr. Rogers in closing said that although this idea might not be reached it was a ‘‘ Good star to hitch our wagon to.” A hearty vote of thanks was tendered Dr. Rogers. The ‘‘ Smoker Committee” reported a balance of $2.90, and on motion regularly made, seconded and carried, this report was accepted and the committee discharged with thanks. The Prosecuting Committee then rendered a report of the Nimphius case, stating that Mr. Nimphius had been discharged on his promise that he would not practice again until fully qualified, and a written release of this association from any legal action had been obtained. This report was on motion received. An animated discussion of the prosecution of illegal prac- titioners then took place. Dr. Mangan advocated the upholding of the Prosecuting Committee, and said no exceptions should be made in cases of illegal practice. Dr. Gill said that in his opinion a man practising illegally should be asked to stop, before legal action is taken. Dr. Ellis and Dean Coates explained in detail the Nimphius case, showing by Dr. Coates’ records that Mr. Nimphius had endeavored to comply with the law, and was at the time of sery- ice by the Prosecuting Committee within 114 counts of the required number to register; that being 60. Dr. Berns moved that the action of the Prosecuting Com- mittee be endorsed; seconded and carried. Dr. Mangan moved that the Prosecuting Committee be em- powered to take action against all illegal practitioners in Greater New York; seconded and carried. Dr. Blair moved that the discussion of the Nimphius case be closed; seconded and carried. Dr. P. K. Nichols then read a set of resolutions relative to sanitary control work in Greater New York, to be presented to the Commissioner of Health for his consideration. Dr. Berns moved that these resolutions be endorsed by this association; seconded and carried. Assembly Bill No. 1085—entitled an act to amend the Pub- lic Health Law, in relation to filing a certificate for the practice of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, was read by the sectetary. After some discussion, Dr. Mangan moved that the secre- tary be instructed to write the chairman of the Committee on ee See ee ee ae SOCIETY MEETINGS. ala Lye Public Health protesting against the passage of this act; sec- onded and carried. No further business appearing the meeting adjourned. There were over sixty members and visitors present. Rost: S. MacKe tar, Secretary. HOTES ON THE RECENT MEETING OF THE NORTH- WESTERN OHIO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AT TOLEDO. At the February meeting of the Northwestern Ohio Veter- inary Medical Association, President John V. Newton, of Toledo, gave an address on the subject of bovine tuberculosis, in which he laid great stress upon the absence of ventilation in stables as being an active factor in the development and encour- agement of that disease, and stated that proper attention to the important question of stable ventilation will pave the way for a policy of eradication and greatly add to the chances of success. Another point upon which the doctor laid considerable stress, was the education of the dairyman, which he believes it is the duty of the veterinary profession to bring about, by conducting a campaign among the stock-owners, looking toward the better- ment of conditions under which animals are kept. ‘ No cam- paign against bovine tuberculosis ever will succeed,” said the doctor, ‘“ until the owners recognize the fact that a diseased herd does not pay, and that it is to their interest to keep only healthy ones.” Seventy-five enthusiastic members were present when President Newton made his opening address. After which Dr. William A. Dickey, president of the Toledo Academy of Med- icine, gave an address of welcome, to which Dr. F. F. Sheets, of Van Wert, responded. The opening exercises were followed by a luncheon, after which papers were presented by Drs. G. W. Cliffe, Upper Sandusky; W. G. Clark, Findlay; W. B. Wash- burn, Tiffin; E. W. Proble, Elmore; Fred. Miller, Fort Recov- ery; J. H. Blattenberg, Lima; C. W. Fogle, Leipsic; B. C. Eldredge, Canton; C. E. Hershey, Tiffin; S. E. Bretz, Nevada; J. E. Turner, Kenton, and Drs. John Coffen, James F. Barnes and R. C. Longfellow, of Toledo. In the evening the members and visitors went to the Commerce Club for dinner, where they were welcomed in an address from President Mulholland of the club. Among the after-dinner speakers were: Drs. A. 5. 118 SOCIETY MEETINGS. Cooley, Cleveland, President of the Ohio State Veterinary Med- ical Association; Reuben Hilty, of Toledo, and F. E. Anderson, . of Findlay. Dr. Anderson’s remarks were in the form of a paper, entitled *‘‘ Mistakes in Everyday Practice,’ which was very amusing and very much enjoyed by his fellows. Dr. B. C. Eldredge, of Canton, was elected to succeed Dr. Newton as chief executive. VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA. At the annual meeting of the Veterinary Association of Manitoba held recently in the Industrial Bureau at Winnipeg, the following officers were elected: Council—W. Hilton, C. D. McGilvray, W. A. Shoultz, W. A. Dunbar and E. P. Westell, of Winnipeg; S. A. Coxe, Brandon, and I. B. Irwin, Stonewall. Dr. E. P. Westel was elected president, Dr. W. A. Shoultz, vice-president, and Dr. W. Hilton, secretary-treasurer and registrar. The Board of Examiners consists of C. D. McGil- vray, W. A. Dunbar and W. Hilton, and the auditors, C. Little and T. Z. Woods. It was voted that the next semi- annual meeting be held at Winnipeg, and the next annual at Brandon. The following papers were presented, and were fruitful in promoting excellent discussions: ‘ Tuberculosis— Its Control and Eradication,” by W. A. Hilliard; “ Serum in the Treatment of Tetanus,” by S. T. Martin; ‘ Soundness in Horses,” by W. A. Shoultz; “ Federal Registration for Vet- erinarians in Canada,” by C. D. McGilvray, and “ Postmortem Lesions,” by R. S. McLoughry. The following men were elected to honorary membership: F. Torrance, Veterinary Di- rector-General of Canada; W. Tayior, Portage la Praire, re- tiring president; Hon. D. H. McFadden, N.S., M.P.P. A reso- lution was passed, congratulating Dr. Fred Torrance on his appointment as Dominion Veterinary Director-General. A ban- quet was held in the evening, at which everyone enjoyed them- selves thoroughly. WiILiiAM Hitton, Secretary-Treasurer. YORK COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY. The above society met at York on March 4, 1913. There were a number of interesting papers presented on “ Foreign *" Published on page 84 of this issue of the Review. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 119 Bodies in Cattle,” ‘‘ Parturient Apoplexy,’”’ “ Pollevil and Fis- tulous Withers in Horses,” “ Rabies in Dogs and Cats” and “Lameness in Horses’’; all of which were fully discussed by the members present. This being the annual meeting, officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows: President, Dr. I’. M. Kain, York; first vice-president, Dr. Fred Hartenstein, New Freedom; second vice-president, Dr. C. A. Kain, York; Seetetaty, Di. —. 5. Bausticker, York: treasurer, Dr. Charles Lenhart, York. Trustees: Drs. E. A. Winter and W. L. Herbert, York, and J. B. Smith, Dallastown. Three applica- tions were received for membership. One new member was elected. E. S. BAUSTICKER, Secretary. A BROTHER IN CALIFORNIA WriteEs.—‘‘ Your notice of ex- piration of my subscription just to hand. The AMERICAN VETER- INARY REVIEW is one of my most welcome visitors. I certainly can’t exist without it; consequently I’m enclosing check for re- newal.” Has Bounp VOLUMES FoR TWENTY-ONE YEARS.—The resi- dent state secretary for Wisconsin, A. V. M. A., writes: “ I have a complete bound file of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW from April, 1892, and I consider it one of the most valuable ref- erence works in veterinary medicine.” SEND THE Bitt Bur Do Nor Srop ReEview.—An old sub- scriber in Maryland writes: “Dear old AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, enclosed find check for my subscription to the REVIEw ; as I have told you before, do not scratch me off the list until my death, and then you will be notified. Send the bill but do not stop the REVIEW. AMOUNT OF SUBSCRIPTION SMALL COMPARED WITH PLEAS- URE AND BENEFIT RECEIVED.—An old subscriber in Wisconsin writes: “I have the pleasure of enclosing my check for renewal of subscription for the Revrew; the amount seems very small compared with the pleasure and benefit we receive. Permit me to express my appreciation and best, best wishes for your future success.” NEWS AND ITEMS. Pror. GRANGE ADDRESSES GOTHAMITES.—At the last meet- ing of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City, Prof. E. A. A. Grange, of Toronto, delivered a short address on “The Latest Call to Veterinary Science.”’ He informed its members of many things going on at the present time which should be of interest to all veterinarians and to others who are concerned in any line of the live-stock industry. His address was opened by a statement that he did not con- sider it necessary to trace the first call to veterinary science be- yond the days of the famous Hippocrates, who flourished 400 years or more before the Christian era. He also spoke very briefly of the centaurs who practiced on both the horse and his rider about this time and from the union of these two arts arose those curious mythical figures—half man, half horse. He followed the various calls to veterinary science through the Roman conquest, after which, many distinguished men of the Latin race did their best in successfully administering to the ills that horse “ flesh is heir to.” It is curious to note that during this second period, if it may be so named, both the art and science passed from the hands of the old-time physician into those of the then modern agriculturalists in whose care our science did not suffer. A number of very distinguished Latin authors arose who celebrated the training of the horse, both in prose and verse, in a most fascinating and instructive manner, nor did they forget to write elaborately upon his injuries and various maladies. Veterinary science advanced steadily until about the fifth cen- tury, when it received another call, but unfortunately a back- ward one, and for some time sank into oblivion. This reign of ignorance continued until Francis the First came to the throne of France, and although he was a “ sporty’”’ monarch in some respects, yet “ with all his faults we love him still,’ as under him our science made great progress and there has not been a serious retrograde movement down to our own day. Prof. Grange gave a somewhat lucid though hurried description of the progress of veterinary science through what he called the scholastic period and finally launched into what was in his 120 NEWS AND ITEMS. 121 opinion “ the latest call to veterinary science.’ After speaking in a complimentary manner concerning the meritorious efforts of leaders in the profession in the United States, he stated that what he thought was the “* latest call” came from the Dominion Parliament House at Ottawa. He informed his hearers that a bill appropriating the large sum of ten million dollars had been unanimously passed to be used in the advancement of agriculture and veterinary science in that country. He further stated that he had been instructed to use the share of the appropriation for the college over which he presides, so as to be of real benefit to the veterinary profession. The details as to how the money would be used he did not attempt to state, owing to the whole question having been sprung upon him within a few days, and he is now waiting for a reply to some of his preliminary recommendations. However, he viewed the outlook for veterinary science in the United States and Canada in a very rosy light and looks for a still greater improvement in the near future. TipINGs FROM Brazi_.—In a recent letter from our old friend Dr. J. H. McNeil (late of Ohio State University), from * & * nage an ne hohe tee ATS ' Some of the natives and Zebu crosses. Brazil, renewing his subscription to the Review thirty days be- fore it had expired so that he would not miss it in lis far-away 122 NEWS AND ITEMS. home, the doctor expresses great pleasure and satisfaction in his new field; and we believe it will not be a breach of faith if we publish a small portion of his letter that will convey to his North American colleagues, in his own words, his feelings in his new surroundings. We also reproduce the pictures inclosed Note the wattles—in some sections of Brazil 90% show this. in his letter, that our readers may share the pleasure derived from them also. Following is an extract from Dr. MecNeil’s letter : “T am pleased to state that my work is pleasant and pro- gressing nicely. JI have outlined much important work for the coming year. The past year has been a busy one for us all. The imported cattle are doing nicely. We were confronted with some unexpected problems. Referring to what we considered as having been settled in the laboratory, some further work is needed to unravel the tangle.” \We are also pleased to be able to promise REviEw readers something from time to time from Dr. McNeil in connection with the country in which he is conducting his lifework, and the live-stock conditions there. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. {n the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : Name of Organization. Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass’n..| August, 1913... Alumni Ass’n, N. Y.-A. V.C..... American V. M. Ass’n............ ee er viet. in. A. Chicago... .. B.A. 1. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha ..| 3d Mon. ea. mo. California State V. M. Ass’n...... Central Canada V. Ass’n......... Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n....| June and Nov... Chicago Veterinary Society....... Colorado State V. M. Ass’n....... Connecticut V. M. Ass’n......... Delaware State Vet. Society...... eon Ney). Mi Ag...c.. es Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n...... Georgia State V. M.A............ V.M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un’y..... Hamilton Co. (Ohio) V.A........ Idaho Ass’n of Vet. Graduates.... Illinois State V. M. Ass’n......... Indiana Veterinary Association... Iowa Veterinary Ass’n....... .... Kansas State Kentucky V. M. Ass’n............ Keystone V. M. Ass’n............ e Erie V M. Association...... Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n..... Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n........... Maryland State Vet. Society...... Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n......... Michigan State V. M. Ass’n...... Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n..... Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n.... Missouri Valley V. Ass’n......... Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n........ Montana State V.M.A........... Nebraska V. M. Ass’n............ Mewework S. V..M.Soc’y......... North Carolina V. M. Ass’n...... North Dakota V. M. Ass’n........ North-Western Ohio V. M.A..... Ohio State V. M. Ass’n........... Ohio Soc. of AE aM Med.. Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass’n..... Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n............ Pnuarionv et, ASSN... cc.ssscacce. Pennsylvania State V. M.A...... Powopine.V. NM. A..............- Portland Vet. Med. Ass’n Province of Rhode Islan Schuylkill Valley V. M. A........ Soc. Vet. Alumni Univ, Penn..... Santa) Dakota V. M.A........... Southern Auxiliary of California pudeeeve VM ASSN... ces ce cs So. St. Joseph Ass’n of Vet. Insp.. Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass’n....... AS VIN: ASS bccen cs xsce aioe mmmeity V. M. Ass’n............ iitan Vet. Med. Ass’n............ Vermont Vet. Med. Ass’n ........ Veterinary Ass’n of Alberta...... Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia..... Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba......... WetsMed. Ass’n of N. Ji.......... V.M. Ass’n, New York City...... Veterinar Practitioners’ Club... Virginia State V. M. Ass’n....... Washington State Col. V. M.A.. Washington State V.M.A....... Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n...... Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad Markco (Pa.)V. M.A... ........ Date of N Wtaetin or ner | Name and Address Secretary Ata urna sets C.A.Cary, Auburn. 7s\yo) a arto) ae Sept. I-2-3-4-5 713. Pee eee twee of eac 2d Fri. ea. mo... WEENIE, I9I2s.<.. 2d Tues. ea. mo D.-4) I9TS...... Jan.Apl.Jy.Oct. 3d Mon. ea. mo. iy Dec. 5-6, 1912... an 15-16, 1913.. OV., 12-13-14 712 January 7-8, 1913 Oct. & Feb.ea.yr. ey th Wed. ea. mo. eb. 4-5, 1913... July to-11, 1912. Jan. 21-22-23, 713. jan TOUS assaivinics AM ELO LA nee none anuary, I9!2.... Ist wk.Sept.,1913 June, 1953,.....+ pane 22-23, 1913. eb and Nov... Jan. 8-9. 1913..... Annually Dec. 14-15, 1911. April *x912.,<'. Jan. 21-22, 1913.. Callof President; 4th Tues. ea. mo. Jan. 2-3, 1912... 1st Wed? fol. the 2d Sun. ea. mo. Dec. 18, 1912.... July 8-9, 1913.... Jan.Apl.Jy.Oct. | 4th Tues. ea. mo. November, 1613. Mar. 18 19, 1912.. 2d Thu. ea. mo. Mar., 1912 ee 3d Wed.ea. mo.. MidsummerFair Jan., 1913 ist Wed. ea. mo. Maree uly Io, 1913..... ist & 3d Fri. Eve. Jan. 9-10, 1913... d Thurs.ea.mo. WL TQ 02% oe ciniere Quarterly....... 141 W. 54th St. N ewYork,N.Y| C Lec.Room,La- val Un’y,Mon. Chicavorsee. S.Omaha, Neb San Francisco Ottawa Wilmington .. Newark, N. J. Wash., D.C.. AICS Seite, “a1: Topeka. ..... Lexington.... Baltimore..... Young’sBost’n Lansing Minneapolis... Kansas City.. Kirksville ..... Okla. City.... Toronto Harrisburg... Wiartlanee cece. Portland, Ore. Mon.and Que. Providence... Sts oulses..'. ree r Philadelphia. . Mitchell....... Los Angeles.. 407 Ill. Ave.... Memphis...... Fort Worth... St.P.-Minneap Logan eect eee we eee wee e rene Winnipeg. .... Jersey ore is 141 W. 54th St. Jersey City... Old Pt. Comf’t Pullman’... Pittsburgh... jancevil e.. J. F. Carey, East Orange, N.J. fe Marshall, Philadelphia. J. B. Arthur, Russellville. ij P. A. Houde, Montreal. . A. Smith, Chicago, Ill. E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha. John F. McKenna, Fresno. A. E. James, Ottawa. W. B Switzer, Oswego. .| D. M. Campbell Chicago. B. F. Kaupp, Ft. Collins. B. K. Dow, Willimantic. A.S. Houchin, Newark, Del. J. F. Carey,East Orange,N.J. alate eee Henrietta. . F. Bahnsen, Americus. A. T. Ayers. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. G.E. Noble, Boise. L. A. Merillat, Chicago. A.F. Nelson, Lebanon. C. H. Stange, Ames. . H. Burt, Manhattan. obert Graham, Lexington. E. H. Yunker, Phila. Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk,O. E. P. Flower, Baton Rouge. C. W. Watson, Brunswick. H.H. Counselman, Sec’y. J. H. Seale, Salem. W. A. Ewalt, Mt Clemens. G. Ed. Leech, Winona. Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada. Hal.C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. S. Stewart, Kansas City. A. D. Knowles, Livingston. W.H. Tuck, Weeping Water. H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y. .| M. J. Ragland, Salisbury. Cit, y Babcock, New Rockford A.J. Kline, Wauseon. Reuben Hilty, Toledo. F.F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. J. C. Howard, Sullivan. C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City. GAH Sub na Toronto. pone Reichel, Glenolden. avid C. Kretzer, Manila. Sam. B. Foster, Portland,Ore. Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. Ios Pollara, Providence. Clarence E. Smith, Greenville. F. Hockman, Iola. Wm.T.Conway,St.Louis,Mo. W.G. Huyett, Wernersville. B.T.Woodward, Wash’n, D.C. S. W. Allen, Watertown. J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. H. R. Collins, So. St. Joseph O.L.McMahon,Columbia. | R. P. Marsteller, College Sta. S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn. A. J. Webb, Layton. _ G. T. Stevenson, Burlington. Cc. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskatchewan, Alta., Can. M. Page Smith, Wash., D.C. F. Torrance, Winnipeg. i E. L. Loblein,New Brunswick. R.S. MacKellar, N. Y. City. A. F. Mount, Jersey City. | Geo. C. Faville, No.Emporia. R. I. Donohue, Pullman. .| Carl Cozier, Bellingham Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley. aif I: P. West, Madison. S. Bausticker, York, Pa. PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3 25; foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $2.25; single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be received by 10th of month. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. As SprING APPROACHES, green stock becomes disseminated throughout the country and “shipping fever” troubles begin. See the announcement of the 3EEBE BrioLocicAL LABORATORIES On page 13 (adv. dept.) and get posted on ANnTI-INFLUENZA VACCINE. Mention the REviEw in writing. CHINASOL, THE INTENSE ANTISEPTIC, is one of the most reliable, economical, satisfying and convenient antiseptics on the market. In tablet form it is always with you, and you can make any quantity of antiseptic solution you require at a moment’s notice. The powder is excellent to form a surface on a large wound—and, mixed with glycerine, makes an éxcellent application for skin troubles in dogs. Write the Parmele Pharmacal Co., whose address you will find on the upper part of the inside back cover page. Mention the Review in writing. Many A Man’s Reputation has pivoted on his success or failure in the treatment of a case of impaction in a valuable horse so that he cannot afford to be without any appliance that will make him more successful in the treat- ment of that class of cases. Turn to page 6 (adv. dept.) and see SHARP & SmitH’s Recrum Lock Syrince there illustrated and described, and then get in communication with that firm without delay, as you ought to have this appliance. Be sure to mention having seen it in the AMERICAN VETER- INARY REVIEW. 124 ee re ee ee eee ee Oe ae eee @ af AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. MEY, 1613. EDITORIAL. FUROPEAN CHRGNICLES. Paris, March 15, 1913. Autonomous LIFE oF VISCERAL APPARATUS AWAY FROM THE OrGANISM.—Although the wonderful experiments of Prof. Carrel, of the Rockefeller Institute in New York, have certainly been recorded in the medical papers of America, perhaps few veterinarians have read of them. An opportunity was given to me to hear Prof. Pozzi reading a communication before the Academie de Medicine. From it I make the following extract: Prof. Carrel has demonstrated that conjunctive tissue can be kept out of the organism in a prolonged state of manifest life and that a piece of a heart beat in a normal condition more than a hundred days after its removal from the body of a chicken embryo. Since Prof. Carrel has tried to establish a technic which would permit of a whole system of organs living outside the organism in an autonomous manner. This technic consists simply in removing aseptically in one single mass the thoracic and ab- dominal organs of an animal, generally a cat, and in conserving them under certain conditions. The skin of the neck, thorax and abdomen of an anesthesied cat is sterilized. The oesophagus is tied and cut aseptically. In 125 126 EDITORIAL, the divided trachea, intubated, a rubber probang is introduced to permit artificial respiration, according to the method of Meltzer and Auer. The abdomen is opened; the aorta and vena cava are ligated and cut near their bifurcation. The small intestine is divided aseptically; also the ureters. Then ligatures are ap- plied upon the posterior branches of the aorta and vena cava, which are cut, and the abdominal viscera is completely isolated from the abdominal wall. The parts remain attached to the body only by a peduncle made of the aorta and vena cava. Then the thoracic cavity is open. The diaphragm is separated from the costal wall. The in- nominated arteries, anterior vena cava and vena azygos are ligated and cut. The animal dies. The’ pneumogastric, sym- pathic and phrenic nerves are cut. The posterior branches of the thoracic aorta are also divided. At that moment the pulsations of the heart are generally weak, and the arterial pressure is very low. * * *K Then as a single mass are extirpated from the cadaver of the animal the thoracic and abdominal visceras, united by their blood vessels, and they are placed in a basin containing Ringer’s solu- tion at the temperature of 38 degrees C. Generally the heart still beats slowly and regularly. But the pressure of the blood is low, the cardiac pulsations weak and the organs have a very anemic aspect. After a few minutes the pressure of the blood rises and at times returns almost to normal. In general a certain quantity of blood from another cat is transfused in the visceral organism. Then the lungs become rosy, the blood pressure goes up, the heart beats regularly be- tween 120 to 150 a minute. The pulsations of the abdominal aorta are very strong. Those of the arteries of the stomach, spleen, kidneys and even of the ovaries are seen pulsating. The peristaltic contractions of the stomach and intestines are observed. The appearance of the viscera has resumed a normal aspect. Sete Arete SAA MOAN Oy Sal My EDITORIAL. 12% The visceral organism is then placed in a box filled with Ringer’s solution, covered with thin Japanese silk and protected with a plate of glass. The tracheal tube is fixed to an opening made on one of the walls of the box. A tube is fixed to the oesophagus, permitting the injection in the stomach of water or food. ‘The intestines are drawn out of the box through a special tube, and an arti- ficial anus is established. ‘The box is then placed in an autoclave at the temperature of 38 degrees C. , *K * *K In those conditions the visceras live in an apparently normal state. ‘The cardiac pulsations are strong and regular. The cir- culation of the organs is normal. ‘The intestines show their peristaltic contractions and empty themselves by the artificial anus. When the intestines are empty, bile and intestinal mucus are evacuated. In one experiment, when the stomach was full of meat at the time of death, a normal digestion took place dur- ing the hours following. Some visceral organs died almost suddenly after three or four hours. But most of them live quite actively, ten, eleven and even thirteen hours after the death of the animal from which they were taken. The death of these organisms was indicated by irregularities in the heart’s pulsations, which become also weaker; then the heart stopped suddenly. According to Prof. Carrel, it is probable that the duration of the life of the visceral organisms could be increased with some modifications in the technic. But it is already sufficient for the study of numerous problems of physiology and chemical biology. Surely, other physiologists have already succeeded in keep- ing for a certain length of time entire organs, alive and in func- tions, outside of the organism; but this result was obtained with artificial means; that is, with circulation kept up artificially or by perfusion of defibrinated blood, serum or fluid of Locke. One of the first principal points in the experiments of Carrel is that the life is kept up by the natural circulation with the blood 128 EDITORIAL, of the animal itself, which is oxygenated in the lungs and sent to the tissues by its own heart. A second point worth noticing is that it is not only the survie of one isolated organ, but that of a series of organs, or of the totality of a splanchnic apparatus. Finally the duration, truly unexpected of this associated life of various organs isolated from the body and the central nervous system by a kind of decortica- tion, offers a superior interest to demonstrate the independence of vegetative life from that of relation. *k ok *K LIFE OF THE HEAD SEPARATED FROM THE Bopy.—The Jour- nal de Physiologie ct de Pathologie Generale contains a compte rendu of experiments carried out by Drs. de Somer and Heymans, which are of valuable importance at this moment, when the won- derful results of Prof. Carrel are yet fresh in the memory of all. This compte rendu refers to a new method to preserve in a state of survic the heads of mammalians isolated from their body. These authors held for a long time, two hours and even more, in a state of prolonged life the heads of dogs, cats and rab- bits. This result was obtained in having the central end of the carotid and jugular of a dog of large size united mouth to mouth with the peripheric end of the same vessels of a smaller dog. The blood has been previously rendered incoagulable by injection of peptone. The crossing circulation once established between the head of the small dog and the large-size animal, the neck can be amputated. The isolated head then presents all the series of phenomena of prolonged. life—spontaneous movements are observed of regurgitation, deglution, opening of the mouth. The reflexes are present as normally: corneal, pupillar, ete. If the animal is called, his ears are raised, his eyes moved. In shert, there is persistency of the sensitive, spontaneous, motrice, co-ordinated and reflexed functions. These vital manifestations, after a duration which varies at least two hours, barring accident, diminish and disappear. This arrest of the phenomena of survie is under the dependency of the troubles of the circulation and par- OT ee EDITORIAL. 129 ticularly the formation of clots of blood. Anyhow, these troubles must have a certain duration, as the circulation can be arrested for a certain time without giving rise to irremediable sequelae. The reflexes which had disappeared return; death, however, oc- curs in the dog when the arrest has lasted two minutes. These experiments of de Somer and Heymans show the pos- sibility of prolonged preservation in survie of the head isolated from some mammalia and give an experimental means which will facilitate the studies of cerebral physiology and pathology. 26 * STRYCHNIA IN INTENSIVE Doses.—This alkaloid is a re- markable drug, which deserves to occupy one of the first places in the therapeutic arsenal. Indeed, it is the nervous tonic par excellence, and none can be compared with it, says Dr. Harten- berg in the Presse Medicale. It seems to have an elective action upon the nervous cells, of which it stimulates the depressed nu- trition and the diminished activity. It truly represents the spe- cific indication for all nervous insufficiency. And this action of strychnia upon the nervous system is really a tonic and not an exciting action—two modes of influence that differ from each other. As exciting action, we can conceive that which, putting rapidly in liberty the latent energy contained in cells, permits an immediate supplementary effort. But this exag- gerated liberty in the energy is naturally accompanied with deper- dition of excessive force, and then the accomplished work is fol- lowed by a period of exhaustion. But the tonic action is that which strengthens the cell without exciting it. It stimulates the nutrition, accelerates the metab- olism, incites the elements to draw more from the blood the sub- stances that nourish it. But it does not give rise to an immediate freedom of the energy; hence no excess, no squandering of strength. In two words, it strengthens without irritating. This tonic action upon the nervous cell results in a certain number of physiological effects which therapeutics can derive profit from. It strengthens the nervous centers, stimulates their proper 130 EDITORIAL. nutrition, raises their potential, increases their functional activity and their capacity to work. Besides this tonic action is accom- panied with a regulating and co-ordinating action, which is mani- fested in the reflex and the voluntary motions. Again by the intermediate of the motor neurones, strychnia has an influence upon the muscular nutrition, of which it stimulates the genera- tion, raises the tone and increases the power of contractions. Finally on account of the power that the nervous system has over an entire organism, it acts in an indirect manner in stimulat- ing all the functions and all the organs. It is a powerful general tonic. And yet with all the precious therapeutic properties of strych- nia, it has not yet to this date obtained the reputation that it de- serves. Its advantages, its indications and mode of administra- tion are not sufficiently known. To obtain all the benefits that can be derived from strychnia, it must first of all be administered in sufficient doses; if in some cases small doses, kept up for a long time, are to be preferred, most generally energetic doses are indicated. The method of intensive doses is divided by Dr. Hartenberg under four principal headings: I. STRYCHNIA Must BE GIVEN IN LarcE Doses. The or- dinary doses are insufficient. To obtain all the effects of a drug, it must be given in maximum doses. What is this strychnia? It varies according to subjects and is indicated by the apparition of the physiological reaction, viz., the first manifestation—ver- tigo, stiffness of the jaws, of the legs, etc. 2. Ir Must Be GIvEN IN ProcressIvE Doses. Becoming accustomed to the drug is quite rapid. There is no accumulation of the drug, but the organism gets used to it quite fast, and a same given dose, which would promote a reaction, stops produc- ing it after two or three days. Therefore a progressive increase is to be given, so as to obtain always the physiological action. 3. SULPHATE OF STRYCHNIA must be given in preference. The other salts, arseniate, phosphate, cacodylate, formiate do not possess the same value. ee ee = EDITORIAL, 131 4. HypoperMic INJECTIONS are the way to administer it. The action is more rapid and more energetic. In following these rules, as high as 2 and 3 centigrams have been given in intensive treatment of some diseases without any bad effect. Employed according to the progressive method, strychnia presents no danger. Certainly if this finds advocates, it will upset all the thera- peutics of the diseases for which strychnia has been employed so long in such reduced doses. Be * * BiBLI0GRAPHIC AcTUALITY.—Regional Anatomy of the Do- mestic Animals (Horse); by Professors L. Montane, of Tou- louse, and E. Bourdelle, of Alfort. Those, few as they may be, who, like me, began 60 years ago their studies of anatomy with the excellent work of Rigot and Lavocat, and who about forty years since have seen the magis- tral efforts of Chauveau, soon followed by the serial additions where are found the names of Arloing and Lesbre, will wonder to-day when will the literature of the fundamental branch of veterinary education stop progressing, while they have before them the Anatomy of Regions that the professors of anatomy of the two French veterinary schools have just published through that old house of J. B. Bailliere and Sons, of Paris. Was there need for a new work on anatomy, will some ex- claim? Were we not fully satisfied with our good old book of Chauveau, translated in almost every language, the text-book of nearly all the veterinary colleges, and whose method has been conformed to the classical and traditional teaching for years? In their preface the authors of Regional Anatomy answer: ‘“Chauveau’s cannot be imitated; but perhaps his method 1s susceptible of modifications and changes which would make it better adapted to the necessities of medical practice.” “This method, which consists in dividing the body in as many apparatus as there are great functions and in studying in each apparatus the series of organs that constitute it, is derived 132 EDITORIAL. from the physiological conception of the body of animals. It imposes itself in the domain of pure science . . . but is less fécond when applied to the realities of the medical profession, and is then open to the reproach that it separates contiguous organs, functioning together to accomplish the same act and reacting one on the other in various pathological manifestations.” | “Anatomy taught in medical schools must be free, as much as possible, of its disinterested and speculative character, so as to prepare students to the understanding of pathological facts and to make them careful practitioners and skillful surgeons.” “And it is in being grouped in one region of the body that organs must be consulted by the clinician, who is trying to make a diagnosis, or by the surgeon in the presence of a complicated field of operations, or also of the meat inspector, who has to de- cide as to the- nature and origin of a piece of meat.” “It has seemed to us that anatomical facts would gain, if | presented to the student, such as they must remain in the mind of the practitioner—nerves along the blood vessels, those along the muscles, those along the bones, ete.—in other words, such as reality shows them under the scalpel of the dissecting student or the bistouri of the surgeon. _ The idea of a work realizing those conditions was born. It was a severe and difficult task. Professors Montane and Bour- delle have accomplished it and did it well!! For a long time works on topographical anatomy, added to books on descriptive anatomy, have existed in human medicine; but in veterinary, notwithstanding the attempts made by Ellen- berger and Baum in Germany, Mongiardino in Italy, Rubay in 3elgium, McFadyean in England, it can be said that the work of the French authors certainly comes to fill a wanted need, and it does it as it should be!! * * x THe RecionaL ANATOMY OF THE Horse is the object of the book before me; that of the other domestic animals will follow later on. The one on the horse is divided in two distinct parts. idaho ot? get y ae ee Os ck EDITORIAL, Se we The first part embraces three sections which relate to gen- eralities on the various apparatuses, to the central nervous system and to some general technic of dissections. In the generalities upon the various apparatus there are con- sidered all the notions of general descriptive anatomy and those which are necessary to understand the great segments of the body and of the organs that belong to them. A concise glance in the histological structure of the connective tissue and of the various membranes is also a part of this first section. The central nervous system is the object of a special chapter, as it has seemed impossible to divide into subsections according to regions an apparatus of that importance. ‘To this considera- tion of the nervous system there are added those of the organs of senses. Finally remarks on the general technic of dissections are oc- cupying the third section of this first part, dissection being con- sidered as the only means of anatomical investigation in general and of Regional Anatomy in particular. | The second part of the book treats of the Regional Anatomy proper. For each species of animals the body shall be divided in regions, which will, as much as possible, correspond to those described on the external forms of the animal; viz., the head, neck, thorax, thoracic extremity, abdominal cavity and hind leg. In each region the organs will be examined synthetically by lay- ers and by subregions, according to the various steps of dissec- tion. While waiting for the proposed nomenclature of muscles, the authors have designated those organs by three names: (1) That by which the muscle is generally known; (2) the Latin name proposed at the international congress of Baden, in 1899; (3) the name given by the attachments of the muscle. x * * The first volume of Regional Anatomy of the Domestic An- mals forms an enormous book of 1,069 pages, printed on beauti- ful paper and with type very easy to read. The description is 154 EDITORIAL, excellent, concise, as much as is needed, and the text beautifully. illustrated by 504 black and colored plates, which add a most remarkable value to the book. The preparation and presentation of this wide anatomical volume is the work of the personal efforts of the two professors and of a young artist, Mr. Biscons. The initials that are signed to many of the plates are a revelation of a talent which we feel sure has been put to contribution in the lectures delivered by those two professors of anatomy. A schematic drawing on the black board being of great value and leaving on the student’s mind a lasting impression. Besides the beautiful aquarelles, rep- resentations that refer to the various portions of the work, there are also presented transversal colored sections of all the regions of the body and of the extremities, which are models in their correctness and deserve the special attention of the meat inspector as well as of the surgeon. Fach illustration has on its margin all the indications and names relating to it. It seems to me that this innovation will not give to the plate all the good that is expected. The explanatory names had to be written in too extremely fine type; they are too crowded and, I think, will interfere with the general examination and full comprehension of the large quan- tity of material that it represents. The worthy professors will, I hope, pardon this mild observation, which is not presented as a criticism; the book is above any. This review of Regional Anatomy would be incomplete if compliments were not also addressed to the publishers. MM. Bailliere have made of the work trusted to their hands not only a valuable scientific book, but also one of luxurious appearance, which will always deserve a good place in any library. The success of Regional Anatomy is certain. It will grow greater and greater, as it is known, and we feel sure that it will repay our worthy confreres for their efforts for having given the profession the result of many years of enormous, careful and serious work. Price, 32 francs. * Dl EDITORIAL. 135 BIBLIOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—Bureau of Animal Industry. Circular 205. Milk and Cream Contests. How to conduct them and how to prepare samples for competition. By Ernest Kelly. Circular 207. Directions for Constructing Vats and Dipping Cattle to Destroy Ticks. By H. W. Graybill, D.V.M., and W. P. Ellenberger, D.V.S. Country Review. (Baton Rouge, La.) A series containing contributions on sheep industry, by our esteemed collaborator Dr. Dalrymple. Also a call for more sanitary veterinarians in Louisiana and a report of the committee to obtain “ More Fed- eral Assistance for Tick Eradication in the South,” the commit- tee counting among its members several state veterinarians, Dr. C. A. Cary of Alabama, W. G. Chrisman of North Carolina, C. P. Dawson of Florida, George R. White of Tennessee, Peter F. Bahnsen of Georgia, D. F. Stanford of Arkansas and W. H. Dalrymple of Louisiana. rea ee FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY A. V. M. A; This important event in the history of veterinary medicine in America is fast approaching; only four months lie between the present and the sounding of the gavel on the morning of the opening day which is to mark the half century’ point in the activities of the greatest veterinary organization probably in the world. The eastern members, however, are keenly aware of the brevity of the invervening period, and of the rapidity with which summer months seem to “ melt” away, and are actively engaged in preparing a welcome for their brothers and friends from the other points of the compass, in keeping with the impor- tance of the occasion, both from the scientific and the social view- points. So that those who attend the Golden Anniversary of the A. V. M. A. will not only be impressed with profound mean- ing of such an occasion and with the realization of the unusual privilege which they are enjoying in participating in it, but will also be afforded opportunities of getting a fair idea of the 136 EDITORIAL, American metropolis, its great buildings, theatres, public insti-- tutions, museums of art and natural history and other educa- tional institutions, its parks and pleasure places. Those from the inland states will especially appreciate a sea-side dinner and a dip in the surf. These and many, many other things that their eastern brothers are planning for the ladies and gentlemen who attend the convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association in New York the first week in September. TENTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS IN LONDON. The Tenth International Veterinary Congress, London, August 3 to 8, 1914, seems a long way off as compared with — our approaching national convention, but it is sufficiently near hand to cause the members of the National Committee, that is to represent this country at that congress, to begin to concentrate their minds upon the work that the distinction of such member- ship involves; a distinction won by a record of things accom- plished ; and what a splendid representation we have, with Prof L. Van Es, of the North Dakota Agricultural College, as chairman, and Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, Senior Bacteriologist of the Patholog- ical Division*of the Bureau of Animal Industry, as secretary, as reference to page 196 of the present number will show, including many of the leading scientists in the veterinary profession of the United States. But the committee cannot do the country full justice without the aid and co-operation of the profession at large, who must strengthen its hands in every way possible; all that possibly can, even by lending their presence to the occasion, so that the committee from the United States may approach the Tenth International Veterinary Congress in London in 1914 not only thoroughly equipped with scientific facts, but surrounded by the largest delegation of enthusiastic veterinarians of any country represented. It is not a moment too soon to engender such enthusiasm, the spark of which is laid in Secretary Eich- EDITORIAL. 137 horn’s correspondence, including Chairman Van Es’ list of the general meetings on page 197. mae REFORM OF THE ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE. It has been tritely said that the only way to reform the army veterinary service is to reform it. A veterinarian in the central west, than whom there is none more gifted and none more pos- sessed of the spirit of disinterested leadership, who said recently that he for a long time thought we must wait until opposers of reform for the army veterinary service die and then push for- ward the movement, confesses himself converted. He sees that the issue must, like all reforms, be fought through on the floor of Congress. These are the days when the meanness of concoct- ing legislation behind closed doors, for the benefit of favorites in manufacture or trade, has been exposed. They are the days of fighting out all legislative questions, worth discussion, in the open. If this reform is necessary, as we believe it is, let it see the light of day; let its meaning be known to a Congress which almost defies the word progressiveism. Are men sent to repre- sent us in Congress to serve us; or are they sent to lord it over us? The conviction is fixed within the mind of every man in the profession that the army veterinary service must be reformed. Where is the man who has read his Review a single year dur- ing the last twenty who does not know this? We have fought for this reform, as we have fought for every worthy reform before the profession, and attempted to elucidate every prominent problem confronting it, since the foundation of this publication. The present Congress is closer to the people than any during two decades. We must carry this army veterinary service reform through it, now that opportunity offers. The last Congress was at loggerheads with the War Department and was barren of legislative advantage for us. A new way is open; a new road is before us; will we follow its course? DecAe ale. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. FLEXOR TENOTOMY.* By Dr. J. W. VANSANT, Fox CHASE, PA. The causes of inflammation of the flexor tendons that have come under my observation have in nearly all of the cases been strains. This seems contrary to Moller, who seems to think a great many follow some infectious disease, as influenza, pneumonia, etc., and that the inflammation is due to metastatic infection to the tendon sheaths. There is surely a certain type of horse that is most liable to this trouble. He is that strong, well-muscled, compact horse that is built for strength. He also has lots of snap and energy. You only need to look at that large, clear eye to tell you that he is always ready to do his share of the work, and he generally does more. Of course the horse that has the tied in condition under the knees is more likely to suffer from strains than the better ana- tomically built one. Long, sloping pasterns are very likely to suffer from inflam- mation of the tendons, but we seldom get the excessive contrac- tion in this animal that would. call for the operation, because he generally gets sore in both legs and does not rest either one of them enough to let the tendons contract very much. The animal with the determination that his load must come, makes a misstep, or, by his own muscular strength, ruptures some of the little fibres that go to make up the tendons and causes in- flammation to set in. This may be quite severe and get immediate treatment; but * Read before the Keystone Veterinary Medical Association. 138 FLEXOR TENOTOMY. 139 generally the horse comes out a little sore the next morning and soon works out of it, and we are not called. - This tendon once weakened is now much more liable to sub- sequent strain. The animal will generally rest this leg, which gives the ten- dons a chance to shorten, or in a large number of cases he gets too lame to work, is turned out or let stand in a stall. By this time the horse will rest the leg almost continually, and the contraction is quite rapid. The consequence is that he will soon have to be killed or operated upon. This contraction is due to the tendency of all new formed tissue to contract. Re- pair has set in and built up new tissue at the point of trouble, and if this horse was made to take proper exercise he would keep the tendons stretched out to the proper length, or nearly so. It is remarkable what contraction we get in some cases and with so little apparent change in these tendons. This may be due to contraction of the check tendon, where it is more difficult to locate. Or we may have a shortening of the whole tendon and muscular part as well. We often see these cases where there is a severe trouble anywhere in the leg that prevents the animal through pain or other causes from putting the proper amount of weight on the leg. We may see this especially in growing animals. Neglect in the trimming of the hoofs properly may be accountable for in- jury to the tendons, as long toes and too low heels. Long toes throw a powerful strain on the flexor tendons dur- ing the latter phase of movement, just before the limb 1s lifted from the ground. We may get passive strains when the horse is pulled up quickly, jumping, or when one leg is thrown out to catch his weight when he stumbles. The part then most likely to get in- jured is the check tendon of the perforans (or the deep flexor) or the suspensory ligament. Lameness from inflammation of the flexor tendons varies according to severity and position of inflamed parts. Inflamma- tion of the perforatus may only cause slight lameness, as also 140 J. W. VANSANT. may trouble in the suspensory ligament. After severe work, the inflammation is considerably increased, and we have marked lameness, but they will rest out of it better than when the per- ferans tendon is involved. We usually get but one branch of the suspensory ligament inflamed, but we may get both. I have seen more race horses with trouble in the suspensory ligament than the heavier horse. The cause here is the passive sprains, or taking the weight quickly going at high speed. The perforans tendon is very commonly the seat of trouble and in this case is due to active sprains of its muscular power. We may, I think, always find the trouble when due to these tendons; they are more or less swollen and always tender to pressure when there is lameness. The horse’s gait is shortened, especially the last half of the phase of contact, because there is pulling on the tendon at this time. The whole leg from knee down may be straightened, or we may get the hoof only to be- come upright. The heel soon grows quite long and the toes shortened. ‘If there is severe lameness, the horse will never put — entire weight on the limb as we often see in other lamenesses of the leg. This of course accounts for the contraction of the ten- dons by not getting proper weight on them. Contraction of the perforans and suspensory ligament only affects the obliquity of the pastern, the hoof remaining in a normal position. We may best examine the structure by having some one hold up the op- posite foot. I remember one case where there was excessive con- traction of the suspensory ligament only, and with forced weight on the diseased foot, I could move the flexor tendons consider- ably, they taking no weight on at all. An operation in a case of this kind would certainly be useless. | Contraction of the perforans produces volar flexion in all of the phalangeal joints. It is hard to give a prognosis in these cases, although, if the proper care of them was carried out care- fully, I believe we would be able to tell quite well the outcome of the case. When there is very much swelling, the inflammation spreads to the surrounding tissues, and the tendons are grown fast to bone, or one another, or even both. The veins and arteries” FLEXOR TENOTOMY. 141 ~ may be imbedded entirely in this white, fibrous tissue. If there is very much pain and the horse continually holds the foot in volar flexion, contraction will be very rapid, unless he is made to use the leg considerably. The treatment of these sprains de- pends on the severity and extent of the condition—also the amount of pain. If we have a very acute case where there is much swelling, I would first use antiphlogistine under a little pressure. After a few days of this, would apply a good blister, followed by another if the lameness keeps up. We must give the horse exercise of some kind to keep the tendons stretched to as near the proper length as possible. At this stage we need plenty of massage, and I have used iodine petrogen considerably. This can be rubbed in well. and is a very good absorbent. We may get our horse in fairly good condition, and then comes the great bugaboo. Our horse is put back to its usual work. It has had somewhat of a rest and goes after its work with considerable vim and is liable to a resprain. The once weakened tendon sel- dom gets as strong as it previously was. This is not always the case though, as I have seen them work on indefinitely. With each attack the fetlock and phalangeal joints straighten until they begin to roll over in volar flexion. Once it reaches this stage it is only a short time that he will be able to work, and he either must be killed or operated on. When the foot gets straight, and especially when it rolls over on the anterior wall of the hoof, there is a great sprain on the capsular ligament of the anterior part of the phalangeal bones. This very soon sets up periostitis with the formation of a ringbone. The operation of flexor tenotomy, I believe, is the most ne- glected of any operation that I know of. I remember when a boy seeing a horse killed that probably could have been made worth $150 and that to-day would bring $250. I think that 60, yes 75 per cent. of operable cases can be made serviceably sound, and that 15 to 25 per cent. of the remaining ones will work for years and pay for the operation several times over. You may ask, which are the operable cases? Well, all of those where the change in the joints is not too great, or where 142 J. W. VANSANT, the tendons are not grown to their surrounding structures so strongly that they cannot be broken down by force after the flexor tendons have been cut. If the suspensory ligament is too much contracted, we will not be able to get the fetlock back into its proper position. I have operated on cases where there was con- siderable contraction of the suspensory ligament and where there was a good-sized ringbone. Where it took a week’s work to break down the adhesions of the tendon and to stretch the sus- pensory ligament sufficiently to let the hoof and fetlock back into its proper place, and had them to do good service afterwards. In fact, I always like to have the fetlock fall a little lower than normal, so that I can allow for a little contraction of the new cicatricial tissue that must fill in between the cut ends of the ten- dons. The operation is very simple. In nearly every case we may do it standing and have frequently done it without the horse moving at all. I use stovaine as a local anesthetic, and if I have reason to believe the horse may be a little nervous or particularly afraid of his leg from former blistering or firings, I give him one ounce of chloral hydrate in a drench. The hoof is trimmed down, so that the heel is not quite as low as the normal foot. — The leg is clipped and washed thoroughly with one or two anti- septics, or better if we have a bichloride dressing on it for twenty- — four hours beforehand. The foot is placed on a strong box, block or anything that is about sixteen or eighteen inches high, with a rope around the hoof, with an assistant with one hand on the knee and the other holding the rope. I then run a small, sharp- pointed knife between the two flexor tendons, with the cutting edge toward the knee and alittle below midway between knee and fetlock, starting from the inside on the front leg and the outside of the hind: leg, until I can feel the point of the knife on the opposite side of the leg. Withdraw the knife and insert the blunt-pointed tenatone in the same tract until you can feel it under skin on opposite side. Now, turn the cutting edge toward the perforans, and while the assistant is pulling on the rope and pushing back on the knee to cause tension, we cut through it from behind forwards. If there is not very much thickening around LE pda i ae ail FLEXOR TENOTOMY. 148 it, we will easily know when we have it cut through. If there _ is very much thickening will cut through the bulk of it, being careful not to cut the artery or large veins. Never use any pres- sure on skin over artery while cutting. Then turn the cutting edge on the flexor perforatus, and we very seldom have any trouble in cutting this one. By feeling with the thumb and finger we can determine if we have cut all of the tendon or just where it is that still holds them. Mostly we will feel the foot give at once and will know that we have cut all of both tendons. We will now apply a pad of cotton soaked with bichloride and a derby bandage soaked in the same. Walk the horse a little way to see how he comes down. Now comes the principal part if we are to have success. We must so regulate the foot that the fetlock will come down to normal or a little below. If it does not come down enough, we may rasp the heel shorter, taking it down as low as possible and leaving as long a toe as possible. If this does not bring it down with proper exercise, we will have to use a shoe that extends out in front a couple of inches. We may have to use quite a little force also to get it low enough. If on the other hand it may come down too far, we will have to use a shoe ex- tended out behind and encourage him to lie down as much as possible. The bandage may be left on from four to six days, unless we have cut some of the blood vessels, in which case it will need to be removed before and redressed. We usually get healing by first intention, but when we get an infection we may have a good deal of trouble with it. After we have the wound healed, we may use a light liniment for a couple of weeks, and if there is much swelling or consider- able lameness at this time we may blister the part. They may go to work in from four to seven weeks. It is essential to start them to light work, so as to stretch this new formed tissue, as it will take on a tendon-like formation, and to keep the foot at the proper angle. We should be very careful not to pull the horse too hard or do anything that is likely to set up acute inflammation in the part again for a couple of months. 144 J. W. VANSANT. The cases that I have operated upon have been about 62 per cent. geldings and 38 per cent. mares. 3634 per cent. were gray horses. Front legs: Right front, 58 per cent.; left front, 42 per cent. Hind legs: Right hind, 53 per cent. ; left hind, 47 per cent. I think the reason that there is much less trouble of this kind in the hind leg is that it is better anatomically built to lessen the sudden jolts that cause the passive sprains, and to withstand the active sprains. Draft type, 78 per cent.; general purpose, 15 per cent.; mules, 4 per cent.; trotting type, 3 per cent.. In sixty-one cases both the perforans and perforatus were cut. Seven cases where only the perforans were cut. I know now that I have gotten bad results in some cases where I cut both and believe that it would have been different if I had only cut the deep flexor. In one case I only cut the perforatus and then had to cut the perforans afterwards. ALUMNI OF THE NEw YorRK-AMERICAN VETERINARY COL- LEGE, ATTENTION! If you have mislaid the notice received from the secretary of the alumni association relative to the meet- ing and banquet to be held at the New York Athletic Club, 58 West 59th street, corner of Sixth avenue, on Thursday evening, May 8, this is to remind you of the date and place, and to impress upon you that you cannot afford to miss this particular dinner of all others, as it is to have some especially interesting features, this being a jubilee year for American veterinarians generally. Noted men outside of the véterinary profession will make inter- esting addresses on subjects of interest to veterinarians. Remem- ber the place, New York Athletic Club. That in itself should bring you. For particulars write Dr. H. D, Gill, chairman, Din- ner Committee, 337 East 57th street. Review Not RunninG Bacx.—An Illinois brother says: “ Enclosed find my subscription to the AMERICAN VETERINARY Review for the year 1913. I appreciate improvement in its columns with each succeeding year.” | j METHOD OF USING ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM.* By Dr. D. E. BAUGHMAN, Fr. Donce, Ia. A short time ago our secretary asked me to write a paper upon the method of using anti-hog cholera serum. In order to properly understand the method of using this serum, it would be well to first take up the method of its manufacture. In order to make the potent serum that has the power to protect a hog against cholera, it is necessary to have cholera pigs from which to draw the blood. The younger the diseased pig that the blood is taken from, and the more acute the strain, the more virulent the blood will be, and the more virulent the blood is that is used for hyper- immunizing, the more potent will be the serum. It is impossible to make a potent and reliable serum where pigs are used to furnish virulent blood, with unknown form and virulency of disease, as is done with some of the serum firms that depend entirely upon the supply of their diseased pigs from the markets or large packing plants. Although this method has its advantage, in that this diseased blood can be had for a small sum, if they pay for them at all. These plants can make serum and sell it for much less than where it is made by the original method, as was intended by its inventors. But in order to make serum that is really potent and that will protect a hog from cholera, it is necessary that the strain of disease be bred up to the highest point of virulency. This can be done much as corn is bred up. In breeding corn the farmer picks the best ears he can find for planting; he looks for a large ear, with the right color, straight rows, deep kernels, well filled at the end, one that is well matured. So it is with the disease under the intended Dorset and Niles method. First, you use pigs that you know are susceptible, for you should know * Presented to the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, at Ames, November, 1912. Reprinted from published report. 145 146 4 D. E. BAUGHMAN, their source; then you use blood from the most virulent strain for starting the disease; for instance, when you kill six or eight a day, you use the blood for starting from the pig that has the disease in the most acute form, one that comes down in the short- est period of time, and the one that shows the best lesions. If they come down in seven or eight days, all the better; but if they come down in thirteen or fourteen days, the blood should not be used for hyper-immunizing, A pig from four to six months old will produce blood of a more virulent strain than one that is ten or twelve months old. The older pigs seem to acquire more or less natural immunity ; therefore it is best to use younger pigs for this purpose. This method was only discovered a few years ago by Drs. Dorset and Niles, of the bureau. At first it was looked upon with considerable suspicion, even by the veterinary profession; and very few gave it much thought and study. Only in the last two or three years have the veterinarians realized its value and the importance of this branch of veterinary practice. To have the best success in using serum, it is absolutely necessary that a man take the temperature of all the hogs that one expects to vaccinate, even when you do not expect any infection in the herd. I have known a number of cases where the veterinarian was called in, and although the herd was not expected to be diseased, yet upon examination they have been found to have a very high temperature. If these hogs had been vaccinated by the simu!ta- neous method under these conditions the results would have been bad, as the farmer would have claimed that the infection was started by the vaccination. -Where you take the temperature in these herds, you will find that some of them had temperatures running from 104 to 106 degrees F. There is no doubt that some of these cases where the simultaneous method was used in a sup- posed healthy herd, and where cholera followed, that the infec- tion was in the herd at the time of vaccination; with the precau- tion of taking the temperatures, it would have relieved the veteri- narian of this embarrassing position and also maintained the repu- tation of the serum. METHOD OF USING ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. 147 Where a herd is already infected, temperatures should be taken, as before stated. Each hog with a normal temperature should be marked with one mark, with a scissor across the back ; but where the temperature is above 104, one should place two marks. These marks made with a scissor will last for three or four weeks, which will enable the farmer to keep track of those that were already diseased. The temperature of a hog varies much, and one should be guided by the condition under which the temperatures are taken. In warm weather the temperature may run up to 105, and yet the hog be in normal and healthy condition, and also if they are considerably exercised, the temperature will rise to what would seem abnormally high. Therefore the temperatures under these conditions should not be confounded with a diseased condition that you find in cholera. Whenever it is possible, the hog should be confined in a close quarter, and the temperature taken stand- ing. Where you catch each pig and lay them down to take the temperature, it causes considerable excitement, which, with the exercise it would cause while catching them, would without a doubt raise the temperature. It is well to use a thermometer with a good-sized bulb, one after being well vaselined could be easily used without causing an irritation of the mucous membrane of the rectum. One of the most important things to find out in vaccinating a diseased herd is to be sure that the existing disease really is cholera. That can usually be done by holding post mortem, but in some cases One or two post mortems may not reveal cholera lesions. In this case you must guard yourself in giving your prognosis, for anti-hog cholera serum will not prevent any other disease than cholera. In simultaneous vaccination you usually get a more or less reaction; pigs thus treated may be able to trans- mit the disease to susceptible or non-immune hogs, and in this Way it may spread the infection or start new centers of infection. So it is a question as to whether it is advisable to use this method or not. In seasons when cholera is prevalent, and especially if the disease has broken out in your immediate neighborhood, then 148 D. E. BAUGHMAN. the question of starting new infectious centers is not so important. — Cleanliness throughout the whole operation is very essential in administering serum to reduce the danger of septicaemia and abscess formation. Your syringe should be taken apart; your needles and vessels for using serum should be sterilized by being boiled in water. If you are using a syringe with a rubber plunger, the plunger should be disinfected with a 5 per cent. solution of phenol or some disinfectant that will not deteriorate the rubber. The operator’s hands should be well cleaned and kept clean throughout the entire operation. He should not attempt to catch any pigs or touch anything with his hands, except the syringe. There should be plenty of assistance to do this part of the work. The operator should have plenty of clean, warm water at hand. He should have two men to catch the hogs, one man to wash and disinfect the skin at the point of injection, and he should have two glass vessels with metallic covers to prevent the wind from blowing dust and dirt into them. The syringe best adapted for vaccination is a 20 or 30 cc. with a glass barrel, and it should be tested with warm water before used to see that it is in good working order ; 20 cc. of serum is about all that should be injected into one place; and I chink it might be better to only inject 10 cc. in one place, by partly withdrawing the needle and inserting into another direction. In this way you would need to make but one puncture, lessen- ing the danger of infection. I would advise either one of two locations to inject the serum: one is the auxiliary space between the front legs, and the other on the inside of the thighs between the hind legs. I do not think it is necessary to inject deep into the muscles. Absorption takes place just as readily where it is injected under the skin into the subcutaneous tissue, and in this way you will not have so much lameness as where injections are made deep into the muscles. By this deep method of injecting it leaves a bad spot in the ham; this the packers object to, as the government inspectors compel them to cut out these blemished spots, which cause quite a waste to the expensive part of the meat. It has been the custom of some veterinarians to vaccinate old a ee a METHOD OF USING ANTI-HOG CHOLERA SERUM. 149 hogs back of the ears by placing a rope noose or loop around the upper jaw, back of their tusks, then fastening the other end of the rope to some strong object. They will lay their entire weight back against the rope, but will not struggle much. This is a very easy way of handling pregnant sows, which is its chief advantage. After having your hogs confined in this manner, they will be very easily vaccinated behind the ear in the loose skin. This location, however, should be more thoroughly washed and cleansed than where the injection is made under the belly, for at this point the skin seems to have more sebaceous glands than any other part of the body. The depression behind the ears makes it harder to get at, and | find that you will have more abscesses _by injecting at this location than at any other point. I therefore only recommend this method in pregnant sows. I think where abortion follows, it.is more the cause of rough handling than the effects of the serum. I think the time is at hand when every veterinarian should lend his aid to have a national law passed requiring every serum plant to be under inspection, compelling each plant to make serum under the government instructions, giving the inspectors power to collect serum at any time from stock on hand that is ready for the market. This should be welcomed by every legitimate serum concern that aims to sell only potent serum. Misuse of serum, as has been practiced by some veterinarians (if not corrected), will cause a reaction among the hog raisers that will discredit the serum whenever it is so used. For instance, ‘one man would vaccinate the sick ones, as well as the well ones, and guarantee them all to live for one year; another man would vaccinate those that they knew were sick, for no other reason than to consume as much serum as possible, being paid by the cubic: centimeter for their work. These veterinarians, ] am glad to say, are only a small minority, yet there is considerable care- lessness among veterinarians in general in regard to vaccinating only the healthy ones. In some instances farmers will insist on vaccinating everything, saying that they are paying for the serum, 150 D. E. BAUGHMAN. and it will be their loss if they die. In such a case a veterinarian may be excused for doing it, providing he is vaccinating in a neighborhood where the farmers understand its use. But I think where one is just beginning to vaccinate in a new and skeptical neighborhood, he had better not vaccinate anything that shows sickness or has a high temperature, for the sick ones will usually die and they will count this against the serum, which will mate- rially cut down the percentage of hogs saved; and the percentage that they save will be used as a basis to figure the profit they have obtained by vaccinating. Don’t vaccinate hogs that are sick or show high temperature. Don’t vaccinate with serum alone, then put sick ones with those vaccinated, unless you can confine them all in a small space or pen, so that all will receive the infection at nearly the same time. Don’t pour more serum in your vessel than you will use, for pouring remnants back into the bottle is liable to contaminate the serum and endanger its use. Dont pour virulent blood away if you have any left after the simultaneous method. Any remaining blood should be destroyed by fire. Don’t use syringe, needles or glass that has not been sterilized or disinfected. Don’t vaccinate infected herds, without marking those that show high temperatures. You had better take at least some tem- peratures in all herds. Don’t underestimate the weight of hogs in vaccinating. You are not liable to give too much serum, but you may give tao small a dose. Don't give your patrons too much encouragement when you are vaccinating infected herds. Don't use the simultaneous method in an already infected herd. I have not aimed to give anything new, but hope that these few remarks will start discussion that will prove satisfactory to us all. EQUINE TYPHLITIS WITH IMPACTION. By Wits Witson, D.V.S., Dayton, WasH. As the name implies, this is a condition found in horses where the caecum is the seat of the trouble. It seems to be no respecter of age or sex, and in this com- munity I have met with it in both young and old and in mares and stallions with equal frequency during the four years that I have been in practice. I have searched through my literature in quest of something that would aid in keeping down the high percentage of mor- tality attending this malady, but so far have found nothing bear- ing upon the subject. This apparent lack of authentic literature directly relating to typhlitis led me to believe at first that it was either rare in its occurrence or perhaps an affection of a local character. The first idea, or that of its rarity, I have long since abandoned, be- mg obliged to treat on an average of fifteen cases a year. Whether or not it is confined to certain localities, I am at this time unable to say. Typhlitis with its accompanying impaction, or perhaps more correctly engorgement, is not a difficult disease to diagnose; its prognosis, on the other hand, I have found to be the most un- certain of any variety of disease which we are required to treat. The reputation of the practitioner is in immediate danger during its entire course, as it is simply impossible for the average farmer to understand the severity of the disease owing in most cases to the comparatively mild symptoms the afflicted animal mani- fests. . Typhlitis with impaction or cecal impaction usually begins with colicy symptoms which may be exceedingly mild, the animal 151 152 WILLIS WILSON. merely pawing and looking toward the flank at intervals of a few minutes to two or three hours. Again there may be violent pain from the onset, which after a few hours will moderate and not again increase until a few hours before death. The bowels are in most cases active, there being fairly normal peristaltic action audible on the left side, and there may be the normal passage of fecal matter which may be either abnormally soft, or again in some cases it retains its normal consistence. This fact naturally leads one to make a rectal exploration, and if he be blessed with a long arm, he will be rewarded by being able to palpate the caecum filled and indeed distended with a mass which may be either quite hard and resistant, or again quite pliable and capable of being readily indented. In many cases the rectum will be found moderately filled with soft fecal matter which gives off a very offensive odor, and which is quite doughy and gummy and only removed from the hand with considerable difficulty. The administration of a purgative results in the evacuation of the entire intestinal tract excepting the distended caecum, but there is no cessation of the pain, the animal continuing with the same symptoms as before the purgative was given. This in itself is almost pathognomonic of czecal impaction, and should a positive diagnosis not have already been made by other means, no doubt should now remain with the veterinarian as to the exact bowel that is affected. Owing to the comparatively mild symptoms of cecal impac- tion, the majority of farmers are prone to neglect calling in pro- fessional services until in some cases several days have elapsed from the onset of the malady. This affords a valuable means of diagnosis for the practitioner who has had the experience af- forded in a community where this disease is as common as in my practice; as the animal will present a peculiar dejected ap- pearance which is difficult to describe other than a rather char- acteristic attitude. There may be complete anorexia, or again the animal may take food with considerable relish. There is, however, a marked Eee EQUINE TYPHLITIS WITH IMPACTION,. 158 tendency to avoid drinking any considerable quantity of water, and when taken, sometimes temporarily increases the distress. I recall a case where the animal partook quite heartily of a feed of grain and drank two gallons of water and was ready for the post mortem four hours later. This occurred after the animal had been in my hospital ten days, and from indications had been sick some days before being brought in. A ruptured caecum was found upon post mortem to be the immediate cause of death. Post mortem findings are that of a distended caecum, somewhat inflamed, and completely filled from apex to base with impacted ingesta, but not of a hard and resistant character as that usually found in impactions of other portions of the intestinal tract, as for instance, the small colon. The cecum is usually found ruptured, and by far the majority of the ruptures are located at its base. The remainder of the intestines are comparatively empty and in normal condition. The cecum is not always completely filled with the impacting mass, but such a condition is not often ob- served upon post mortem as will be more readily seen when dis- cussing the prognosis. The few cases which I have posted that have died from a partially impacted caecum contained no rupture, but evidently succumbed from exhaustion following a period of continued fasting. I have never been able to demonstrate the presence of a ver- minous embolism involving the blood supply of the caecum as would seem the most likely cause of this peculiar disease. In- deed I consider this community quite free from infestation with the Strongylus Armatus, the embryos of which so frequently produce aneurisms in the arteries of horses. The diagnosis of czecal impaction as has already been related, is not difficult. The mild colicy symptoms together with a his- tory of the animal having been unduly loose for a few days, or maybe but for a day or two; showing an inclination to lie down a good deal stretched out, rolling, but little if indeed at all; and presenting that characteristic peculiar attitude already related should at least arouse sufficient suspicion to call for a rectal ex- 154 WILLIS WILSON. ploration. (This, I believe, should be given to any case pre- senting colicy symptoms before anything else at least is given, and I sometimes wonder if the lack of rectal examinations is not in some degree responsible for our literature being deficient in matter directly related to the subject at hand.) Rectal ex- aimination in all cases of czecal impactions which I have met (and they have not been less than fifty in number), has given positive results as far as a diagnosis is concerned, and besides has aided in the prognosis as well. The course of cecal impaction is atypical, and may run from one week to three. One case which I recall recovered after six weeks of suffering. A brief account of this case may be of interest owing to its several peculiar aspects and its unexpected recovery. An aged grade stallion weighing perhaps 1,700 sick for two weeks before being presented for treatment. This stallion at the time of becoming sick was making regular stands during the breeding season, and was receiving the best of feed and care. Owing to the time this stallion was ailing, he of course was bruised and skinned at a good many places from lying down and throwing himself about. The consequence was that he developed large bed sores on all prominent parts, and the burs at the caps of the hocks and elbows became bruised and infected and in fact suppurated badly. After four weeks he be- came cedematous along the sternum and adomen, and the breath became foul with a considerable discharge from the nostrils, due to the absorption of toxic matter from the cecum. About this time the cecum commenced to empty, and it became necessary to remove him from the building on account of the foul smelling feeces which he discharged. The faeces were doughy, light gray in color, and contained shreds of mucous membrane, and were somewhat hemorrhagic. Two weeks more of careful feeding and nursing restored this animal to usefulness, and he has never had a recurrence of the trouble as far as [am aware. ‘This was about three years ago. The prognosis of typhlitis with impaction is uncertain and certainly unfavorable. Many cases recover unexpectedly after —————— EEE ae ee —— ete seaes wate EQUINE TYPHLITIS WITH IMPACTION. 155 two or three weeks, and again many die just when we are led to believe recovery is at hand. The cause of death in a very great percentage of cases is rupture either from the cecum be- coming over distended with gas, or from necrosis due to its being so long subjected to pressure from the impacted mass. _ It has been my experience that those cases in which the base of the caecum is impacted to such an extent that it folds down anteriorily in the direction of the ileo-czecal opening never recover. Again if that portion of the cecum lying antero-inferiorily to the ileo- czecal opening is the seat of the impaction, the base remaining free, a large percentage recover. This is no doubt due to the cecum being more readily ruptured in the former variety of cases owing to the posterior wall being tensely stretched, while in the latter cases the cecum remains more pliable and affords better exit of the gas that most surely must result from the fer- mentation of the impacted ingesta, as well as of allowing a much more ready exit of the ingesta itself. It, of course, requires a long arm and a trained touch to correctly determine this condi- tion. In treating czcal impaction I have confined purgation to giv- ing one initial dose of aloin with strychnine in tablet form to- gether with repeated doses of raw linseed oil. During the entire time fluid extract of nux vomica is given in one-half ounce doses twice daily, together with occasional capsules of ammonium car- bonate and chloride and capsules of turpentine. Once daily, and in some instances, once every second day, | give barium chloride in doses of two drachms per orem well diluted. In some cases I have used arecoline subcutaneously, and in some | have alter- nated the arecoline with the barium chloride. In no case do I give either the barium nor the arecoline until the bowels have been well loosened with the aloin and oil. I induce taking as much water as is possible, and restrict the diet to grain, bran mashes, and a little hay. Of course the box is at all times well bedded. Under this treatment I have succeeded in saving about forty per cent. of cases. If any one has something better to offer, or 156 WILLIS WILSON. or anything in addition to the above treatment, I would suggest that you deviate a little from selfish ways and make it known, as I am somewhat discouraged if not ashamed with sixty per cent. of loss in treating this apparently common affliction of the horse. Note.—The Review pages are open to any veterinarian or veterinarians who wish to discuss this matter further, and manuscript should reach us by the 15th of the month; not later than the 2oth. It is surely worthy of discussion, [Ed.] ENCOURAGEMENT FROM THE RIGHT QUARTER.—Successful Eradication of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis has become so com- mon in some dairy sections that owners almost despair of rid- ding their herds of this disease. In some cases herds have been tested repeatedly and all infected animals disposed of, and still a few cases of tuberculosis are discovered in later tests. An instance showing that determined warfare against tuber- culosis is successful is furnished by the experience of R. B. Young of Winnebago County, Ia. On September 4 and 5 of this year his herd of 146 Holstein-Friesian cattle was inspected and tested for tuberculosis by Dr. John Thomsen. He found no signs what- ever of any infectious.or contagious disease. A year ago when the whole herd was inspected and tuberculin-tested by him, results were the same as this year. Such freedom from tuberculosis in a large herd is unusual, and it illustrates what may be accomplished by great vigilance and due regard to sanitary measures and healthful management of the cattle—(Breeders’ Gazette. ) Dr. D. ArtHUR HuGHEs CALLED To GALvEsToN.—Dr. D. Arthur Hughes, Commissary Department, U. S. Army, received instructions from Washington on February 22 to proceed im- mediately to Galveston, Texas, where he assumed charge of the inspection of the fresh beef for the troops mobilized in Texas city and Galveston. Dr. Hughes’ duties also include the in- spection of markets from which the troops might purchase food stuffs, and the study of veterinary matters concerning the food supply of an army in the field. During the first six weeks the doctor inspected about 500,000 pounds of beef coming from the markets of Houston and Fort Worth. The army purchased nothing from the markets which, on Dr. Hughes’ inspection, proved not to be up to the standard in sanitary matters. Surely the veterinarian is an important individual in the army service. ee ee ee CARE AND FEED OF THE WORK HORSE. By D. M. Srecket, D.V.M., (O.S.U.), New York, N. Y. A nice looking horse is the pride of its possessor and the admuration of every by-passer. Regularity and cleanliness in the care and feed of a horse whether a work, driving or riding horse is very essential and these two spell “ Health.” In order that a horse shall do its full share of the work ex- pected, it is necessary that you give him proper food, proper care and close attention at all times. The horse is unlike a ma- chine, merely doing a certain amount of definite and automatic work: the horse is a living, breathing animal with powers to think, reason, love and hate. A horse has its peculiarities, its moods and tempers. A work horse, though not as tempera- mentally developed as the driving or riding horse, still knows the difference between good and bad treatment and should re- ceive individual attention from its care-taker. Stable—The quarters or the stable should receive first con- sideration. This must be a comfortable place, not merely a shack for the animal’s hang-out. Let the stable have plenty of light and air; it should be dry and well built. The floor of the stall should be tight and slope slightly to the rear. The partitions, too, should be tight so that one animal, who might -so be inclined, will not be able to interfere with its neighbor. The feed manger should be preferably of iron, and if of wood, should have a strip of iron at the edge. This will prevent the horse from cribbing at the manger. It is not necessary that there should be a separate hay manger as the hay could be placed on the floor. In case a hay manger is preferred, this should 157 158 D. M. STECKEL. be placed on a level with the horse’s head, otherwise the pulling of the hay from an over-head: hay manger is often the cause of partial blindness and, not infrequently, coughing and diseases of the air passages due to the dust and dirt shaken out from the hay. In making up the bed for the horse, always see that the bed- ding is dry and soft. If possible, place the remaining bedding from the previous night in a dry airy place, preferably in the sun, and to this should be added some fresh bedding. Rye straw makes the cleanest and best bedding for the horse. Some use peat moss. Excelsior, shavings or sawdust make very poor bedding and are also of not much value for manure. Sawdust in particular may harbor dirt and insects which would irritate the horse’s skin and may cause disease. Clean out the stall every day and let the stable be well aired during the day, and do not forget to have ventilation during the night, but do not allow a straight draught coming over the animal. It is for this reason that it is preferable that a horse stand with its head toward the centre of the stable. Cleaning the Horse-—When cleaning the horse it is best to do it after the horse has come in from work. A half hour’s extra work spent now will be well repaid in the appearance and com- fort of the animal. When the horse comes in from work in a sweated condition, let him dry out first, then brush him off with a stiff bristled brush followed by cleaning with a soft-body brush, then sponge him off with clean water and dry thoroughly. If the air is cool cover the animal with a light stable blanket. Look particularly to the cleanliness of the horse’s feet. Remember the saying, “‘ No foot, no horse.” Give the legs and feet your special attention; look at the bottom of the horse’s foot for any dirt, nails or other foreign matter which may accumulate in the — bottom of the hoof and in the cleft between the heels. Use the hoof-knife or foot-hook to clean out all foreign matter and see whether the horse walks with a normal gait. In the morning, before taking the horse out to work, give him a brushdown and see again to its feet. Should the bottom of the foot be dry and ee CARE AND FEED OF THE WORK HORSE. 159 -eracked, apply an oil-meal poultice over night; also oil the foot | regularly, but do not let the oil extend above the hoof. _ Feeding.—tThe feeding of the horse must be attended to with ‘clock regularity. Always begin at the same time and with the e horse. When out doing field work and the whistle blows or the dinner bell rings, do not stay out just a little longer in order to finish some particular piece of | work. The horse is well as you, and therefore you shotild ile turn in if you an possibly do so, remove the harness, give him a drink, but not an excessive amount of water, and give him his noon meal. It is best to let the horse rest for an hour or an hour and a half during dinner time. When you take the horse out to work again, let him have more water before harnessing him. Of course, in the city where through the police regulations the horse is obliged to partake of his midday feed while in its full attire of harness and bridle, the above remarks must be modified. In the evening when the horse comes in from work, give him his daily grooming, and if not overheated, he can have his evening grain ration followed by his portion of hay. It is best not to feed hay in the morning and noon, if the horse is doing very heavy work. However, if only light work is expected of him, a small amount of hay may be given during that time. For a work horse, give from 4 to 6 quarts of oats morning, noon and night and from 5 to 6 pounds of good clean (but not fresh) timothy hay morning and evening. Whenever corn makes up a part or the full ration, give the horse 1 to 2 quarts of corn and 6 to 8 quarts of oats along with the above amount of hay. ‘Brewer’s grain may be substituted for a part of the oats, giving 5 of oats, 3 of brewer’s grain and 1 of corn. Bran makes a very good addition to the horse’s feed. You can add from 2 to 4 pounds of bran a day to either the oats or the oats and corn or the corn alone, ration above mentioned. . The evening before a day of rest for the horse you should reduce the amount of grain by 2 or 3 pounds; also during the day or days of rest you should feed less of the grain and more 160 D. M. STECKEL. of the hay or roughage, letting the horse have some exercise dur- ing these days. One of the main causes of azoturia, a dreaded disease in horses which usually follows when a horse is taken out to work after one or more days of rest, is the feeding of the same ration to the animal at rest as when doing heavy work. There seems to be some accumulation of a poisonous material in the horse’s organs, which material is brought out after a cer-_ tain amount of exercise. In the country it is advisable to have one or more small paddocks wherein the horses could be exer- cised during Sundays or any other rest days. It is advisable to let the horse have a bran mash once a week; or give him from 5 to 8 pounds of carrots. At the time pasture commences, do- not let the horse out to pasture when very hungry, and always give him a portion of grain or hay before doing so. In the city you can obtain two or three bundles of grass two or three times a week when the grass is in season. When you notice that the horse does not eat properly or refuses the feed entirely, look care- fully to the teeth. These may need attention. You can also let the horse miss one or two grain portions and then see whether he eats with more relish. Salt should be given the horse but not in large quantities. Place a piece of rock salt in the manger and the horse will usually lick this whenever he desires. The feeding of sugar, so much in vogue by city horse owners, is not recommended, as too much sugar will cause the development of worms and interfere with the horse’s digestive system. lVatering.—In watering the horse see that the animal gets a sufficient amount of water; as often, when two or more horses are at the same trough, one of these might be a “ bossy” one and interfere with the other animal’s drinking. For city horses it is absolutely imperative that the driver carry his own water- ing pail as this will avoid the necessity of his horse drinking from public fountains and thereby some of the worst ailments will be avoided. It is not advisable to have the horse drink when overheated. It is also best to let a half hour elapse from the time of watering to the time of feeding, no matter whether you water before or after feeding. Too cold water should not a CARE AND FEED OF THE WORK HORSE. 161 be given to the horse. It is best to have the chill taken out of it, especially in very cold weather. - Shoeing.—Shoeing of horses requires a great deal of skill. It is poor policy for the sake of cheapness to have the horses shod by an unskillful shoer. The foot is the most important part of the horse, and if this is in any way impaired, the usefulness of the horse is often reduced to nil. See to it when the horse is newly shod that he does not walk home tight-footed or lame. Let the shoe fit the foot instead of the horse’s foot fitting the shoe, and be particular about the trimming of the horse’s foot. It is foolish to have the shoer rasp the wall of the hoof just as if it were a grindstone. See, also, that the heels are not con- tracted. It is better to pay a little more and have your horse shod by a skilled and honest shoer. Harnessing.—In harnessing a horse see that the harness fits well, particularly the collar and saddle. The less harness a work horse has on, the better able he is to do the work. Should you have but light work it is preferable to use a Dutch or humane collar. Do not check-rein a work horse as if it were a show horse. The collar and saddle should be washed and scraped every day, so that they will not irritate the part where they set on the horse. Keep the harness well oiled and clean, and do not let it hang in the stable, as the gas escaping from the manure is of no benefit to the harness leather. Keep the harness in the harness room and each horse’s harness on a separate peg. It is especially important to have each horse have its own collar. Driving.—Carefulness in driving often makes a bad tempered horse go in the right direction. It is not necessary to start off with the lash of the whip. A horse has understanding, he has keen eyes and sharp ears; a word of command given in gentle tones will be sufficient for the start. When driving up hill do not make the horse start off on a gallop before fully reaching the top, and then it is advisable to let the horse have a little rest. When driving against the wind, remember that a double force is exerted on the part of the horse, and you should regulate the pace accordingly. Give the animal a rest every once in a 162 D. M, STECKEL. while. Always keep the horse covered when you make a stop and the air is cool; throw the blanket over him, particularly over the loins. In inclement or stormy weather have a storm blanket over the horse when driving. Any little attention which you give to your horse will be amply repaid by the horse’s well being and ability to do its full share of the work. A Horse Forty-two YEARS Orp.—yYour readers will doubtless be interested in the account of an unusually long-lived horse, which belonged to Chester C. Culver of Albany Co., N. Y. I knew Mr. Culver well, and there is no question as to the horse living to be past forty-two years of age at the time of death on February I. This horse was born on the farm of Mr. Culver’s father, July 4, 1870, and on the same day Mr. Culver was born. Boy and horse grew up together. When Chester was three years of age the elder Culver gave the horse to him, and the ownership was continued until the death of the horse. Before young Culver was five years old he had learned to ride the horse, a very spirited and powerful animal. On July 4, 1876, centennial year, there was a great celebration in the village of Branchport, and six- year-old Culver, on his “ twin,” headed the procession amid great applause. One night, several years ago, Mr. Culver was awakened by a noise near the window of his sleeping-room. He went out and found that the horse had been striking his front feet against the house to attract attention. Mr. Culver went to the barn and found two tramps sleeping in the stall next to the one occupied by the horse. Mr. Culver became much attached to the horse, which was always a fine roadster. even up to his later days. Last spring he was a candidate for sheriff. The single vote against him was cast by a neighbor whom Mr. Culver went to see on foot. Every man whom he and the horse called upon in company voted for Mr. Culver. This horse was forty-two years six months and two days old on the day of his death, was never sick and appeared as usual on the day before his death—T. M. Chadwick in Breeder’s Ga- sette. eee ee CONCERNING ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE. By SeEpPTIMUS Sisson, S.B., V.S., ProFessor oF CoMPARATIVE ANATOMY, Outo State UNIversity, CoLumsus, O. _—_—— It is not the intention in this article to go into the whole ques- tion of veterinary anatomical terminology, but rather to attempt to deal briefly with some features of the situation in this regard, in the hope that it may prove helpful in improving our present predicament. Doubtless no one familiar with the facts will deny that there is great confusion in our anatomical terminology, and some prob- ably would go so far as to characterize the condition as chaotic. A review of some factors in this anatomical babel may assist in working toward a more tolerable status. The most evident fact is that the number of names is far in excess of requirements, due to the enormous number of syno- nyms. ‘This imposes on the student a burden which is worse than useless and is intolerable in the present congested state of the curriculum. It is not so serious so far as the clinician is con- cerned, but it is sufficiently annoying to the busy practitioner frequently to encounter in the literature terms with which he is not familiar. Even the experienced worker in anatomy every now and again meets with a name, of which the precise signifi- cance is doubtful. The writer has kept in close touch for more than twenty years with the literature of this subject, but not infrequently finds—especially in clinical articles—terms with which he is not familiar, although they purport to be anatomical. ‘This multiplicity of terms has arisen in a variety of ways. A majority of the names have been adopted from human anatomy, and some have been applied to structures in animals which were clearly not homologous. Many of the older names were con- 163 164 2 SEPTIMUS SISSON. structed with reference only to the horse and are not applicable to other animals. In recent works an effort has been made to cor- rect both of these types of errors. Much duplication has been caused by the translation and adaptation of foreign works by those who were not familiar with the language of the original or not trained anatomists or combined both of these defects. In- dications are not wanting of what may be conservatively termed gratuitous originality in the manufacture of names. It is high time that it be generally conceded that the determination of anatomical‘names lies entirely within the province of anatomists. Great damage has resulted from lack of recognition of the fact that if the terminology is to be in any real sense scientific it must be preserved from mutilation by those who do not understand the problems involved and have not the necessary temperament and training to deal with them. The right to an opinion is not congenital but acquired, and there is no royal road to anatomical competence. The present generation of veterinary anatomists cannot properly be held responsible for the confusion in ter- minology ; it is largely an inheritance. The veterinarians of con- tinental Europe are fortunate in fact that they have been pro- vided, through the efforts of their foremost anatomists, with a uniform set of names which have been chosen with great care. It is sincerely to be hoped that the English-speaking profession will soon co-operate in the substantial adoption of this terminol- ogy. Asa step toward this end, the American Veterinary Med- ical Association, at its annual meeting in Toronto, in 1911, ap- pointed a Committee on Revision of the Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature. This committee presented a preliminary report at the meeting at Indianapolis last year, in which were embodied the principles upon which the revision should be based. The more important recommendations were as follows: That each part should have a single name, the official form of which is in Latin. That personal names should be replaced by objective terms; e. g., Ductus poretideus for Stensons (or Steno’s) duct. That related terms shall, as far as feasible, be similar; ¢c. g., Foramen hypo- glossi, Nervus hypoglossus, Femur, Arteria femoralis, Vena OEE rps +»1=-eaat & “Sean > ~~ a o- eeere eer oo CONCERNING ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE. 165 femoralis, Nervus femoralis. That preference should be given to brief and simple terms; e. g., Dens for Processus odontoideus ; Axis for Epistropheus. That names should be applicable to various species as far as possible, relieving us of such terms as Os suffraginis, Extensor suffraginis. With these principles in view the committee is now engaged in the work of revision, and is using the B. N. A. and the names agreed upon by the congresses of veterinary anatomists at Baden and Stuttgart.* With these as a basis the undertaking is greatly simplified, but is still difficult enough—* Periculosae plenum opus aleae.” Perhaps the writer will be pardoned for referring in this con- nection to an article by Dr. Stapley, entitled B. N. A., which appeared in the (London) Veterinary Journal (1911, pp. 223 et seq.); it escaped my attention at the time in some inexplicable manner, but has lately been read with interest. With much that Dr. Stapley says in that article, the writer is in hearty accord. ‘But when Dr. Stapley takes me to task for not adhering to the B. N. A. and states that my text-book was “ launched under the flag of the B. N. A.,” I am compelled to take issue with him. In the work mentioned no reference whatever is made to the B. N. A. The paragraph in the preface which deals with the matter of terminology is as follows: “ Veterinary anatomical nomenclature is at present quite chaotic in English-speaking coun- tries. In this work an attempt is made to eliminate some terms which do not appear to the author to fulfill any useful purpose, and others which are clearly erroneous or otherwise undesirable. In many cases the terms agreed upon by the congresses at Baden and Stuttgart are adopted either in the original Latin or in angli- cized form; otherwise these terms are added in parentheses. The author favors the substantial adoption of this terminology, but considered it desirable to offer a sort of transitional stage at present.” Thus the book was not launched, neither does it sail “under the flag of the B. N. A.” Dr. Stapley states that “Sisson has committed an error of * The Committee (through its chairman, the writer) cordially invites colleagues to favor it with their views on nomenclatural questions. 166 SEPTIMUS SISSON. anatomical judgment in naming the fused clavicular muscles the mastoido-humeralis ; these muscles are all named in the B. N. A., and they should have been given in this book.”” The name mas- toido-humeralis was that found in the only existing text-books of Veterinary Anatomy of any value in English, and was re- tained since it was in general use and did not seem at all highly objectionable. The preferable term, M. brachiocephalicus, nat- urally does not occur at all in the B. N. A., which was was written solely to meet the needs of students of human anatomy, neither do the morphological components of the muscle-occur in the B. N. A., but they do occur in this much-berated text-book of Veterinary Anatomy—and in no other in English—contrary to Dr. Stapley’s statements in this connection. The difficulties in- volved in working out names which rest on a broad morphological basis, and are hence widely applicable, are very great and doubt- less in some cases insuperable. These difficulties are nowhere greater than in regard to the muscles, and this is true no matter what basis is selected for the formation of names—chief attach- ments, action, form, position, nerve supply, etc. There will be general agreement with Dr. Stapley’s position that, “ Function and structure are most intimately related, and anything tending to divorce anatomy and physiology is against the true interests of these sciences.” But functional allusions lead to anatomical troubles sometimes. Thus the M. extensor carpi ulnaris of man is also an extensor in the dog, but in the horse, ox, etc., it is a flexor of the carpus. As evidence of the difficulties in this regard it may be stated that an international commission has been work- ing for several years on the revision of the names of the muscles in mammals; it does not appear that their labors are yet drawing toaclose. The writer is unable to share Dr. Stapley’s enthusiasm concerning the happiness of Owen’s name “ protractor scapulae ” for the omo-transversarius, and considers the latter term decid- edly preferable, for the reason that anatomical names should be framed on an anatomical basis as far as practicable, and not pri- marily on a physiological basis. Dr. Stapley takes the ground that “ we are compelled to adopt > a CONCERNING ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE. 167 the B. N. A. as a basis of comparison, and we are compelled to adopt it in its entirety.” With this position the writer cannot agree. The B. N. A. was not constructed with any such object : in view. It was formed for the use of students of human anat- omy, and the chief aim was to secure a single, official, Latin name for each gross structure of the human body, thus ridding the nomenclature of human anatomy of a vast collection of synonyms and checking the addition of useless or objectionable new names. It is probable that no thoughtful anatomical worker will question the great value of the B. N. A. in this respect. The failure of the compilers of the B. N. A. to consider comparative anatomical data in framing the terminology is doubtless regrettable and in some respects difficult to condone; but it must be remembered that the situation was very urgent, and it was therefore desirable to afford relief without unnecessary delay. Furthermore the profound changes involved in a comparative nomenclature would have been quite revolutionary and would have met with most serious opposition on the part of medical teachers and practition- ers. It is quite unjust and erroneous to suppose that the eminent anatomists who framed the B. N. A. were narrow in their out- look or unappreciative of the value of comparative anatomy. It is highly probable that, if they had attempted to make the ter- minology in any full sense comparative, the commission would still be at work. The defectiveness of the B. N. A. in this regard, and its evi- dent worth in other respects, stimulated the teachers of anatomy in the continental veterinary schools to undertake a revision of anatomical terminology as applied to the domesticated animals. To this end conferences were held at Stuttgart and Baden, sub- sequent to a large amount of preparatory work by the conferees. So far as the writer is aware, the results of these labors have not been separately published; but it is understood that the names chosen are substantially those which appear in the recent editions of the excellent handbooks of Ellenberger-Baum and Martin.* *Ellenberger und Baum, Handbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie der Haustiere; Martin, Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere. 16S SEPTIMUS SISSON, It is this nomenclature which the writer used as a basis for changes in nomenclature which occur in his text-book. It is evi- dent that authors of works of this kind cannot be guided solely by their own inclinations, but must take into account the attitude of colleagues and the relations to the literature in associated branches of scientific work. If a book is to contribute to progress, it must be used, and it is probably the part of wisdom to assist in a gradual evolution. Certainly remarkable mutations occur in nature, but they are the rare exception. ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PERIODICALS, Etc., RECEIVED DurR- ING Aprit.—Veterinary Journal (London) ; Philippine Agricul- tural Review; Kansas City Veterinary College Quarterly ; Pacific Dairyman; Report of Commissioner of Animal Industry ( Massa- chusetts) ; Announcement New York State Veterinary College; Bulletin 161, U. S. Dept. Agr.; A Study of the Bacteria Which Survive Pasteurization; The Metabolist; Report of the Veter- inary Director General and Live-Stock Commissioner, Dept. of Agr., Canada; Report of the Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa; Bulletin 163, U. S. Dept. Agr.; Life History of Habronema Musce (Carter), A Parasite of the Horse Trans- mitted by the House Fly; Bulletin 167, U. S. Dept. Agr.; The Action of Arsenical Dips in Protecting Cattle from Infestation with Ticks; Bulletin 173, Maryland Agr. Exp. Sta., Tomato Variations induced by Culture; Our Dumb Animals; Breeder’s Gazette; Live Stock Journal; Hoard’s Dairyman; Farmer’s Ad- vocate; Rider and Driver; Published Proceedings Alpha Psi Fraternity; also Directory from Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Secre- tary National Council; Published Proceedings, Twenty-fifth Anniversary Meeting Iowa Veterinary Association. FurRTHER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—Since putting our list of acknowledgments in type, we have received the Bulletin of the Michigan Agricultural College—Division of Veterinary Science; Crop Report for the Year 1912 of the Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Immigration (containing an address from our friend Dalrymple on “ Southern Live Stock Possibilities, with Special Reference to Louisiana”) and the Philippine Journal of Science. es se CERTAIN PHASES OF OPERATIVE SURGERY. By T. B Rocers, D.V.S., VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, H. K. Mutrorp Co., PHILADELPHIA, Pa. Foreword—tThe skeleton of this paper was presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City at their March meeting. It provoked comment and discussion; some of the members were of the opinion that I had placed my standard too high; some admitted that there was room for improvement along lines indicated, but perhaps the best estimate of my paper was that of Dr. Blair, who summed up the matter tersely when he said that, while I had possibly set too high a standard, after all - it was good to “ hitch one’s wagon to a star.” I am therefore encouraged to discuss the present methods of operative veterinary surgery, to briefly compare them with the science and art of human surgery and to endeavor to extract from such discussion matter of use to the veterinarian. I speak of science and art, not of principles and practice, not of handicraft. “Science ” may well be defined as the ordered and organized experiences of our predecessors; we tabulate them, separate them as far as may be from their grave clothes of error, arrange them in logical sequence and accept their guidance in the practice of our art. “Art,” when we come to define the word, proves more elusive; SaGeemeis. a totsotial artist,” a tailor a, “sartorial artist’; indeed, every trade is an art. I use the word here in a higher, yet more limited sense, im- plying an innate aptitude for the skillful putting into practice of a so-called “liberal art,” for example, painting, sculpture, music. 169 170 T. B. ROGERS. Twenty years ago I wondered why so few veterinarians be- came even reasonably good surgeons. Given a knowledge of anatomy, it was difficult to understand why a neurectomy, an ovariectomy, or any regular operation, presented more difficulty than the building of a hen coop. What was surgery but the carpenter work of the healing art? I have changed that opinion and now believe that unless a man carries within himself the germ of a surgeon, while he may (indeed he often does) attain a respectable degree of proficiency, he cannot become a great surgeon. Given the germ, however, while you withhold the science, and he may travel fast and far. I rather take it that the late “‘ Farmer ”’ Miles had a surgical technique that was hard to beat. A few months ago I asked one of the most prominent human surgeons in Philadelphia this question: “Can you take a young man into your clinic and make a good surgeon of him if he lacks natural aptitude?’ His answer was “ No; he will go along a certain distance, then stop, and when he stops I stop him; it is a kindness to him and his prospective patients.” Let us watch the human operator. He is performing a vag- inal hysterectomy. His patient has been dieted, purged, and the seat of operation and the surrounding parts sterilized as nearly as may be. The anesthetist attends to business, for all the in- terest he displays in the operation the surgeon might be fixing a clock. White-garbed, impassive nurses play their part; the sur- geon’s assistants require no prompting; the vagina is given a last scrubbing; the incisions are fearlessly made, the organ pulled down by vulsella, separated from the bladder by skillful fingers; clamps are applied to the anatomical vessels, and the uterus re- moved. Careful removal of blood clots and search for small vessels worthy of ligation follow; the wound is packed; the bandage applied; the etherization is stopped at the earliest pos- sible moment, and the patient put back to bed. Now, it is apparent to all of us that much as we may desire to emulate our human brother’s technique, much of it is beyond us. How much of it can we appropriate? CERTAIN PHASES OF OPERATIVE SURGERY. ala The professional anesthetist we cannot have; we must depend on a brother practitioner, unless we violate the rules of our science and become at once anesthetist and operator. Our nurses and assistants we must pick up on the spot. We may sterilize our hands and instruments, but we cannot sterilize that portion of the United States on which our patient is cast. We can sterilize the field of operation, but can we keep it sterile? Rather discouraging, isn’t it? But we can so prepare our patient beforehand as to limit the anesthetic period. We can limit this period to the painful part of the operation and not give ether or chloroform and then pro- ceed to a discussion of ways and means. We can provide proper facilities for the prompt suppression of hemorrhage; we can cul- tivate the necessary manual dexterity, and, eliminating unneces- sary motion, lessen the risk of shock. In other words, we can introduce methods of factory efficiency into surgery. Do we usually do it?) Answer for yourselves. Let us look on another picture. Some years ago I sat with Professor Jas. L. Robertson in the amphitheatre of a veterinary school watching a radical operation for poll evil. In a little while operator and assistants were wallowing in blood; all they needed was bandanna handkerchiefs and cutlasses to make them pictures of the pirates of the Spanish Main. Anatomical vessels were cut and—save the mark—seared with hot irons. Saws and chis- els were in play; sometimes the patient was under full anesthesia, sometimes he wasn’t. Finally my good friend said: “ Rogers, let us go out.” (I am not sure whether an adjournment to Mr. Dooley’s saloon in the Archey road was suggested.) As we passed out, he said: ‘I know half a dozen easier ways of kill- ing a horse than that one.”’ With regard to irregular operations we can do much to con- serve time, to minimize hemorrhage and lessen shock and before, for example, the removal of a tumor, we should review the anat- omy of the part, estimate the nearness and importance of ana- tomical vessels, nerves and other important tissues that may be implicated ; realize that neoplastic vessels will probably exist and LZ T. B. ROGERS. may be big enough to cause considerable bleeding; estimate the relative ease and safety of removal from above to below, or from side to side. Ask ourselves which method will be safest and quickest, consider whether local or systemic anesthesia will best meet the needs of the case and determine how the best cosmetic results may be attained. All this is wig acs our power and is clearly part of our duty. Veterinarians too often divide themselves into opposite camps in matters surgical; one faction discourages resort to surgery; the other operates on anything and everything, regardless of the probable result; they are after the fee. I don’t know which does the most harm to the reputation of the veterinary profession. I do know they should get together and seek a middle path. It is the little things that count. Dr. Gill’s suggestion that in difficult labor in small animals the abdominal cavity be opened and the arrested puppy or kitten pushed along until its removal is possible is a case in point. My method of dividing potatoes or apples found in the cervical portion of the esophagus, consider- ing the obstacle as a tendon to be divided, cutting down onto, not into the esophagus, passing a sharp tenotome through the obstruction, then introducing the blunt-pointed knife and dividing it into two or if necessary four parts, obviates the danger of esophageal fistula. The use of silver wire in oophorectomy renders stitch abscess impossible. Treating cuts or tears of skin and muscle without the application of sutures lessens scar, and if a blister be applied to the surrounding skin, the wound edges will be much more quickly approximated. The daily cleansing and cooling of a set of slings, followed by washing parts of the body exposed to pres- sure with alcohol and lemion juice, prevents galling and adds much to the comfort of the patient. The use of tetanus antitoxin in surgical cases should be uni- versal; if every wound, whether trivial or severe, be promptly followed by the use of 500 units, tetanus will be absolutely elimi- nated from the category of surgical accidents. I use it as a matter of routine in some large stables in a lock- SS —— Ee CERTAIN PHASES OF OPERATIVE SURGERY. 173 jaw district, and have not had a case in seven years. The cost is 75 cents to the owner, and I inject it first and charge it after- wards. I don’t consult him in the matter. The value of the bac- terins (bacterial vaccines, killed cultures of staphylo and strepto- cocci suspended in normal saline solution) as adjuvants to the surgical treatment of fistulous withers and poll evil is very great, they lessen the period of incapacity for labor, reduce the tem- perature, increase the desire for food and the ability to digest it through removal of fever and irritability, and often help cases to a successful issue that would have proved fatal otherwise. It is hardly necessary to say that they will not open an abscess, pro- vide drainage, saw off a necrosed or bony sequestrum; in other words, they are a help to, not substitutes for surgery. The increasing tendency to perform certain operations with- out sufficient restraint is, in my opinion, to be deprecated. Cas- trating a horse standing is a good deal like making a flying drill on the railroad; if all goes well, we save a little time; if it doesn’t, well, something happens. I know many owners ask for the standing operation; I also know that its performance introduces unnecessary elements of risk that, in my opinion, overbalance the saving of time and danger of casting; and I may remark in passing that most cases of broken back and limbs occur in the practice of those surgeons who pride themselves on tying up a horse so tight that he can’t use his legs. I go to the opposite extreme, believing that if he can use his legs he is less apt to hurt the back, and if one hind leg is placed in a different position to the other he cannot arch the back very effectively. Lastly do we in any degree elevate our profession when we allow a layman, who knows nothing about it, to dictate to us how we shall operate? We are better off professionally and financially in the long run if we stand pat and dictate to him. Dr. WALTER McHENRY HAS CHANGED HIS LOCATION from Waverly, Iowa, to Pharr, Texas. 7 > PERITONITIS.* Dr. WILLIAM DRINKWATER, MONTICELLO, IA. This is a disease which we read of in books and meet with in practice, but we seldom hear it discussed among practitioners or at our association meetings. It is well known to be inflammation of the peritoneum or the serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and passes up the sides and envelops the viscera contained in the cavity. In the writer’s experience it has most often been seen as a complication with enteritis, metritis, after operations to relieve hernia, castration, by external injuries, such as falling heavily on the abdomen on slippery roads, kicks by other horses or blows with a heavy stick, and is associated with hernia in old mares or cows in advanced pregnancy, where the abdominal muscles rup- ture and allow a portion of the viscera to protrude to the skin and is generally associated with ascites of the part. The disease is not always recognized because the symptoms are so much like colic or impaction of the bowels that the ordinary stockman is apt to be dosing the animal for its water for a day or two before call- ing in the veterinarian, and then the nature of the disease is not readily detected, unless one has had some experience with it and looks carefully for diagnostic symptoms. We know the patient does not show the sudden and severe symptoms of colic, nor the stretching, as if to urinate as in impaction of the bowels, but keeps the legs in a more natural position and walks around in a restless manner sometimes and at other times stands still, and has an expression of distress in its face and a tucked-up appearance of the abdomen. One prominent symptom is a hard or tense pulse, almost like the human pulse in feel and frequency. There is little or no appetite and very little movement of the bowels, * Presented to the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association, at Ames, November, 1912. Reprinted from published report. 174 Ee eee eer PERITONITIS. 175 and the urine when passed is highly reddish in color and scanty, and as the disease progresses, the pulse becomes imperceptible, and death sometimes comes on quite suddenly. We know it follows castration, but if the usual aseptic precau- tions are taken for the operation, it seldom occurs; but if the horse is cast very heavily on its abdomen before the operation or confined in a building after the operation where cool drafts strike the legs and incised parts and perhaps by the ingress of cold air through the wounds in the abdominal cavity sets up inflammation of the peritoneal lining. This is usually evidenced by a continuous trembling and tucked-up abdomen and _ short breathing, drooped ears, and a rusty discharge from the wounds and a very tense pulse. The’ treatment in this case would indi- cate a wet sheet (and kept wet) laid up to the abdomen and bound up by bandages around the body and hypodermic injections of morphine and hyoscine and rectal injections of warm water, and when the bowel is carefully cleared to leave a mixture of water, milk and eggs or oatmeal gruel in the colon to give a little nourishment, and when there are some signs of improvement to give one-ounce doses of sulphate of magnesia every two or three hours till movement of the bowels are set up and light nourish- ing diet for some time afterward. When seen in mares and cows in advanced pregnancy, it is often associated with ascites and hernia, and it would seem that an old sling adjusted to the body to keep the parts in position and allow the patient to have a little freedom, where it can lie down with no danger of slipping when rising and keep the bowels in a relaxed condition and circulation stimulated by digitalis. One authority recommends tincture of arnica in small doses, repeated often; and hot and cold applications to the abdomen have their advocates; but as we meet with it seldom, as compared to other forms of inflammation, we are as seldom prepared to treat it as it would indicate; and as it generally is well advanced before we are positive of the real condition, treatment is next to hopeless. Hoping to have the opinion of the members of this society on peritonitis, I leave it before you. DRAFT-HORSE BREEDING.* By. E. S. AKIN. From the lack of interest in draft horse breeding it would seem that some plan had been worked out whereby farm work and farm machinery could be operated without horse power. This, of course, is not true, the facts showing just the opposite. As the younger generation of farmers learn the better and more up-to-date methods of cultivating the soil, the requirements in more, larger and better tools have doubled. The hired man’s wages have also doubled, making hand labor too expensive to use in place of machinery. Horse power on the farm to-day is the first and greatest consideration; without horse power your farm is worthless, and it is only valuable in proportion as you use this power to the fullest extent in its cultivation. Think of what our great railroad lines would be like if limited to locomo- tives of one-third or one-half their present power. Yet many farms are being poorly farmed with inadequate horse power. Instead of our farmers giving the horse but little or no con- sideration, he should be developed and improved to our best advantage. The little kingdom of Belgium produces four times as much per acre as do the average farms of the United States. The price of land in the Middle West is from $100 to $300 per acre. Why? Better cultivation and more brains mixed in their live stock production. If you are only earning a living on your farm, just about keeping even, your farm is practically worth- less as an investment. A little good hard study on what has been done and what is now being done in horse breeding, con- sidering only the practical, profitable, hard horse sense end of the business, will give you an outline from which you can decide on a working plan to improve your farm, increase its productiveness and your income. Estimating the amount of horse power you will require on your farm is something like estimating the cost of building or * Reprinted from the Rural New Yorker. 176 DRAFT-HORSE BREEDING. ITE repairing a house; the time is pretty sure to come when your esti- mate is a little low. After deciding on the number of horses that will do the work in first-class shape on your farm, you -must decide on the breed of horses best suited for farm work and to make you a profit, when your surplus stock is sold, giving consideration to your market facilities. The draft horse is the only kind that it is possible for the farmer to consider at the present time. There are several breeds of draft horses. All have their admirers and advocates. A little study of the kinds that are the most largely used and bring the highest prices in our large cities will help you to decide on the breed that it is the most profitable to handle, and after you decide on your breed see that your work stock are all mares. If you have geldings, sell them. It costs no more to keep a mare, and a good grade mare properly mated will produce you a $100 wean- ling colt, besides earning her keep. No matter how many mares you have on the farm, breed them all to the very best draft stallion available of the breed you have selected. The ordinary farmer gets about 50 per cent. of his mares in foal. With care you should do better than this. Stick to our breed. Remember that a uniform bunch of colts, all of one kind, will look better to a buyer than a mixture. Good breeding and good feeding are sure to show in the quality of your stock, and the quality of your horse means money. No other class of live stock is so necessary on the farm, so easily raised and cared for and so easily turned into money at a profit as the draft horse. A combined effort should be made to give draft horse breeding a prominent place in the eastern agricultural press and in the programmes of all of our farmers’ institutes, and a more practical side of the busi- ness should be given to the students at our agricultural colleges. Note—The opinions voiced in the foregoing article, expressive of the needs in regard to horses from the farmer’s viewpoint, are So much in accord with those frequently expressed by the Review, that we were attracted by it; and we have reprinted it so as to bring these expressed needs direct from the farm to the American veterinary profession, that it may act as a stimulus upon its members to take up’ these matters and discuss them in a whole-hearted manner through the medium of these pages, and be in a position to offer to their brothers engaged in agricultural pursuits, solutions to some of the breeding problems that confront them, and stimulate an interest in this neglected side of agriculture that holds so mtich for those who enter into it scientifically. We would like to add to the last paragraph of Mr. Akin’s article—after the words “ agricultural colleges ”—veterinary colleges, veterinary organizations and current veterinary literature. —[Enpitor.] REPORTS OF CASES. ACUTE DISEASE AMONG CATTLE WITH NERVOUS SYMPTOMS By F. B. Coperanp, Logan, Ia. About six o'clock in the morning received a call to come two miles south of Beebeetown at once and bring instruments for a post mortem on a cow. It being a distance of sixteen miles from my home, we did not reach the place until about seven o’clock. On arrival we were told by the owner that his cattle were dying very rapidly from some unknown cause, three being dead and one more affected. He also stated that the cows would only live from eight to twenty hours after becoming affected enough to be noticed, that they did nothing but scratch the head, throat and neck, and this so incessantly and vigorously as to cause those parts to swell to enormous size, causing death in a short time. One cow lay on the ground in the house yard dead, having been shot by a neighbor the evening before on request of the owner’s ~ wife. The lady had been left alone all day and becoming fright- ened at the actions of this particular cow, had phoned a neighbor to come over and kill her, lest, as she explained, it might get to_ rubbing on the house during the night. The neighbor had done her bidding. Before our arrival the cow’s skin had been removed, — and the head and neck showed large congested and contused areas especially about the throat and intermaxillary space. No other external lesions were present. The owner then conducted us to a cow barn, from whence came occasional muffled bellows or moans. Here we found a living victim in the form of a three- year-old cow, fat and stout, weighing perhaps 1,100 pounds. She stood in a stanchion, with a heavy rope drawn tight about her body, passing over the sacral region and down in front of the udder, the same as is used on kickers. This contrivance had been put on to keep her from scratching her head or neck with a foot of the posterior limb. Neck and throat were swelled consider- ably, and hair almost all rubbed from the sides of neck and ex- ternal portion of inferior maxillary. Lips were swelled, and * Presented to the Twenty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Iowa Veterinary Association at Ames, November, 1912.—Reprinted from published report. 178 REPORTS OF CASES. 179 especially the inferior which was continually being rubbed on the sides or bottom of the manger. The denuded areas were raw and red, some being bloody. The cow was continually on the move, first one way, then another, stepping about and shaking head when not rubbing nose on manger. Occasionally a groan or low bellow escaped her lips. Respirations were increased to 40 or 50 per minute. Temperature, 100 degrees. An examina- tion of buccal cavity was made with difficulty by forcing on a speculum and tying it from each side to parts of the manger. Nothing was found with the mouth or tongue, which looked out of the ordinary, though a slight discharge of watery serum from the nose was noticed and a pectiliar fetid odor was observed in the mouth. The animal appeared stiff and disinclined to move about the barn, especially refusing to step backward. The owner now told us that all the cows had acted exactly like this one, and that Dr. Newland from Neola had attended the others, finding temperatures subnormal on all of them. I later learned from Dr. Newland that the temperatures of the three he had seen were 99, 98.7, 99.4 degrees, respectively. One cow we were told had torn and lacerated her ear and head terribly in an attempt to scratch on a barbed wire fence. Another had broken her ear down by rubbing it vigorously on the 2x6 timber around the inside of the barn. We returned to the cadaver outside for post mortem. Nothing out of the ordinary was observed, except swelled and congested sub-maxillary and parotid regions with hyperemia of sub-maxillary lymph glands and congestions of blood in subcutaneous tissue about the throat and head. We next inquired as to feed and water given and were told animals had been on blue grass pasture, but this being short, had been fed on corn fodder cut from a patch of low ground nearby. Water was from a go-foot drilled well. No treatment was decided on, but on returning home, Dr. J. I. Gibson was acquainted with the conditions, and further work was taken up by an assistant sent by him to investigate the matter. In all, six cows died out of a herd of thirty. No other cases were discovered in the neighbor- hood. Cows ranged from three to twelve years in age. The younger seemed to live longer, some lasting eighteen to twenty hours, while older ones died in from ten to twelve hours. The disease resembled hemorrhagic septicaemia, except that areas affected were confined to head and neck only, and body tempera- ture at all stages seemed to be subnormal. Diagnosis was with- held. The Animal Health Commission is to be commended on the 180 REPORTS OF CASES. excellent work it has been doing, but its work should be extended to include the very essential work of municipal inspection in which the veterinary profession can more directly than in any other way extend its work to benefit the health of the human race, and both directly and indirectly save many lives. CURIOUS SEQUELAE TO “ WILLIAMS’ OPERATION FOR ROARING. By E. A. Weston, B.V.Sc., Perth, Western Australia. The subject of this article was a five-year-old chestnut mare, purchased for the police department and shipped from the North- west. Coming down in the boat, she was badly bitten about the face and along the neck by another horse, and when put into work here roared so badly that she had to be cast. Subsequently she came into my hands for operation, and on June 18 I operated on her at Mr. McIntosh’s Veterinary Hospital. Unfortunately, she was removed from there, and during my absence for a few days the wound was sadly neglected and got into a very foul con- dition. Notwithstanding this, the mare made a good recovery, and the groom reported that she had ceased roaring. Previously she could be heard even when playing with the other horses in the paddock, but after the operation wound healed I had her given a brisk trot and failed to detect any sound. After some weeks, however, the roaring commenced afresh and gradually increased in intensity, rendering the mare practically worthless, and she was turned out to grass. I happened to be out in the paddock on the 15th of October, and at that time the breathing was so distressed that it could be heard some distance off, even when the mare was at rest. On making an examination I had no difficulty in diagnosing an ossifying chondritis of the larynx. Intended having the mare destroyed, but the matter was over- looked and on the 31st she died. Post-mortem examination re- vealed the presence of a series of polypoid growths, attached to the mucosa along the site of the previous incision. They varied in size from a pea to a small plum. The laryngeal cartilages were undergoing ossification, and the rigid larynx, with its lumen blocked by the growths, accounted for the excessive dyspneea. The left ventricle was completely obliterated, though I very much doubt whether I made a clean sweep of the mucous lining when REPORTS OF CASES. 181 operating. The right ventricle was done as a sort of after- thought, and there was only an incomplete adhesion, though I “failed to detect any accumulation of mucus, such as some sur- geons say occurs in such cases within the cavity which persisted. In the accompanying photo the larynx is opened from behind to show the polypoid growths. AN ADENO-CARCINOMA ON THE PLANTAR SUR- PAGE OF, A DOG'S FOOT.* By E. B. AckerMAN, D.V.S., Brooklyn, N. Y. The accompanying cut illustrates a case met in our practice during the past winter, the subject being an eight-year-old fox terrier male, with the following history: The growth, which was located on the plantar surface of the left hind foot, had been growing for about four years; but had not reached any great pro- portions until about a eae prior to our visit (January 28, 1913), < Pieseuted to the February meeting of the Vetermary Medical Association of New York City. 182 REPORTS OF CASES. when a veterinarian had been called. He decided that it was due to a foreign body, and that there was pus present. An incision was made in the dorsal surface of the foot, but no foreign body was found, nor abscess formation present. The owner stated that, since that time, the tumor had grown more rapidly until it had finally reached the present proportions, about the size of an English walnut. It bled profusely at times, probably due to the irritation caused by the animal biting and scratching it, and discharged a sticky, somewhat purulent material, probably cancer mulk. After an examination of the case we advised the owner that the only course was amputation of the foot at the distal end of the metatarsal region, or destruction of the animal. The latter was decided upon, and the dog was chloroformed, and a section of the growth sent to the New York State Veterinary College for histological examination, which resulted in a report of car- cinoma. Believing this case to be of interest to practitioners, because of the rather unusual situation of the growth, rather than from the character of it, | have brought it to the attention of this body, and present the specimen for your inspection. REPORTS OF CASES. 185 Py) GASES TREATED BY AUTOTHERAPY. By W. J. Maces, D.V.S., New York, N. Y. Case No. 1.—Gray Gelding received a kick from a stable companion on July 16, 1912, and I was called three (3) days later to treat him for it, and found the animal upon three legs, so to speak, and in great pain. Temperature 104 degrees and unable to place the foot of the injured leg upon the ground. A piece of burlap was tied about the hock, and they had been keeping it wet with hot water. Upon examination I found that the ergot or wart of the near hind hock had been cut across, and half of it had been entirely removed, and the wound itself had penetrated the joint, from which a flow of the synovial fluid was escaping and dropping from the hair at the ankle to the floor. The wound was cleansed and a dressing of powdered salicylic acid with collodion applied under a bandage, and simi- lar dressings were used three times at intervals of two days, with no improvement in the animal’s condition. On July 27, I2 iv 5 of the discharge was collected and made up with water from the faucet to vi4, with the directions to give one ounce every hour until all was used (6 doses in all) ; the wound was dressed with tr. iodine and phenol 95 per cent. equal parts and powdered salicylic acid, collodion and cotton as be- fore. This dressing was not removed until three days later, when the animal was walked from the box stall, placing the toe upon the ground and dropping back upon the heel with but little lameness. Temperature 101 degrees, and upon removing the dressing, found IJ could not collect enough discharge for another treatment, nor was it at all necessary. The wound was dressed as before at two consecutive visits, when a blister was applied and the animal returned to his usual labor August 19, I912, none the worse for his experience. Case No. 2.—Bay Gelding with an opening on right side of shoulder from a fistula of withers, with a discharge from it flowing down to the elbow. Upon probing, found that the tract extended across the shoulder, and I could feel the end of probe under the skin of the opposite side. This animal had been under treatment for a period of from seven to nine weeks by another veterinarian with no improvement in his condition, and the owner requested me to cut it all out. I informed him that if it had to be cut, the animal would have to be cast or placed upon the operating table, for he was a very vicious brute and could not be secured in any other way for operation. 184 REPORTS OF CASES. I collected iv 5 of the discharge and made it up to vi, with water from the faucet with directions to give one ounce every hour until it was all used. I did not see the patient again for a period of six days, and then found that the appearance of the discharge had changed and was less in quantity. This treatment was continued at intervals of from six to eight days from October 19 to November 27, I912 (six treat- ments in all), and during this time, as the discharge became less in quantity, it was always made up to vi3 with water, for it appears to me as if the patient will and does regulate his own dosage. This animal did not miss a day’s work, except on the days that he received his medicine, and nothing was injected or inserted into the opening or tract after the first examination; but the discharge was washed off every day, except for twenty- four hours previous to my visit, when it was allowed to remain for my collection. POST MORTEM. By JoHn F. Wincuester, D.V.S., Lawrence, Mass. Post mortem of black gelding 20 hours after death Novem- ber 25, 1911. Bloated; ulcer left foreleg under the fetlock; bar shoe right fore foot; aged; pupils dilated; mucous membrane of bucal cavity cyanotic; body on right side. When removing the hide from left leg and left side of neck, the blood flows freely and does not clot. Radials in this region filled with blood. Radials filled on right hip with echymotic spots—cyanotic. Right side of neck under the skin hyperemic, and petechial spots extending over the scapula region. The muscular tissue on left side of neck hyperemic; blood fluid dark and flows freely when the tissue is cut; the same con- dition seen on right side of neck, but not so gross, When the left foreleg is removed from body, the blood flows freely, while when the right leg is removed not so much blood seen. When the abdominal cavity is opened, a small quantity of serous fluid escapes. A small aneurism due to struggles is found at ciliaxis. A part of the capsule of right lobe of liver on its visceral side ig thickened. Anterior lobe left lung cyanotic, with petichial spots and blood. REPORTS OF CASES. 185 Petichial spots on left heart, small clot in left heart partly amber color, while the right heart is empty. Mucous membranes of treachea, mouth and tongue are cyanotic. Blood vessels in the convolutions of the cerebrum and cerebel- lum are hyperemic. The plexus at base of cerebellum hyper- zemic. BIOGRAPHY: OF “KIT.” Kit, an Indian pony mare owned at Le Claire, Iowa, by the J. M. Hawthorne family, is thought to be the oldest mare in the state, if not in the country. She was born at the Indian reserva- tion in Tama County, Ia., in May, 1865, where she was reared to the age of three years, and broken to the saddle by the Indians, who sold her and her mate, Ginger, to W. D. Rambo, of Vinton, _Ja., who purchased them for his sister, Mrs. Elizabeth Hitchcock, of Le Claire, Ia. The ponies were taken to the Rambo farm, 186 REPORTS OF CASES. near Vinton, where they were broken to harness and later driven to Le Claire. Shortly afterwards the ponies were separated, and Ginger, being of an unruly disposition, was sold, while Kit re- mained in the family. At one time she was sold out of the family for a few years only, when she was bought back by Capt. J. M. Hawthorne, a brother-in-law of her former mistress, who pur- chased her for his little niece. She has been a cherished pet in her present home for twenty-three years, having attaind the ad- vanced age of forty-seven years and over. She is still enjoying the best of health, and has retained all of her senses. She readily eats her corn from the cob, but much prefers grazing, to hay in her manger. She is a little larger than the average Indian pony, her average weight being about 750 pounds. Her color is bright sorrel, with a white strip on her face. She is intelligent, and in her younger days was a handsome and spirited animal. &. B Michigan State V. M. Ass'n... ...... Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n........ Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n. Missouri Valley V. Ass’n........ Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n......... Montana State V.M.A............. Nebraska V. M. Ass’n......... New York S. V. M. Soc’y..... North Carolina V. M. Ass'n... North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.. .. North-Western Ohio V. M. A.. Ohio State V. M. Ass’n........ Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med... .. Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass'n....... Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n........ nf OAvruty \ai Pennsylvania State V. M. A....... (Pintiopmesy. M.A.............. Portland Vet. Med. Ass’n......... Province of Quebec V. M.A...... Rhode Island V. M. Ass’n......... South Carolina Ass'n of Veter’ns. . . South Illinois V. M. and Surg. Ass'n. St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors... . Schuylkill Valley V.M.A........... Soe. Vet. Alumni Univ. Penn......... South Dakota V.M.A..............| ne Auxiliary of California State Twin City V. M. Ase’n.............. | Utah Vet. Med. Ass’n.............. Vermont Vet. Med. Ass’n........... Veterinary Ass'n of Alberta..........| Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia........ .| Vet. Ass'n of Manitoba............. Vet. Med. Ass'n of N.J............. V. M. Ass’n, New York City......... Veterinary Practitioners’ Club... ... Virginia State V. M. Ass’n........... Washington State Col. V. M.A...... Washington State V.M.A.......... Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n.......... Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad............ oreo (bay) VoM. A... .0....-.2- ..| Annually | Jan., Apl., July, Oct.. | 4th Tues. each month feMonthiy:....2+ ae. July 9, 10, 1913..... Aug. 29, 1913...... July, 1913 July, 1913.... Sept. 24, 25, 1913. Ist Mo. & Tu.,Dec.’13 Ist week Sept., 1913. June, 1913..... July 1, 2, 3, 1913 Feb. and Nov... Jan. 14, 15, 1914. Pending. ..... Sept. 16, 1913... Call of President. . 4th Tues. each month. Pending....... Aug. 5-6-7 1913..... Ist Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. each month. . dune 18, 1913. 5)... Duly S19) 191s ee November, 1913..... Pending 2d Thu. each month.. Penninirs ie cuss. eda 3d Wed. each month. Feb. & July each yr.. July 10, 1913....... Ist Wed. each month. July 10; 191357222. Ist & 3d Fri. Eve... . June 19, 20, 1913... 3d Thu. each month.. Renhing as cee res June, Sept.,Dec.,Mar.! Y Date of Next Place of Meeting. Meeting. August, 1913........] Auburn........ ATI L ON a cre 141 W. 54th St. . Sept. 1-2-3-4-5, 1913.| New York, N. Y. January, 1914.......] Ft. Smith...... Ist and 3d Thur. of} Lec. Room, La- each month....... val Un’y, Mon 2d Fri. each month. .| Chicago........ 3d Mon. each month.| 8. Omaha, Neb Monthlys 222% 4%: St. Joseph and| vicinity... ... June dl 191s. f .. Los Angeles..... Feb. and July....... |, Ottawar. 7... June and Nov....... | Syracuse... .. 2d Tues. each month.| Chicago........ May 28-29, 1913... .| Ft. Collins.... August 6, 1913...... Waterbury... . Jan., Apl., July, Oct..| Wilmington..... 3d Mon. each month.| Newark, N. J.... 2d week, July, 1913..| Rochester... ... Fe a, SAA Re | Atlanta. 8.0) 2d Sat. each month..| Wash., D.C..... July 10, 1913.......| Springfield..... . | HES TOE Ss CE ae Indianapolis. . . Pending =. 6 2. Pending. |.5 201: Pending....... palibending se see Oct. & Feb.each year.} Lexington... .... 2d Tues. each month.| Philadelphia. .. . Pending...... Fs «)dsl| ending rs ae Sept., 1913.........] Lake Charles... | Van OTS ia Augusta........| , ane aaah ee eh Baltimore... ... 4th Wed. each month.| Young's, Boston.| Feb. 3, 4, 1914......] Lansing. ....... Albert Lea...... Starkville.... Onshast an... Kirksville. ..... Helena..... rece Lincoln, Neb. ..| New York...... } Fargonat) 2. bose lint a ee Columbus. . Upper Sandusky. | Oklahoma City..| ‘Toronto... ..-... Not selected. ...| Manila... . om Portland, Ore... Mon. and Que...| Providence... .. Pending ss.2 soa | Fillmore........| St. Louis. ......] Reading: <..< >). Philadelphia. .. . | Mitchell........ Los Angeles..... 407 Illinois Ave. | Memphis....... Pendingtes «a 2 St. P.-Minneap..| Pending........... 514 9th St., N.W. Winnipeg....... Jersey City..... 141 W. 54th St.. | Jersey City. .... Old Point Comf’t Pullman........ Wenatchee. ... . Pittsburgh... . . | Pending........ | Name and Address Secretary. C. A. Cary, Auburn. J. F. Carey, East Orange, N. J. C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia. J. B. Arthur, Russellville. | J. P. A. Houde, Montreal. H. A. Smith, Chicago, Il. E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha. F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. John F. McKenna, Fresno. A. E. James, Ottawa. W. B. Switzer, Oswego. D. M. Campbell, Chicago. I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. B. K. Dow, Willimantic. A. 8. Houchin, Newark, Del. J. F. Carey, East Ornage, N. J. J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. P. F. Bahnsen, Americus. A. T. Ayers. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. L. A. Merillat, Chicago. A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis. C. H. Stange, Ames. J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Robert Graham, Lexington. Cheston M. Hoskins. Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La. C. W. Watson, Brunswick. H. H. Counselman, See’y. J. H. Seale, Salem. W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. G. Ed. Leech, Winona. Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada. Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. 5. Stewart, Kansas City. A. D. Knowles, Livingston. Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City. H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y. M. J. Ragland, Salisbury. C. H. Babeock, New Rockford. A. J. Kline, Wauseon. Reuben Hilty, Toledo. F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. J. C. Howard, Sullivan. C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City. C. H. Sweetapple, Toronto. John Reichel, Glenolden. David C. Kretzer, Manila. Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. J.S. Pollard, Providence. B. K. MeInnes, Charleston. F. Hockman, Iola. Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. B. T. Woodward, Wash’n, D. C. S. W. Allen, Watertown. J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph. O. L. McMahon, Columbia. Allen J. Foster, Marshalltown. 8. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn. A. J. Webb, Layton. G. T. Stevenson, Burlington. C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat- chewan, Alta., Can. M. Page Smith, Washington, D. C. Wm. Hilton, Winnipeg. E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick. R. S. MacKellar, N. Y. City. A. F. Mount, Jersey City. Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia. R. J. Donohue, Pullman. Carl Cozier, Bellingham. Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley. J. P. West, Madison. E. 8. Bausticker, York, Pa. PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3.25; foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $2.25; single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be received by 10th of month. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. THE VETERINARIANS FavorITE AMBULANCE is illustrated on page 8 (Adv. Dept.), and is as near perfection as it is possible to get one; having been worked up to its present type gradually, by suggestion made from time to time by veterinarians having them in use. It is complete in every detail, light, strong and easy to load. : THE Sorspy VACCINE CoMPANY HAvEe OPENED AN EASTERN SuppLy DEPOT at 23d Street and Fourth Avenue, New York City, for the convenience of their eastern patrons; feeling that they can give them better and cheaper service thereby. At this depot great care has been exercised to place in stock a list of articles especially in demand in that territory. See new announce- ment on page 9 (Adv. Dept.) AFTER THREE ScorE YEARS AND More, the reliable firm of Eimer and . Amend are still leaders in the drug trade, and continue to enjoy not only the reputation of having everything called for in the line of drugs, glassware, weights and measures and in fact any and everything wanted to supply a pharmacy, but also the confidence of their customers in regard to the quality of their goods. See announcement on page 23 (Adv. Dept.) STATEMENT OF THE OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT, ETC., OF THE AMERI- CAN VETERINARY REVIEW, PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT 509 WEST 152D STREET, NEW YORK, N.“Y., REQUIRED BY THE ACT OF AUGUST 24, 1912. Editors—A, Liautard and Robt. W. Ellis, 509 West 152d Street, New York. Managing Editor—Robt. W. Ellis, 509 West 152d Street, New York. Business Manager—Robt. W. Ellis, 509 West 152d Street, New York. Publisher—American Veterinary Review, 509 West 152d Street, New York. Owners: (If a corporation, give names and addresses of stockholders eer f I per cent, or more of total amount of stock) —A. Liautard, 14 Ave. de l’Opera, Paris, France; Robt. W. Ellis, 509 West 152d Street, New York, N. 6 G. M. Ellis, 509 West 152d Street, New York, N. we Known bondholers, mortgagees, and other security holders, holding 1 per cent. or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities—None. Rost. W. Exuis, Bus. Mgr. Sworn to and subscribed before me this 27th day of March, 1913. Moses Morris, Notary Public, . (Seal.) New York County, No. 133, New York Register No. 4049. (My commission expires March 30, 1914.) 220 EE EE EEE EEE eee’ AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. JUNE, 19T3. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN, CHRONICLES: Paris, April 15, 1913. CELL INCLUSIONS AND FILTERING Virus.—In the Reveue Generale, some months ago, Dr. E. Cesari has made a thor- ough study of this subject, from which I am sure an extract would prove interesting. There remains yet to-day a large class of infectious diseases, with virus still unknown, at least as far as their figurative aspect. Without going out of veterinary pathology, there may be mentioned relating to this, foot and mouth disease, smallpox of sheep, rabies, distemper of dogs, vaccinia, contagious epithe- lioma of birds, aviary pest, etc. We know that these viruses are constituted by corpuscular living bodies, liable to affect forms smaller than the smallest visible microbes, as it is demonstrated by the power that they possess of passing through the filtering walls which retain those. It then seems legitimate to admit that these micro-organisms do escape our visual examination, only because of insufficiency of our magnifying optic means or because of the imperfection of the means of coloration which we use. However, it appears that in most of the diseases with filter- ing virus, there exist in the interior of the cells, touched by the 222 EDITORIAL, pathologic processes, peculiar formations, foreign to the normal anatomic constitution of those cells; formations which, besides, cannot be considered as related to any known type of parasites. Those figurative elements, whose origin, nature and function are yet very much discussed, appear in the cellular protoplasm, some- times even in the nucleus, under excessively varying forms and dimensions. And for a long time a new theory has been founded by which those enigmatic elements, differently known as cellular formations or inclusions, intracellular bodies or corpuscles, are considered as the specific parasitic agents of the diseases where they are found. After giving the history of the discovery of those inclusions, Mr. Cesari reviews the various formations which have been de- scribed for the diseases with filtering virus among animals, viz. : the contagious epithelioma of birds, vaccine variola, rabies, etc., etc. Do the inclusions represent the specific parasitic agents of filtering virus diseases, or must they be considered as elements of cellular origin? The advocates of the parasitic theory acknowledge that the formations that they promote to the rank of parasites do not resemble any type of known parasite. They can classify them among the protozoa group, which by its undefined characters and unbounded limits is used as a refuge for all similar elements of parasitology. | The hypothesis of the protozoa nature of inclusions rests principally upon the existence of nuclear elements and the various figures that represent those inclusions; figures which may, with mind allowance, be considered as the successive stages in the developing variations of the parasites. However, the existence of nuclear elements, belonging properly to inclusions, is denied by the advocates of the opposite theory, which contest the filia- tion of the various aspects referred to as belonging to the evolu- ——_ EDITORIAL. 223 tive cycle of the parasite, on account of the absence of the forms of union. The faculty to throw out pseudopods and execute amiboid movements would be a powerful point in favor of the protozoa nature of the inclusions, if that faculty was well established. But this power has been mentioned only for the Guardinieri’s bodies (inclusions of vaccinia) and it has been denied by more recent observations. Direct proof missing, other arguments were presented to support the parasitic theory of inclusions, which were drawn from the constant and specific condition of those inclusions and also from their repetition in the cells interested in the pathological processes. The constant presence of the inclusions is the rule, but it is not absolute. In rabies, the authors that advocate the parasitic theory acknowledge that they are missing between I to Io per cent. In rabies with fixed virus, inclusions are often not dis- covered. In dog distemper Sinigaglia acknowledges that intra- cellular bodies are sometimes absent. The specificity of the inclusions is also a poor argument. It might be as easy to say, in an opposite supposition, that the specificity remains in the peculiar mode of cellular reaction pro- duced by the virus considered. But even absolute specificity is doubted; Sikorsky inoculating the diphtheric toxine or heated vaccine, on the cornea of a rabbit, says he has obtained figures identical to the bodies of Guardinieri. The localization of inclusions in the cells does not exactly follow the repetition of the virus. If the tissues which contain infusions are always virulents and if, at the time of putrefac- tion, the virulency remains as long as the inclusions do persist, the reciprocal is not always found. In rabies the virulency of the nervous centers is present before the apparition of Negri’s bodies. . And besides, these inclusions are missing in some viru- lent organs, as the salivary glands and the peripheric nerves. * ok * 224 EDITORIAL, However, Sinigaglia has mentioned in dog distemper a close relation between the distribution of the inclusions and the clinical type affected by the disease. This author considers as an impor- tant argument in the favor of the parasitic theory the fact that the specific inclusions are found with the same structure and the same histo-chemical reactions, in the cells of the bronchial epi- thelium with the broncho-pulmonary localizations of the disease and in the cells of the cerebro-spinal axis when the disease de- velops under the nervous form. It is, indeed, difficult to sup- pose, if the inclusions are considered as phenomena of cellular reaction, that cells as unlike as the nervous and the epithelial of the bronchia could give rise to identical formations. The authors who do not admit the parasitic nature of inclu- sions grant them a cellular origin. Some, with Metchnikoff and Salmon, have thought that there was possibly a transformation of the leucocytar elements which had penetrated the interior of the epithelial cells. To-day, all are agreed in admitting that inclusions derive from the nuclei of cells and represent the ho- mologies of the chromidal formations. But this interpretation has not been sufficiently proved to convince the advocates of the parasitic theory. The principal argument against the doctrine of the protozoa inclusions is that of the filtrability of the viruses; that those so- called parasites are supposed to represent. If some protozoa are known, some water vibrios, as able to pass through filtering bougies, although their dimensions do not permit them to be seen with the microscope, it cannot, however, be admitted that immobile elements as large as the bodies of Guarineri and of Negri can pass through filters as close as those of Kitasato or of Maassen, which are yet permeable to the virus of vaccinia and rabies. To make the parasitic theory agree with the notion of filtra- bility, it must then be supposed that, with the visible protozoa inclusions, there exist other forms; smaller forms of reproduc- tion, young forms which are invisible and filtrable. The exist- ence of such has been proved for few trypanosomes and some spirochetes. EDITORIAL. 225, _ The same arguments and objections can be advanced in rela- tion to the theory of Prowazek. The unknown solution remains the same. In other words and to conclude, it seems evident that the primitive conception of the filtering virus remains about the same, and that the definitive proof of the parasitic action of the inclu- sions shall be proved only when they shall have been cultivated im vitro and that, with the cultures, the disease shall be repro- duced. For pleuro-pneumonia of bovines the question has already been solved, and it can be hoped that this important problem of the inclusions shall soon be solved as it is also that of the cultures of filtering viruses. * * * NEGRI CoRPUSCLES AND SPEcIFIC RaABip FORMATIONS.— In the Annales de l' Institute Pasteur there was published recently a communication of these subjects by Dr. Manouelia, which was resumed in the Presse Medicale as follows: The corpuscles discovered by Negri in 1903 in the nervous centers of animals suffering with street rabies are now recog- nized by all specialists as characteristic. The presence of these corpuscles allows a rapid diagnosis of rabies at the post mortem of a suspected animal. In the study made by Manouelia, he first gives the minute details which permit the sure discovery of these elements when they exist. Colored by appropriate methods, the corpuscles of Negri are most often found in the cytoplasma and in the large dendretic prolongations of the nervous cells. Their dimensions vary very much. They are surrounded by a hyaline membrane and have a granular structure. It may be said that, in declared street rabies, Negri’s cor- puscles exist in a constant manner. Out of 110 cases studied by Manouelia and controlled by experimental tests, the histological examination has revealed the presence of the corpuscles in 106 cases. In gt cases, where experimental test excluded the diagno- sis of rabies, 82 gave a negative answer to the research of the 226 EDITORIAL. Negri’s bodies. For nine cases, where there were results at vari- ance in the two methods, it is justifiable to admit, however, that the cases were certainly rabid. If indeed the experimental method failed, it may have been due to the fact that the inocula- tion had been made in muscles and not in the brain, or again because the animals of experiments were not kept in observation for a sufficient length of time. From this very important statistic the almost absolute value of the histological examination for the Negri’s bodies is readily brought out. And this examination has an enormous superior- ity for establishing a diagnosis in a few hours. It is therefore an essentially practical method. With rabies of fixed. virus, Negri’s bodies do not, properly speaking, exist. A fact well established by the first researches of Manouelia. However, in examining the nervous centers of animals arrived at the last period of the disease, there were . found, principally in the horns of Ammon and the cerebral cor- tical layer, very numerous small corpuscles, having the same affinities as the Negri’s bodies and situated in the protoplasm of the cells. These formations, which are all the time absent in control animals, are found already, but in small quantity, at the onset, and become numerous in the course of the disease. The signification of Negri’s bodies has been the subject of much discussion, and the present tendency is to refuse them the quality of parasites that Negri gave them. To arrive at an opinion on the subject, Manouelia has studied with the same coloring methods the residual elements of testicle, which are constituted by the part of the éytoplasm which, in the transforma- tion of the spermatids into spermatozoids, is to disappear. These cell remains have exactly, or nearly so, the same affinities, the same coloring reactions, the same morphological peculiarities as the corpuscles of Negri. There is, therefore, in this an argu- ment of analogy in favor of the non-parasitar nature of Negri’s bodies, which then would be formations of cell origin, without taking from them any of their value in the diagnosis and their practical application. * * % bo bo -1 EDITORIAL, FLoatiInG KipNEey.—This ectopia of the kidney, also denomi- nated as moving kidney or paphroptosis, is much more frequent in human species, where it is specially the organ of the right side which is affected. The anatomic conformation, which is the cause of it, does not exist in animals, and perhaps it is to this that veterinary literature is so poor in relation to the affection, as it occurs less frequently. The kidneys have means of attachment, which, either by main force, traumatism or any other violent cause, or again by slow, progressive relaxation, may permit the displacement of the organ and give rise to two species of acquired ectopias, that by traumas and that by weakness of the means of support. The former also called renal dislocations is said to be comparatively rare in human, but may occur more frequently in animals, as is illus- trated by the case that Prof. Hebrant and Antoine of the Cur- eghen School recorded in the Annales de Bruxelles. The case is probably the only one in record and deserves attention. Its history is suggestive. The head of a pack of hounds, a slut of superior qualities, very active and ambitious, has lately become lazy in its runs and grown taking fat. She is not in pup, but she grows worse as the time of delivery is passed off. She keeps getting fat, can run no more and yet continues to be in apparent perfect health. When seen by the professors, she is rather in very good con- dition. By mammal exploration of the abdomen, a tumor elon- gated, shape of kidney, slightly painful to pressure, was detected floating amongst the intestinal circumvolutions. The tumor is smooth and not bosselated, free from adherences with the vis- ceras. It is held suspended to the lumbar region by a peduncle. Not having met before with a floating kidney in dog, a posi- tive diagnosis was not made, although the characters of this abdominal growth and those of a true siisiciney were almost suf- ficient to justify it. To remove all doubts, explorative laparotomy was suggested. The question was settled. It was the left kidney which was hanging among’ the intestines, held by its means of attachment very largely elongated. lo 1) (v2) EDITORIAL, The curative treatment of renal ectopia in human medicine consists in nephrectomy or nephrorrhaphy. Neither of which could be of any great results in the present case. The former, serious operation, which was not justified, as the kidney was neither diseased nor degenerated. The second, as it did not present a sufficient possibility of usefulness of the animal after- wards, the relaxation being likely to return. The animal was destroyed. This case of the Belgian professors is one which other prac- titioners will be interested in, as similar ones may be observed and valuable additions to the literature of canine pathology be obtained. A GLANCE IN COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY.—It is very sur- prising what progress comparative pathology has made in later years and how more and more frequently records are found on subjects relating to it. It is therefore not surprising to see veterinarians occupying themselves in that direction and -their pathologists drawing the attention of the scientific world to the value of their work and of its usefulness. In the French Asso- ciation for the Study of Cancer, veterinarians are attentive, attending members, and one of them seldom miss a meeting without producing some cases illustrating the comparative fre- quency of cancer in our domestic animals. At some recent meet- ing, Prof. G. Petit, of Alfort, has presented a number of speci- mens and related the history ofa number of cases of great inter- est. It was first one of PRIMITIVE GENERALIZED EPITHELIOMA OF THE LIVER in sheep. The organ was the seat of a large tumor, whitish, which invaded almost its entirety and formed but one large mass. The mesentery was covered with a large number of small nodules, elevated, varying between the size of the head of a pin and that of a pea. The mediastinal lymphatic glands were also hypertrophied and diseased all through. Cancer seems to be exceptional in sheep, but as it is an animal EDITORIAL. 229 killed when young, it is probable that more diseased ones could be found if they were kept until an advanced age, as in fact is seen in horses and cattle. At the same meeting, Prof. Petit presented and reported his observations upon five cases of Dentritic epithelioma of the mamme in domestic carnivorous. One was ina female cat aged I2 years, which during nearly one year presented a tumour of the mamme, spreading flat, ulcerated and bleeding. At death, the axillary glands were found diseased. The second case was observed in a g years old slut. The tumour had for origin the epithelium of the galactophorous canals, it presented intercanalicular vegetations which explained the hemorrhages during life. The third case was in an old slut. She had a tumour that weighed several kilograms. On a macroscopic section it showed besides, a great collection of whitish masses formed of confluent neoplasic elements and of hemorrhagic cysts. The fourth case was in a cat whose tumour presented meta- tasis in the tracheo-bronchial glands, the lungs, the small intes- tines. In the fifth case the metastasis were still more distributed. The lymphatics of the mediastinum, the lungs and the liver be- ing involved and also a large neoplasic mass of unusual dimen- sions. * * * PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V.M. Ass’n.—I do not know if my friends in America or the readers of the REvIEw will ever ap- preciate the pleasant feelings that one, far from them, has when something reaches him, bringing to him the history of the life for a week of his professional friends. That feeling has been my great joy for years when the an- nual visit has come under the shape of the Proceedings of the Am. Vet. Med. Ass’n. now from one place and then from an- other. This year they relate the doings of the forty-ninth meet- ing held in Indianapolis. 230 EDITORIAL. May you call for some time yet, my welcome friend, you will always find me glad and happy at the news that you bring, of the good work that you announce, of the progress that our pro- fession is making and of the many new fellow-veterinarians, whose faces I have the pleasure to see, thanks to the kind at- tention of our Chairman of the Publication Committee, Dr. R. P. Lyman. The book that I have received, the Proceedings of the forty- ninth Meeting of the Association, is very much like its prede- cessors. General disposition, similar distribution and make-up, addresses, report of committees and resident secretaries, papers and discussions, clinic, social features, etc. All of that is con- tained in a book of a little smaller size than that of last year, not from lack of material, but, it has seemed to me, because the papers were more condensed than has been customary in pre- vious meetings. But nevertheless the articles are unusually in- teresting and have called forth much discussion. It would be very difficult to make a special reference to any of the papers that were read as most must already be known and besides each one has its own value according to the specific object of the reader. There is no doubt that the papers of Dr. Berns on Radial Paraly- sis, of Dr. Cochrane on Stifle Lameness, of Dr. Williams on Sterility—and of many others among the crowd will call repeated attention. As I cannot select one from the other, I will advise my friends to read them all. The Proceedings are printed, a call to Dr. Lyman will receive attention. Dr. Williams in his next report as librarian will not be able to show again an increase in the number of volumes left on his hands, and everybody will have enjoyed and learned much by the reading of the proceed- ings—lI for one!! * bi * BIBLIOGRAPHIC ITEMS. Agricultural Journal of South Africa for February, 1913—with articles on “ Tuberculosis of food animals and its relation to the public health,’ by Walter Jowett F.R.C.V.S. on “ Dips and Dipping,” by Dr. A. Theiler ~~. 2 EDITORIAL. 231 and Principal C. F. Gray: also a schedule of infectious and con- _tagious diseases by the same. Quarterly Bulletin, Chicago Veterinary College, Number 2, December, 1912. Second Fasicules of Volume I of the Proceedings of the first International Congress of Comparative Pathology containing communications on the comparative study of Cirrhosis, of can- cer; on parasites common to man and animals; on Variola and Vaccinia; on Rabies; on Vegetal pathology; on the pathology of inferior animals. Three Interesting Crvptorchid Cases, by Prof. Hobday. Re- print from the Veterin. Journal. J 53 hile THEY BE HONEST With Use: The Army and Navy Journal of May 3d announces that Representative Hay of Virginia has introduced a bill aiming to consolidate the Veterinary Service, U. S. Army, and increase its efficiency. In the main it is the same as the original bill, of the same title, introduced into the Lower House, January, 1912. It is known as House bill 4541. This has much significance. Mr. Hay, who is the chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs, and far and away the most influential man in military affairs amongst the Demo- crats in that body, now fathers the bill which he so admirably championed and defended when it passed the House, during the 62d congress, unanimously. The Senate Military Committee is Democratic in majority, and therefore expected to be har- monious with Mr. Hay’s Committee in the House of Represen- tatives. That is the rock upon which the army veterinary service bill was shipwrecked in the last Congress. The Senate Military Committee had a political majority opposite in faith to that of the Lower House. The powers that be in the War Department nudged the Secretary of War, who was of the same political stripe as the majority in the Senate Military Committee. The Secretary nudged the knowing ones in the Senate Military Com- mittee, and the bill was stalled. to lo EDITORIAL. Will the powers that be in the War Department be honest with the veterinary profession in this Congress? That is the question. Wi§ll they dare to do otherwise; or will they use the same adroitness and craft to stop the course of justice, as they have hitherto done? That, men of the veterinary profession of America, depends upon you. The people’s representatives will do the people’s will. We have convinced Mr. Hay that our claim, that we should be recognized as a profession in the army, is just. Can we bring the same conviction into the minds of Senator Johnston of Alabama, chairman of the Senate Military Com- mittee, and the Secretary of War, Mr. Garrison, and so offset the snares that may be sown by certain ones in the War Depart- ment? We will be honest with them if they will be honest with us. Machiavellism and duplicity cannot alway stay the course of justice. at STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE AT NEw YorK UNIVERSITY IN New York City.—The New York Times, of Sunday, May 25, announced that Governor Sulzer had signed a bill establish- ing a State Veterinary College at New York University in New York City. This means the perpetuity of the New York-Amer- ican Veterinary College by the state, and will be pleasant news to the alumni of the two old institutions, through the consolida- tion of which the present school was formed; namely, the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons (1857) and the American Veterinary College (1875). A SYSTEM OF VETERINARY MEDICINE; EpItTED By E. WAL- LACE Hoare.—We have recently received from Mr. Alexander Eger, Chicago, volume I of A System of Veterinary Medicine, bound in half-leather and containing 1,327 pages of text. We could not do justice to this book, which has the writings of no less than thirty-three collaborators within its covers, this month, for lack of time; but will review it in our July issue. THe Montana State Boarp or EXAMINERS IN VETERI- NARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY as appointed by Governor Stew- art are: W. C. Orr, V.S., Dillon,, Mont., President; W. J. Taylor, D.V.M., Bozeman, Mont., Vice-President; A. D. Knowles, D.V.M., Livingston, Mont., Secretary-Treasurer. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS.* (OPHTHALMIC TEST. ) By K. F, Meyer, PHILADELPHIA, Pa. (From the Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board.) During the last four years, in different parts of the world, extensive experiments have been conducted to find an accurate method by which glanders in horses can be quickly diagnosed by the practitioner without awaiting the result of one of the reliable serum tests. It has been found by Vallée (1), Martell (2), de Blieck (3), Schnurer (4), Muller, Gehtgens and Aoki (5), Frohner (6), Reinhardt (7), Miessner (8), and others that the local allergic reactions may be successfully used for this pur- pose, and that they undoubtedly offer great advantages and greater reliability than any of the other mallein tests. By rea- son of the fact that mallein, compared with tuberculin, gives a more pronounced local reaction when subcutaneously applied, theoretically, better results are expected in glanders with the local tests than in tuberculosis by similar methods. The investigations of Schntirer on more than 10,000 army horses were so encourag- ing that it was considered advisable to experiment along similar lines in Pennsylvania. From preliminary experiments with mallein brite of the Institut Pasteur, and with our own preparations of similar composition, it was concluded that only a specially prepared stand- ard mallein would promise uniformly satisfactory results. The * Reprinted from The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. XII, No. 2, March, 1913, Ppp. 170-190. 233 234 K. F. MEYER. assertion of Wladimiroff (9) that the use of an unknown, un- tested preparation will never permit comparative deductions, is only too true, and can without reserve be applied to many of the mallein products of commercial houses. All the ordinary “raw” mallein preparations are poor in the specific antigens and, particularly in occult cases of glanders, cause extremely weak and indistinct reactions. As none of the tested mallein prepara- tions (‘‘ Mallein siccum Foth”’; mallein of the ‘“ chemische Fabrik Humann und Teisler,” etc.) used in Europe for the con- junctival tests were on the market in America, an attempt was made to prepare such a biologic product in our own laboratory. After several unsuccessful attempts, largely due to unsuitable glanders cultures, a mallein was obtained which gave unques- tionably perfect results. The mallein used for this purpose is known under the name of “ Mallein siccum Foth.” Its prepara- tion is given here, as it is of essential importance for the con- junctival test. PREPARATION OF ‘‘ MALLEIN SICCUM.” According to the outline given by Foth (10), which practically has been followed in our laboratory, the preparation is as follows: Slightly acid 2 per cent. peptone and 4.5 per cent. glycerin broth in wide Pasteur flasks (in the quantity of 250 c.c.) is in- oculated with highly virulent glanders bacilli. The broth con- sists of equal parts of meat and potato extract. The glanders strain, selected for this purpose from a series of 20 strains from different outbreaks, has been passed through cats and tends to grow remarkably well on the surface of the broth. This feature is particularly important for the production of a potent mallein. For four to six weeks the cultures remain in the incubator at a temperature of 38° C. After being tested for purity and killed by heating to 70°-100° C., the fluid is concentrated slowly to 1/10 of its original volume in a vacuum distilling apparatus at a temperature of 75°-80° C. The syrup-like, brownish fluid is sucked through a number of folded filters. The process fre- eee THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS. 235 quently is extremely slow, and the loss due to the filtration is comparatively high. The clear fluid is then precipitated in ab- solute alcohol (1 part of mallein to 30 parts of absolute alcohol). The pouring of the fluid into the alcohol should be done carefully, as otherwise a coarse, sticky deposit will re- sult instead of a fine, flocculent, white-brownish one. The pre- cipitation should be done only with absolutely water-free alco- hol. ‘The precipitate is filtered off, washed with absolute alcohol or ether, and spread on dry clay plates which are afterward put into an exsiccator and, under vacuum, dried over sulfuric acid. After 24 hours, a light, whitish powder can be scraped from the clay plates; this powder dissolves very readily in water, which it tinges a dark brown. A carefuly prepared powder should not be hygroscopic, and, if protected from light (one of the main characteristics of mallein toxin is that it is very labile to light), will be active for one entire year and, according to the experience of others, probably longer. According to Foth, an old powder is more elective in its antigen properties than a fresh preparation, because the unspecific pyrogenous substances disintegrate more quickly than the specific mallein substances which in powder form remain practically unaltered. TECHNIC OF THE REACTION. Preliminary experiments have shown that the solution of the powder disintegrates rapidly, which is due in part to the absence of preservatives and in part to changes in toxin molecules. Therefore the powder form alone can be kept in stock, and the test solution should always be made shortly before use. It was found that the best and handiest equipment for the practicing veterinarian consists of two small bottles, one containing the powder, the other, sterile or saline water in such quantity as will make a 5 per cent. solution of mallein. Bottles are kept in stock with the quantities which are necessary to test 10 or 50 horses respectively. It is considered that the quantity of o.1 c.c. solution (according to the calculations made by Schnurer) is quite sufficient to test one horse. As explained, such pre- 236 K. F. MEYER. pared mallein deteriorates rapidly. Therefore the solution should be used immediately after its preparation and the re- mainder should be discarded. Recently, with a very strong mallein, weaker solutions of the powder (1 per cent. and 2 per cent.) have been tested and found to be as satisfactory as when a 5 per cent. solution is used. APPLICATION OF THE MALLEIN. The solution of mallein is instilled by means of an eye-drop- per in the quantity of two to three drops; it is not necessary to work absolutely quantitatively. During the last few months, in several glanders outbreaks, the mallein has been applied to the conjunctival sac by means of a camel-hair brush, with which, naturally, quantitative working is impossible. The eye should not be handled after the instillation has been made. A success- ful quantitative working is impossible because the animal usually closes its eyes after successful instillation, and a certain amount of the instilled mallein is expressed with the tears. The objection that the use of a camel-hair brush may act as an agent in the dis- tribution of glanders has been disproved by experiments of Galtier and Schnurer. Instead of the eye-dropper or brush, Muller, Gaehtgens, and Aoki have recommended the use of a glass rod. The camel-hair brush, which can be kept clean in carbolic acid when not in use, has the disadvantage of diluting the mallein solution with the conjunctivaly secretion. On the other hand, the application with the eye-dropper is, under ordi- nary circumstances, an extremely tedious task, particularly when testing young and nervous animals and when the light conditions in the stable are unfavorable. Special recommendations cannot be made and it is best to individualize according to the condi- tions. In any case, a careful examination of the eye in good light should be made before the mallein is applied. In one in- stance, a misleading result, similar to those discussed by Schnurer, was obtained in our experiments, largely due to the fact that an incipient conjunctivitis caused by a foreign body was overlooked at the time of inspection. THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS. 23 -] Schnurer frequently found an increase in temperature during the reaction and therefore advises the taking of temperatures in a manner that will be explained later. Miessner considers this rise unnecessary for a diagnosis and its detection too labo- rious for the benefit which can be derived from a temperature increase which is frequently only slight. Based on our own observations, the view of Miessner can, without restriction, be supported. Only in four outbreaks previous to the application of the mallein, the temperatures were taken with ‘“ Reform” thermometers. I agree with Miessner that the temperature fluctuations are, in 98 per cent. of the cases, so small that they can be recorded only when working with the greatest possible accuracy. Under the usual conditions, the results and their ap- plication for the diagnosis are, therefore, illusive and of no practical value. REACTIONS. In the majority of cases, shortly after the application of the mallein, slight lacrimation and perhaps an inferior degree of photophobia will be observed. For a few hours this reaction is absolutely non-specific and has nothing whatever to do with the specific reaction, which usually occurs five to seven hours after the application of the test. According to Schnurer, Fedders, and others, the specific reaction does not begin before the third hour. We did not observe any such early reaction. The spe- cific reaction is, according to Schntrer’s, Miessner’s, and the writer’s observations, characterized : 1. By moderate, profuse lacrimation, and pus-like, slimy secretion in the inner canthus of the eye. The degree varies considerably. Often there is only a small drop of pus; some- times a real pyorrhea, extending in form of flakes over the entire orbital region or gumming the eyelids, and clinging to the hairs of the lids. The conjunctival sac is filled to a more or less pro- nounced degree with pus. The touching or the manipulation of the eyelids is in most cases extremely painful. The conjunctival membranes are deeply reddened, and in many instances there is 238 K. F. MEYER. a marked edema of the upper and lower lid, causing, therefore, a partial closure of the opening between the lids. Occasionally in such cases a glassy appearance of the mucous membranes with small petechize is observed. The cornea and other portions of the eye-ball were in none of our cases involved in the inflamma- tory process. Special attention was paid to these observations, as several Russian investigators (Krestowsky, Wladimiroff) claim to have observed turbidities of the aqueous humor. The inflammatory process is localized on the conjunctival membranes and is a suppurative conjunctivitis. This reaction varies considerably in different animals and in the different stages of infection, and a scale of reactions can be noted and should be reported as such. Only a discharge with leukocytes, that is to say, a purulent discharge, is to be consid- ered as a positive reaction. There does not exist any uniformity of opinion as to this point of the reaction, which, in my opinion, is largely due to the fact that different mallein preparations have been used. All investigators (Schntrer, Meissner, and others), using the powdered mallein, agree on this point: that only a dis- charge with pus can be considered a positive reaction. In cases in which only a grayish, cigar-ash-like clump of a slimy dis- charge is found in the inner canthus, or in cases in which only a slight inflammatory reaction is noticeable, the reaction is re- garded as questionable or doubtful, and marked (D) ; in all such cases, following the advice of Schntrer, a retest was made in 24 hours. The degree of pus in the discharge is marked P1, P2, P3. To specify more clearly for the beginner, reading the. ophthalmic reactions, it may be said that a conjunctivitis which can, as Schniirer states, be diagnosed at a distance should be marked P3. With this as a standard reaction, after a few prac- tical observations, the beginner will have no difficulties in dis- tinguishing the other degrees. During the last month, the con- junctival test has been applied in Pennsylvania by many vet- erinarians who were never personally instructed as to the inter-’ pretation of the reaction, and still the results, as checked by the’ serum tests, were uniformly good and often recorded with re- markable accuracy. THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS. 239 2. Schnurer, Meissner, and other have noted, contrary to the statement of de Blieck, that in 73 per cent. of the horses which gave a positive ophthalmo-reaction 12 hours after the applica- tion of the ophthalmic mallein, a temperature rise of over 38.5° C. can be recorded. Schntirer emphasizes the great importance of this febrile reaction; Miessner, on the contrary, considers its recordance as not being worth the additional labor. In our cases, in about 80 per cent. of the horses tested, the rectal tem- perature increased from 2° to 4° F. in the 18 hours following the application of the mallein, and decreased gradually toward the 24th hour. Naturally, only afebrile cases could be tested in these experiments. This temperature reaction takes place only in animals which are actually affected with glanders. Many comparative tests on a fairly large number of healthy horses have shown that no temperature reaction takes place. A tem- perature reaction was noted only in those animals in which a marked ophthalmic reaction was present. The local reaction was, therefore, sufficiently distinct to constitute a diagnosis, and the tedious task of taking the temperatures with two thermom- eters for greater accuracy is, from a practical point of view, super- fluous. Only in special cases do we use the thermic reactions as an additional criterion of the mallein test. In field work, taking the temperature can be omitted. In case temperatures are taken (advisable for scientific investigation), they should be recorded at intervals of four hours. Schnurer recommends the taking of two temperatures, namely, one at the time of ap- plication of the mallein, and one at the first reading, about 12 hours after the instillation. DURATION OF THE REACTION. ‘Usually the reaction remains visible for 12-36 hours after the application of the biologic product. There is no absolute rule. Many cases have been observed in which the local reaction was present only during six hours: following its first occurrence, and, on the other hand, cases have been recorded in which the reaction remained visible for 72 hours. These observations are 240 K. F. MEYER. in accordance with those of de Blieck, Wladimiroff, and others. We found it advisable to read the reactions from the eighth hour after the application of the mallein, as then, frequently, the early reactions are distinctly visible. A second reading should be made on the 12th-16th hour, and usually at this time the height of the reaction is present. If possible, a reading after 24 hours should also be taken. Schntirer recommends for the testing of the re- actions the 12th and the 24th hour; Miessner, the 14th-20th hour after the application. : In our experience, so-called “atypical”? (Schntrer) reac- tions occur not uncommonly; viz., the conjunctival test appears and disappears suddenly, or the reaction is distinct only after 24 hours. Several horses which were kept in our stable showed such reactions. They were mostly in the stage of acute infec- tion. Every precaution should of course be taken to: avoid the possibility that the purulent discharge isnot washed off by the stable man or caretaker; it will rarely happen that the animals, by mutual licking, will remove the discharge. From our expe- rience, it is better not to advise the caretaker of the horses to be tested as to the interpretation of the alterations in the eyes, as otherwise the veterinarian is apt to be deceived when making re- tests in the same stable. In all such cases a repetition is highly recommended. Perhaps the other eye is used for the test. RETEST. Schnurer has found that a second application of mallein will, in nearly all doubtful cases, produce a marked positive re- action, or become entirely negative. From our observations with the ophthalmic test in tuberculosis, we were quite familiar with this fact, that in a sensitized eye the reaction is more legible than in an unsensitized one. This hypersensitiveness of the con- junctival membrane as a sequel of the first application of mallein is, however, noted only in glandered but not in healthy animals. Schnurer’s observations on 3,000, and our records on about 400 healthy horses have shown that a conjunctival test does not sen- THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS. 241 sitize as long as the animal is not infected with glanders. Several horses were retested three and four times and still no reaction was recorded. Differing from the tuberculin test, the retest can be applied 24 hours after the first application, a very decided advantage under present conditions of city veterinary sanitary police, where in large stables a final decision is immediately desired. In most cases in which the first reaction was doubtful, a distinct or nega- tive result was seen after the second test. Still, in two horses, which probably were in the stage of incubation, no reaction was obtained in either test. All observations stand in correlation with similar ones of Miessner, Schniirer, etc. In many stables, all horses, including reacting (occult) ones, were retested a third time after 14 days, for the purpose of de- tecting such animals as were in the stage of incubation at the first and second tests, and of excluding the possibility of a simu- lated reaction in the reacting horses. Only when this third con- junctival test again gave negative results were the horses con- sidered to be free from glanders. On making this third test, and in one stable after a fourth and a fifth test, we observed that the degree of reaction became less and less distinct. Only a slight conjunctivitis was noted in animals which at first gave classic reactions. or these reasons more than three retests should not be applied. The mallein probably does not cause accumulation of leukocytes, and there- fore no inflammatory process, on account of the adaption of the cells to the biochemic changes or on account of absence of comple- ment concentration. “In this connection another important question should be con- sidered, namely, after what incubation time does a recently in- fected animal give a positive conjunctival reaction? Muller, Gaehtgens, Aoki and Miessner have shown that the conjunctival reaction is visible from the fifth to ninth days in artifically in- fected animals. In one case of Miiller, Gaehtgens, and Aoki, the reaction was not apparent until the 18th day after the infection. We have not conducted special experiments, as the epidemiologic 242 K. F. MEYER. cbservations seemed to prove the findings of the said investi- gators. Frohner concluded from the observations of Muller, Gaehtgens, and Aoki that the ophthalmic test should be preferred to the agglutination and complement fixation tests on account of the earlier positive results recorded—positive evidence when the serum test is still negative. This conclusion did not meet the approval of Miessner. My observations lead me to coincide with Frohner. One particular case is recorded herewith. A horse standing close to another which showed distinct glanders lesions on autopsy, developed a characteristic nasal dis- charge four days after it was removed from the infected stable (8-10 days after probable infection). The serum tests the first day were: agglutination 1:100; complement fixation, negative; the third day a marked ophthalmic reaction was noted; the fourth day, agglutination 1 :500; complement fixation, negative. Based on the ophthalmic test, the horse was killed and glanders of the nasal septum, submaxillary lymph glands, and a few very small nodules in the lungs were demonstrated. In a few other cases the ophthalmic test indicated distinctly the presence of a glanders infection at a time when the serum test did not indicate the slightest sign of a production of anti- bodies. This occurred when, as was shown by autopsy, the glanders infection was slight and caused by B. mallei of low virulence (experiments). In these cases the production of agglutinins took place extremely slowly and over a long period of time, as in the cases recorded by Bonome. The conjunctival test, however, gave distinct reactions and allowed an early diag- nosis. In our opinion the conjunctival test is reliable for the deter- mination of recently infected cases and certainly is, at this stage, frequently preferable to the serum tests. CORRELATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVAL TEST TO THE SUBCUTA- NEOUS MALLEIN TEsT. The application of the subcutaneous mallein test is legally required in Pennsylvania and, therefore, the influence of. thts test on the conjunctival test was the subject of different obser- THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS. 243 vations. It is a well known fact that the subcutaneous appli- cation of mallein often suppresses somewhat the intensity of the local reactions, but this effect is, according to Foth, not marked nor of great practical importance. Many horses were tested by the subcutaneous method and afterward by the ophthalmic method and in no instance was a reaction noted when the horse was not infected with glanders. The ophthalmic test in most of the experimental cases followed the subcutaneous one in the next 24 hours. In several instances, 10-24 days elapsed before on ophthalmic test was made, and still no reaction was noted. In our experience the subcutaneous test does not influence a sub- sequent conjunctival test applied in the next 24 hours; a point which may be of great assistance to the practitioner. In an easy manner a doubtful temperature reaction can be checked by the ophthalmic test. As temporary febrile reactions are not uncommon in healthy draft horses, and as the failures of the subcutaneous mallein test in healthy animals, according to my statistical investigations, exceed 14 per cent., a simple test like the ophthalmic test will certainly be welcome. The subcutaneous mallein test, on the other hand, is not in- fluenced by a preceding ophthalmic test. In case the conjunc- tival test was positive, a subcutaneous test applied during the following 3-14 days, causes a reappearance of the eye reaction often to a much more distinct degree than at the time of the ophthalmic test. Animals in which such reactions occur are un- questionably affected with glanders; Schnurer says that the. re- appearance of past inflammatory symptoms of the conjunctiva during a subcutaneous malleinization is an absolutely conclusive proof of a glanders infection. Such conditions were frequently observed during our tests. The simultaneous application of a subcutaneous and. con- junctival test should be avoided, as in many animals during the febrile reaction a sudden fading away of the existing conjunc- tival reaction or a late appearance of it (after the fever has de- creased ) will be noted. The conditions are similar to those ob- served in tuberculosis (see Foth and others). ° From our observations, we recommend the application of the u44 Kk. F. MEYER. conjunctival test first and, if necessary, the subcutaneous test in the second place and not in the reversed succession. RESULTS OBTAINED AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS. In considering all the details mentioned, 210 horses were tested, from April until July. Since that date, about 400 addi- tional horses were tested, checked by the serum tests and sub- sequent retests, but, as far as the autopsies and conjunctival tests are concerned, were not under my supervision. In the following table, therefore, are included only my own observa- tions on 210 horses. The additional tests were as satisfactory as the experimental tests, and the deductions can, therefore, be applied to about 600 horses. All our examinations as to the worth of the conjunctival reac- tion were conducted in conjunction with the laboratory tests, particularly the complement fixation and agglutination tests. The readings of the conjunctival reaction were made by the writer or by a trained assistant or agent of the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board. The blood for the serum tests was collected before the mallein was instilled. The serum tests were all conducted by my first assistant under personal super- vision in the laboratory, as usual and in the manner described in a recent publication. The autopsies of the animals found to be affected with glanders were conducted either in the post-mortem room of the School of Veterinary Medicine, or in the field, in the presence of the writer. In a few instances where clinical cases were diagnosed, a detailed autopsy was omitted when the B. mallet had been isolated from the organs or secretions sub- mitted for examination. As quite a few veterinarians stil con- sider the Strauss reaction to be the chief diagnostic method for glanders, material is frequently submitted for laboratory diag- nosis without our request, and has been successfully used for the inoculations mentioned before a test was applied. In rare cases the animals were tested only by the ophthalmic method and were killed before the serum tests were concluded. In such cases the THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS. 245 autopsies were made with particular care and, if necessary, ani- mals were inoculated. The material was not especially selected but came from different outbreaks of glanders which came to the notice of the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board. In most instances the animals tested did not show any clinical symptoms (occult cases of glanders) and thus gave the con- junctival test a more severe trial. The results show that of 210 horses, 58 were found by means of the complement fixation test to be suffering from glanders. The interpretation of this test is based on the principle as out- lined by Miessner and others and shown in my publication on this subject. Statistical investigations (see publications from 1909-12) show that 99.6 per cent. correct results in glanders and 99.75 per cent. in healthy horses are obtained with the comple- ment fixation test. Of the 58 glanders cases, only 56 reacted positively to the conjunctival test, while two horses which proved at post-mortem to be affected with glanders did not give any reaction whatever. On account of the positive serum reactions, both animals were condemned and, therefore, a third retest at 14 days’ interval could not be carried out. The two animals, Nos. 206 and 208, were, according to the history and the result of the serum tests, in the stage of incubation and would probably have shown a positive reaction on a third retest. In the experi- mental horse No. 28 conditions observed by Muller, Gaehtgens, and Aoki were therefore existing, namely, im quite recent infec- tions the conjunctival tests may be negative and occur only several days after the appearance of the antibodies in the serum of the patient. Whether or not this is an exception has to be determined by further observations. We found lately that these conditions are rare. The retest, 14 days after the first test, gave, with a few ex- ceptions, distinct results. _Miessner concluded from his obser- vations that in many cases, probably on account of a certain adaptation (also in glanders horses), only a slight reaction will be noted. In his opinion, only the complement fixation test should be used for a retest in a stable. In our opinion, the sec- 246 K. F. MEYER. ond serum test can very readily be combined with a third ophthal- mic test. : As previously explained, the subcutaneous mallein test (legal requirement) was applied several times at 14-day intervals. The horses became gradually used to the mallein and did not show any febrile reactions, and yet the ophthalmic mallein test was, in all instances, positive. This fact is of great importance, par- ticularly when the serum tests, on account of a previous mallein application, are misleading. In horses that are maliciously in- jected with mallein to veil the results of a subsequent test by a state official, the conjunctival test will be of great assistance in disclosing the true condition. So far as we know, the use of antipyretics to falsify the mallein test is not commonly practiced, and the results of the ophthalmic test under these conditions have to be determined. Experiments for this purpose are in progress. In what manner the mallein vaccine used in New York City in- fluences the conjunctival test has also to be determined. Prac- tical experience has shown that the serum tests are misleading (over a long period agglutinins and complement-fixing antibodies are present). In other diseases, particularly sporotrichosis, with all its clinical similarities to glanders, a positive reaction to the ophthal- mic test was never obtained. To give a few examples of the readings of the reactions, two characteristic cases are selected. The limited space at our dis- posal will not permit the giving of all the readings in detail as has been done in other publications (Schnurer, Frohner, Rein- hardt, Miessner, and others). . No. 1. Horse, bay gelding; temperature 100.8° F. at 9 p. m. Showed 10-5-12, 10 hours after the application of the ophthalmic mallein, severe lacrimation, photophobia, profuse purulent dis- charge, temperature 104.8. Serum test—Complement fixation, 0.05 binding value, ag- glutination 1:200. The animal was retested 29-7-12 and showed for three days a severe purulent discharge, lacrimation, and photophobia. Complement. fixation 0.05, agglutinatiom :400. ee THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS. 247 This animal was killed and the autopsy showed four old glanders foci in lungs and two large cheesy glanders nodules in the bron- chial lymph glands. No, 2. Horse, bay, 10 years old, weight 1,300 lbs., condition very good; submaxillary lymph glands, slightly hardened; few small nedules 10 inches above the haunch. Ophthalmic mallein applied 8 p.m. First observation 8 a. m., 8-10-12, eye showed slight lacrimation and photophobia. At the inner canthus of the eye was a very small amount of whitish slimy material. Sec- ond test applied 8-10-12, 10 p. m. First observations 8 a. m. 8-11-12. Excessive lacrimation, pronounced, photophobia, edematous swelling of the lids, and considerable amount of whitish yellow pus-like discharge at the inner canthus. Com- plement fixation 0.02; agglutination I :1500. by Post-mortem examination.—Glanders of the lungs, the bron- chial and submaxillary lymph glands and integumentum. It is also shown that not one of the healthy horses gave a positive ophthalmic reaction. That these horses were really not affected with glanders was proven primarily by successive serum tests and a careful observation and control during the last five months of all the stables in which the test was applied. No fur- ther cases of glanders have developed and the disease can, there- fore, be considered as having been eradicated. In several of the stables, only recently serum tests were conducted and not one of the animals has reacted. The results obtained in the healthy horses correspond with those mentioned by Reinhardt, Wlad1- miroff, Klimmer (11), Dedjulin (12), Miessner, and others; 100 per cent. correct results were obtained by these investigators. Schntirer reports 22.3 per cent. failures in testing 5,450 animals. These results are based upon reports which were submitted by veterinarians, many of whom had not the training necessary to interpret the reactions. Such mistakes will undoubtedly ‘be eliminated in the future when the method has become perfectly familiar to the profession. In apparently healthy horses a re- action to the conjunctival test followed by failure to demonstrate anatomical lesions certainly, should. not be considered as proof 248 K. F. MEYER. of the inefficiency of this test. Everyone familiar with the re- sults of the tuberculin test will be prepared to admit that also in glanders similar conditions occasionally prevail, and that only a most careful autopsy will reveal minute anatomical lesions. As autopsies are not very agreeable to the veterinarian under usual conditions, the number of failures reported out of a large num- ber of animals tested will naturally be greater than are recorded in the few tests in this paper. All in all, the conjunctival method certainly cannot be blamed for these failures, and, compared with the subcutaneous mallein test, the results obtained are remarkably accurate. In addition, the simple manner of application, the relief from time- absorbing taking of temperatures with all its disadvantages, will certainly place this test in the first rank of the diagnostic methods for glanders. Tue RESULTS COMPARED WITH THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION AND AGGLUTINATION TESTS. In the interest of a perfect sanitary control, a centralized record system of all glanders cases must be maintained. To enforce such a legalized system it is nescessary that the diagnosis of glanders be established independently of the practitioner, especially as the state is giving compensation for the destruction of the animals. The checking of the field tests for glanders and the confirmation of the diagnosis is most efficiently done in the state of Pennsylvania by the serum tests. The results are compared with similar observations of Ded- julin and Miessner. We have-noted the very satisfactory and remarkably accurate results with the complement fixation test. In a recent publication special emphasis has been paid to this fact (13). As mentioned before, in the state of Pennsylvania the use of the subcutaneous mallein test is still required. It was there- fore not surprising to find that several sera in our tests gave positive reactions in the complement fixation test when there was no sign whatever of glanders, and when the retest proved that == ee _— EE THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDEKS. 249 such animals were not suffering from the disease. We had 3.2 per cent. failures in the healthy horses and attribute this fact to the production of immune bodies by previous injections of mallein. We earnestly request, therefore, that the proper au- thorities arrange that when a serum test is to be applied, no sub- cutaneous mallein test be made; a request which is reasonable on account of the facts explained, and which has been recognized as proper procedure in Prussia (for the last four years). The veterinary sanitary laws of Prussia forbid the use of mallein (subcutaneously) on account of its effect on the interpretation of the serum tests. The agglutination test, in considering 1:800 a reaction, showed rather unfavorable results, as by it alone only 74.5 per cent. of the actual cases would have been detected. By it 2.6 per cent. of the healthy horses gave a positive reaction, and might have been considered as suffering from glanders. The agglutination test alone would therefore have been very unre- liable. This observation has been critically discussed in my last publication. It is impossible to mark a certain limes titre as an indication of a positive reaction. Only reactions of I :2000 and above this titre can be considered as conclusive. Since the introduction of the complement fixation test, we use the ag- glutination test as a control only for the period of incubation, and never has a diagnosis been made based solely on the result of the agglutination test. We will retain the agglutination test as a laboratory method and not follow the proposal of Miessner to replace the agglutination test by the conjunctival test. These conclusions stand in correlation with those of Schnurer, Frohner, Reinhardt, and others. A few observations were made as to the effect of the ophthal- mic mallein on the serum reactions. In no instance was an in- crease of the agglutinins and complement-fixing antibodies noted. The observations of Miessner made on glandered horses are not conclusive, as animals were selected in which the increase of the antibodies as a natural sequel of the infection was to be ex- pected. 250 K. F. MEYER. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS. In considering these investigations, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The conjunctival test for glanders is very reliable. It can, in a short time, without large expense, be applied by every practicing veterinarian and will permit the untrained to make a diagnosis of glanders with the greatest possible accuracy. 2. The serum tests are necessary to centralize the control of infectious diseases in a reliable state institution and to support the diagnosis in case compensation is sought by the owner of the animal. Only the complement fixation test can be used in- dependently for the diagnosis of glanders. In fulfilling these requirements, the following plan is recom-. mended: The practicing veterinarian obtains from the state laboratory the mallein preparation, eye-droppers, test tubes, and needles for the collection of blood. On a special report blank the number, name, and position of the horses in the stable are noted. Then blood is collected (carefully considering the pre- cautions mentioned in a special circular letter), marked in cor- respondence with the numbers on the report, and immediately forwarded to the laboratory. Simultaneously, a conjunctival test 1s made by dropping into the conjunctival sac (on the mucous membrane of the lower lid) two drops of a 5 per cent. (1 per cent.) solution of “ mallein siccum.” The solution must be made shortly before use. About 10-24 hours afterward, two examinations of the instilled eye are to be made. The degree of reaction is best marked on the report as follows: Absence of reaction... 2.4... 7... +e see eee N A. slimy discharge... \ieuh ees eee See D A. purulent discharge: :aciciaek sl ines Gee P3 A purulent discharge and swelling of the eyelids P2 An abundant purulent discharge with photo- phobia, lacrimation, eft, 14s sn.eteuee ees P3-P4 In cases where a doubtful reaction is obtained, a retest on the same eye with the same amount of mallein is made after the A gee imi ee a THE CONJUNCTIVAL REACTION FOR GLANDERS. 251 reading (20-24 hours after the first application). After 8-20 hours the eye is examined again and the result noted. All re- acting animals are to be carefully isolated. In considering the result of the complement fixation and agglutination tests, the animals affected with glanders are proposed for destruction and if possible disposed of. Fourteen days after the isolation, or better, the destruction, of the glandered horses, a third retest of the remaining ani- mals, including, perhaps, the doubtful reactors, with ophthalmic mallein and the serum tests is made. Should further eases of glanders be detected by the third, a third repetition of the serum test alone should be ordered. The subcutaneous mallein method should be omitted, or in case it has been applied, proper infor- mation should be sent to the one conducting the tests. This plan for the diagnosing of glanders has been used with success during the last few months in the state of Pennsylvania. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Bull. de la Soc. centr. de méd, vét., 1907, 61, p. 359. ie 2. Ibid. 3. Ztschr. f. Infektionskrankh. usw. d. Haustiere, 1910, 7, p. 418. 4. Ztschr. f. Infektionskrankh. usw. d. Haustiere, 1908, 4, p. 216; ibid., 1912, 10, pp. 321 and 408; Deutsche tierarztl. Wehnschr., 1910, 18, p. 65. 5. Ztschr. f. Immunitatsf., 1911, 8, p. 626. 6. Monatschr. f. prakt. Tierh., 1912, 23, p. 1; ibid., p. 433. 7. Monatschr. f. prakt. Tierh., 1911, 23, p. 178. 8. Centralbl. f. Bakteriol., Abt. I, O., 1912, 63, p. 482. 9. Handbuch der Technik und Methcdik der Immunitatsforschung, Supplement I, I9II, Pp. 394; tbid., 1908, I, p. 1190 10. Ztschr. f. Tiermedizin, 1911, p. 401; Ueber die Gewinnung eines festen Malleins und iiber seine Bedeutung usw., Berlin, 1896. 11. Handbuch der Serum-Therapie und Serum-Diagnostik in der Veterindr Medizin, I9II, Pp. 321. 12. Ztschr. f. Infektionskrankh. usw. d. Haustiere, 1912, 15, p. 365- 13. K. F. Meyer, Proc. of the Amer. Vet. Med, Assn., 1912. Kansas City VETERINARY COLLEGE.—The practicing firm at the college was. reorganized May 1, when Dr. T. S. Hickman severed his connections to enter business for himself, with offices and hospital at 1818 Cherry street, Kansas City, Mo. Dr. W. G. Keehn was engaged in the place of Dr. Hickman. The firm now includes Dr. S. Stewart, Dr. F. F. Brown, Dr. J. Victor Lacroix, Dr A. Urickett and Dr..C. D. Folse. THE PRINCIPLES OF HORSE SHOEING.* By Davin W. Cocuran, D.V.S.,,NEw York, N. Y. This is a very complex subject, and one which allows a great deal of debate, both for and against any theory which may be brought forth. Diseases affecting the lungs, liver, kidneys and all other in- ternal organs of the horse are mostly similar to those affecting the same organs in man; and we have learned much and profited to a great degree, from the investigations of pathologists, who have written upon and taught so much that is valuable upon those subjects. The pathology of the diseases causing lameness in the horse, including the various phenomena attendant thereof, and the circumstances surrounding the animals’ usefulness and existence differ in many respects from similar conditions affect- ing man. The structures involved are different in kind, have dif- ferent requirements to fulfill, are differently located, and are subject to vicissitudes and many casualties. The diseases themselves are sui generis, consequently but little knowledge can be gleaned from works on human surgery relating to, or helping our diagnosis or treatment of such cases. The veterinarian is to some extent thrown upon his own resources for obtaining information respecting these matters. For this and many other urgent reasons, investigation and study of cause and effect, in all diseased conditions affecting the soundness of feet and limbs, should be intelligently and unceasingly continued for a correct appreciation of the management of the horse’s foot as well as a consideration of shoeing in its triple importance, that of protector to the base of the superstructure (the hoof) " Kead before the May meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City. Published in Cornell Veterinarian, Vol 11, No. 2. 252 ee ee ee THE PRINCIPLES OF HORSE SHOEING. 253 an aid to progression and a remedier of defects, when foot and limbs are defective. Since the horse is useful to man only by means of his movements, his foot deserves the most careful at- tention.. For the proper manifestation of his strength, and the full development of his useful qualities the horse must rely upon the soundness of his feet, since in them are concentrated the efforts created elsewhere and upon them depend, not only the sum total of these propulsive powers being profitably expended, but the solidity and just equilibrium of the whole animal fabric are subordinate to their integrity. The literature on horse shoeing is often misleading. Books have been written by men, who may be termed, ‘“‘ One Idea Men.” They have personal theories of their own, which, de- rived from discovery, resulted in benefit to one horse. Their theories are then claimed to be applicable to all horses’ feet. However, I am not going to decry any kind of a shoe. I am no opponent of novelties, for progress in real knowledge involves change. There are several breeds of horses to contend with, viz.: the draught horse, the business horse, the express horse, the trotting horse, the running horse, the saddle horse, and the show horse. Each and every calling demands a different style and form of shoe. A shoe which would be desirable for one horse would be very undesirable for another. Every horse has an indi- viduality of his own. There is often a difference in all four feet of the one horse. But no matter what may be the class of horse, the object of horse shoeing is primarily to protect the hoof from wear; secondly, to constitute a guard against injuries; thirdly, to maintain and restore the due proportions of the foot with its active functions unimpaired; fourthly, to obtain security of foothold. Firm Foothold.—Firm foothold is the first condition of any progression whatever. It enables a horse to develop his utmost power with ease and comfort with the least expenditure of force. The next step will be to examine the position of his limbs 254 DAVID W. COCHRAN. in relation to the bearing surfaces of his feet with the ground surface. Any deviation of the foot from an imaginary line drawn through the centre of the long axis of his limb can be detected whether it be to the inside or outside. The ground surface should be directly transverse to this imaginary line. If the pastern is inclined inward to this imaginary line, the inside quarter will be sustaining all the body weight. Consequently, it will be lower than the outside quarter. In that case to bring the foot to a square bearing we will have to lower the outside quarter of the hoof—or if the ankle be bent outward, then the inside quarter will be too high and will have to be lowered. In order to insure soundness of limb and ease in progression, it is very essential before the shoe is applied, that the bearing surfaces of the hoof be levelled and brought to perform their proper function, namely, equal bearing from heel to toe and a justly proportioned depth at toe and heel. Foot Level_—To see if a horse’s foot is level. When you pick up his foot, hold the leg by the cannon bone, just above the fetlock joint. The foot will then hang down naturally. You can then see which side is too high, whereas if you hold the foot in your hand or by the pastern you cannot be sure—but that you are twisting the foot one way or the other. You may be led to think one side is higher than the other when such is. not the case. The scope of horse shoeing is by no means narrow and in- significant, since a knowledge of veterinary science and of the foot in particular is necessary. It is evident that the art of shoe- ing should be taught to students with demonstrations upon dis- sected material and upon the living horse. It is not intended that the student of veterinary science should be a practical work- man, but he should know how to make a critical examination, how to direct, how and what should be required. Practice with- out theory is simply routine work without improvement. ‘ Theory alone, is impotent, to confer advantages without the crucial test of experience. Horse shoeing, though apparently simple, in- volves many difficulties owing to the fact that the foot is not an 7 - ae a to i oO THE PRINCIPLES OF HORSE SHOEING. unchanging body, but varies much with respect to form, growth, quality and elasticity. Furthermore, there are such great dif- ferences in the character of the ground surfaces and in the nature of the horses’ work that shoeing that is not done with care and ability induces diseases and makes horses lame. As long as bones, articulations, muscles and tendons remain healthy, just so long will the legs maintain their natural direction and position. Frequently, however, this normal condition of the limb is grad- ually altered by disease of the bones, joints and tendons, and defects in the form and action of the lower parts of the limb arise that often require attention in shoeing. If in shoeing consideration be given to the structure and function of the hoof, particularly of the foot and the fit of the shoe, we need have no fear of subsequent diseases of the hoofs, provided the horse is used with reason and receives proper care. The preparation of the foot is the first step before any shoe can be applied. It is immaterial of what style or pattern the shoe may be, the foot must be properly prepared to receive it. There must be first, a level surface, although this may not be a proper term. There must be a surface to meet another surface, so that they will fit closely. Two surfaces may be at any angle and both surfaces lie in juxtaposition. When I speak of a level surface, I mean one which will lie as near as possible to a right angle with a plumb line, or a plumb line striking four right angles. Faulty foot level causing one sided wear of the shoe and faulty action, uneven setting down of the foot, an un- natural course of the wall, must be regulated by peculiarities of the shoe. Since the shoe is an artificial base of support, a proper surface is of the greatest importance in preserving the soundness of the feet and limbs. Shoes designed for various forms of hoof must present equally great and equally numerous differ- ences of form. The condition of the foot and nature of the work decide what form of shoe is best suited. We will now take up the coarse anatomy of the parts, which we will divide into two orders: The internal, vital or organized structure ; and the external, insensible or horny portion. Though 256 DAVID W. COCHRAN. mutually dependent, one upon the other during the life of the animal, these parts can only be satisfactorily examined when separated after death. One of the primary considerations for those having charge of shoeing the equine foot should be a knowledge of its structure and functions in health, When we come to examine it, we find it has for its bases, the three bones of the digital region—the os corone, the os naviculare and the os pedis. The latter is more particularly the foundation of the foot and the nucleus on which the hoof is moulded. On the pyramid eminence of the os pedis we have the attachment of the anterior extension of the phalanges. On the semi-lunar crest of the os pedis, we have the attachment of the flexor pedis per- forans. These tendons are the chief auxiliaries in the act of progression. The navicular or small sesamoid is placed trans- versely between the wings of the os pedis and articulates with the os pedis and the os corone. Its function is to throw the flexor tendon further from the centre of motion, thus increasing its powers. The tendon glides over the lower or posterior part of the bone. The bend which the tendon makes in passing over the bone, causes this part of the foot to be one particularly sub- ject to diseases. We have also the complementary apparatus of the hoof known as the two lateral fibro cartilages and the plantar cushion. These are admirably disposed to sustain weight, prevent jar, and insure that lightness and springiness which form so striking a feature in the horse’s movements. Be- sides the elastic apparatus, we have the wonderful arrangement of living membrane, the keratogenous membrane enveloping the frame work of the foot like a-sock and the hoof enclosing all as a shoe does the human foot. The keratogenous membrane is divided into three subdivisions: The coronary cushion which is the matrix of the wall of the foot; the velvety tissue, the forma- tive organ of the sole and frog; and the animal or podophyllous tissue, a name it gets by exhibiting leaves on its superficies, run- ning parallel to each other, separated by deep channels and dove- tailed into analogous leaves on the inner side of the wall of the hoof. _— = EEE THE PRINCIPLES OF HORSE SHOEING. 257 The hoof considered as a whole, represents a box that en- velops the inferior extremity of the digit. This is the part which comes more immediately under the care and manipulative skill of the farrier. For convenience and simplicity it has been di- vided into wall, sole, frog and coronary band, or periople. The wall is that part of the hoof which is apparent when the foot rests on the ground. The middle or anterior part of the horny envelope is known as the toe; the two sides as the inside and the outside toe or spur; the lateral regions as the quarters. The heels are formed by the angles of flexion at the extremities; while these extremities themselves passing along the inner bor- der of the sole form the bars. When examined with regard to the direction it effects, in its relation with the ground surface, it is seen to be much inclined at the toe. The obliquity grad- ually diminishes until it reaches back of the quarters. At this point it is nearly perpendicular. The coronary frog band or periople forms on the upper part of the wall a kind of ring continuous with the bulbs of the plantar cushion and with the frog. It is a thin horny layer which gives the external part of the wall a smooth, polished, shining appear- ance. The sole is a thick horny plate, concave in form, com- prised between the inner border of the wall and its reflected pro- longations (the bars). It occupies the inferior face of the hoof. The external or large circumference is united to the wall by means of denticule. The internal border or small circumfer- ence is a deep V shaped notch, widest behind, corresponding to the inflection of the bars. At the bottom of the small circum- ference is the attachment of the frog. The frog is a mass of horn, pyramidal in shape, and lodged between the two re-entering portions of the wall. The Elastic Tissues of the Foot—All bodies which, under traction or pressure, change their form and return again to their normal shape, as soon as traction or pressure ceases, are called elastic or springy. Nearly all the parts of the horse’s foot ex- cept the bones possess more or less elasticity. The lateral car- tilages and the plantar cushion are very elastic. The coronary 258 DAVID W. COCHRAN. band, the laminz, the articular cartilages, the horny box or hoof are less elastic. These characteristics are possessed by the re- spective parts of the foot in accordance with their function, loca- tion and structure. The plantar cushion is composed partly of yellow elastic and white fibrous tissue with adipose cells distributed throughout its substance. It is similar in shape to the horny frog and lies be- tween it and the perforans tendon. The bulbs of the heel are formed by the posterior thicker part, which lie between the lateral cartilages and is divided by a medium cleft. We have a suspensory ligament of the plantar cushion, also an elastic ligament which connects the os suffraginis and lateral cartilage and unites with the plantar cushion. The next consideration will be the growth of the foot, for the foot in an unshod condition depends on growth for wear and repair and for efficient protection. Without this process, the farrier’s art would quickly be of no avail. The growth of horn takes place by a deposition of new ma- terial from the secreting surface from above-downward and so regular is the growth generally in every part of the hoof that it would appear that the secreting membranes are endowed with equal activity throughout. The wall of a healthy foot grows in a downward and forward direction at about the rate of 14 of an inch per month. With the exception of the horny leaves of the wall and the bars, all the horn of the hoof is composed of horn tubes and inter- tubular horn. These run in a downward and forward direction parallel to the direction of the wall at the toe. Shape of the Foot.—On inspecting the unshod foot of a four year old colt, it has been the fashion of veterinary writers to consider its ground surface as a circle. In reality there is a great inequality of its two sides, not only as to additional thick- ness of the wall on the outer quarter in comparison to the inner, but also to the still greater circularity. The outer half furnishes far more than is necessary to form a half circle, while the inside half is generally much less than a semi-circle. The bulge or THE PRINCIPLES OF HORSE SHOEING. 259 excess of width on the outside quarter is most apparent toward the heel, forming a broader base of support for the superstructure than the inside quarter. The inside column of the wall, being lighter and yet placed under the center of gravity, is more liable to diseased conditions than the outer quarter. It is generally lower than the outer quarter. Physiology of the Foot.—We may say that a foot is never at rest. Contraction and expansion are going on all the time when in perfect health. The most marked changes of expansion and contraction occur when the foot bears the greatest weight, namely, at the time of the greatest descent of the fetlock. We then have the flexor tendon pressing down on the plantar cushion, as well as the descent of the sole, causing a spreading of the wall. The movements of the different structures of the foot and the changes of form that occur at every step are indispensable to the health of the foot. The wall is the weight bearing portion of the hoof, the bars afford solid bearing to the posterior part of the foot and give additional strength. They act as but- tresses and assist in the expansion of the foot. The lateral cartilages form an elastic wall to the sensitive foot and their movements caused by lateral contraction. and expansion, assist the venous circulation. When weight comes on the foot, it is relieved by a yielding foot articulation, on. elastic walls, bars and frog and through these on the plantar cushion. The elastic posterior wall is pressed outward by the compressed frog on the plantar cushion and it slightly expands from the ground surface to the coronet. At the moment of expansion, the bulbs of the heels of the foot at the coronary edges sink under the body weight and come nearer the ground. The pedal bone slightly descends through its connection with the sensitive lamine and presses the sole down with it while the walls of the foot diminish in height under compression. Under these conditions the blood pressure of the veins in the foot increases and the blood vessels are emptied. When weight is removed from the foot, the blood vessels fill and the frog and posterior walls contract. The bulbs of the heel rise and the foot becomes narrower from side to side. 260 DAVID W. COCHRAN. At the same time the anterior edge of the coronet goes forward and the pedal bone and sole descend. The object of this expan- sion and contraction is to assist the venous circulation and counteract concussion. A hoof while supporting the body weight has a different form and the tissues enclosed within it a different position, than when not bearing weight. The intermissions of the internal pressure, even in the standing animal, are continually changing. The changes in form take place in the following manner: the body weight from above (upon the os corone, os pedis, and navicular bone, when the foot is placed on the ground), is transmitted through the sensitive laminz and horny laminz to the wall. At the instant the fetlock reaches its lowest point the os pedis bears the greatest weight. Under the body weight the latter yields and in conjunction with the navicular bone, sinks downward and backward. At the same time the upper posterior portion of the os corone passes backward and downward between the lateral cartilages which project above the upper border of the wall and presses the perforans tendon down on the plantar cushion. The plantar cushion being compressed from above and being unable to expand downward is therefore squeezed out toward the sides and crowded against the lateral cartilages and they, yielding, press against and push before them the walls at the quarters. The resistance of the earth acts upon the plantar surface of the hoof, especially on the frog and it, widening, pushes the bars apart and in this manner contributes to the expansion of the quarters, especially at their plantar border. Lateral expansion over the entire region of the quarters occurs simultaneously at the coronary and plantar borders. This expansion is small and varies from one-twelfth to one-eighth of an inch. The horny sole under descent and pressure of the os pedis sinks a little and the arch becomes more flattened. There are three highly elastic organs which are involved in these movements: the lateral car- tilages, plantar cushion and the horny frog. To maintain these elastic tissues in proper activity, regular exercise, with protec- tion against drying out of the foot, is indispensable, for the dif- ee ee THE PRINCIPLES OF HORSE SHOEING. 261 ferent movements of the foot, and the changes of form that occur, at each step, are dependent on them for preserving the foot in health. The Circulation or Blood Supply of the Foot.—The digital arteries originate just above the fetlock passing over the inner and outer sides of the fetlock joint-accompanied by veins and nerves of the same name. Each runs down the side of the digit inside the lateral cartilages to the superior border of the wing of the os pedis, thence they reach the tendinous surface of the bone and terminate at the plantar foramina on either side of the insertion of the flexor pedis perforans. They give off the fol- lowing branches which are regarded as arteries of the foot: the perpendicular, the transverse, the artery of the frog or plantar cushion, the preplantar ungual and the plantar ungual. The perpendicular artery arises at right angles below the middle of the os suffraginis, descends on the side of the digit, inclines forward and terminates above the coronary band by anastomosing with its fellow, their union forming the superficial coronary arch which supplies the coronary band with blood. The transverse artery is given off under the lateral cartilages, passes forward between the front of the os corone and the ex- tensor tendon and joins its fellow forming the deep coronary arch, supplying the surrounding parts with blood. The artery of the frog or plantar cushion arises behind the pastern joint at the superior part of the lateral cartilages, enters the sensitive frog and divides into anterior and posterior branches. It supplies the sensitive frog with blood. The preplantar ungual is given off just back of the wing of the os pedis, passes through the notch in the wing and along the preplantar groove in the wall of the bone, at the anterior extrem- ity of which it terminates by several branches which enter the os pedis and anastamose with the circulus arteriosus or semi lunar anastamosis. Before entering the bone two branches are given off which supply the bulbs of the frog and the lateral car- tilages with blood. The plantar ungual is the terminal branch of the digital. It 262 DAVID W. COCHRAN. passes through the plantar foramen on the tendinous surface of the os pedis and enters the bone, within which it joins its fellow forming the circulus arteriosus or plantar arcade, from which spring ascending and descending branches. The former are the anterior laminal which leave the bone through the numerous openings on its wall supplying the sensitive laminz with blood. The descending branches are the inferior com- municating arteries which average fourteen in number. They pass through the foraminz or openings situated just below the edge of the os pedis and unite outside to form the circumflex artery, which runs around the toe giving off ascending branches to the sensitive laminz and about fourteen descending (solar arteries) which supply the sensitive sole and unite posteriorly to form the inferior circumflex artery. The veins are arranged in an external and internal interos- seous network. They are valveless, allowing the blood to flow in either direction during sudden emergency. We have three systems of veins. The solar plexus is made up of a large num- ber of veins which unite to form the large circumflex vein which accompanies the artery of the same name, passes back to the wing of the os pedis and thence to the coronary plexus. The laminal plexus arises on the sensitive laminz, the veins of which gradually increase in size as they approach the coronet where they terminate in the coronary plexus. The coronary plexus surrounds the os corone and the upper part of the os pedis ex- tending backwards below the lateral cartilage and is formed by the veins of the solar and laminal plexus. The veins of the frog extend over the external surface of the sensitive frog, ascend- ing the sides of the lateral cartilage and unite to form a large vein, which, with branches from the coronary plexus, runs up the side of the os corone all uniting near the upper part of the bone to form the digital vein. The internal or interosseous veins of the foot originate at the circulus arteriosus or plantar arcade. They pass out of the bone through the plantar foramen, then up the inner side of the lateral cartilages and unite with branches of the coronary plexus. ee EE ee THE PRINCIPLES OF HORSE SHOEING. 263 I have recited to you the physiological action of the foot. I will now take up the pathology. Anything that interferes with the dilatability of the hoof produces an abnormal condition, and must interfere with the vascular structure, and nerves contained therein, producing atrophy of the tissues (from diminished nutri- tion) and pain (from pressure on nerves). When any inter- ference with the dilatability of the foot is permanent, it produces a dimunition in size of the organ. Contraction may be total or partial. In the first case we have increased concavity of the sole, and atrophy of the frog. The quarters and heels assume a vertical position. From long rest in the stable, without exer- cise, we may have that form known as stable founder or sub acute laminitis. We have in these forms a drying out of the foot, an alteration of structure, an improper distribution of body weight, on ligamentous structures and hoof. The toes may be too long, the quarters curve inward. The causes of contraction are heredity, inaction of the animal due to stabulation and pain whether in the foot or other parts of the leg. The characteristic appearance of a contracted foot is sufficient to allow of its recognition. The foot is ovoid from side to side and appearances show an increased antero-posterior diameter. The heels are high, the frog atrophied and affected with thrush. Lastly, the muscles of the shoulder become atrophied; this is an important point to note: the appearance of the muscular covering. Is the spine of the scapula prominent with a thin covering of muscle above it? Is the point of the shoulder prominent giving hollowness to the chest in front? If so, you have indications of diseases of the feet. Always view with suspicion a horse even if he is going sound, if the muscles are wasted, particularly at the superior portion of the shoulder. Since contraction is the parent of nearly all diseases of the foot, proper care, proper hy- gienic conditions, will prevent it to a great degree. . There is another form of contraction I wish to call your at- tention to, that is, contraction of wide hoofs. It manifests itself as a concavity or groove in the wall just below the coronet usually 264 DAVID W. COCHRAN. at the heels and quarters. Green horses with wide hoofs just from the pasture are liable to this form of contraction. The lameness is severe but generally disappears as the foot grows down and has assumed its natural straight direction by growing down from the coronary band. The Flight or Extension of the Foot.—From the moment the foot leaves the ground until it alights again we have a rotation of the limb and foot to a greater or less degree. In the act of extension there is a bending of the knee and ankle outward, swinging in the form of an arc of a circle. While the foot is in transit, there is a slanting of the foot inward, before it reaches the ground surface. Since it is in this position at the moment it reaches the ground surface, the foot strikes the ground surface at an angle, in most cases the outside toe striking the ground sur- face first, the outside heel nearly simultaneously with it, and when the body weight is placed on the foot, it rotates inward toward the center of gravity, or under the center of the body weight. The next act is the roll over at the toe. The higher the outside toe the more the rotation and the more weight falls on the inside quarter. This is one of the principal causes of most all foot ailments. It is a form of rocker or oscillating motion. First, the outside toe then the outside heel, then the inside quarter and then a roll over at the front of the toe. It is this rotation of the pastern joint which is also the cause of all interfering whether at the knee, ankle or shin. It is also one of the causes of quarter cracks, broken bars, corns and raised cartilages. This is where a proper foot level is demanded to insure an even tread of foot. Asa sequel of this rotation when the foot is not properly prepared, we have an improper distribu- tion of the body weight over the hoof and we have malformation of joints, due to strains of ligamentous structure. We have conditions known as talipes dextral and talipes sinstral. A bending of the pastern and hoof either to the right or left; it is often due to faulty conformation as a result of heredity. This condition is found chiefly in long legged horses with narrow chests. These are inclined to be bad interfering ee a THE PRINCIPLES OF HORSE SHOEING. 265 horses. - These horses need especially shaped shoes to rectify the faulty conformation. In talipes dextra or extreme toe out, we have the rotation spoken of in the greater degree. The wear on the outside branch of the shoe is intensified while the inside branch is not touched at all. This one sided wear or uneven setting down of the foot produces an unnatural course of the wall. A shoe for this kind of a foot is dependent on the structure, direction and position of the leg and foot. We must strive to have uniform setting down of the hoof and uniform wear of the shoe. Every point at the coronary band in the posterior half of the foot must re- ceive support from the shoe. If for example, the coronet on the outer quarter projects beyond the plantar border of the quar- ter, the outer branch of the shoe from the last nail hole back must be kept full so that an imaginary perpendicular line from the coronary band will just be in line with the outer border of the shoe, or if you stand directly in front of the leg and look back you should be able to see the shoe all the ways on both sides. The Wear of the Shoe.—Caused by the friction on the ground surface, often times it is evidence of disease and infirmities (when worn very much at the toe). In chronic laminitis when worn at the heels. Excessive wear on one side may be due to narrow fitting or where the curve of the shoe is not sufficiently large. In fitting shoes they should be a little longer and a little wider than the foot, to accommodate the downward and forward growth of the foot. In fitting shoes to feet of normal shape, we follow the con- tour of the wall as far as the quarters and from there backward. The shoe is fitted wider and longer than the foot to maintain a good base of support as well as to accommodate the downward and forward growth of the foot. Shoes should always be put on even. The cleft of the frog being in the centre of the foot, both branches of the shoe should be equi-distant from it. In hoofs of irregular form we must consider the position of the limb and the distribution of weight on the hoof, because 266 DAVID W. COCHRAN. where the most weight falls, the surface support of the foot must be widened, or more material to wear on that branch. The bar shoe is a pathological shoe. It is used for pro- phylactive as well as for curative purposes. It protects from pressure diseased portions of the foot and allows part of the body weight to be borne by the frog, and restores normal activity to the disturbed physiological movements of the foot. Laminitis, corns, uneven wear, disturbances of continuity, as quarter cracks, toe cracks or any injuries to the foot indicate its use. Dr. JENSEN CoNVALESCENT.—His many friends will be grieved to learn that Dr. H. Jensen was confined to his bed for several weeks in April and May by an attack of inflammatory rheumatism. The doctor is just beginning to get about again. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FoR May.—Cattle Tick Eradication, by Charles F. Dawson, M.D., D.V.S., Veterinary Division, State Board of Health, Florida; Bacterial Therapist; Veterinary Edi- tion—The Rocky Mountain Collegian, Fort Collins; Bulletin No. 32, Agr. Research Institute Pusa; Canker and Other Dis- eases of the Foot of Horses, J. D. E. Holmes, M.A., D.Sc, M.R.C.V.S.; Mulford’s Veterinary Bulletin for April; Veteri- nary Standard, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Rider and Driver; Our Dumb Animals; Breeder’s Gazette; Research Bulletin No. 28, University of Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Sta.—Avian Tuberculosis, by E. G. Hastings and J. G. Halpin; Hoard’s Dairyman; Report of Proceedings Sixteenth Annual Meeting U. S. Live Stock Sani- tary Association; Farmers Advocate, Winnipeg; Philippine Jour- nal of Science; Philippine Agricultural Review; Journal of U. S. Cavalry Association for May; Bulletin No. 16 Dept. of Agr., Health of Animals Branch, Warble Flies, by Seymour Hadwen, D.V.Sc.; Bulletin No. 160 U. S. Dept. of Agr., B. A. 1, Care of the Farm Egg, by Harry M. Lamon and Charles L. Opper- man; Sixth Annual Report of Live Stock Sanitary Board of North Dakota; Circular No. 12 Mich. Agr. College Exp. Sta., Tuberculosis in Fowls; Quarterly Record, North Dakota Agr. College; Prospectus Grand Rapids Veterinary College; Report New York State Veterinary College; Directory of Virginia 3reeders of Pure-Bred Live Stock, Animal Husbandry Dept., Va. Polytech. Inst., and several others. ANTHRAX VACCINATION, ITS USE AND ABUSE.* By J. ArtHur Goopwin, D.V.S., New Iperra, La. Upon request of the chairman of your arrangements commit- tee to present a paper at this meeting on some phase of the Char- bon question, the subject being such a familiar one and covered so many times by others, left very little choice in the selection of a title; however, in casting about for a line of thought it occurred to the writer that the rank and file of our profession would be interested in hearing something concerning the use and abuse of anthrax vaccination as observed by one located in the heart of the anthrax district. If at times it becomes necessary to criti- cise the vaccinating products of some of the manufacturers, or their methods of distributing same, it is done without malice or enmity towards any, and with a full realization that in this day of intense commercialism the uppermost thought is concerning volume and not scientific results. Besides, the selling policy of biological houses in this country is, undoubtedly, not controlled by scientists. Anthrax vaccination was first worked out by the great Pasteur between the years of 1880 and 1882, using attenuated cultures of the Bacillus Anthracis, and with slight modifications the Pas- teur method is used at the present time with varying results. Our present knowledge embraces three methods of immunizing against anthrax, viz.: The Pasteur method; the sero-vaccine method, and the bacterin method, wherein the dead spores and bacilli are held together in pill form. The Pasteur method, when properly applied, offers the best means of immunizing animals against anthrax. The sero-vaccine method has been used to a very little extent in this country, though very gratifying results * Read before the annual meeting of the Louisiana Veterinary Medical Association, New Orleans. February 26, 1913. 267 268 J. ARTHUR GOODWIN. have been obtained by its use in Germany. The bacterin method, so far as the observation of the writer has gone, is practically worthless, as will be shown later. We have for consideration then two methods only, since the sero-vaccine is not yet available in this country, hence the reason for omitting a description of it in this paper, as it could serve no practical purpose at this time. It is admitted that the use of anthrax vaccine is for the pur- pose of protecting or immunizing animals against anthrax or charbon, and the veterinarian is not unreasonable in expecting a reliable, potent product from the manufacturer who offers such for sale; neither is it unreasonable for the client to expect his animals to be thoroughly immunized when a qualified practitioner is employed to do the work. Thus it will be seen that the manu- facturer plays a most important part. The method most employed in this section is the Pasteur double lymph, which consists of the injection hypodermically of the first and second lymphs at intervals of 10 to 12 days. Do not confound the term Pasteur method with the name, Pasteur’s vaccine, as the latter is simply a trade name for one make of vaccine. The dose varies according to the manufacturer, from ¥% c.c. to I c.c., and it is most important that the syringe used is in perfect working order. A single-dose vaccine of an attenu- ated virus made in France is for use in large herds, where it is . impractical to administer a second dose. The virility of this vaccine is rated higher than the Pasteur first lymph, but some- what weaker than the second. In his bulletin on “Anthrax with Special Reference to the Production of Immunity,” Dr. Charles F. Dawson, of the Delaware College Agricultural Experiment Station, mentions a case of a pregnant cow having been given a dose of this vaccine, and in fifteen days later she was inoculated with 0.2 c.c. of virulent anthrax bacilli from a 24-hour culture, which had killed a check rabbit and a check cow in 48 hours. The cow in this instance withstood the disease, and several other im- portant phenomena were observed, but they are omitted here, for the reason that they are not germane to the subject. In the application of anthrax vaccine the hypersusceptibility ANTHRAX VACCINATION, ITS USE AND ABUSE. 269 of some animals must be taken into account, though this is quite difficult to observe unless the operator has had the opportunity of previous observation. During the writer’s experience in vac- cinating, no fatal results have followed in cases of hypersuscepti- bility, and is convinced that with a vaccine properly prepared and properly administered in minimum doses, very little, if any, fear need be entertained on this point. In order to safeguard or avoid cases of exaggerated effects in vaccination, care should be taken that no animal is vaccinated that is ill or shows an eleva- tion of temperature. No careful operator will disregard this precaution. When a vaccine fails to produce signs of having taken effect —not even a slight rise in the temperature—in an animal which has not been previously vaccinated, it may safely be concluded that the preparation was inert, and revaccination is necessary with an assured fresh product. It is almost certain that a vary- ing degree of immunity is produced in all animals, even when the very best of vaccine is used, and the writer has noticed that the resistance to a natural infection exists in direct proportion to the effect of the vaccine. In plain, those animals showing the more pronounced reaction after vaccination are the ones which are most likely to escape the disease, though surrounded with every avenue of infection. It must be admitted that in some cases protection is not se- cured when potent vaccine and proper administration are used, an animal dying occasionally in supposedly immune herds. It is the writer’s opinion that in such cases the resistance of the animal body is heightened by a superlative degree of perfection in the condition of the blood and lymphatics, which enable the resistant influences to overcome the intruding vaccine before remaining in the system sufficient time to produce immunity. An explana- tion in support of this, to which let us apply the term non-sus- ceptibility, is found in the fact that identical doses injected into animals of the same age, weight and apparent condition do not always produce the same symptoms, rise of temperature and dura- tion of illness. The question naturally arises: How is one to 270 J. ARTHUR GOODWIN. differentiate between the impotency of vaccine and the non-sus- ceptibility of the animal to a minimum dose, when the vaccine does not take effect? In dealing with large herds which had not been vaccinated the previous season, it would be readily ap- parent, if no effects of vaccination were perceptible, that the vaccine was not up to the standard; while with a single animal, if the operator is familiar with the vaccine, having used some of the same series, prior to the occurrence, with satisfactory results, a conclusion of non-susceptibility is reached. When such cases are found, the writer has no hesitancy in doubling the dose of vaccine and proceeding at once with its administration. Based upon several years’ observation, it has been noticed that very often recovery takes place from a natural infection after the animal has undergone the proper vaccination. A con- servative estimate of such recoveries is at least one out of three, whereas the mortality without vaccination is given by some authorities at 80 to 90 per cent., but in this section it comes nearer to 95 to 100 per cent. It is important to note that when animals are subjected to vaccination once every twelve months, after the first time, subse- quent vaccinations do not produce any perceptible reaction. When vaccination is done early in the season, say March or April, the stock can be continued at work with little or no harm, but it is strongly advised against during the excessively hot months of June, July or August. Procrastination causes a large unnecessary loss each year in this section. For some reason the largest portion of the stock owners put off the vaccinating of their stock until the appearance of the disease, when it is extremely difficult to secure immuni- zation. Before applying the vaccine it is necessary to remove the animals from pasture, feed on hay not home grown (peavine excepted) and screening against the stinging horse flies (taba- nidae) if present. It is at this time that the parties who earlier in the season viewed with indifference the importance of having their animals immunized, realize the necessity of vaccination, and the work that should be stretched out during a period of 45 — Ban lee? ieee dk ANTHRAX VACCINATION, ITS USE AND ABUSE, 271 to 90 days is crowded into two or three weeks. It frequently happens that the services of the local veterinarian are not avail- able, due to other pressing work, and it is then that some parties do their own vaccinating. The writer has been called often to outbreaks of anthrax on farms and plantations, where the disease has been known to occur almost every year for ten years or more. A little investigation found that during that time no sanitary precautions were taken in the disposition of the diseased carcasses. If they did not die in a pasture, the bodies were hauled there for disintegration. It is needless to say that flocks of buzzards very ably assisted in the work of destroying the carcasses, but they were unconscious of the fact that they were at the same time carrying for later dis- tribution the deadly germs, the propagation of which was to mean more carcasses. The usual method of vaccination was resorted to; that is, fol- lowing the directions of the manufacturers in using the stipu- lated dose. On such, what might be termed, badly infected places only partly beneficial results were obtained. Deaths would occur after immunity was supposed to have been conferred, and as the people were very incredulous and skeptical about new things, it can be appreciated that the lot of the veterinarian just then was unenvied. HYPERIM MUNITY. Through dire necessity something had to be done, and it was at this time that the writer resorted to larger doses of vaccine, and subsequently the application of a method evolved for the purpose of producing hyperimmunity. It was reasoned that if immunity could be secured against the invasion of a few anthrax “spores, why not hyperimmunity against a larger number of the infective organisms? With this idea in view, the stock on these badly infected places were gone over four separate times, and in some instances as many as six times. The writer could see no reason why the animal body could not be made to withstand large doses of the vaccine, and, with this end in view, experi- 272 J. ARTHUR GOODWIN. mented with 16 head of range ponies, two having died of anthrax on being put back.on pasture after immunity was supposed to have been conferred, Bear in mind that these ponies (18 in all). had received the minimum dose of the Ist and 2d lymph ten days apart and were returned to the pasture known to be infected after 25 days. After 31 days from the first injection of lymph No. 1, these ponies were gone over again, using double doses of the same vaccine, Nos, I and 2 nine days apart, and after six days from the last injection triple doses of Nos. 1 and 2 were given eight days apart. It will be seen that these ponies received a total of six doses each of vaccine during a period of 54 days. After the two ponies had died, the remaining 16 head were again removed from the pasture and kept off until 10 days after the completion of the experiment. It is regrettable that the writer had no facilities to test the degree of immunity thus acquired other than to subject them to infection from the same pasture. This happened during the season of 1911, and up to a few months ago not one of these ponies had died, though they were again vaccinated in 1912 with double doses of the 1st and 2d lymph. This method has been employed in a number of other outbreaks with the very best of results, and the writer has no hesitancy in advising its use when the situation becomes grave enough to warrant it. In vaccinating for clients who desire early protec- tion, the writer has resorted to a systematic increase of dosage each year until two full doses have been reached. This, undoubt- edly, also raises the immunity. ABUSE. In taking up the discussion of the abuse of anthrax vaccina- tion, it is done with the full knowledge that the manufacturer, distributor and lay-user of the various vaccinating products will take these observations and criticisms as antagonistic to their rights and privileges, but let us assure them now that nothing is further from the mind. The motives which prompt us to bring out these abuses are actuated by a thorough desire to further perfect this valuable means of conserving thousands of dollars’ _ANTHRAX VACCINATION, ITS USE AND ABUSE. 273 worth of high-priced live stock, and if any appreciable degree of success is attained, the writer will feel amply repaid for being placed in this unpleasant position. Our connection as veterinarian with some of the large plant- ing interests, which require numbers of mules, with absolute con- trol over the stock in health and disease, has made it possible to make extensive observations on the various vaccines, their efficacy and influence from year to year over animals known to us. It must be admitted, even by the most unscrupulous distrib- utors of vaccine, that next in importance after its potency is the proper administration. It can be said without fear of contradic- tion that this is one of the worst abuses in existence to-day. In support of this contention let us quote from a paper by Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, on “ Immunizing Agents and Therapeutic Sera,” read before the 1911 meeting of the American Veterinary Med- ical Association: ‘‘ However, in order to secure the maximum of success with these products (anthrax vaccines), in addition to what has already been stated, their use ought to be solely in the hands of qualified veterinarians, as there are certain anti- septic precautions necessary to success with such products, with which the layman is not expected to be familiar; furthermore, in the judgment of the writer, it would add greatly to the suc- cess of preventive vaccination against anthrax, and save a great deal of valuable live stock property, if the manufacturers of these products would lend their aid in seeing to it that only qualified veterinary practitioners could handle vaccines of this character.” Quite frequently large abscesses form at the seat of injection, when done by those not familiar with the work, and we have been called to see many such cases where the owner thought his animal was going to die of charbon, being ignorant of the nature of the swelling. If the manufacturer could hear all the condemnation that is poured out about his vaccine, just at this time, very little persuasion would be necessary to secure the use of anthrax vaccines for the exclusive use of veterinarians. In consequence of the use of unsterile syringe and needle 274 J. ARTHUR GOODWIN. and infected site for injection, it is but natural that the introduc- tion of streptococci or staphylococti takes place, which is not calculated to assist in the immunization, and if these bacteria do not assist in the destruction of the vaccine, it undoubtedly localizes it, preventing absorption, thus defeating the end sought. It is not at all surprising that these things do happen when it is known that one syringe and needle very often does service for an entire neighborhood, with a total disregard for the necessary antiseptic precautions. Thus it happens that when vaccines used in this manner by the layman, do not produce perfect results, vac- cination and everything connected with it is pronounced a “ fake.” In the season of 1910, after being assured by the manufac- turer that the product was dependable, the writer made very ex- tensive use of the bacterin single-dose method with anything but gratifying results. The advantages of a single vaccine to a busy practitioner are exceedingly luring, and many of us have been led to its use solely on account of its convenience. It is our firm opinion that this form of immunization is entirely without effi- cacy. It was found to be “Safe and Harmless,” but without the much advertised “ Reliability.”” As much as 20 doses were injected experimentally into one animal, demonstrating that it was safe and harmless, while three separate doses injected within 40 days failed to immunize. The most disastrous experience occurred, however, in one lot of 100 head of stock, in which 50 or more died from anthrax 60 days after the vaccine had been applied. Numerous other cases can be cited to show that this preparation has no practical value in protecting against anthrax, but it would only be a repetition, in a smaller way, of what has been said. The experience of the writer with this product does not differ much from the other veterinarians in this section, as will be brought out in the discussion. If further proof is needed to show that it has no value as an immunizing product, the ex- periments described by Dr. Dawson, whose bulletin has already been referred to, would seem to bear one out. Dr. Dawson says: “A commercial vaccine which, according to the makers, consists of dead anthrax organisms in pill form was also tested. These ANTHRAX VACCINATION, ITS USE AND ABUSE. 275 small pills are placed under the skin by means of a trocar and are claimed by the makers to produce immunity to anthrax. Microscopic examinations, as well as cultural and animal experi- ments show that the claim of the makers, in so far as the vac- cine being dead and harmless is concerned, is true. One can easily see with the microscope that these little pills consist of dead anthrax bacilli and their spores held together in pill form by a proper excipient. The writer was unable, however, to verify the claim that they produce any immunity. A rabbit succumbed in six days, but as it is very rarely that a rabbit can be immunized’ by a vaccine, a sheep, which animal is easily protected, was also employed with negative results.” The present system of distributing vaccines are prejudicial to its best use. While the manufacturers are honest in their claim that they do not serve the laity, it is a matter of common knowl- edge that any of the various makes of vaccine can be procured by the layman through the retail druggist, accompanied by litera- ture explaining in detail how it is to be used. When it is known that some of the vaccines cannot be exchanged for fresh goods, it is easy to conceive how the unscrupulous druggist can dispose of his stock of old vaccine rather than it becoming a dead loss. Another abuse in vaccines, which should be corrected by legislation or otherwise, is the failure of the manufacturers to standardize same. We can point to the indifferent results ob- tained with antidiphtheritic serum before its standardization, to realize the improvement that would be secured. It is the hope of the writer that one day the appropriations to the State Live Stock Sanitary Board will be such as to enable them to fit up a modern laboratory for the production of a reli- able standardized anthrax vaccine, such a preparation to be dis- tributed under the control of the Board for the exclusive use of its approved veterinarians. It is then, and only then, these abuses will stop. THe YorK COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION will meet at York, June 3. EPICTETUS, ETHICS AND ESTHETICS.* By W. Harry Lyncu, D.V.S., PortLanp, ME. When I began to prepare this paper for this meeting, my mind wandered over the familiar ills by which we are all encom- passed—influenza, colics, punctures, lameness and azoturia; at lameness I paused for a little while, considering its availability ; but finally decided against it. My time would hardly allow for a beginning of this comprehensive subject. However, I have it in my mind to keep rather near topics of interest to us all, and I wish also to incorporate into this paper, a little of the “wisdom of the ancients” to whom we are all very much be- holden for their philosophy, their discriminating insight into life, for the genuine flavor in their works, just as apparent to-day as nineteen centuries since, when Arrian wrote down for us the sayings of his master in Nicopolis. In one of his “ discourses” Epictetus says: ‘‘ You can be in- vincible, if you enter into no conflict in which it is not in your power to conquer.” When we begin thinking of the practitioners of veterinary medicine we have known, we begin sorting them out in two classes—those who have succeeded and those who have had less success, in relativity to business instinct possessed by them, or their lack of it. We seldom see superior profes- sional skill followed by financial success since the scientist who is focussing his attention upon his science, is probably giving lit- tle thought to accumulation of dollars. Looking backward to your college days, you at once remem- ber the clever men who certainly possessed brains enough to be brilliant in the field—men who went by the mediocre rank and *p resented to the Maine Veterinary Medical Association, January, 1913. 276 i) -1 -] EPICTETUS, ETHICS AND ESTHETICS. file of the class like meteors—easily taking honors, medals and scholarships, their very genius which was not an “ irifinite capacity for taking pains,” but a facile superficiality which has often been their undoing, and the average man has passed them long ago in the race for success. The prophylaxis and therapeusis of disease in animals is a business as well as a profession, and this truth must engage our attention early. Altruism is a beautiful thing—correlating if not comprising esthetics—but business is business. We spend ourselves, our time, our money in acquiring a science that must maintain us. Infinite research that does not end at the door of our Alma Mater, but must go on all our professional days if we would keep up at all with what is doing in professional fields ; devoting an occasional hour or two as now to meeting together for discussion of the different needs for which we must be as one man in our firm stand for what is right and needful in the state, that the veterinarian is not hampered in his efforts in stamping out disease, and raising health standards. Here are common grounds. where we meet shoulder to shoulder for the common good, where our united strength must serve to impress all who come in contact with us. Apart from this what feeling superimposes ? The feeling that we are alone, each in his sphere of action, and whether we admit it to ourselves or not, our brothers are our rivals; though I think it is in our power to make it a friendly rivalry. The young licentiate can hardly help looking wistfully at the prosperous establishment of an older man in the field who has gained a large and profitable clientele, forgotten the weary days of waiting to “ arrive.” We are crowded in the field wherever the work is worth while. We cross each others path, caring for the livestock of our brother while he is traveling miles to attend those of our neighbor, which we naturally consider quite uncomplimentary as well as unnecessary. Success in our field means ability to handle cases and clients, too.. Tact, candor and simplicity are as much needed for our 278 W. HARRY LYNCH. clients as diagnosis and therapeutics for our patients. The doc- tor who makes a mistake in diagnosing, and gets by it tactfully, may fare better than the over cautious practitioner who does not often blunder, but when he does, has no tact in concealing it. It is, fortunately a little past the day of the lightning diag- nostician, and a better educated horse owner appreciates the care- ful and painstaking efforts'of a veterinarian who leaves nothing to chance—appreciates, too, it may be, the possibility of mixed infection, concentrating all his attention upon the illness he is called upon to treat. There is certainly a wide gulf between the veterinary know- it-all who leaps to a conclusion, and the man who hesitates to call the name of the disease; the golden mean being the man who can successfully impress the owner of an animal with his ability to treat the ills that may threaten him a financial loss. The candor which induces a man to say I do not know! when asked what is the matter with some of our well known trotters and pacers, may do in that case, but sometimes saying it to an average man will make him feel as conversant-with the case as yourself, on a footing with you, and he may suggest some quack remedies that have wrought “ wonderful cures.” I find that my friend Epictetus was acquainted with sellers of quack remedies, so we have not altered essentially in that re- spect. But to resume: One is not bound to either specifically name a disease, or say: I do not know. He may go over the symptoms, hope for different signs of improvement at the next visit—depending a bit, upon care being taken to obey his direc- tions in his absence, and possibilities of metastasis. If one says I don’t know, when he sees a patient blowing, with a high tem- perature, and, returning next day finds laminitis when pulmonary trouble was just as imminent, he may find a quick and positive diagnostician in command—one who came later when the symp- toms were more defined. Clients not only wish to know what ails their horses, but how long till they can go to work and an estimate of cost of treat- ment. A dignified scientist who takes his art too seriously, is Se es EPICTETUS, ETHICS AND ESTHETICS. 279 apt to handle this situation tactlessly; his vagueness is likely to create distrust in his clients’ minds as to his experience and capa- bility. If he has seen such cases before, surely he can give some definite opinion. Right here it is easy to fall from the Scylla of optimism to the Charybdis of pessimism. The middle course is to base opinions on averages which may reasonably transpire to be correct as to larger details. If we have erred in our diag- nosis, and worse, given it in a bombastic way, our sin is two- fold, for our client might feel merciful to the mistakes of a modest man, but it is a safe guess that he will be merciless to a cocksure brother, and will waste no time in making it clear to that individual. It is a matter of business with the animal’s owner, and he has little thought of our professional dignity, which is equally involved in the matter of giving out any information which will not subsequently be borne out by events. Men in business generally appreciate a veterinarian’s saying: the ani- mal will probably go to work in so much time, and the cost of treatment will be so many dollars—giving time and amount, but say definitely this is only an estimate, it is impossible to tell ex- actly, something may depend upon the co-operation you receive from the man or men in the stable. Personally, I do not care to practice anywhere, where I do not have the earnest efforts of the men in the stable concerted with my professional calls. I have before this, lost promising patients where I am reasonably sure that had my orders as to nursing and nourishment been faithfully carried out, would have recovered. Those cases where vitality has been lowered, requiring frequent feeding in small quantities, of carefully selected sorts—cases where medicine has played its part and time must do the rest, these are the times when the right man in the stable is valuable to the owner; also the time when the wrong man in the stable is a detriment to us. I have had some experience in contract work, and thus oppor- tunities to note its advantages, which are chiefly, that it is ex- tremely business-like. It may, however, cause the business man to hold the profes- sional man too cheap—expect too much, and the veterinarian may 280 W. HARRY LYNCH. become careless in details:of accurate bookkeeping, unless his professional enthusiasm sustains his high standards. The man with whom we have a contract may think we should visit his lame horse every day, while we are sure that two or three times a week will amply suffice for the variety of lameness we are treating, and, unless. we are good demonstrators and make this very clear he will not be satisfied. When all his horses are well and no occasion for the veterinarian to do more than look them over at stated intervals, he is apt to regret the contract and feel he is spending money needlessly. Enter an epidemic in the community it looks very different, when he is getting so much more than the terms of the contract require. The successful man may here create a demand for his medicines, orders coming in and being filled, profitably. It is to be regretted that this easy and profitable side of our business is utilized by the venders of remedies who advertise while we do not. There was a man who went to Rome on a matter of law and consulted Epictetus as to the probable outcome of his suit. The philosopher told him that ‘if he went to Rome with the right opinions he would fare well; but if he went with wrong opinions he would fare ill, for, to every man the cause of his acting is his opinion.” Still further quoting we find: “that if we apply our- selves as diligently to our work as did the old men of Rome to the matters in which they were employed, we might learn some- thing.” I think perhaps, we might myself. Is it not a con- summation to be wished for, to raise our standards, eliminate forever from the minds of the people, the empirical “hoss doc- tor’ and fill the place with the trained scientist, the bacteriologist, the man who is familiar with the relation of the health of the silent creatures to the people, and who seeks to promote and establish the health of both by stamping our disease from his order of patients ? . I realize that this task is one calling for the strength of Hercules, but if we work as one man for the incorporation of these ideals, in our tasks, we will soon usher in a better day. To this end, let us unite our forces. 2» THE EFFECT OF HOOF EXPANDERS.* By James McDonoucu, D.V.S., Montcrai, N.-J. It is unnecessary for me to go into details concerning the con- ditions that we try to avoid, or relieve, by the use of expanders; so I will confine my remarks to the influence upon the shape of the hoof, as I understand it. Our object, when applying expanders, is to spread the hoof at the back; and their pressure is so great in the direction that we wish the heels to spread, that there seems but little doubt, that our purpose will be accomplished. And if we take a meas- urement of the heels at the point of the wall, before the expanders are applied, and again a month later, we will feel that the re- quired results have been accomplished; as a very perceptible in- crease in their width can now be detected. As convincing as this proof may appear to us of the efficiency of expanders, yet I think a careful study of their influences upon the shape of the hoof will cause us to hesitate before indorsing them. If we relieve conditions resulting from contractions we must spread, not alone the inferior border of the wall at the heels, but all of that part of the hoof behind the quarters, the horny sole included. If we expect to accomplish this by the use of ex- panders, I fear we are doomed to disappointment, as the sole, as well as the wall above, cannot follow the direction of the ex- pander, nor can the expander follow the direction of the sole and wall above, during expansion, and as the two are united the result is that neither can move, until such time as the growth of the heels will permit the spring to force them apart in the direction of the lateral diameter of the foot. This accounts for the in- - * Read before the Veterinary Medical Asociation of New Jersey, at Jersey City, January, 1913. 281 282 JAMES MCDONOUGH, creased width of the heels at that point, when the spring is re- moved, but the pressure upon the lateral cartilages has not been relieved nor can it be, until the heels have been spread in the direction of the circumference of the hoof. I will show you here a model of a hoof hinged at the quarter allowing the heels to be separated with the greatest freedom, but if we close the heel and introduce an expander, we will find that the heels cannot be forced apart for the reason already ex- plained. I also offer for your inspection, a model of a hoof, made from thin sheet lead, its shape at the heels can readily be changed by the pressure of the thumb and forefinger, but this very strong expander introduced on the 23d day of September, has failed to spread the heels a fraction of an inch, although a very great -and constant pressure has now been applied at that point for 108 days, with practically no resistance, only that offered by the inability of the heels to follow the direction in which the spring is trying to move. To relieve contraction, the heels must be forced apart in the direction of the circumference of the hoof. This can only be accomplished by the use of a spring having a movable at- tachment, for the reason that the heels, during expansion, move outward and backward, while the points of the expander move outward and forward. In other words, the hoof is made longer, while the spring becomes shorter. I wish to call your attention to one of the heels of this lead model. You will see that where the end of the spring is inserted and for a distance of two inches forward of that point, the edge of the wall is drawn under and curled over in the direction of the sole. As ridiculous as this statement may sound, the ex- pander is producing in this heel, the very condition it was in- tended to relieve. For this reason, some ten years ago I had some expanders made for my own use provided with a little flange at the end to be inserted into a grove made in the wall at the heel. This permits the one to glide upon the other, thereby allowing the THE EFFECT OF HOOF EXPANDERS. 283 heel to move in a backward direction, and the end of the ex- pander in a forward direction during expansion of the two. I solicit a liberal discussion of this subject by those present ; some of whom have had very much more experience than my- self. I am already indebted to you for past favors, for your intelligent discussion of subjects brought before this associa- tion, has made it possible for me to even suggest the presence of a condition. I am particularly desirous of hearing your opinion upon this subject, as I do not feel justified in assuming the entire responsi- bility of advising against the use of expanders, since they have been indorsed by so many. I object to their further use for the reason that should I be right in my conclusion, as to their effect upon the hoofs, their use should be discontinued, for they not only fail to relieve con- traction, but prevent the natural expansion of the heels, so es- sential for the animal’s comfort, when the foot comes in con- tact with the ground. Note.—This paper was freely discussed at the meeting where it was presented, but merits a much wider discussion by the profession in general, to whom the Review’s pages are freely offered. We have always been advocates of hoof expanders, but many of the points in Dr. McDonough’s arguments against them are well taken, and the subject worthy of careful study. We hope that men who have had experience in the use of expanders will express themselves freely that the subject may be better understood by the profession generally.—[EpirTor. ] ALUMNI DINNER OF NEW YoRK-AMERICAN VETERINARY CoLLEGE AT NEw York ATHLETIC Cius, May 8, proved a very impressive and pleasant affair. Prominent men outside of the veterinary profession, Chancellor Brown of New York Univer- sity, Dr. John P. Munn of the University Council, Principal Grange of the Ontario Veterinary College, members of the faculty and prominent alumni of the school from distant cities were among the speakers. The excellence of the cuisine and the artistic surroundings in the beautiful room in which the dinner was held, played no small part in making the occasion the best held for many years, as was universally expressed by those present before departing for their homes. SERUM THERAPY IN PRACTICE.* By A. R. Menary, D.V.M., Cepar Rapips, Iowa. Under this head I will merely. mention the results we have obtained in our practice, with the use of some of the serums, bacterins, vaccines, etc., assuming, of course, that you are all familiar with the diseases treated. TUBERCULIN.—Tuberculin in our practice has proved abso- lutely reliable. In tests on 1,800 cattle a few years ago 13 per cent. reacted, and every one of the reactors were killed and found by government inspection to be tubercular. These tests were made at different seasons of the year and on days of varying tem- perature. In the present year 500 cattle have been tested with only 3 per cent. reacted. é‘ The foregoing tests show that the reliability of tuberculins as a diagnostic agent, but in both these tests the state dairy com- missioner has been somewhat antagonistic. MALLEIN.—Mallein has not proved to be as reliable a diag- nostic agent as tuberculin. In a test on 22 horses and colts, the mallein test showed 8 reactors. Blood of these 8 reactors was sent to Washington for a precipitation test. The precipitation test showed a positive reaction on 6 and a negative reaction on 2. This would lead one to believe that there is a more reliable test for glanders than mallein. We would like to hear more on these double tests. ANTI-STRANGLES VACCINE.—Anti-strangles vaccine, of which there are two or three varieties, some of which are recom- mended both for strangles and influenza as a cure and preven- tative has done some work for us. In a herd of 30 pure bred imported stallion and mares, a preventative vaccine immunized the animals to influenza. * Presented to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Iowa Veterinary Association at Ames, November, 1912—Keprinted from published report. 284 sit tii maf mia a a iia aman ila del, , SERUM THERAPY IN PRACTICE. 285 There were about 15 animals on this same place affected with influenza at the time of vaccination, The curative agent has been used on horses sick with dis- temper and working on the city streets. Sub-maxillary ab- scesses were opened at the time of injection. One injection in some cases seems to be sufficient to cure or at least prevent any further trouble or complications. CANINE DISTEMPER BACTERIN.—Canine distemper bacterin has done some wonderful work for us. We have treated dogs of all sizes and all breeds. I will cite a few cases. Collie dog about one year old. Had been treated about one week with Glovers Distemper Cure. Symptoms.—Purulent discharge from eyes and nose and had not eaten much for a week. Severe cough, temperature 104.5 some diarrhea and vomiting. Treatment.—One 2 c.c. Ampule of canine Distemper bac- terin. Injected subcutaneously, back of the shoulders. Results.—In two days discharge from eyes and nose was more profuse. In five days discharge was practically dry. Dog was playful and was anxious to eat the small amount of feed recommended. We have had practically the same symptoms and same re- sults in Boston bulls, English setters, bull terrier, and fox terrier. We have vaccinated well dogs that were exposed as much as 6 months ago but have not yet come down with the disease. TETANUS ANTITOXIN.—We have used tetanus antitoxin only as a prophylactic. We have a great many horses to treat, that pick up rusty nails on the city streets and in alleys. In all our cases we use I,500 units of antitoxin immediately the case is received. Not one case of tetanus has ever followed this treat- ment. On the other hand, I feel safe in saying that 65 per cent. of those cases treated by the laity for four or five days, subsequently develop tetanus. Brack Lec Vacctne.—Black leg vaccine in all its forms has proved to be absolutely reliable, so much so, that where 500 286 A. RB, MENARY. calves used to be vaccinated, there are now only about 50 vac- cinated. Black legoids in the farmers hands have not been much of a factor in our vicinity. Poty VALENT BACTERINS.—Poly bacterins cannot be con- demned or recommended to any great extent. We have had good and bad results in all cases. We had good results in quit- tors, fistulas, and navel ill with only one ampule or one tablet of bacterins. / Again we have used a dozen doses on cases that were appar- ently the same as the others, and got practically no results. Those two gray mares that we operated on for fistulas at last year’s clinic, were treated with bacterins and antiseptics for 6 months after the clinic. During this time the fistulous tracts were opened up for drainage three times. One mare is now apparently healed and the other is still running. We have not used autogenous bacterins to any great extent. Hoc CHoLera VACCINE.—As there are a good many other. talks on hog cholera I will just mention our results. We used one serum, simulatneous method, on about 1,200 hogs obtaining fresh serum every day. About 500 of these hogs died with cholera, two or three weeks after vaccination. The peculiar thing about it was that one day they would send a potent virus with a weak serum and the next day they would send a potent serum and a weak virus. We obtained serum from another firm, used the simultaneous method, and got good results on about 500 hogs, however, we tested this firm’s virus by injecting 2 c.c. into a hog weighing 75 pounds. At the same time we injected 2 c.c. of virus from a third firm. In seven days the first hog with 5 c.c. virus was hale and hearty, while the second with 2 c.c. virus had been off feed for two days and had a temperature of 108. This hog died on the 9th day. It looks to us as though some one besides the man who makes hog cholera vaccine should test both serum and virus. —S SOME EXPERIENCES WITH HOG CHOLERA.* By F. F. Parker, D.V.M., OsKAtoosa, Iowa. Not wishing to be misunderstood in my attitude toward hog cholera serum, as my subsequent statements may imply, I want to state plainly that I think the discovery and implied uses of this serum, taken from an economical standpoint, the most im- portant of any. Hog cholera and swine plague have been very prevalent in Mahaska county for the last two seasons, but more especially in the last three months, many farmers losing their entire herds. August 17th I was called to a client’s farm to ascertain if pos- sible the cause of sickness among his hogs. Post-mortem ex- amination showed cholera. On August 20th we vaccinated sixty- five head, using serum only. There were from twelve to fifteen of these shoats sick at this time, but. we vaccinated them with the rest. In about ten days these hogs began dying so fast that I made a second call and another post-mortem which showed apparent lesions of both hog cholera and swine plague. About two-thirds of this herd died. This outbreak seemed to be in a very chronic form, some of them lingering along for a month or more before dying. On August 24th vaccinated one hundred head for a client who had previously lost three from it several more being sick when vaccinated. Two-thirds of this herd survived. That same day across the road from this herd, I vaccinated twenty-one shoats, none of which had been sick, using vaccine from the same lot. All were immunized. This was the only instance where serum alone was used when there had been no previous exposure; but owing to closeness of two herds, I deemed it safest. August 28th I vaccinated fifty-eight head of shoats, seven brood sows due to farrow in a very few days and one male hog, * Presented to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Iowa Veterinary Association at Ames, November, 1912—Keprinted from published report. 287 288 F. F. PARKER. weight 600 pounds. All were perfectly healthy, and as nice a bunch of hogs as I have ever seen, and had not been previously exposed to cholera. I used the double vaccination with utmost care as to steriliza- tion, asepis, and exactness of dosage. In three or four days from this time these sows farrowed sixty-nine live healthy look- ing pigs. On the eighth day after vaccination every hog be- came sick except two, the largest sow and the boar. The owner having had experience with cholera in previous years, as had also his sympathizing neighbors, called me by telephone to come and see those hogs as they all had cholera and looked like they were going to die. I had previously prepared him for the possible loss of two or three but not for anything like this. These hogs had every symptom of virulent hog cholera, the characteristic feetid feces, the catarrhal discharge from the nose and eyes and red spots on abdomen and ears; these spots turning purple before death. Some died in a few days, others lingering for three or four weeks. All but seventeen of the fifty-eight shoats died, three of the sows and all of the sixty-nine little pigs. I thought their death due partly to mother’s condition. The last herd vaccinated was 135 head that were being shipped through Ottumwa and by mistake were unloaded in the Morrell Packing Company pens. Dr. Anderson, chief inspector at Ottumwa, tells me that these pens are never free from cholera. These hogs remained in these pens four days before being vac- cinated. I used the serum only. They were shipped at once to their destination at Parnell, Iowa, and I ascertained afterward from the owner that he had not lost any of these hogs. In conclusion, will say that I have not advised the use of the serum nearly as strong as I would have liked to, on account of the loss of those healthy hogs for this one man. His loss was considerable as he had an abundance of feed this year but was afraid to buy other hogs and start anew for fear of them becom- ing infected. He was very liberal in his feeling toward me, entirely exonerating me from all blame, but at the same time I could not conscientiously advise him to repeat the experiment. ————————— a — ee SUGGESTIONS ON SANITATION.* By J. W. GrirrirH, D.V.M., Cepar Raptins, Ia. The inspection of our food supply is by no means a recent idea. ‘This is especially true of meat, some form of inspection of which, has been carried on for centuries. It has been sys- tematized and placed on a scientific basis however, as our knowledge of bacteriology and pathology has been developed. We must admit nevertheless, that our inspection is still crude in certain particulars, very incomplete when the supply as a whole is considered and looked upon by the most of the laity as unneces- sary or as an.excuse for some veterinarian to secure a “ job.” It is a well known fact, that no line of professional work has been developed by those who do not understand the necessity for, and the principles underlying such work. It is apparent there- fore, that the veterinary profession must extend and develop our inspection service which in the future will undoubtedly be one of the most important branches of our work. This must be done by educating the public, securing proper legislation and accord- ing this branch of work the attention it deserves. The education of the public can be accomplished by calling attention to the ease with which our food supply may be contam- inated, more especially our milk supply which has been very much neglected, and by calling attention to the results of consuming unwholesome, diseased foods by our unsuspecting public. We should not lose sight of the fact that an organism falling on meat usually remains an organism but the same organism falling into milk may multiply to thousands or millions before it reaches the consumer, and that milk on account of its nature and manner of * Presented to the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Iowa Veterinary Association at Ames, November, 1912—Keprinted from published report. 289 290 J. W. GRIFFITH. production and handling, is much more readily contaminated than most other food products. Conditions vary in practically every city and locality, and no one plan or system will operate successfully in detail under these varied conditions. This difficulty could be overcome by having a state law authorizing each city to establish inspection service by adopting an ordinance which would apply to the condi- tions existing in that particular city. This work should have the support and co-operation of the Animal Health Commis- sion as it is a part of the sanitary work of the state. Each city should have an abattoir where all animals, not pass- ing under Bureau of Animal Industry inspection should be slaughtered and inspected by a competent veterinarian employed by the city. In connection with the milk supply it must be remembered that it is more important that the source of our milk supply be sanitary and healthy, than is the presence of a certain amount of butter fat. Milk diluted one half with water is by far more desirable than milk containing an abundance of butter fat, yet acts as a distributing agent for typhoid, tubercle and a large number of disease producing organisms. In other words the first and most important requisite to insure a supply of good clean milk, is a healthy cow kept and milked under proper hy- gienic and sanitary conditions. No after treatment of the milk can fully compensate for a lack of these conditions. Pasteuriza- tion which is often advocated to render impure milk pure, is, as generally carried out, a farce and in more than one instance has supposedly pasteurized milk been found to be loaded with filth and disease. THE WASHINGTON STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION will meet at Wenatchee, June 19 and 20. We trust that the weather conditions at that time will be ideal (the time of meeting having been postponed on account of storms) and. that a strong representation of the veterinarians of the state will find it convenient to be present. REPORTS OF CASES. OCULAR TUMORS WITH CASE REPORTS. By A. T. Kinstey, Pathologist, Kansas City Veterinary College. Ocular tumors are quite common, in fact, they are more prevalent than one would suspect from the information obtain- able from veterinary literature. Puschmann reported 53 cases in No. 1291 of the Veterinary Record. H. M. Graefke reported an ocular neoplasm in the Kansas City Veterinary College Quarterly, March, 1910. In the Mis- sourt Valley Veterinary Journal, June, 1910, the writer reported 16 cases of malignant orbital tumors, of which 10 affected the eyeball and related structures. A Spindle cell sarcoma of the eyelid of a mule, which later involved the structure of the eye, was reported in Vol. 29 of the AMERICAN VETERINARY RE- VIEW, and in Vol. 31 of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, four cases of ocular epithelioma were reported by the writer. Loeb and Jobson reported 48 cases of squamous celled carcinoma . of the lachrymal caruncle of cattle. Sarcoma and epithelioma are the most common malignant tumors that involve the eye and adjacent structures. Carcinoma and endothelioma have been demonstrated in a few instances. Of the benign tumors, papilloma, fibroma, and myoma some- times involve the orbital structures and less frequently glioma, chondroma, and osteoma have been encountered in this region. Sarcoma usually have their origin in the structures of the ‘eyeball, most frequently in the sclera or subscleral structures ; melono-sarcoma may develop in the choroid, membrana nictitans and eyelids. These tumors usually invade the structures of the eyeball so rapidly and extensively that the function is early im- paired and usually becomes functionless in a short time. Epithelioma so far as our observations have extended are the most common tumors of the orbital structures. These tumors not infrequently succeed an injury which may be pro- duced by mechanical means, flies, dust or irritating chemicals. They usually begin at the junction of the conjunctiva with the 291 292 REPORTS OF CASES. skin of the eyelid, however, some cases have been observed in which an epithelioma succeeded an ulcer of the corneal conjunc- tiva or of the corneal structures proper. Corneal epithelioma are most frequently observed in cattle as a sequel of infectious conjunctivitis. Ocular or orbital epithe- lioma usually develops rather rapidly, and the corneal type usually extends into and invades the structure of the eyeball from the beginning, but the type that develops from the conjunctival- skin margin may not, even in the later stages, invade the eyeball. There is a tendency for these tumors to form a cauliflower-like, projecting mass which in some instances becomes as large as a cocoanut. Carcinoma may develop in the retina or subretinal struc- tures, or in the subconjunctival tissues. In general structure and disposition it is very similar to the epithelioma. Endothelioma usually has its origin from vascular endothe- lium and occurs most frequently in the eyeball, originating in the choroid tissue. Papilloma generally originates in the eyelid margin, although it may develop from the conjunctiva. Each of these tumors has the same general appearance in the eye as in other locations. Fibroma occurs most frequently in the deeper structures of the eyelids, and is practically identical to other fibromata. The glimoa is relatively rare in the ocular structures of do- mestic animals, or at least, it is rarely diagnosed. It has its origin from the supporting structures of the optic nerve and retina. The chondroma may have its origin from the cartilages of the eyelids or it may develop independently in the structure of the eyeball, particularly in the sclera. The osteoma may have its origin in the bones forming the orbit or it may develop in the facial sinuses and extend into and encroach upon the structures of the orbit. The following three cases illustrate two types of ocular tumors. On February 21, 1913, an aged gray mare, affected with a tumor of the right eye, was presented at the clinic of the Kansas City Veterinary College. The history of this case showed that the development of the tumor had succeeded an injury which had been inflicted about two years previously by a snap on a line catching in the inner canthus of the eye. On inspection, it was found that the tumor was an irregular nodular mass projecting from the orbit. The exposed part of _ ————ooeo REPORTS OF CASES. 2938 the tumor was covered with desiccated necrotic tissue. Manipu- lation showed the tumor had invaded and completely destroyed the eye. The animal was destroyed, but unfortunately no autopsy was obtained. Small pieces of the tumor were obtained and microscopical examination showed it to be an epithelioma. Showing cauliflower projecting epithelioma, A diffuse epithelioma involving all structures of which completely destroyed the eye. left orbital fossa. The second case as shown by the accompanying illustration was a gray gelding in which the left eye was affected. No his- tory could be obtained. The general appearance of the tumor was practically the same as the one above described. The ani- mal was destroyed, and it was found that the tumor had invaded all the soft structures of the orbital cavity. Microscopically it was shown to be an epithelioma. The third case was a cow whose owner had discovered a defect in her right eye. The defect consisted of a small tumorous growth apparently attached to the conjunctival mucous membrane. The gross appearance of the growth was that of a papilloma, and it was so diagnosed clinically. The growth was 294 REPORTS OF CASES. carefully removed and laboratory examination confirmed the diagnosis of papilloma. The cow made an uneventful recovery. The control and relief of tumors of the eye and adjacent structures by therapeutic agents has not been very successful. Oil of Thuja has in a few cases apparently been of some value. Proper surgical interference has been quite successful in the control of such tumors. In cases of malignant tumors, the opera- tion must be done before the tumor becomes extensive and in- vades the surrounding tissues or becomes metastasized. Relief from sarcoma is usually accomplished only by enucleation be- cause of the fact that these tumors have their origin in the struc- tures of the eyeball. Corneal epithelioma and carcinoma re- quire the same form of operation. Epithelioma of the eyelids in the early stages can frequently be ablated without serious damage to the structures of the eyeball, and in some instances great cauliflower masses that projected and covered the surfaces of the eyes have been successfully removed without impairing the power of vision. Benign tumors that invade the deeper and intricate struc- tures of the eyeball can usually be removed only by enucleation. External benign tumors of the eye usually respond to operative procedures which are effective in the treatment of benign tumors in any other location. Occasionally, interference with an ocular benign tumor is followed by the development of a malignant tumor. CASES FROM MY NOTE BOOK. By W. F. Hayes, D.V.M., Farmersville, Texas. Case 1.—Cesarian section in ewe.—Two-year-old Cotswool, well developed, in good flesh, had been in labor since early morn- ing, was called out in the afternoon, arrived at 2 p.m. Exam- ination revealed os uteri just slightly dilated, labor pains very mild. Catherized bladder and further dilated os which was very resistant. Ruptured foetal membranes which disclosed pos- terior breech presentation, dorso-sacral position. Not being able to insert hand through os was not able after three or four hours’ work to successfully repel or change position of foetus. Decided on operation. After observing usual technique of preparing field made eight or nine-inch vertical incision in right flank begin- i | : . | | REPORTS OF CASES. 295 ning just anterior to spine of ilium, arrested hemorrhage, lifted gravid uterus through incision in flank, incised uterus on inferior surface, extracted dead foetus (only one) and foetal membranes. Rinsed peritoneal cavity with normal saline solution. Sutured incision with Irish linen (not having silk or gut). Animal offered very little resistance during operation. No anesthetic was given on account of being in the country and not having any with me at the time. Immediately after removing restraint the animal drank water and began eating hay. Fifteen days after she has apparently made nice recovery. Case No. 2.—Death in cow from Urticara, or Nettle Rash. —A two-year-old good grade Jersey, her calf six weeks old, has been in pasture in the country till after calving; was then brought into town, small lot, not much exercise, owner very careful and painstaking. Gradually increased feed, is now getting coarse bran with shorts, cotton seed and prairie hay all she will eat; some corn, two or three pints of cotton seed meal daily with this. Quality of feed is excellent. She is also grazed one or two hours daily on orchard grass. Cow is gaining rapidly in quan- tity and quality of milk. She seems in pink of condition. After being milked in morning owner notices her restless, rubbing and licking herself, pretty soon a pomphous eruption is noticed over body. Iwas called and found the usual symptoms present. Eyes swollen, some lachrymation, the plaques or small areas of cir- cumscribed cedema especially marked on parts where skin is thin, about muzzle, anus, udder and between thighs. We found respiration somewhat increased, slight dyspnceea, circulation not much disturbed, temperature normal, ears drooped, general de- pressed appearance, but some inclination to eat; no tympanites, yet rumen feels impacted. This is about one and one-half hours after first being noticed. We diagnosed case urticaria caused from toxins absorbed from digestive disturbance. Administered a saline purge, bathed body in tepid acetic water to allay the ex- anthema. We assured owner of a very favorable prognosis within twelve to thirty-six hours. In less than two hours we are informed our patient is dead. Autopsied five hours after death. We found stomachs overloaded. Abomasum shows some small areas of inflammation in mucosa. Also small portion of jejunum and ileum. Spleen and lymphatics in general normal, did not observe anything further of interest until reaching the region of the larynx and epiglottis. Here around the epiglottis inside the pharyngeal region along sides of tongue the mucosa was very much thickened. The characteristic pomphi were very 296 REPORTS OF CASES. much in evidence, the exudate was of a yellowish or straw color and of gelatinous consistency. This animal died with cedema of the glottis caused from the urticaria beyond a doubt in my opin- ion. Isn’t this a very unusual termination, or what was it? A FRACTURED VERTEBRA. By J. A. DE Groopt, House Surgeon, New York-American Veterinary College. “* Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re- cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his ,profession, and assists by his facts in building up the ‘solid edifice of pathological science.’ On Saturday, March 1st, Dean Coates took a group of the students of the ‘“ New York-American Veterinary College”’ to see a case in Hoboken, N. J., to which he had been called in consultation. The subject, a chestnut gelding, had on the Tuesday preced- ing, ran away and received an injury, the result of running against a pole, which caused him to be thrown to the ground. Upon the capture of the animal, he was returned to , the stable, a distance of about two and one-half miles, in, as far as could be seen, a normal condition. On Thursday there appeared in the lower portion of the neck and upon both sides an area of profuse sweating of about eighteen -inches in diameter; while the rest of the body was perfectly dry. Aside from this fact the animal acted perfectly normal until Saturday morning; when it was found that he had lain down during the night for the first time since the accident; and was unable to regain his feet. Had a sub-normal temperature, weak- ened and irregular pulse, and labored respirations. Upon further examination by Dean Coates, it was found that the animal was practically unaware of the prick of the pin or a sharp pointed bistoury, except above the lower portion of the neck. The Dean then made a diagnosis of a fractured vertebra; basing it upon the paralysis of the body. He restricted the frac- ture to the last cervical or the first dorsals for the reason that the animal broke out in a sweat in that region. His reason for restricting his diagnosis was based upon the fact, that, when animals were injected with cocaine in cases of suspected shoulder and hip lameness there generally appeared, after a short period of time, around the point of injection a sweated area of a variable diameter. The subject was removed to the Hospital of the New ————————————— REPORTS OF CASES. 297 York-American Veterinary College, where he died the Sunday following. Upon post-mortem it was found that the sixth cervical verte- bra, known as the tricuspid, was fractured. The articular cavity upon the posterior extremity of the posterior portion, together with the posterior transverse process of the same, was fractured in seventeen pieces. The capsular ligaments of the articular facets of the body of the bone were completely lacerated and stained with blood from the bruised muscular tissue of this region. The peculiar fact of this interesting case was that the ani- mal had walked to the stable and did not show symptoms of a fractured vertebra until the fourth day after the accident oc- curred. This can be explained by the fact that the fractured « pieces remained intact until the animal reclined and were sep- arated or dislocated by his repeated attempts to regain his feet. These dislocated pieces then pressed upon the spinal cord causing the paralysis of it posterior to this portion. A SEVERE BURNING WITH HOT CINDERS. By HY Wy. SxKerritr, V.S., Utica, N. Y: Two and one-half weeks, prior to this writing, a horse fell on a heap of red hot cinders at New York Mills, N. Y. You will see by photo that horse was roasted (so to speak) all over 298 REPORTS OF CASES. his side, thigh, neck and arm; also under part of abdomen. I was called to treat him when first injured and found him in an awful condition—as above. The skin being in a corrugated con- dition, due to the roasting he had received; being cast on the cinder dump for a few minutes. Carron oil was first applied with soothing effect; also fever medicine given. I called to see the case the next day, and found swellings 6 inches deep by many feet wide, yellow serum oozing from side and lower part of abdomen. I had practiced 30 years, but this was the most hor- rible sight I had ever seen. The New York Mills Co., who owned the horse, were very anxious to save him if possible, so I injected Poly Bacterins (Abbott) every day for a few days, and applied a mixture composed of olive oil, two gallons iodine 5il., belladonna qt., applied with swab of cotton waste; being careful not to rub the parts, but simply “sop” it on. Ina few. days the skin cleaved from the flesh, in 10 days he began to eat fairly well, also the sores healing rapidly. The photo was taken 18 days after the burning, and shows the horse to have taken on flesh; also the upper part of body and hip have started a crop of hair. The arm and the thigh has healed nicely for so short a time; in fact, I never saw sores of this kind to heal so fast as in this case. We are now waiting to see if a complete covering of hair will hide the awful raw patches of granulating tissue; if so I will report. PAROTITIS IN HOGS AND DOGS. By F. H. Benyamin, D.V.M., North East, Md. Subjects—Three hogs (weight about 75 pounds each), and two young dogs, a mastiff and a small mongrel. History.—Owner stated he had three shoats; two contracted the disease at about the same time, and in a few days the other one became affected. This was during a very wet period in January, last, and all were continually wet and chilled. When T was called two of the hogs were already dead, and the third died before I arrived. These were the only hogs on the premises. The two dogs had been running loose with the hogs and probably contracted the disease in this way. Symptoms.—Both dogs were affected alike, showing a large swelling of the parotid and submaxillary glands, dullness, ina- REPORTS OF CASES. 299 bility to masticate food, no appetite and a slight sneezing. I only saw the carcass of one of the hogs, and this showed similar glandular swelling. Treatment.—The dogs were not allowed to get wet and cam- phorated oil was applied locally to the swollen glands. Both recovered. Having read of cases of Parotitis contracted from “ mumps ” in man I inquired if anyone around there had been so affected, but received a negative answer. There was no evident cause for the malady and no other cases appeared in the neighbor- hood. No other hogs or dogs on the premises. DOUBLE HEADED: CALF. By A. E, Lampert, V.S., New Windsor, Md. The accompanying illustration represents the double head of a calf that it was my good fortune to meet in my practice. The heads are in a straight line, and form a perfect right angle to the neck. They are perfect in every respect, as is the body, and were attached to the neck directly behind the ears, shown in the front of the picture. To me it is a great curiosity, and I be- lieve it will interest my brothers in the profession to whom I present it through the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEw, to 300 REPORTS OF CASES. which valuable paper I have been a subscribed for many, many years. NJURY TO FETLOCK WITH PURULENT INFECTION AUTOTHERAPY. By Jay MacDonatp, V.S., New York, N. Y. Vanderbilt coaching horse from London. Chestnut gelding, g years old, 15 hands high, very shy, became frightened at auto and cut fetlock wide open. Severe purulent infection set in. The inguinal glands became involved. The leg was enor- mously sw ollen, high temperature. This case appeared to be hopeless, and w ould; under other conditions have been destroyed. Treatment.—Twenty cubic centimeters of pus were placed in a quart of water and thoroughly shaken; of this two ounces were given every two hours for twelve hours. In twenty-four hours the horse was better in every way. He had but one other treatment, and in three weeks was well. I have used this treat- ment in several other cases just as severe with equally good results, and am convinced that nothing else could have saved these animals. FISTULOUS WITHERS—AUTOTHERAPY. By R. S. MacKe ter, V.S., New York, N. Y. I judge this case would not recover in less than three months, and to do this it would in all probability have to be operated. The pus was thick, copious and yellow. An ounce of pus was placed in six ounces of water and thor- oughly shaken. Of this he was given one ounce by the mouth every hour for four doses. In forty-eight hours the discharge was less. . It was thinner and streaked with blood. In ten days’ time the wound was nearly closed, there was little exudate. In order to obtain sufficient discharge I made a slight curettage from the side of the wound using the crust or scab. This was also mixed with four ounces of water and well shaken. Of this I gave four more doses in the manner described above. In ten more days the wound had healed. The horse was then put to work, the collar rubbed again, and it broke down. One more dose was given and that was the last of it. REPORTS OF CASES. 301 SYNOVITIS OF THE CORONARY JOINT— DULOTHERAPY. By THE SAME. In a very severe case of synovitis of the coronary joint I gave the same treatment as in the preceding case, and in three weeks the horse was well. The pus was markedly less in forty-eight hours, it then became thin and streaked with blood and grad- ually stopped. I have treated many other similar cases in this manner, and am using autotherapy in my practice where I am able, to the exclusion of all other medication. MASSACHUSETTS BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MepicineE Meets Tuts Montu.—The summer examination for registration in veterinary medicine in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts will be held at the State House, Boston, on June 25th and 26th, for which application blanks are obtainable of the Secretary, E. W. Babson, Gloucester, Mass. Such applica- tion blanks must be properly filled out, acknowledged before a Justice, accompanied by the fee of $15, and filed with the Sec- retary at least three (3) days before the examination. Dr. DALRYMPLE RESPONDS FOR THE VETERINARY PROFES- sION.—At the 34th annual meeting of the Louisiana State Med- ical Society, held in Baton Rouge, La., April 22 to 24, Dr. Fred. J. Mayer, of Opelousas, La., was elected president. Dr. Mayer may be remembered by the excellent paper he pre- sented on ** The Important Relation of the Veterinarian to Public Health ” at the 45th annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at Philadelphia, in 1908. At the annual banquet Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Louisiana State University, who has been an honorary member of the State Med- ical Society for the past eleven years, responded to the toast, “The Veterinary Profession.” There was a large attendance at the banquet, including the Governor of the State, Hon. Luther E. Hall, who was on the toast list, as well as the most prominent members of the medical profession in Louisiana. That is the sort of company we are accustomed to finding our friend Dal- rymple in, and always seeing to it that the veterinary profession’s end is held up. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. FRENCH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. ANEURISM OF BRANCH OF OccrIPITAL ARTERY RUPTURED IN GUTTURAL PoucH oF A MARE—DEATH FOLLOWS REPEATED HeMorRHAGES [Dr. Fairise and Mr. A. Barbier|.—A four-year- old mare bleeds profusely from the nose; the hemorrhage stops. by itself. Examination of the animal shows the nostrils soiled with blood; there is no apparent lesion of the anterior portion of the nasal cavities. The sinuses of the face sound natural on percussion. By auscultation there is light diminution of the res- piratory sounds. Pulse accelerated, regular and no hypertension. There is tachycardy. Conjunctives are rather pale. It is cal- culated that the mare has lost about six litres of blood. No con- clusion arrived at as to diagnosis, and ergotine is prescribed. Two days after, new hemorrhage that plugging of the nose with oxygenated water, iced aspersions on head, nor ergotine can stop. After losing about three litres of blood the flow is arrested. In- jections of gelatine serum are prescribed—and made for several days in succession—4 litres, 3 and later one litre. One more hemorrhage is arrested with ergotine. The animal appears at last in a better condition. One morning, twenty days after the first hemorrhage, the mare is found dead, with the floor of her stall full of blood. At the post mortem, nothing abnormal was found, except that the organs are pale and empty of blood, few clots are found in the nasal fossa, the pharynx and the right guttural pouch, which present also near the base of the cranium asmall tumor. The left pouch is normal. This tumor is situated in a fold of the mucous; it is of dark red color and contains a clot of blood, with various stages of organization. It is a small aneurism of a branch of the occipital, which has burst and given rise to the repeated fatal hemorrhages.—(Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) VAGINAL STEATOMA IN Cows [D. Bonnigal].—A cow has calved with difficulty and after removal of the placenta shows 302 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 303 at the vulva opening a mass as big as an egg, hard and greyish looking, like the fat which lays round the kidneys. The mass extends in as far as the middle of the right side of the vagina and is adhering to a piece of torn mucous membrane. Nothing is thought of it and after a few days of antiseptic injections all the trouble has subsided. Another cow presented a similar red tumor protruding ‘through the vulva when the animal is lying down. It is as big as an apple, attached with a peduncle and is covered with the mucous membrane. Strong cord ligature is applied, and a few days after the growth is excised. A third cow after calving presented the same condition. The tumor, as big as the two fists, is visible only when the cow lies down. It is also removed after four days, having been ligated with a strong cord tied on its base. The two last tumors examined were steatoma and probably the first was also. (Presse Veter.) MitcH Cow ATTACKED By SWARM OF BEEs [A. Eloire].— Grazing, attached to a picket in the ground, a Hollandish cow, black pie in color, is attacked by swarm of bees, which attach themselves only on the black portion of her skin, the head, neck and part of the shoulder. It was with great difficulty that the insects were chased away, leaving the cow immobile, shivering all over, the eyes closed with swelling of the eyelids, the ears drooping and swollen. The black parts where the bees stung the cow are covered with greyish powder, which is made up of stings left by the bees. On the surface of the black designs there are thousands of raised pimples, and on some parts of the skin the surface is swollen and rough to the touch. The respiration of the animal is not much disturbed; the temperature a little below normal. Then there appeared thick swelling of the eyes and of the intermaxillary space. Serosity is oozing here and there on some places. The lactation gradually dropped to one litre of milk a day. On the third day the condition seemed less severe; the swelling of the head has gradually dropped to the chest; attempts to ruminate are taking place; mastication however re- mains difficult. The skin has burst in some places at the base of the ears, and on the lateral faces of the neck there has been some sloughs taking place. One is principally wide on the right shoulder. Gradually the milk has returned, but it is only after twenty-four days that full convalescence is established. The treatment consisted in frequent lotion of weak liq. amm. (10 per 304 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. cent.), light laxative, salicylic acid, warm lotions on cedematous swelling.— (Bullet. Soc. Cent.) FataL WouND oF THE HEART [MM. Ducher and Sejour- nant, Army Veterinarians |.—Thirteen-year-old horse is found dead in his stable one morning. The body presents no mark of traumatism. At the autopsy was found, visible mucus are pale, back of left elbow a large subcutaneous ecchymosis. Abdomen contains blood, not coagulated; no lesion except a tumor grafted on the left suprarenal capsula. Opening of the thorax shows great quantity of unclotted blood; lungs healthy. On the left costal wall, on a level with the heart, big ecchymosis, in the center of which appear the ends of the fifth rib fractured, about the limit of the inferior and middle third. Splints of bones are in the intercostal. The heart shows a wound of the ventricle and the left branch of the coronary artery is ruptured in the middle of its diameter. These wounds were produced by the ends of the fractured rib—(Jbid.) SUDDEN DEATH By SPONTANEOUS Post-OPERATORY Rup- TURE OF THE EXTERNAL Pupic ARTERY IN A Horse [ Professors C. Petit and R. Germain and Hannequin, Student|.—History: Old, entire heavy draught horse has had since a long time a chronic inguinal hernia, double, very large and easily reducible. He is operated. The operation is done on one side only, accord- ing to classical method; separation of the sac by dilaceration with the hand of the surrounding connective tissue, return of the hernia in the abdomen, torsion of the sheath, application of a curved clamp, section of the cord below it—ordinary after care. Everything seems to go normally, when suddenly one morning, twenty days after the operation, an abundant hemorrhage takes place and the animal dies. The autopsy revealed no other lesion but hemorrhage was the cause of death; viz., the external pudic artery, which had given way a little below its origin from the posterior abdominal artery.—(Jbid.) LARGE ADHERING CoEcCAL HERNIA IN A MULE—OPERATION —RapicAL Recovery [L. Auger].—Four-year-old mule has on the lower third of the right flank a tumor as big as a child’s head. It is soft, reducible, and the hernial ring is readily felt, measur- ing 10 to 12 centimeters in diameter. The diagnosis is ceftain, ventral hernia, which requires to be operated. The animal cast, secured, prepared and placed in position, two curved incisions ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 305 joining at their extremities and embracing an elliptic piece of skin were made and the cutaneous portion dissected out. Then the dissection of the sac, as far as the hernial ring, was made, separating it from the skin that covered it. The walls of the sac seemed to be quite thick and before isolating it from the ring, so as to return it easily in the abdomen, an incision was made through its walls, when it was found that it formed a big pouch containing food substances and was made with the point of the coecum, which had protruded into the sac and become adherent to it. The intestine was carefully isolated with the fingers and the aid of the forceps, and the incision that had opened it closed with two rows of sutures. Then the hernial sac was isolated, re- turned in the abdomen and the closing of the opening of the ab- dominal walls was closed with the Legive’s method, adding to it the use of Marlot’s nippers. There was no event of any nature in the convalescence of the mule, except a cutaneous wound which demanded a month for its complete healing. —(Journ. de Zootecn. ) OvaRIAN Cyst CauseD DEATH By INTESTINAL OBSTRUC- TION [ Mr. Lethard |.—Fifteen-year-old Percheron mare has bad colics; she has eaten well and besides her ration has taken part of that of her stall neighbor. The colics are intermittent. Indi- gestion is diagnosed and proper treatment applied. In the later part of the day she grows bad. Tympanitis sets in, and expulsive strains take place. Rectal examination is arrested by a narrow obstruction, which prevents further exploration. After forty- eight hours of suffering the mare dies. At the post mortem there was found an ovarian cyst of the right side, forming an enormous tumor, as big as a man’s head and weighing 5 kilogs. 125 grams. It was hanging to the border of the broad ligament and free to such extent that it pressed against the terminal por- tion of the floating colon and the anterior border of the pubic symphisis, completely obstructing the lumen of the intestine. The left ovary was hypertrophied —(Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) ENGLISH REVIEW. By Prof. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. COMPLICATED AND Rare Fracture [Capt. H. Allen, A.V.C.].—Five-year-old gelding slipped whilst turning a corner. Seen the day after the accident he presented as symptoms—con- 306 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. siderable synovial effusion on the near knee, which extended about five inches above and below the joint. The knee was dis- placed inwards. There was crepitation and pain on digital ma- nipulations of the external surface of the knee. No abrasion whatever of the skin. The animal showed no sign of distress or pain. Destroyed—the knee examined showed—a fracture of the os magnum, the lunar and the scaphoid. Comminuted fracture of the cuniform, fracture without displacement of the internal portion of the head of the external small metacarpal bone.—( Vet. Record.) PrLeuritic Errusion [R. Ferguson Stirling, F.R.CV.S. & Lt., A.V.C.|.—The case of a six-year-old Artillery draught geld- ing which presented symptoms of pulmonary trouble for which counter irritation with mustard on both sides of the chest and Salicyl. Sodz and Carbon. Ammon. were prescribed. On the seventh day following the attack, suspecting fluid in the chest, tapping was performed with no results. The temperature had varied between 105°.2F. and 102°8—when on the eleventh day it rose to 104°, the pulse was 72 weak and thready, the respira- tion 60, distressed. Fluid was then detected and another tap- ping gave escape to nerly 53 pints of fluid. Improvement fol- lowed, after this, appetite returned and convalescence set in. The animal was sick twenty days.—(Vet. Record. ) OvaRIOTOMY AND ANEURISM OF PosTERIOR AorTA [A. R. Routledge, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Concise record of a fatal case of great value in the practical point of view. Aged mare, always in cestrum, is cast and chloroformed to have her ovaries removed. As the incision through the vagina is made, a rush of blood fol- lows, and the mare dies within five minutes by hemorrhage. Aneurism of the posterior aorta was found at the autopsy, the size of a child’s head it had been punctured by the knife. The result shows the morale of conducting a thorough ex- amination before operating.—(Vet. Journal.) TureeE Cryprorcuip [Prof. F. Hobday, F.R.C.V.S.].—1. In one colt, 3 years old, the left testicle being in the scrotum, the right was in the abdomen. This weighed one pound nine ounces. It was very interesting, being an embryoma contained in a cyst and replacing the paradidymis. The solid bone—encapsuled body contained in the cyst was made of embryonic tissue contain- ing glands, bones and cartilage. 2. The second one operated was 13 months old. The right ro ay so ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 307 testicle was in the abdomen and weighed 214 pounds. It was a cystic testicle which was too large to be extracted and had to be emptied of its contents. 3. The third subject was a two-year-old colt, whose right testicle was in the abdomen and weighed one and a half pounds. It was also revealed as an embryoma, as it contained the mixed elements of such. The three horses made a good recovery, the operation being made under chloroform and disinfection realized with tinct. of iodine only.—(Jbid. ) PROSTATITIS WITH UNusuUAL Cyst IN A DoG CoMPLICATED witH Nepuritis [Prof. Geo. H. Woodridge, F.R.C.V.S.].— Retriever collie is in thin condition and walks with unsteady gait, reeling side ways as a drunken man. His mucous membranes are pale, the pulse weak, temperature per rectum 100°5. gn Or @ Qe Bei oe i eee Re ee ee eee PARALYSIS DUE TO THE INGESTION OF FODDER. 371 In the early stage the animal retains consciousness, though in the acute cases this soon gives way to semi-coma. The pupils are dilated, and the expression is startled-looking. The tempera- ture remains normal, or it may be slightly above normal. The pulse is weak and rapid. The visible mucosae are slightly in- jected. Perspiration is often profuse, and may be patchy. Depending upon the acuteness of the case, semi-coma, suc- ceeded by coma, occurs, the paddling movements cease, and death may take place within 12 to 24 hours from the onset of the symptoms, or in subacute and chronic cases, the animal may linger for several days. Death is usually preceded by a violent paroxysm. These are the symptoms as observed here in a number of both accidentally and deliberately produced cases. Post-mortem Appearances.—Skin and subcutaneous bruises are common, but are only bed sores. In two cases patches of semi-gelatinous, straw-colored oedema were present in the peri-pharyngeal connective tissue, but were absent in others. The brain and spinal cord show no lesions beyond at times a slight injection of the ventricles. The meninges are generally normal, but in one naturally acquired case, and in one deliberately conferred case, there was an ab- normal quantity of clear cerebrospinal fluid present, especially around the medulla. The lungs in very actute cases show passive congestion; the pericardium contains a varying, though small, quantity of clear serosity ; the heart shows sub-epi- and sub-endo-cardial petechiae ; the blood coagulates readily with a firm clot and clear serum. The stomach is generally normal, in only one case a few ecchy- moses being seen near the pylorus. The small intestines are in- variably in a muco-catarrhal condition with much serous effu- sion, coagulable on exposure, and mixed with flocculi of shed epithelium. This is found especially in the anterior part of the canal. In one case small necrotic patches of the duodenal mucosa were observed. The large intestines are generally tympanitic, but contain normal ingesta. One case showed a large area of 312 J: A. GILRUTH. congestion and many petechiae of the colon. The liver and kid- neys are slightly congested, and show cloudy swelling. Other- wise the organs are normal. Bacteriological Examination.—Microscopical examination of the blood and other fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid and peri- cardial serosity, as well as tissues, gave always negative results. Blood secured from the heart and large vessels in sterile pipettes and tubes immediately after death coagulated readily, and re- mained sterile even at blood heat. Intravenous inoculation with such material gave negative results, so that a living virus as the exciting cause was excluded, so far as such experiments could determine. Fortunately the fodder which had been fed to horses that had succumbed in an outbreak detailed below had been secured by me, and tests with this gave interesting and surpris- ing results. OBSERVATIONS ON OUTBREAK OF HorsE PARALYSIS IN A MEL- BOURNE STABLE. In the beginning of November, 1911, I was advised by Mr. W. A. Kendall, G.M.V.C., of a serious outbreak of disease affect- ing three horses belonging to a dealer in one of the suburbs. The three horses, of a very good draught type, became affected almost simultaneously, and succumbed within 24 hours, in spite of treatment. Mr. Kendall’s account of the symptoms, and the observations I was able to make through his courtesy, tallied generally with the symptoms recorded above, as did the post- mortem examinations, at only one of which I was able to be pres- ent and personally secure specimens. The cases did not seem to be those of ordinary poison, and chemical examination of the stomach contents and of the fodder gave negative results. Fortu- nately, however, I had a quantity of the fodder, consisting of ordinary mixed chaff with bran and oats, all apparently of good quality, sent to the laboratory for experimental purposes. The material collected was kept separate, and labelled according to the place of collection. These samples were: —.—_ + * «= on neg oe PARALYSIS DUE TO THE INGESTION OF FODDER. 37 From the mangers of the horses that had died. From the nosebags of those horses. From the loft near the chute. _From the bulk fodder in the loft. COS (N.B.—C and D were similar, with the exception that D was mixed later by a few days than C.) No unmixed feed remained on the premises. With the above feed, certain experiments were conducted, but before detailing these it is necessary to record what may well be termed an unpremeditated experiment. When the first horse died, the knacker was instructed to come for the carcase, and his man arrived with the cart sometime be- fore Mr. Kendall had finished his post-mortem examination. While waiting, he espied a nose bag half-full of feed hanging on a peg, and fixed it on his horse’s head. The knacker’s horse, al- though fed as usual only a few hours previously, partook of the chaff in the nose bag readily enough, and in due course left. Five days later Mr. Kendall was called in to see this animal and found him suffering from symptoms exactly similar to those manifested by the original cases. Death occurred within 12 hours of the first symptoms being observed. The carcase was brought to my laboratory, and post-mortem examination showed conditions similar to the others. This horse had received no more than a few pounds of fodder, and no symptoms were de- clared for at least five days. Meanwhile our experiments were in progress. Horse E. 11, and aged animal in fair condition, was fed abou 5 p.m. with 5 pounds of chaff from the mangers. This he ate readily enough. For the next five days he received a daily ration of 15 pounds of chaff from D, the bulk feed. On the morning of the 6th day he ate his food as usual. In the evening at 5 p. m. he was again fed, and at 6.30 p. m. it was observed he had not eaten all the food, though otherwise he appeared normal. At 9.15 p. m. (or a little over five days after the first feed had been given) the animal was found lying down in the box, evi- 374 J. A. GILRUTH. dently suffering from abdominal pain. Temperature 102 degrees F. Pulse full, but weak and somewhat irregular. Respiration normal, eyes bright with pupils dilated. When disturbed, he rose and soon afterwards ate a little food. At 10.45 p. m. he was again found lying down, groaning with colicky spasms and struggling. He tried to get up, but was unsuccessful. He con- tinued to struggle violently for some minutes, but later settled down. Pulse much accelerated, but gradually slowed. At 11.45 p. m. there was another paroxysm similar to last, but struggling was practically confined to continual banging of the head on the floor, and paddling motion of hind limbs. Grad- ually he quieted down, and half an hour later manifested little tendency to struggle when touched, but remained sensitive to all sounds and skin irritation. Temperature, 100.2 degrees. At 12.45 a. m. another paroxysm of struggling occurred, so the animal was given morphine subcutaneously and left for the night, having been well bedded down. Next morning the animal was found to have knocked himself about a good deal during the night. Throughout the day he lay quiet for the most part, but off and on there were periods of struggling. Temperature did not rise, but respirations became more labored, though hypersensitiveness was still marked, until semi-coma ensued shortly before death. The animal died at 5 p. m., 20 hours after having been first noticed lying down, having struggled a good deal during the last hour. Post-mortem Appearances.—Similar to cases at stable from which fodder was obtained, but less injection of the vessels, little catarrh of small intestine, no oedema around pharynx, and but slight excess of subdural fluid. The feed left in the manger of this horse (about 6 pounds) was divided betwen two sheep. They ate it readily enough, and remained normal during the several weeks they were under ob- servation. Pony E. 12 and Cow E. 1.—The remainder of the feed from the manger A was fed to pony E. 12, which received 3 pounds, and to a cow 4 years old, in good condition, which received 9 eT Se Se ee ee ee ee ail i a ee 2. ae PARALYSIS DUE TO THE INGESTION OF FODDER. 375 pounds. For the next week ordinary fodder as given to other animals at the laboratory stables was supplied to these animals. Then of the fodder found in the nose bag (B), 2 pounds was given to the pony, and 5 pounds to the cow. This was an error, for it was intended by me they should be fed thereafter with material C, from near the chute in the loft. This material was used subsequently, the pony receiving 3 pounds and the cow 12 pounds per day. It may be here observed that the division of the feed was purely arbitrary, for we had no reason to believe either from the owner’s statements or from observation that there was any ma- terial difference. The lots were kept separate, so that if neces- sary any definite poison might be tested for in each. The feed- ing with the bulk material was adopted because the pony had not evidenced any illness, and there appeared no reason for keeping the material for too great a length of time, besides which, it saved our own feed bill. The result of the experiment was very interesting and ex- tremely instructive. The pony ate well and appeared normal till the thirteenth day after the first feed, when inappetance appeared, the morning feed being refused. Ina few hours a fit of colic occurred, which soon passed off. These attacks recurred at intervals till later in the day when they ceased, though the animal still remained dull, listless, and refusing food and water. Next morning the pony was found lymg on his side, the limbs straight out, without making any effort to get up. Consciousness was definite, the head being partially raised from time to time. No evidence of pain. No desire for food or water. Skin of limbs sensitive, as shown by twitching of body muscles on prick- ing, but otherwise no reflex action or voluntary action was ob- served. Temperature 100.4 degrees to 101.2 degrees. Pulse and respirations normal. No faeces or urine passed. The fol- lowing or second day condition was much the same. Conscious- ness remained complete, the pony neighing on hearing another horse pass by the box. When the head was held up, he drank 376 J. A. GILRUTH. fairly readily, but refused food; he showed paddling of limbs at intervals, respirations were increased, and towards night the breath was offensive, mouth was clammy, no faeces or urine had been passed, catheter showing comparatively little of latter in bladder, and that of normal character; the pulse was slow and full. During the next two days, little or no change was observed. Bed sores became extensive in spite of frequent turning. A little dung, dry in character, was passed occasionally. Pulse increased to 80 per minute. Temperature remained normal, and breathing was slightly accelerated. Consciousness was still retained, the chief symptom being inability to move the limbs except by the involuntary paddling referred to. At the end of the fourth day no improvement and no aggravation in general symptoms having taken pace, except increasing weakness, because of the bedsores and the absence of feeding, the pony was killed. Post-mortem examination was much the same in results as in previous cases, with the exception of some areas of broncho- pneumonia. The experimental cow gradually became affected with tongue, buccal and pharyngeal paralysis. This cow made an admirable subject for experiment. For six months she had been kept (in consequence of another experiment) in a loose box along with a yearling calf, and in the next box another cow had been kept for the same period, also with a yearling calf. During that period the four animals had all been fed on the same kind of fodder, i. e., dry chaff, hay, etc, with no green feed or exercise. Al- though, as will be seen, the cow fed with the suspected chaff be- came affected with the paralysis, the other cow and calf re- mained normal, and continued to do so while fed on ordinary chaff till killed two months later. Her own companion had been destroyed prior to commencing the feeding experiment. No symptoms of any abnormality whatever were detected till the thirteenth day after receiving the first feed, or the sixth day of continuous feeding on suspected fodder. Then the cow was noticed to be less keen for food, and next day seemed to chew each mouthful for a much longer period than usual, without mak- PARALYSIS DUE TO THE INGESTION OF FODDER. 377 ing any attempt meanwhile to swallow. Although the day was warm, little or no water was drunk. It is safe to say that had a caretul watch not been kept for some such evidence of disturb- ance, it would have been overlooked by the attendant. On the third day of sickness the condition was much the same, but a thin trickle of saliva ran from the mouth, and some mucoid-looking discharge was present in the nostrils. The fourth day brought improvement, and the cow seemed practically normal, but on the fifth day the aimless chewing and slight salivation had returned, while the expression was somewhat strained. On the sixth day the symptoms were for the first time very suggestive of the cattle paralysis. Feed was refused; the head was held straighter than normal, the eyes appeared staring, champing of the jaws with dribbling of saliva was constant, occasionally the tongue pro- truded in an ineffective way, but seldom was an attempt made to lick the muzzle. On the seventh and eighth days the symptoms were aggravated. Drinking was done slowly and with much difficulty. On the ninth day the condition was much the same, the animal continuously standing, staring unseeingly in front of her, the salivation and movement of the jaw in the characteristic way being almost incessant. A blade of cabbage was picked up and sucked laboriously, being finally rejected in an unchewed condition. It was obviously impossible for her to get the food between the teeth or backward into the fauces. After this she refused cabbage, but attempted a little grass with the same result, and the next time grass was offered she refused that. Evidently therefore the appetite was still present but she remembered her inability to chew or swallow certain materials. Rumination had ceased to be observed for several days. On this ninth day, also, the rumen was slightly tympanitic, and occasionally eructations of gas and fluid occurred, the latter passing down the nostrils. For the next three days there was little change except that the animal became gradually weaker and poorer in condition; as always, a little faeces and urine were passed, but no food or water was taken. The temperature ranged between 100 and 102 degrees. 378 J. A. GILRUTH. During this time several veterinarians and others who have had much experience of the cattle paralysis as it naturally occurs saw the case and unanimously confirmed my diagnosis that it was a typical, though not acute, case of that disease. During the night of the twelfth day after the first symptoms were manifested, she gave birth to a fully-developed, healthy calf, but was herself found prostrate and unable to rise in the morn- ing. As she had eaten practically nothing for five days, and very little for a week before that, this weakness was perhaps not surprising. Nothing apparently was to be gained by attempting treatment, so she was killed. Post-mortem examination showed no abnormality that could be considered in any way pathological or associated with the symptoms, and no excess of cerebrospinal fluid. Horse E. 13, aged, and in comparatively poor condition. It was fed for twelve days with 10 pounds per day of bulk chaff from the loft, and was run in a small bare paddock. The supply of chaff being finished, he was then placed on the ordinary fod- der of the laboratory. No evidence of any illness was manifested until sirteen days after the experiment commenced, when he re- fused his feed, but otherwise did not appear ill. The following day he was found lying on his side, presenting all the symptoms of paralysis observed in the pony and in the other experimental horse. The next day (Christmas Eve), no change having oc- curred, and it being evident he might live for several days with- out any material benefit being derived from studying the case, the animal was slaughtered. Post-mortem examination was as in other cases. Summarized, the results of these feeding experiments are as follows. (1) Knacker’s Horse.—Fed with quantity of chaff (B) left in a nose bag, probably not more than 6 to 8 pounds altogether. Result: In five days symptoms developed, characteristic in every way of the disease as it affected the merchant’s three horses, and death occurred under 24 hours later. Other horses belonging to the same owner remained normal. lea PARALYSIS DUE TO THE INGESTION OF FODDER. 379 (2) Experimental Horse E. 11.—Fed daily with chaff (A) removed from the mangers of the horses that died, this being the last feed supplied to those horses, and undoubtedly of the same character as that in the nose bags. Result: Colicky symptoms were exhibited almost precisely five days after first feed was eaten, and three hours later the characteristic symptoms were fully developed and death occurred seventeen hours later. The total quantity of feed consumed by this horse was 74 pounds. (3) Experimental Horse E. 12—A pony fed with 3 pounds of feed from manger. A week later, no symptoms having de- veloped, it was fed with 2 pounds from nose bags (B), then fed with 3 pounds per day of material in loft near chute (C), 33 pounds of this being eaten altogether up to the time he was ob- served off his feed. In all, this pony ate 5 pounds of what had been proved to be poisonous fodder, and 33 pounds of suspected material, or 38 pounds altogether. Result was that refusal of any food was observed twenty days after first feed, and thir- teen days after continuous feeding commenced. This was fol- lowed by colicky pains, and later by definite paralysis. In this case, however, the disease was not early fatal, the animal being killed four days after illness commenced on account of refusal to feed, bed sores, etc. (4) Experimental Horse E. 13.—Fed with chaff (D) from bulk in loft said to have been mixed a week after that in the manger and nose bags, receiving at the rate of 10 pounds per day for twelve days, during which time no evidence of illness was manifested, being then placed on the ordinary chaff of the Insti- tute. Result: Fourteen days after feeding commenced, and four days after last feeding of chaff from the merchant’s loft he re- fused food, and next day was found down and paralyzed. The animal was killed 24 hours later, it being evidently a subacute case, and the Christmas holidays being in course. (5) Experiment Cow.—Fed simultaneously with pony. Re- ceived first 9 pounds of chaff from manger. A week later re- ceived 5 pounds chaff from nose bags, and thereafter fed daily 380 J. A. GILRUTH. with 12 pounds chaff from loft near chute. Result: On the thirteenth day after first feed, some inappetance was observed, but not marked. Gradually symptoms of buccal, pharyngeal and to some extent lingual paralysis became manifested; she was killed when almost in extremis after having given birth to a healthy calf, and after having eaten and drunk practically noth- ing for the previous five days, thirteen days after the first symp- toms of illness appeared, and twenty-six days after the feeding experiment commenced. In all, 88 pounds of the contaminated or poisonous fodder was eaten by this animal. It becomes obvious from a consideration of the results of these feeding experiments that the fodder, consisting apparently of ordinary chaffed oaten hay, with the addition of a slight per- centage of oats and of bran, contained some element which was the cause of the fatal results. What this element was, whether some native or other weed or fungus (or other) disease of some of the constituent plants, there was no indication, and examina- tion of the cut fodder was unsatisfactory on these points. That the horse paralysis in South Australia, where it has been most observed, is frequently found associated with feeding on musty fodder, would seem to indicate the latter hypothesis; but the fact that this is not invariably the case is against the idea of ordinary moulds being a cause. Again, it must be remembered that if the cause be of a fungoid nature, it is one that does not deleteriously affect the fodder to such an extent as to render it unpalatable or even suspicious to the horse or cow, not to mention ourselves, by any standard we can at present adopt. Further, while I have not heard of any cases of horse paralysis where the animals were not at least partially fed on dry fodder, such as hay, chaff, etc., cattle paralysis frequently occurs where animals are feeding solely on natural pasturage. The most reasonable hypothesis under the circumstances is, therefore, that there is some plant which horses are able to avoid while it is growing naturally, but which even then many cattle cannot or do not avoid; a plan also that even the horse does not detect when mixed with other ripe or dried plants, especially if chaffed and mixed. —— PARALYSIS DUE TO THE INGESTION OF FODDER. 381 But again, whether fungoid or herbal in origin, it cannot be gainsaid that the essential cause of the paralysis is some power- ful poison of certain cells in the central nervous system. The chemical nature of that poison cannot as yet be even assumed, for we know of no poison alkaloidal or glucosidal in nature which would have such a latent period before symptoms were produced. In fact, such poisons would be eliminated almost en- tirely from the system within 24 to 48 hours, provided no physio- logical effects were produced. In the case of the two first experi- mental horses and of the cow, a cumulative effect of the poison might be inferred, but the experience with the knacker’s horse, which received only one feed, and with experimental horse E. 13 (the former of which showed symptoms only five days after ingestion of a small quantity of the abnormal fodder, the latter four days after feeding on this was discontinued), negative such an assumption being regarded as a complete explanation. The best analogue of this poison, whatever may be its nature and source, is the toxin of tetanus, which has a so-called period of in- cubation of four to five days, due to the time taken in reaching the cells of the central nervous system via the nerves, instead of by the blood stream. The Rabies virus offers to some extent an- other analogy, but there it is the living entity that travels along the nerves, and probably liberates the toxin in situ. At all events the whole circumstances seem to indicate the study of the native flora in the affected districts as a field of re- search offering the most fruitful possibilities. Had the fodder with which I experimented been uncut, I should have had the component plants of a large quantity segregated after the first two experiments, and conducted feeding experiments with each lot. As this was not possible, I requested the Hon. G. Graham, the Minister of Agriculture to have a botanical survey made by the Government Botanist of the farm in the western district whereon I had seen the most typical cases of cattle paralysis, to which he kindly consented. This was done and I append a copy of the report which I received. The native plants should be secured in some quantity; if necessary they should be artificially cultivated, especially the 382 J. A. GILRUTH. senecios, pimpernels, isotomas and lobelias, and thorough tests made with each on both horses and cattle. Mr. McEachran, at my suggestion, is proposing to carry out at the first opportunity certain experiments with dry unchaffed fodder where there has been an epidemic, the endeavor being to segregate the different plants and carry out feeding experiments with each. So fas as treatment is concerned, I am sure efficacy will only be attained by a study of the poison after it has been isolated, or at least after its origin has been discovered, and meanwhile all endeavors should be directed towards that end. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Kendall, W. T.—Australian Farm and Home, Vol. V., Ne. 4, April, 1896, page 155. Cameren, S. S.—Victorian Journal of Agriculture, October, 1906, page 628. Willmot, RA Minute on. the Cattle Diseases 1910, Agricultural and Stock Depart- ment, Tasmania, Bulletin No. Desmond, J.—Veterinary Journal, Vol. 66, No. 417, March, 1910, page 161. McEachran, J. F.—Journal of Department of Agriculture of South Australia, Vol. XV., No. 10, May, 1912. APPENDIX. Report by Professor A. J. Ewart, Government Botanist, on Plants Found Growing on the Property Referred to in Text. The following is the detailed list of the plants collected: GRAMINEAE (Grasses). Holcus lanatus, L. ‘‘ Yorkshire Fog Grass.’ Alien. Hordeum murinum, L. “ Barley Grass.’’ Alien. Deyeuxia Forsteri Kunth. ‘“‘ Tooth Bent Grass.” Native. Poa caespitosa, G, Ferst. ‘‘ Tufted Meadow Grass.” Native. Lolium perenne, L. ‘‘ Perennial Rye Grass.” Alien. Briza minor, L. ‘‘ Lesser Quaking Grass.’ Alien. Aira caryophyllea, L. ‘“ Silvery Hair Grass.’ Alien. Agropyrum scabrum, Pal. ‘‘ Common Wheat Grass.” Native. Pentapogon Billardieri, R. Br. “‘ Five-awned Spear Grass.” Native. Anthistiria ciliata, L. ‘‘ Kangaroo Grass.” Native. CypERACEAE, JuncAcEAE (Sedges and Rushes). Carex Gunniana, Boot. ‘‘ Green Sedge.” Native. Carex paniculata, L. ‘“‘ Panicle Sedge.”’ Native. Heleocharis acuta, R. Br. ‘Common Spike Rush.” Native. Juncus bufonius, L. ‘‘ Tcad Rush.” Native. Juncus pallidus, R. Br. ‘‘ Pale Rush.” Native. Juncus planifolius, R. Br. ‘‘ Broad-leaved Rush.” Native. Juncus communis, E. Mey. ‘‘Common Rush.” Native. Juncus prismatocarpus, R. Br. “ Branching Rush.” Native, LEGUMINOSAE, Trifolium resupinatum, L. ‘“ Annual Strawberry Clover.” Alien. Trifolium fragiferum, L. ‘‘ Perennial Strawberry Clover.” Alien. Trifolium minus, Rel. ‘‘ Slender Clover.’ Alien. Trifolium repens, L. ‘* White or Dutch Clover.’’ Alien. Acacia mollissima, Willd. ‘‘ Late Black Wattle.” Native. Acacia melanoxylon, R. Br. ‘* Blackwood.” Native. Psoralea parva, F.v.M. “ Small Scurfy Pea.” Native. - PARALYSIS DUE TO THE INGESTION OF FODDER. 383 CoMPOSITAE. Carduus lanceolatus, Scop. ‘‘ Spear Thistle.”’ Alien. Proclaimed. - Carduus pycnocephalus, Jacq. ‘‘ Shore Thistle.’? Alien. Proclaimed. Carduus Marianus, L. ‘ Spotted Thistle.”” Alien. Proclaimed. Cryptostemma calendulacea, R. Br. ‘‘ Cape Weed.’ Alien. Proclaimed. Hypochaeris radicata, L. ‘“‘ Flat Weed.” Alien, Anthemis nobilis, L. ‘‘ Common chamomile.” Alien. Senecio lautus, Soland. Native. Centipeda Cunninghami, F.v.M. ‘‘ Sneeze Weed.” Native. Gnaphalium japonicum, Thunb. “‘ Japanese Cud-weed.” Native. Cotula coronopifolia, L. ‘‘ Water Buttons.” Native. Helichrysum scorpioides, Lab. Native. Leptorrhynchus squamatus, Lessing. Native. Calocephalus lacteus, Lessing. Native. Various Orders. Ranunculus muricatus, L. ‘‘ Sharp-pointed Crowfoot.” (Ranunculaceae.) Alien. Plantago lanceolata, L. ‘‘ Ribwort Plantain.” (Plantaginaceae.) Alien. Bartsia latifolia, Sibth, & Sm. ‘Common Bartsia.’’ (Scrophulariaceae.) Alien. Acaena sanguisorbae, Vahl. ‘ Bidgee Widgee.” (Rosaceae.) Native. Lythrum Hyssopifolia, L. ‘‘ Small Loosestrife.” (Lythrariaceae.) Native. Epilobium junceum, Forst. ‘‘ Hairy Willowherb.” (Onagraceae.) Native. Myriophyllum elatinoides, Gaud. ‘‘ Coarse Water Milfoil.’’ (Haloragaceae.) Native. Erythraea australia, R. Br. ‘ Austral Centaury.” (Gentaineae.) Native. Villarsia reniformis, R. Br. (Genaneae.) Native. Alternanthera nodiflora, R. Br. ‘‘ Joyweed.”” (Amarantaceae.) Native. Polygonum prostratum, R. Br. ‘“‘ Trailing Knotweed.’’ (Polygonaceae.) Native. Rumex Brownii, Camp. ‘“‘ Swamp Dock.” (Polygonaceae.) Native. Prunella vulgaris, DC. ‘“‘ Selfheal.”” (Labiatae.) Native. Mentha Pulegium, L. “ Pennyroyal.” (Latiatae.) Alien. Asperula oligantha, F.v.M. ‘*‘ Common Woodruff.” (Rubiaceae.) Native. Gratiola peruviana, L. ‘‘ Peruvian Booklime.” (Screphulariceae.) Native. Triglochin procera, R. Br. ‘‘ Giant Arrow Grass.’’ Naiadaceae.) Native. Anagallis arvensis, L. ‘‘ Pimpernel.’”’ (Primulaceae.) Alien. Myoporum insulare, R. Br. ‘“ Boobialla.”” (Myoporineae.) Native. Lobelia praticides, Benth. (Campanulaceae; Lobeliaceae.) Native. Isotoma fluviatilis, F.v.M. “‘Swamp Isotoma.” Campanulaceae. (Lobeliaceae.) Native. Among the plants collected were the following poisonous, suspected poisonous or injurious plants: 1. Anagallis arvensis, L. ‘‘ Pimpernel.’’ Alien. 2. Calocephalus lacteus, Less. Native. 3. Centipeda Cunninghami, F.v.M. ‘‘ Sneeze Weed.” Native. 4. Isotoma fluviatilis, F.v.M. ‘‘ Swamp Isotoma.” Native. 5. Lobelia pratioides, Benth. Native. 6. Myoporum insulare, R. Br. ‘ Boobialla.”’ Native. 7. Ranunculus muricatus, L. “‘ Sharp-pointed Crowfoot.’ Alien. 8. Senecio lautus, Soland. Native. Of these, Calocephalus lacteus, Centipeda Cunninghami, Myoporum insulare and Senecio lautus are merely suspected poisonous plants, The Ranunculus is generally stated to be feebly poisonous when fresh. If the Senecio were poisonous, it would probably act like the ordinary ragwort; that is, it would slowly bring on hepatic cirrhosis as described by Professor Gilruth. The Jsotoma and the Lobelia are undoubtedly poisonous, but seems to affect sheep more readily than larger stock, possibly because they are apt to eat relatively more. Anagallis arvensis, “‘ The Pimpernel,” was recently responsible fer the death of a large number of sheep at Lilydale, the round pods of the plant being found in their stomachs in large quantities. This plant is a naturalized alien, which has rapidly spread over Victoria, and is one of those plants which it is almost impossible to suppress. It appears to act as a narcotic poison. It irequently remains green for a time when the grass is dying off, and this may attract the stock to eat it in large quan- tities if it is abundant. I suggest as the next stage in the inquiry, that the stomachs of the stock affected by the ‘“‘ disease,’’ be examined for the presence of the plants marked 1 to 8, and particularly for numbers 1, 4 and s. GLANDERS IN PORTO RICO.* By JouHnN Lynn Leonarp, D.V.M., Astoria, L. I. During the summer of 1911 the Government of Porto Rico created a Department of Sanitation. This department was to have charge of all matters pertaining to public health. Maj. F. W. Lippitt, an ex-surgeon of the U. S. Army, at that time en-— gaged in private practice in San Juan, Porto Rico, was appointed head of this new department with the title of Director of Sanita- tion. Among the subdivisions of the department was the Veteri- nary Department, consisting of four veterinary inspectors and a chief. The island was divided into four districts known as the northern, eastern, western and southern districts, with the cities of Arecibo, Humaco, Mayaguez. and Ponce, respectively, as headquarters of the different sets of officers, while the super- vising offices were established at San Juan, which is in the east- ern district, the abandoned Naval Hospital being converted into a building for this purpose. In each city and town a local health officer was appeal whose duty it was to look after his particular section and to aid the inspectors, both medical and veterinary, in their work of cleaning up the whole country, which was in a really filthy condi- tion from the long lack of sanitary measures, and in the preven- tion and eradication of the various diseases of both man and animal, due very largely to the same cause. This was, indeed, a great undertaking, for the country had been for years, if not centuries, without sanitation. The natives (I refer to the lower class) were very ignorant and stubbornly heedless of the dangers surrounding them. They would neither take precautions against disease, nor assist in any way to prevent it. A goodly number of the population were affected with tuber- ‘ mg Read before the May, 1913, meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Tork City. 384 GLANDERS IN PORTO RICO. 385 culosis, hook-worm, syphilis and other venereal diseases. These people were mingling among the healthy ones, working in cigar factories, stores, hotels, etc., and absolutely thoughtless in regard to expectoration or other means of contamination. Therefore, it was necessary to force them to be more careful and to live more decently. In many cases they rebelled against this, crying, “ Per- secution of the poor people,’ and even threatening the lives of the officers who were compelling them to clean up and keep clean. One inspector was shot, but not fatally, and recovered. Hence it was necessary for the governor to furnish each of the inspect- ors with an armed policeman in uniform as a body-guard while on duty. The chief object of the Veterinary Division was the eradica- tion of glanders, or “ Muermo,” as it is called in Spanish. This disease existed in large numbers of animals throughout the island, and the people as well as the horses were being infected with it. The animals suffering from the malady were ridden and driven through the main streets; standing together in groups at the markets, along the sidewalks and in front of the stores, where the owners did their trading; drinking from public watering troughs, where the laborers washed their faces and rinsed their dinner pails; and at home they were placed side by side in the stable with the other horses and allowed to run in the same pasture. This, like all other infectious diseases, spreads very rapidly in the tropics, where the temperature is high and nearly constant the year around. At this time I was stationed at San Juan as veterinary sur- geon in the United States Army. I also did some private prac- tice, on the side, and had made a reputation for myself by dis- covering a cure for a disease, there known by the natives as “ Lamparones,” which was destroying horse after horse. In general appearance it resembled glanders very much and was believed by the majority of people to be such, In fact, often- times the two diseases would appear at the same time in the same animal, thus causing much confusion. I felt it to be a shame 386 JOHN LYNN LEONARD. that so many animals were being carried off by this disease, and I also seemed to feel confident that I could find a cure for it. The Police Department, whose horses I treated, was overjoyed with the possible hope of saving their affected animals and fur- nished me with the patients to experiment upon. After studying the disease carefully, I came to the conclusion that I was dealing with epizo6tic lymphangitis in a very severe form. I was happy, indeed, to find that my treatment was a success, even in cases which seemed most severe, and the Police Department was delighted. Dr. Thos. A. Allen, a very able veterinarian, in the Bureau of Animal Industry, also stationed in San Juan, was appointed chief of the Veterinary Division. He knew of my success and kindly offered to recommend me to the department as one of the inspectors. At first I declined, as I was fairly well satisfied with my posi- tion and did not favor the idea of taking another one, even though better paid, which at that time seemed rather strange to me, being under the Porto Rican, instead of the Federal Government. Finally I accepted and was appointed, after resigning from the Army. I had the choice of either the northern or the western district. I chose the latter. Owing to the lack of inspectors, I necessarily had to take charge of the northern district to com- mence with, going later to my own station at Mayaguez. In each of the four above-mentioned cities, where the inspect- ors make their headquarters, a building is fitted up with offices and equipment for the use of.the different members. The Dis- trict Health Officer, or ‘‘ Oficial de Sanidad,” as he is known, has his office in this building and is really the head official of the district. The veterinary inspector has his office there with the others and is given practically the same rank and respect as the other inspectors. He also has his body-guard at his service whenever he needs him. When he has to travel in or out of town he has the authority to hire a coach and team and is driven at the expense of the department, and when he travels by rail his expenses are also paid. The same applies to hotel bills, luggage and all other expenses. eo Ve ew ™ eee GLANDERS IN PORTO RICO. 387 His chief duty is the inspection of animals of all kinds in his district, stamping out and preventing the spread of disease among them, the sanitary condition of the various stables, and the buy- ing of horses: as they are needed for use in the department for garbage carts, etc. This is no easy task, if carried out faithfully. One cannot fully appreciate the amount of work to be done, and the difficul- ties and obstacles to be met with in this work, without actually witnessing the existing conditions himself. As I stated before, the main object of the veterinary inspector is the eradication of glanders. This is certainly enough to keep him busy in itself, but occasionally he is called upon to examine the meat of a butchered animal which is suspicious, but this is largely the duty, although wrongly so, of the local health officer. In order to go about the work of eradication systematically, it is first necessary to visit each town or city in the district and inspect each and every stable in the place at a time when all the animals are in. At the same time one has to keep an eye out for horses passing through the streets, or stopping for the time being at some place. When the animals are in pasture, orders are given to bring them into the stable, in order that they may be examined. Sometimes the owners raise objections to doing this and to having their stables inspected, and so it is that the officer who accompanies the inspector acts in a second capacity by compelling them to obey orders. The suspicious animals are removed from the stable, and all of those found in the town are placed in an isolated spot, set aside by the health officer and held in quarantine. ‘his is usually in a small yard, or an unused field, in which the animals may either be picketed or tied to trees and shrubs. ‘Those picked up in the streets are handled in the same manner. No objections on the part of the owners or drivers are listened to, and the most rigid measures are adopted. A brass tag labeled “ Quarantine’’ is fastened to each animal’s neck by means of a fine copper wire. The animals are then given the mallein test, the same as in this country. Those which do not react and are not considered sus- Gs v4 Zz JOHN LYNN LEONARD. picious are set free upon completion of the test. The reactors are still held in quarantine, to be destroyed by the local health officer, who has to witness the killing and burying of the glan- dered horses. The government allows no payment whatever on the animals thus destroyed. Naturally this causes hard feeling on the part of the natives, as in many cases this one animal is all a man may possess and is the means by which he makes a living for himself and family. This is not right and one cannot blame them in a way, since they are very quick-tempered; yet it is not very pleasant to have a knife or a gun flashed on you, and here the body-guard, whom the natives fear, is quite a consola- tion. The law in regard to the destruction of glandered horses is very poor in one respect. For instance, if upon testing an animal it reacts and gives all the appearance of glanders, the owner has the privilege of holding that animal in quarantine for three months, without having it killed at the time of its reaction. At the expiration of this period he must again submit it to the test, and in case it reacts a second time he is again allowed three months to hold the animal for a third test, making a delay of six months. In this length of time no telling how many other horses may become infected from this animal and perhaps the owner himself or his family. This is certainly a very unfortu- nate clause in the law, but nevertheless we have to abide by it. There is, however, one possible crawl out at times. If the in- spector makes a report that there is immediate danger of the disease spreading to other animals or people, the Director of Sanitation may order the horse shot at once, and the owner is powerless to resist it. Keeping an animal in quarantine with the owner in trust is almost an impossibility. The minute the inspectors back is turned, the owner, because of his ignorance and stubbornness, at once does as he sees fit, and if the inspector happens to return at an unexpected time, he is liable to find the horse mixed in with the others the same as before, or even feeding in the same pasture. It is impossible to make the natives wash their hands after caring for a diseased animal, so that it is necessary to stand over -- om oneal GLANDERS 1N PORTO RICO. 389 them as much as time will permit to keep any kind of order, and even then it is almost hopeless. It is really quite discouraging at times to try to do anything with such people, yet one has to make the best of it and be unrelenting, for if a native once gets the least advantage of you through lack of firmness, you can do very little with him, except by compulsion afterward. Oftentimes the local health officer will quarantine one or more suspicious animals and notify the director, who, through the chief veterinarian, will dispatch an inspector to examine the cases and report on them. The natives are very tricky and will do everything in their power to hide a diseased animal, or to fix it up so that it will not look suspicious, as, for instance, keeping the nostrils swabbed out, etc., so that one cannot be too well on his guard in dealing with them. Oftentimes they are willing to have their horses tested, saying they want them destroyed in case they have glan- ders, and then, when they react, will refuse to have them killed, especially when some of the other animals that are tested fail to ract and are set free. In many cases the more intelligent own- ers willingly sign permits to have their horses destroyed without the test when the conditions warrant condemning on physical examination. I not only enjoyed the work very much, but found it exceed- ingly interesting, and had it not been for Mrs. Leonard’s health failing in the tropics, I undoubtedly would be there still; yet in my traveling experiences I have come to the conclusion that both for comforts and for making money there is no place like the good old United States. An ABSOLUTE NECESSITY TO THE Busy PRACTITIONER.— A subscriber in Washington State, who had overlooked renew- ing for a month on account of pressure of practice and moving his residence at the same time, writes: “‘ I overlooked this last month; but I could not think of getting along without the RE- VIEW. It is an absolute necessity to the busy practitioner.” DYSTOKIA IN THE BITCH—SOME OBSERVATIONS MADE WHILE PERFORMING THE CAESARIAN OPERATION.* By Jonn A. McLaucuitn, D.V.S., New York, N. ¥. I am writing this paper in the hope that it will elicit a dis- cussion that will throw some additional light on this very dark subject. When I began performing the Caesarian section, not as a last resort, but as the best means of saving mother and pups when delivery was exceedingly difficult. I did not think of learning anything new about dystokias; if I had, I would by this time, I believe, be able to give you a better paper on the sub- ject. If this paper appears immature, remember I am only writ- ing it at the request of your secretary, and he only requested me when no others volunteered. The three cases I am giving a clinical history of could not have been delivered in any other manner than by the Caesarian section; at least such is my honest conviction. Certainly not with such favorable results; for the three mothers are still alive, as are all the pups that were alive at the time I operated. All were Boston terriers. When I saw the first case, a pup was presenting itself, hind- feet foremost; it had reached the vulva and even beyond and could be seen without manipulation. I was informed that she had been in labor for five hours, and the pup must have only just showed itself, as I was the first to notice it. I waited for half an hour, and seeing no possibility of its being delivered naturally, I withdrew it. The only instruments used were my hands and a towel. ‘The traction necessary to remove this pup was con- siderable, yet an examination showed the pelvic opening to be quite large and the pup of only ordinary size. Of the cause de- * Read at the June, 1913, meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City. 390 DYSTOKIA IN THE BITCH—CAESARIAN OPERATION. 391 manding this great traction I will explain later; at least I will give my explanation for it. Two and one-half hours later an- other pup presented itself in the self-same manner, which I made no effort to remove, but operated. Although the hind feet of this pup were in the vulva, its head was still in the horn (left) of the uterus and not in the uterus proper. I am laying stress on this point, because I have never seen such a dystokia men- tioned in any text-book, and because I believe it was due to the constriction between the horn of the uterus and the uterus proper, that this constriction was such as to prevent the head of the pup passing into the uterus proper, while permitting the hind quarters to pass through it; and | further believe this constric- tion was the cause of the posterior presentation, to which I will allude later, and also the death of both pups. When I saw the second case (the second one of this paper) I made a vaginal examination, and, inserting my index finger as far as possible, I could just feel a pup with my finger tip. I immediately operated, for I concluded that the pups were all in the horns, and I have decided that when the pups are in the horns the best thing to do is to perform the Caesarian operation at once. In this case I went to a great deal of trouble to make sure that no pups were in the uterus proper, and I can say positively the uterus proper was empty. I removed three large pups, two from the left horn and one from the right. There was no con- striction here, as there was in the former, for I could pass the pup (and of course did) with very little trouble into the incision I had made in the left horn, but | did find all three placentas adhered to the walls of the horns of the uterus, and furthermore that two of these pups were presented posteriorly, and the one presenting itself normally was the one nearest the ovary (left). Of the correctness of this latter observation I am positive, and I am quite sure that the other two pups presented themselves as I say, but I was alone when I was operating, and it is just possible I am mistaken. The third case was a litter of four pup- pies, all four very large, with all the placentas adhering to the walls; I. indistinctly remember that one presented itself poste- 392 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. riorly, and I made no investigation as to whether there were any in the uterus or not. This bitch was in labor three days; the second one, two days; the first, about eight hours. All the moth- ers are still alive, as are all the pups that were alive when | operated. I will now give my explanation for the great traction neces- sary to withdraw the first pup. As I have said, the pelvic open- ing was large enough, and the pup was small enough. Some other obstacle must have presented itself. My explanation is, that this pup, also, was in the horn; that is, its head was in the horn: and when I used traction, I drew the horn of the uterus and the pup as well into the pelvic opening, and this constituted the additional obstacle, which demanded the increased traction. I believe this is a common occurrence. In speaking of “ Dystokias in the Bitch and Their Treat- ment,” Miller (Glass’s translation) says: “ The normal course of birth may be changed in some instances by certain circum-. stances. The labor-pains may not be strong enough; there may be a narrow, contracted pelvis; the vagina may be lessened in diameter by cicatricial contractions, tumors, etc. The foetus may be very large or may be presented in an irregular position. Extract of ergot is the best preparation to increase the contrac- tions of the uterus. (Several writers have recently spoken very highly of glycerine; it is injected directly into the uterus; in 1-10 solution with warm water the translator has had very good results from it.) If the animal is depressed and weak, adminis- ter stimulants, such as whiskey, wine or alcohol; and if these fail to produce the birth of the foetus, it may have to be removed by forceps, hooks; or the foetus may have to be noosed by means of a copper wire held in a tube. ‘When the foetus is in an irregular position, and after fail- ing to remove it by means of forceps, etc., or if the foetus is so very large that is is impossible to get it through the pelvic open- ing, or if it cannot be reached so it cannot be cut into sections, or if the pelvis is contracted, or a tumor present, we must per- form the Caesarian operation. This is not a very dangerous DYSTOKIA IN THE BITCH—CAESARIAN OPERATION. 593 operation, provided it is performed before the animal is in a state of collapse or the foetus is not dead and commencing to decay.”’ The above is a summary of our knowledge on the subject of “ Dystokias in the Bitch and Their Remedies.” The results of this amount of knowledge, as evidenced in practice, is very dis- couraging to the young practitioner and the owner. I am in hopes that this paper will excite sufficient discussion to tell us of some method whereby we can diagnosticate a con- dition, before injurious means have been used and failed. Miller’s method of diagnosticating a dystokia seems to be as follows: “First use emmenagogues, and failing with these, try instru- ments, and failing with instruments, perform the Caesarian sec- tion. Must we acknowledge that in the year 1913 we possess no means of diagnosticating a condition that calls for the last resort, until we have rendered this last resort—a very dangerous procedure? For, in my experience, the Caesarian operation is almost invariably fatal when performed after instruments have failed. In closing I will say a word about two operations that I have heard spoken of as sure cures for all forms of dystokias, viz., pubiotomy and laparotomy. Pubiotomy consists in cutting or sawing through the pubes. It can only cure those dystokias that are due to a small pelvic opening, or where the pup is too large. It would prove absolutely nil in the three cases I have mentioned. As for a simple laparotomy: The object here is to facilitate the progress of the pups through the uterus, by permitting the hand to enter the abdominal cavity, and so propel them onward and through the pelvic opening, or direct them into a pair of forceps. The objection to this is that I do not think I could accomplish this feat (in the second case mentioned, I found it almost im- possible to get the pup through the opening between the horn of the uterus and the uterus proper) ; but in any case, to pass a pup through the pelvic opening is a very difficult matter, and when there is more than one pup, especially where there are several, the danger to the mother becomes serious; again it neces- 3g JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN. sitates a central incision, which prevents the pup’s nursing; and furthermore when a pup is directed into a pair of forceps, the pup is invariably killed. I consider it at best a more dangerous operation than the Caesarian section. As for instruments, they usually kill the pups sit injure the mother more than is generally supposed, even when the pups are in the uterus proper; and, as far as I am aware, there is no instrument manufactured that is capable of removing a foetus from the horn without great risk of injuring the mother; in fact, I am not aware that any instrument has been manufactured that attempts to embody the idea of removing a pup from the horn. Regarding emmenagogues, 1 have not had very encouraging results. | Before concluding, I wish to refer back to the statement that there was a constriction between the horns and the uterus proper; I desire to emphasize that statement and to add that the passage was too small for the pup to pass through, and it was not a large pup; I emphasize that statement, because I had my fingers in the opening, and saw it with my eyes. I emphasize it, also, be- cause I believe this constriction was congenital, and not spas- modic, as it refused to enlarge under digital manipulation, though the bitch under the action of morphine and ether. I am impressed that this constriction was the cause of the posterior presentation; that it was the result of a purely mechanical act, an obstruction before and the force of the uterine contractions behind. Again, the two pups that had passed into this constriction were dead. I believed the constriction killed them. In concluding, I think two points should be borne in mind when we meet a case of dystokia: First, that the Caesarian sec- tion is not a dangerous operation, and when performed early, the mother and pups can be saved in the large majority of cases. (My own opinion is that they can be saved in 100 per cent. of the cases.) Second, that emmenagogues, manipulation and instru- ments, should not be used to such an extent that this “last” but “safe ”’ resort is rendered a very unsafe and dangerous one. INTERSTATE LIVE-STOCK INSPECTION. By T. T. CuristiAn, D.V.S., Deputy STATE VETERINARIAN, TEXARKANA, TEX. Interstate live-stock inspection involves the inspection of all live stock being shipped, driven or in any manner transported from one state to another, and must not be confused with the federal quarantine inspection for fever ticks, scabies, etc. The primary causes for the enactment of state live-stock sanitary laws, which require and prescribe the inspection of all live stock coming into a state, is the insatiable desire of man to dispose of diseased animals in the most expedient manner avail- able when he finds that he has such in his possession, and he can always find a dealer who is willing to buy this class of stock at the reduced figure, which they demand and assure the owner that it will not become known in his immediate locality that he has knowingly disposed of diseased animals and in this manner wilfully distributed an infectious disease from his own herd to that of his neighbors. Also there is a large percentage of infection among live stock, of which the owner and purchaser is entirely ignorant, such as the tuberculous cow and glanderous horse, which are the most dangerous of all and which cannot be apprehended without an honest test by a competent veterinarian. This being the major class which really demands interstate inspection. In this manner, infectious diseases had been distributed from one state to another, until it had become obviously a necessity that the states must pass laws requiring that all live stock coming within their borders should pass a rigid examination by competent veterinarians, so that in some measure the spread of the infec- tion might be restricted. The object of interstate live-stock inspection is to restrict the 395 396 T. T. CHRISTIAN. distribution of infectious, contagious and communicable diseases and to prevent infection of uninfected areas, and in this manner to protect the health and wealth of the populace by shutting off from their food-producing animals the source of infection, and to obviate the necessity for a state to expend vast sums of money in the eradication of a contagious disease after it has once become definitely established. The legislative body of any state has the power to enact laws prescribing the regulations under which live stock shall enter their bounds. Also they have the power to put inspectors in the field and vest in them what authority they may deem necessary to protect the health and wealth of their populace. The methods to be employed in the inspection of live stock must be formulated to meet the demand of each peculiar locality. Where inspected in transit, such as at a point of entry into a state, the stock should be unloaded, fed, watered and allowed to rest before inspection. The live-stock yards at such points should be so equipped that animals being held for inspection could be amply protected from inclement weather, but where emigrant cars are handled that con- tain but few live stock, and those with ample room to lie down to rest, and on short hauls it is often advisable and absolutely necessary to inspect in the car. This is not recommended, how- ever, where the tuberculin or mallein test is given. In giving the tuberculin test the cattle should be allowed a good rest, say from five to eight hours, before starting on initial temperatures, and we consider no test valid unless at least three initial temperatures distributed over a period of twelve hours, and four or five subsequent temperatures beginning not less than ten hours after time of injection of tuberculin and taken at two- hour intervals, and if the temperature is seen to be rising at the expiration of this time, the animal should be held for at least two more temperatures. Inspection of stock for transportation should be made on the day they are to be moved and not at some indefinite date prior to the time of movement. INTERSTATE LIVE-STOCK INSPECTION. 397 In order to have and maintain a more efficient inspection service, the states should endeavor to establish uniform regula- tions, among which should be included the adoption of a uniform health certificate, on the back of which should be printed a list of the official inspectors and a digest of the sanitary live-stock requirements of the issuing state. This certificate should be made in triplicate, the original to accompany live stock, the duplicate to be sent to Live Stock Sanitary Board of the state of destina- tion, the triplicate to be sent to the Live Stock Sanitary Board of the state of origin. A great many of the states have adopted the uniform health certificate already. Also a more uniform scale of fees should be universally adopted. This has also been adopted by several states and has proven to be one of the most efficient manners in which to eliminate the all too frequent claim of graft and overcharges. Local conditions, however, should govern in a great measure the charge, as what might be considered a reasonable fee at one point would not be applicable at another. An inspector should not be expected to make a trip where it takes a day’s time away from his local business and additional expenses for the same fee that he would do the work at his local point. A great many complaints arise in regard to overcharges, but I am pleased to say that the bulk of these when ferreted out can- not be substantiated. It is my opinion that the scale authorized by the Live Stock Sanitary Commission of Texas, which is also used by some other states, is the most satisfactory that could be adopted and 1s as follows: At home: Teuberculin and mallein test, one head $5, for the next five head $3 per head, etc. Physical examination, for first three head and under $3, for over three head and up to one car- load $5. For each additional car $2.50 per car. Abroad: Tuberculin and mallein test, $10 per day and ex- penses for ten head or under. Over ten head $1.50 for each additional animal. Physical examination, the same as at home. with mileage. 3¥S8 T. T. CHRISTIAN. This scale of fees has proven adequate compensation for the veterinarians’ services, and satisfactory to the majority ot shippers. The scope of inspection should be widened to cover strangles, influenza and all so-called shipping fevers. At present very few of the states pay the slightest heed to this class of diseases. It appears that they have come to look upon it as a necessary evil. In fact, Alabama is the only state that 1 know of which absolutely prohibits the importation of stock with these diseases. More stringent legislation along this line would bring about some remarkable cleanups and changes in the horse and mule markets in this country, and would save shippers a vast sum of money each season. There is no field of work which presents more opportunities for dishonest service than that of live-stock inspection. Nine shippers out of ten will make an effort to secure a certificate with- out an actual inspection. They will advance arguments in regard to their knowledge of the stock they are handling and point out the fact that they never talk, and that they want to be released as quickly as possible. Very few of them submit willingly to the tuberculin and mallein tests, and it is a deplorable fact that some veterinarians seem to prefer to make out a temperature chart in their office to going into the pens and doing the actual work. An inspector who is wont to continue such practices should be punished by having his commission annulled and his name published, so that such practices might be forever discouraged. Every inspector at a point of entry to a state is often con- fronted with the proposition of the disposition of animals con- demned en route. In many instances, as has been the case with the writer, this stock is in a state other than the state of origin, and which prohibits the entry of uninspected animals, yet with- out the state of destination, and in complying with the require- ments of one state you indirectly violate those of another. This is a point I would like to hear thoroughly discussed. The results obtained from sanitary live-stock requirements INTERSTATE LIVE-STOCK INSPECTION. 399 are of two classes, the first of a psychologic nature, which pre- vents the shipment of animals known to be infected. The second is the apprehending and condemning of attempted shipments of diseased animals, both of those known by the ship- per to be infected, and those of which he is ignorant. The common result is the prevention of the distribution of infectious, contagious and communicable diseases from infected areas to uninfected areas. The two states which from my observation are doing the most toward live-stock sanitation are Alabama and Montana, and it is evident that their state veterinarians, Drs. Carey and Knowles, are in a great measure responsible for their efficient requirements. I am free to acknowledge that in the past Texas has been somewhat backward along the points noted, but it affords great pleasure to call attention to the fact that within the past two years great changes have been wrought and that she is now striv- ing to maintain an efficient safeguard to her live-stock industry by placing veterinary inspectors at each point of entry and at various points throughout the state. These changes have been brought about by our present ad- ministration. We are indeed fortunate in having as governor His Excellency O. B. Colquitt, who is a staunch friend to the stock man and veterinarian. He has indeed shown excellent judgment in his appointment of a Live Stock Sanitary Board, the chairman of which, the Honorable W. N. Waddell, of Fort Worth, Texas, stands eminently fitted as a live stock veterinarian, but the man at the helm who has made our present achievements possible. and to whom we are looking for future developments, is our state veterinarian, Dr. E. R. Forbes, whose extensive ex- perience in the field of veterinary science amply qualifies him for the trying duties of his present office. ErcHty-First COMMENCEMENT.—New York University held its eighty-first commencement exercises on June 4th and conferred degrees on a large body of graduates. LOW TENOTOMY. By C. A. Cary, D.V.M., ALABAMA PoLyTEcHNic INSTITUTE, AUBURN, ALA. Having the tendons contract following ordinary cases of tenotomy of the flexor perforans and perforatus I have devised a new means of restoring the animal to usefulness. This is done by cutting the perforans at about the lower third of the os suffra- ginis and also cutting one or more of the ligaments just in front of the tendon at that place. The animal is cast, parts cleansed and tincture of iodine applied over the field of operation. A sharp-pointed tenotome is inserted just along the posterior part of the lateral border of the tendon; the blunt-pointed tenotome is inserted and the cutting edge turned forward cutting the ten- don (and ligaments in front of it if necessary). Tension is pro- duced on the tendon at the time of cutting, by a loop rope caught around the coronet running forward over the frog sole and point of the toe. Avoid the nerves and blood vessels as in higher tenotomy.. Use as much force as possible to break the adhesions. Cover with gauze, absorbent cotton and bandage from hoof up above the fetlock. Leave on bandage 7 to 10 days. Let animal loose in small pasture or lot. If weather permits, keep the animal out all the time. At first the fetlock will not come down to the normal axis and the hoof line will not be normal, but after a few days the formerly stiff fetlock and pastern will assume normal positions and have astonishingly free movements. This opera- tion will not reduce enlarged tendons, but will restore the other- wise useless animal to usefulness. I have only tried this on two cases, and both were in the hind limb—one a mare and the other a mule. I suggest that this operation be tested by others and also that it be tried upon a front limb. 400 ————s ee REPORTS OF CASES. PROBABLE FOOD POISONING IN YOUNG MULES. By A. T. Kinstey, Pathologist, Kansas City Veterinary College. On May roth the writer was called in consultation with Dr. C. N. Jones, of Belton, Missouri, to investigate a disease affect- ing young mules in the vicinity of Stillwell, Kansas. Upon arrival at the designated pasture, several farmers had assembled and were very much concerned over the existing con- dition in the mules that were in the pasture. It was found that seventeen mules and six or seven colts were kept in a forty or fifty-acre pasture. These animals were all young, there being none more than three years of age. They were the young stock of four or five different nearby farmers. The first were taken to the pasture about the roth of April and had been in this par- ticular pasture for at least two weeks. The pasture was prac- tically all upland, there being a small branch and some springs at one end where the water was obtained. The soil was all sandy loam, except a small area on the bank of the ravine, which was clay and contained some small rock. The pasture was seeded with alsike, excepting that bordering on the branch, which was. blue grass. The alsike and grass was abundant, and no poison- ous plants could be found. Small rust spots were observed on the alsike leaves. The season in this community has been backward, there being much cool, cloudy weather and cold nights. There had been considerable rain from the 1st to the 20th of May. In this pasture four two-year-old mules were affected. Two other similar cases were reported, both on pasture—one a mile east and the other a mile and a half south. These two cases were not observed by the writer. The first case noticed by the owners of the four affected was on May 16th; the other three began to evidence symptoms on the 17th. The affected mules first began by moving the head up and down and soon thereafter to rub their lips, nostrils, eyes, ears, poll and other parts of the head, on other animals, trees, 401 402 REPORTS OF CASES. posts or even the wire fence. The pruritis continued and ap- parently became more intense for from forty-eight to seventy- two hours after it was first evidenced. During the time of the local pruritis the affected animals lacerated and bruised the soft tissues of the head extensively, and the injured parts became infected, inflamed and tumefied. The eyelids were so swollen that the eyes were closed. The lips were so oedematous that they were thick and pendulous. The mucous membrane, particularly external to the incisor teeth, was lacerated, and in one instance the distal end of the tongue was lacerated. There was a foul odor from the mouth, due probably to the decomposition of desquamated epithelium, as the affected animals did not eat. The conjunctival mucous membrane was hyperemic and inflamed, which may have been due to mechanical injury. Heart action, respiration and temperature were normal. There was no involve- ment of the general nervous system, as there was no paralysis evidenced, there being only hypersensitiveness of the skin of the head and possibly also of the internal portion of the buccal mucous membrane and conjunctiva. A positive diagnosis was not given, but it was stated that the condition was probably food poisoning, the specific cause not being determined. It was recommended to confine the affected animals, in order that they would not further injure themselves; in addition it was recommended to give each affected animal a purgative and apply local treatment to the injured tissues of the head. It was further recommended to remove all animals not affected from this pasture and give them dry food and whole- some water for a few days, and the climatic conditions would probably in the meantime attenuate or eliminate the causative factor from the pasture. Was this condition caused by Uredinae (rust fungi) on the alsike or grass? The author would be glad to have some one give further light in these cases. A CASE OF FLATULENT COLIC WITH A TERMINA- TION MORE INTERESTING THAN SATISFACTORY, By Witrrep J. Strokes, Veterinarian, Sixth Field Artillery, U. S. Army, Fort Riley, Kan. Subject: Brown mare, middle age; about 1,000 pounds. History: Staked out to graze early in the afternoon; had gotten loose and came to stable alone about 4 o'clock and was oes ER ENG ty iy REPORTS OF CASES. 408 sick when seen. Animal was brought to hospital immediately for treatment. Symptoms: Abdomen very much distended, laborious breath- ing, uneasy. Treatment: Yrocar and canula used at once. Rectal injec- tions, cold water, one and one-half ounces oleum terebinthinae per orum, one grain arecoline hydrobromide subcutaneously. In the symptoms should include: Constant esophageal re- gurgitations, although nothing was passed through the nares. The arecoline and injections per rectum were productive of good results and large volumes of flatus were passed. The stomach tube was passed and the stomach was given a good flushing out, using a weak creolin solution; two ounces of aromatic spirits of ammonia were administered through the tube. Flatus continued to be passed and regurgitations continued after the use of the stomach tube. The animal seemed much better to me, but the recovery was not sufficiently rapid and at the expiration of about two hours since the first dose was given, another dose of arecoline, one grain, was given. As the pulse was a little weak, one-half grain of strychnine sulph., was given with the arecoline. A few minutes after the injection of the arecoline and strych- nine, slight muscular tremors were noticed; the animal stretches out as if foundered, neck stiff, stilty walk; these symptoms are of increasing severity, and in a few minutes are those of acute tetanus, and the animal leaves the floor in a bound, crashes into the corner of the stall and drops dead. The actions of arecoline, U. S. Dispensatory, are as follows: Its general action seems to be like that of muscarine, but it in- fluences the respiration as well as the heart, causes tetanic convul- sions and has an extraordinary influence in increasing intestinal peristalsis. Muscarine, U. S. Dispensatory, produces free salivation and weeping, vomiting, diminution of the force and frequency of the pulse, dyspnoea, great muscular weakness deepening into paralysis and finally death, usually by arrest of respiration. The pupil is intensely contracted but dilates before death. The action on the abdominal viscera is very marked, the muscles of the in- testines, bladder and spleen are tetanically contracted. Thus the intestines are transformed into hard, white cords or afterwards becoming somewhat relaxed, exhibit a tumultuous peristalsis. Evidently this was a case of arecoline poisoning with the pro- duction of tetanic symptoms and which were greatly aggravated 404 REPORTS OF CASES. by the dose of strychnine administered with it. The combination of drugs working together to produce death in an acute tetanic spasm. The dose of either drug alone would hardly be productive of ill results. Has any one any experiences to offer in regard to using these drugs together? NOTES ON TWO INTERESTING CASES. By Joun F. De Vine, D.V.S., Goshen, N. Y. Case Report I—Called to see a pure-bred Holstein heifer, with a history that she had not fed well for a few days and had “ spit out her cud” several times, exhibiting evidence of difficult deglutition. Examination revealed a soft swelling in left middle cervical region over the oesophagus, passed a trocar and deter- mined the presence of pus, enlarged the opening with bistoury, and upon introducing finger for exploration came in contact with a very sharp object, passed artery forceps and secured object, which proved to be a long piece of steel shaving, which had formed a small abscess in the oesophageal wall. The wound was cleansed antiseptically, and ail solids withheld from the animal for two days, and an uneventful recovery followed. To deter- mine where the shaving came from, we secured a fine sieve and sifted some of the carload of feed which had recently been put in the bin; it took but a short time to separate a quart or more of the steel shavings. It was later learned that the carload of feed had been received in a car which had been previously used for shipping steel shavings, those charged with the responsibility having neglected to properly prepare the car before loading it with the feed. Case IJ.—Called to see an aged brown gelding, with history that he had refused his midday meal and coughed occasionally. Upon my arrival the horse stood in a straight stall, with tail slightly elevated, ears erect, and frothing a little at the mouth; mental diagnosis, tetanus or rabies. Owner then assured me that the horse had been perfectly well eight hours before; disposition and gait natural as far as he could determine. I backed the ani- mal out; he moved freely and seemed perfectly docile and not at all nervous; pressure on the throat caused extreme pain; then took temperature, which was normal; examined mouth for for- are is =~ REPORTS OF CASES. 405 eign body, but could find nothing lodged between or around molars or in palate; having no speculum with me, passed my hand back as if in the act of giving a ball; my fingers touched some hard object in the region of the fauces; pushed hand down a little further and crossed my fingers on an object a little larger than a lead pencil. The horse flew back, and I held between my fingers a piece of a blackberry bush 8 inches in length, with a branch one and one-half inches long on its apex, which had evi- dently stuck in the oesophagus and prevented its progress down- ward, and a similar one at the base, which had been lodged in the fauces and prevented its expulsion even when the animal coughed violently in its effort to dislodge it. The horse ate a bran mash for its supper and suffered no further inconvenience. PEROSOMUS HORRIDUS. By W. B. Coon, V.S., Forest Grove, Oregon. Was called to a 4-year-old Jersey cow, second calf. In labor 24 hours when I was called. On examination found a calf which I diagnosed as being wrongside out. On further exam- 405 REPORTS OF CASES. ination I found a tear in the uterus about 12 inches long, and some of her intestines were in the uterus, so I did not try to deliver it, but killed the cow and took the calf out through the abdomen and got a lovely specimen of a completely wrong-side out calf, fully developed. You will see by the photo that I opened it at the umbilicus and took three of the feet out. The con- tents of the bowel and bladder were normal and everything was perfectly developed. She went 9 days over her time. FISTULA OF THE WITHERS—AUTOTEHERAr By Wo. A. Durrin, D.V.S., New York, N. Y. Bay mare suffering with fistula of the withers caused by rubbing of the collar. The pus ran down the animal's fore leg to the floor, and at a conservative estimate there was six ounces of pus discharged daily. A half ounce was placed in six ounces of water and well shaken. Of this an ounce was placed in the animal’s mouth. One week after this first dose, there was only a dram of pus exuded daily. Then another dose was given. At the end of the second week the wound was clean and healing by granula- tions. Another dose was given, however, and the animal made an uneventful recovery. This wound was dressed with normal saline solution only. Animals in the condition of this one always have to be operated; occasionally several times, for the pus had burrowed deep in the tissues. I am satisfied nothing else would have saved this animal. I have used the Duncan Autogenous Toxins many times successfully, and I believe they are the best biological agent we have at our disposal in the treatment of dis- ease. It Must Be A Part or Every MopERN AMERICAN 'VETERI- NARIAN.—An old subscriber to the AMERICAN VETERINARY RE- VIEW, whose May number had in some way failed to reach lim. writes: “I have not received the May number of the REvIEw. Will you be so good as to send me a copy of that number? The REvIEw is the staff of life to me. It must be a part of every modern American veterinarian.” "lee nga ba RO 6 pm I 9 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ENGLISH REVIEW. By A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. TRAUMATIC OMARTHRITIS [Capt. J. R. Hodgkins, A.V.C.]. —Young artillery horse receives a kick and is brought for treat- ment. He is not lame, has a small wound in the neighborhood of the shoulder joint, which bleeds slightly. The wound looks like a skin cut, “ but by moving the limb one brought into view a second opening clearly penetrating the joint.” There 1s col- lapsus of the ligament. Air enters the cavity. The articular surfaces of the joint are isolated, and one’s finger seems to enter a depression on palpation. Treatment: Shaving of the area, plugging the wound, washing with sterilized carbolized water; suture of the wound. The animal was placed in slings. Oedem- atous swelling followed; motion very painful. After some days improvement set in; the pectoral, biceps, spinatus muscles were atrophied. On the twentieth day exercise was prescribed with massage and kneading of the atrophied muscles. Recovery was complete shortly after—(V eter. Record.) URETHRAL CALCULUS IN A Horse [Prof. E. B. Reynolds, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Record of a case, which occurred in a 15-year- old nag, with the history of the ordinary symptoms of a calculus imbedded in the urethra some 10 inches below the ischial arch. The operation performed to remove it was done with the animal cast and chloroformed. Suture of the urethral wound after the operation was made by the introduction of fine silk stitches involv- ing the divided corpus spongiosum and the accelerator urince muscle and the perineal edges being treated in a like manner. The recovery was uneventful. The case is illustrated with a photo, showing the large size of the calculus.—(Vet. Journ.) 407 408 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. SPINAL Case [Clement Elphick, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Nine-year- old Russian pony had on two previous occasions loss of control of hind legs and a reeling gait which were relieved by a dose of physic and a holiday at grass. Ina third attack, on moving him he shows loss of control of hind legs, crowding and platting of the hind quarters and rolling. Feeling to pin pricks exists to the two or three last dorsal. Rectal examination negative. Destruction is advised and carried out. Post mortem shows lesions very suspicious of tuberculosis of the spine, with old ball callus on the first joint of the lumbar vertebrae and a more recent on the second joint. There were marked necrosis of the bodies and interarticular surfaces of the dorsal vertebrae, also necrosis of the bases of the spines of the dorsal vertebrae from the fourth to the seventh.—(Jbid. ) INVAGINATION OF THE CoEcuM [By the same |.—Eight-year- old pony working in the mine has had colicky pains, which were diagnosed as being due to stoppage and were treated accordingly, with little or no relief, as after several days a bloody diarrhoea set in and was followed by death. At the post mortem a com- plete inversion and strangulation of the caput coecum coli was detected into the lumen of the large intestine. —(Jbid. ) ABSCESS IN VENTRICULAR SEPTUM OF Cow’s HEart [Prof. A. Leslie Sheather M.R.C.V.S.|.—Unfortunately without any history of the case the lesion is interesting. The animal had died a natural death, and the meat disposed of for feeding cats. On cutting the heart right across, a large abscess containing creamy pus was found in the thickness of the interventricular septum. It measured 4 inches in each direction, was placed in the middle of the septum more on the right side projecting in the right ven- tricle. The cavities of the organ were much reduced in size. The wall of the abscess was made of dense fibrous tissue. Smear preparation made with pus and examined revealed a mixture of organisms and principally of a bacillus with characters of the necrosis bacillus.—(Journ. of Comp. Pathol. and Therap.) PECULIAR CASE OF SUBCUTANEOUS ROUND-CELLED SAR- coMA IN Horse [R. G. Anderson, F.R.C.V.S.].—Ten-year-old draught gelding showed a large number of tumors of various sizes scattered irregularly over the body in the subcutaneous tis- sue. They were more numerous on the breast, chest wall behind the elbow and between the hind legs where same were ulcerated. — CR SD» at ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 409 Some months later the horse became lame on the near fore fetlock. Some little discharge took place on the outside of the joint. Treated, it disappeared and the horse returned to work. Six months after a second series of tumors resembling the first re- turned, and with it a slight purulent nasal discharge, which in- creased, and with this the respiration was impeded. Treatment being useless, the animal was finally killed. And at the post mortem no internal lesions were found, except that the septum was much thickened and ulcerated. Examinations under the microscope reveal the nature of this thickening and of the cutaneous growths; it was round-celled sarcomata.—(Journ. of Comp. Pathol. and Therap.) FRENCH REVIEW. By A. Liaurarp, M.D., V.M. PELvic ABSCESS IN A Horse [Mr. Nieder].—An Irish twelve-year-old cob had done good work for some long time without any bad interruption. Lately he is stiff in his gait and suddenly has manifestations of intestinal catarrh. Under treat- ment these improve, but on the right side of the anus there ap- pears a painful swelling, which makes defecation difficult. The rectal mucous membrane is congested and has oedematous folds. Rectal examination permits the diagnosis of a large abscess within the pelvis, which cannot be reached with a trocar. Ten days after the pus is detected and freely removed by free incision. The cavity of the abscess was large enough to admit the whole fore arm of the explorator. Two days after the animal dies. Post mortem: No peritonitis, lesion limited to the pelvis. There has been hemolysis and filtration of serosity in the abdomen. The cross of the coecum and the floating colon were beginning gangrene. No indication of the origin of the abscess was found. —(Bullet. Soc. Cent.) SULPHATE OF HORDENINE AND LACTOBACILLINE IN DIAR- RHOEA OF Docs AND Cats [Mr. Vidal ].—Four-month-old skye- terrier has distemper with pulmonary form. This is complicated with bloody diarrhoea. Abundant passages, fifteen in one day. -Prostration very great. Temperature 40 degrees. 25 c.c. of sulphate of hordenine are injected, followed by 15 more the next 410 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. day and 10 the third. Improvement from the start; recovery in four days. Setter laverack of four months has gastro-enteritis since a week. He has dysentery. 25 centig. of sulphate stops the diar- rhoea, but the animal dies three days after in marasm. Angora cat, five months old, is overfed with meat; has diar- rheic enteritis. 10 centigs. and 5 the next day relieve the poor sufferer in two days. Four-year-old fox terrier has delivered five pups a week be- fore; she has severe serous diarrhoea. She receives nine com- primes of lactobacilline in milk for two days, and in four days is entirely well. Danish dog of seven years has an old enteritis. She vomits, has diarrhoea and is in bad condition. Treatment consisted in 50 centigs. subcutaneously injected, followed by 30 more for two days and afterwards lactobacilline. Again recovery. Finally, slut of seven years had very free diarrhoea since five days. 25 centigs. of sulphate of hordenine repeated the next day. Improvement and recovery after four days.—(Rev. Veterin.) DystokIaA DuE To LARGE SIZE oF HIND QUARTERS OF CALF —PERFORATION OF VAGINA WITH CHAIN SAW—SUTURE—RE- covery [|Mr. P. Bitard].—Six-year-old cow in labor cannot re- lieve herself, notwithstanding her great expulsive efforts. The calf is in anterior presentation, vertebro-costal position. The left anterior leg protrudes through the vulva; the right is held back in the anterior straight. Both of these legs being brought in proper place and secured, attempts are made to extract the calf, which is very large and, notwithstanding lubrication and injec- tion of oil, resists all efforts. The position of the foetus was changed by motion of rotation within the vagina, but the hind quarter is so large that it became necessary to remove it by pieces, which was done after division of the bony structure with the chain saws. Finally the contents of the uterus were taken off. the membranes removed, and disinfection of the uterus and vagina were about to be carried out when a laceration was ob- served in front of the meatus urinarius. It measured 4 centims. in length, and through it a small mass of fat from the inside of the pelvis was protruding. This was returned into its place and the wound closed with strong silk, involving the entire thick- ness of the vagina. Antiseptic injections were prescribed. The animal did well and in twelve days was in full convalescence.— (Prog. Veterin. ) OE as al ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 411 FaTaL Hepatic HEMorRHAGE [Mr. M. Lethard]|.—Chest- nut stallion, aged II years, was used to heavy, fast draught work. For 18 months had manifested colics in several instances, which were relieved by proper treatment, but in the last three months has lost flesh, become less active in its work, and when the sur- cingle was applied on its body tried to defend himself and bite as if in pain. One afternoon he is taken ill, and when the writer comes he finds him with all signs of internal hemorrhage. He dies a few hours later. Post mortem: About 25 litres of blood in peritoneal cavity. All the organs about healthy, except the liver, which forms a large mass, weighing nearly 20 kilogramms; its surface is bosselated with numerous cysts of various sizes. One larger developed on the free border of the middle lobe had burst open and given rise to the rupture of a hepatic blood ves- sel; hence the internal hemorrhage. No histological study was made.— (Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.) Bicip1TaAL Synovitis [Mr. Brocaire |.—Nine-year-old heavy draught stallion becomes lame on left fore leg. This leg is car- ried forward with difficulty. The animal shows great pain when the leg is pulled backwards. The second day after there appears in front of the shoulder a hard, diffused swelling, running along the vertical axis of the coraco-brachialis. No fluctuation de- tected. The lameness has increased; the foot is resting on the ground by its anterior face; the standing of the animal is that of a case of radial paralysis. Bicipital synovitis is diagnosed and a blister rubbed over the shoulder with the horse in slings. Some three weeks after the horse dies with purpura. Lesions: Tendonous bicipital sheath is filled with brown, chocolate-colored fluid. The synovial membrane is congested. The bicipital groove of the humerus is the seat of severe osteitis and of extensive ulcer- ation. The joint itself is perfectly healthy.—( Bullet. de la Soc. Ceni. ) A Five-Francs Piece IN THE StomacH [Mr. Nieder].— Record of a post mortem made to find a coin of silver (five- francs piece), about similar to an American dollar, which a dog had-swallowed three years before and kept without any apparent trouble. The dog had grown old and rheumatic, and rather than have him treated the owner had him destroyed and the five francs looked for. It was found in the stomach, in the middle of its contents and simply blackened by oxydation.—(J/bid. ) 412 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN—SUDDEN PARAPLE- cia [Mr. Eloire].—Six or seven-year-old pony, very nervous, is put in stocks to have his teeth filed. He struggles tremendously and notwithstanding all precautions to control his movements, when after filing one side of the mouth the operator attacks the other side, the animal stretches itself with hind legs under him, pulls heavily on the halter and straps and then remains sitting on his hind quarters, the head hanging down. He is taken, dragged out, and is unable to rise and stand. All efforts to put him on his feet are useless. He has a fracture of the vertebral column and is destroyed. At the post mortem the spinal cord is found crushed in the medullary canal.—(Jbid.) FRACTURE OF THE INFERIOR MAXILLARY [Dr. Fontaine].— Getting loose one night, a 16-year-old horse receives a kick on the left cheek and has a hemorrhage which is arrested. There is a small cutaneous wound, a few centimeters back of the anterior border of the masseter muscle. The case is considered mild. On the third day an unpleasant odor is noticed coming from the mouth and the seat of the traumatism. Pus is quite sanious, and probing revealed a fistula which, through the masseter, gives the sensation of a loose piece of bone. The animal is cast; a necrotic splinter is extracted, and a fracture of the maxillary readily made out. Suture of the bone is rather difficult and contra- indicated, and nature alone is left to do the repair. Washing of the wound with tincture of iodine, cleaning with antiseptic washes, a muzzle to limit and prevent the motions of the jaw, liquid diet form the base of the treatment. Gradually the bone united and in forty days the animal had entirely recovered.— (Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.) ROUMANIAN REVIEW. By A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M. TuBERCULOsIS IN CARRION-Crow [Prof. P. Riegler].—The literature on this subject is silent. On various occasions the writer has made the post mortem of 25 carrion-crows, and in five he has found lesions of tuberculosis of the abdominal organs, liver, spleen and intestines. These lesions were in some cases on poor lean animals and again in fat ones. The tubercles were oP ae ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 413 miliary or confluent and forming large, dry, yellow, granular mass. With frotis made of them and coloring with Ziehl’s method, characteristic bacilli were made out, agglomerated in round or irregular makes. Inocculations on guinea pigs and rab- bits and cultures gave positive results. From the observations and experiments made by Riegler, it results that tuberculosis is quite frequent (20 per cent.) amongst carrion-crows. This fre- quency is explained by the fact that those birds feed often on the cadavers of tuberculous fowls. It is aviary tuberculosis with all its characters, lesions and bacilli—( Arhiva Veterin. ) Sus-LINGUAL AND Sus-Hyom Ranuta 1n Doe [Prof. G. Udrisky].—An eight-year-old bull-dog has since some time on _ the supero-anterior part of the neck a pouch, the size of a child’s head, painless and fluctuating. Breathing is rather difficult on account of its pressure on the laryngo-tracheal region. The general condition is good. On each side of the tongue are two fluctuating tumors, as big as a nut, and pushing the tongue on the palate. With a rectal injection of chloral hydrate the dog is put to sleep; the region is prepared for operation. Explorat- ing puncture is negative on account of the viscosity of the con- tents. Two curved incisions were made, the skin dissected, the pouch enucleated, principal blood vessels were ligated and the cutaneous wound closed. The tumor had an elliptic form and contained thick fluid. The two small tumors of the mouth are then extracted. There was no sequelz or serious event following and recovery took place in some 20 days.—(Jbid. ) GENERALIZED EXFOLIATIVE DERMATITIS — EXFOLIATIVE ErytTHro-Dermitis [Professors Poenaru and Falcoianu|.—vTVhis disease is a dermatose characterized by squamous and crusty spots, which exist on the inflamed skin and are constantly return- ing, say the authors. The skin sloughs in large pieces when the hairs have dropped off. In one mare the disease started at the head and spread all over the surface of the skin. The desquam- ation extending to the extremities, on the joints and the trunk. Sometimes there is also suppuration of the cellular tissue under- neath. The lesions began by dark red patches, followed by rais- ing of the epidermis and formation of small vesico-pustules, which dry and disappear. No parasites were found in the crusts, the cutaneous sloughs. The disease is not contagious. No treat- ment was undertaken, the mare having died before it could be started.— (/bid. ) 414 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ACHROMIC ALOPECIA (PELADE) IN Horse [Lieut. G. Nico- lau, Army Veter.|.—TVwo principal symptoms characterized this affection, says the writer. ist—The falling off of the hairs in concentric surfaces. 2d—The loss of the normal coloration of the skin. The first is characterized by well-defined patches, round or oval, of various sizes and number, occupying the prominent parts of the body. These spots appeared without any peculiar warning; there is no itching, the hairs drop in tufts, and the trouble spreads round in circles, leaving a glabous surface, whit- ish and soft to the touch. It is the second stage of the disease. The pigment of the skin seems to have been pushed away. This loss of pigment is only temporary. The treatment consists in free washing with green soap and mercurial ointment or tincture of iodine. The writer publishes the record of four cases. One in which the whole flank was affected; another had the disease on the poll and round the nostrils, the lips and ‘the eyelids; a third had it on the zygomatic arch, and a fourth on the parotid. The disease lasted between 3 and 4 weeks.—(Jbid.) TuHosE ALPHABETICAL VETERINARIANS. Sing a song of hoss doc’s Ten satchels full of dope. Four and twenty patients A hundred miles from hope. When the satchels open The vets begin to guess. (Soft pedal.) The patients are about to get Some nauseating mess. 11, * into. Dosem’s in the pig pen Immunizing hogs. Phylac’s in the kennel Curing all the dogs. Prickem’s found another juice For any old disease. (Sub silentio. ) But its final acceptance is being stayed, awaiting absolute proofs. (Author Unknown.)* * The author chooses to sign his poem “‘ Author Unknown"' but we believe his style of writing will reveal his identity to many of his friends and former readers.—[ED.] —.— ee eh a oS CORRESPONDENCE. CERTAIN PHASES OF OPERATIVE SURGERY Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, New York, N. Y.: DEAR Sir—Dr. J. F. DeVine’s criticism of my paper on Surgery, to my mind, goes wide of the mark. Lhe question under discussion is not can horses be castrated standing. It is idle to discuss that question; it is done every day with a greater or less degree of success. The question I endeavored to raise was: Does such an operation conform to the laws of surgery? I am one of a number who believe that it does not, for the reason that it does not pro- vide for the patient being under absolute control during the prog- ress of the operation. I have heard Dr. Liautard’s criticism, “It is butchery not surgery,’ and if I am not mistaken that very highly educated, skillful, conservative surgeon, Dr. Jno. Adams, of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, opposes it on much the same grounds that I do. With regard to fear of injury to the operator I have taken my share of risks during a long and somewhat active surgical career, and have not to my knowledge been lacking in the physi- cal courage that is usually part and parcel of men of decent breed- ing; at all events I have never been accused of it. Of risk to the horse I can repeat Dr. DeVine’s experience. I have cast horses of all ages for all sorts of operations with all kinds of apparatus and never injured one; so honors are easy in that regard. My contention is that the principal value of castra- tion standing is to be found in its advertising possibilities; and if that is so, then the man doing it may at any time lose busi- ness to his more acrobatic competitor, who does it with one hand tied behind him, blindfold, or standing on his head. Very truly, Tos. B. RoGErs. Cuicaco, Itu., May 23, 1913. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: Under the headline, ‘‘ Certain Phases of Operative Surgery,” in the May number of the Review, Dr. T. B. Rogers refers to 415 416 CORRESPONDENCE, an operation for poll evil he witnessed some years ago “in the amphitheater of a veterinary school” as a horrible example of the crudeness of veterinary surgical operations as usually per- formed. As this reference will be recognized by many readers as the operation for poll evil performed by Veterinarian Charles H. Jewell, U. S. A., at the clinic of the American Veterinary Medical Association in Chicago, September 10, 1909, I think it is only fair to the operator to mention again that splendid results followed the operation. The recovery was prompt and perma- nent. To-day, almost four years later, the patient is still at work doing good service and not a scar is in evidence; and still better for Jewell, this is precisely the prognosis he gave after the opera- tion had been completed. I was prompted to write this letter on reading Dr. Roger’s article, because only a few days before it appeared, at a meeting of the Chicago Veterinary Society, Dr. A. C. Worms who sent the patient to the clinic made mention of this case as an example of what can be done surgically even for the very bad poll evils. ‘It is true the operation was very sanguinary. But what poll- evil operations are not? It is very well to talk about performing such operations without much blood loss, but a better system of modifying the bleeding than actual cautery has never been de- scribed. Inadequate as this method of haemostasis is, there is no better one available for this particular procedure. Ligate the “anatomical” vessels, forsooth! The bleeding from poll- evil operations of this character comes from scores of small “spurters”’ divided transversely, longitudinally and obliquely in two, hard, smooth, sclerotic walls, and these can not be handled consecutively with forceps with any degree of satisfac- tion whatever. More blood would be lost in such attempts at con- trol than if the bleeding were ignored entirely; and if one at- tempted to manage each vessel as cut the operation would be pro- longed beyond all reason. A horse would seldom survive pro- found anesthesia of such duration. It is very doubtful if one could perform a bloodless poll-evil operation in less than four hours. In short, it is much better to follow the method adopted by Jewel in this operation; that is to wade right through with the incision and then modify (not control entirely) the bleeding by searing the walls with a good, hot iron, and then as soon as the resection is completed, effect a perfect haemostasis by compres- sion. As a rule the blood loss, while always considerable, is seldom grave. Pr? ea epee ips a a ee eee - Ne ae ee oe ee eS ee eae CORRESPONDENCE. 417 [Addendum.| Permit me also to add a word to Dr. De Vine’s criticism of Dr. Rogers’ attitude towards the castration of horses in the standing position. I fully agree with De Vine in every particular. Restraint in the standing position is par ex- cellence the best system for almost all the horses met in the rou- tine of a veterinary practice. Standing castrations are compara- tively safe. There is only danger when an operator fails to recognize the vicious temperament of his patient. No sane man would attempt to castrate a refractory mule, a half broken broncho or outlaw of any character in the standing position, but as these are not the usual sort met with, the veterinarian who will bravely adopt the standing method will soon discover that very few horses need to be cast. The standing operation is much the cleaner method; it is much more rapidly performed; the patient stands the ordeal better; and the operator finds it much less arduous when a number of consecutive operations must be performed. It has often been said that hernias are sometimes overlooked in standing castrations, when in fact it is in the recumbent opera- tion that these complications more often go unnoticed. In re- cumbent operations examination of the inguinal region is usually postponed until the patient is in the dorsal position while in the standing operation the investigation for abnormalities is done when the hernial sac hangs pendulent. On this account I have overlooked more hernias before I adopted the standing operation. In the recumbent position I have several times failed to recognize epiploceles until a half hour or more after the subject had re- gained the upright position, and then only of course by the ap- pearance of the omentum through the scrotal incisian, but since making a good examination of the region in the standing position I have several times been able to recognize such complications. Very respectfully yours, L. A. MERILLAT. SERVICE—SIMULATION OF PREGNANCY—NO Boy Saltcoats, Sask., May 22, 1913. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW: I have been a subscriber to the AMERICAN VETERINARY RE- VIEW since graduation and would be pleased if you would give 418 CORRESPONDENCE. your opinion, either in the Review or by private letter, of the following case, in which there may be the substance for a law- suit : A farmer has a mare which was never served by a horse till four years old. After the single service she never came in estrum. After the lapse of about the full period of gestation the abdomen became enlarged, the udder full and some milk. About the time she was due to foal everything receded to nor- mal and the mare had no colt. This mare was in perfect health apparently and was not let out of the yard. With the receding of the appearances of preg- nancy was in excellent condition and showed no sickness. Was it possible to show all these signs of pregnancy and not be pregnant? Would it be possible for the embryo to become encysted in~ the uterus and the mare still show these signs near a full period of gestation? Yours truly, E. A. Branion, V.S. Norte.—It is our opinion that the above case is one of false pregnancy; for while the non-pregnant mare never exhibits as pronounced symptoms of pregnancy as the bitch sometimes does, still in breeding districts it is not an uncommon thing to see a mare presenting certain symptoms which if coupled with a strong imagination on the part of the owner or attendant might lead one to predict that the animal was pregnant, It is a known fact that many of the ordinary symptoms of pregnancy are not wholly reliable. For instance, it is quite customary in some localities to turn a mare out after being bred; she naturally eats more bulky food, takes on fiesh, her abdomen becomes enlarged, even the udder increases in size (real or imaginary), and the colt is then looked fer, but it does not arrive. In due time the mare is put to work and fed on more concen- trated food, her barrel rounds up, the soft fat is lost, the circulation about the udder becomes tightened up and the suggestive symptoms of pregnancy disappear. Cessation of apparent estrum is of no definite value, as many mares need to be teased every few days during breeding season to determine when they are in heat. Again enlargement of the mammae is fot a trustworthy sign, as is evidenced in a virgin mule giving milk. These facts would lead us to conclude that it would be possible for a mare to exhibit symptoms enumerated in the above article and still not be pregnant, If due to an encysted embryo it is reasonable to suppose the condition would have been more permanent; it is likewise possible that the symptoms may have been due to other abnormal conditions such as hydrenephrosis, cystic ovaries, etc., that suddenly ended in resolution, but this too is highly improbable.—[Ebp1rTor.] Dr. S. J. Atcaray, of Cottonwood, Minn., was married on June 15th to Miss Judith Rubin, of Minneapolis, Minn. The Review congratulates the young couple and wishes them all the joy and happiness that the marriage state can procure for them. — OBITUARY. eae DY, V.S. Dr. T. E. Daugherty died recently at his home in Danville, Indiana, at the age of 34 years, after an illness of four weeks, having at first been taken down with grippe, which afterward brought on complications that resulted in his death, which was a shock to the community, as the seriousness of his condition was not generally known, his friends being of the opinion that he was recovering. Dr. Daugherty was a progressive young man and was making a name for himself at the time of -his untimely death. He was a member of the Indiana Veterinary Medical Association and of the Board of Censors of that organi- tion. He is survived by his mother, a sister and two brothers. We are indebted to Dr. A. F. Nelson, secretary of the Ind. Vet. Med. Ass’n for the data from which the above was written. Dr. Nelson says in his letter of transmittal: “It is with regret that I forward the death notice of another member of the associa- tion, Dr. T. E. Daugherty, of Danville—one of the jolly, whole- souled fellows that everybody loved. Physically he suggested the perfect man, and it is indeed a shock to hear of the death when we think of his robust appearance. The Indiana Veteri- nary Medical Association expresses its sympathy to the aged mother, sister and brothers in their hour of bereavement, and we also feel that there is a loss to the profession that will not. be filled.” eee at VE OR:. YV ;S. Dr. J. Q. Taylor, Lisbon, Ohio, died on May 20 last, at the age of 60 years, as a result of fire. The building in which the doctor had his office and rooms, having been consumed by one of the most disastrous fires that has occurred in Lisbon for a number of years. The fire occurred at two o’clock in the morn- 419 420 OBITUARY. ing, and the doctor, who had no chance of escape, met the most frightful of ends—burned to death. Dr. Taylor had been in Lisbon twenty years, and enjoyed a large and lucrative practice. The doctor was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College, class of 1887. He is survived by a widow and two daughters, living at Wooster, Ohio. A. JOHN THOMAS, M.D.V. Dr. A. John Thomas, East St. Louis, Mo., died on May 25 last, in his fortieth year. Dr. Thomas was a graduate of: the McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago, where he resided for several years. He afterwards practised at Lexington, Ken- tucky, for a number of years. In 1908 he came to East St. Louis as a federal inspector at the national stock yards, where he remained up to the time of his illness, a few months before his death. In 1907 Dr. Thomas was married to Miss Hildred Williams, of Baton Rouge, La., who, with three children, sur- vives him. Diep: At HutTcHiInson, KANsas, ON APRIL 17, 1913, Guy G. PincreE, D.V.M., graduate of the Division of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State Agricultural College, class of 1912. Dr. Pingree was engaged in practice at Hutchinson, Kan., with his classmate, Dr. T. A. Case. Death was due to complications following an operation for appendicitis. Dr. Pingree was a charter member of the Eta Chapter of the Alpha Psi Fraternity and a member of the Kansas State Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation. Dr. C. F. Moore.—We have just learned with regret of the death of one of our subscribers, Dr. C. F. Moore, of Lumsden, Saskatchewan, Canada, which occurred in February last. Dr. E. L. Moore or Nortu Dakota Meets DEATH By BE- ING SuHot.—A newspaper clipping conveys the sad information that Dr. E. L. Moore, State Veterinarian of North Dakota and Instructor in the Veterinary Department of the Sate Agricul- tural College at Brookings, was shot and instantly killed on May 27th last. ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. DIFFICULTIES OF ARMY VETERINARY LEGISLA- TION. In this department of last month, Dr. Garrison Steele analyzes the difficulties which beset army veterinary legislation and which have caused the failure of previous veterinary bills before Con- gress. He explained the ‘cumbersome legislative machine, and nicely described the rough and rugged road each bill has to travel through Congress. Finally, he mentioned the reluctance of the War Department to sanction or help along this legislation; and also charges the veterinary profession at large for lack of organi- zation for strong effort in our previous attempts at army veteri- nary legislation. The retrospect, as he gives it, is true; and he . skillfully unfolds the good prospects of our present bill by the avoidance of errors on the part of Dr. Hoskins. It may be well to mention here one other cause against suc- cessful army veterinary legislation, not enumerated by Dr. Steele: the attitude of the army officers for or against our bill. They are alert men on any subject concerning the army. ‘There are few among them who really favor the veterinary bill, partly from unacquaintance with the subject, partly from prejudice; at least there are known only a very few staunch supporters of the bill. Those officers who are against the bill are not known by name, but their existence is occasionally revealed by anonymous objec- tions raised in the army service papers, in which they express the fears of the encroachment upon their erstwhile rights and privileges by the veterinarians, if these latter would receive rank. We give below the views expressed by an anonymous military critic, and the replies which promptly came from several army veterinarians : A, Mrivitary TITLES. To the Editor of the Army and Navy Journal: From the earliest days of military history, the titles, given to men occu- pying the various grades in the Military Establishment, implied actual com- mand of definite subdivisions of troops; and thus it should always be. Where 421 422 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. will this mad aspiration for titles, which by tradition and common sense are purely military, end? If veterinarians are now to be made lieutenants and captains, why not the chief packers, wagon masters and others? I am sure these gentlemen are sufficiently proud of their professions to be satisfied with the appellation of ‘“ Veterinarian, U. S. Army,” provided they received increased pay and emoluments after various lengths of service. The plea that giving them titles will improve the corps, is hardly tenable; for I have yet to see a veterinarian in civil life who lives under better conditions and has a much greater income than a mounted captain. No doubt there are a few, but those could not be induced to enter the corps, even though a mili- tary title is used for bait. This indiscriminate bestowal of military titles upon non-military persons cannot possibly have a very beneficial effect upon the esprit de corps of the Army. Critic. if THe ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE. To the Editor of the Army and Navy Journal: It has been the practice of all the greater nations of the world to give due rank and recognition to its army veterinarians. Great Britain has a complete army veterinary service, which consists of a veterinary staff and an army veterinary corps. The establishment of the English army veterinary service is: Staff, one major general and five colonels. Corps, 162 officers: 5 lieu- tenant colonels, 24 majors, 58 captains, 75 lieutenants. France, Germany, Austria, Canada, Japan and Russia have in their armies veterinarians with rank similar to the system in vogue in the English army. In addition to training the veterinarians have a four years’ complete scien- tific course, which embraces not only one branch, but the comparative med- ical sciences as well, even including a major portion of the branch of human medicine. All veterinary departments of such noted schools as Ames, Cornell, Ohio, Pennsylvania, etc., and our excellent private veterinary colleges are under direct supervision of the national government, which exacts an equip- ment and course of study equal to and quite often superior to our better medical colleges. The veterinarians love their profession, for it numbers among the grand- est on earth, and veterinarians are a body of highly trained and intelligent men, who have made and are making great progress in their profession, and a fitting and substantial recognition will be theirs in the future. Veterinarians don’t aspire to command troops. Contrary to “ Critic’s” views, will say, military rank to veterinarians will have a beneficial effect upon the esprit de corps of the Army. ; PROGRESSIVE VETERINARIAN. TT, SHOULD VETERINARIANS HAvE RANK? Fort Riley, Kas., May 19, 1913. To the Editor of the Army and Navy Journal: “Critic,” who writes on “ Military Titles” in the May 17 issue, is reminded that in all foreign armies there is established a regular veterinary corps, i. ¢., privates, non-coms. and veterinary officers. If the veterinarian is not a purely military man, what is he? His place is on the firing line under fire as much as any other combatant; he is not protected by the Geneva Cross as are M.D.’s and dentists. Who is supposed to render first aid to an injured horse, and where would he have to be to do so? Does this duty deserve a title more than a chief packer or wagon master, who would be at the rear with his train? Of course we are proud of our appellation “ veterinarians,” = <2 * ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 423 but will “ Critic” tell me of what status a man is in the U. S. Army to-day who holds no rank? Can he prefer charges for disobedience? Can he get the same respect from the men without a commission as the officers with one? I state with the utmost assurance that rank would attract better men to the Service; call it bait or what you please. I am not a believer myself in “indiscriminate bestowal.” of military titles to non-military men, but the conscientious active veterinarian of the present time is in every sense or ought to be a military man and deserves rank. WiLLiAM P. Hitt, Veterinarian, 6th F. A. IV. “No Minitary TITLES FOR VETERINARIANS.” To the Editor of the Army and Navy Journal: In the last issue of your Journal, two Army veterinarians replied to a “Critic” who objected to military titles for veterinarians. What they said may be convincing to some of your readers, but as we wish to have the good will of all Army officers, it ought to be pointed out that the Veterinary Bill before Congress does not provide for military titles for veterinarians. It is well known that a strong feeling exists in the Army against the use of military titles by officers not strictly military and not expected to engage in actual conflict in times of war. This feeling is perfectly natural and justified from the scandpoint of the line officer, and it was taken into account by the framers of the Veterinary Bill. Section I. of this bill provides “ That the President is authorized to appoint ‘Assistant Veterinarians and V eterina- rians, not to exceed cwo for each regiment of cavalry and field artillery, fifteen as inspectors of horses (for the Remount Depots), etc.” Section IV. recommends that these “ Veterinarians ” shall have the rank, pay and allow- ances of 2d Lieutenants and 1st Lieutenants.” Rank is the legal requisite to secure the “emoluments” of which “ Critic” speaks, a fact which the veterinarians have learned by bitter experience from several adverse decisions of the proper military authorities. If this bill should become a law, a veterinarian would not be a 2d Lieuten- ant or Ist Lieutenant, but would officially remain a “ Veterinarian,’ and we crust that, socially, the good Army folks would continue to address us as Doctor, which politeness we shall fully appreciate in the future as we do now. In order to make sure that our earnest striving for an improved service of our professional branch in the Army may not be misinterpreted as a mere ambition for individual advancement, the following extract from the brief of the bill may be cited: “ The Army Veterinarians desire to state that they “do not intend to advance themselves beyond a reasonable recognition of “their services, nor beyond the limits of a proper professional standing, “which veterinarians should have in our Army, with titles as such and no “more. They realize that in the Army the military officer must rank first “in importance and above all others, and that the representatives of the other “professions, needed in the Army, must rank second and below him. But “the changed condition of the mounted service calls for a greatly improved “veterinary service, which can only be developed by offering better induce- “menis to capable young men who possess the higher moral and professional “requirements, and the special fitness for the Army servicet ,hat are so often “demanded of veterinarians by the progressive officers of the Mounted “ Service.” There is enough of good ethics in this statement to allay the fears of the most fastidious young officer, that a new danger lurks for him in the future position of an “Assistant Veterinarian,” and taken as an avowal which points out the spirit of mutual esteem, of precedence to others, and of will- 424 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. ing subordination, it certainly could not endanger the “esprit de corps” of our Army, but would add its mite to help along a sound and sane military spirit which recognizes the need and value of all the different branches of the Army. All that the Army veterinarians are striving for is to extend their useful- ness and fitness in the Army, not only in peace but in war, and in this en- deavor we ask for the friendly co-operation of all broad-minded and progress- ive officers. In this case the objections of the critic have been well an- swered. In the future it may be more dignified not to reply at all, at least not to rejoinders of this kind. The present time calls for great prudence among the army veterinarians. They must use discretion in their discussions with officers and refrain from extolling the merits of the veterinary bill, in order not to antagonize the feeling of those officers who are easily offended. Wisdom dictates that there ought to be the greatest harmony be- tween the veterinarians and officers, and the best of ethics should be practiced among the members of the veterinary corps them- selves, so that nothing but good can be said about them. Errors made now may adversely influence legislation. Propaganda for the bill ought to be kept up, but let this remain in the hands of those who are well posted on the subject, who are calm and skilled at repartee. OLor SCHWARzKoPrF, Veterinarian, 3d Cavalry. Mr. JuLttus MANN HoFrstEtrer was married on June 11th to Miss Margaret Evans Hoskins, Philadelphia, Pa., daughter of Dr. and Mrs. W. Horace Hoskins. We congratulate the fortu- nate young man in winning for his wife the lovely daughter of our esteemed friends. Notice To Wives, SISTERS AND DAUGHTERS OF VETERINA- RIANS IN GREATER NEW YorK: At a meeting of the local ar- rangements committee of the 1913 meeting of the A. V. M. A. on June 16th, a Ladies’ Auxiliary was formed, of which Mrs. H. D. Gill was made Secretary. This committee is desirous of having all veterinarian’s wives of Greater New York co-operate with them in their work of arranging for the entertainment of visiting ladies at the coming convention, and requests that they signify their willingness in that direction by writing the Secre- tary, Mrs. H. D. Gill, 337 E. 57th Street, New York, N. Y. a a ee eee BIBLIOGRAPHY. A SYSTEM OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A SYSTEM OF VETERINARY MeEpIcINE. By various writers. Edited by E. Wallace Hoare, F.R.C.V.S., Lecturer in Veterinary Hygiene, University College, Cork; Late Examiner in Anatomy, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons; Late External Examiner in Veterinary Toxicology, Jurispru- dence and Sanitary Law, University of Liverpool; Author of Veterinary Therapeutics and Pharmacology. Volume I.: Microbial Diseases. Over 1,300 pages. 1913, Chicago, Alexander Eger. Appreciating the fact that in the present advanced state of veterinary medicine a specialist who has devoted special atten- tion to an individual subject is essential in order to do it justice, the author has secured, in the preparation of A System of Vet- erinary Medicine, the collaboration of a number of eminent British veterinarians, each of whom has prepared for the volume a thesis on one or more subjects, in which he has specialized. This would seem to be an excellent idea, as it insures to the reader the most thorough knowledge of etiology, pathology and diagnosis in each of the diseases under discussion. As stated in the heading, this first volume will be devoted to diseases of microbian origin, believing it desirable to class these affections together. Therefore the group is headed by Septicaemia, a bac- terial infection the main seat of multiplication of which is in the blood. This condition is ably dealt with by H. Tudor Hughes, ~ B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S.; covering the bacteriology, symptoms, morbid anatomy, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Sapraemua, treated under the same heading, is defined as septic intoxication, arising from absorption of toxins of putrefactive bacteria into the blood, and is essentially a toxaemia. The same author writes on Pyaenia and Malignant Oedema. ‘These are followed by a very careful and comprehensive discussion of Anthrax by H. Caulton Reeks, F.R.C.V.S., Examiner in Pathology, Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons; and of Black-Quarter by some one whose name does not appear, but who has given the subject extensive attention. This is followed by the all important subject Glan- ders, by no less an authority than William Hunting, F.R.C.V.S., 425 426 BIBLIOGRAPHY. Consulting Veterinary Surgeon to the London County Council. Fifty-five pages are devoted to this subject, the discussion of which embraces its definition, history (going away back to Hip- pocrates, 450 B. C.), distribution and prevalence, etiology, bac- teriology, influences affecting infection, susceptibility of differ- ent animals, period of incubation, methods of infection, methods of spread, and morbid anatomy. Under this last head are dis- cussed at some length lung lesions, the typical glanders nodule, pneumonia, pleurisy, fibroid changes, the spleen, the liver, the kidney, the intestines, lesions of the respiratory passages, the vesicle, nodules, ulceration, cicatrices, infiltration, glandular lesions, muscular lesions, joint lesions and cutaneous lesions. Three exhaustive chapters on Symptoms, Diagnosis and Preven- tion, followed by one on Glanders in Man, finishes one of the most comprehensive treatises on glanders, it has been our good fortune to read. And just as exhaustive and comprehensive treatise on Tuberculosis is given by E. Wallace Hoare, F.R.C.V.S., and J. S. Lioyd, F.R-C.V.S., DW-S:M. coves 120 pages, and including all the latest tests for tuberculosis. Con- tagious Acne, Tetanus and Erysipelzs, by E. Wallace Hoare, follow, after which Actinomycosis is carefully considered by G. H. Wooldridge, F.R.C.V.S., M.R.I.A. A rather unusual con- dition is then described by H. Gray, M.R.C.V.S., under the cap- tion of Bovine Farcy, due to a fungus, Oospora farcinica, and bears no relation to glanders. The same author presents a short article under the heading Streptothricic Pseudo-Tuberculosis in the Horse. And the book is only just begun, and proceeds with Botriomycosis, Bacillary Necrosis, Contagious Pustular Dermati- tis of Sheep, The Relationship Between Human Diphtheria and Certain Diseases of Animals, Avian Diphtheria, Epithelioma Con- tagiosum, Epizootic Abortion in Cattle, Infectious Abortion in - Mares, Contagious Granular, Vaginitis in Cattle, Gangrenous Vaginitis in Cattle, Vesicular Exanthema of Horses and Cattle, Venereal Diseases in the Dog, Rabbit, Hare and Fowl. And so we might continue, after all that we have mentioned, to enumerate seventy more diseases, the descriptions of which covers another one thousand pages of reading matter, including diseases of all the domesticated animals, of the utmost interest and importance to veterinarians. Canine Distemper, for example, so interesting to veterinarians because of its universal prevalence and its rebel- liousness to most forms of treatment, is discussed at length (85 pages) by Henry Gray, M.R.C.V.S. The same author devotes fifteen pages to the discussion of Distemper in the Cat, and fol- BIBLIOGRAPHY. 427 lows it with an article on Canine Typhus, or Contagious Gastro- Enteritis. Foot and Mouth Disease, Contagious Pneumonia of the Horse and Influenza are all beautifully described by E. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.S.; but there, we had not intended enumerating any more of the maladies described, lest we defeat our object by tiring our readers with too much minutiae, and believe that we have already conveyed some idea of the vastness of this first volume, and of the care and excellence on the part of each of the several authors in presenting their subjects in a manner at once exhaustive, comprehensive and extremely interesting; and we further believe that this compilation of scientific facts from the pens of no less than 26 of our learned confreres in Great Britain, entitled A System of Veterinary Medicine, ably edited by Prof. E. Wallace Hoare, F.R.C.V.S., who is himself the author of 22 of the articles, describing that number of diseases existing amongst horses, cattle, sheep and calves, is absolutely indispensable to the veterinarian who would keep abreast w ith the advance in veterinary science. And in closing, we desire to pay a tribute to the publisher not alone for his energy in getting this work before the American veterinary profession so soon after his recent great task in presenting the two volumes of Hutyra and Marek on the Pathology and Therapeutics of the Diseases of Domestic Animals, but also for the very excellent manner in which he has executed his work in the production of A System of Veterinary Medicine, the binding of which matches very well that of the former work referred to; the type is clear, and the paper a good quality. OPHTHALMOLOGY FOR . VETERINARIANS. OPHTHALMOLOGY FoR VETERINARIANS. By Walter N. Sharp, M.D., Professor of Ophthalmology in the Indiana Veterinary College. 12mo of 210 pages, illustrated. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1913. Cloth, $2 net. This excellent little work from the pen of Prof. Walter N. Sharp will be gratefully received by the veterinary profession of America, who have long felt the want of just such a text-book. Especially as it comes from so practical a man as is its author. It begins with the anatomy of the eye, which is clearly described ; followed by the systematic examination of the eye, diseases of the lids, operations on the lids, diseases of the lacrimal apparatus, 428 BIBLIOGRAPHY. a description of the muscles of the eyeball, diseases of the con- junctiva, diseases of the cornea, diseases of the iris and ciliary body, diseases of the retina and choroid, diseases of the optic nerve, diseases of the lens, operations for cataract, recurrent ophthalmia, glaucoma, injuries to the globe, fracture of the orbit, parasites of the eye, the principles of vision, errors of refraction, and finally a chapter on medicines used in ophthalmic therapeu- tics. The book is generously illustrated, the cuts being excellent and clearly illustrating the descriptive matter in the text. The author is a man of wide experience, being professor of ophthal- mology at the Indiana Veterinary College and ophthalmic sur- geon to the Indianapolis City Hospital; and was actuated to give of his valuable time enough to prepare this work (which has meant many sacrifices on his part), through the entreaties of the students at the Indiana Veterinary College, who were desirous of having a text-book on ophthalmology. This circumstance makes the book doubly valuable to veterinarians, because its author, although an M.D., has had unusual clinical opportunities in the hospital and clinics of the aforesaid institution, as well as teaching the subject in the lecture room; and has written the book especially to meet the requirements of veterinarians. Oph- thalmology for Veterinarians fills a niche in veterinary litera- ture that has existed too long, and will be welcomed alike by student and practitioner. Bound in cloth, it is printed on heavy smooth paper and the type excellent. PROMOTIONS. Dr. E. B. ACKERMAN, for seventeen years Veterinarian to the Department of Health in the City of Brooklyn, has recently been made Chief of the Sanitary Division in that city. Dr. H. Preston Hosxtns, St. Paul, Minn., has been ad- vanced from Lecturer on Veterinary Science in the Veterinary Division, Department of Agriculture, University of Minnesota, to Assistant Professor to that Chair. Dr. MANGAN CuieFr.—The many friends of Dr. D. J. Man- gan, New York (who, it will be remembered, introduced auto- therapy into veterinary practice about a year ago), will be pleased to learn that the doctor has recently been made Chief Veterinarian to the Department of Street Cleaning of Greater New York. SOCIETY MEETINGS. PEeySlONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The regular monthly meeting of the K.V.M.A. was held on the evening of May rith in Donaldson’s Hall. The meeting was called to order by President Yunker at 8.30 p. m. with forty members and visitors present. The regular order of the business was suspended and the reading of the papers was com- menced. The president introduced Dr. W. Reid Blair of New York City, who read one of the most interesting papers that the asso- ciation has had the privilege of listening to this year. The subject considered was “ Tuberculosis of Dogs and Cats,” and it included the history of several very interesting cases which proved to be tuberculosis. The discussion was opened by Dr. Alex. Glass, of the Un1- versity of Pennsylvania, who said that he had seen several cases but unfortunately he was unable at times to hold post-mortem on cases which he felt sure were tuberculosis. Dr. Walter G. Crocker, Demonstrator of Pathology at the University of Pennsylvania, reported a case of tuberculosis of the spleen in a cat, which was on exhibition at the meeting. A motion was made by Dr. H. B. Cox to extend to Dr. W. Reid Blair a rising vote of thanks for his kindness in addressing the association. Motion seconded and carried. The next essayist was Dr. E. W. Mumma of Glenolden, Pa., who read a paper on “A Para-colon Infection of Cats,” in which he described a condition affecting cats and that it invariably proved fatal. He described a para-colon bacillus which he had isolated in several cases, giving the morphological characters of the same. The discussion on this paper was opened by Dr. Alex. Glass, and he stated that he had come in contact with a number of cases with the same clinical symptoms as described by Dr. Mumma and that invariably these animals had been recently pur- chased in animal or pet shops. Dr. Blair reported that he had 429 430 SOCIETY MEETINGS. seen several cases in New York City. The paper was further dis- cussed by Drs. Crocker and C. M. Hoskins. The president then introduced Dr. V. G. Kimball, of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, who read a most interesting paper on ‘Phenol in Tetanus.” This paper constituted a report of a num- ber of experiments, with the use of phenol intravenously, orally and by inhalation. The discussion was opened by Dr. H. B. Cox, who outlined his treatment with the use of antitoxin and phenol, with which he had very good success in cases where trismus was not pronounced. Dr. James T. MacAnulty said that he had very good results with the use of the antitoxin without the use of phenol. Dr. F. H. Schneider reported good results with the use of the antitoxin, but in cases where tetanus developed within two weeks of the infection that he was careful in the use of the antitoxin, that he looked upon these as grave cases. The secretary then called attention to the annual Work-Horse Parade, which was to be held on the 11th of June this year. The entries were not coming in as rapidly as they should and urged all present to solicit entries from their clients. There being no — further business, a motion to adjourn was made and seconded and passed. Curston M. Hoskins, Secretary. How to Kitt DANDELIONS.—Here is a cheap and easy way to get rid of the king of lawn-pests. Dr. H. P. McKnight tells of it in a recent communication to the Omaha Bee: “ Thinking that it will be of benefit to the public in cleaning up the dandelions in Omaha,” writes Dr. McKnight, ‘I have tested out a prepara- tion and find that it will destroy the plant, root and all, complete. Take Kreso Dip, which can be obtained at any drug store, and drop five drops into the crown of each dandelion. This can be done with a common oil-can with a long nozzle. One dose will kill the plant in three days. The price of Kreso Dip is only $9.35 per gallon, and one gallon is sufficient to kill all the dan- delions that can grow on a lot 50x 100 feet. I hope this will assist in cleaning up the pest in Omaha.” Review Necessary to Him.—In renewing his subscription, — Dr. McNair, of Berkeley, California, says: “When you hear of my funeral you may stop my Review, not before.” ae aoe ~ eno we NEWS AND ITEMS. MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION anticipates a large gathering at Belfast July oth. Dr. Hopss Becomes CONNECTED WITH KANSAS AGRICUL- TURAL CoLLEGE.—Dr. C. W. Hobbs, formerly Smith Centre, Kansas, has gone to Manhattan, Kansas, and associated him- self with the Agricultural College at that place. THE MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION will hold its mid-summer meeting at Albert Lea, July oth and roth. It goes without saying that an attractive program has been arranged for, as Dr. G. Ed. Leech is still secretary of the organization. A full attendance is anticipated. THE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW JERSEY will hold its semi-annual meeting at the Columbian Club, Jersey City, July 10. Those veterinarians from adjoining states who are in the habit of attending the meetings of the New Jersey organization are reminded that the latchstring hangs outside as usual. THE WISCONSIN SOCIETY OF VETERINARY GRADUATES will meet in the Council Chamber, Milwaukee, July 16 and 17; and Secretary Beckwith is looking forward to a record-breaking meeting. This society is in a healthy condition and growing rapidly. A number of prominent speakers are promised for the occasion, which will add materially to the general interest. Dr. RuTHERFORD’s Duties INCREASED.—The following was clipped from the Calgary Morning Albertan of June 5th: “ Dr. J. G. Rutherford, C.M.G., heretofore superintendent of the ani- mal husbandry branch of the department of natural resources, C. P. R., has been appointed superintendent of the consolidated agricultural and animal husbandry branches. Professor Elliott, formerly superintendent of the agricultural branch, has resigned to take charge of the provincial government’s demonstration farm at Olds.” Dr. KAupp CoMMISSIONER OF PuBLIC HEALTH.—We were pleased to learn from Dr. B. F. Kaupp, who was (except for a 431 452 NEWS AND ITEMS. short sojourn in Chicago recently) formerly associated with Dr. Geo. H. Glover at the Colorado Agricultural College (Div. of Vet. Sci.), that he is now Commissioner of Public Health of Spartanburg, South Carolina. Dr. Kaupp has charge of the entire sanitation of the City, dairy inspection work, meat and market inspection work, etc. Spartanburg is called “ The City of Success,” and we wish Dr. Kaupp success in his new field; which should be sufficiently broad to satisfy most any man, no matter How ambitious. New State Hoc Serum PLANT WILL SAVE A MILLION DoLLArs YEARLY is the startling heading to an article recently published in a Minnesota paper. It further states that, instead of an annual loss of $1,000,000 from hog cholera, the farmers will be able to protect themselves against the plague because of the state plant, which, quoting Dr. M. H. Reynolds as its author- ity, the paper says, can furnish serum, so that sufficient for one treatment will be available at a cost of 10 cents as against 60 cents before the appropriation. The appropriation which the last legislature granted is $10,000 a year for serum production and an additional $2,000 for research work. We shall look forward to an authoritative report on this important question from our esteemed collaborator, Prof. M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn., in the near future. PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. —The semi-annual meeting, following the thirtieth annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Associa- tion, will be held in Erie, Pa., Tuesday, September 16, 1913. The following veterinarians of the northwestern part of the state have banded themselves as a local committee of arrange- ments: J. B. Irons, Erie, Pa. (chairman); John Bryce, Erie (secretary); G. B. Jobson, Franklin; C. C. McLean, Meadville; M. P. Hendrick, Meadville; Eugene McL. Coover, Erie; John R. Phillips, North East; A. W. Weir, Greenville; G. W. Green- field, Corry; A. J. Mitchell, Erie; A. J. Mitchell, Jr., Erie; Samuel J. Wallace, Warren; G. A. Dick, Kane; M. J. Chris- man, Warren; F. F. Hoffman, Brookville; Frank C. Jervis, Edinboro; M. M. Wilson, Hartstown; A. H. Spencer, Girard; W. W. Pease, Meadville; David R. Royer, Jamestown, L. D. Sloan, Conneautville, and Howard F. Pegan, Codmanton. The success of this meeting is assured from the personnel of the committee of arrangements. i a ‘samba ete NEWS AND ITEMS. 433 THE MICHIGAN STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION will hold a summer meeting in Detroit at the Griswold House July 8th at 1 p. m. The ladies will be taken for an auto ride around the city. In the evening all will take a moonlight ride on the Detroit River. On the morning of the gth a trolley will be taken to P. D. & Co.’s Parkdale Farm at Rochester, where an old fashioned picnic will be held, after which a clinic will be conducted in the woods, where material will be furnished (tables, stocks, etc.). Subjects will be on hand for the following operations: Poll-evil, fistulous withers, cryptorchia, string halt, roarers, spavin, oophorectomy, standing castration, canine and feline operation, hypnotic influence of American canabis injected intravenously and a serum-production demonstration. The members are looking forward confidently to one of the best meetings in the history of our State Association. The last session of the Michigan State Legislature passed an amendment to the Live Stock Sanitary Law providing for a sal- ary of $2,000 per annum for the State Veterinarian, a perma- nent office at Lansing, and a six year term. The appointment to be made by the Governor through the recommendation of the Live Stock Sanitary Commission. Dr. Judson Black, of Rich- mond, was appointed as a member of the State Veterinary Board for the full term of three years by Governor Ferris. The pro- fession in Michigan is to be congratulated. THe ANNUAL Mip-SuUMMER MEETING OF THE ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION will be held at the St. Nicholas Hotel, Springfield, July roth. The following pro- gram, with a number of additions promised, will make the day a very interesting one. An invitation is extended to all mem- bers of the profession. ProGraM: Address of welcome, by Hon. B. L. Shanley, chairman of the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners ; response, by Professor A. H. Baker, dean of the Chicago Veter- inary College; “ Legislation,” by Dr. W. J. Martin, Kankakee; “ Suggestions on the Treatment of Foot Lameness,”’ by Pro- fessor Jos. Hughes, professor of lameness in the Chicago Veter- inary College; “ Shoulder Lamenesses and Their Treatment,” by Dr. H. A. Pressler, Fairbury (discussion to be opened by Dr. Martin); “The Intradermal Tuberculin Test,’ by Dr. A. T. Peters, bacteriologist of the Hlinois State Laboratory ; “ The Fu- ture of the Veterinary Profession,” by Prof. A. H. Baker; “ Barbed-Wire Cuts,’ by Dr. F. H. Burt, Chenoa (discussion 454 NEWS AND ITEMS. by ex-President Smellie, Eureka); “ Treatments Which Have Given Me Good Results,’ by Drs. Alverson, Brownlee. Craw- ford, Gleason, Glendenning, Gillespie, Hassel, Morgan, Pottle and others; Question Box: Members are requested to bring be- fore the meeting any question upon which they desire any information. B.A. 1. ORDER 106: For the purpose of having it where all veterinarians may have it for reference, we reproduce here B. A. I. Order 196, U. S. Department of Agriculture: UNItTeED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Regulations Governing the Preparation, Sale, Barter, Exchange, Shipment, and Importation of Viruses, Serums, Toxins, and Analogous Products Intended for Use in the Treatment of Domestic Animals. Effective. July 1, 1913. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, Washington, D. C., May 31, 1913. Under authority of the act of Congress approved March 4, 1913, entitled “An act making appropriations for the Depart- ment of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fourteen” (37 Stat., 832), the following regulations are hereby issued for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of said act governing the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products intended for use in the treatment of: domestic animals. These regulations, which for the purpose of identification are designated as B. A. I. Order 196, shall become and be effective on and after July 1, 1913. D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. ree, St CS NEWS AND ITEMS. 435 REGULATION I. For the purpose of these regulation viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall include all viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals. Among such analogous products are anti- toxins, vaccines, tuberculins, malleins, microorganisms, killed microorganisms, and products of microorganisms. REGULATION 2. No person, firm, or corporation shall prepare, sell, barter, or exchange in the District of Columbia or in any Territory of the United States or in any place under the jurisdiction of the United States, or ship or deliver for shipment from one State or Territory or the District of Columbia to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product manufactured within the United States unless and until the said virus, serum, toxin, or analogous prod- uct shall have been prepared at an establishment holding an un- suspended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture. REGULATION 3. Each establishment in the United States at which any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product is prepared shall make appli- sation in writing to the Secretary of Agriculture for a license. When one proprietor conducts more than one establishment a separate application shall be made for a license for each estab- lishment. Blank forms of application will be furnished upon request addressed to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washing- fom TD): .C. REGULATION 4. Section 1. A license will not be issued unless the condition of the establishment and the methods of preparation are such as reasonably to insure that the product will accomplish the objects for which it is intended, and that such product is not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful. Sec. 2. A license will be issued only after inspection of the establishment by a duly authorized officer, agent, or employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry has shown that the condition and equipment of the establishment and the methods of prepara- tion are in conformity with these regulations. 436 NEWS AND ITEMS. REGULATION 5. Section 1. Each license shall terminate at the end of the calendar year during which it is issued. Sec. 2. A license shall be reissued only after inspection of the establishment by a duly authorized officer, agent, or employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry. Sec. 3. A license will not be issued for the preparation of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product if advertised so as to mislead or deceive the purchaser or if the package or con- tainer in which the same is intended to be sold, bartered, ex- changed, or shipped bears or contains any statement, design, or device which is false or misleading in any particular. REGULATION 6. Licenses shall be in the following form: UnitTep STATES VETERINARY LICENSE No. .... WASHINGTON, DJG Wks Asoc ee tee eee Os4 This is to certify that, pursuant to the terms of the act of Congress approved March 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 832), governing the preparation, sale, bar- ter, exchange, shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, eet as 1 Carts BEE oe is hereby licensed to maintain, at....:.. 9. .s.0.seeeene street, ‘city ‘6r town Of 2.2 .: coo eee eee ee State of ne blew a woah beget eee ; an establishment for the preparation of....../5.5,..:sb...2..ssenes seen during the calendar year 19.... This license is subject to suspension or revocation if the licensee violates or fails to comply with any provision of the said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder. [L.s. ] Secretary of Agriculture: Countersigned : Chief Bureau of Animal Industry. REGULATION 7. Section 1. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product prepared, sold, bartered, exchanged, shipped, or delivered for shipment shall bear the true name of the product and the license number assigned by the department, in the following manner: ‘“ U. S. Veterinary License No. ...,” or an abbreviation thereof authorized by the Bureau of Animal Industry. t+ AGIOS, i ee ad S aatheniel - Te —_— ig pp mel ae ees re) o< a a A tod NEWS AND ITEMS. 437 Sec. 2. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product shall bear a serial number affixed by the licensee for identification of the product with the records of preparation thereof. Each container shall also bear the “ return date.”’ REGULATION 8. A license will be suspended or revoked (1) if it appears that the construction of the establishment licensed is defective, or if the establishment is improperly conducted; (2) if the methods of preparation are faulty, or if the products contain impurities or lack potency; (3) if the products are advertised or labeled so as to mislead or deceive the purchaser in any particular; (4) if the license is used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous prod- uct; or (5) if the licensee violates or fails to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regula- tions made thereunder. REGULATION 9. Section 1. Each importer of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product shall make application in writing to the Sec- retary of Agriculture for a permit. The application shall specify the port or ports of entry at which the imported articles will be cleared through the customs. Blank forms of application will be furnished upon request addressed to the Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington, D. C. Sec. 2. Each application for a permit shall be accompanied by the affidavit of the actual manufacturer, produced before an American consular officer, stating that the virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product mentioned therein is not worthless, con- taminated, dangerous, or harmful, whether the product was de- rived from animals and, if so derived, that such animals have not been exposed to any infectious or contagious disease, except as may be essential in the preparation of the product and as speci- fied in the affidavit. Sec. 3. Each application for a permit shall be accompanied by the written consent of the actual manufacturer that properly accredited officers, agents, and employees of the Department of Agriculture shall have the privilege of inspecting, without pre- vious notification, all parts of the establishment at which such 438 NEWS AND ITEMS. virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product is prepared, and all processes of preparation of such products, at such times as may be demanded by the aforesaid officers, agents, or employees. Sec. 4. Each permit shall terminate at the end of the calen- dar year during which it is issued. REGULATION ‘IO. Permits shall be in the following form: UnItTEp STATES VETERINARY PERMIT No. .... WASHINGTON) DD \Gily ooo. case ss ticmnianee tee : Ade This is to certify that, pursuant to the terms of the act of Congress approved March 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 832), governing the preparation, sale, bar- ter, exchange, shipment, and importation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, EP en Sek Of a. sic oe overs soley s lore. 0 srepare UALS pC crete shareseih iis eae eran is hereby authorized, so far as the jurisdiction of the Department of Agri- culture is concerned, “to: import...cce cee cee oe , manufactured by SATA TA USSR CER Mere Cire mee OF . oie cwculee sas dolewee oui oe ote NLO RE her WU nthe Gmesacumaes throuch"the port ol-eec-. eee eee ee ; during the calendar year 19.... This permit is subject to suspension or revocation if the permittee vio- lates or fails to comply with any provision of the said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder. [ts : Secretary of Agriculiaem Countersigned : Oe see's ele a eis 8 BLA be 5 oie 610 pls a Chief Bureau of Aneel Industry. The Bureau of Animal Industry shall give prompt notice of the issue of each permit to collectors of customs at the ports of entry named therein. REGULATION II. Section 1. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product imported shall bear the true name of the product and the permit number assigned by the department, in the following manner: “U. S. Veterinary Permit No. /..,” or an abbreviation thereof authorized by the Bureau of Animal Industry. Sec. 2. Each separate container of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product imported shall bear a serial number affixed by the manufacturer for identification of the product with the meager i el ee ne NEWS AND ITEMS. 439 records of preparation thereof. Each container shall also bear fe return date.’ Sec. 3. A permit will not be issued for the importation of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product if advertised so as to mislead or deceive the purchaser or if the package or con- tainer in which the same is intended to be sold, bartered, ex- changed, shipped, or imported bears or contains any statement, design, or device which is false or misleading in any particular. REGULATION I2. Permits will be suspended or revoked (1) 1f it appears that the construction of the establishment in which the products are prepared is defective, or if the establishment is improperly con- ducted; (2) if the methods of preparation are faulty, or if the products contain impurities or lack potency; (3) if the products are advertised or labeled so as to mislead or deceive the purchaser in any particular; (4) if the permit is used to facilitate or effect the importation of any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product; or (5) if the permittee violates or fails to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder. REGULATION 13. Any officer, agent, or employee of the Department of Agri- culture, duly authorized for the purpose, shall be permitted to enter any establishment licensed under these regulations at any hour during the daytime or nighttime, and such duly authorized officer, agent, or employee shall be permitted to inspect, without previous notification, the entire premises of the establishment, including all compartments and buildings, and all equipment, such as chemicals, instruments, apparatus, etc., as well as the methods used in the preparation, handling, and distribution of virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product. REGULATION I4. No grinding or mixing machinery, molds, instruments, tables, or other apparatus which come in contact with virulent or atten- uated microorganisms or toxins shall be used in the preparation of other forms of biological products. 440 NEWS AND ITEMS. REGULATION I5. All equipment, containers, machinery, instruments, and other apparatus used in the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products shall be thoroughly sterilized before use by live steam at a temperature of at least 120 degrees Centigrade for not less than half an hour or exposed to dry heat of at least 160 degrees Centigrade for at least one hour. If for any reason such sterilization cannot be applied, then a process known to be equally efficacious in destroying microorganisms and their spores may be substituted. . REGULATION 16. Permanent detailed records of the methods of preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, including sources of bacterial cultures or viruses used, virulence of such cultures or viruses, methods of testing the purity and potency ‘of the product, together with the methods of preservation, shall be kept by each licensed establishment. REGULATION 17. Section 1. The stables or other premises used for experiment animals in the production or testing of viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products shall be properly ventilated and lighted, appropriately drained and guttered, and kept in good sanitary condition. Animals infected with or exposed to any infectious, contagious, or communicable disease shall be properly segregated, and all instruments, containers, and other apparatus shall be thoroughly cleaned and sterilized before use. Establishments shall be so located as to avoid the spread of disease, and suitable arrangements shall be made for the disposal of all refuse. Sec. 2. Viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall be prepared, handled, and distributed with due sanitary pre- cautions. REGULATION 18. When the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analog- ous products has been completed, said products shall be stored in a cold chamber or refrigerator for preservation until such time as they are removed from the premises. All dealers in the Dis- trict of Columbia or any Territory or any place under the juris- diction of the United States shall keep such products under refri- geration until sold or otherwise disposed of. OO PF a NEWS AND ITEMS. 441 REGULATION 19. Section 1. Samples of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products shall be collected by authorized officers, agents, or em- ployees of the Department of Agriculture. Sec. 2. Samples may be purchased in the open market, and the marks, brands, or tags upon the package or wrapper thereot shall be noted. The collector shall note the names of the vendor and the agent of the vendor who made the sale, together with the date of purchase. The collector shall purchase representative samples. Sec. 3. All samples or parts of samples shall be sealed by the collector and marked with identifying marks. REGULATION 20. The immunity unit for measuring the strength of tetanus antitoxin shall be 10 times the least quantity of antitetanic serum necessary to save the life of a 350-gram guinea pig for 96 hours against the official test dose of the standard toxin furnished by the Hygienic Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service. The number of immunity units recommended for the preven- tion of tetanus in a horse shall be at least 500 units. REGULATION 21. Section 1. Licenses or permits may be suspended or revoked after opportunity for hearing has been granted to the licensee or importer at times and places designated by the Secretary of Agri- culture. All hearings shall be private and confined to questions of fact. The parties interested may appear in person or by attor- ney, and may submit oral or written evidence on the questions of fact involved. Sec. 2. If, after opportunity for hearing has been granted, it appears that a licensee or permittee has violated or failed to comply with any provision of said act approved March 4, 1913, or of the regulations made thereunder, the license or permit may be suspended or revoked. Law Unper WuicH THE ForEGOING REGULATIONS ARE MApE. [Extract from “‘ An act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and fourteen,” app-oved March 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 832).] That from and after July first, nineteen hundred and thirteen, it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to prepare, sell, barter, or ex- change in the District of Columbia, or in the Territories, or in any place 442 NEWS AND ITEMS. under the jurisdiction of the United States, or to ship or deliver for ship- ment from one State or Territory or the District of Columbia to any other State or Territory or the District of Columbia, any worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and no person, firm, or corpo- ration shall prepare, sell, barter, exchange, or ship as aforesaid any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product manufactured within the United States and intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals, unless and until the said virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product shall have been prepared, under and in compliance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Agriculture, at an establishment holding an unsuspended and unrevoked license issued by the Secretary of Agriculture as hereinafter authorized. That the importation into the United States, without a permit from the Sec- retary of Agriculture, of any virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and the importation of any worth- less, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, are hereby prohibited. The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to cause the Bureau of Animal Industry to examine and inspect all viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are being imported or offered for importation into the United States, to deter- mine whether such viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products are worth- less, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, and if it shall appear that any such virus, serum, toxin, and analogous product, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, is worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful, the same shall be denied entry and shall be destroyed or returned at the ex- pense of the owner or importer. That the Secretary of Agriculture be, and hereby is, authorized to make and promulgate from time to time such rules and regulations as may be necessary to prevent the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid of any worthless, contaminated, dan- gerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals, and to issue, suspend, and revoke licenses for the maintenance of establishments for the preparation of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic ani- mals, intended for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid. The Secretary of Agriculture is hereby authorized to issue permits for the im- portation into the United States of viruses, serums, toxins, and analogous products, for use in the treatment of domestic animals, which are not worth- less, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful. All licenses issued under author- ity of this Act to establishments where such viruses, serums, toxins, or analogous products are prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid, shall be issued on condition that the licensee shall permit the inspection of such establishments and of such products and their prepa- ration; and the Secretary of Agriculture may suspend or revoke any permit or license issued under authority of this Act, after opportunity for hearing has been granted the licensee or importer, when the Secretary of Agriculture is satisfied that such license or permit is being used to facilitate or effect the preparation, sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid, or the importation into the United States of any worthless, contaminated, dan- gerous, or harmful virus, serum, toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals. That any officer, agent, or employee of the Department of Agriculture duly authorized by the Secretary of Agri- culture for the purpose may, at any hour during the daytime or nighttime, enter and inspect any establishment licensed under this Act where any virus, serum. toxin, or analogous product for use in the treatment of domestic animals is prepared for sale, barter, exchange, or shipment as aforesaid. That any person, firm, or corporation who shall violate any of the pro- visions of this Act shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall, upon conviction, be punished by a fine of not exceeding $1,000 or by imprisonment not exceeding one year, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the dis- cretion of the court. ~~ Ay + lia tintin My, ms VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table the data given 1s reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : Name of Organization. Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass’n...... Alumni Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V. C American V. M. Ass'n Arkansas Veterinary Ass'n ; Ass'n Médécale Veterinare Frangaise. “Laval” ; B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass'n eae Cocke V. Ass'n Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n Chicago Veterinary —- Colorado State V. M. Ass'n. Connecticut V. M. Ass’n Delaware ae Vet. Society PeseOun (Neos) V. Me At. ot... Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n.......... Georgia State V. M. A V. M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un’y Hamilton Co. (Ohio) V. A........... Illinois State V. M. Ass’n............ Indiana Veterinary Association . er Kentucky V. M: Ass’n Keystone V. M. Ass’n Lake Erie V. M. Association Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n.............. Maryland State Vet. Society Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n Michigan State V. M. Ass’n Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n Missouri Valley V. Ass’n Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n............ Montana State V. M.A............. Nebraska V. M. Ass'n New York S. V. M. Soc’y. North Carolina V. M. North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.......... North-Western Ohio V. M. A........ Ohio State V. M. Ass’n Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med.. ..... Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass’n......... Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n Ontario Vet. Ass’n Pennsylvania — Wit oAls Sites fee Philippine V. M. : ecto. ctert Portland Vet. Med: ‘Ass'n. Province of Quebec V. M. A Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n South Carolina Ass’n of Veter'ns South Illinois V. M. and Surg. Ass’n.. St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors Schuylkill Valley V. M. A Soc. Vet. Alumni Univ. Penn......... South Dakota V. M. A pe Auxiliary of California State South St. Joseph Ass’n of Vet. Insp.. Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass'n SERA SARS Nila co cles ccde sede cee Twin oe V. ef Ass'n V. M. Ass’n, New York City......... Veterinary Practitioners’ Club... .... Virginia State V. M. ae ee ee Washington State Col. V. M.A Washington State V. M. (ih Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad York Co. (Pa.) V.M. A | Nov., 1913 Date of Next Meeting. April, 1914 Sept. 1-2-3-4-5, 1913. January, 1914.. Ist and 3d Thur. of each month.. 2d Fri. each month. . 3d Mon. each month. Monthly June 11, 1913 Feb. and July....... June and Nov....... 2d Tues. each month. May 28-29, 1913.... August 6, 1913 Jan., Apl., July, Oct.. 3d Mon. each month. 2d week, July, 1913.. Dec. 22-23, 1913. .:.. 2d Sat. each month. . July 10} 1913: 2523. Jan. 14, 1914 Pending Pending Oct. & Feb.each year. 2d Tues. each month. 4th Wed. each month. Feb. 3, 4, 1914...... July 9, 10, 1913..... Aug. 29, 1913 June 30, July 1-2,'13. July, 1913 Sept. 24, 25, 1913... Ist Mo. « Tu.,Dec.’13 Ist week Sept., 1913. June, 1913.. July 1, 2, 3, 1913. Feb. and Nov Jan. 14, 15, 1914.... Annually Ist Week in Feb.1914 Sept. 16; 1913... ..... Call of President. . . . 4th Tues. each month. Aug. 5-6-7 1913.. Ist Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. each month. . June 18, 1913 July 8, 9, 1913...... | Jan., Apl., July, Oct.. | 4th Tues. each month November. 1913 2d Thu. each month.. Pending 3d Wed. each month. Feb. & July each yr.. July 10, 1913 1st Wed. each month. ‘Month! JULY AON eOho were we 1st & 3d Fri. Eve.... June 19, 20, 1913... 3d Thu. each month.. July 16-17, 1913..... June, Sept.,Dec.,Mar. Place of Meeting. Birmingham. .. 141 W. 54th St. New York, N. Y. S. Omaha, Neb.. St. Joseph and Vicinity...... Syracuse Chicago. ....... Ft. Collins...... Waterbury Wilmington Newark, N. J.... a heies, Indianapolis. . ington...... Philadelphia. . Pending Lake Charles... Belfast cscs. av Helena... igne “ ay Toronto........ Manila Portland, Ore... Mon. and Que... Providence Pending Fillmore St. Louis Reading Philadelphia. .. . Mitchell Los Angeles..... 407 Illinois Ave. Memphis College Station.. St. P.-Minneap Pending 514 9th St., N.W. Winnipeg....... Jersey City 141 W. 54th St.. Jersey City Old Point Comf’t Pullman........ Wenatchee..... Pittsburgh...... Milwaukee Name and Address Secretary. Cary, Auburn. Nichols, Port Richmond, N Marshall, Philadelphia. Arthur, Russellville. P. A. Houde, Montreal. A. Smith, Chicago, Ill. ue Jackson, So. Omaha. F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. John F. McKenna, Fresno. A. E. James, Ottawa. W. B. Switzer, Oswego. D. M. Campbell, Chicago. I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. B. K. Dow, Willimantic. A.S. Houchin, Newark, Del. J. F. Carey, East Ornage, N. J. J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. P. F. Bahnsen, Americus. A. T. Ayers. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. L. A. Merillat, Chicago. A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis. C. H. Stange, Ames J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Robert Graham, Lexington. Cheston M. Hoskins. Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La. H. B. Wescott, Portland. iota te Counselman, Sec’y. | J. H. Seale, Salem. 1 Weds Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. G. Ed. Leech, Winona. Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada. Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. S. Stewart, Kansas City. A. D. Knowles, Livingston. Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City. H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y | M. J. Ragland, Salisbury. | C. H. Babcock, New Rockford. | A. J. Kline, Wauseon. Reuben Hilty, Toledo. | GAC Boks C.J. SBI bol if | H. |B. y.| F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. J. C. Howard, Sullivan. C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City. L. A. Willson, Toronto. John Reichel, Glenolden. David C. Kretzer, Manila. Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. J.S. Pollard, Providence. B. K. McInnes, Charleston. F. Hockman, Iola. Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. B. T. Woodward, Wash'n, D. C. S. W. Allen, Watertown. J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. H.R. Collins, South St. Joseph. O. L. McMahon, Columbia. Allen J. Foster, Marshall .-| §. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn. A. J. Webb, Layton. G. T. Stevenson, Burlington. C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat- chewan, Alta., Can. M. Page Smith, Washington, D. C. Wm. Hilton, Winnipeg. E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick. R. 8S. MacKellar, N. Y. City. | A. F. Mount, Jersey City. Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia. R. J. Donohue, Pullman. Carl Cozier, Bellingham. Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley. J. W. Beckwith, Shallsburg. | B.S. Bausticker, York, Pa. PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3 25; foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $225; single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be received by 10th of month. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. PETROGEN WYETH is the most satisfactory iodine preparation obtainable for use on thickened tendons in horses, or enlarged knees from interfering, in light harness horses, after reducing the acute inflammation with cold showers. It is also valuable in dispersing so-called “wind puffs” if used diligently, massaging daily for ten to twenty minutes. See adv. on page 18. Mention Review when writing. CoLLArk AND HaArNess GALLS are much more satisfactorily and painlessly treated by making the application of a coat of Antiphlogistine hot, covered with absorbent cotton, the initial steps in any line of treatment that is to follow. A trial of this method will pleasantly ‘surprise the investigator. See announcement on lower half of inside back cover page. Write for literature, mentioning the REvIEw. Avoiw A Heavy Meat Diet for dogs in the hot weather, when they lie around a great deal and are not systematically exercised. Prescribe the most convenient and economical balanced ration, Spratts’ Dog Cakes and Puppy Biscuits. They have also recently added to their list “ Spratts’ Milk Food,” for weaning puppies, or feeding brood bitches and invalid dogs. See an- nouncement on page 19 (adv. dept.). In writing mention REvIEW. 444 A Py > Honorary President of the Fiftieth Medical A, LIAUTARD. Association, Anniversary New Meeting York, of the 1913. American Veterinary OFFICERS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 1912-1913. 1—President JOHN R. 2—First Vice-President G. H. Rosperts, Indianapolis, Ind. 3—Second Vice-President JouN W. ADAMS, Philadelphia, Pa. 4—Third Vice-President H. JENSEN, Kansas City, Mo. 5—Fourth Vice-President C. E. Corton, Minneapolis, Minn. Mouter, Washington, D. C 6—Fifth Vice-President V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y. 7—Secretary C. J. MARSHALL, 39th St. and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 8—Treasurer GEORGE R. WHITE, Nashville, Tenn. 9—Librarian S. H. BURNETT, Ithaca, N. Y. = By je s a —<—e ag = hs - ot =! 6 Tee g _ 1. =a a) AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. AUGUSE,> ‘ror 3. EDITORIAL. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES. Paris, June 15, 1913. TRYPANOSOMIASIS OF Domestic ANIMALS.—Those affec- tions are no doubt the most numerous and serious belonging to tropical pathology, and since 1880, when the first trypanosome, cause of Surra, was discovered by Evans, down to 1894, when that of Nagana was made known by Bruce, coming to later years, the publications and progresses made relating to trypano- somiasis have become enormous, and in such an extent that a résumé of the notions concerning these questions, as well as domestic animals are concerned, will prove of interest to those who may not have followed the progresses made. Professor Henry, the assistant to the learned occupant of the chair of zoology of Alfort, Professor Railliet, has published in the Recueil a concise review, from which I make the following extracts: The most important trypanosomiasis known at present may be divided in four geographic groups. 445 446 EDITORIAL. 1. Tropical Asia. Surra, agent the Trypanosome Evansi, attacks equines and camelidae of India, Bombay, Birmania, South of China, French Indo-China, Malaysian States, Sumatra, Java, Philippines. Bovines and elephants may also become diseased, but they generally resist better than horses. Dogs take a more serious affection. Besides Surra, there must also be mentioned a trypanosomia- sis of the horses of Annam, produced by the Tryp. Annamensis recognized lately by Laveran. 2. Intertropical Africa. It is the country of trypanosomia- sis, that of the glossinae or Tsetses flies. Nagana has for its agent the Try. Brucci, discovered by Bruce in 1894, affects specially equines and bovines, and seems to be limited to oriental Africa. Under the name of Nagana other diseases have been desig-. nated as having been due to the bites of Tsetses flies; recent studies have distinguished them, for instance, the disease of the horses of Gambia due to Tryp. Dimorphon; a trypanosomiasis of bovines and camels of Congo, due to Tryp. Congolense; Souma of bovines and equines of oriental Africa, due to Tryp. Cazalbou; the baleri of the equines of occidental Africa, due to Tryp. pecandi, a trypanosomiasis of equines and bovines of Togo- land, due to Tryp. Togolensis. 3. North Africa and Mediterranean Coasts. Doutine, with its peculiar characters, transmitted by coit, due to Tryp. equiper- dum. The tahagu of equines, the el-debab of camels are also observed, different from douiine and its agent, the Tryp. Souda- nensis. In Mauritania and in the region of Tombuctoo, there is the mbori of dromadaries, due to different insects than the glossinae, and which seems to be but a variety of surra. 4. Meridional and Central America. The mal de Caderas, caused by the Tryp. equinum, found in the blood of diseased horses of Argentine, Uruguay, Paraguay and Bolivia. In 1905, the pestu boba or desrengadera of equines was dis- ; J : e a > i os EDITORIAL. 447 covered in 1905 in Venezuela, caused by Tryp. Venezuelensis, and latterly the murrina of equines by Tryp. hippicum. * % SYMPTOMATOLOGY.—Generally speaking, the whole of the symptoms are nearly always the same, but the chain of mani- festations varies so little that it is almost impossible to indicate with certainty what virus is acting. All domestic mammalia can be affected, with different sever- ity however. Bovines and especially horses are those where the disease is most fatal. According to its severity, three forms of attacks are recog- nized—one acute, fatal; one swbacute, rapid in appearance and development; one slow or chronic, often mild. Acute form is the most ordinary and presents three periods in its symptoms—incubation period, that of febrile accesses and that of cachexia. Incubation varies from a few days to one or two weeks, rarely one month. The animal has lost its ordinary ambition, is lazy and dull to its work. When mounted, he often manifests weakness of the back. Febrile period. This is characterized by fever, dermatosis, oedemas, occular manifestations. The fever comes on suddenly. Temperature rises to 40° and 41°. There is loss of appetite, stupefaction, dyspnea. After variable duration of a few hours to a few days, all these disap- pear, to return after a length of time varying from one to six days. DERMATOSIS.—Often cutaneous eruptions are observed, more commonly as papulae developed on the head, neck, shoulder, back and croup. These are covered with crusts, which, after their falling off, leave a small superficial sore. Those of doutine are characteristic. Of various sizes, their duration also varies, dis- appearing after 24 hours, or again lasting 5 or 6 days. OrpEMAS.—They are very common. Hard, painless and 448 EDITORIAL, giving by punctures serosity, in which trypanosomes are abund- ant, they take place in the extremities of the legs, under the chest, the abdomen, genital organs of males, udder of females. They are sometimes very large in nagana and surra. They may also disappear and return in the course of the disease, like the febrile condition does. OcuLtar Symproms.—Petechius are observed on the con- junctivae, often very large, they may be sufficient to justify sus- picion of an incubative or febrile stage of trypanosomiasis. The eye is sunken in the orbit, cornea infiltrated and milky, tears abundant, flowing on the face. Periop oF CACHEXIA.—Last stage characterized by anemia and general cachexia. The first is manifested by palor of the mucosa. Loss of flesh is contrasted with appetite good and even at times increased. Muscular masses are so to speak melted away, the bones are projecting under the skin which is covered with sores. Back is arched, abdomen retracted. Gait is stag- gering, almost paralytic, the animal drops, and death occurs then more by cachexia than by the presence of the parasites, which have entirely disappeared. Pregnant females generally abort during the disease. SuBAcuTE Form.—AIl the above symptoms appear rapidly. Short period of incubation, high fever, alarming symptoms from the start, no arrest between the febrile accesses; death takes place at times in the first hours of the disease, or again after a few days, resulting from congestive phenomena or rapid cachexia. Curonic Form.—Observed in horses in good condition and well acclimatized. Incubative stage scarcely detectable. Febrile accesses are very mild. Cdemas may come, but do not remain. Anemia and cachexia go on slowly, but remain rebellious. Death may take place after 6 or 12 months by complete exhaustion, but most ordinarily animals resist and get well, having generally gained immunity from the species of trypanosomes by which they have suffered. soldat ee te de ee, eee pain Ps - EDITORIAL. 449 PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMy.—The lesions of the cadavers have nothing specific; they vary according to the rapidity of the death. If it comes quick or during an acute period, all the ordi- nary lesions of infections are found. If it takes place only after a long period of cachexia, all the lesions of such are present. Dr1acnosis.—Generally the series of manifestations is suf- ficient for suspicion of trypanosomiasis; but the proof of it is in the detection of the trypanosome, which is easily detected when it is present, with magnifying power of 3 to 400 diameters and can be seen in the blood, with its quick movements, which it com- municates to the hematics. The parasites multiply rarely in a progressive manner to become very numerous towards death. Their multiplication takes place by successive rushes, separated by intervals when they disappear almost entirely from the blood. Difficult to find in bovines, sheep and goats, with a single exami- nation of the blood, they are easily detected in horses and in dogs. They are in some cases, as in dourine for instance, more numerous in lymph or fluid from puncture of the cedemas. PROPHYLAXY.—Recovery from a first attack grants immu- nity. Hence the indications to immunize animals in conferring them a mild form of disease. Unfortunately attenuated viruses have so far given no serious results. Experiments with sera or drugs have had no success either. Measures of sanitary police are indicated and must vary according to the countries being free or contaminated. For the first prevent the formation of center of infection. Forbid as much as possible the importation of animals from infected regions; closely watch those which will be imported for at least a month and have their blood repeatedly examined. All diseased animals shall be properly destroyed and their cadavers protected from contact with insects. For the second, destroy as much as possible the agents: of inocculation, or avoid the dangers by protection of the animals, regulating the traveling and bearing in mind that the Tsetses flies do not bite during night, but only during the day. TREATMENT OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS.—Serotherapy has been 450 EDITORIAL. and is yet under consideration; but experiments are not yet con- cluded; some seras have given good results. Radiotherapy.—No appreciable results obtained. Chimiotherapy.—The substances experimented with are ar- senicals, antimonials, colors of benzidine, and those of the triphenylmethane. Arsenicals—The curative effects of arsenious acid can no longer be denied; but it cannot be employed on account of the local accidents following the subcutaneous injections and the toxic doses in which it must be used. Atoxyl is superior, being less toxic. It is well supported in subcutaneous injections. In doses of I to 5 grams it is at pres- ent the best product to have the trypanosomes disappear from the blood. Unfortunately, as they will return after a short time, the injections have to be renewed—and this is not without danger. Antimonials—The various emetics have a rapid action on trypanosomes, but, being poorly supported by the stomach, have to be used by intravenous injections. Colors of Benzidine—Trypanred is the most important agent of this series; it is particularly active in some trypanosomiasis, but its practical application is not yet sufficiently established. Colors of Triphenylmethane—A curative action exists, but is rather limited—on account of their irritating properties pre- vent their being used subcutaneously. As trypanosomes become easily accustomed to one drug, it is necessary to resort to a mixed method of treatment, associat- ing two forms alternately or combined according to their more or less active action—for instance, atoxyl and colors of benzidine, atoxyl and emetic, or again atoxyl and biodide of mercury.” UmBILicaL AND VENTRAL HernrA.—In the Clinica Veteri- naria Prof. D. Bernardini has published a communication on an EDITORIAL. 451 important modification on the radical treatment of those lesions. The surgical treatment, which is sitperior to all, is the suture of the hernal ring. Anyhow, this operation is the only one which is possible with large hernias, and in the cases where the other methods have failed and in those where there are adhesions be- tween the viscera and the internal surface of the sac. However, the operation. performed according to the modern classical method offers serious dangers—danger of peritoneal infection, of eventration, which cannot be avoided, except by most minu- tious and careful manipulations. Prof. Bernardini proposes a method, radical in its results, which eliminates all the dangers and makes the operation prac- ticable by all; it consists in applying to the surgical treatment of umbilical and ventral hernias, the method used in human sur- gery, the extra-peritoneal. The principle of the operation is to avoid the opening of the peritoneal serus membrane in push- ing back in mass, in the abdominal cavity, the protruding viscera, and the fibro-serous envelope of the sac. The contention is made afterwards by the ordinary means at hand. The dorsal position is strictly necessary, though not always very useful, especially when anesthesia is resorted to. The field of operation is prepared, skin shaved, washed with alcohol and painted with tincture of iodine. The operated field surrounding is protected with boiled cloth. First step. Following the longitudinal direction of the her- nia, an incision is made involving only the skin, and on the cen- tral half of the tumor. The subcutaneous tissue being exposed, with the fingers it is lacerated so as to separate entirely the her- nial sac from the skin. When the internal sac has not been in- jured by the bistoury, the fibrous envelope raised internally by the peritoneum, offers sufficient resistance to not give way when the intra-abdominal pushing of the tumor is made. The dissec- tion of the sac, as far as its base, is thoroughly completed, so as to reach the borders of the hernial sac and in pushing the finger between the neck of the hernia and the ring, the adhesions, which hold the sac on the internal face of the wall, are torn away. 452 EDITORIAL. Second Step. The hernial sac, being entirely free, it is pushed back with its contents through the ring. If it is big and the ring too narrow, a slight twisting will permit its return. By this simple manipulation the reduction is obtained, the sac is in the abdomen, and the edges of the ring are exposed without having open the peritoneal cavity. Third Step. Suture of the ring. If the diameter of the ring is not more than 3 or 4 centimeters, the introduction of two or three fingers are sufficient to prevent the return or evagination of the sac, and at the same time they serve as guides to the needle to avoid pricking of the sac. If the ring is too large, the sac is immobilized by pads of gauze; stitches are then applied through the edges of the ring and the skin, without attention being paid to the cutaneous incision, whose edges are regularized after- wards. When all the stitches are made, the excess of the borders of the skin is cut off and the sutures completed. If the ring is very wide, a few of the sutures are closed before the gauze is taken off. Tincture of iodine is coated over the wound. After 7 or 8 days the sutures are removed. Recovery is complete in 10 days. New AGENT IN OvINE VERMINOUS PNEUMONIA.—So often and for such a long time, verminous pneumonia of sheep has been the object of scientific communications that its etiology ought to be known in all its details. Indeed, said Prof. Marotel in a meeting of the Société des Sciences Veterinaires already sixty years ago, the Synthetocaulus rufesceus was described as the agent of the disease. Later other parasites were added to it, the Synthetocaulus capillaris, the S. unciphorus and S. cercatus. Recently a new Strongylida has been observed by the professor, which is very evidently different from the others. Its morpho- logical characters differentiate it from the other species of the same gender by its extreme small size, its straight and unequal EDITORIAL. 453 spiculz, the enormous size of its gubernaculum, which contrast much with the reduction of the accessory organs. It is not diff- cult to find it and is almost constantly present. It is located in the hepatized lung tissue, in the polygonal and greyish centers of lobular pneumonia. A tearing of these centers made under the microscope with a magnifying power of 20-40 degrees will reveal its presence with eggs and embryos and also adult worms belonging to the species S. capillaris and S. linearis. But as the worm is very delicate, it is more difficult to obtain an entire parasite, except in lungs from two to four years old, a little putrified and soft. In his communication Prof. Marotel relates the observations he has made of the distribution and action of the various agents of verminous broncho-pneumonia of sheep. “The Dictyocaulus filaria is located in the bronchia and causes bronchitis; the Synthetocaulus rufesceus, S. unciphorus and S. ocreatus locate in the small bronchia and give rise to capillary bronchitis; finally the S. capillaris and S. linearts live in the pulmonary parenchyma, the alveoli and the vesiculz where they give rise to lesions of lobular pneumonia. Besides, the S. capillaris gives rise to granular or pulmonary tubercles.” >k >k BipLioGrRAPHY.—The question of the control of tuberculosis among animals is one which occupies the attention of veterinary and sanitary pathologists almost as much as all the other various points connected with that terrible scourge. I have received lately two books on the subject, which pecu- liarly came to me the same day, although from far apart coun- tries, one from Germany, the other from the U. S. A. The first one, published by Richard Schoetz, of Berlin, is from Dr. R. von Ostertag, private governmental council, director of the veterinary section of the Health Imperial Bureau of Ber- lin. It is a most important volume of nearly 600 pages and is illustrated with 88 figures of valuable interest. 454 EDITORIAL. Die Bekampfung der Tuberkulose des Rindes, mit besonde- rer Beriicksichtigung der klinischen wnd_ bakteriologischen Feststellung (“The Fight Against Bovine Tuberculosis, with Peculiar Considerations on the Clinical and Bacteriological Diag- nosis ’’) is dedicated to Prof. Bang, of Copenhagen, the father of the methodic struggle against bovine tuberculosis. In the work of Dr. von Ostertag everything that relates to the subject has been brought together. Question of constant actuality at present, this control was to find in the doctor a most powerful advocate, and to secure his points the author has con- sidered the serious signification of the presence of the disease, the possibility and the necessity to fight it, the parts that are played by the various forms of tuberculosis, of its spreading when open lesions exist. He has considered the various modes of diagnosis, the clinical as well as the bacteriological, and has concluded by the presentation of the measures now taken in Germany. This work of the learned doctor will no doubt be of immense value not only in Germany but in all countries where the struggle against tuberculosis is to be organized. It will prove also for veterinarians, who are occupied in the fight, a superior guide, which will permit them to make a positive and early diagnosis, and assist them in the application of the modern measures that will be demanded by the presence of the disease. The second book on the subject that I have, is from Doctor Veranus A. Moore, the learned director of the New York State Veterinary College at Ithaca, and professor of comparative pathology, bacteriology and meat inspection. Bovine Tuberculosis and Its Control, published by Carpenter. & Co., of Ithaca, is of less magnitude, as far as size only, than the German work; it covers but 134 pages. At first we have a handsome portrait of Dr. R. Koch, the pyre cer i : 4 } { ‘ iM EDITORIAL. 455 discoverer of the microbe of tuberculosis, and then comes a dedi- cation to “those who are actively interested in the eradication of bovine tuberculosis.” In the preface, Dr. Moore tells us that “it seemed for those who are intelligently working to eradicate this scourge, benefit would be derived from bringing together the results of the more important investigations on the nature, diagnosis and various methods for the control of this disease.”” And it is no doubt to comply with this kind of suggestion that the eleven chapters of the work have been written. The history of tuberculosis, its dis- tribution, economic, and sanitary importance, its cause, its nature and changes produced in the tissues, the symptoms, methods of dissemination, diagnosis in cattle, tuberculin and its use, physical examination in detecting it in cattle, immunization, control. Those are completed by an appendix, the report of the Internal Commission. At the end of the work, there are thirty illustra- tions, very handsomely made and certainly most correct. These two works on the same subject present to the reader lists of the publications that the question of bovine tuberculosis and control has already suggested. In the German work the literature on tuberculosis 1s presented and covers no less than 118 pages—with names and countries of the different authors. A. ie NEW YORK OLD AND NEW. New York Otp aNnp NEw is the caption we have given to a little story, touching in the briefest possible manner on some of the contrasting conditions that exist in the great city that is to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the American Veterinary Medical Association during the first week of next month. Per- haps modern and primitive might have been more appropriate than old and new, as the most primitive conditions depicted here exist to-day, in the same city, and not far distant from the most modern. For example, the Woolworth Building, the tallest 456 EDITORIAL. building in the world, stands on the same thoroughfare as the Astor House, separated from it by but a few feet, the width of A Refreshing Drink. Barclay street; and the old horse-cars can be seen to-day, in con- siderable numbers, crossing and running on, the tracks of the Going Over the Route. cars of the most modern make, and latest modes of trac- tion; running under the elevated and over the subway sys- tems. The pictures from which the cuts of the cars were EDITORIAL. Association Was Organized = a = =] o we an ee) a ras) cae ar) pics o> eo o Se “oO sd on aio x = Rs 3 bo =} Es) = & — v Se 3) = -_ » = ees oO wn z 3 ) =" — Astor 457 458 EDITORIAL. made are not souvenirs of olden days, but were taken right in the business thoroughfares by us, on the 12th of July, 1913. That our visitors may anticipate the more fully the contrasting primitive and modern conditions that they are to find in this great city, let us compare some of them. The primitive and modern modes of city traffic being familiar to all, we will not weary our readers by dwelling upon them, but pass to the buildings here illustrated. Let us first look at the Astor House, the cornerstone of which was laid in 1834, 79 years ago; 29 years before the organization of the United States Veteri- nary Medical Association within its walls. The cornerstone of that old hostlery was laid on the 4th of July, 1834, at 6 a. m., in the presence of about a hundred spectators. A box was deposited beneath the stone with a silver tablet in it; and when the old building is taken down to be replaced by a more modern struc- Throwing the Switch. ture, as it will be in the near future, if time has not destroyed it, the following inscription upon it will be read by the present generation: “ Cornerstone of the Park Hotel. Laid the 4th of July, 1834. The hotel to be erected by John Jacob Astor. Build- ers, Philetus H. Woodruff, Peter Storms, Campbell and Adams. Superintendents, Isaiah Rogers and Wm. W. Burwick. Archi- EDITORIAL. 459 tect,. Isaiah Rogers.” The daily papers of the preceding day, the last number of the Mechanics’ Magazine, containing a full- length portrait of Lafayette and Goodrich’s picture of New York, were also deposited in the box. The dimensions of the build- ing are as follows: The length fronting Broadway, 201 feet I inch; fronting Barclay street, 154 feet; fronting Vesey street, Taking on a Passenger. 146 feet 6 inches. The specifications read: ‘‘ There are to be six stories.’ The height to the top cornice, 77 feet. In the centre a court-yard, measuring 105 feet by 76 feet. Each of the fronts built of blue Quincy granite. ‘As the principal entrance will be on Broadway,” the account of it at the time read, “ there will be four columns—two of the Doric and two of Antae— surmounted with entablature.” ‘This, briefly, is a description and dimensions of the old Astor House, which since those early days of our forefathers up to the beginning of this present summer has presented a menu to its patrons that would tempt the appe- tite of the most fastidious. And the fastidious were its patrons in the early days, from the time of the Boydens, Colemans, Stet- sons, and, later, Flavius J. Allen, Mrs. Flavius J. Allen-Guindon and her estate, managed by Mr. Alfred H. Thurston, and finally conducted by that gentleman under the firm name of A. H. 460 EDITORIAL. Thurston & Company from 1909 until the present, when it was closed out by the sale of the contents a few weeks ago. But still the old structure stands proudly and solidly as in the olden days, looking across to the Post Office, and respectfully regard- ing old St. Paul’s Church on the right, while it looks with ad- miration mixed with awe at its towering neighbor on the left, the Woolworth Building. The old Astor House has seen the beginning of skyscrapers, when ten stories was regarded as “ go- ing up,’ and has seen the gradual but constant increase, until she now has as her nearest neighbor the most modern thing in business buildings, the structure that, with its 55 stories, has won the distinction of being the tallest building in the world. Just think of it, 49 stories above where the grand old hotel in which the A. V. M. A. was organized, left off. And this un- rivalled masterpiece of man’s handiwork, in which business is being transacted to-day, was not begun when we were in session in San Francisco. It was started in November, 1910, and it has been our good fortune to observe each step in its progress and in its growth, since the sinking of the caissons, which it was necessary to drive 130 feet below the level of the sidewalk, in order to reach bedrock. It cost enough to build a small town from the time of sinking those caissons until the evening a few weeks ago (comparatively speaking) when the president of the United States in Washington threw over a lever connected with dynamos in the basement, and current was flashed to every lamp, from topmost pinnacle to lowest basement; it was at 7.38 in the evening and was followed by.a banquet given in honor of the architect, Mr. Cass Gilbert, by the owner of the building, Mr. Frank W. Woolworth. And when we say owner, we mean just that; for this largest building ever erected by an individual, at a cost of $13,500,000, is all paid for, from the sub-basement to the 55th story it actually belongs out and out to one individual, Mr. Woolworth, and is the marvelous outgrowth of a humble commercial idea, the 5 and 1o-cent store. Reaching one-seventh of a mile into the air this towering edifice would, if laid out flat, be longer than three city blocks. Standing alongside the Cathe- EDITORIAL. 461 eu-1 ry : =a evry wor r rt servers 5 Bat S53 Woolworth Building, Fifty-five Stories—The Vallest Building in the World. (910 feet high.) 462 EDITORIAL. dral of Cologne, the latter would be 250 feet below its top, while the Great Pyramid of Cheops would be 200 feet below, making them dwarfs by comparison. The Metropolitan tower, the won- der of architects, is outclassed by eighty feet, the height of an ordinary six-story building. According to specifications of Cass Gilbert, the architect, the Woolworth Building measures 792 feet from the dome of the cupola to the street level, and contains more than 24,000 tons of steel girders. Seventeen million bricks were used in the construction of this wonderful building, and 87 miles of electric wiring (suf- ficient to extend from New York to Philadelphia, and its 80,000 lamps would light the entire 40 miles of waterfront around Manhattan Island. The building has a total weight of 206,000,000 pounds at the caissons; increased at times by wind pressure, it is estimated about 40,000,000 pounds. The building is designed to stand a wind pressure of 250 miles an hour. Its height is gio feet, 230 feet higher than that said to be reached by the Tower of Babel, before the confusion of tongues prevented the continuation of the work. Forty acres used to be considered a fair-sized farm (at least here in the East), and yet Mr. Wool- worth has that much space on his plot of about 200 feet square. He has 27 acres of rentable office space, and about 13 acres taken up with elevators and corridors, there being 28 elevator shafts. No one can tell how many people will enter and leave the build- ing each day, but it is estimated that it will have not less than 10,000 tenants of its own. And so we might continue to write of the wonders of this great office building until we tired you with details, and still there would be much more to be told; not to mention the scores of other monuments to the art of architecture and civil engineering. But this will give you some idea of it, and all of you who attend the A. V. M. A. meeting, can see it for yourselves; as the car that passes the Hotel Astor will take you right to it, as will also the elevated road and the subway (these latter being much quicker), and you can go up in the tower, which is 86 feet by 84 feet and 55 stories high, and see en ee RA, — EDITORIAL. 468 New York and its surroundings, and go back home enjoying the distinction of having been in the tower of the tallest building in the world. Such a building in a city where, in some sections of it, street cars are still drawn by horses. Is this story, then, not a glimpse of New York Old and New? FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY MEETING OF THE AMER- ICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION IN NEW YORK. Plans are now completed for the great international veteri- nary congress in New York, on the occasion of the fiftieth anni- versary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at the Hotel Astor, Broadway, 44th to 45th streets, September I, 2, 3, 4, 5. It has required a great amount of work on the part of the local committee in arranging the plans for this meet- ing, so as to serve the best interests of the association, because it is a somewhat different occasion from any previous meetings, marking an important epoch in the history of veterinary medicine in North America. But at last everything is arranged, and from the present outlook the occasion will give to veterinary Monpay TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY September 1 September 2 September 3 September 4 September 5 j ' Opening Session General] Session General Session Section Work Section Work | 1 Surgery-Room 1 | 1 Surgery—-Room 1 9.30 | North Ball Room De tecrn Wh a inten Ae 2 Medicine-Room 2 to 8th Floor North Ball Room | North Ball Room | 3 Sanitary Science | 3 Sanitary Science 12 Hotel Astor and Police and Police- A.M. (Symposium) Room 3 Section Work Section Work Section Work General Session General Session 1 Surgery-Room 1 | 1 Surgery-Room 1 | 1 Surgery—Room 1 2 Medicine-Room 2 (Symposium) | 2 Medicine-Room 2 2 | $-Sanitary Science |2............... (Symposium) On Board Closing Meeting P.M. | and Police —Room 3} 3 Sanitary Science | 3............... and Police—Room 3 Steamboat North Ball Room College Faculties and | College Faculties and | College Faculties and Examining Boards | Examining Boards | Examining Boards Nimrod Room Nimrod Room Nimrod Room S8P.M.| General Session Reception General Session Banquet Social Features : 464 EDITORIAL. medicine in this country an impetus that will speed it on to greater achievements, and the next half-century will witness ad- vancements inconceivable at this time. The schedule on preceding page will enable our readers to take in at a glance the general plan of the week’s work that was out- lined to them in the July Review, and the program here repro- duced will give a fair idea of the literary feast that is in store for those in attendance. It also speaks well for the activity and good judgment of the secretary in securing so many excellent papers from authorities on the subjects treated: SANITARY SCIENCE AND PoLice (in charge of Charles H. Higgins, Ottawa, Ont., Canada)—Title Not Available, E. C. Schroeder, Washington, D. C.; illustrated address on “ Bureau Inspection’ (Moving Picture Machine), W. T. Houck, Bureau of Animal Industry, New York; “ Meat Inspection in Canada,” R. Barnes, Ottawa, Canada; “ The Sanitary Barn and Its Rela- tion to Clean Milk,” Cassius Way, Harvard, Ill.; “An Unusual Outbreak of Infectious Mammitis in a Dairy Herd and Meth- ods of Control,” B. T. Woodward and J. Traum, Washington, D. C.; “ The Need for Physical Examination in the Diagnosis and Control of Cattle Abortion,” W. L. Williams and J. N. Frost, Ithaca, N. Y.; “ The Production of Artificial Immunity against Tuberculosis in Domestic Animals,” S. H. Gilliland and C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia, Pa.; “‘ Control of Tuberculosis in Min- nesota Pure-Bred Cattle,” S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn.; “ On the Value of ‘Abortin’ as a Diagnostic Agent for Infectious Abortion in Cattle,” K. F. Meyer and J. B. Hardenbergh, Phila- delphia, Pa.; “ Immunization Tests with Glanders’ Vaccine,” J. R. Mohler and Adolph Eichhorn, Washington, D. C.; ‘“ The Eradication of the Cattle Tick and the Development of the Cattle Industry in the Southern States,” J. A. Kiernan and George R. White, Nashville, Tenn.; “Apparent Inconsistencies of Biologic Diagnostics,” R. A. Archibald, Oakland, Cal.; ‘‘ The Paratuber- culous Enteritis of Cattle in America,” K. F. Meyer, Philadel- phia, Pa.; *to be read by V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.; “ Cone * From Report of Committee on Diseases. ; eae Pe ee J) SAU ugaenet pep rtee ee > EDITORIAL. 465 —— trolling Contagious Epithelioma, Chicken Pox or Roup by Vac- cination,’ F. B. Hadley and B. A. Beach, Madison Wis. MEDICINE (in charge of George H. Glover, Fort Collins, Colo. )—** Epizootic Equine Encephalomyelitis,’ C. H. Stange, Ames, Iowa; “ Infectious Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis of Horses,” B. F. Kaupp, Spartanburg, S. C.; “ Cerebritis—A Result of Forage Poisoning, or So-Called Equine Cerebro-Spinal Menin- gitis,’ A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo.; “ Physiologic Principles in Therapeutics,” P. A. Fish, Ithaca, N. Y.; “ Veterinary Science, from a Country Practitioner's Standpoint,” J. F. DeVine, Goshen, N. Y.; ‘“ Cannabis,” Herbert F. Palmer, Philadelphia, Pa.; “ Dosage of Medicinal Agents as Governed by Absorption and Elimination,” H. Jensen, Kansas City, Mo.; “A Preliminary Report on the Value of Leucocytic Extract, from a Therapeutic Standpoint,” R. A. Archibald, Oakland, Cal.; “Artificial Insemi- nation and Its Relation to the Veterinarian,” F. F. Brown, Kan- sas City, Mo.; “ The Atropine Series,” H. D. Bergman, Ames, Ia.; ““Some Phases of Necrobacillosis in Cattle Practice,’ John P. Turner, Washington, D. C.; “ Therapeutics of Mastitis in Cattle,’ Louis A. Klein, Philadelphia, Pa. SurceEry (in charge of L. A. Merillat, Chicago, [l.)—“ Gen- eral Consideration in the Diagnosis of Lameness,’ Joseph Hughes, Chicago, Ill.; ““ Lameness of the Shoulder and Elbow,” J. W. Klotz, Noblesville, Ind.; ‘“‘ Lameness of the Hip and El- bow,’ David W. Cochran, New York City; ‘‘ Lameness of the Hock,’ James McDonough, Montclair, N. J.; “ Firing,’ Geo. B. McKillip, Chicago, Ill.; “ Neurectomy,” R. T. Whittlesey, Los Angeles, Cal.; and “ Foot Lameness,’ John W. Adams, Philadelphia, Pa. There will also be a Pathological Exhibit under the direction of W. Reid Blair, New York, N. Y., in the Yacht Room, which directly succeeds the exhibition hall. The executive committee will hold its session in the Nimrod Room, on the promenade opposite the exhibition hall. The convention will be opened in one of the large halls on Monday morning, September 1, at-10 a. m. It is expected that 466 EDITORIAL. the opening address and welcome to the city will be made by the Hon. William Sulzer, Governor of New York, which will be responded to by Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Philadelphia. This, as is customary, will be attended by the ladies as well as the mem- bers (and other visitors), and will therefore constitute the social function for the ladies for Monday forenoon. On Monday after- noon the ladies will visit the “ Lusitania,” the second largest steamship afloat, which will be lying in dock at the time. Going aboard a vessel of that character will be a rare treat and will very pleasantly occupy the afternoon. On Monday evening there will be an informal gathering of the ladies in the parlors; an evening session occupying the gentlemen. On Tuesday morning the ladies will take a trip to the beach, at the world-famous Coney Island, where, on arrival, they will be afforded the opportunity of entertaining themselves accord- ing to their own fancy, such as surf-bathing or visiting the many places of entertainment; the committee assisting them by their advice and experiences. Members of the committee will also be at the hotel to direct and advise any ladies who do not care to go to the beach, to find entertainment in the city. Tuesday eve- ning will be given over to a reception and informal dancing. On Wednesday morning the ladies will leave the hotel at 9 o'clock for a visit to the New York Zoological Park, the largest and best equipped “ Zoo” in America, if not in the world. This park is a considerable distance from hotel headquarters, and it will be necessary for the ladies to report to the committee promptly at 9 o’clock, in order to get there in good season. For those who desire to remain at the zoological park longer than the forenoon, instructions will be given where luncheon can be ob- tained in the park. Those who return to the city at noon will attend a concert in the Wanamaker auditorium in the afternoon and make a tour through the various departments of the store. Wednesday evening will be left free, and may be devoted to see- ing the city, attending theatres, etc. Trips through Chinatown may be made safely in automobiles, if anyone’s fancy so directs, at a cost of $1 a person. ; , Ot Reel ee ee ee end oa dl a oe a EDITORIAL. 467 On Thursday morning any ladies desiring to visit any of the public buildings or the shopping districts near-by, will find the committee in attendance at the hotel. But no distant trips can be undertaken, as they are to be taken for a steamboat trip in the afternoon; and as the boat leaves at I p. m., they are urged to arrange their plans for Thursday forenoon with that in mind, so as to join the men on the pier at that time. (As per schedule on page 463 a general session will be held on the boat.) The annual banquet will be held Thursday evening, at which such prominent men have been invited to speak, as Senator Johnston of Virginia, ex-Governor Hoard of Wisconsin, Senator Edwards of Ottawa (Canada), Commissioner of Agriculture Huson of New York, ex-Commissioner of Health Evans of Chicago, Mayor Gaynor of New York, Dr. D. E. Salmon, founder and former chief of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, and Dr. J. G. Rutherford, former veterinary director-general of Canada. Friday will be devoted to “sights of the city,” includ- ing public buildings (among others the unrivaled masterpiece illustrated on page 461 of this issue, with a trip to its observa- tion tower 55 stories above the street level), a visit to the steam- ships for those who could not avail themselves of the previous opportunity, Grant’s Tomb and other places that may occur to the committee. As this will be the last issue of the Review that will reach the members before the opening of the convention (at least in time to be of any use to them), we reprint the list of hotels and rates published in the July issue and make a few additions thereto: HOTEL HEADQUARTERS AND SOME OF THE MANY HOTELS SURROUNDING IT.* Hotei, Astor, HEADQUARTERS, Broadway, 44th to 45th streets. Rates, from $2.50 a day up; with bath, from $3 a day up. *These rates all apply to European plan. 468 EDITORIAL. Hotel Manhattan, Madison avenue, 42d to 43d streets, $2.50 and up; with bath, $3 and up. Cadillac Hotel, Broadway and 43d street, $1 and up. Hotel Gerard, 44th street, between Broadway and Sixth avenue; room with use of bath, $1 and $1.50 and up; room with private bath, $2 and up; parlor bed- room and private bath, $3 and up. Hotel Woodstock, 127-135 West 43d street (near Broadway), single rooms, $1.50 to $2 a day; with bath, $2.50 to $3.50; large rooms for two, with bath, $3.50 to $4; suites with bath, $6 to $8. Hotel St. James, West 45th street, near Broadway, single rooms, $2.50 up; double, $3.50 up. Hotel Knickerbocker, 42d street at Broad- way, single without bath, $2.50 and $3; double without bath, $4 and $5; single with bath, $3.50 to $7; double with bath, $5 to $8; double with bath and twin beds, $7 and $8; two single rooms with bath between, $6, etc., etc. Grand Union Hotel, Fourth avenue and 42d street, without bath, single $1, double $2; with bath, single $2.50, double $3.50. Hotel Belmont, 42d street and Park avenue, without bath, single $2.50, double $3.50; with bath, single $3.50, double $4.50, etc. Hotel Calvert, Broadway and 4Ist street, without bath $1, with bath $1.50. Murray Hill Hotel, Park avenue (Fourth avenue) and 4oth street, without bath, single $2, double $3; with bath, single $3, double $4, etc. McAlpin Hotel, Broadway and 34th street, $2 a day and up. Hotel Aberdeen, 32d street, between Broad- way and Fifth avenue, 300 rooms with private baths, $1.50 and $2 a day. Hotel Chelsea, 222 West 23d street; with adjoin- © ing bath, $1.50; with private bath, $2; suites-parlor, bedroom and bath, $3.50 up; all outside rooms. Hotel Cumberland, 3roadway and 54th street; with bath per day, one person, $2.50; with bath per day, two persons, $3.50; suites of parlor, bedroom and bath, $4 up. Hotel Waldorf-Astoria, Fifth avenue and 34th street; single rooms without bath, per day, $2 up; single rooms with bath, per day, $3 up; double rooms, two single beds, with bath, $5 up; two double rooms, two beds each and bath, $4 per room and upwards. Hotel Bristol, 122-124 West 49th street; write for rates. Bt 4h EDITORIAL. 469 These sixteen hotels, practically surrounding the Hotel Astor, headquarters and meeting place, are a fair sample of those radiat- ing out from it, a few blocks distant; and cheaper ones may be found further down-town if desired. Also furnished rooms can be had within easy distance, and restaurants abound throughout this district, as they do all over the city. No one can go hungry or get lost in New York; that is, New York proper, on Manhattan Island, where the conven- tion is to be held; because restaurants are to be found every- where, and the city is laid out on a numerical plan, and any one who knows how to count can find any place in the city unaided. While it would seem as though our accommodations are un- limited, we would urge that those anticipating attending the con- vention secure their accommodations full early, as there will be other conventions in the city that week, and thousands of visitors are always floating into old Manhattan. RELATIVE DISTANCES OF HOTELS FROM HOTEL ASTOR—HEAD- QUARTERS AND MEETING PLACE. As a guide in the selection of hotel accommodations, we append the relative distance of the hotels listed, to the Hotel Astor, headquarters and meeting place of the association: Hotel Manhattan is two blocks south and three blocks east; Hotel Cadillac is one block south; Hotel Gerard is half a block east; Hotel Woodstock is one block south and half a block east; Hotel St. James is one block from headquarters; Hotel Knickerbocker is two blocks south; Grand Union Hotel is two blocks south and four blocks east, diagonally across from Grand Central Station; Hotel Belmont is two blocks south and four blocks east, oppo- site Grand Central Station; Hotel Calvert is three blocks south: Murray Hill Hotel is four blocks south and four blocks east; Hotel McAlpin is ten blocks south; the Hotel Aberdeen is twelve blocks south and half a block east; the Hotel Cumberland is nine blocks north; the Waldorf-Astoria is ten blocks south and one block east; the Hotel Bristol is five blocks south, east of Broad- 470 EDITORIAL. way; and the Hotel Chelsea is twenty-one blocks south and two blocks west. TRANSPORTATION. The various passenger associations have granted the follow- ing concessions for those wishing to attend the meeting: New England Passenger Association (including the New England states) offers a rate of fare and three-fifths on the cer- tificate plan. Trunk Line Association (including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and the northern parts of Virginia and West Virginia) offers an excursion rate of a fare and three-fifths on the certificate plan. Eastern Canadian Passenger Association (including all the eastern portion of Canada) offers an excursion rate of a fare and three-fifths on the certificate plan. All the other passenger associations, embracing those states and provinces in the United States and Canada not mentioned above, have recommended that our members take advantage of the summer tourist fares, which will be available, and informa- tion concerning which can be obtained from the local ticket agents. It is advisable to take up the matter of transportation, rates, etc., with the local ticket agents at once, as desirable excur- sions and rates may be offered about the time of the meeting from local points. The foregoing will give our readers a fair idea of what is in store for them in the American metropolis the first week in September, the accommodations to be had, and the transportation conditions. Secretary Marshall has the preparation of the pro- grams well under way, and will have them in the hands of the members early this month, so that all that remains for those who will attend this great veterinary congress to do is to complete the papers they will present and their plans for leaving their homes, and come to New York. The host city bids you come and is waiting to welcome you! EDITORIAL. 471 THE M’DONOUGH FIVE-CALKED SHOES. It has been our good fortune during the past four or five years to hear a great number of papers,* addresses and lectures by Dr. James McDonough, of Montclair, N. J., on the advantages of the five-calked shoe over the universally used three-calked shoe that was in use generations before we were born, and we were convinced that the doctor’s arguments were logical and based upon mechanical facts from the beginning; a conviction that has been borne out by actual facts on many occasions during the period of time mentioned. It therefore affords us much pleasure to publish in our present issue two excellent papers bearing upon this important subject, one in the form of a report by a com- mittee appointed by the president of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey to examine limbs of horses, and another by Dr. McDonough, bearing on the report of that committee. These two papers will be found to be excellent reading, as they are full of forceful reasoning. In fact they so forcefully impressed the New Jersey association that one of its members offered the following resolution, which was unani- mously indorsed by the organization: “It is the sense of this meeting that the use of three-calked shoes is injurious to the limbs of horses, and we recommend that their further use be discontinued. That we indorse and recommend for use in their place the form of shoes introduced by Dr. McDonough, and hereafter to be known as the Mc- Donough five-calked shoes.”’ The members of the association were the more apprecia- tive of the valuable improvement that their honored member offered to the horse-owning public because-of the fact that he had never at any time since he had conceived the idea and had begun to advocate it had any motive in so doing other than the benefit that would accrue to the horses and their owners by its adoption. He gave of his knowledge freely, with no thought of a financial return, and his fellow members have a warm * See article and illustration of shoe on pages 622 to 639, March, 1913, issue of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW. 472 EDITORIAL. place for him in their hearts and a high regard for his single- ness of purpose, and so expressed themselves in offering and indorsing the resolution. After the resolution had been adopted Dr. McDonough, feeling that if his name be given to a shoe he wanted it to be the shoe that he had designed and no other, rose and addressed the association as follows: “For the benefit of horses I give to the manufacturers of horseshoes the right to make that form, or those forms, of horseshoes indorsed by this association and known as the Mc- Donough five-calked shoes. And, upon my approval of their form and shape, they be allowed to sell them under that name and title. “T move that a record of the above, together with a de- scription of the shoes referred to, be entered upon the minutes of this meeting.” That the McDonough five-calked shoe is the logical and proper method of shoeing all horses that are not shod with a plain shoe or a pad, there can be no question, as it imitates nature as nearly as it can under the circumstances, in giving to the sides of the limb the support that nature intended when she made the quarters the broadest part of the foot, and the whole horse world is indebted to Dr. McDonough for demonstrating this principle which seems to have been overlooked for so many years. Some ARTICLES IN TYPE FOR SEPTEMBER ISSUE OF REVIEW. —Studies on the Etiology of Equine Influenza, by N. S. Ferry, Ph.B., M.D., Detroit, Mich.; The Artificial Inoculation of Cattle with the Bacillus of Contagious Abortion, by Prof. Frank M. Furnace, Biologist, Maine Agricultural College; An Outbreak of Epizootic Abortion in Cattle, by J. Desmond, Principal Veterin- ary Officer of the Commonwealth Military Forces, Adelaide, South Australia; Vaccination for Infectious Diseases, by R. M. Staley, Harrisburg, Pa.; Anthrax, by R. C. Reed, Newark, Del. ; A Facial Calculus, by B. F. King, Shrewsbury, N. J. ORIGINAL ARTICLES. HOG CHOLERA.* By H. Preston HoskINs, ASSISTANT VETERINARIAN, UNIVERSITY FARM, St. PAuL, MINN. History oF CHOLERA.—Hog cholera has been recognized as a specific, contagious disease of swine for about a hundred years. The first authenticated outbreak in this country occurred in 1833, when large numbers of hogs in Ohio died from a dis- ease which answers the description of hog cholera as we now know it. This highly contagious disease has caused the loss of millions of dollars annually. It has been estimated that the losses during 1912 reached fifty million dollars. One state alone is said to have sustained a loss of ten million dollars from this dread dis- I had serum. I wish I had. ease in 1912. Although the heaviest losses from this scourge have been suffered in the corn-belt states, Minnesota has been losing large numbers of hogs from cholera during the past few * Reprinted from Minnesota Farmers’ Library—Extension Bulletin No. 37. 473 474 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. i KITTSOn | ROSEAU MAREHALL BELTRAM! KOOCHICHING Se me ee | PENNINGTON ats BS wpe } | | uw | | | i REO LAKE aa | = is ! en i in POLK A | - £ - ITASCA ST. Louis = %! ‘\ ! + j \ oe ae jstevens! Pore | STEARNS 9 ("= j | j “SHERBURNE; Me Deere Se | > ee t--—-— ‘~ | SWIFT @ j ltr | & LAce \. cuippewa | @ QUI PARLE e i : r = oa Fe ae ico oy, Oe Se | wr j McLEOD. CARVER ; 7% mica. wa | | pres ~ YELLOW MEDICINE \ RENVILLE T e N fa DA OTA = 2 oO b 4 TON] he WASHI e 7 Ss ene aca x8 ieee eee j oe ve | f SCOTT ;: ‘ = “~ i SIBLEY = eo ee | ps 7 ire GoooHuE [~~ LYON j ReOwooo | “yicotter' @ i ler ! ; pinay 2 /Lesueur- RICE - i > f ' op ee Pf ei — +t...) BROWN 1 Ve i ; : 1 : | | : e 1 | Ky = rowel MURRAY | coxron H “ry jBtve ee ee enn Oe OLMSTED | WINONA ea I soe bpltecaedl wiing. Eee a | AS a —t-.— Se ) oes we | FREEGORN: MOWER | FILLMORE +HOUSTO WABASHA Fig. 1. Distribution of cholera in Minnesota. In each county in which a black Spot is shown, there have been outbreaks of hog cholera. No attempt has been made to indicate how badly each county is infected. Some counties have only had one out- break reported, while in some cases the disease has spread practically over the entire county. Some counties in which no black spot is shown, may have cholera, but no reports of the disease have reached the State Live Stock Sanitary Board or the Experiment Station, ale HOG CHOLERA. 475 years, especially in the southern counties. Minnesota has grad- ually been taking a place among the pork-producing states, and cholera has increased in proportion to the increase in her hog industry. The importation of hogs from infected localities of other states has played a prominent part in the spread of the disease, not only in this state, but all over the country. Cause.—Cholera was for a while attributed to several differ- ent kinds of germs found in the bodies of sick or dead hogs, but about eight years ago veterinary bacteriologists in the employ of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agricul- ture, investigating the disease, came to the conclusion that hog Fig. 2. Inner lining of large intestine showing characteristic ulcers. cholera was not really due to any of the hitherto known organ- isms, but that it was caused by a germ of some kind which had never been identified up to that time. The germ is so small it will pass through the pores of the finest porcelain filters made, and has never been seen even with the most powerful micro- scopes used. Other facts bear out the truth of this conclusion. The cause of the disease is classified as a filterable virus and usually spoken of as such. Measles and scarlet fever of human beings, swamp fever of horses, and foot and mouth disease of cattle are other diseases caused by filterable viruses. ATG H. PRESTON HOSKINS. PRECAUTIONS.—Besides the actual cause of the disease, there are other factors which must be considered from a hygienic stand- point, in the prevention and control of the disease. If the vital- ity of a hog is weakened by being kept in poor quarters, by being improperly fed, or by being infested with parasites of different kinds, there is less chance to ward off infection. It is therefore of the greatest importance that the hog pens and yards be kept reasonably clean, well ventilated and drained; that proper atten- tion be paid to the feeding, so as to insure the animals a whole- some, well-balanced ration; and that watch be kept for evidence of parasites, such as lung worms, lice and mange mites. Fig 3. Intestines showing hemorrhages. (A ‘line has been drawn around the lymph- Fig. 5. Kidneys having the so-called gland in the center, which is much swollen “turkey-egg”’ appearance. Note minute and very dark in color.) hemorrhages on surface. Symptoms.—While the symptoms of hog cholera are quite characteristic, they may vary considerably in different animals, outbreaks and localities. Hogs that are susceptible to cholera usually show signs of the disease in from one to three weeks after they have been exposed to infection. Sometimes no symp- toms are noticed, but one or more hogs die suddenly, without warning. Then others will follow, showing some or all of the usual symptoms. Loss of appetite is the first symptom usually noticed. The animal may lag behind the rest of the herd, show little or no HOG CHOLERA. 477 desire for food, and drink large quantities of water on account of high fever. When he walks he has a staggering gait, and is very unsteady in his movements, especially in the hind legs. When he stands still, he frequently braces himself against a post er another hog, and often stands with the hind legs crossed. Diarrhea may be noticed, but is not always present, as the animal may be constipated, depending greatly on the kind of feed it has Fig. 4. Inner lining of intestine, showing inflammation and hemorrhages. been receiving. Neither constipation nor diarrhea alone is enough to indicate the presence of cholera. The eyes are fre- quently inflamed and discharge a sticky mucus, which tends to glue the lids together. This is usually seen only in those hogs in which the disease runs a rather chronic course. Redness of the skin is often noticed, especially in white hogs. The skin behind the ears, under the belly, and along the flanks is most frequently affected. As the animal gets weaker and death approaches, this reddish color changes to a purplish tinge. Coughing is often noticed, due to the lungs being affected by the disease. However, it should be remembered that lung worms, dust and a number of other causes frequently give rise to a cough when cholera is not present. Vomiting is sometimes ob- served and indicates an inflammation of the mucous lining of the stomach. In slowly progressing cases this may go on to the further stage of ulceration. Bleeding from the nose is sometimes seen just before death. 478 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. With the continued loss of appetite and diarrhea, the hog rapidly loses flesh and the flanks become quite sunken. The hog frequently stands with the head down, the back arched or humped, the tail hanging limply, the hind legs crossed. A very charac- teristic attitude for a hog affected with cholera is shown on page 473- If the temperature be taken, the thermometer will usually show quite a high fever, up to 107 or 108 degrees Fahrenheit. The course of the disease varies. The first animals stricken in the herd usually die very soon. As the disease progresses, the . later cases do not die so rapidly, and some hogs may develop a chronic form of the disease, and not die for several weeks. Some may even recover, and such hogs are rendered immune against the disease for life. Autopsy.—Post-mortem (after death) examination of a hog dead from cholera may reveal certain abnormal appearances, or conditions of organs or parts of the body. ‘The intestines may suffer extensive inflammatory changes, the outer coat showing small hemorrhages, while the lining of the large bowel may have the characteristic ulcerations. The lymph glands draining the intestines are swollen and dark, sometimes almost black. See Figures 2, 3 and 4. Lymph glands in other parts of the body show the same thing, especially those at the angle of the lower jaw and those between the lungs. Normally these glands are gray. The kidneys show numerous small hemorrhages, both on the surface, beneath the capsule or surrounding membrane, and in the substance of the organs as shown in Figure 5. This condi- tion is spoken of as the “ turkey-egg ” kidney, on account of the speckled appearance produced by the hemorrhages, and it may be observed more readily after the capsule has been stripped off. The hemorrhages are quite small, and appear as dark specks from about the size of a millet seed up to the head of a pin. The lungs are frequently the seat of extensive changes. Dark areas are noticed, especially on the anterior lobes (that part of the lungs extending up into the front of the chest cavity). To ee ee eee HOG CHOLERA. 479 the touch these feel firm, more like liver tissue than normal lung, which is somewhat elastic, and pink in color. The lung may also Fig. 6. Lungs showing hog-cholera lesions. Note dark areas in upper tips. have a speckled appearance due to numerous small hemorrhages scattered over the surface and throughout the substance of the 480 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. organ. Other organs may be affected, as, for instance, the heart, which may show a few of the hemorrhages on the surface, sim- ilar to those on the kidneys. The spleen may also show some of these, or this organ may be very much enlarged and be very pulpy on cutting it. The bladder may show hemorrhages, on either the inner or outer surface. DISEASES SOMETIMES MISTAKEN FOR CHOLERA.—Certain troubles should be carefully distinguished from cholera. If they are mistaken for it they may cause more alarm than is necessary and money may be lost by treatment that can do little or no good. Garbage Poisoning.—In the vicinity of our large cities and towns many hogs are fed on garbage and table refuse exclusively. These hogs sometimes develop intestinal disorders, the symptoms and lesions of which may be mistaken for cholera. The cause has been found to be the presence of powdered soaps in the gar- bage. These soaps irritate and inflame the lining of the intestinal canal, and act as poisons. Lung Worms.—Certain worms have been found to inhabit the air-passages of the lungs. Frequently a number of young pigs in the same herd will appear sick and gradually lose flesh. The most marked symptom, however, will be the persistent, hard cough, caused by the irritation produced by the worms in the air-pass- ages. The distinguishing difference between this condition and cholera is that only the young pigs will be affected as a rule; they will not die rapidly as with cholera; and the other symptoms of cholera will be absent. Tuberculosis —This disease affects hogs in large numbers, especially those fed on skim milk from creameries, or those al- lowed to follow cattle affected with tuberculosis. If the milk in question comes from cows that are tuberculous, or if the cattle have the disease, the hogs may develop the disease from taking the germs of tuberculosis into the digestive tract. Tuberculosis should not be confused with cholera on account of its slow course. Not all hogs in the herd will appear to be affected. Un- thriftiness will be the most marked symptom in the case of tuberculosis, and the disease rarely causes sudden death, as is the case with cholera, without other symptoms preceding. 0G CHOLERA. 481 DIspOSsITION OF CARCASSES.—The carcasses of all hogs which have died from cholera, lung worms, or tuberculosis should be so disposed of that none of the infection can be scattered to un- infected premises. The best way to dispose of the carcasses is to burn them. When this is not possible they should be buried at least three feet in the ground and covered with quick lime. If this is not done, prowling animals or scavenging birds may carry parts of the carcass to healthy herds. Pens in which there has been cholera should be thoroughly disinfected and no hogs should be introduced into the herd unless they have been rendered immune by treatment with serum. Disinfection—A few general suggestions concerning the dis- infection of hog houses, pens, and yards might be in order at this time. Before we had any means of successfully combating hog cholera, it was the custom to clean up and disinfect the prem- ises after cholera had carried off most of the hogs, and then start all over again. Now that we have a means of combating the disease, by making use of a preventive serum, we are likely to neglect disinfection as unnecessary. The belief has become very widespread that freezing will kill hog cholera germs. This is not true, even in a state like Minne- sota, where the winters are sometimes unusually severe. The only effect which extreme cold appears to have upon these germs is that it weakens them temporarily or seems to hold them in check for a while, until the appearance of warmer weather. We have hog cholera during the winter, but it usually does not spread so rapidly, the cases are not so acute or sudden, and fre- quently they are complicated with lung troubles, such as pneu- monia. The following general rules are offered for disinfecting prem- ises where hog cholera has existed : 1.. Burn all dead hogs, as near the place where they died as possible, or at least bury them. Burning is better. 2. As soon as the last victim of cholera has either died or recovered, burn all the litter that has been contaminated with the discharges from the sick animals. 3. Spray the pens, inside and out, with a strong disinfectant 482 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. solution, using a force pump if one is available, so as to get into all the cracks and corners. 4. Apply a coat of whitewash containing five per cent. of carbolic acid to the walls of the hog houses, pens and fences. 5. Sprinkle the floors of the pens and yards with slaked lime. 6. Scald frequently with boiling water all buckets and troughs used in feeding the hogs. . SPREAD OF THE DisEASE.—The germs of hog cholera may be spread in a variety of ways. It is not necessary for healthy, non-immune hogs to come in contact with sick hogs or cholera- infected premises in order to contract the disease. Persons may carry the germs on their clothing or shoes; dogs, cats, and birds may spread the infection. Treated or immune hogs may carry the infection from infected herds or pens although perfectly healthy themselves. Stock cars that have not been thoroughly disinfected may be the means of spreading the disease. A herd may be infected by improper vaccination methods, and instead of immunizing the hogs it may actually infect them with cholera, ‘if not carefully and judiciously used. PREVENTIVE TREATMENT.—It has been recently discovered that well hogs may be treated (vaccinated) with hog-cholera serum so that they will not take the disease if exposed later. Such treatment is called immunization. This method of treat- ment has passed the experimental stage and is now on a practical working basis. There are several different methods for im- munizing hogs or making them immune to cholera. Immuni- zation consists in bringing about the presence of what are called immune bodies in the blood. They enable the animal to resist such cholera germs as enter the system. These immune bodies are present in the blood of hogs that have recovered from cholera. Such animals are sometimes called “ immunes.”’ A hog that has been treated with hog-cholera serum without exposure to cholera at the same times does not form any pro- tective substances or immune bodies of its own. It is rendered immune for a short time (three weeks to two months), due HOG CHOLERA. 485 to the presence of the protective substances injected. Such treat- ment is known as the single or “ serum-only ’’ method. On the other hand, a hog that has been treated by the single method, and exposed to cholera at the same time, will usually form its own immune bodies in its blood, sufficient to render it per- manently immune. The function of these immune bodies, or protective substances, in the blood appears to be that of neutral- izing or rendering harmless the cholera germs when they gain entrance to the hog’s body. When it is desired to make a hog permanently immune, and there is no cholera yet in the herd, it is necessary that hog cholera germs be introduced into his system simultaneously with the serum, which protects the hog from the cholera germs in- jected. This is accomplished by the introduction into the hog’s body of a small amount of virus. Virus is the germ-laden blood obtained from a hog sick with cholera. It is injected at the same time with the serum, but with a separate syringe. By this method the hog is enabled to develop enough protective sub- stances of its own to render it permanently immune. This is known as the double, or “ serum-virus ”’ method of treatment. We advise single treatment for herds recently infected. From experience we have learned that it is not a good plan to use serum in herds where the disease has prevailed for a long time, or where a large part of the hogs have died, and where many others are sick. Some disappointing results have been obtained by using the single method in unexposed herds, because the disease may be contracted six weeks later or in even less time, because the immunity conferred by the serum has died out. The double method may be used in herds in which cholera has just appeared, or in healthy herds in a locality where cholera has made its appearance. There is some risk of introducing cholera into a healthy herd by the double treatment. It must therefore be administered with extreme care, because when used carelessly, it may have the bad result of causing a large number of the treated hogs to develop vaccination cholera and thereby. infect the premises. Even when used with extreme care, by 4S4 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. experts, a small percentage of vaccinated animals (about two per cent. on a large number) contract the disease as a result of the treatment. In double vaccination both serum and virus are injected at the same time, but at different places and with separate syringes. A larger syringe is used for the serum than for the virus, because the dose of serum is considerably larger. Inasmuch as the virus which is given contains the germs of cholera, it actually causes a mild attack of the disease in the hog treated, but the serum injected at the same time serves to hold the disease germs in check and does not allow them to get a foothold in the hog’s body. Most hogs will not show any effect from the double vaccination, but a few may refuse a feed about the fourth or fifth day, and then be all right again in a day or so. . Some hogs are much more susceptible to cholera than others, or, on the other hand, some hogs have much more natural im- munity against cholera than others. Herd after herd may be vaccinated by the double method without a single case of cholera developing as a result. Then a herd may be vaccinated by the same veterinarian, using the same serum, and a number of cases of cholera develop afterward. This can be explained in two ways: (1) These hogs may have been infected before the vac- cination, but not long enough for symptoms of cholera to have developed; or, (2) the great variation in natural resistance pos- sessed by hogs may explain these disappointing results. It will be seen from a comparison of the single and double methods that in the former the cholera germs present in an in- fected herd answer the same purpose as the virus given in the double method. Instead of the hogs taking the germs into their systems in a natural way when the single method is used, they are actually inoculated with the germs when the virus is in- jected. Artificial Pen Exposure-—As a substitute for the serum- virus method, a few veterinarians in this State have been mak- ing use of a method of vaccination to which we have applied the name “ artificial pen exposure.” It is employed in neighborhoods HOG CHOLERA. 485 where cholera has made its appearance, but only on farms or in herds where cholera has not yet broken out. The treatment consists in the administration of the requisite amount of serum, and then the introduction into the herd of one or more hogs dead from cholera, or hogs that are very sick with the disease and about to die. This should be done immediately after the hogs have re- ceived the serum treatment. The treated hogs are then allowed to associate as closely as possible with the sick hog and even eat the dead carcass. One veterinarian has gone a step further and has cut up a dead hog and fed a small portion of the flesh to each hog treated, in this way being sure that every hog gets some infection, which is of the greatest importance for success- ful results. By taking actual infection into their systems in this way, or by association, the vaccination process is intensified, and practically the same results may be obtained as if the serum- virus method had been employed, or the herd naturally infected and treated with serum only. One disadvantage is that this method infects the premises which otherwise might have re- mained uninfected. But in the cases in which it has been used the chances are that if vaccination had not been employed the herds would have become infected sooner or later on account of their closeness to infected herds. Results reported to date, where artificial pen exposure has been employed, show that 651 hogs have been treated in this way, with only nine deaths from cholera following, a mortality of about 1.4 per ,cent. . Curative Value of Serum.—Little or no curative value is claimed for the serum, but from results already obtained, we can safely say that it is a safe and sure preventive for the dis- ease if used by competent persons, at the proper time, in suff- cient doses, and in as clean a way as possible. It should be stated, however, that the source of the serum should be taken into consideration. There are on the market a number of com- mercial hog-cholera serums. Most of these are in all probability 486 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. prepared under careful supervision, but only too frequently do we hear of bad results following the use of some of the com- mercial serums. At the present time there is no state or federal supervision of these commercial products, and no laws giving state or federal officials the authority to test them for potency or purity. These facts are mentioned because the serum treat- ment has been very unfavorably criticised by some persons on account of bad results following the use of a certain brand of serum. Fortunately these instances have been fewer in Minne- sota than in some other states. Ordinarily it is inadvisable to treat sick hogs. Sometimes, however, hogs that are visibly sick are treated and saved. More frequently chasing, catching and holding the hog for injection proves to be more than the sick hog can stand in his weakened condition, and death may follow soon after treatment. We us- ually recommend against treating hogs showing a temperature of over 105 degrees Fahrenheit. Hog cholera serum is the clot-free blood obtained from a hog that has been rendered very highly immune against cholera by one of several methods now in use. It takes from one to two months to work a hog up to the point where the blood will contain enough protective substances so that when a small amount of it is injected into another hog the latter will be rendered immune. Virus is blood drawn from a hog that is very sick with cholera and about to die. It is virulent or disease-producing blood and contains the actual living germs of cholera and must be handled cautiously. The Experiment Station will not fur- nish virus with serum unless a veterinarian from the station or from the State Live Stock Sanitary Board is going to use it, because of the possibility and danger of causing the disease when used by inexperienced persons. How SEerum Is Preparep.—Hogs are selected that are im- mune against cholera. They may become immune (1) by hay- ing recovered from an attack of cholera; or (2) by having been given the double or serum-virus treatment. Hogs weighing be- oe HOG CHOLERA. 4ST tween two and three hundred pounds are desirable. The next step is to render these hogs hyperimmune; that is, to intensify their immunity, or render them very highly immune. This is Fig. 7. Treating a 75-pound hog. done by introducing large quantities of virus, in proportion to the weight of the hogs into their bodies in different ways, either into the abdominal cavity, or into the heavy muscular tissues, or into the tissue just beneath the skin, or into one of the blood 48 D H. PRESTON HOSKINS. vessels, such as the vein in the ear. The virus is either injected all at one time or in divided doses at weekly intervals. Ten days after the last injection the hog’s blood contains a very large amount of the protective substances desired. A hog that is simply immune has only enough of the protective substances in its blood for its own protection, but a hog that is hyperim- mune has these protective substances in its blood in such large amounts that a small part of the blood of such a hog when in- jected into another will have the power of rendering that hog immune. At this point the hyperimmune can then be bled for serum. This is done by cutting off a small piece of the tail and collect- ing the blood in a sterilized vessel. The clot is removed, the serum measured, and a small amount of preservative added. It is then stored in sealed bottles in a cool dark place until it can be tested. It takes three weeks to test the serum, and if the test shows that the serum is not up to standard strength, it is not used. From two to three pints of blood are removed each time the hog is bled. He may be bled two, three, or four times, and then rehyperimmunized ; that is, the former process must be repeated, because the bleeding has resulted in decreasing the amount of protective substances in the blood. The total number of bleed- ings is usually determined by the length of the tail. When the tail gets so short that the hog can no longer be bled, it is killed, and the blood collected. On the average one three-hundred- pound hog will yield about fifteen thousand cubic centimeters of serum (three and three-quarter gallons) which is sufficient to treat five hundred hogs weighing one hundred pounds each. Manner of Holding Hogs for Treatment.—Shotes weighing seventy-five pounds or less can be held up by the hind legs and the serum injected into the ham, Fig. 7. Pigs weighing two hundred pounds or less may be thrown on their backs and held in this position while the serum is injected into the ham. Large hogs can be snubbed up to a post and the serum injected into the ham from the rear, Fig. 8. This is the best method for hie ee rete ee HOG CHOLERA. 489 pregnant sows. A question often asked is, ‘“‘ Can pregnant sows be treated safely?” They can if they are handled with care. The injection of serum never produces abortion or other bad results, but rough handling often does. It is advisable, however, to treat at least a month before farrowing, if possible. Fig. 8. Method of securing and treating a heavy brood sow. Care of Hogs Before and After Treatment—Hogs should be fed sparingly during the twenty-four hours previous to treat- ment. If possible, they should be enclosed in the pens in which they are to be treated, so that it will not be necessary to chase them and get them warmed up just before the serum is injected. Another reason for having them penned up and ready is the time saved the veterinarian who applies the treatment. The quarters should be dry, clean, light and as free from dust as possible. When the weather is favorable, it is far better to handle the hogs out in the open air than inside of the pen or barn. After the injection of the serum, the hogs should be turned into quarters that are clean, in order to lessen the chances of infecting the wounds made by needles in injecting the serum. 490 Hi. PRESTON HOSKINS. by all means do not allow pigs to wallow,in the mud before the third day after treatment. If no infection occurs, the small needle wounds will heal in two or three days. If disease germs get into the wounds, there may be considerable swelling and possibly large abscesses following. Cleaning the Skin.—One of the most important steps in in- jecting serum, and one that is absolutely necessary for good re- sults, is the process of cleansing the skin at the point where the serum is to be injected. A method that has been followed with extremely good results and with only a very small number of abscesses is that used by the Experiment Station veterinarians. Other ways may be just as good; but in recommending the fol- lowing procedure, we can speak from experience. (1) Scrub the skin with water and soap to remove the dirt and natural secretions of the skin. Soap that contains some strong disin- fectant is desirable. An ordinary vegetable brush is the kind generally used; (2) follow the soap with 7o per cent. alcohol applied on a wad of absorbent cotton, wiping the skin at the points where the needles are to be inserted; (3) inject the serum; (4) again wipe the skin with cotton and alcohol at the points where the serum was injected. Virulent Blood Vaccination—* V. B.” or “ Minnesota’ Method. It has been observed for some time that pigs from immune sows possess a high degree of immunity lasting for some weeks after birth. It has been found possible to reinforce this immunity by injecting a small dose of virus at the age of about three or four weeks. A second injection can be given later, the exact time for which is now being determined by experiments. The Minnesota Experiment Station was the first to test this method, and results up to this time give encouragement. If field trials on a large scale continue to be successful, this new method will prove of great help in the control of hog cholera. Perhaps the greatest point in its favor is the low cost of treatment, which is quite insignificant as compared with that of the serum methods. , ee a ee HOG CHOLERA, 491 Distribution of Serum.—The Minnesota Experiment Station produces serum for administration by competent veterinarians. Other persons, especially authorized by the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, may administer the serum on and after August I, 1913. For the present, serum will be sent out, either to the veter- inarian or to the hog-owner direct, with the understanding that it is to be administered only by a competent veterinarian. On and after August I, 1913, only persons especially authorized by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board will be allowed to ad- minister station serum. Dosage of Serum for Injection. = Non-Infected Infected Herds. Herds. Serum- Serum- Serum- Weight of Hog. Only Virus Only Method. Method. Method, Pounds Geo Ce* Cex ee. es ota 10 20 15 SMMERE TO). te. 215) stale 's as see 15 30 23 (ON A oe 20 40 30 PUM OG: tc ae... 25 50 38 01 N0 al he AR i 30 60 45 EOL OO ee. Bas 35 70 53 0 02 40 8o 60 MeO MEP OO)... . os. ee. 45 go 68 PMP ee 50-60 IOO—I20 75-90 * 1 cubic centimeter (cc.) is about 15 drops. 15 cubic centimeters make about 1 tablespoonful. 30 cubic centimeters make about 1 ounce. Serum is sent by express C. O. D. Orders should be sent by telegraph, telephone or special delivery mail, addressed to the Veterinary Division, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. 492 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. Serum orders sent by ordinary mail may be subject to delay. In ordering serum it should be stated just how much serum is wanted, and not the number of doses, or number of hogs alone, unless the number and approximate weights of the hogs are given. The present price of serum is two cents per cc., but the new law which goes into effect on August 1, 1913, will enable the station to furnish serum at the rate of one-third of a cent per cc. on and after that date. No charge is made for virus used in the double method. Serum cannot be returned for credit. An order must constitute a sale under all ordinary conditions. The amount of serum necessary for a hog of any weight can be calculated from the table on preceding page. Wuat to Do.—(1) When hogs are well, and no cholera is in the vicinity, we do not advise vaccination, provided every precaution is taken to prevent infection from entering the herd. Hogs should not be taken out of a healthy herd and sent to a show for exhibition purposes without being protected with serum. It should also be remembered that a hog that has been to a show may bring back cholera germs to a healthy herd. (2) When hogs are well, and cholera is in the vicinity, the double vaccination is recommended, unless one is prepared to dispose of his hogs immediately. If hogs are to be kept, the single vaccination will confer only a short immunity, lasting from three to six weeks. Artificial pen exposure may be prac- ticed. (3) When cholera has made its appearance in the herd, hogs which are not extremely sick or in an advanced stage of the disease should be treated immediately by the serum-only method. Delayed treatment will bring disappointing results, In case it is impossible to secure serum immediately and the owner decides to send the hogs to market, this may be done. The following regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry apply to hogs affected with cholera: (1) Hogs showing advanced, well-marked lesions of cholera are condemned outright. HOG CHOLERA. 495 (2) Hogs showing less extensive lesions are not condemned ; but may be rendered into lard under prescribed conditions. (3) Hogs that show only slight, limited lesions on post-mor- tem examination may be passed for food, provided the carcass is well nourished. EXPERIENCE WITH SERUM. Efficiency of the Serum-Only Treatment.—The owner of a Ramsey County herd that had been infected for- several years had just purchased forty young pigs. Thirty-nine of these were vaccinated by one of the station veterinarians and placed in the infected pen. The fortieth pig escaped and was not vaccinated, and subsequently died from cholera, while the treated pigs re- mained healthy. Delayed Vaccination Unsatisfactory —A Hennepin County farmer whose premises had been infected for several years pur- chased about twenty-five young pigs and kept them on the prem- ises for several weeks before vaccination. All were given the serum-virus treatment because there was no active cholera on the farm at the time, and the owner did not wish to rely upon the infection which the pigs might get from the infected pens. Seven pigs developed cholera at varying intervals shortly after treatment, which was administered by a veterinarian from the station. The serum used was used in other herds with no losses. The only plausible explanation for the disappointing results is that the susceptible pigs were allowed to remain too long on the infected premises without being protected by vaccination. Checking an Outbreak of Choleran—On an Olmsted County farm cholera broke out in a herd of ninety-three hogs. Twenty of these died before vaccination was decided upon, a week later. Upon the arrival of a station veterinarian, twenty hogs were found to be too sick to vaccinate, and the balance, fifty-three, were given the serum-only treatment. Some of these were known to be sick at the time, and the chances are that the ma- jority were infected. Eighteen of those vaccinated subsequently died of cholera. On four adjoining farms there were ninety- 494 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. five hogs. Persons were going back and forth between these farms all the time. No cholera had yet appeared, and it was decided to give all the hogs the serum-virus treatment. This was done and vo losses from cholera followed. , Possibilities of the Serum-Virus Method.—A Steele County herd of eighty-two hogs, all apparently in good headth at the time, although there had been cholera in all directions around the farm, was visited by a station veterinarian. The owner had been careful to close all avenues of infection as far as possible, and it appeared that he had been successful. The hogs were given the serum-virus treatment, and three developed cholera subsequently. The owner had been warned of this possibility, and was fully satisfied with the vaccination, and stated that he considered it a good investment. Fair Results, Though Treatment was Delayed.—Cholera had been in a Rice County herd two weeks, when the owner decided to have his hogs given the serum-only treatment by the local veterinarian. Serum was administered to fifty-three hogs which still remained apparently well enough to treat. Although seven- teen of these died of cholera, the owner was extremely well satis- fied with the results. What May Happen with the Serum-Only Method.—A num- ber of hogs in Ramsey County were given serum-only treatment, without exposure to cholera at the time. The hogs were exposed later, and a few developed cholera and died about a month after treatment. The owner had been advised that this very thing might happen. I*rom these few cases several facts stand out very clearly. (1) It is not advisable to purchase susceptible hogs and place them in infected pens unless protected by serum treatment. (2) In case of an outbreak of cholera in a locality not prev- iously infected, it is possible to check the outbreak by applying serum-only treatment to the well hogs in the infected herd and the serum-virus treatment to the hogs in neighboring herds, on adjoining farms. HOG CHOLERA. 495 (3) To secure the best results in infected herds, the serum- only treatment should be employed just as quickly as possible after the disease appears. (4) Serum-only treatment should not be relied upon to pro- duce a lasting immunity if the treated hogs are not exposed to cholera at the same time. Sratistics.—The following figures show three years’ re- sults with station serum, as far as reports are available. The Veterinary Division has had difficulty in getting these reports, and those from which these figures have been taken represent only a small part of the serum that has been sent out from the station. It is safely said that if reports were available on all serum used, the percentage of losses would be much smaller, as we have found that farmers will more readily report unsatis- factory results than good results attending the use of serum. _ The station has adopted the following plan for securing the results of serum treatment. An accurate record is kept of all serum sent out, 7. ¢., to whom sent, when, how much, laboratory number of serum, etc. At the time the serum is administered, the veterinarian makes out a report of the work, stating the number of hogs treated, their condition, weights, amount of serum used, owner's name, address, history of the outbreak, num- ber of hogs that have died and the number too sick to treat. One month after treatment the Veterinary Division sends out a reply postal, asking for a report on the results—especially the number of hogs that died of cholera within four weeks after treatment. We take this opportunity to impress on all the importance of reporting these results. We like to know if our serum is pro- ducing good results in the field. If not, we attempt to determine the cause. In reporting deaths following treatment, only deaths from cholera should be reported. We have known of instances in which hogs were reported as having died from cholera, sub- sequent to the administration of serum, while investigation showed they had died of some other disease. 496 H. PRESTON HOSKINS. ’ Hogs Loss from Cholera. Condition of Herd. Treatment. Treated. Number. Per Cent. Infected at time of treatment........ Serum-only .... 2528 pit 20.2 Serum-virus ... 423 65 15.4 Healthy at time of treatment......... Serum-only .... 2413 2 0.0 Serum-virus ... 2841 65 og Pen exposure .. 690 10 1.4 All methods ... 8895 653 Pe) Summary of Statistics—It will be seen from the above figures that most of the losses following treatment were in those herds which were infected before treatment was applied. In the herds that were not infected previous to treatment, 77 deaths from cholera followed in 5,840 hogs treated by all methods, or about 1.3 per cent. Two deaths were reported in healthy herds following serum-only, but there is strong likelihood that the hogs died of something else than cholera. Note.—Popular education is undoubtedly the logical method to be pursued in the prevention or eradication of contagious diseases, and the foregoing article, which is being mailed to 60,000 residents of the State of Minnesota, is surely an ideal example of popular education and one worthy of emulation.—[Ep1Tor. ] AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS STAND FOR TRUTH AND INTEGRITY.—These beautiful words form the opening sentence in the second paragraph of Dr. Nel- son S. Mayo’s letter to the Presidents of Agricultural Colleges and Directors of Experiment Stations, in connection with the report of his committee from the A. V. M. A. on advertisements of veterinary remedies. These words are beautiful because they are true, and these stations, with the confidence they enjoy, of the farmers, can certainly do a great deal in protecting them from fraudulent remedies, as Dr. Mayo has said in his letter of June 25. We desire to commend the work of this committee, as we feel that its activity has been the means of establishing a protection to the stock men; or at least in directing the Agricul- tural Colleges’ attention to the matter in a manner that will make them feel their responsibility, and render them more alert in that direction. SOUTHERN ILLINOIS VETERINARY MEDICAL AND SURGICAL AssociaTIon will meet at Fillmore, August 5, 6 and 7. Secre- tary Hockman anticipates a large gathering. SOME EXPERIMENTS ON MEDICAL TREATMENT OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS. By K. F. Meyer anp W. J. CROCKER. (From the Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State Live Stock Sanitary Board.) During the months of May and June, 1912, an enzootic dis- ease occurred in the flocks of chickens at a poultry farm near Philadelphia. Chicks from six to eight weeks of age died at the rapid rate of one hundred and fifty per day, and several old hens succumbed. Approximately eighteen hundred chicks and fifty hens were lost in from two to six weeks. The symptoms manifested by the birds were anemia, depres- sion, emaciation, weakness and diarrhoea. A discharge from the eyes and beak and nasal openings was occasionally seen. The stools were sometimes white in character and often greenish yel- low and brown. With feathers rumpled and dejected attitude the birds went to roost, and the hens were found dead beneath the roosts the following morning. The chicks stood with the head under the wing and died in this position most frequently. An examination of the blood revealed a marked oligocythe- mia, accompanied by a polymorphonuclear leucocytosis, which varied in several birds examined from 25 to 50 per cent. Fantham(1) noticed during his studies of coccidiosis in the grouse a polymorphonuclear leucocytosis of about 60 per cent. Special attention was paid to another group of the adult fowls, which were kept isolated, as the owner stated, on account of “roup.” These birds manifested a fibrinous conjunctivitis in one or both eyes. The head showed a marked bulging on the affected side. The space between the lids and also the nasal- lachrymal duct was filled with a yellow cheesy mass. Usually the eyeball was forced backward and the cornea ap- peared gray and turbid. We observed similar cases at another 497 498 K, F. MEYER AND W. J. CROCKER. poultry farm and an attempt was made to transmit the disease to a number of healthy birds to prove whether or not the state- ments of Carnwath(2), Uhlenhuth and Manteufel(3) would hold good for this country: These attempts unfortunately failed. Our attention,was called to a publication by Hadley(4) in which for the first time it was shown that this peculiar form of conjunctivitis is a special form of coccidiosis. All the symptoms described in his paper were also found in our cases of 1912, and have recently again been recorded on several poultry farms. Based on-some supplementary microscopic findings we feel justi- fied in advancing here the statement that Hadley’s observations of cases in Rhode Island are correct and that probably most of the cases of “roup”’ in the State of Pennsylvania are not due to a filtrable virus and not identical with epithelioma conta- giosum, but are due to coccidia. Being familiar with “ European roup ”’ we recognized in the first cases symptomatic and anatomic differences which are explained by the etiologic features just discussed. The morbid anatomy of over a hundred birds dead of intes- tinal coccidiosis and autopsied by us can be summarized as fol- lows: The cadavera are very much emaciated and anemic. The duodenum and jejunum manifest a slight reddening of the mucous membrane and contains a yellowish green, soft viscid fecal material mixed with a catarrhal exudate. The intestinal mucous membranes are always swollen, soft and granular, show- ing areas of fibrin and necrosis which are easily removed. The walls are slightly thickened and inflammed. Stasis of the urates in both ureters as a whitish material is seen in many of the cases. The liver pancreas and spleen are apparently nor- mal. The organs of the thoracic cavity are unaltered, except in a few cases a marked degeneration of the myocardium is noted. These observations coincide with those of Hadley, with the ex- ception that he found the lungs, pancreas and liver also affected. He has examined 427 cases; therefore, our number is small for comparison. HoH Microscopic examination of fresh smear preparations and MEDICAL TREATMENT OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS. 499 stained sections reveal briefly the following facts: In the intes- tinal contents of most of the cadavera oval double membraned bodies 15-25 m. in diameter containing fine granular substances are present in great numbers. These bodies are identified as the oocysts of the Eimeria avium (Hadley). In some birds these forms are either entirely absent or only found in very small num- bers. Sections of the duodenum and caecum explain this fact in that the infection with coccidia is in the incipient stage and has only reached the agamogonous state of its life cycle. According to Hadley, this stage is maintained for some time before the metagamogonous sporogonous cycle appears. In chicks under one month of age he has not seen any occysts. As our cases ranged from six to eight weeks their conditions are readily ex- plained. Aside from these developmental stages of the oocysts most of the features of the agamogonous, progamogonous and gamogonous stages of the cycle are represented. The epithelium of the intestines is granular and in numerous instances disinte- grated. Usually the agamonts and agamets seem to cause the complete distruction of the form and functions of the intestines followed by emaciation and death. The intracellular: develop- ment of the agamonts and agamets of the Eimeria is therefore the main indirect cause of death in the same manner that charac- ierizes other protozooic infections. Furthermore, it was demon- strated that the common practice of diagnosing coccidiosis by a simple search for the oocysts in the feces of the caeca is an inad- visable procedure when applied to diagnosis of white diarrhoea in chicks. Specimens stained by a reliable modification of Giemsa’s stain should always be examined for the parasites in the agamogonous and gamogonous stages. Our rather incomplete study can support the very complete morphological investigations of Hadley only in so far as it con- cerns the main features of the life cycle. It is our object to closely follow with some protozoological details and_ par- ticularly to emphasize the question whether or not all these coc- cidia found in animals are identical. We accept without hesita- 500 K. F. MEYER AND W. J. CROCKER. tion the suggestion of Hadley that they are only variations of one and the same parasite. Great losses have been sustained by poultry raisers from this disease throughout the country and frequently requests for an efficacious medical treatment administrable through drinking water were received at the laboratory. Hence experiments with and tests of the recommended “ remedies’ were thought advis- able. The number of these experiments is a rather small one, still the experiments allow certain conclusions, as will be shown later. On the farm the best results were obtained by simple dis- infection, with no other treatment. The experimental birds especially selected by the owner were all obtained in advanced stages of the infection from the farm upon which the outbreak occurred. They were housed for the experiment in newly built wire cages with wood floors. The entire cage could be readily taken apart and disinfected. The feed consisted of cracked corn and bread. The following experiments have so far been concluded: Morse(5) has recommended the administration of castor oil with turpentine oil. This mixture was tested. Experiment No. 1— Lot A. Six chicks eight weeks old were given three drops daily of a mixture of equal parts oleum terebinthine and oleum ricini. June 26, 1912—Treatment began. July 1, 1912—Chick No. 1 was chloroformed and examined ; oocysts were frequent in the caeca and rectum. July 7, 1912—Chick No. 2 died. July 15, 1912—Chick No. 3 died. August 8, 1912—Chick No. 4 died. August 12, 1912—Chicks Nos. 5 and 6 died. Autopsy of the birds revealed anemia, emaciation, catarrhal enteritis, typhlitis and stasis of urates in the ureters. Coccidia were frequent in the caeca and rectum of all birds. All chicks died under this treatment in from 10 to 22 days. Se ee a, MEDICAL TREATMENT OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS. 501 Here we have a treatment sometimes recommended in cocci- diosis of chickens which is conclusively proved to have no thera- peutic value against well developed cases of this disease. Booth(6) recommended pot. permanganate for the treatment of ‘“‘roup.” As his description of the roup cases he has treated is identical with the cases of localized coccidiosis of the con- junctival and nasal mucous membranes of the adult chicken from the farm under discussion (see above), it was considered advis- able to experiment with this chemical on cases of intestinal cocci- diosis. Experiment No. 2— Lot C. Four chicks were given KMn O4 in drinking water. Fresh water daily was colored deep purple with a small quantity of a saturated solution of potassium permanganate. June 27, 1912—Treatment began. July 2, 1912—Chick No. 1 died. July 4, 1912—Chick No. 2 died. July 19, 1912—Chick No. 3 died. July 22, 1912—Chick No. 4 died. Autopsy lesions were identical with those of the birds of ex- periment number one coccidia were present in the caecum and rectum. All chicks died under this treatment in from five to twenty-five days. Potassium permanganate used for the treatment of localized avian coccidiosis had absolutely no therapeutic value against in- testinal coccidiosis. Klee(7) has treated pigeons with coccidiosis by administering a solution of iron sulphate and glycerine. An experiment was conducted to find out its value for chickens. Experiment No. 3— Lot D. Five chickens were given the following mixture in drinking water daily: Ferri sulphas, grams 5; glycerini puris, grams 5; aqua dist. qs. ad., c.c. 1,000. June 27, 1912—Treatment began. July 2, 1912—Chick No. 1 died. 502 K. F. MEYER AND W. J. CROCKER. = July 12, 1912—Chick No. 2 died. August 5, 1912—Chick No. 3 died. August 6, 1912—Chick No. 4 died. August 8, 1912—Chick No. 5 died. Autopsy finding the same. Coccidia present in the caeca and rectum. All chicks died under this treatment in from 5 to 42 days. Inasmuch as the birds usually die in from two to three weeks after becoming infected when not treated and considering that all birds were in apparently the same stage of the disease when the experiments began, we are forced to recognize a prolongation of life of approximately three weeks on the part of 50 per cent. of the birds of this experiment. Iron sulphate may be con- sidered to have some slight value, but it is not a curative in the treatment of coccidiosis. The Abbott Alkaloidal Company claims that a preparation placed on the market under the name of Sulphocarbolates com- pound to be the “ best intestinal antiseptic ever devised.” An ex- periment with this preparation was therefore considered ad- visable. Experiment No. 4— Lot G. Six chicks were given five grains of sulphocarbolates daily in the form of tablets. | July 8, 1912—Treatment began. July 15, 1912—Chick No. 1 died. July 19, 1912—Chicks Nos. 2 and 3 died. July 24, 1912—Chick No. 4 died. August 20, 1912—Chick No. 5 died. August 28, 1912—Chick No. 6 died. Autopsies typical. Coccidia present in caeca and rectum. All chicks died under this treatment in from 7 to 51 days. Two of these chicks lived practically a month longer than the course of the disease usually travels before terminating fatally. This concedes to the sulphocarbolates practically the same or perhaps a slightly greater protecting power against coccidiosis than. that ——— MEDICAL TREATMENT OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS. DUS of iron sulphate. From a practical point of view however, they can both be considered as little or no value as a curative. Our attention was called by a paper of Schultz(8) to the antiparasitic properties of ‘‘ methylenblue medicinale ”’ in cases of oxyuris. For comparison the following experiment was carried out: Experiment No, 5— Lot H. Seven chicks were given one gram of methylene bite daily in the form of tablets. July 8, 1912—Treatment began. July 11, 1912—Chick No. 1 died. July 12, 1912—Chick No. 2 died. August 13, 1912—Chick No. 3 died. August 28, 1912—Chicks Nos. 4 and 5 died. August 30, 1912—Chick No. 6 died. September 10, 1912—Chick No. 7 died. The day after the treatment began the feces and feathers about the anal region were soiled with blue coloring matter. After death all birds showed coccidia in the caeca and rectum and and manifested emaciation and anemia. Mucous membrane of intestinal tract were blue stained, swollen and soft. All birds died of this treatment in from 3 to 64 days. Methylene blue prolonged the life of 57 per cent. of these birds from five to six weeks longer than they would have lived un- treated, judging from the coritrols which died within two weeks after experimentation began on the other chicks. These chicks were all developed cases of coccidiosis when they arrived from the farm, a number having died in the crates during shipment. Methylene blue has a decided effect in this disease. It minimized the affect of the parisite and prolonged life for a time, but when used as a curative in well developed cases of coccidiosis in chicks it is a failure. _ Morse also recommends the administration of calomel in doses from 0.006 to 0.1 as a successful medicament for the treat- ment of coccidiosis in chicks. This chemical was tested in the next experiment: 504 K. F. MEYER AND W. J. CROCKER. Experiment No, 6— Lot B. Five chicks were given .006 grams of calomel daily up to July 22, 1912, when I-10 gram of calomel were given. June 27, 1912—Treatment began. July 18, 1912—Chick No. 1 died. July 28, 1912—Chick No. 2 died. August 20, 1912—Chick No. 3 died. August 29, 1912—Chick No. 4 died. September 20, 1912—Chick No. 5 died. Autopsy findings were typical of the disease. Coccidia were found in the caeca and rectum. All chicks died in from 21 to 85 days. Calomel succeeded in prolonging life a slightly greater length of time than methylene blue and with it may be considered to have some slight therapeutic value against this disease, but it is not capable of curing coccidiosis in chickens. Controls to experiment No. 6, experiment No. 7, Lot B. Five chicks were put in with the chicks of lot B which were given calomel. The control chicks were marked with fuchsin and received no medicine. June 27, 1912—Treatment began. July 2, 1912—Chick No. 1 died. July 4, 1912—Chick No. 2 died. July 7, 1912—Chick No. 3 died. July 10, 1912—Chicks Nos, 4 and 5 died. Autopsy showed emaciation and anemia, catarrhal enteritis and typhlitis. Occysts were present in the caeca and rectum. All chicks died in from 5 to 13 days. Experiment No. 8— Lot E. Transmission experiment. Four healthy chicks, about six weeks old, were purchased at a different place and fed upon the intestines of chicks that died from coccidiosis. MEDICAL TREATMENT OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS. *BoaRo pue winqooy *Boaro pue wnqo9y *BooBd pue wnqzoey *poavo pue wnqoay *BOVRO pue uinqzooy *Bo989 pue umjoay *BOOBO pue umnyooy *B09B9 pue uwinqoay tur punoj qsAo0c IO BIpIo90;) -19}ue BIULAUP ‘UOTZBIORUIG ‘siqydéy pue siqt -1aque BIWaUe ‘UOT{BIORUIq ‘siydA pur siqt -lojua =—- [BYIeABO BIWIUB ‘UOTPBIOBW ‘siydA} pure sit jBysieyeo yeysreyeo ‘siqyd4y pue siqt -19}U9 BIWIUB ‘UOTZRIOBRWIA ‘siyddAy pure siq -19}U9 BIUIOUR ‘UOTZRIOBUIG ‘siqyd4y pure sig -1aque BIWOUR ‘UOTBIORWI Jeysreyeo yeysseyeBo jeysieyeo “siqydAy pue siqt -19}ua BIULOUR ‘UOTYEIOBUI ‘siqiqd4y pue sit -19]U9 ‘eIUIOUB ‘UOTVRIORW | jeyssezeo yeysiezeo *“AWIOJeUR PIqiow JO suotsaj asdoyny 6 &¢ ST *aBRIDAY cs 0G *perinss0 qyyeep [un quautze914 iaqye sAvp ‘ON | | 2 ¢ 1G OL “petthooo | ygvep jun quowljzeel} 19qje skep ‘ON WUNUWIXB PY | UINUTTUTY suo uly saoaid ut peddoyg CLAD “sPIqRL “"JOJeM But “Und **JoyeM Sur AUIIG 4a1qu} pue Illd aqyjedig ce eeee “aye AuLyUuLip s ~-ajdind daaq Vv *1998M SUL “yuLp "yInoW pe10jo) *sABp CZ Joqe ‘1d [ ‘sAeVp GZ IO} suIeIB 900° "YyNOW “Aylep sdoisip 94 L “uolzyely ~Stulurpe jo poy 1 01 UOTJIeJUT Bupsay “-an[q-auayAyyapy *saqyejoqivooyding **9°9 OOOT “3SIp enbe ‘*iag¢ stind ullaoAa ‘wa ¢ seydins twioy SeceR eRe SETI TAT AT see deceae Jawoyey nt ee TTT winajo pue aevu -1yqUIqe1a4} WNaI[C “QULVIpPa yy *Saulqsequl peqyoajur pes sxoryo AyAeaR ‘sisoup1990.) 4of{ suayniyy Jo JuaUt{DId TWIP b LZ 0 Z 9 0 9 ¢ 0 ¢ i 4 0 F G 0 ¢ 0 c 9 0 9 *pelqd | pein] pes] -woy —.— a oon aaa 9) a e) ¢ | 3a ee Vv [033 ea “SYOIYD poesvasiq ~ 506 K. F. MEYER AND W. J. CROCKER. July 4, 1912—Intestines fed to chicks. July 19, 12—Chick No. 1 died. July 24, 1912—Chick No. 2 died. July 25, 1912—Chick No. 3 died. July 28, 1912—Chick No. 4 died. Occysts were demonstratable in the caeca and rectum of all chicks. Autopsy demonstrated emaciation anemia, catarrhal en- teritis and typhlitis. All chicks died from the effect of eating the intestines of birds dead of coccidiosis in from 15 to 24 days. The birds manifested the first physical signs of illness ten days after eating the intestines, which fact would approximate the incubation period of the disease. Death occurring in from 15 to 24 days after infection established the fatal course of the disease in chicks of this age as of two to three weeks duration. Railliet and Lucet(g) and Eckhart(10) found the same in- cubation time from two to three weeks. The symptoms ‘were noticed from three to six days after infection. In our cases ten days elapsed before any symptoms were apparent. The course of the disease was also the same in the transmission experiment and ended fatally in every instance. All the controls used for example in the calomel experiment also died from five to thirteen days. The approximate length of the disease course can be estimated at fifteen days. Any prolongation of the life of the chicks has therefore to be at- tributed to the medical treatment. The experiments as shown in table permit the conclusions in cases of avian coccidiosis that calomel and methylene blue are undoubtedly capable of prolonging life. Whether or not the effect of these chemicals is distinctly parasitotropic has yet to be determined. From the few observations made a specific chemo- therapeutic action can, in our opinion, be excluded. The final outcome of this experiment certainly cannot be applied practically as experimental birds were kept closely confined under conditions which are rarely found on poultry farms. Furthermore, from a practical point of view medical treatment with calomel of a flock of 5,000 chicks would be an impossibility. Still encouragement is given by the experiments. ee MEDICAL TREATMENT OF COCCIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS. DOT Immediately upon establishment of the diagnosis of cocci- diosis in the flocks above mentioned, the following procedure was advised, adopted and subsequently enacted with great success un- aided by internal medicinal treatment: Removal of all sick birds to uninfected quarters together with disinfection of the houses and premises. The roosts and floors were scrubbed, then satur- ated with 5 per cent. solution of Chloro-naptholeum and 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid alternately. The loose dirt in the runs was swept up and removed, the ground sprinkled with lime and turned under, raked and sowed to grass. All the chicks were removed to colony houses with small grass plots adjoining. When possible only boiled water was given. Three hundred chicks which were sick with coccidiosis before disinfection began died within ten days, after which no further losses occurred. The entire endemic of aviam coccidiosis was eradicated by simple isolation, cleaning and disinfection, the most dependable treatment available until the future presents more efficient para- sitotropic measures. REFERENCES. Proceeding of the Zoological Society of London, Oct., 1910. Arbeiten a. d. Kaiserlichen gesundheitramte, 1907, XXVII., p. 388. Ebi dem, 1910, XXXVIII., p. 288. Centralblate f. Bacteriologie Bd. 56, r1910. Circular 128, Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Dept. Agriculture, 1908. AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 1912. Geflugelkrankheiten, 1900. Private communication. Zool. Med., 1895, p. 142. Berliner Tierarzliche Wochenschrift, 1903, p. 178. SEPIA ES PH ” Dr. CHARLES W, SPRINGER MaArrieD.—The many friends of Dr. Charles W. Springer, of Uniontown, Pa., will be pleased to learn that he was married on April 29, last, to Miss Bessie Lee Linhart, of Pittsburgh, Pa. After the ceremony the young couple came to New York, where they spent a few days taking in the sights of the American metropolis before sailing for Cuba and the. South, on May 3, returning to Uniontown. after the honeymoon, which extended over about four weeks. The RE- VIEW congratulates Dr, Springer on this righteous step, and, having the privilege of knowing him, we congratulate Mrs. Springer also. ve Note.—This announcement was set in type for our June issue but was in some way lost by our printers in the final make-up, For which we apologize. PHENOL IN TREATMENT OF TETANUS.* By V. G, Kimpatt, V.M.D., PHILADELPHIA, Pa. —_——_—__—_ Scarcely a month passes that some one of our various jour- nals does not contain an article on the successful treatment of tetanus. Scarcely a month passes that some new line of treat- ment is not given the credit for the same. Years elapse between reports of the unsuccessfully treated cases. Yet, there must be a larger number of the latter, because the mortality of this dis- ease still remains from 75 to 85 per cent. So, on an average, there must be eight fatal cases to every two cured. To be sure, some individual practitioner may have a lower percentage of mortality, but in a general consideration this statement must hold true. Now, upon reading a report of one, two or three patients recovering under a particular line of treatment, the question naturally arises whether they would not have recovered as well with an entirely different remedy or perhaps no remedy at all. As long as the cases which die under the same treatment are not reported, no just conclusion can be reached. In treating some disease, usually fatal, many of us are apt to become unduly elated and jump at conclusions over a few successful results with some particular drug, instead of patiently waiting for sufficient proof to establish its efficacy beyond a doubt. In presenting this paper, the same criticism is justifi- able, notwithstanding it has taken two years to procure the data. The subject in hand being the treatment of tetanus, the etiology and symptoms will be purposely omitted. They are well known by all present here. But a brief allusion to the knowl- edge of the action of the tetanus toxin in the body may not be * Presented to the May meeting of the Keystone Veterinary Medical Ass’n at Phila- delphia. 508 a me a a ie RY Sg gD

"Bat. 4 ee in — _- ie es - ‘ae = a — He ft _— 60 | ee Strep. “¥ Strep. + Staph. c— Strep. wD -.% Bac. - Bac. + Staph. Se ake Bac. 7 Bac. Ae Strep. + Staph. “7. /Baees> Benepe oe Strep. * Strep. + Staph. ‘i Strep. 2 ry: — ie — jf s — 74 = = a 75 — Strep. + Staph. 3 — Strep. 7 = -- be ee 77 — — igh — 76)... — “a - ot id — “ae — Ni — - — fo: 2. Bac + Staph, a“ Bac. + Staph. “ .. Bac, 7+ Stagm oe — “a Strep. + Staph. 7 > Strep. BF — a Strep. + Staph. "i os Strep. ae Bac. it Strep. Nn: Zé Bac. ey Staph. a Strep. x a) Staph. 24) ie Strep. $3 Strep. + Staph. ' a. Strep. 87... -- a _- ee — WSs 6 ho — ef _- Tite — Yaesy Strep. a“ Strep. + Staph. s a Strep. rc re Bac. .. Strep.+ Bac.+ Staph. «2 Strep Bae. OL Wks Strep. = Strep. + Staph. - 4 Strep. 92 .. Strep. oh Strep. + Staph. iE oe Strep. In all cases, except one, the streptococcus could easily be separated from the staphylococcus and grown independently without further difficulty. In this one case it was absolutely impossible to isolate the streptococcus. In all subcultures on solid media the staphylococcus was found pure, while in all sub- cultures in bouillon the streptococcus was found as well as the staphylococcus. Subcultures from solid media into bouillon gave es ' STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF EQUINE INFLUENZA. 601 the staphylococcus pure. Unfortunately, the culture finally be- came contaminated with the Bacillus subtilis and was destroyed. Another interesting thing about this organism is the fact that it has passed many times through Berkefeld filters, and a few times through Chamberland filters, showing that it is very minute in some stage of its life-cycle. It is also a very resistant organ- ism; I have cultures growing in the ice box on ascitic agar which were planted February 11, 1911. The media is showing evidence of becoming very dry, but the organisms are still alive. They are also very resistant to heat, having withstood a temperature of 58° C. for two hours. CONCLUSIONS. A streptococcus, presumably the organism described by Schiitz and others, has been cultivated uncontaminated from the trachea in the early stages of nearly every case of acute influenza studied. ) An organism with the same characteristics has been isolated from the blood of thirty-four out of sixty-three cases. Symbiotic relationship with the staphylococcus, in both cul- tures, seems to favor the growth of this streptococcus. The Bacillus equi septicus has not been seen in, nor isolated from, either the trachea or blood of a single case of influenza; therefore, Ligniéres’ findings have not been corroborated. The cultural characteristics of the streptococcus in question will not be reviewed at this time, but we will state that, so far, we have not been able to find any point of difference between this organism and the streptococcus isolated from the abscesses in the cases of strangles. Our inoculation experiments have not been extensive enough to warrant any conclusions as to the infectious nature of the organisms. We have record, however, of one case with the fever, prostration, cough and discharge from the nostrils, which was very characteristic of influenza. This followed the intra- venous injection of a pure culture of the organism. We had another case of a large tumor at the site of inoculation after a subcutaneous injection of the same culture. G02 N. S. FERRY. From the light of our work up to the present time we do not feel justified in stating positively that this streptococcus is the cause of influenza in horses, but we do believe that the find- ings, combined with those of other investigators, point very strongly to that conclusion, or at least show the close relationship of this disease to strangles and contagious pneumonia. As to the micro-organisms found predominating in these con- ditions, the evidence, as given by the literature, is overwhelming in favor of a streptococcus. In strangles a streptococcus is found by all observers. The following is a review of the results of the bacteriological investigations in contagious pneumonia: Siedamgrotsky: Micrococci in lungs and exudates. Diekerhoff: Streptococci in pleural exudates. Mendelsohn: Streptococci in pleural exudates. Peterlein: Chain cocci. Perroncito: Chain cocci. Delamotte and Chantemesse: Chain cocci. Mosselman and Lienaux: Chain cocci. Schutz: Streptococci. Moore: Streptococci. Fieder: Streptococci. Ligniéres: Cocco-bacilli and streptococci. Cadiac: Streptococci. Rust: Streptococci. In influenza a streptococcus has been found in the upper res- piratory tract by many observers, while the results of these inves- tigations show that a streptococcus has been found pure in the lower respiratory tract and blood in the large majority of cases. If this streptococcus, which we have isolated from the trachea and blood of influenza, proves to be the same organism that is found in strangles, and also contagious pneumonia, and it is agreed by all authorities that the streptococcus found in strangles is the cause of that disease, then, I believe, I am justified in put- ting forward the argument that this streptococcus is the cause of the “symptom complex ”’ we have termed influenza, and that STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF EQUINE INFLUENZA. 6035 strangles and contagious pneumonia are not clinical entities, but complications of influenza due either to secondary infections or to extension of the primary disease. The cultural characteristics of this organism, as well as some other work we are carrying on along this line, will be taken up in a later study. GOVERNMENT Approves Tosacco Dip FoR SCABIES IN CaTTLe.*—The Secretary of Agriculture has amended Order 143, effective August 15, 1913, relating to dips for scabies in cattle by permitting the use of the “tobacco dip prepared from tobacco and suitable tobacco products, provided it contains not less than seven hundredths of I per cent. of nico- tine. Heretofore, the requirements have been that the tobacco dip should contain not less than five hundredths of 1 per cent. of nicotine and 2 per cent. flowers of sulphur. The tobacco dip of the new strength need not contain the sulphur. The regulation remains unchanged regarding the lime-and-sulphur dip, which may be used as directed in the order. L. Gay SELECTED FOR ARMY REMOUNT COMMITTEE.— The Secretary of Agriculture has announced the selection of Mr. James L. Gay, of Kentucky, to fill the vacancy caused by the lamented death of Mr. Charles I. Railey, on the department’s com- mittee of experts appointed to assist in the selection of stallions to be used in the army remount breeding work. Mr. Gay is appointed as the saddle e-horse representative on this committee. He has had a life-long experience in the breed- ing of American saddle horses, is a judge of wide reputation, and is a director of the American Saddle Horse Breeders’ Associa- tion. [Office of Information, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. | Dr. Harry H. Havner MArriep.—Mr. and Mrs. A. W. Stearns announce the marriage of their daughter, Ruth Adeline, to Mr. Harry H. Havner, on Wednesday, the twentieth of August, nineteen hundred and thirteen, Garden Grove, Iowa. They have the REview’s blessing. * From Office of Information, United States Department of Agriculture. AN OUTBREAK OF EPIZOOTIC ABORTION IN CATTLE. By VETERINARY SURGEON DESMOND, ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA. As much attention is being drawn to the subject of epizootic abortion of bovines, the following results of an investigation may be of interest to those studying this subject, and of service to country practitioners. The outbreak occurred on a large dairy farm in a dairying district where upwards of eighty dairy cows were being milked, the milk supplying a cheese and butter factory. The farmer came to me with the doleful cry, “I am in dreadful trouble. I have lost £100 on my farm during the last few months.”” He went on to explain that forty cows had slipped their calves; and on further questioning I ascertained that the animals had aborted in all stages of gestation, from a few months to near full term, or, to repeat his own words, ‘“ They were from as big as my boot to full size.” I at once came to the conclusion that I would have to treat an outbreak of epizootic abortion, and a subsequent inspection of the cattle and farmyard confirmed this conclusion beyond a doubt. I first proceeded to examine my client’s stock and the sur- roundings of the farm. It was about an hour after the morn- ing’s milking when I arrived, and the cows which had just been milked were to be seen in an adjacent paddock, where green rye- grass was supplied to them morning and evening, this being dis- tributed over the ground in small heaps. The cattle were of the class generally to be seen on dairy farms in that district, and were of yarious ages and of all sizes. The cows that had aborted were easily picked out in the herd as they showed want of condition, and their hair was rough and lustreless. While walking through the paddock in which the cattle were then grazing. my attention was attracted to several places where the earth had evidently been thrown up, and the farmer confirmed my suspicions by saying 604 OUTBREAK OF EPIZOOTIC ABORTION IN CATTLE, 605 that it had been the custom to bury the aborted foetuses where they were expelled. I advised him to destroy them by burning. The dry cattle were next inspected, and the cows especially were found to be in splendid condition. But on entering a pad- dock in which the young cattle (all heifers) were grazing, I was surprised to see a very poor bull. On closer examination | found him to be in wretched condition, and the brute had scarcely suffi- cient strength to move about. His hair was very rough, while the tuft of hair at the prepuce was matted and had a dark ap- pearance, which made me suspicious that he had been the means of assisting to spread the disease. The owner informed me that he had paid £3 for this bull, and had had him two years. [I in- structed him to destroy the animal at once. “That is the only one I have,” protested my client, and in reply to my question whether he thought it right to have only one bull to one hundred cows, he said he considered it quite enough, though he had often seen six or seven cows in season around the bull while he wa: lving down. I informed him that thirty cows to one bull was con- sidered by competent authorities to be a sufficient number. An inspection of the milking yard disclosed that it was in a deplorable state. It was more than two feet deep with liquid manure, and the corners, which were slightly lower than other portions of the yard were covered with a green scum. The reason assigned for allowing the filth to accumulate in this manner was that the manure was not required, and it was only when the yard became too boggy that all the stuff was removed, and a layer of ferns spread over it. The yard was in a bad situation, and the arrangements were on a primitive plan. It was three chains from the dwelling house and was only three quarters of a chain square, being altogether too small for the number of cattle (eighty) milked there twice a day. The yard sloped towards the bails, which were built under an old shed on one side, and so arranged that each cow after being milked had to go through a small gate at the head of the bail into a race which led into the paddock. This was a very bad arrangement for a dairy-yard, as it must frequently happen that one cow would block the race near the 606 VETERINARY SURGEON DESMOND. outlet, and so prevent the others from passing. The race. like the other surroundings, was in a frightful state, being one mass of liquid manure. The drainage (save the mark!) was also very defective, and adjacent to the yard, on the low side, there was a small pool of stagnant water which had evidently percolated through the soil from the yard. I informed my client that it was absolutely necessary for him to remove the yard to a better position. He at first demurred on account of the expense, but consented to effect the improve- ment when I told him I desired to be paid by results. I suggested that he should request his landlord to pay a portion of the cost of removing the yard, but he seemed to think there was very little prospect of such an appeal being successful. This landlord was a sheep-breeder, and if he could not get a tenant for the farm for dairying, he could stock it with sheep. (If he did so he would probably soon learn to his cost that an outbreak of this kind is as serious in sheep-raising as it is in dairy-farming). I selected a more suitable site on which the new yard was to be erected, and was fortunate in finding at a short distance a stony formation which would afford natural drainage. In accordance with my suggestion the shed to contain the bails was built of new timber, as the old timber could not well be disinfected. The floor of the shed was boarded with strong planks with tar joints, which carried the excreta and disinfecting solution clear of the yard. The gates by which the cattle were let out after being milked were made so as to open directly into the paddock, I shall now proceed to describe the treatment I determined to put into force: An antiseptic method of treating the outbreak on a plan which I believe is original. For this purpose a high stage was erected in the yard at the rear of the bails, and on this stage two casks, each of thirty gallons capacity were mounted sufficiently high to allow the solution to gravitate with the force required to irrigate the genital organs of the cows—one cask con- taining a solution for this purpose, while the other was to sluice out the bails and drain. A long pipe with suitable connections OUTBREAK OF EPIZOOTIC ABORTION IN CATTLE. COT was attached to the cask, and by this means the genital organs o the cows were irrigated with a medicated solution. After the — Milking Shed and Apparatus for the Treatment of Epizootic Abortion of Dairy Cows Nan = = iNet fe | an agit sa | : ull i ( =y = = i = a if ma a lin Devised by Veterinary Surgeon Desmond . ; milking the same pipe was connected with the other cask, which contained a disinfecting solution, and by this means the shed and GOS VETERINARY SURGEON DESMOND. bails were disinfected. The. following were the ingredients in the solution used for irrigating the genital organs of the cows: Hydt., perch «15. west tee oe ee 1% ounces. sods Chilovid . occ ye eine a ee ape 3. ~pounds. Rain=water . . . tosses aeeseos Seem ke ee 30 gallons. To disinfect the shed and bails I decided to use the following | solution alternately, and placed in cask No. 2: Hydr.. perch... . 2. 2) Speers ame eee oe 5 ounces. Raiti-water’ .... -:...)) epee ee ee 30 gallons. and Ferri sulph; comm... .\..<../)02a eee 3. ~pounds. Rain-water .. cya aes Fs eee 30 ~—gaiions. I gave the following directions to my client. To watch all cows in calf, and immediately there were signs of parturition or abortion to have them removed at once to a small paddock. If abortion took place, the foetus and placenta were to be destroyed by fire. If the placenta did not come away naturally in ten or twelve hours, to remove it by mechanical means, and then irrigate the genital organs with two gallons of solution from the No. I cask. This treatment to be adopted also with cows that had calved, so as to be on the safe side, and was to be done after all the other cows were milked and turned into pasture. I would have had separate bails and yards for newly-calved cows and also for all new cases of abortion, but I adopted the above plan for the sake of economy. After the new yards were built and the treatment had been followed for about five days I again visited the farm, and arrived before the morning milking had commenced. An inspection re- vealed a very altered state of affairs, which tended to show that the farmer had realized the importance of adopting the measures recommended for stamping out the disease. The bails and yard and surroundings were perfectly clean, and there was not the slightest odor from them. I inquired how the treatment had affected the cows, and the reply was, “ The amount of matter that came away from the cows was surprising; it was yellow, and in some cases lumps like honeycomb also came away.” “ What OUTBREAK OF EPIZOOTIC ABORTION IN CATTLE. 609 length of time has elapsed since abortion took place in the cows from which there was so much discharge?”’ was my next ques- tion, and to this my client replied, “ At all periods, from a few weeks to many months, but the cows the most discharge came from were those that I could get two feet of pipe into the genital organs.” While on this visit I found all the cows in oestrum, which I was informed came on about the third day the solution was used. The farmer also mentioned that on the first and second days he could only pass a foot of the pipe into the genital organs, but on the third day he could pass two feet, and was surpised to see such a mass of matter come away. The fact that all the cows were coming in season was rather an advantage, as the os uteri would be dilated and the uterus could be irrigated. I have continued the treatment described above and so far the results are highly satisfactory. One method of spreading the disease came under my notice on the occasion of my last visit. There was a bull near the milk- ing-yard, which, the farmer informed me, belonged to his neigh- bor, and it had jumped a three-railed fence to get among his cows. I advised him to inform his neighbor of the danger of the disease being carried to his cattle by the agency of the bull, and I believe the animal was at once removed. In the course of conversation with some professional friends, I was asked, ““ What would you do if the owner of such a filthy farm as you have described refused to make the improvements? ” My reply was that the farmer in this case kept the premises in that state from a mistaken idea of economy rather than from wilful neglect; but in the event of an owner refusing to comply with my instructions I would report the matter to the board of health, and if this did not bring about the desired result then I would inform his landlord and all the persons to whom he.sup- plied the produce. In adopting such measures I would not be exceeding my duties as a veterinarian. If a fatal disease were to break out in that man’s family, and the board of health found the premises to be in such an insanitary condition, then I would 610 VETERINARY SURGEON DESMOND. be censured, and deservedly so, if it were found that I had pre- viously examined the place and not furnished a report to the au- thorities. The outbreak occurred a few years ago, so I have had ample time to note the effects of my treatment. It is hardly needful to say that I have waited anxiously for the results, and that I have much pleasure in reporting that they were most gratifying to the owner of the dairy-farm and to myself. I have kept con- tinuously in touch with the owner, and requested him to call on me when anything of note occurred in the course of the treat- ment. To sum up, the treatment had the desired effect. I think I can say this truthfully from a review of the circumstances. If the irrigation had not been resorted to, how would all the dis- charge that came away after the irrigation was used have been got rid of? Only four cows aborted at next calving, and the owner informs me that he could not irrigate these four satisfactorily, as he could not get all the pipe into the genital organ. Since the out- break was stamped out, the irrigation apparatus is used to remove the retained after-births in the dairy cattle, and with such suc- cessful results that the neighboring farmers often drive their af- fected cows to this farm for treatment. The owner reports that he has never known it to fail. To be followed by another paper, in which reference will be made to this article. RECOGNITION OF Merit.—Dr. W. H. Lynch, of Portland, Maine, who was appointed a member of the State Board of Vet- erinary Examiners of that commonwealth by Governor Haines in March last, has recently been retained as one of the judges for the Central Maine Fair, which holds its Tenth Annual Ex- hibition at Central Maine Park, September 9th to 12th, 1913, inclusive. We are always pleased to see veterinarians identified with institutions of that kind, as it indicates a broadening of the veterinarian’s sphere, and a recognition by the public of his knowledge on matters pertaining to stock raising. VACCINATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES.* By.Dr. R. M. SraLtey, HARRISBURG, Pa. It seems that the ideal aim of the veterinarian, as well as the “ M.D.,” is preventive medicine rather than the treatment of preventable diseases after they have manifested themselves. This being the case, the Livestock Sanitary Board of this state has devoted considerable time in the last few years to experiment work, with a view of perfecting our method of diagnosing at an early stage the contagious and infectious diseases with which we deal and the production of dependable vaccines to combat these diseases. Our efforts have been attended with marked success, and it is my desire to bring to the attention of you practicing veterinarians what the Board is doing along this line, as this is of every-day importance to you and of great economic value to your clients. We are now producing anthrax vaccine, hog cholera serum and vaccine to be used against contagious abortion and a vaccine to be used against hemorrhagic septicemia. We are also dis- tributing blackleg vaccine which is produced by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. The object of my paper does not necessitate my going into the production of the above-mentioned materials, as I only desire to explain what this Commonwealth can do, and is willing to do, and how the veterinarians can secure the products that we have for distribution with as little delay as possible between the time the diagnosis is made and the vaccine administered. Blackleg is a disease that is usually diagnosed without trouble by the local practitioner, and it is seldom that specimens are received at the laboratory from cases where the veterinarian was undecided as to whether or not he was dealing with this disease. * Presented to the thirtieth annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary pene Association at Harrisburg, January, 1913. Reprinted from the published pro- ceedings. 611 612 DR. R. M. STALEY. As soon as a veterinarian satisfies himself that he is dealing with an outbreak of blackleg he should telegraph to the Board, stating that he has made a diagnosis of blackleg on a given premise and that he desires vaccine for a given number of cattle; it being remembered that the only animals that it is necessary to vaccinate against blackleg are those between six months and two years of age. The requested vaccine, together with a circular giving full instructions for the preparation and administration of the ma- terial, will be forwarded at once, together with a blank upon which we require a report made as to the use of the vaccine sup- plied, also a letter of authorization and voucher. The veterina- rian will be compensated for services rendered and expenses in- curred in the administration of the serum, but we cannot pay him for a first visit to the premises at which time the positive diagno- sis was established. Should it be that a stock owner requests a veterinarian to vaccinate some new stock that he desires to introduce upon prem- ises where blackleg is known to have existed, this Board will be glad to furnish vaccine for such vaccinations free of cost, requir- ing only that a report of the use of the vaccine be submitted to this Board upon a blank supplied, but we, under these circum- stances, cannot compensate the veterinarian for the administra- tion of the vaccine. In addition to the above work against blackleg this Board holds, early each spring, a vaccination against this disease at the expense of the Commonwealth. The fact that this vaccination is to be carried out is published in the leading newspapers in the counties in which our records show blackleg has existed. It is only required that stock owners communicate with this Board in writing, requesting the vaccination of their stock against black- ~ leg and stating the number of animals to be vaccinated. Their full name and address is also required. When the time for re- ceiving applications, as stated in our advertisement, has elapsed, the work is assigned to local veterinarians, and we try to give all the cases in the immediate vicinity of a given veterinarian to that man in order to save time and traveling expenses. wy pte nied il tel Neb my ~ re VACCINATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 613 Our work against anthrax is carried out practically the same as is our work against blackleg, except that instead of advertis- ing our annual spring vaccination against anthrax in the news- papers we communicate by letter with every man who in the two years last passed has had anthrax upon his premises or has had his animals vaccinated at the time of our annual spring vaccination. In combating anthrax we vaccinate twice, as it has been found that to administer vaccine of sufficient virulence to overcome the strain of infection prevalent in this state, at one vaccination, would kill susceptible animals and produce such severe condi- tional disturbances in the majority of other stock that they would be rendered practically valueless as dairy animals. Even though we are at this time administering a very weak vaccine first, fol- lowed in about twelve days with a second and stronger vaccine, we find that there are some few highly susceptible animals that cannot stand even this graduated dose of vaccine, and the reac- tion following the administration of the second vaccine is some- times attended with the partial or complete stoppage in the pro- duction of milk and the animal loses flesh rapidly. Some of these cases recover quickly, while others never regain their former condition. The percentage of animals that show a reaction following the administration of our anthrax vaccine is so extremely small that it, of course, is not seriously taken into consideration in our vaccinations against anthrax and serves to indicate that our vac- cine is sufficiently strong to be of benefit to the great number of cattle kept on premises heavily infested with anthrax. For years many of the losses sustained in herds in certain sections of the state have been attributed to what we have termed “so-called hemorrhagic septicemia.”’ This manner of designat- ing this disease was used because the disease, presenting all the clinical symptoms of hemorrhagic septicemia, was considered by many to be this disease, but has never been diagnosed at the laboratory from specimens procured from numerous outbreaks. During 1912 it was demonstrated positively at our laboratory 614 “DR. BR. M. STALEY. that these cases were actually cases of hemorrhagic septicemia, and it was also determined that the different strain of infection differed vastly in virulence. It, therefore, was extremely hard to prepare suitable vaccine with which to combat this disease, but we feel that in the very near future we will have prepared a vaccine that will be of sufficient potency to be used successfully in the vaccination of stock by the simultaneous inoculation method, provided, of course, the outbreaks met with in the future are not due to a bacillus with any greater virulence than the most virulent with which we have to date had to deal. It must be understood that this work is to a large degree only in the ex- perimental stage, but that we are willing to render you and your clients any assistance that we properly can, giving you the assur- ance that no harm will be done the stock treated and, in all prob- ability, the mortality greatly reduced. Therefore, if you, in your practice, meet with any cases that exhibit the recognized clinical symptoms of hemorrhagic septicemia we would be pleased to have you report this matter at once by wire, and we will en- deavor to assist in the establishing of a positive diagnosis and if possible vaccinate the clinically affected animals, as well as the exposed animals, free of cost to the stock owners. Contagious abortion is one of the greatest scourges of the dairy industry and the degree to which it is prevalent in this Commonwealth is best realized by the man who is practicing in a well-developed dairy section. Ifa vaccine can be prepared and used with uniform success against this disease it will certainly be a great boon to the veterinary profession and the dairy industry. To date, our results from the administration of vaccines against contagious abortion, with a majority of the strains of bacilli used, have not been very encouraging. When the animals are inoculated subcutaneously, the production of immune bodies has been extremely slow. However, we are at this time conduct- ing experiments on heifers with living material by intravenous injections, but the experiment is not completed, and no conclusive deductions can at this time be made. - CN ree si onal c in or VACCINATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES. 615 We, at this time, are willing to submit to examinations all specimens forwarded to the laboratory from suspected cases of contagious abortion. For such laboratory examinations the foetus, foetal membranes or afterbirth should be collected and sent promptly to the laboratory. Such specimens should be well wrapped in cloth saturated with a bichloride of mercury solution 1-1000. This should then be packed in a box or bucket and surrounded with saw dust. In warm weather cracked ice should be mixed with the saw dust, but this precaution is not necessary in cold weather. The box can be shipped C. O. D. to the labora- tory, State Livestock Sanitary Board, Thirty-ninth street and Woodland avenue, Philadelphia. Mark the box with name and address of sender and also “ Perishable! Rush!” If a positive diagnosis is established at the laboratory, blood specimens from the entire herd will be procured and by means of the complement fixation test all members of the herd having infection in their systems, whether they have ever aborted or not, will be pointed out, proper sanitary precautions advised and steps immediately taken to prepare and administer a vaccine against this particular strain of infection. This work, including the es- tablishment of a positive diagnosis at our laboratory, will be car- ried out free of cost to the stock owner. Though a great number of hogs are fed in this state we, of course, do not compare with the corn-producing states in as far as the number of our hogs is concerned. However, we certainly have a fair proportion of cases of hog cholera. Pennsylvania does not produce a very large percentage of hogs that are fat- tened and slaughtered in this state, and it has been found that . the greater proportion of these animals are shipped to us from neighboring states, Ohio, Virginia and West Virginia supply- ing the most of the imported hogs, and while we, of course, can- not attribute all our outbreaks of hog cholera to shipped hogs, it is very frequently possible to trace the source of infection to a shipment of hogs, to a stock yard where interstate hogs are han- dled, or to a feeding pen where interstate hogs have been un- loaded to be fed in accordance with the Federal law re feeding and watering. Any dead hogs found in or near railroad hog 616 DR. R. M. STALEY. pens should be treated with suspicion and the carcasses disposed of either by cremation or deep burial and the railroad company notified to clean and disinfect their pens. This action they will gladly take as a proper safeguard to their patrons. As you men know, this Board is producing hog cholera serum with which we are endeavoring to combat this disease, but until there is effectual co-operation between the Federal government and the various state governments we cannot hope to eradicate hog cholera from Pennsylvania, nor to entirely prevent the great losses sustained annually on account of this disease. However, money spent in producing and administering hog cholera serum is money well spent, as we are now saving annually to stock own- ers in this Commonwealth many times the amount of money expended in this work. If a diagnosis positive of hog cholera is established either by means of clinical symptoms and post mortems held or by means of specimens forwarded to our laboratory, kindly advise this Board at the earliest moment possible as to the approximate aggregate weight of all hogs and pigs that are to be vaccinated. Immediately upon receipt of such information we will forward to a qualified veterinarian sufficient hog cholera serum to vaccinate the exposed animals, will ask him to place the animals under quarantine and advise the owner as to isolation, disinfection, ete. This work will be carried out at the expense of the Common- wealth, but, as in connection with all of our work, we cannot compensate the veterinarian for the visit made to the premises at the request of the stock owner. We do not feel that hog cholera serum can be considered a curative agent, and we desire that the material only be used as a prophylactic. Therefore, no animals showing clinical symp- toms of hog cholera should be vaccinated. These animals should be destroyed and properly disposed of either by cremation or deep burial under a coating of lime if the owner will give his consent. However, it must be fully understood that this Board cannot compensate persons for losses sustained on account of hog cholera. VACCINATION FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES, O17 At this time we are employing only the serum treatment alone in our efforts to control hog cholera, but in the future it is probable that we will take up, to a limited extent, the work of vaccinating hogs against hog cholera by the simultaneous inoculation method. On account of the grave dangers surround- ing this method, in the hands of inexperienced and not overly careful men, it is not probable that this method will be used, ex- cept by regular agents of this Board who have received special instructions re the work. We find that thorough disinfection with a three to five per cent. lysol solution, followed by the liberal distribution of lime, is the best method of disinfecting against hog cholera and that no injection should ever be made until the seat of injection has been very thoroughly cleansed with at least a three per cent. solution of lysol and all dirt and scruff entirely removed. If particular attention is paid to this small detail, the number of abscesses fol- lowing vaccinations will be materially reduced. This Board has tried every conceivable plan to secure from stock owners accurate data as to the results of the vaccinations carried out upon their premises, and in July of 1912 we adopted a necessarily long report blank and have been getting better results from the use of this set of report blanks, but find that these results are far from what we could reasonably expect. We have no complaint to make about the veterinarians filling out their portion of the report blanks, but we experience no end of trouble in procuring from stock owners the portion of form 103 that you men leave in their hands to be filled out, signed and returned to our office about thirty days from the date of vaccina- tion. We, therefore, would greatly appreciate your co-operation on this point and trust that you will impress upon your clients the great importance of forwarding a record of the results of all vaccinations to our office. Marriep.—Dr. Lyle A. Brown, Milford, Iowa, was married on August 5, 1913, to Miss Magdalin Moritz of that place. Hearty congratulations are extended to the happy couple. ANTHRAX.* By Dr. R. C. Reep, Newark, DEL. This history of this widespread disease known as anthrax is as interesting reading as the most fascinating fiction of to-day, and undoubtedly much of its ancient history is quite as fictitious. However, underlying the statements of Moses, Homer, Plutarch, Pliny and others regarding it, is a groundwork based on fact that gives us a more or less accurate idea of the horror of the scourge. When there was no known method of controlling infectious diseases it was looked upon as a visible manifestation of the wrath of the gods visited upon the people for their mis- deeds, and nothing could be done to mitigate the suffering. As we look back upon those epidemics more or less picturesquely portrayed by the early writers we may well be thankful that we are living in the twentieth century. It was not until the middle of the twentieth century that the scientific study of anthrax commenced; and it is important, from a historical standpoint, to note, in passing, that the bacterium of anthrax was the first bacterium demonstrated to be the cause of an infectious disease of animals. In 1849 Pollender, while studying the blood of a cow dead of anthrax, observed numerous rod-shaped microorganisms which he believed bore some etiolog- ical relationship to the disease. However, Pollender’s theory was not supported until Davaine in 1863 observed the same or- ganism under similar conditions, and he, in turn, announced his belief that it was the cause of the disease. This theory persisted, although questioned, until 1876, when Koch announced that he had isolated Bacterium anthracis in pure culture, had reproduced the disease in susceptible animals and again recovered the organ- * Presented to the thirtieth annual meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association at Harrisburg, January, 1913. Reprinted from published proceedings. 618 ; 7 ANTHRAX. 619 ism from the induced cases. This fixed beyond all question the relationship between the organism and the disease. With modern laboratory methods anthrax is, relatively speak- ing, an easy disease to diagnose. The comparatively large size of the organism, its definite morphological characters, and the readiness with which it grows on the ordinary culture media in a characteristic manner, makes it not a difficult one to recognize. The rods are square ended, inclined to form chains, under cer- tain conditions to produce spores, and when found in the blood or tissues of animals are surrounded by a capsule. There are three principal channels of infection: First, by ingestion of the infective material at pasture, or more rarely by hay that has been flooded from an infected stream. Second, by inoculation through wounds, abrasions or the bites of insects, and third, the spores may be inhaled with the dust. Of course, this can only take place in an infected area, and fortunately these areas are more or less limited. Clinically, we must differentiate between anthrax and some of the non-specific diseases. Moore says, “the suddenness of the attack, and in very virulent cases the short duration of the disease, may tend to the mistaking of it for poisoning, cerebral apoplexy, pulmonary congestion, heat apoplexy, death from light- ning, or acute gastro-intestinal inflammation.’’ However, a bac- teriological examination would clear up these cases. Among the specific diseases which are sometimes mistaken for anthrax we might mention symptomatic anthrax or blackleg, malignant edema, septicemia hemorrhagica and rabies. In the case of black- leg the swellings differ from those of anthrax, in that there is gas production, which is easily recognized by the crackling sound produced by passing the hand over the skin, which covers the swollen area. The tumors of malignant edema likewise crepi- tate, making it easy to recognize the difference between it and the anthrax edema. With septicemia hemorrhagica and rabies, the differential diagnosis can only be positively made by bac- teriological methods where the anatomical changes are not very distinct. 620 DR. R. C. REED. If suspected material has to be shipped to the laboratory from a distance or if putrefactive changes have taken place, the matter of diagnosis may be complicated somewhat. The putrefactive organisms which resemble the anthrax bacterium more or less closely can usually be distinguished from it by careful examina- tion, although it may become necessary to resort to cultures to be positive in some cases. Here these two organisms may be readily distinguished from each other by the fact that the putrefactive organism is an obligate anaerobe, while Bacterium anthracis grows readily in the presence of air. Usually this will be suf- ficient to make the diagnosis absolutely positive; but recently several investigators have found organisms in blood, tissues and even in soil and water that cannot readily be distinguished from the anthrax bacterium either morphologically or by its cultural characters. The only marked difference seems to be in its lack of pathogenic properties and in some cases the presence of mo- tility—Bacterium anthracis being non-motile. Fitch has isolated and studied such an organism from the blood and spleen of a horse which had died of suspected anthrax. Morphologically and culturally this organism very closely resembled anthrax, but was not pathogenic to rabbits and guinea pigs, and after a few generations on artificial media it showed constant motility. In a paper published in 1911 Fitch has brought together the descrip- tions of no less than twenty other organisms which very closely resemble the anthrax bacterium, except that they are non-pathog- enic or pathogenic to mice only. One was isolated from sick bees and was pathogenic for bees only. A careful study of paral- lel cultures of these organisms might prove that several of them are identical, which would eliminate some of the possibilities of error in early diagnosis. In few, if any, other diseases is early diagnosis of greater importance than in anthrax. The suddenness of the attack, the short duration of the disease in the fulminating type, together with the large proportion of the exposed animals which may be- come affected, make an early and accurate diagnosis of the great- est importance. Too often a case or two occurs in a locality and ANTHRAX. 621 because the animal is found dead without having shown any visible signs of being sick, it is put down as a case of poison- ing. The carcass is buried in a shallow grave or is left on top of the ground for dogs and buzzards to dispose of, and a fresh focus of disease becomes a center from which foci are established over a very considerable area by the carrying of the infective material by the above-mentioned scavengers. Thus a single neglected case may be the origin of several new “ anthrax farms.” When once established anthrax is a most difficult infection to uproot. The spores possessing great vitality will remain viable and virulent for many years, while the “ normal destructive agen- cies of nature have little effect on them.” Practically all species of animals and man are susceptible. In the order of susceptibility among domestic animals to natural infection, cattle and sheep probably stand first, while horses and mules take second place and swine are third. Some authors have stated that pigs are practically immune, but this claim cannot be substantiated, since there are many cases of infection in swine on record. However, they do appear to possess a considerable amount of resistance to the disease. The symptoms vary widely in different species of animals and in different individuals. One of the most characteristic symp- toms is the suddenness of the attack with high elevation of tem- perature, local manifestations in the form of edema, digestive disturbances, sometimes shown in the form of colics, difficult res- piration and brain complications. Anthrax without localization is characterized as peracute or fulminating, acute and subacute. An animal with the peracute form presents symptoms of cerebral apoplexy, becomes suddenly ill, staggers for a brief period and then falls. Death may or may not take place during convulsions. In this form the animal lives only from a few minutes to an hour or two after the first symp- toms are observed. Cattle and sheep most frequently succumb to this form of the disease. In the acute form the course of the disease is somewhat slower and may last twenty-four to thirty-six hours. The brain may , 622 DR. R. C. REED. be congested, the temperature reach 106° to 108° F.; the animal becomes restless, may rear, runs to and fro, goes into convul- sions and probably dies during coma. In both these forms hemorrhages are noticeable on the mucous membranes and bloody discharges from the mouth, nose, anus and vulva are characteris- tic of the disease. The subacute form, or “ anthrax fever’”’ as it is sometimes called, may run a course varying from two or three days to about a week. In this form the symptoms are more marked and easier to diagnose. The symptoms are essentially the same as in the acute and peracute forms, except the longer duration. In epizo- otics this form usually appears in the later cases. This disease with marked visible localized lesions is more apt to appear in horses and may run a much longer course, lasting from four or five days to two weeks or more. It is also much less liable to terminate fatally than the other forms. However, horses are usually affected with the acute or subacute form, and the first symptom is a marked rise in temperature with rapid pulse. There may be chills, more or less profuse lachrymation, dullness, staggering gait, or there may be convulsions showing cerebral congestion. Colic is a noticeable symptom in the horse. The swellings may occur over any part of the body, but more frequently on the under side and on the inner sides of the legs. The bloody discharges from the natural openings of the body are common in all forms of the disease. Post-mortem examinations are not conclusive, unless the specific organism is found in the blood or tissues. All micro- scopic lesions may be absent. Medical treatment has not proven to be a success, and attend- ants are liable to contract the disease. Prevention is of the chief importance. The most widely used and most effective method of preventive inoculation is that of Pasteur. In Germany and England vaccination is looked upon with some suspicion owing to uncertainties in strength and action of these products. They consider what is known as the stamping out system far superior and the only reliable measure for suppressing the disease. Rigid AAD 2 emg El as. Bice | fe ee a ee EMMEr ss we ANTHRAX, 623 laws have been passed in England relating to the control of anthrax. To be effective, vaccination should be practiced about a month before the animals are to be turned out on anthrax-infected pas- tures. Otherwise the danger of infection during the period of anaphylaxis will be increased, and the good results of vaccina- tion will be more than neutralized. Successful results of vacci- nation cannot be denied, neither can it be denied that there have been failures. Some of these failures to obtain good results can be easily explained on the ground of improperly prepared vac- cines, or by the fact that the animal was already infected when the vaccine was applied. In other cases no satisfactory explana- tion of the failure to protect has been offered. It must be admitted that there are many things about the virulence of organisms and the susceptibility and resistance of the animal body to infective material which we do not understand. During an outbreak of anthrax the method proposed first by Sobernheim in 1899 seems to be effective. It has been tried in Germany, South America and in this and other countries with good results. The method consists in the injection of the serum of a highly immunized animal either with or without a small quantity of anthrax bacteria. Just a word about the disposal of the carcasses of animals dead of the disease. Completely burn them if such a procedure is possible. If not, bury them deeply, completely surrounding the body with plenty of quicklime. Additional precautions in the way of plugging all natural openings of the body with cotton saturated with a strong disinfectant have been practiced. The grave should be fenced in, and the surface of the ground burned over each year to kill any spores that may be brought to the surface. PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MeEpIcaAL ASSOCIA- TION will hold its semi-annual meeting at Reed House, Erie, September 16, 1913. Veterinarians from all States are welcome. THE ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION OF CATTLE WITH THE BACILLUS OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION.: By Frank M. SurFACE, MAINE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. In a recent address? Professor Williams, of Cornell Univer- sity, made the following statements regarding contagious abor- tion of cattle (pp. 119-120) : ‘* Experimenter after experimenter has asserted that he had induced abortion by the vaginal introduction of the organism after the uterine seal had been formed, by injecting the organism beneath the skin or into the jugular vein or by feeding the infec- tion by the mouth. No question is raised regarding the facts. They have thus inoculated the animals with the Bang organism, the animals have largely aborted, the Bang organism has been recovered from the uterus, etc. ‘On the other hand, no adequate controls, so far as we have found recorded, were kept to check the experiments. It has not been shown that a like number and kind of pregnant cattle would not have aborted had sterile salt solution been substituted for the Bang organism. ‘The recognition of the Bang organism in the uterus after abortion following experimental inoculation, does not show that the one in the uterus is the lineal descendant of the other, nor does it at all prove that the Bang organism was not already in the uterus when the animal was inoculated.” The chief contention of Dr. Williams is that the abortion organism cannot pass from the blood of the mother into the closed uterine cavity. Thus he says (p. 117) : } “ The Bang organism is almost as large as the bacterium of tuberculosis* and other organisms which fail to pass through the undamaged placental filter, and no destructive placental lesions have yet been noted. So far as we are aware microscopically visible bacteria do not pass the intact placental filter.” 624 ee ee ae ow ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION WITH BACILLUS OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION, 625 Dr. Williams’ statement regarding the size of the Bang or- ganism is, I believe, at variance with the results of previous investigators. Thus Bang, MacFadyean and Stockman, Holth, Zwick and others have insisted upon the small size of this bacil- lus. Holth, who has probably had as much experience as any other person with this organism, says that the abortion bacillus is one of the smallest known kinds of bacteria.* However this may be, it is probable that the chief reason why ordinary bacteria are not found in the uterine cavity is not due to their large size and consequent inability to pass through the capillary walls separating the maternal and foetal blood. It is much more probable that the natural resistance and bactericidal properties of the body fluids prevent most organisms from reach- ing this remote portion of the circulatory system. Recent investigations’ have shown conclusively that the abor- tion bacillus occurs in the milk of infected cows. It is certainly very probable that the abortion bacillus enters the mammary gland through the walls of the blood vessels rather than through the milk tubes. Further, I believe that I am able to offer reasonably conclu- sive proof that the subcutaneous inoculation of a culture of the abortion bacillus may produce abortion. The facts have already been published® in another connection and will be repeated here only in so far as they bear upon this subject. For experimental purposes we have on hand a number of distinct cultures of the abortion bacillus. These cultures show a number of individual peculiarities, but without exception they all displayed the usual peculiarity toward oxygen when first iso- lated. In no case, except the one mentioned below, have we ever been able to grow this organism in the air, direct from aborted material. However, in the majority of cases it has been possible to accustom these strains to grow on plain broth agar in the free air. In 1911 I brought to this country three cultures of this or- ganism which had been kindly given me by Professors Jensen and Holth in Copenhagen, Denmark. These cultures had beert 626 FRANK M. SURFACE. accustomed to aérobic conditions for a long time before I re- ceived them. Since 1911 they have been frequently transferred, always growing readily in the air. They always show a good growth on plain broth agar on the second day after inoculation. For another purpose I inoculated a healthy pregnant cow with a small quantity of washed agar cultures of these Danish strains. The history of this cow is as follows: She was a grade Jersey, purchased in July, 1912, for experimental purposes. According to her previous owner she had never aborted and came from a farm where there had been no abortion. She was bred on June 10, 1912, nearly a month before coming to the Experiment Sta- | tion. The uterus should have been closed by this time. During the summer and autumn her blood was tested at fre- quent intervals for abortion anti-bodies by both the agglutination and complement fixation tests. At no time could abortion anti- bodies be demonstrated in her blood except as noted below. On November 25, 1912, she received, subcutaneously, 20 c.c. of a dilute suspension of these Danish cultures. This suspension showed a count of approximately 500,000 bacteria to the cubic centimeter. Fourteen days after the injection her blood showed traces of abortion anti-bodies. Twenty-five days after the in- jection she gave a very strong reaction. Her blood has con- tinued to show the presence of abortion anti-bodies up to the present time (May 30, 1913). On January 10, 1913, she showed signs of aborting, and on January 16, 1913, she aborted a well-developed calf. This abor- tion occurred 52 days after the inoculation. There was a large amount of the typical abortion exudate surrounding the coty- legons. A few hours after the abortion the afterbirth was removed by a veterinarian. Plain agar plates were inoculated with mate- rial from the afterbirth and from the foetal stomach. After 24 hours at 37° C. these plates showed no growth except a few contaminating colonies from the cotyledons. About half the plates were then placed in a Novy jar with B. subtilis after the j » > ~ => * ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION WITH BACILLUS OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION. 627 method of Nowac. On the second day it was noted that the plates remaining in the air developed a fine opalescent, dew drop growth characteristic of the Bang bacillus. This growth increased within the next day or two until a very rich growth, and in the majority of plates a pure culture appeared. By microscopical examination, and also by using it as antigen in a complement fixation test with an immune serum this growth proved to be the B. abortus. The plates in the Novy jar also showed a rich growth of the same organism, but this growth was in no respect better than that obtained in the free air. It is certainly very unusual to obtain the abortion bacillus growing so readily in the free air in the first generation. It is further to be remembered that this growth appeared on plain broth agar without any serum and that it appeared on the second day of incubation. In these respects this culture resembled very closely the strain of organisms injected 52 days before. In all the recorded cases of the abortion bacillus growing in the air in the first generation this has occurred only on serum agar and after a period of from four to ten days incubation. In this connection a statement made by Fabyan’ regarding this organism is of interest. He says (p. 476), ‘ It is an inter- esting fact that after the organism has adapted itself to ordinary aérobic conditions it does not lose this characteristic by further passage through guinea-pigs. Some of our guinea-pigs so in- oculated have lived fifteen to twenty weeks, and yet upon making cultures from the spleen B. abortus developed even at room tem- perature.” | In my mind there is little doubt but that the organisms re- covered from this cow were the “lineal descendants” of those which I injected subcutaneously in the fifth month of pregnancy. I believe that this is a reasonably well substantiated case of a cow infected artificially with this organism “ after the formation of the uterine seal.’”’ If this is true it is not unreasonable to sup- pose that the same may occur under natural conditions. The writer realizes that these results should be verified by further experiments. However, if it is shown that abortions 628 FRANK M. SURFACE. can be caused, even in the majority of cases, by using such aérobic cultures this offers a new technique which will be of great value in the further study of this disease. Thus by such means it would be possible to ascertain whether cows can be infected through the alimentary canal. It would further be possible to study more accurately the effect of vaccines and other alleged remedies for this disease. The first thing, however, is to ascer- tain what percentage of cows, which from their history and blood tests appear to be healthy, can be infected by such aérobic cul- tures. It is hoped that this suggestion will be tested by a number of investigators. SUMMARY. The subcutaneous injection of a pregnant cow with a mix- ture of aérobic cultures of the abortion bacillus was followed by a typical abortion 52 days later. From this afterbirth and foetus a strain of organisms was isolated which grew steadily in the air on plain agar on the second day of incubation. In these respects the isolated organisms agreed with the strains injected and dif- fered from any strains previously isolated. This in connection with Fabyan’s evidence from guinea-pigs indicates that a cow may be artificially infected by the subcutaneous inoculation of this organism. If further experiments should substantiate this view, the use of aérobic cultures will offer a valuable method in the further study of this disease. REFERENCES. - (oF rom the Biological Laboratory of the Kentucky Experiment Station, Lexington, entucky. (2) Williams, W._L., Contagious Abortion. 16th Ann, Rpt., U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association, see 0, pp. 111-126, Dec., 1912. (3) Italics mine. MS (4) “ Die Sains chit zu dem kleinsten bekanten Bakterienformen.” Zeit. f. Infecktkr., u.s.w. Bd. if B (5 ) Smith and Fabyan—Centralbl, f. gr 1 Abt. Orig. Bd. 61, pp. 549-555, 1912. Melvin—The Vet. Journal, 1912, p. 526. Zwick u. Krage—Berl. Tierarztl, Woch., Bd. 20, 41-43, 1913 (6) Surface, F. M.—Journ. of Infec. Diseases, Vol. Ris PP. 359- -363, 1913. (7) Fabyan, M.—Jour, Med. Res., Vol. 26, pp. 441-488, Tor2: MONTANA VETERINARY MEDICAL AssoctIATION will hold its next meeting at Helena, September 24 and 25, 1913. b ae? HOCK JOINT LAMENESS.* By James McDonovucu, D.V.S., Montcrair, N. j. Introduction—Vhere probably is no condition that we are called upon to diagnose or treat with which we are more familiar than hock joint lameness. And what your Committee expects me to say that will be instructive, or even interesting, is beyond my power of comprehension. However, out of respect to them, I shall try your patience by mentioning a few things about hock joint lameness and its cause, that may prove sufficiently amusing to serve as an excuse for the few, if any, who may remain in the room. Percentage of Lameness in Hock—Barring accidents, prob- ably the cause of 75 per cent. of all lameness of the hind limbs exist in the hock joint, as shown by the report of a committee appointed by the New Jersey Veterinary Medical Association to examine the limbs of a number of horses. They report that of 106 horses examined, 103 showed lesions on the inside of the hock joint of one or both limbs, that were likely to cause lame- ness. And our experience in practice bears them out in their statement, for while we have reason of our own for not apply- ing treatment to the hock joint in so great a percentage of the lame animals we treat, yet I think a careful and impartial an- alysis of the results will prove this committee’s report to be correct. Cause—Injuries to the hock joint so frequently occur, it becomes evident that either the conformation of the joint is de- ficient or its work has been abnormally increased. Not having attained that degree of efficiency which will per- mit of our criticizing the work of Nature, and in view of the fact that we have, and continue to, disturb the adjustment of the entire limb to that extent that it is impossible for the hock joint * Presented at the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association at New York, September, 1913. 629 630 JAMES M’DONOUGH. to perform its work without injury, we must shamefully accept the responsibility. That the hock joint may perform its work with comfort it is absolutely essential that the limb be kept in its normal position. Every care should be exercised to prevent its displacement in a direction not included in the motion natural to the joints. The hock joint will not permit of motion to either side, and the broad quarters of the hoof are intended to prevent its displacement in that direction, and will prevent it if they are allowed to rest upon the ground; but when we apply a shoe that offers not the slight- est support to the foot on either side, how can we expect the limb to perform work and escape injury? Any form of shoe we apply robs the limb of a portion of its natural support. A pad seven-eighths of an inch thick deprives it of approximately 15 per cent. of the support furnished by the unshod hoof—by increasing the length of the hoof and not the width. If this increase in length were caused by its growth, the oblique direction of the wall would increase the width proportion- ately, and the relation between power and resistance would re- main undisturbed. When a three-calked shoe, the ordinary heel and toe shoe, is used the support at the sides corresponds to the length of the toe in front and the distance between the outside of the heels behind—approximately 55 per cent. of its natural sup- port. There is no one who will claim that the web of the shoe can offer support to that part of the foot outside of its point of contact with the ground. Then why wonder at the results? The joint could not continue to perform its work under such con- ditions without injury if it were made of tempered steel. Your time here is too limited to allow a further consideration of this subject at this time, but I ask that you take it up in your practice as I know it will result in your discontinuing and dis- couraging the use of any form of shoe that does not provide the sides of the limb with support equal to the width of the quarters resting upon the shoe, and that will be from ten to fifteen per cent. less than Nature considered necessary for its comfort. For the crippled conditions of our horses of to-day compel : : : ee ~—f HOCK JOINT LAMENESS. 631 us to admit that their limbs are unequal to the task of performing their work under present conditions that tax them beyond their power of endurance. We, as veterinarians, are in duty bound to make a thorough investigation of the cause, and do everything within our power to correct it. If these injuries result from con- ditions over which we have control and can remove, we are trai- tors to our profession if we allow them to continue. What greater act is it possible for the veterinarians of the United States to perform than that of relieving the suffering that those dumb animals have been compelled to endure in silence? In what better way can we fulfill our obligations to the public than to add 100 per cent. of the value of their horses by doubling their period of usefulness. Diagnosis—When we see a lame horse and suspect a spavin as the cause, we invariably look at, and feel of the inside of the hock, but how that can assist us in making a diagnosis is hard to understand, as the presence of a large spavin or the absence of a small one, does not furnish the slightest proof that the cause does or does not exist there, for many horses go sound with very large spavins, while many others go lame from the same cause long before the presence of a spavin can be detected by the sense of touch or sight. So I think it better that we depend upon the history of the case, together with the shape of the hoof and the position of the ankle. The history will be of special importance in the presence of an increased growth of the heels, as a punctured wound of the foot in the region of the heels, sprained tendons, or any condition of the foot or limb that will cause the animal to throw his weight in the direction of the toe, will cause the heels to grow high. But any of these conditions are likely to cause lameness immediately, and their presence to be detected before a change will take place in the growth of the heels. Spavin is the most likely condition that I know of to bring about such a change in the shape of the hoof and not cause lameness. We must not lose sight of the fact that a horse showing all of the symptoms of hock joint lameness might pick up a nail or JAMES M’DONOUGH. [=7) Os lo injure some part of the limb below the hock. So a careful ex- amination of that part of the limb should always be made. I think the ankle joint is a more trustworthy symptom, for unless caused by a sudden strain, 99 per cent. of all cases of spavin lameness will be preceded by some degree of knuckling, and 100 per cent. will show knuckling when lameness is present. I know of no other condition that the horse is heir to that will cause knuckling of the hind limbs that its presence cannot be de- tected. Knuckling of the ankle, in the absence of any perceptible con- dition that will cause it, is accepted by me as reasonable proof that the cause exists in the hock, and upon that symptom alone I have applied treatment to that part of the limb and often with very satisfactory results. It surely can be relied upon to the extent of excluding from our examination all of that part of the limb above the hock. Treatiment—lI have nothing new to offer, in the way of treat- ment. I always try to lessen the work of the part by placing the limb in its normal position, and by applying a shoe that will keep it there. When I say lessen the work, I do not refer to the work of overcoming the resistance at the toe; I mean the abnormal work caused by the limb having been forced out of the line of its long axis, in the direction of the side. I have never felt that I got good results from raising the heel and shortening the toe, but find that much relief is given the animal by correcting the ab- normal position of the foot and providing it with sufficient sup- port at the sides, and many cases of hock joint lameness will make a good recovery without further treatment, and remain sound while the limb is kept in that position, to again go lame when a three-calked shoe is applied. I will now conclude by expressing my appreciation of the great honor your Committee has conferred upon me by selecting me as one deserving of the privilege of addressing this meeting. And I apologize for my failure to provide something more de- serving of your presence. a HOCK JOINT LAMENESS. 633 I thank you for your attention and I hope you will take some action at this meeting that will result in correcting this great and long-existing evil. Fifty years is long enough for us to witness the sufferings of these animals and not offer them any assistance. We have even encouraged a continuance of this prac- tice and collected our fee for treating its unavoidable results. And I know of no act we can perform more appropriate to this occasion than to restore to the limbs of these animals the support so essential to their comfort in the performance of their work. Dr. T. W. Watson, president of the State Board of Veteri- nary Medical Examiners of Texas, has changed his residence from Austin to Corsicana of that state. The Board met in Houston on June 18. Dr. Bishop oF Iowa Gores West ror HEALTH.—Dr. Geo. D. Bishop, formerly of Humeston, lowa, has located at Burley, Idaho, where the doctor, while building up his health, will inci- dentally build up a practice. The Review wishes him success in both. Cuter Mitk I[Nspector.—Dr. John F. Miller, of Albany, N. Y., has recently been appointed Chief Milk Inspector of that city, in the Bureau of Health, Department of Public Safety. We congratulate the doctor on his appointment to so important and responsible a position in the State Capital. INTEREST KEEN IN TrottinG Horses.—At the recent trot- ting meet at old Goshen, the last week in August, ten thousand spectators witnessed some of the best racing ever held at that famous old New York track. ‘‘ Uhlan,” who made his world’s record of 2.0234 on that track, started to lower his record there at this meet, and started so well that he made the first quarter 30% seconds, and the half in 594, and the crowd nearly went mad with delight, but just as he started on the second lap, he stepped on his quarter boot; but still he recovered quickly and finished his mile in 2.0334. He did not lower his record because of the acci- dent, but he proved himself a grand race horse, and won great ap- plause from the spectators. Horses like that are striking examples of what can be accomplished by careful, scientific breeding. THE FUTURE OF THE PROFESSION.* By Dr. A. H. Baker, Cuicaco, IL. In these days of motor cars and trucks the future of the profession becomes a live question. The question is often asked us, “Do you have anything to do in these days of the auto? Haven't the autos taken the place of the horse yet? ”’ Undeniably the autos have increased in great numbers—sur- prisingly so—but instead of hurting the horse I claim it has been a great blessing in the big cities. It has saved the horse many a long, tiresome trip, and if it had not been for the auto the horse would have been at so prohibitive a price by this time that comparatively few people would be able to own one. They are high enough now to induce farmers to raise them, and the price remains persistently high. If the automobile were taking the place of the horse to any extent the price of the latter would depreciate. This seems to me a logical conclusion. If the de- mand for the horse decreased we would expect to see fewer of them in use and the practice would decline, but so far as the num- ber of horses in use is concerned we find a report from the license bureau of Chicago that there were 2,000 more horse- vehicle licenses issued in 1912 than Ig11, and city practice is greater than ever. If any city practitioner finds his income de- creasing he can account for it-on the ground of increase in the number of veterinarians ;. but we find that there are just as many sick and lame horses, just as many night calls to colic, and more accidents, many of them due to recklessness of chauffeurs, in our practice, than ever. The reports from the country practitioners are generally good, and some say practice never was better. Country practice to-day is largely among cattle, sheep and swine. Farm animals * Read at the meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association, July 10, 1913. 634 THE FUTURE OF THE PROFESSION. 635 are so valuable that owners cannot afford to neglect them; con- sequently a qualified man is sure of a good living in any stock raising section of the country. If any veterinarian is not doing well in practice to-day, let him investigate himself and his methods and he will find the cause of his failure. There is an encouraging demand for veter- inarians to settle in all parts of the country, proving that veter- inary service is appreciated and it is becoming as popular and fashionable to speak of “‘ my veterinarian” as it is of “‘ my doc- tor,” “my lawyer,” or “ my dentist.”’ In addition to everyday practice, there are many other lucra- tive openings. The Bureau of Animal Industry employs about one thousand in meat inspection and quarantine work. State and municipal officials are becoming numerous at fairly fat salaries. The army, prospectively, offers alluring opportunities for those well enough qualified to pass their rigid examinations. Agricultural colleges and experiment stations offer enticing in- ducements to the more scientifically qualified. The public is be- coming rapidly educated up to the desirability of municipal meat and milk inspection. In the working of the pure food laws, the veterinarians have an opportunity to push this feature, greatly to the advantage of and additional prestige to the profession. The profession occupies the position to-day of being the greatest conservator of the material wealth in an industry which is the greatest in this country. Consider for a moment how suc- cessfully many of the outbreaks of contagious diseases of animals have been controlled and eradicated. There are only two diseases prevalent in this country to-day; viz., tuberculosis and hog cholera; and some progress is being made in these. The best evidence of prospective, continuous evolution to- wards a higher plane for the profession is in the character of the teaching institutions. The veterinary colleges occupy the unique position of being the only educational institutions in the country under federal supervision. A.veterinary college, to get govern- ment recognition, must comply with the requirements, as to the curriculum, of the Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal 636 DR. A. H. BAKER. Industry, Bulletin No. 150, and be subject to annual inspection by a committee appointed for that purpose by the Department. The curriculum of a veterinary college to-day compares favorably with that of an up-to-date medical college. Consequently, the young graduate leaves college to-day possessed of a much more extended fund of knowledge than did his brother of a few years ago. An era of scientific agriculture in this country is apparent to all observers. Improvement in quality of live-stock is inevit- able, and the veterinary profession will prosper in direct propor- tion to the prosperity of American agriculture. There is no ex- cuse for pessimism. Let us all be optimists and go prepared to win. ’Twixt optimist and pessimist the difference is droll: The optimist sees the doughnut, the pessimist the hole. Notre.—The_ foregoing article from the pen of our esteemed friend, Prof. A. H. Baker, of the Chicago Veterinary College, is very interesting and very encouraging to both the practitioner and the student of veterinary medicine; the more so, because it comes from an old practitioner whose long association with student bodies has accen- tuated in him his natural conservativeness, so that he seldom makes a statement without first having carefully weighed the facts connected with it. We share Prof. Baker’s views in regard to the future of the veterinary profession, in contradistinction to that of those that are looking forward to the “ horseless age.’”? Our observations in the City of New York have impressed us very similarly to those of Prof. Baker’s in Chicago. It has been conservatively estimated that about 20 per cent. of the trucking in New York could be more economically done with auto-trucks than it could be accomplished with horses, the other 80 per cent. being more economically done with horses. But few stop to consider that the general trucking business of the city has been increased through the general increase in business resulting from the benefits of auto-trucking on the long hauls; an increase made plain in Chicago by the fact—as stated in Prof. Baker’s article—that there were 2,000 more horse-vehicle licenses issued in that city in 1912 than had been issued in 1911. It is also evident that the increase is general, from the statistics published in the March issue of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, on page 639, which showed that there was an increase in the horse population of the United States on January 1, 1913, of 58,000 and in mules 24,000 over that of January, 1912. Aside from the optimistic view that is actuated by these conditions with general practitioners in large cities, encouragement is also to be derived from the large field opened up in the live-stock industry of our country, and veterinarians should become close and enthusiastic students of general breeding problems.—[EprTor. ] Movep From Onto to OrEGon.—Dr. W. B. Cook, Hyde ‘ark, Cincinnati, Ohio, has moved to Albany, Oregon. We trust the doctor will enjoy the equable climate of that charming State. ASSISTANT STATE VETERINARIAN OF NEBRASKA FINDs IT INDISPENSABLE.—“ Please find draft to renew my subscription for another year. I find the Review indispensable.” a9 CREA: Oy PEPTOTOXIN PRODUCTION BY THE BACILLUS OF CON- TAGIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE.* By JoHN ReicHeL, V.M.D., AND MAtcotm J. Harkins, V.M.D., THE MuL- FORD LABORATORIES, GLENOLDEN, PA. The English Commission appointed by the Board of Agricul- ture and Fisheries to inquire into epizootic abortion of cattle, in their report include the statement, ““ Apparently, however, no free toxins are formed by the bacillus (abortus) in culture.” The reaction in infected cattle usually appreciable by a rise of temperature, etc., in from 8 to 18 hours after a subcutaneous injection of abortion, 7. e., an extract of the bacillus and its pro- ducts prepared as is tuberculin with tubercle bacilli is generally attributed to toxins of which the English Commission remarks, “The toxins, then, which cause the febrile symptoms after in- oculation are endotoxins, that is to say they are contained inside the bacilli.”” From this it may be taken that the opinion is held that the bacilli in culture form no other toxins than endotoxins. From our experiment we have drawn the following conclu- sions : 1. The bacillus of contagious abortion of cattle (abortus bacilli) produces a toxin on peptonized culture media but not on peptone free media. 2. Thorough washing will rid the bacilli grown on pepton- ized media of the toxin. 3. The toxin is included in the alcoholic precipitate of the supernatant liquid of the suspension of the bacilli grown on peptonized agar. 4. Sixty-five degrees centigrade for 30 minutes apparently has no effect on the peptotoxin. 5. Cattle must be sensitized to react to the petotoxin. * Abstract from “ Centralblatt fur Bakteriologie Parasitenkunde und Infektions- krankheiten,” by above authors, and read _at the meeting of the Societ of American Bacteriologists, held at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Researc , ,New_ York, January 2, 1913, and also at the meeting of the Philadelphia Pathological Society, January 23, 1913. 637 63S JOHN REICHEL. 6. Bacillus typhosus, coli communi, tetanus and pneumococ- cus cultures on peptonized agar reveal the presence of peptotoxin, when injected into animals sensitized to the abortus bacillus or its products. The peptotoxin of these organisms probably have much in common if they are not one and the same substance, be- cause animals can be sensitized with one for any of the others. 7. No reactions were observed following the injections into the sensitized animals of peptonized agar cultures of the diphtheria bacillus, stayphlococcus aurous, nonhemolytic streptococcus, and hemolytic streptococcus which may mean that these organisms did not produce peptotoxin or only in very small amounts. 8. Rabbits develop agglutinins following the injections of thoroughly washed and unwashed abortus bacilli equally well. The peptotoxin injected with the unwashed bacilli is not essential in the production of antibodies. g. In that the abortus bacillus produces a peptotoxin in a proteid medium and it is a possibility that peptotoxin is produced in milk with the bacilli from cattle in infected herds, the whole- someness of the milk is more questionable. DALRYMPLE IS NAMED AS ONE OF STATE’S DELEGATES.— Dr. Fred J. Mayer, president of the Louisiana State Medical So- ciety, has appointed Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of the Louisiana State University, a delegate from the Louisiana State Medical Society to the Seventeenth International Medical Congress, which convenes in London, Eng., August 5th to 20th, of this year. Dr. Dalrymple has been an honorary member of the Louisi- ana State Medical Society for the past 11 or 12 years. As Dr. Dalrymple hopes to be able to attend the Tenth Inter- national Veterinary Congress in London in 1914, it is doubtful whether he will be able to accept the honor conferred on him by President Mayer of the Louisiana State Medical Society.— Baton Rouge State-Times Advocate. A Broruer in Utan writes: “ Enclosed find my subscrip- tion for another year; I can’t practice in a profitable way with- out the Review.” q , A AGAR ae Fr bss Aim, REPORTS OF CASES. Pee ele CALCULUS.* By B. F. Kine, D.V.S., Shrewsbury, N. J. A person to fill a position in life must be perfectly acquainted with his or her subject; for what would you or I, as a veterin- arian, do diagnosing a case did we not know the different parts and their accessories. For instance, the eye is the perception of thought, with it we perceive. In the year 1886, on the eighth day of April, I was by a unanimous vote of the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey made an active member of the said association. It has been my highest aim since to do what I could to elevate the profession. Two years following I was elected treasurer, and continued to hold the position for fourteen years. Since then many changes have taken place, many new mem- bers have been added to the association, and I am-sorry to say many have been dropped, and sad as it may seem, I have helped to lay in the cold grave several beloved brother members. And still the organization goes on with all its friendly associations and good times, and to-day we stand one of the foremost asso- ciations in the United States. It is not my intention to give you any elaborate ideas, but I do hope to give you something to repay you for the time spent in listening to what I have to say. If I do not, my mission has failed, for I consider it binding upon every member to con- tribute something in the course of the year to advance the in- terest of the association, or his mission as a member has failed. Calculus, a Latin word, is defined by Webster as any con- cretion formed in any part of the body. There are different named calculi. There is abdominal calculi, the kidney calculi, the bladder calculi, the stomach calculi and numerous others, but they all narrow down to the one definition, a hard concrete sub- stance. *Presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey at its twenty-ninth semi-annual meeting at Jersey City, July 10, 1913. 639 610 REPORTS OF CASES. But the one I am about to speak about is a facial calculus (formed by a sediment, a waste from a salivary gland). My subject to-day is a local one. It is an experience I have had. I was called to see a horse that had glanders, or it was sup- posed that he had, as he had been treated by the entire com- munity, and their efforts had failed. But, to my astonishment, I found a large gray horse with an abscess upon his check, as large as a saucer, filthy; the surroundings looked as if it had run not only for days but for months without cleansing, I was informed by the owner that he had owned the horse for five years and in that time it had never healed. My first impression was that the trouble resulted from a decayed tooth. But upon examining the mouth, I was surprised to find him a young horse, with a perfectly clean mouth. I de- cided at once to remove the entire mass, and find the seat of trouble or discharge. Knowing that the cheek was composed of muscular tissue, fat, nerves, blood vessels, etc., also that in that solid mass we find a deep-seated muscle known to us as the Rectus Anticus Mayor, a deep-seated muscle which it was not best to disturb if possible. Over this muscle was located the buccal gland, the large gland which contains the reservoir, into which flow three streams of salvia. This reservoir empties its contents just back of the last molar, and plays a very important part in the secretion of saliva. But there is another of greater capacity, called the parotid gland, running down at the base of the ear, which gives off a long duct called Steno’s duct, which passes on and empties its contents opposite the first molar. These glands were, I might say, all destroyed. They all formed one solid mass of gristle-like substance. Thus far I have endeavored to outline the secretion of saliva from this last gland, the parotid or Steno’s duct. I located and removed the stone I present to you to-day. This last-named gland had been obstructed by a foreign body from an accident some twelve years previously, having pene- trated the gland; all the solids from the saliva had been taken up, thereby robbing the system of the essentials to support the animal and forming the stone. When you obstruct any organ of the human or animal mechanism, all parts are more or less affected. | , : ; REPORTS OF CASES. 641 The saliva which assists in masticating the food is con- tinually flowing whether awake or asleep, although much faster when awake and taking food into the stomach. It is estimated by scientists that the flow is about one gallon every hour when a horse is feeding. What would be the outcome should this secretion be ob- structed? It would overflow its regular course (would it not), and in what condition would the food pass into the stomach? In a perfectly dry state. By cutting off or obstructing the action of the submaxillary gland you would reduce the source of supply of nourishment to the buccal membrane, and it becomes dry and hard as the foot of a horse suffering with navicular trouble, and cannot supply the nourishment required to the stomach. The saliva is not mere water. It has constituent parts. “Lassaign,” I think, if my memory serves me right, was a French chemist. First he analyzed the salvia from a horse and found it contained solids, and then he went still further and found that it contained three-fifths solids, leaving two-fifths water, and he went still further and found their composition, which demonstrated the fact that they were composed of car- bonate and phosphate of lime. His analysis demonstrates to us all very clearly that water would not take the place of saliva. Whereas, in the human being the saliva differs in its com- position, Bidder and Schmidt, two German chemists, give 995.16 in 1,000 parts of water, leaving but a few parts solids, and the composition of the solids differs materially from the animal. The solids are composed of sulpho cyanide of potassium, chloride of potassium, chloride of sodium and magnesia. Gentlemen, when you obstruct the flow of saliva into the stomach, which is composed of certain elements or solids, what must be the results? The liquid portion will by a circuitous route find its way into the stomach, but the stomach is robbed of the essential elements or parts, the solids. Look at the animal from which I removed this formation, the stone. Just as one part of a machine, being broken, throws the whole machine out of adjustment, so the stone or calculus in the jaw had affected the whole system, the stomach, spleen, liver, kidneys and all other organs, in an indirect way, and rendered the whole condition of the animal one of general de- bility, with a running sore as large as a coffee cup. This calculus is something out of the ordinary. To obtain C42 REPORTS OF CASES. that formation, you must puncture the parotid duct or buccal gland by some foreign body, and let it remain and obstruct the flow of saliva. I have made a search for the history of this horse. I find he was foaled on the outskirts of Lakehurst, a small hamlet just south of Lakewood, in Ocean County, about fourteen years ago. When one and a half years old he met with an accident. He was supposed to have run into a fence and bruised his cheek. From that time on he was attended by several veterimarians, but the cheek would not heal. After the operation it healed directly, and to-day there is no dishguring of the face whatsoever. In closing this paper, I have only to say that I have en- deavored to explain my subject plainly and concisely in my humble way. Mr. Wanamaker once said to a company of young students when he was approached on the subject of education, “ The ignorant man is always placed at a great disadvantage.” This world is a great university. From the cradle to the grave we are always in God's great kindergarten, where every- thing is trying to teach us its lessons, to give us its great secrets. Some people are always at school, always storing up precious bits of knowledge; everything has a lesson for them. It all depends upon the eye that can see, the mind that can appropriate. Very few people ever learn how to use their eyes. They go through the world with a superficial glance at things; their eye pictures are so faint, and so dim. The eye is in- tended as a great educator; the brain is a prisoner, never getting out to the outside world. It depends upon its five or six ser- vants, the senses, to bring it material, and the larger part of it comes through the eye. The man who has learned the art of seeing things looks with his brain. “UNUSUAL CASES WITH RECOVERY, MET IN es COUNTRY PRACTICE.” By Dr. L. E. THoomrson, Newman, III. Torsion of the Uterus in a Mare—Mare was due to foal, and on morning of the 17th of June, 1910, had slight colicky pains, which continued occasionally (though the mare had a fair appe- tite), until June 24th, when advice was first sought. i tow) (Pee REPORTS OF CASES. G43 Upon examination the uterus was found turned completely, as indicated by the spiral turns of the os, and as to reducing the condition, it was impossible with the hand alone, as only two fingers could reach the foal. Hopples were then placed on the mare, and assistants instructed to roll her over once while with one hand entering the os, I was endeavoring to reduce the spiral turns. We were successful, and the colt was delivered with little difficulty. From the decayed condition of the foal and foetal annexes (the latter had entirely decomposed), the foal must have been dead nearly a week. Uterus was thoroughly flushed after de- livery, and again on the 26th and 28th. At the end of ten days the mare was apparently as well as ever and has not been bred since that date. “Urethral calculus” in a_ tweleve-year-old—Afternoon of 21st of September, 1910; animal showed a little uneasiness, kick- ing at the abdomen and lying down occasionally ;.on morning of 22d the animal was in great pain, lying down frequently, arising immediately, kicking at the abdomen, switching the tail and most pronounced attempts to urinate, while the urine only dipped from him. The owner called, stating ‘his horse had kidney trouble and couldn’t pass his water ”’; for once he was right, for in nine cases of bowel trouble out of ten the owner is confident that it is “ his kidneys.’ Examination per rectum revealed the bladder greatly dis- tended, and as the animal was thin the calculus could be easily located just above the ischial arch; as the animal was of a quiet disposition (not deemed best to cast with the bladder so dis- tended) with the twist applied, he was backed to manger. After usual aseptic precautions an incision was made from above on to the calculus. As soon as the incision was made the urine passed freely. Calculus was then removed with difficulty, as the lining membrane of the urethra adhered to the roughened surface. Not having any catgut, the urethra was sutured with silk, then outer wound sutured only partially. No urine escaped from the wound. Rectal examination re- vealed the bladder in good condition, with no sign of other cal- culi. Ten days later sutures were removed from the urethra and the remaining wound sutured. The animal didn’t miss a feed after the operation, and to-day is as well as any animal. Calculus measured 2 inches in length and 1 inch in diameter. “ Oesophageal obstruction in a ten-day foal ”’—Owner called oe G44 REPORTS OF CASES. evening of March 11, 1911, stating a “little colt was choked.” The colt gave plain symptoms of asphageal obstruction, and ex- amination revealed a solid object about an inch long by one-half inch in diameter in the upper third of the cervical region. Manipulation failed to move the object either way. We de- cided this was a small piece of a cob, and secured a small apple twig, pliable and with length enough to reach the stomach. After wrapping this with muslin, enlarging the end by repeated wrap- ping and then with this well- coated with vaseline, it was passed and the object passed into the stomach. Colt then nursed immediately, which he had not been able to do for three hours. MONSTROSITY. By Francis ABELE, Jr., V.S., Quincy, Mass. In a barn being repaired after a fire, lay a two-year old heifer stretched on the floor of lintel, unable to raise her head. She and the others were fed and bedded on coarse rain-damaged hay. From this heifer’s vulva projected the greatly swollen head of a dead but not decomposed calf. The swollen head was the result of three men’s hauling on it. Being too large to return, head was removed. Withdrawing of first leg took an exceeding amount of time and energy, as leg would not flex. Loops back of knee would not flex it, and legs would not parallel although surely front ones. Traction at last brought a large calf with knees stiff and facing each other. Fet- locks were half flexed, stiff and rigid. Now, was the condition a simple monstrosity? Was it a re- sult from fire? Or was it a result from feeding damaged hay? ‘“ COBBLER STICK TO YOUR Dasa. By SAME. An ex trained-nurse, now comfortably married, had a present of a Boston terrier, small, well-formed, wonderfully alert, but too high-strung. He would never play with another dog, but would rush them from the neighborhood. He would come at a visitor’s heels. I could suggest no cure, so he was taken to rescue league, where he was emasculated. The wounds infected, REPORTS OF CASES. 645 the dog’s courage was gone, he had gastritis and a nasty gleet from the prepuce. As the dog was four years old I could not suspect, much as I wanted to, distemper. There came a mucus discharge from eyes, so ex-nurse took dog to oculist, who sug- gested syphilis or gonorrhcea, and I was duly informed. I took cultures to a laboratory medical man, who found many strepto- cocci, some micrococci, but could not distinguish gonococci. In the meantime variola had broken out and I had a diagnosis to suit myself of our old friend distemper. I would have expected an excess of staplylococci. The excitement caused by the diag- nosis of the oculist can well be imagined. Of course it was easy to dispose of the syphilis diagnosis. It was harder to disprove gonorrhcea, and to an educated person, this is not a welcome visitor to the home. Personally, | should have proved it before giving diagnosis. GENERAL POST-MORTEM LESIONS OF LIGHTNING STROKE IN EIGHT HORSES AND TWO COWS: By L. B. Micwarr, M.D.C., Collinsville, Ill. There is a farmer’s insurance company here who pay in- demnity of live stock, etc., killed by fire or lightning. Conse- quently [ was called ‘n to decide whether or not said animal was killed by lightning. Lrstons.—Skin very dry and adherent to the sub-cutaneous tissue, often only unilateral, this makes skinning very difficult. Mucous membranes of all external openings highly con- gested. Rapid decomposition of the carcass. Kidneys contain the most prominent lesions. The urimiferous tubes and capillaries are as if shaken apart. The appearance is as if par-boiled, slightly bleached. Lings.—Red-hepatization, either unilateral or bi-lateral. Pleura congested. Peritonewmn.—Congested in places. Ifa very strong bolt the intestines will also be congested. Spleen.—Capsule normal. Size normal, the parenchymatous tissue is very soft and nearly black. Liver and gall normal. A living case might be mistaken for a case of paraplegia or azoturia. Five years ago these few remarks would have helped me very much. ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. FRENCH REVIEW. By Pror. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M. INTRA-INGUINAL AND INTRA-ABDOMINAL FUNICULITIs [P. J. Rebeu, Army Veterinarian|.—A young horse, recently re- ceived in the ranks, has a fistulous tract at the right cicatrix of castration. Treatment with iodide of potash and antiseptic injec- tions seem to be followed by recovery. Eight months later the character of the animal is all changed, he becomes ugly.. He gets lame, and in the scrotal region there is a fusiform tumour, hard and fistulous; it extends well up to the right superior inguinal ring. Operation is decided. An incision of the skin exposes a large abscess. The inferior extremity of the testicular cord is exposed and the champignon traced to the crural arch and the small oblique. It is continued in the abdominal cavity and the cord is amputated with the ecraseur. Antiseptic dressing is ap- plied. Manifestations of peritonitis developed with fever lasting for 20 days, and temperature between 39 and 41 degrees C. Gradually, however, improvement set in and recovery was has- tened with cacodylate of soda. The funiculitis weighed 750 grams, was 8 centimeters in diameter and 20 in length.—( Kev. Veter. Milit.) EVENTRATION, SURGICAL INTERFERENCE, RECOVERY [ Capt. Ball, Army Veterinarian].—After an accident occurring in the stable, a five-year-old mare had in front of the umbilicus a lacera- tion with subcutaneous tearing eight centimeters long. The wound is anfractuous, muscles and peritoneum involved, and loop of intestines protrudes. Immediate interference is neces- sary. There is no intestinal perforation. With thick catgut, a suture, with separated stitches, is made taking in peritoneum, the aponeurosis of the great and small oblique and the transverse of the abdomen. ‘The skin is closed with antiseptic silk and a band- age applied round the body. The following day the animal re- mains very irritable. The general condition is good and appetite 646 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. . GAT. fair. Temperature 39° C. Oedematous swelling takes place and two stitches removed allow escape of abundant serosity. Anti- septic dressings are continued and recovery completed in 41 days. —(Ibid.) OcciriTo-ATLOID WRENCH [Major Payrow, A. V.|.—Sud- denly frightened, the mare * Hirondelle”’ pulls back violently, and with jerks on her halter, slides on her hind quarters and falls. She is taken then with true convulsions. Her muscles are shivering and taken with spasmodic contractions. The breath- ing is accelerated, pulse full and heart beating rapidly. The mare is unable to rise, the fore legs are paralyzed. The head is twisted on the neck, the median plane of it forming with that of the neck an angle of about 30 degrees. The whole region is painful and motions of the head impossible. Moist bandages are applied to be renewed every three hours. Nitrate of pilo- carpine injected. The next day the mare is up, and the symp- toms of medullary irritation have subsided. Jlodide of potas- sium is prescribed. After five days, improvement is much marked. After a month of nursing, the mare is to all appearance recovered, but with a permanent stick neck. The head remains bent with the tip of the nose turned to the right. The left side of the occipito-atloid joint forms a convexity. On the contrary, on the right side the atlas shows a deep concavity. The motions of the head are limited. Flexion and extension are very re- duced and the lateral movements almost impossible.—( tev. eter. Milit.) COMPLETE FRACTURE OF THE RAptus | Lieutenant Nicolas, Army Veterinarian |.—Light draught horse of eight years re- ceives a kick on the inside of right fore arm, while being turned out in a field. He is found with the right fore leg resting on the toe of the foot, back of the left leg. He is in great pain and bleeding from a wound above the right knee. The diagnosis is made and killing is recommended. The animal is valuable, the owner declines. Four days after, a bony piece sloughs out, it measures 7 centimeters long, 4 in width. The animal had been left turned out, and thirty-one days after the conditions remain about the same. Suppurating wound, crepitation, mobil- ity of the segments of the radius. The owner still refuses to have the poor brute killed. He is still kept outdoors. Soon the wound granulates well, the leg has a tendency to a normal con- GAS ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, dition. ‘The horse rests on it and gradually walks on it; the muscles, much atrophied, are filling by degrees, and after thir-~ teen months there remains only a slight lameness in walking, and gradually the horse is returned to work with a large ex- ostosis of the forearm and a slight deviation of the leg when compared with that of the opposite side. In time the lameness kept going away and there remained but a marked circumduc- tion of the extremity.— (J/bid.) RENAL LirHtasis IN A MULE [Lieut. A. Monner, Army Veterinarian |.—Aged 10 years, a mule shows deep anhemia. He has also difficulty in urinating, and the urine is mixed with blood. Collected in a glass, there is a big calcareous deposit with a layer of mucus on the top of it. Examination of the bladder through the rectum is negative. The loins are particularly sensible to pressure. Balsamic and internal antiseptic with flax seed teas are prescribed. The condition does not improve, and finally death takes place. In the right kidney there was found a calculus weighing 115 gramms, formed of five separate pieces, articu- lated together by diarthrodial facettes. It had an irregular form and was composed of a median portion occupying the pelvis, with a prolongation running in the ureter. It was essentially made of carbonate of lime. The ureter was normal and the bladder the seat of catarrhal inflammation.—(Rev. Vet. Milit.) FRACTURE OF THIRD PHALANX AND BtER’s METHOp [ Capt. Lemire and Lieut. Ducrotoy, Army Veterinarians|.—A fifteen- year-old mare is very lame on the left foreleg. Foot examined shows general sensibility and heat principally round the coronet and plantar surface of the hoof. Rotatory motions are very painful. Crepitation not detected, but percussion on the sole and the frog brings out violent reactions on the part of the animal. Cocaine injection is followed by removal of the lameness. After some hesitation a diagnosis of fracture is made and with severe prognosis advanced. Zreatment—Hot foot baths, bandage of Bier 10 hours a day applied in the middle of the cannon. Although the lameness was very great at first, it gradually subsided, and after twenty days the treatment was modified by a circular groove round the hoof, immediately below the coronary band and blistering frictions on the coronet. After two months the mare returned to her work perfectly sound. - Dying some six months after, an examination was made of ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 649 her foot. It showed a fracture of the third phalanx in three pieces perfectly united—( kev. Veter. Milit.) A CASE OF OSTEOMALACIA RECOVERED [Mr. A. Romany |.— A six-year-old pony has no history of previous ailment. When he was seen by the writer he had marked deformity of the face, synovitis of almost all the joints of his legs, is very lame. His loins are weak and his fetlocks are knuckled in front and behind. Otherwise his general condition is satisfactory. The horse has been treated before with arsenious acid, glycero-phosphate of lime and powdered cinchona. Osteomalacia was diagnosed and a powerful arsenical treatment prescribed—606 being selected as the proper ingredient. Two intravenous injections of Salvar- san was given, in doses corresponding to two human doses max- ima. Eight days after the animal walked much better, the synosi- tis had almost entirely disappeared, there was no more lameness in walking. Ten days later the horse could trot, mounted by a light boy. Gradually the condition and general aspect improved, but the swelling of the face has remained, although less marked. —(Repert. Veter.) ITALIAN REVIEW. 3y Prof. A. Liautarp and E. P. Cresart, M.V. EFrEctTs OF SOME DruGs ON THE COMPOSITION OF Cow’s MILK { Oliviero Lanzoni|.—Sulphate of soda, of magnesia, rhu- barb, aloes, arsenic were used. The following conclusions are the results: 1. Leaving aside the question of the passage in the milk of the rhubarb, aloes and arsenic, it is very probable that, contrary to the general affirmation of Malafert, the sulphate of sodae or of magnesia do not go through the milk. 2. The drugs that were used did produce really noticeable changes (explained physiologically) in the chemical composition of the milk, and which are related to the principal nutritive con- stituents of milk. 3. Consequently these milks of pathological origin, whether they have lost all nutritive power, by the marked diminution of fixed principles, or because they have become improper for food, by the increase of the caseine which renders them indigestible after the administration of sodae or magnesia salts; these milks G50 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES, are not hygienic and ought not to be sold, unless for special uses and as medicinal milks.—( Clinica Veter.) CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE EYE | Stefano Rirabella|.— In an eight months’ old cat, of common breed, the anterior part of both ocular globes is almost entirely covered with long tuffs of silky hairs. The skin of the sus-orbital region is continued without interruption on the globe of the eye and is intimately adherent. It gradually grows thinner about the inferior quarter of the cornea when it begins to get transparent. The conjunctiva is missing, as well as the inferior conjunctival cul-de-sac, and the: upper eye lid is reduced to merely an external cutaneous cover- ing. There is no palpebral slit. The inferior eye lid completely and normally developed is continued without line of demarka- tion with the skin above. Sight, although very limited, is not entirely abolished.—( Clinic. Veter. ) On Doc DisteEMPER | Antonio Maja|.—These are contribu- tions to the study of cellular inclusions in dog distemper. The researches of the author have been made on three cases of the broncho-pulmonary form and one of nervous form. In these various cases Maja has found endo-cellular bodies, having a characteristic structure, of various diameter, but much alike and containing small rounded formations, oval and of about the same size. These bodies had various localizations, according to the clini- cal form of the disease. In the broncho-pulmonary they were found in the epithelium of the small and middle sized bronchii. They are the smallest. In the nervous form they were found in some parts of the central nervous centre; they were the biggest. Contrary to Babes, they were not found in the sections of the horn of Ammon. ; The bodies described by Sinigaglia called ‘“* Negria canis ” by their specificity, their constant structure, their seat which corre- sponds with the clinical forms of the disease, from what is known of other diseases with filtrable viruses and principally of rabies, cught to be considered as the specific forms of dog distemper. The corpuscles described by Lentz, homogeneous and with- out structure, are, according to the writer and to Sinigaglia, who affirm it, the result of the process of degeneration of the nervous cell.—(J/bidem. ) ANGIO-FIBROMA OF THE CHORION IN A SLut [Carlo Spara- pant|.—A King Charles bitch, five weeks gone in pregnancy, was a ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 651 taken with pains of abortion. Notwithstanding effective thera- peutic treatment resorted to, so as to prevent abortion, a foetus six centimeters long was expelled. The bitch recovered without trouble. The quantity of amniotic liquid expelled was much in- ferior to normal. On the external surface of the placentar chorion there was a reniform tumour, as big as a large nut, yel- lowish, and which proved to be an angio-fibroma. It had been possibly the cause of abortion.—(// Nuovo Encol.) Two Cases or “ AporTED Ova” In Cows [A. Vachetta].— In 1882 the author had called the attention to “ moles” in cows. They are ova which have a certain degree of development, but only one of the envelopes. When these ova are expelled there is found no trace of embryos nor of foetus. Vachetta reports two more cases. Aborted ovae can be found alone or with well-developed foetus. They differ much from uterine cystic productions by the presence of the placenta on their external envelope. The question is of rather great importance; first, because this anomaly may constitute a complication of pregnancy and of de- livery or again simulate a normal pregnant state; second, because the development of a single aborated ova is for the owner of the animal a loss of time and money; third, because the purchase of a cow bought as pregnant and having only an aborated ova may give rise to law controversy and place the veterinarian in a diff- cult position.—(/] Nuovo Ercol.) PRIMITIVE PERITHELIOMA OF THE INGUINAL LYMPH GLAND IN A Mare [A. Galli].—The animal was six years old. Some five months ago a small swelling, no bigger than a small nut, developed in the right inguinal region. The swelling became warm, painful; an abscess was suspected and treated. In a few days it ulcerated spontaneously, giving escape to yellowish fluid, mixed with blood. Then all trouble disappeared. Shorty after a second swelling developed, close to the spot where the first had been. Notwithstanding treatment, it kept growing, became as big as a turkey’s egg. It was painless. A neoplasm was sus- pected and the extirpation performed. The tumor examined un- der the microscope was found to consist of cellular proliferations of epithelioid type, surrounding blood vessels with embryonar structure, which united and anastomosed, and gave rise to patches where the neoplasic tissue affected the aspect of a diffused sar- coma. It was a perithelioma.—(// Nuovo Ercol.) CORRESPONDENCE. ARECOLINE AND STRYCHNINE. Newman, IIL, July 28, 1913. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, New York: In the July number of the Review, Wilfred J. Stokes asks for some experience with the use of arecoline and strychnine combined. Experience with the use of both combined dates back to the coming into general use of arecoline, probably eight years or more. As to arecoline and strychnine combined in a single tablet, it may be all right, but I prefer them in separate tablets. When I first began using arecoline the 1 grain tablets were used; but found they were too active, and many times would have to divide one, which was tedious and inaccurate. I prefer the ¥%-grain tablets of arecoline and %4-grain of strychnine separate, which I combine in one dose. As to doses, they may be repeated as often as the symptoms indicate. In regard to its uses in different forms of bowel trouble it is absolutely essential. Gastric flatulence, and especially in connection with intestinal Hatuience, this has been kept up continuously for twelve hours; repeated 12-grain to I-grain doses every 30 to 60 minutes; for the action seldom continues more than 60 minutes. Unless the animal is affected with chronic constipation and takes a large dose (I know of two or three in which I have given I grain.of arecoline, 4 grain strychnine and repeated arecoline in fifteen minutes and then probably another grain in 30 minutes), 1 usually begin with % grain of arecoline and % grain of strych- nine, and then if animal does not show symptoms of salivation, increased peristalsis of the bowels and restlessness (if lying quiet) another 1% grain is given (no strychnine), then at the end of 60 minutes probably another % grain of arecoline and 4% grain of strychnine, Have given the drug to foals not eight hours old, where in- jections, oil and salts, had had no effect, and with good result. As to its varied use, also in the treatment of heat-stroke with rapid breathing, nervous excitement, muscles rigid, arecoline alone in small repeated doses gives good results. 652 | | CORRESPONDENCE. 653 Unless a drug could be found to take its place, and at the price, I would be tempted to quit practice if I could not obtain arecoline; for with its use, many times in an hour from the time you are called to a case of colic you are ready to leave with animal eating. It is always better to begin with a small dose and repeat often, for with an overdose, especially with arecoline alone, there will be great weakness, profuse salivation, deep breathing and prob- ably death. Though I have not had this misfortune yet, some have been very near it. Dr. L. E. Tompson: “ ARECOLINE AND STRYCHNINE.” Empsro, Onr., CAN., August 9, 1913. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, New York: Having taken the Review since | graduated in 1906, I feel I cannot do without it; and | read with much interest the article on page 402, July number, written by Wilfred J. Stokes, and was anxiously looking forward for the August number, thinking some one would have made reference to it. I am very sorry Dr. Stokes did not hold a post-mortem, as I am of the opinion that he would then have found the trouble. About four years ago I was called to examine a horse which presented identically similar symptoms. I injected hypoderm- ically, arecoline hydrobromide, grains 2; strych. sulph., grains 1. In one hour I gave arecoline hydrobromide, grains 1%, strych. sulph., grains %, and in fifteen minutes he fell backwards, dead. I was almost positive I killed the horse, but, however, I decided to face the music and hold a post-mortem. ‘The result was, I found a case of strangulation of the intestines, combined with an internal hemorrhage. I frequently use these drugs combined, and have yet to see the first ill effect. Just one week ago I was called to see a bay gelding weighing 1,400 pounds. Symptoms—Violent pain, spasmodic colic, regurgations. Treetment—Hypodermically, arecoline hydrobromide, grains 2; sttvch. sulph.. grains 1; rectal injections. In 30 minutes, hypodermically, arecoline hydrobromide, grains 14, strych. sulph., grains. 34, and in one hour, he made a complete recovery. I hope that these few linés will enlighten Dr. Stokes suff1- 654 CORRESPONDENCE. ciently to use the combination of arecoline and strychnia with safety. H. B. ATKinson, V. S. CASTRATING STANDING VS. ADVANCED. VETERIN- ARY SURGHEX. Grenada, Miss., July 22, 1913. Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw, New York: DEAR Sirn—The interest I think you feel in all matters of use to the veterinarian and the discussions which appeared in the May, June and July copies of the REvIEw on castrating a horse standing, or rather the advance of veterinary surgery. I am therefore encouraged to write a few words endorsing the casting system, which you are at liberty to publish in your journal if. you so wish. I highly esteem the opinions of the gentlemen taking the stand that it is best to operate standing and every veterinarian should be able to do the operation in that way when the occasion de- mands. I disagree with the idea that the standing position is the best for most ‘all horses in the routine of veterinary practice. The most of my patients for this operation are unbroken horse or mule colts from one to four years of age. They are not bronchos or outlaws. However, the doctor might think so if he undertook to castrate standing by “ getting up close to and keeping up close to,’ unless he used unwise courage and possessed the fighting skill of Jack Johnson. Conditions are not the same in all states and where horses are on the draft order the standing operation may be best. The operation is not new. Fifty years ago men that cut boars and bulls with a lick and a pull castrated gentle horses standing. Not wishing to take more space I will not enter into a detailed discussion for or against the advantages or disadvantages of the question further than to say, when I attended the Chicago Veter- inary College I learned Dr. Merillat’s plan, the best in the world, how to cast and secure, which is so simple and safe that I cannot get out of the plan. If we stick to the point of advanced veterinary surgery it seems to me that it is in better keeping for the profession to cast. I am, with every expression of regard, Yours very truly, Wo. P. Fercuson. SOCIETY MEETINGS. ALABAMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The sixth annual meeting of the above association was held in Birmingham Ala., June 6, 1913. After routine of business the following papers were read: _ Dr. J. I. Handley read a paper on sore mouth in dogs. This paper was a digest of his thesis at the Veterinary College of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala. He had tried to transmit the disease by blood inoculations, by saliva, by scarifica- tion of the mucosa, by contact, and in no case was he successful. Unless the well dogs were immune these tests show that sore mouth is not infectious by the ordinary methods. This paper was discussed by a number of the members and various lines of treat- ment suggested, some of which had been tried with variable re- sults. Dr. J. S. Andrade, of Huntsville, Ala., read the next paper, on colics.‘ Dr. O. R. Eatman, of Gadsden, then read a paper on the use of pilocarpine for mild abdominal pains. These two papers were discussed together by all present, and the various lines of treatment were brought out. Dr. J. E. Threadgill, of Troy, next talked on the therapeutic uses of some drugs. He declares that eserine, pilocarpine and barium chloride should not be used in sand colic. Nor does he advise the use of digitalis. He employs first one-fourth grain each of arecoline hydrobromide and strychnine, and two hours later gives one-half grain of each and does not repeat under three hours. Dr. R. F. Strickland, of Birmingham, Assistant Meat and Milk Inspector, read a paper on tuberculosis and trichina. Dr. F. M. Jackson, veterinarian for the Tennessee Coal and Iron Co., of Birmingham, gave a talk on the use of tincture of iodine in treatment of wounds. He employs it full strength at first and thereafter dilutes it and applies only once every two or three days. In open joints he injects full strength once; then applies a blister around joint and puts animal in slings, keeping articulation quiet. 655 656 SOCIETY MEETINGS Dr. O. W. Payne, -Assistant Milk Inspector of Birmingham, Ala., read a paper on the milk inspection work in Birmingham. Dr. A. H. French gave a talk on the importance of being able to recognize the difference between ante- and post-mortem clots in the heart and blood vessels. This is of special importance in determining the cause of death and on legal cases. Dr. A. D. Piatt, of Birmingham, and Dr. W. D. Staples, of Anniston, read papers on their experiences with influenza in horses and mules. During the past winter nearly all Alabama veterinarians had a large number of fatalities from complications. The most common fatal forms of the disease were pleuro- pneumonia, paralysis of tongue, pharynx, larynx and esophagus. All seemed to think that in cases of paralysis of or about the throat were only temporarily benefited by tracheotomy. All or nearly all such cases die either from septicemia or pleuro- pneumonia. No one obtained any good from tapping the thorax in pleuro-pneumonia, especially where the serum was milky and flaky. Dr. J. E. Threadgill claimed to have good results with cases where there was paralysis of the tongue, larynx or pharynx by putting the case in a clean open air place, allowing animal plenty of fresh water and spraying throat with a long nozzle syringe through mouth with weak solution of salol and potassium ‘chlor- ate. Such cases were not given anything but water for 5 to 10 days. No soft, or any kind of feed given until the animal re- covered so as to be able to swallow water. Threadgill advises to avoid purgatives, digitalis and the trachea tube. He says he threw his trachea tubes away. Dr. 1. S. McAdory, of Auburn, read a paper on radial nerve paralysis. Staples advised injecting turpentine, carbolic acid and water mixture for this trouble. Dr. C. A. Carey read a paper on the uses and abuses of auto- genic and other vaccines, and claiming that the only real scientific, reasonable way to employ such remedies was to use autogenic vaccines and in rare instances monovalent stock vaccines were permissible and polyvalent vaccines should be discarded. All these products are frequently misused and are given credit for doing what the animal body fluids and body antitoxines would have done without them. The last paper read was by E. M. Duncan, Chief Meat and Milk Inspector of Birmingham, on a city bacteriological depart- ment in its relation to public health. He has had charge of such ‘A plete for the City of Birmingham for about 10 years and has made it a decided success. SOCIETY MEETINGS. 657 The following officers were selected for the next year: President, Dr. O. R. Eatman, Gadsden, Ala.; Vice-President, Dr. R. B. Nixon, Demopolis, Ala.; Secretary, Dr. C. A. Cary, Auburn, Ala. The next place of meeting is Auburn, Ala., at the Veterinary College of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute. On Saturday, June 7th, the entire association met at Dr. D. A. Piatt’s Veterinary Hospital in Birmingham, Ala., to wit- ness a polyclinic. Dr. A. H. French gave a demonstration on the method of giving the preventive inoculation treatment for rabies. He exhibited a case of dumb rabies. The chief symptoms being paralysis of the lower jaw. Dr. C. A. Cary next operated on one roarer, after casting. He then operated on a roarer in the standing position. This case was given per orum, two ounces of chloral hydrate about one hour before the operation; the skin was cleaned and shaved, covered with tinct. iodine; cocaine injected; the head was held up about in position for drenching; larynx opened; case found to be one of double paralysis (right and left) ; the ventricles were anaesthetized by placing pledgets of cotton saturated in 4 per cent. cocaine into each ventricle, the cotton was held by forceps in the ventricle a few minutes. The mucosa was then pulled out by the Blattenburg-Williams burr. No retractors were used. The operation did not require over 20 minutes. ‘The essentials of the operation are: 1. Use of chloral. 2. Clean surface and iodine. 3. Co- caine and adrenalin. 4. Careful opening of larynx without in- juring cricoid cartilage. 5. Cocaining the mucosa of the ven- tricles. 6. Removal of the mucosa with the burr and scissors (always insert clean finger into ventricle and then the burr along side of it. Turn and pull out mucosa; cut off with scissors or knife, being sure to get it all and not injure cartilages). 7. All- ways remove mucosa from both ventricles regardless of whether one or both sides are paralyzed. 8. Feed and water animal on ground and leave it in open pasture, if possible, day and night. g. Wash only outside and if animal swells and chokes, insert in the opening in the larynx single curved oval tube and steam twice daily. A case of tetanus; one of septicemia or purpura as a compli- cation with fistulous withers; one of skin tumors and several others were inspected and studied by all the veterinarians present. C. A. Cary, Secretary. G58 SOCIETY MEETINGS. ILLINOIS STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION. The above association convened at the St. Nicholas Hotel at Springfield, July 10, 1913, for an unusually interesting mid- summer session. One hundred and thirty-six members and visitors were present. Dr. Roberts, of the Indiana Veterinary College, and Dr. Sheldon, State Veterinarian of Missouri, were among the visitors. After President Ryan opened the meeting and the minutes of the previous meeting read and approved, Hon. B. J. Shanley, Chairman of the State Board of Live Stock Commissioners, de- livered an address of welcome in behalf of the City of Spring- field, which had been selected as the permanent meeting place for the mid-summer session. In the course of his remarks, which were interrupted with frequent outbursts of applause, he brought out conspicuously the deplorable state of affairs which have been. brought to the live stock interests by hostile legislation, plainly enacted in the interest of an organized element that is profiting by traffic in tuberculous cows. He made a plea for a closer relation among the live stock associations, the veterinarians and the Live Stock Board in hopes that the unfortunate situation thrust upon our State, despite strenuous opposition and despite — all reason, be corrected in the near future. Dr. A. H. Baker re- sponded in appropriate and well chosen words. Dr. W. J. Mar- tin, Chairman of the legislative committee gave a report on the progress made in the last Legislature in bringing pressure to bear to secure a repeal of the anti-tuberculin law and to secure the enactment of laws prohibiting the importation of diseased animals into the State. The report, to say the least, is not en- couraging, in view of the cunning trickery constantly practiced to prevent any meritorious measures from coming before the Legislative body for a vote. He mentioned the success met in the early part of the Legislative session in having the bills referred to committees favorable to their passage and the subsequent defeat of them through an unseen hand placing them later in committees so admittedly hostile to such legislation as to assure their death, The regular program was opened by a very instructive and practical paper on “ Shoulder Lameness,” by Dr. H. A. Pressler, of Fairbury. The discussion was opened by Dr. Martin and was participated in by a number of members. The discussion vented its force upon atrophy of the shoulder, a condition so serious and common in rural districts. The cause, course and treatment SOCIETY MEETINGS. 659 were ably handled by various members, the concentrated conclu- sion being that the best treatment consists of intra-muscular in- jections of irritants—oil of terebinthinae, alcohol, tincture of iodine, etc.—administered at intervals of six to ten days. Dr. S. Sheldon, State Veterinarian of - Missouri, followed with an exceptionally instructive address on the “ Intradermal Tuberculin Test for Cattle.” As this was the first time this live subject was dscussed before the Association the remarks were attentively received and the many questions asked by members showed a thirst for a more detailed knowledge of the mode of administration and observations to be taken. The test had been given to five cows on the day previous to the meeting, by Dr. A. T. Peters, and these were on exhibition at Jerald & Holmes Veterinary Hospital, where Sheldon, Peters and Schwarze gave additional instruction on the subject. Dr. A. H. Baker then gave a well prepared address on “ The future of the veterinary profession.” The address was so sanely optimistic that his hearers all agreed they were still glad to be veterinarians. A rather unexpected content of the address was a statement which, on the face of outward appearances, seemed a great surprise. This statement is the reference to the fact that on May I, 1913, there were 2,000 more horses in the City of Chicago than on May I, 1912. This statement is based upon the City Collector’s report and is not wide of the mark, as all horses used on the streets of Chicago must bear a license tag, and it goes without saying that there are no more tags issued than there are horses, as the cost is $5 per tag. Dr. E. H. Burt, of Chenoa, read a good practical paper on “ Barb-wire Cuts,” a subject of exceptional interest to all veterin- arians in the Mississippi Valley. The discussion was opened by Ex-President Smellie, who, like Burt, has had a wide experience in dealing with these common traumata of the western farms. Drs. Brownlee, Hassel, Stringer, Mills and Alverson gave various opinions as to the line of treatment best suited to these injuries at the time they are usually brought to the attention of the veterinarian. It is very evident from the statements of these experienced men that barbed wire cuts must usually be treated as open wounds and that good, strong, active antiseptic powders, faithfully and constantly applied, give the best satisfaction. Sur- gical repair of skin flaps is only indicated in the newly made wound and can seldom be done with any degree of satisfaction on the firm tissues about the feet. At the evening session Dr. A. T. Peters opened the exercises 660 SOCIETY MEETINGS. with a long, very entertaining and practical talk on hog cholera. He was showered with many questions about the various angles of this great problem. On motion of Dr. D. M. Campbell, seconded by about fifty members, Dr. A. Tyler of Elgin was summarily suspended from membership in the Association and the Secretary was in- — structed to summon him to appear before the Board of Censors — to show cause why he should not be dismissed for issuing illegal certificates of health for cattle shipped out of the State. The program was brought to a close with papers by Gil- espie, Hassel, Alverson, Brownlee and Glendenning on “ Treat- ments which have given me good results.” These papers brought out a wealth of useful information. Dr. D. M. Campbell then opened the question box, which had been filling up during the day, and found queries upon almost every phase of veterinary science. The questions were all well answered and, no doubt, to the full satisfaction of the querists. The meeting was adjourned at 11 P. M. to meet at the Lex- ington Hotel, Chicago, on the three days following the meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association. L. A. MERILLAT, Secretary. MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. The quarterly meeting of the M. V. M. A. was held i in Bel- fast July 9, 1913. The Board of Trade of Belfast, through its President, Dr. West, extended the use of its rooms to the Association. The meeting called to order by President Jervis at 8 o’clock. Those responding to the roll call were: Drs. J. B. Darling, C. F. Dwinal, H. N. Eames, R. E. Freeman, H. B. F. Jervis, A. Joly, Woe Lynch, W. L. Mebane, E. E. Russell, I. L. Salley, H. L. Steévensy H. B. Wescott, W. L. West. President appointed Drs. West, Eames and Lynch as a com- mittee to draft a new schedule of fees, the same to be reported at the next meeting. d Dr. Salley read a very interesting paper on “ Prescribing and Prescription Writing.” It was discussed very freely by all those present. : A question box was inaugurated at this meeting and proved to he a success. It was voted to hold the next meeting at Water- ville, October 8, 1913. The meeting adjourned at 11.45 P. M. H. B, Wescorr, Secretary. NEWS AND ITEMS. BREEDING ARMY REMOUNTS.* The Bureau of Animal Industry has received reports from’ its officers in charge of the breeding of army remounts in co- operation with the War Department, which show that the Goy- ernment’s plan is very popular with the owners of mares. At the close of business on August 16, 1913, 41 stallions were in service. These stallions have covered 1,452 mares during the season, an average of slightly over 35 mares per stallion. Twenty- seven of the stallions were five years old or over, and covered 1,097 mares, an average of a little over 40; ten were four-year olds and covered 292 mares, an average of better than 29 per head; four were three-year-olds and covered 63 mares, an aver- age of more than 15. The number of mares covered in Vermont and New Hamp- shire was 241, an average of over 34 for seven stallions, includ- ing 3 four-year-olds, and one three-year-old; 583 mares were bred in Virginia, an average of over 31 for 18 stallions, includ- ing 4 four-year-olds and 3 three-year-olds; 208 mares were bred in West Virginia, an average of 52 for four stallions, including one four-year-old ; 376 mares were bred in Kentucky, an average of better than 37 for ten stallions, including one four-year-old ; in Tennessee, a mature stallion and a four-year-old covered 22 mares each. The number of mares covered by mature stallions of different breeds were as follows: Three Morgans averaged 45 mares; ten Thoroughbreds averaged 38 mares; eight Standardbreds aver- aged 40 mares, and six Saddle stallions averaged 42 mares. All ages by breeds are as follows: Seven Morgans (including 3 four-year-olds and one three-year-old) averaged 34 mares; 15 Thoroughbreds (including 3 four-year-olds and two three-year- olds) averaged 32 mares; ten Standardbreds (including 2 four- year-olds) averaged 39 mares; and 9 Saddle stallions (including 2 four-year-olds and one three-year-old) averaged 37 mares. In placing these stallions, care was taken to select communi- ties in which there was a scarcity of good stallions. Therefore, the mares bred during the past season are, to a great extent, mares which would probably not have been bred in the absence of Government encouragement. 661 662 NEWS AND ITEMS. The number of mares bred in 1913 will be increased some- what. In New England, breeding continues until October 1, and in Virginia the fall season is commonly used. Both condi- tions will operate to the advantage of the remount breeding work. The Department is not able to draw any deductions as to the advantage of one breed above another. Local preferences were considered in placing stallions and no breeds placed in a com- munity which were not wanted. Regardless of breed or locality, however, the desire of farmers to breed their horses to good- sized stallions is noticeable. In almost every case where stal- lions have had a comparatively good season, it is because they were somewhat undersized. Congress has provided for the continuation of the remount breeding work during the current fiscal year, but no considerable extension will be possible and no new breeding districts will be organized at present. Ticks INJURING CATTLE HipEs INTENDED FoR LEATHER.* DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FINps THAT TANNERS CANNOT Use Hipes rrom Tick INnrestep Districts ror CHROME LEATHER. According to figures gathered by one of the veterinary in- spectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry, the presence of the tick among the cattle of the south not only lessons the value of the cattle on the hoof, but causes the gradings of hides that have heen infested with ticks as No. 4 quality. The same hide, if free from tick marks, would grade No. 2. The difference in price between these two grades of hides 1S 3 cents per pound. As the hide of southern steers weighs about 42 pounds, the presence of the tick in the hide causes a loss in the hide alone more than $1.26 per hide. Government specialists point out that the cost of tick eradication is only about 50 cents per head so that if the counties make a systematic campaign to eradicate the tick, the increase in value of the hide alone would pay for the cost of tick eradication and leave the farmer a net profit of about 76 cents per hide. The hide situation is becoming rather serious. A prominent tanner in Pennsylvania states: ‘For the class of leather we make we prefer southern hides for chrome on account of the close texture and fine grain, but on . Office of Information, U. S, Department of Agriculture. NEWS AND ITEMS. 663 account of the ticks we have had to practically stop purchasing southern hides.” This is particularly significant, as the demand for chrome leather is increasing so that the normal demand for southern hides will be still further decreased. A large percentage of the chrome leather now produced is finished with the grain left on so that all imperfections and tick marks on the grain side show very plainly. In the old days when all the leather for uppers was made from bark-tanned stock, all leather was buffed and the grain was removed. For this leather tanners could use cheap hides that were covered with imperfec- tions and tick marks and make fairly good leather. The situation to-day, as it has been explained, is very different, as the public is demanding more and more grained leathers for which large proportions of southern hides will not be available until the tick is eradicated. | Tennessee will probably be the first State to be entirely free from quarantine for ticks. It already has eradicated the tick in fifty-one counties, and all that now remain under quarantine are parts of Marion, Wayne, Hardeman, McNairy and Decatur counties, and all of Hardin, Henderson and Chester counties. It is hoped that by September Ist these counties will be free from ticks and the entire State out of quarantine. According to the specialists of the Department of Agricul- ture, it has cost less than 50 cents per head to eradicate the tick in Tennessee, and the cattle owners as a result have gained not less than $7 per head, thus adding to the value of their stock. There are some 500,000 cattle in the counties already free from ticks and the immediate benefit to these owners has been not less than $3,500,000. The cost of tick eradication has been only $250,000 so that the investment paid for itself nearly 14 times over in a very short time. This does not include the additional profits which come from the fact that now that the tick is eradi- cated more cattle can be raised on each farm and that the culti- vated fields are made more productive by the increase of the amount of fertilizer now available. , INSPEcTORS SENT TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO StuDY MEAT PRo- DUCTION AND SYSTEMS OF MEAT INSPECTION. Washington, D. C.—As a result of a misunderstanding created by press dispatches anouncing that Doctors A. D. Melvin and Edward C. Joss of the Bureau of Animal Industry have been 664 NEWS AND ITEMS. dispatched to South American countries and Australia to investi- gate meat production, the Secretary of the U. S. Department of Agriculture has received many letters from farmers and others protesting that the Department should encourage domestic pro- duction of meat instead of- encouraging foreign shippers to bring their product into competition with the local product. David F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture, has replied to these letters that the primary object of sending these inspectors abroad is neither to encourage nor to discourage the export of meat to the United States, but to make certain that the Depart- ment of Agriculture understands fully the conditions under which meat offered for entry into the United States is produced, slaughtered, packed and shipped. The data gained by these for- eign inspectors will be directly useful to the Government in seeing that meat offered for admission to the country conforms not only to the Meat Inspection Act, but also to the Food and Drugs Act, which has recently been held to have jurisdiction in interstate commerce over meat and meat food products. Armed with this information, the Department can co-operate effectively with the Secretary of the Treasury in keeping out of the United States all meat produced from diseased cattle, all meats slaugh- tered in unsanitary establishments or improperly refrigerated, packed and shipped and all meat products prepared under condi- tions that would not be permitted in the Federally inspected es- tablishments of the United States. The secondary object of the trip, as explained in the letter of instruction to these inspectors is to look into the general con- dition of the live stock industry in the foreign countries, the growth of that industry, the countries to which they are now exporting live stock and meat and the probability of future ship- ments into the United States. .The inspectors also are required to study the transportation facilities possessed by these foreign — packers and exporters of meat and meat products and to give particular attention to their method of refrigerating and storing. This foreign inspection of meat has become very necessary, irrespective of changes in the tariff on meat, for the reason that since 1906 the total domestic production of cattle has been 30 per cent. below the actual demand. In other words, this means that the production of cattle has fallen off while the population has been increasing. The Department is trying to meet this domestic situation by carrying on extensive campaigns for the eradication of the tick, which more than anything else has pre- vented the southern states from supplying the normal yield of NEWS AND ITEMS. 665 meat stock. Similar campaigns are being waged against tubercu- losis, foot and mouth diseases, scabies and other plagues which are reducing the cattle output of other sections. The Dairy Di- vision, through field workers and demonstrators, is carrying on an extensive propaganda to induce farmers to replace scrub cattle with good meat breeds and to convince farmers of the importance of not selling their good cows for slaughter. The work for tick eradication in single states of the south has increased the annual value of cattle output over $2,000,000 for a few counties alone. It is hoped that when greater head- way has been made against these plagues that the deficiency in cattle production will be overcome and an actual increase to meet the population secured. In the meanwhile, however, with the demand for meat greater than the domestic supply, it is only. a question of time when economic law will cause foreign’ ship- pers to seek a market in the United States. The Department of Agriculture, therefore, considers it highly important to have full information about the actual condition of meat production in the countries most likely to ship to the United States in order that it may join with the Treasury Department in excluding all diseased, filthy and undesirable meat offered for entry. BuritpinG UP a Stock Farm.—Professor E Merillat, form- erly of the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology, Chicago Veter- inary College, has resigned from that institution and is now en- gaged in building up a small stock farm at Orrville, Ohio, in con- nection with his brother, Professor L. A. Merillat, of the Chair Mieetiroery, C. V. C. Unitep STATES CiviL SERVICE EXAMINATION FOR VETERI- NARIAN (MALE), SEPTEMBER 10, 1913.—The United States Civil Service Commission invites attention to the examination for veterinarian scheduled to be held on September 10, 1913. Among the vacancies to be filled as a result of this examination, it is expected to fill one in the U. S. Quartermaster Corps, Philippine Islands, at $1,200 per annum, unless it is found to be in the interest of the service to fill such vacancy by reinstate- ment, transfer or promotion. Persons who desire this examina- tion should at once apply for Form 2 and the Manual of Exam- inations for the Fall of 1913, to the United States Civil Service Commission, Washington, D. C. 666 NEWS AND ITEMS. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ADVISES THAT MILK BE PASTEURIZED AT Low TEMPERATURES.* In order to determine the best way of pasteurizing milk so as to kill the disease germs and yet not give the milk a cooked flavor or lesson its nutritive value, the Department of Agricul- ture, through its Dairy Division, has been conducting a series of experiments, treating milk at different temperatures and for different lengths of time. According to the report on these ex- periments in Bulletin 166 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, when milk is pasteurized at 145 degrees F. for thirty minutes the chemical changes are so slight that it is unlikely that the protein (muscle building element ) or the phosphates of lime and magnesia are rendered less digestible than they are in raw milk. Moreover, from a bacteriological standpoint, pasteurizing at low temperatures is found to be : more satisfactory than pasteur- izing at high temperatures. According to Bulletins 126 and 161, where low temperatures are used the majority of bacteria that survive are lactic acid organisms which play an important part in the normal souring of milk. When milk is efficiently pasteur- ized at high temperatures, the bacteria which survive are largely of the putrefactive kinds, and milk so treated, if kept for any length of time, has a tendency to rot instead of sour. From the standpoint of economy, the technologist of the Dairy Divis- ion finds that pasteuring at low temperatures calls for less heat. It is found that it takes about 23% per cent. less heat to raise milk to the temperature of 145 degrees F. than to a temperature of 165 degreess F. A similar gain is saving of the ice needed, because it will require 23% per cent more refrigeration to cool milk to the shipping point when it is pasteurized at the higher temperature. The Department, therefore, recommends that ‘“\Vhen market milk is pasteurized it should be heated to about 145 degrees Fahr. and held at that temperature for 30 minutes.” Death FROM HemorruaAGces.—Through the courtesy of State Veterinarian George R. White, of Nashville, Tenn., we are in Teceipt of a newspaper clipping, describing the death of Dr. Jesse C. Brown, a prominent veterinarian of that city, as a result of hemorrhage. The doctor had had a hemorrhage a week previously, but seemed to have recovered from it entirely; but succumbed to the second attack within five minutes from the time he was taken. * Office of Information, U. S. Department of Agriculture, AIAN wa Fa) Pee A. V. M. A. CONVENTION NOTES.* THE OPENING SESSION OF THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY MEETING OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA- TION occurred at 10.30 A. M., September Ist, in the North and East Ball Rooms of the Hotel Astor, New York, with nearly six hundred in attendance, despite the fact that it was a holiday (Labor Day), in consequence of which many did not arrive until the next day. After President Mohler had formally declared the meeting open, he introduced the Hon. J. A. Goulden, U. S. Con- gressman from New York, who welcomed the association to the City in a splendid, pleasing address, which was responded to by Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Philadelphia. President Mohler then read a telegram from the Honorary President, Prof. A. Liautard, Paris, France, who was unable to attend the meeting, owing to a severe illness of his wife. Dr. Liautard also sent an address, which he was to have delivered at the meeting, and a letter to President Mohler, in which he requested that his address be read by Dr. Robert W. Ellis, of New York, whom he referred to as his “partner for years,” his “old student,” his “ sincere friend.” After the reading of Dr. Liautard’s address, President Mohler delivered the president’s annual address, which was a most excellent one, and very much enjoyed by his audience. The afternoon brought the section meetings to work. There was also a general session on Monday evening, which was ad- dressed by the Hon. Martin Behrman, Mayor of New Orleans, who spoke of the advancements in agricultural and live-stock in- terests in the State of Louisiana, seeming well posted on the part that veterinary medicine plays in the advancement of that work, gave a most attractive description of the municipality of which he is the chief executive, and finally gave a very pressing invita- tion to the American Veterinary Medical Association to meet in New Orleans in 1914. Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, La., a past-president of the association and an enthusiastic and faithful member for a great many years, seconded Mayor Behr- * Complete report in October number. 667 GG6S A. V. M, A. CONVENTION NOTES, man’s invitation, stating that the organization had met below Mason and Dixon’s Line but once in the fifty years of its exist- ence. The doctor pointed out the fact that in addition to the great attractions of the City of New Orleans that had been de- picted by Mayor Behrman, and the great benefits to be derived by the association, and pleasure to its members by going to that wonderful old city, the association would be doing a missionary work by going there. “ This body of men dropped down into - that country,” said Dr. Dalrymple, “would do an immense amount of good in impressing upon our people the significance of the title veterinarian.” Some ASPECTS OF THE TUBERCULOSIS PROBLEM was the sub- ject with which Dr. Mazyck P. Ravenel, of the University of Wisconsin, opened the Tuesday morning session. The address was one of the best heard in some time, and dealt emphatically with the relationship between human aid bovine tuberculosis. In fact, Dr. Ravenel does not recognize two distinct types, but rather a difference in the morphology and virulency when existing in the two classes of subjects. He spoke of the greater suscepti- bility in subjects under one year, compared with those over that age. He stated that it was a regretable fact that Koch had ever declared that the transmissibility from animal to man was the least doubtful; a statement which had only been partly corrected. He went on to show that even more cases existed from that source than was generally believed, as the public only recognizes tuber- culosis in the person that dies from the pulmonary form of that disease, not taking into account the joint and gland cases. The address was extremely interesting and instructive. TREASURER GEORGE R. WuiITe’s Report shows a balance in bank to the credit of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion of $3,162.23. NEw ORLEANS IN 1914.—The point of the compass is strain- ing toward New Orleans for the 1914 meeting; and unless some unforeseen atmospheric disturbance develops we predict that that will be the next meeting place of the A. V. M. A. VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us of the dates and places of their meetings. Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included in the following list : Name of Organization. Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass’n...... Alumni Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V.C......... American V. M. Ass'n.............- Arkansas Veterinary Ass'n : Ass’n Médécale Veterinare Francaise. STR alts iee cuncce nes B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago......... B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass'n California State V. M. Ass’n Central Canada V. Ass’n............ Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n Chicago Veterinary Society.......... Colorado State V. M. Ass’n Connecticut V. M. Ass’n...........- Delaware State Vet. Society......... Peren@or (Ns 3.) VM. A. 3.c.c.0-- Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n Georgia State V.M.A.............. V. M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un’y Hamilton Co. (Ohio) V. A Illinois State V. M. Ass’n Indiana ‘gong he epee ee Towa Veterinary Ass’n.............- | Kansas State V. M. Ass n Kentucky V. M. Ass’n Keystone a 4 Ass'n. Massachusetts Ver Mati se Me | Michigan State V. M. Ass’n Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n Missouri Valley V. Ass’n............ Missouri Vet. Med. Ass'n... Montana State V. M. A Nebraska V. M. Ass’n..............| New York S. V. M. Soc’y........... North Carolina V. M. Ass'n North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.......... North-Western Ohio V. M. A........ Ohio State V. M. Ass’n............. Ohio Soe. of Comparative Med Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass’n Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n OntamowWet, Assi. .055. 02 ceess 50 Pennsylvania State V. M. A....:.... LAN a Se Se Portland Vet. Med. Ass’n........... Province of Quebec V. M. A Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n South Illimois V. M. and Surg. Ass’n.. St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors Schuylkill Valley V.M.A........... c. Vet. Alumni Univ. Penn......... South Dakota V. M.A Southern Auxiliary of California State WenIPPARG Ts fo 0..co. J oulscse South St. Joseph Ass’n of Vet. Insp.. Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass’n Twin City V. M. Ass'n... Boe Utah Vet. Med. Ass’n.... Vermont Vet. Med. Ass'n Vet. Ass'n Dist. of Columbia......... Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba............. Vet. Med. Ass'n of N.J............- V. M. Ass’n, New York City Aci CMe Veterinary Practitioners’ Club Virginia State V. M. Ass’n........... Washington State Col. V. M. A Washington State V. M.A.......... Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n.......... Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad............ York Co. (Pa.) V. M.A | July 10, 1913 Date of Next Meeting. ay "1-2-3-45, 1913. January, 1914.. Ist and 3d Thur. of each month 2d Fri. each month. . 3d Mon. each month. Sept. 24, 1913 Feb. and July June and Nov 2d Tues. each month. May 28-29, 1913... . Mon. each month. 2d week, July, 1913.. Dec. 22-23, 1913..... 2d Sat. each month.. Oct. & Feb.each year. 2d Tues. each month. Feb. 3 4, 1914 July 9, 10, 1913.. Aug. 29, 1913 June 30, July 1-2,'13. July, 1913 Sept. 24, 25, 1913... Ist Mo. & Tu.,Dec.'13 | 1st week Sept., 1913. June, 1914 Aug. 6-7, 1913 Nov. 1913. Annually Fall, 1913 Ist Week in Feb.1914 Sept. 16, 1913....... Call of President. . . . 4th Tues. each month. Pending Aug. 5-6-7 1913 Ist Wed. fol. the 2d Sun. each month. . June 18, 1913....... Jan., Apl., July, Oct.. 4th Tues. each month November, 1913..... NOV Old ences. 2d Thu. each month.. Pending. . 3d Wed. each month. Feb. & July each yr.. July 10, 1913 1st Wed. each month. Monthly Ist & 3d Fri. Eve.. June 1914.. 3d Thu. each month.. July 16-17, 1913.. June, Sept.,Dec., Mar. Place of Meeting. Birmingham. ... 141 W. 54th St.. New York, N. Ye val Un’ y, Mon.) Chicago St. Joseph and vicinity San Francisco.. Syracuse Chicago........ Ft. Collins...... Waterbury..... Wilmington Newark, N Rochester Atlanta Philadelphia. ... endings oe oa Lake Charles... Belfast Baltimore .| Young's, Boston. | Lansi Albert Lea New Y orks apna ae Delphos Columbus Upper Sandusky. Toronto Not selected. . Manila.. : Portland, ‘Ore... Mon. and Que... Providence... .. Pending Fillmore SG. Owls: 62/25 < } Reading Philadelphia. .. . Madison Los Angeles 407 Illinois Ave. Memphis....... College Station.. St. P. Sarre Peaiiie- : 514 9th St., N.w,| Winnipeg.......| Jersey City 141 W .54th St.. | Jersey City.....| Old Point Comf’t Pullman Walla Walla. . Milwaukee..... | Sal Name and Address Secretary. Cary, Auburn. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y. Marshall, Philadelphia. Arthur, Russellville. A. Houde, Montreal. . A. Smith, Chicago, Til. E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha. F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo. John F. McKenna, Fresno, A. E. James, Ottawa. W. B. Switzer, Oswego. C. A. LAS C.J. 2B: SP: ys | D.M. Campbell, Chicago. I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins. B. K. Dow, Willimantic. A.S. Houchin, Newark, Del. J. ae East Ornage, Nad: J. H. Taylor, Henrietta. P. F. Bahnsen, Americus, A. T. Ayers. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. L. A. Merillat, Chicago. A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis. CoH: Stange, Ames. J. H. Burt, Manhattan. Robert Graham, Lexington. Cheston M. Hoskins. Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio. Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La. H. B. Wescott, Portland. H. H. Counselman, Sec’y. J. H. Seale, Salem. W.A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. G. Ed. Leech, Winona. Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada. Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia. S. Stewart, Kansas City. AD: Knowles, Livingston. Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City. H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N ee J. P. Spoon, aera sl C. H. Babcock, New Rockford. E. V. Hover, Delphos. Reuben Hilty, Toledo. F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio. J.C: Howard, Sullivan. C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City. L. A. Willson, Toronto. John Reichel, Glenolden. David C. Kretzer, Manila. Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore. Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q. J.8. Pollard, Providence. | B. K. McInnes, Charleston. F. Hockman, Iola. Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo. W. G. Huyett, Wernersville. B. T. Woodward, Wash’n, D. C. S. W. Allen, Watertown. J. A. Dell, Los Angeles. H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph. O. L. McMahon, Columbia. Allen J. Foster, Marshall | S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn. A. J. Webb, Layton. G. dls Stevenson, Burlington. | C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat- chewan, Alta., Can. M. Page Smith, "Washington, D.C Wm. Hilton, Winni innipeg. E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick. R.S. MacKellar, N. Y. City. A. F. Mount, Jersey City. Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia. R. J. Donohue, Pullman. Carl Cozier, Bellingham. Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley. J. W. Beckwith, Shallsburg. E.S. Bausticker, York, Pa. PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT. Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3.25; foreign countries, $3.60; students while attending college, $2; Students in Canada, $2.25; single copies, 30 cents in U. S. Copy for advertisements should be received by 10th of month. Rejected manuscripts will not be returned unless postage is forwarded. Subscribers are earnestly requested to notify the Business Manager immediately upon changing their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary Review. SrE THE ImMporTANT NOTICE on page I5 of the present issue of the Review, issued by the H. K. Mulford Co., and your interest will be suf- ficiently aroused to prompt you to write that most excellent house for fur- ther literature. Mention the Review when writing. Puppies ArE NAturE Bapies, say the Bennett Biscuit Company in their attractive little advertisement on page 26 of this issue, and then proceed to describe the superior qualities of the Maltoid Milk-Bone. Further in- formation on this excellent little biscuit will be cheerfully furnished if you will write the company, mentioning the Review. %, See TuHar CusuHion are the significant words that call attention to a ? feature of the Air Cushion Pad, illustrated and described on page 14 % (adv. dept.) of the present issue, that is peculiar to that particular pad; a feature that makes it the superior of any other rubber pad manufactured. A horse shod with this pad is safe on any pavement, and is free from pavement-soreness. In short, it is the ideal all-round pad, and if there are those who are not familiar with its superior qualities, they should get acquainted with it at once. See that cushion and learn for yourself what it stands for. (Mention the Review in writing.) 670 PIVRA Ss Nedides ® eS 4 SF American Veterinary ee 601 Medical Association AS Journal cop.2 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET ees UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY