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AMERICAN
VETERINARY REVIEW
EDITED BY
PROF. A. LIAUTARD, M.D., V.M.
Member Central Society of Veterinary Medicine (Paris).
Foreign Corresponding Member Academy of Medicine
Veterinary Surgeons (Fngland).
Bruzelles ( Belgique), :
Honorary Fellow Royal College
AND
Prof.
ROBERT W. ELLIS, D.V.S.
WITH THE COLLABORATION OF
Esoi.ow. Jj. COATES, M.D., D.V.S4
York-American Veterinary College.
OLAF SCHWARZKOPF, Veterinarian, 3d
Cavalry, Instructor Mounted Service
School, Ft. Riley, Kan.
Prof. W. Reip Brair, D.V.S., New York-
American Veterinary College.
Prof. S. STEWART, Kansas City Veterinary
College, Kansas City, Mo.
Prof. M. H. McKivuip, M.D., V.S., McKillip
Veterinary College, Chicago, III.
B. F. Kaupp, M.S., D.V.S., Commissioner
of Pubiic Health, Spartanburg, S.C.
Prof. M. H. REYNOLDs, University of Minne-
sota, St. Anthony Park, Minn.
Wan. H. DALRYMPLE, M.R.C.V.S., Veter-
inarian Louisiana Ag. Exp. Sta., Baton
Rouge, La.
Joun P. O’LEARy, V.M.D., Veterinary In- |
spector in Charge, B. A. I., Troy, N.Y.
A. T. KInsteEy, M.Sc., D.V.S., Path. Kansas
City Veterinary College, Kansas City,
Mo. .
Prot, Ss SISSON, 9. 5., V.S.; Prof. Comp.
Anat., Ohio State University, author of
Sisson’s Vet. Anat., etc., Columbus, O.
J. G. RUTHERFORD, V.S., H.A.R.C.V.S., Ex-
Veterinary Director-General and Live
Stock Commissioner, Ottawa, Canada.
New |
J. F. DE Vi1nE, D.V.S., Dept. Agr., Goshen,
D. ARTHUR HUGHEs, Ph.D., D.V.M., Insp.
eae. Dept., U. S. Army, Chicago,
JoHn R. MOHLER, V.M.D., Chief of Patho-
logical Division Bb.A.I., Washington,
D.C.
Prof. L. A. MERILLAT, V.S., Chair of Surgery
McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago,
Ill.
SALMON, D.V.M., Ex-Director of the
Veterinary School, Montevideo, Uru-
guay.
Prof. VERANUS A. Moore, Director, New
York State Veterinary College, Ithaca,
ay
RICHARD P. LyMAN, Dean Vet. Div. Mich.
Agr. College, East Lansing, Mich.
C. J. MARSHALL, V.M.D., President A. V.
M. A., Philadelphia, Pa.
DE.
A. D. MEetvin, M.D.C., Chief of B.A.I.,
Washington, D.C.
GEO. H. GLoveER, M.S., D.V.M., Director
Hiv. Vet. Sci., Colo. Agr. ‘Coll:, Ft:
Collins, Colo.
S. A. GRUENER, M.V.S., Veterinary Inspec-
tor, Kamtchatka, Russia.
NELSON S. Mayo, M.S., D.V.S., Secretary
A.V.M.A., 4733 Ravenswood Avenue,
Chicago, []l
And several others.
VOLUME XLIV.
NEW YORK:
PUBLISHED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW,
509 WEST 152d STREET.
Ww sen
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOLUME XLIV.
PAGE
Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis of the Horse, a typical field case............. &o
SmI EGES low CON MCASES My elae iss oc soo wre eas Oa ele marcc tiene Huse a el Seer 87-88
EAeEROEOTACOPALUS .o..cecsssceee.. Wslal ois Sra oie gitin chattel ese eter eee ae eee 247
Controlling Chicken-pox, Sore Head or Contagious Epithelioma by
Core uicl OCI ee Ree IRs 's'« dod von bk Galedlerare copra Noe Sly eiaron 331
EMRE MCT PERTSUTE WARSI Ea: fee Viglen cia cice sek ecu sce vs uzialdes Solna oor e 378
Peliecnmleimasaye INODECLESOM.. o ecay sie ss.c mek eee ew we os Frontispiece to No. 4
The Diagnosis of Glanders—
I. Strong purulent discharge with swelling and gluing ‘together of
iid UGS: 2 PRS AG pando cee oa eee Omi eee eaten ereroree 440
II. Strong purulent discharge with swelling of both lids........... 4AI
GQ nimedk ot MihereulOSsisi ith EASCOMS 2.025 s.cms oe ave tissiece weiss se esha 499
UMA E URS. ob onl otu A od hon Wad GER On DDE Benne ORE ioe eerie 505
Cyaneilliaacinnnbe Dips ley hey) ale ltl) le Se ee ee a eee 518
Studies on the Virus of Hog Cholera
Fig. 1. Microphotograph of spirochete in blood of Hog 504......... 559
Fig. 2. Microphotograph, spirochete stained by Giemsa method,
Beermestiial Wicer OleGlOS 550... <1... ess mers cesecemesntaes 562
Fig. 3. Microphotograph of spirochetes in impure culture, from
etre Ha TU reese ed SSE PMNS otal) «om sito: a eeha. © ©'e\ oslo ore a Saeayeial eaters 562
Shapicmshowiner SLEAINS OL WVADIIGs oc ..s < seis s a aici eee sels ole 564-572, 684-607
General A. Barrier, Veterinary Inspector of the French Army......... 665
Heart Anomaly—
oy teeing Ty 0 We ren RP oe Bre. nA 740
Pinaworeynlay JU. pon one BAD eo ene eon cepa ruDpn omc no DOOeG. 747
Bovine toctus affected with Hydrocephalus..........-02-+...eecneeess 750
ee SRV Ta SEMEN CH CNITS IME aries c) oss sie cis) alc st cleicus erelchoyebevaneuelanelelers\cpelelarateiehareles)s Fee
Route of official tour of Europe by American Veterinarians........... 787
III
| fey
Vr ee XM ;
; ake Lark
> ey Fr. OE ia)
‘use ry nr
ey ain’ ney
INDEX TO AUTHORS.
PAGE
| Ser wiseeity wh ne coi 600
|, Jones Ee Sects come kee 407
Kauppy Be ie eee erie wane 75
Keane Chartesms = ie 3,canerasere 218
| Kennyss ihomassis.. a eet ene 448
| King, Walter fixe Sem 555, 084
Kinsley, Ahan sew, sacks: eee 227
Klein Louis An cccce* coceuk aa ene
Lawson. Walter 32.4.0 scee 754, 755
Liautard, A...30, 94, 249, 252, 379, 381
415, 506, 509, 613, 616, 621, 756, 758, 760
PAGE
2 ey il Dn 5 218
oS ia ee 503
PEC AIGS te MANta wis cis c.recs Scie Seca 58
Breas lack bat Wiss Fe ctectte cass 555, 684
PBEM AS oo cisio tes sivie Mis sexs 0 « 330
Preerew Glarles. EL. s.,. cciacesea ss 611
Blakely, Chester M............ 374
Peeanardt, Joun Ko... cece. 505 |
Ome MATS Feiss aisec'sc ace cece 263
SiO U ARNE Erase aiid ax. ciceaee’erdvdiore.ave a 237
Burnett, J a iter ark Bevel ta, Aca 259
PIS HAE ere DY io «sigh eversre ore e arene 194 |
(D0 2 he it a ea 386 Bowe Grover Wi). toga 504
: NicGilvray as | Dic eee ce 218
HINGE 1 ee Bh ear tae ae 760 McKillip, George Bent sree 208
Cine a “i weterccerecccecceece he ee pester Joh Aes Buea en 319
Cochran, David W....-2--..2++ 491) Maurery Otto 020000002 toy
[75 MSE i eae Pee WMavo, Ni Sts oct se posite 387
Cook, W. B............-.ceeees 89 Remilat- Ti Aes Say 19, 166
Merton Chaties Bes.) os..2. 000% 218 Mohler, John R...........0.4: 31, 437
PTE CHET Vic, Pvc claves aicve tik oles 0! aro 307 | Moore, Veranus A............. ASS
Mer GS ok. wo Sasnwech ones nal) Mortis, Charles: Besse cha ...s 723
aca i. ea 748, 703 PeMbetber:) Pokin Wiese toc 5 \ eee 242
es gen eee gag | O'Leary, John.P....v...0...00, 255
: Palmer? Hienbert Pos cent eek asc 367
Eichhorn, Adolph ...31, 218, 260, 437 Rendereast Wm. Ms. .....-. 60. 609
English, Andrew ............... 745 Rishoct Miaav. cs. cee erate 581
Pplamebter re Ag aly. «aie ndtae 340 =e r “66
Foster, Robert Joss eennsn Pai ion ©. ee
Brett Chas. Teese ceeeeees 247 | Rogers, T. Boo... es econ. 607, 709
a eR aa ded 4 Geilleg. 6 bit ek ee ee 245
Gill, H. D........... eee eee, G2) Sciracder; B.C... asse cee 407
Gilyard, A. T. PRE: Pane = 7itsilees 736 Schwarzkopf, Olaf ..... 510, 634, 771
Greenwood, R. A.............. 378 | Sellers, AW oo Ae verte een 262
fee Ce.) PE Oe rT, 330 | Slack, F. H..... ++... sees seen 71
Hamilton, H. M Cent ee 376 | Slawson, A. SVel mjelaiel Sia (abalesalalenate ire icy 501
Petie To Reo Grey fo mOiEh,, }OS.) Vaee’ weniger neces 504
Hart, Chas. H.................. 753 | Steele, Garrison ..............5. 769
Healy, Daniel erate pen oa. 242 | Stoute, R. A.......--- eee eens 625
eae Ls > SO oc ea aa BIS’ | Wodds A Seats. eee arse 752
Erba: meee he Weavers Philincvc ee eee 377
Hoffmann, George L........ 555, 684 Wee E. Boas poo Sato at
Hollingworth, Walter G........ 484 | Ww a ara a ee ge ee a
Ritehes: I. Arthur..:-....:.... 265 SLC CDR Mela 7 SO Dr ae CI oe 359
RTA RAMCIG geek oes = ook ec 3 265... Yard, Wines ae asec ee oe io 372
TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV.
PAGE
Abdominal Eventration......... 20
mpdormilial Lesion ./......5...- 757
ENdoniinal Surgery 2. ....-.2.. 7
Abdominal Surgery, Scope of in
Siar 00 el Ce he re oo esha 47
Ablation of Right Mammae, Case
[PYeT ORE ieee pee ee eae 377
Abortion Bacillus, Pure Milk
Production’ and: the... 0.25... 4
Abortion, Epizootic in Bovines.
Abortion, Infectious, Persistence
of the Bacillus of in the
sissiesvor Animals. .<).<)./2 25% 307
Abscess in Left Cerebral Hemis-
BERETS ke ee, 254
Absolute Reliability of Double
Anthrax Vaccine in Controll-
ing Well-established Outbreaks
PREPTENAK! 5's). Sickie oes 372
Abstracts from Exchanges. . .go, 240,
; 379, 506, 613, 756
Accident, Terrible, to a Race
LOPS eee ean Sr eee 756
WMcumomycosis ina Cat..o.....: O4
Acute Indigestion in a Cow—Ru-
menotomy, Case Report....... 753
Acute Poliomyelitis in a Mare.. © 616
Address by Prof. William A.
Byers @hicaco. Lib... 0... 55... 178
Adrenaline in Veterinary Medi-
ti! Se gee Aen 156
A Few Words on the Pathologic
PEM INTs dee es ae,
A Golden Legacy, to the Pur-
poses and Possibilities of
Which We Have Not Been
ee MRRT IRS oe 0a) 22 2S? a Sd Riel ays I2
Alumni Association to Be Recog-
ERAT) see Pre CEE eC ae Ay eee 18
American Veterinary Medical
Association, Official Tour of
erkope: Gi thes s.o22. osc. ee ck 553
Amputation of the Limb in a
(SOT Oba te oleate eee 507
Anal Imperforation, Absence of
Rectum and of Last Loop of
the Colon, Renal Lymphisis in
¢, ier pS SS eee eee 622
Analysis of Dr. McLaughlin’s
Paper on “the Tissue
Mech tCntinm eres ee 503
Cow, Two Interesting Cases,
Case Report ...1-.c2. Senne 87
Cows, Nymphomany in......... 758
Cranium, Fracture of the, in a
HOtseé: ise oobi Cee 381
Cuneiform, Fracture of the.... 381
Curious Accident ........+se-0s 750
Cytitis, Pyelonephritis and, by
Gastric Foreign Body in a
COW. ieee oc wenn ne nie 619
Cyst, Uterine, in a Cow........ 618
TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV.
Ix
PAGE PAGE
Death of a Friend of Ours..... 517 | Eprrorrar— ed
Dermatitis Erysipelatosa, Skin | Profession Rejoices at the
Lesion ofthe Horse Resem- Passage, Unanimously, of
oS OO 756 the Army Veterinary Serv-
Dermatomyoma in a Cat....... 255 | “ ee by isa House Mili- ee
: a oc iy eommmittee ag). 2. oe 5
Diagnosis of Cees i 437 Richard Glover, F. R. C. V. S. 436
Diatribe on Major General Leon ‘Taser i
myst ork for Veterinary
ard Wood—* Now for a Vet- Leste re
SCLa aig 74 Sa ls eee 769 egislation ....... ECO hoa
Di Re ye Tenth International Veterinary
= I “aD ase Aeport... Goueress, London: 2225 !.2. 2: 681
1 €, JOONES s.ccccese steree 72: Tribute to the Memor of
Disease of Middle Ear—Lingua- James L. Robertson ee a
tula Teniodes in Nasal Cham- Former. Student .......... 434
ber of an Otter Hound...... 251 Veterinary Congress in Ithaca. 541
oe ae Colon | Veterinarians and Horse
auses Fata struction in a Brecdinmn = fs12s* Ss. see 679
MINT rcs sb arte a see's 3 SII Veterinarians and the Allied
Diverticulum of the Rectum of forse Interests”... tsa o- 304
Pseudo-Perineal Hernia; Case What Are We Going to Do in
2 0 See eee 611 the United States Senate?. 301
Dr. Carrel’s New Experiments. 4
Dog Distemper, Hyposulphite of
Soda in 510
Dog, Hodgkin’s Disease in a.... 381
Dog, Lympho-Sarcoma in the,
WMASeUURENOGie. alkenes Secs ee 50T
2 a I5I
Double Anthrax Vaccine, the
Absolute Reliability of in Con-
trolling Well-Established Out-
breaks of Anthrax
Be aint asians 372
Dystokia in Cow—Paraplegia,
Le Tag 611
EpbitTorrAL—
A Golden Legacy—To the
Purposes and_ Possibilities
of which We Have Not Been
ci i ais 12
Cocaine Law and Veterina-
08 Ee 2 er 306
Prem, Bill 9202. 20)..d sss. 678
James L. Robinson, V. S.,
PTD AI SMe acccle o s 415
Lobeck Bill SNS et cid OREO 552
Mark You This—The Army
and Navy Journal Says the
Army Veterinary Service
Bill Will Pikely Passo. 3..- 549
New Orleatis in 1914......... 164
Megels the. Dime. vce)... 5 433
Official Tour of Europe of the
American Veterinary Medi-
Ean eroSOCIAHOM. o:% c.. <= s.- 553
William Hunting, F.R.C.V.S. 430
Elbow, Capped, Treatment of.. 429
Electrargol in Tetanus ........ 619
Elimination of Sources of Con-
tamination in Milk... -:....... 476
Empirical Therapeutics ........ —
English Review
ee ey
379, 506, ér3, 756
Epizootic Abortion in Bovines.. 291
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES—
Abdominal Surgery
Adrenaline in
INedIGING@ at. ccree wees tele 0)
A Few Words on the Patho-
HOMIG SCEMETY Soi: ue sincas eo
Bibliography ..10, 161, 207, 432, 539
Cancer in Horses
sh aaa are nha ate 299
Canine Iso-Serotherapy ..... 9
Golorins, Microbes: tos. 2. see 160
Dr. Carrel’s New Experiments 4
Epizootic Abortion in Bovines. 291
Foot and Mouth Disease in
Mans: cccg czy cee ee
Geel-Dikkopits: ioe. eeeee
General A. Barrier, Veterinary
Inspectors ses ecde: cea 3
Generalized Mycosis in Cattle. 419
Human and Veterinary Sur-
BETY ou see oes eee eee
Inborn or Specific Aptitude
with Tuberculosis Microbe. 534
Morphia and Opium in Horses 536
Nervous Diseases in Domestic
Animialsp acess «reason citer 531
On Chronic Roaring
eee eee eee
TABLE OF
CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV.
PAGE
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES—
Prethoracic and Malignant
Ahitems. gaceacoousumaGaso os T
Rabies in Solipeds..........- 296
Sarcosporidiosis .......++.s0+ 666
Stomoxys Calcitrans ........- 207
Surgery of Foreign Bodies in
OBSophagus eee e-rck sic 423
Tenth International Veterinary
(GOHSHESS i cinicor ein seein 538
Aaa. (DYopunee Ag hcooconscucc Jor I5I
Treatment of Capped Elbow.. 429
Traumatic Arthritis — Its
erea himlenby eee: oucusers octal er ot 154
Wiehe Ont IES Sagaconcdauoas 425
Yohimbine in Veterinary Medi-
rabt nl Sons Ate oe CRA Ore OL ORE 427
Eventration, Abdominal ........ 620
Exchanges, Abstracts from. .90, 240,
aye _ 379, 500, 613, 750
Exostosis of the Vertebral Col-
umn Causes Hemorrhage of
lavas Wael CEN Eas Oanlc da oko aoe = 4
Extensive Rupture of the
SiGe (eh wooo esacssooagase 615
External Remedies in Medicine—
Glycerine Applications ....... 257
iE xtraonGinary:) lay titiy 0.1. 2
ilamiosis Of lOrses. nein 758
Hills. € 0) ao) aloe he eee On A ie Ue hy 208
Floating Colon, Diverticulum of
Causes Fatal Obstruction in a
[lone aac BOs SSR O DO pe
Foal, Congenital Intestinal De-
ECE sit falisvcar Ne isis focsac lobsi er ceeeoeere 249
Foal, Mule Mare with........ Ss
Foal, Pyelo-Nephritis in a...... g2
Foot and Mouth Disease in Man 158
Foot, Canker of the, and Ar-
SEMIOUSHACI Gs tio cic eiiecie 615
Fracture of the Cranium in a
ELOISE meee teresa ere 381
Fracture of the Cuneiform..... 381
Fracture of the Navicular Bone
in a Horse, Rare Case of Re-
covery iron |< .\ hic an artes 762
Fracture of the Second Dorsal
Wertebrae inl say udlOuse.. ear 383
Fracture of the Sternum and
TRAD SE Ve dialer tree hele oe Sette eran 383
Bench REVIEW hile. ae 94, 252, 381
509, 616, 758
Friend of Ours, Death of a.... 517
@astriciiympany .)...os8 sss 250
Gastric Tympany
Case Report
in a Horse,
PAGE
Geel-Dikkop, (228.2 }2-5e eee 430
General A. Barrier, Veterinary
InsSpectOm oc cose sheet eee 3
General Education in Regard to
Glanders and Public Drinking
Fountains 2. - asec bere ere 3590
| Generalized Mycosis in Cattle.. 419
Genital Anomaly in a Dog...... 622
German’ Reviews. .+-- sine 355
Glanders'*:.<8 ence & oe eter 505
Glanders, a Resume on the Con-
trol and eEradication™or.-eeen 72
Glanders, Control of in New
YorkuState fan .nt ameter 588
Glanders, Diagnosis of: .....stee 437
Glanders mm Man. ). v2. Geen 508
Glanders, Report of the Special
Committee for the Detection
OE ties ened othe Geils oo ee 218
Glanders Vaccine, Immunization
Tests. with ..cvkaccee ee eee 31
Glover, Richard, F. R. C. V. S.. 436
Goitre and Roaring in Horse.... 621
Grossich’s Method in Veterinary
Stirgery 2:7... 34 ane eee 760
| Gut-Tie, Antemortem Diagnosis
of a, Case Reports: (-- oe eee 378
Hairs, Shedding of the Protec-
CLOT! oc «ae pees Cae eke eee 25
Heart Anomaly, Case Report... 745
Heifer, Parasitic Cyst in the
Brain’ of av ov. 4 eee 506
Hemisphere, Abscess in Left -
Cerebral -. Jone eae 254
Hemorrhagic Enteritis with
Canine Hemopoietic Serum in
Lioness. . 2:4 20 ee sen See 619
Hemorrhagic Septicaemia in Cat-
tle, Some Observations and Ex-
periences with iis..2 aoee eee 700
| Hernia, Scrotal, in a Foal...... 90
Heterochronous Milk Secretion. 96
Hip Joint, Lameness of the..... Agi
Hodgkin’s Disease in a Dog.... 381
Hog Cholera, Control of by
Slaughter Method: ..:iccyeees 573
Hog Chotera, Sanitary Police
Measures andi (20.20. eee 227
Hog Cholera Serum in Practice. 732
Hog Cholera, Studies on the
Virns Of .. cee 555, 6084
Horse, Anthrax in a............ 508
Horse Breeding in New Jersey. 581
Horse Breeding, Veterinarians
anid: ess 4. . GR nee eee
TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV.
PAGE
Horse Doctor and the Man Doc-
TOP, cha degenbéogeo Gos poe eOre G71
Horse Interests, Veterinarians
amartie: Allied: ....:2 210 sc. c/e'a ss 304
Horse, Sarcoma of the Stomach
PER Oa Oe tence ERIE ee QI
El@GSe iC ance if sc. ss he viele « 299
Horses, Breeding of the Proper
Type of, Should Be Encour-
DEG) at RERC Or oe peer 728
es, Bu aGtOSISVOL «21-13 Ss Soe 758
Horses, Morphia and Opium in. 536
IM ESESP RW OI? \i.-ic0s 2 <)s!2 sic elon vies 556
piece etl) O20 2s =, . os rerae aoe 0% s\0 678
Human and Veterinary er 203
Hunting, William, F. R. C. V. S. 436
Hydrocephalus, Bovine Cee
Affected with, Case Report.... 748
Hypertrophic Cirrhosis of the
Wiwetmrne a ElOrse! 22: 262 sc hss 254
Hyposulphite of Soda in Dog
DSRS 00) 0S eee ee on ee 510
If There Were to Be War with
Mexico, Where Would We
Get the Horses?.............. 205
ileum, Operation for Intussus-
ception i wine GOW. ates 505
Immigration Tests with Glanders
eT ener T Pisco healt (sik e «stieladies aq
Impaction of the Cecum in the
PlogeuGase Report. 235.) .)..\.. 736
Improved Method of Mounting
Museum Specimens .......... 66
Inborn or Specific Aptitude with
Tuberculosis Microbe ........ 534
Infectious Phlebitis of the Right
Hind Leg, Septicemia Follow-
TYE scans CRS UC ESE oS 750
Injury, an Extraordinary. :.:. .. 92
Intestinal Obstructions in Rumi-
PALS MEMES ctor ate is: holes. cielo cncnchelshevels 95
Intestine, Knot in, in Mare, Case
"RSTO DR, On ee eee ee eae 376
Intussusception in a Bullock.... 506
Intussusception of the Coecum
fit, 2) TEWTey gen RSS oe noe 613
Invagination of the Small In-
testine in a Dog; Case Report. 610
Iso-Serotherapy, Canine ........ 9
Mebaegiew |) .2ce.2d hs y. 760
Ithaca, Veterinary Conference at. 5
James L. Robertson, V.S., M.D.,
IDWS Gone de bbe ae
ioiaintesse Disease! Ao. Sve wees s
Benen ee aa ODEs Sei, ie es ks ois
cE
PAGE
Knot in Intestine in Mare, Case
INGHYON TT) Rete Ape Oat a arrieee 376
Lameness of the Hip Joint...... 491
Laryngo-Pharyngo - Oesophageal
Spasimsvania ELOPSES <1 « om 6: 64 ar 616
Lafymo sspamis or the... ei. < Sec. 379
Legacy, a Golden—to the Pur-
poses and _ Possibilities of
Which We Have Not Been In-
Sensible muse esos = reer ete ers ate I2
Legislation, Veterinary, of the
Future or the Duties of the
Veterinarian of the Future... 484
Hesion, Abdominals. so -ch eens 757
Linguatula Teniodes in Nasal
Chamber of an Otter Hound—
Disease of the Middle Ear... 251
Liver, Polycystic Affection of
Hie) in: a (Rovines set oc ee 512
Bobeck “Bill ihes sss sea crese oes 52
Lobeck Classification Bill ae B.
Ae limployeesecn-re tne cs ts §53
Lymphadenitis and Multiple
Cutaneous Tumors in a Horse. 90
Lympho-Sarcoma in the Dog,
Case Reporte we. seer a+ on 501
Mammae, Right, Ablation of,
GaseReporters teen eri ects 377
Man, Foot and Mouth Disease in 158
Miami Glanlers) dita t).7 ae earl axe 508
Mark You This—The Army and
Navy Journal Says the Army
Veterinary Service Bill Will
Wilcel wawrasia! sas icine wis 549
Meat Inspection, United States
Goverinient, oeistues See cee 458
Medicine and Surgery, Pocket
Cyelepedia Of yi enetagst: leo ai
| Medicine Direct, Case Report... 89
Medium, the Pissise 12 5 3 tek 319
Melanotic Sarcoma with Cu-
taneous and Polyvisceral Me-
Lastasiseiil caw WOSaet er eee ants 255
Meningitis, Cerebro-Spinal, of
the Horse, Case Report....... 73
Meningo-Encephalitis in a Dog,
Sub-Acute . Diffused), ...,~-<..% 5Ir
Mexico, If There Were to Be
War With, Where Would We
Gets tie. Plonseee sinus eet 265
Microbes: Colonmne) 2.5 sees 160
Milk, Elimination of Sources of
Contaminationeim .2.-.22-5' 476
Milk Fever, Prevention of...... 380
Milk Secretion, Heterochronous. 96
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV.
PAGE
Morphia and Opium in Horses.. 536
Mule, Appendix and Appen-
chins sil 2, Sills oop odaseo7 a 512
Mule Mare with Foal.......... 251
Museum Specimens, an Improved,
Method of Mounting......... 66
Mycosis, Generalized, in Cattle.. 419
Nasal Discharoe, Chromic. B70n}
Nervous Diseases in Domestic
STIMU All Srmeye Meteo orcs vere MOR ke 531
New Orleans: ime 1GIAs. «25 4aene 164
News and, Items. 147, 286, 410, 653, 788
New ‘Treatment of Sarcoptic
Wilenavers sii IVOIRE 55 o5 obo Gde Sc 750
New Veterinary Association Or-
ganized in Minnesota......... 457
“Now for a Veterinary ”—A Di-
atribe on Major General Leon-
Sintale\ Moyea daemiog ootks cious to 769
INone Ls ile Wit 39 5 95555550540 - 433
Nymphomany in Cows.......... 758
OxituARY—
Andrew M. Jansen, D.V.M.... 773
Charles.H. McGillicuddy, V.S. 733
De, lho (Cicehitosapacedsccor 380
medericikk lak Oso al.
IMBIRAG: VeSin erence eet ee 791
George H. Peters, M.D.V..... 3890
James Lindsay Robertson,
NSD VES 2) DIVES eee 390
John sBrooksSeence sore eee 792
Martin Gehres, D.V.M........ 733
Mrs. George W. Dunphy.... 791
Obstetrics, Peculiar Case of in
Cow, Case Report............ 612
Oesophageal, Ante-Diaphragmatic
Jabot Resembling Pulmonary
Emphysema in Horse........ 621
Oesophagus, Surgery of Foreign
Bodies ants)... Wiss hclenenacce en e 423
Official Tour of Europe of the
American Veterinary Medical
ENSSOCIALIONI sae te eh eee ene 553
Oil, Clove, in Open Joint....... 252
Operation for Intussusception of
Metin an "Cows eek eee 505
Ophthalmology, Veterinary, Auto-
Seiotheraphy in
Orchitis, Tuberculous in a Horse 384
Omibanets Bacilltissacee et soe 701
On Ghronic Roarine eee 673
Outbreak of Tuberculosis in —
Pigeons, Case Report........ 497
Osteomas of the Shoulder...... 760
PAGE
Ovaro-Hysterectomy in an Un-
common, Cases eee eee eee + 250
Oxygen Subcutaneously ........ 250
Paralysis). Gerebraleees perenne Ql
Paralysis of the Interior Pop-
liteal INervevineCathlesanesees 506
Parasitic Cyst in the Brain of a
Hetfer: .i8..c8eeeheed eee 506
Parenchymatous Mastitis, Thera-
peuticsMohAr.. Hee ee eee 232
Pareto-Ataxia Troubles in a
Doe Sclerosis; .withitiee. een 382
Parturient Apoplexy with Re-
laDSE! eatuheens Secu Bee ee 253
Parturition Case :4-)ec@ eee gl
Pathologic Scenery, a Few
Words. om thes.) ose 668
Peculiar Case of Cerebral Tuber-
CUlOSIS Milan SlLeehe nn eee S11
Peculiar Case of Obstetrics in
Cow, ‘Case Report... 4... seem 612
Persistence of the Bacillus of In-
fectious Abortion in the Tis-
Sues. of -AmimalSsenen een eee 307
Petroleum, Concerning the
ACHON VOL |: ec Riche ree One 255
Pharyngitis: oer cee hee eee 510
Physiologic Principles in Thera-
peutics. . ..deet he echo 340
Placenta Found in Rumen of
Cows \Gase sRepont}:2. oe 755
Pleuresy, Treatment of, by In-
jections of VAIf. 3a eke eee 384
Pleuritic Effusions, the Treat-
ment Of i. ce eee ene 249
Pneumonia, Contagious, Oe
Horses, Recent Investigations
of, and the Salvarsan Treat-
ment of the Disease.......... 634
Pneumonia, 606 in Infectious... 382
Poisoning by Barium Nitrate.. 507
Poliomyelitis, Acute, in a Mare. 616
Poll Evil, Treatment of Without
Operation: .. 2402 5.. eeeeee 615
Polycystic Affection of the Liver
in a. BOvines. ieee. eee 512
Popliteal Nerve, Interior, in Cat-
tle, Paralgsis of the:::52.can 506
Prescribing and _ Prescription
Writing: . oi 220.4 ee eee 245
Prethoracic and Malignant
‘Tumors? ie..: os che ae ee ee I
Prevention of Milk Fever...... 380
Prof. William A. Evans, Chi-
cago, Ill, Address. by. 2.came 178
TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV. XIII
PAGE | PAGE
Proposed Elimination from the Reports or Gases’... 2.002% 75,247, 374
United States Pharmacopoeia. 607 497, 609, 736
Prostatitis, Renal Sarcoma and, | Resume on the Control and
Se 250 Eradication of Glanders...... 2
Profession Rejoices at the Pass- | Review, English ........ 90, 240, 379
age Unanimously of the Army 506, 613, 756
Veterinary Service Bill by the Review, Beesem. 270-305 94, 252, 381
House Military Committee.... 675 | 509, 616, 758
Public Drinking Fountains, Review, Germanys! 1/222) 2em 2) 255
Glanders and, General Educa- Reviews ltaliameseee sce ee te nee 7
Home hesard t0........-«% . (acy) || Review; Romania (4. 0.0. 621
Publishers’ Department ....150, 2 Richard Glover, F.R.C.V.S...... 436
AT4, 530, 662, 706 Rigid Os Uteri in a Cow, Case
Pulmonary Collapsus with Calci- IMEDOIE? ote tate lee ane 503
Mean a Galf.... ssc sces 0s 500 | Roaring, Goitre and in Horse.. 621
Pure Milk Production and the Roatine, On. Chive 7c e ss 7 673
oprion Bacillus ........:... 467 | Robertson, James L., a Tribute
Pus and Streptococci in Milk, to the Memory of, from a
Miemincatice Of .......---++.. 716 Former Student ©). 0 7.5, 267. 434
Purulent Catarrh of the Frontal
and Maxillary Sinuses in a
IEVECHS. 280. See en Eee 258
Pyaemic Arthritis, Case Report. «
Pyelonephritis and Cystitis by
Sa Foreign Body in a 4
sci Sh, SE eR eS Rae 19
Pyelo- Nephritis in a Foal...... 92
Rabies m Solipeds.............. 2
OS a OG 20
Rain, Azoturia Case in, Case Re-
HOT 4/5 Loti BRete & Orne cet eee 504
Rare Case of Recovery from
Fracture of the Navicular Bone
SPIE OESE <2 5 5.0. c.cis.n wo ole « a vinin 762
Rare Tuberculous Lesions in
ISGTALAISS ¢ Give Cine eae ees te 96
Recent Investigations of Con-
tagious Pneumonia of Horses,
and the Salvarsan Treatment
alr ee IDR ee 634
Rectum. Diverticulum of the. of
Pseudo-Perineal Hernia, Case
IRASOTA? OS gS ee eh ere a ri
Remedies, External, in Medicine
—Glycerine Applications ..... 25
Anal
Imperforation — Absence of
Rectum and of the Last Loop
Gu dave ACs) era a ere ae 62
Renal Sarcoma and Prostatitis
SMO RM fae. oc sd ops nidids + ess 250
Report of Surgeon-General, U.
PRP ITIN. TOUS. 5 Soc adc ces. 5 - 633
Report of the Special Committee
for the Detection of Glanders. 218
Robertson, James L., V Bs prides Hed Bi
IDO BSR e be ee ete are er ea or 415
Roumanian Review ............ 21
Ruling as to Cocaine Prescrip-
180) 0 Cyaan Bice acioera tise 410
Rumen of Cow, Placenta Found
ie Case Report; .kcsnee: => 755
Rumenotomy—Acute Indigestion
iireaseow, Case Report. -....- - 753
Rumen, Tympany of the, or
Bloating : With a Prompt and
Efficient REMICU Vee eects: 242
Ruminants, Intestinal Obstruc-
PLAS PITIEs F2 eee nats eke ses ies 05
Rupture of the Stomach in
Horse Caused by Blocking the
Outlet of Ingesta in Deter-
mining Ingestion, Case Report 612
Rupture of the Uterus in a Cow. 757
Sanitary Police Measures and
Pio ‘Cholera, \)ia.464 vedanta 227
Sarcoma, Melanotis, with Cu-
taneous and, Polyvisceral Me-
tastasis) inva Woes ees 255
Sarcoma of the Stomach in a
IFLORSE. a pana a sae eet gI
Sarcoptic Mange in Horses, New
Treatmention oseeece ater 750
SarcOsporidiOSis cya. ae eee 666
Schistocormus Reflexus, Case
Report fa acicavacierg oe cooler 752
Science, Veterinary, ‘from a
Country Practitioners’ View-
POMPE ic ceeretee holt ein = enn Sf gets 350
Sclerosis with Pareto-Ataxia
‘Broubles: tat WO.) ess 2) 2 382
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV.
PAGE
Scope of Abdominal Surgery in
Animals
Scrotal Hernia in a Foal....... 90
Septicemia Following Infectious
Phlebitis of the Right Hind
Leg
eee Calf Scourage.... 256
Serum in Practice, Hog Cholera.
Shedding of the Protection
wpeue!elaia\e/e wine inje\-eeke ce ele) =. oun ss he
VAIS Ave estan clases stot etre siesta 258
Shoulder, Osteomas of the...... 760
Significance of Pus and Strepto-
Goraer sha Wien Sas ookadgas gone 710
606 in Infectious Pneumonia.... 382
Skin Lesions of the Horse Re-
sembling Dermatitis Ervysip-
ClatO Sayre sicse a eehclseeis Deicke teas 756
Small Intestine, Invagination of
the in a Dog, Case Report.... 610
Snake iter Ce )ind seonctanieaee 614
SocrETy MEETINGS—
Address by Dr. A. Joly, Live-
stock Sanitary Commissioner 650
Alumni Association of the
New York American Vet-
ertnary College, 22). 225 er 403
American Veterinary Medical
Association .............. 97, 270
Association of State and Pro-
vincial Veterinary Colleges. 391
Central New York Veterinary
Medical Association ....... 527
Connecticut Veterinary Medi-
Cale ASSOCIATION eee 409
Georgia State Veterinary As-
sociation, President Wm. M.
Burson’s Address Before... 524
Keystone Veterinary Medical
Association . .285, 408, 786
Maine Veterinary Medical As-
SOCIATION! (a... sc sebooneee 283, 781
Massachusetts Veterinary As-
SOCiation s.r 407, 786
Minnesota State Veterinary
IAisSOCIAHOM eon. Socee eee eee 785
Mississippi State Veterinary
Medical Association ....... T45
Missouri Valley Veterinary
IN SSOCIALION MN Ades cee 623, 774
New York State Breeders’ AS
SOCIATION Stale pe eie eee 787
New York State Veterinary
Medical Soctetyrecnsceeee te 27
Ohio State Veterinary Medi-
CAlMASSOCIAUIONN ei jae oer 640
PAGE
Society MEETINGS—
Pennsylvania State Veterin-
ary Medical Association ... 398
Rhode Island Veterinary Medi-
cal Associations sacri 652
Schuylkill Valley Veterinary
Medical Association ....... 642
Tenth International Veterinary
Congress, London’ .-) ae 778
United States Live Stock Sani-
tary Association, |... eee 20
Utah Veterinary Medical As-
sociation" |...) 0 epee 408
Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion of New York City.... 143,
sue _ 405, 645
Virginia State Veterinary
Medical Association ....... 648
Wisconsin State Veterinary
Society.” £6.).).3.2 bose 783
Soda, Tellurate of, in Cancerous
Neoformations ..........00+05
Solipeds, Rabies in:. <>... Bet
Some Interesting Cases......... 613
Some Observations and Experi-
ences with Hemorrhagic Sep- ;
ticaemia> in: Cattle: -).- soem 700
Some Thoughts on Veterinary
Education i --seec eee eee 709
Spams of the Larynxcp eee 379
Spasms, Laryngo - Pharyngo-
Oesophageal, in Horses....... 616
Standing, ‘Chloroform: ...-.e ee 380
Sternum and Ribs, Fracture of
the! |... ce dee Sees ee eee 383
Sting, "Wasp 2... ce eee 507
Stomach, Extensive Rupture of
the
Stomach, Rupture of, in Horse,
Caused by Blocking the Out-
let of Ingesta in Determining
Ingestion, Case Report........ 612
Stomoxys Calcitrans
Studies on the Virus of Hog
ces oven tins es
Cholera...) 25:)J2 ae 555, 684
Sub-Acute Diffused Meningo-
Encephalitis in a Dog........ 511
Surgery, Abdominal ............
Surgery of Foreign Bodies in
Ocsophiagus: \° 3). sem seaceeeleee 423
Surgical Antisepsy with Tincture
of Todine< 2256s eee 761
Surgical Treatment of Colics in
Animals 320).2. ...S eee 19, 166
Team Work for Veterinary Leg-
islation ©... i: ses eucsnesa eee 162
TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV.
PAGE
Tellurate of Soda in Cancerous
Neoformations
Tenth International Veterinary
Congress
Tenth International
pe fatwa si el 6 ehw « s,0
Goneness, London .....2......
Terrible Accident to a Race
TCM MEPS ie hore: cay sola. 6) ena aves ac0-0%e
LABS” J Be Sana aCe eee ee
Tetanus, Electrargol in........
ay bo re :
The Horse Doctor and the Man
Doctor
Therapeutics, Empirical
Therapeutics of Parenchymatous
Simin eo wilele) em: sus = see se wma s
HESS EICISEM ec 6 die one tele seg
Therapeutics, Physiologic Prin-
LS: te
“The Tissue Medium,’ an
Analysis of Dr. McLaughlin’s
EICIMO Te legs se on cbs oso 2
Tincture of Todine, Surgical
Antisepsy with
Tissue Medium
Tooth Fang, Arrested Develop-
ment of. in a Bitch Due to an
Tayary., Case Report..........
Traumatic Arthritis—Its Treat-
ment
Treatment of Capped Elbow....
Treatment of Pleuresy bv Iniec-
Gee ai he :
Treatment of Pleuritic Effusions
Treatment of Poll Evil Without
Me ratOne ins cs sie v's cs ose ws
Tribute to the Memory
Tames L. Robertson, from a
Former Student
Tuberculosis, Bony. of Fowls..
Tuberculosis Microbe. Inborn ‘or
Specific. Aptitude with.....>.. [
Tuberculosis. Outbreak of in
Pigeons, Case Report........
Tuberculous Lesions, R‘are, in
Bovines
Tuberculous Orchitis in a Horse -
Tumors, Lymphadenitis and
Multiple Cutaneous, in a Horse
Tumors, Prethoracic and Ma-
EMSAM on Bed ica e's
Two Interesting Cow Cases,
MIRERIS ENOL: so-ckle-0d ss fcc se
iiveapany, Gastric .............
in a Horse,
Ce ee oD
Tympany, Gastric,
Case Report
Veterinary
232
340
609
XV
PAGE
Tympany of the Rumen, or
Bloating: With a Prompt and
Exfficient/ «Remedy 75.5% sie.
United States Government Meat
Trispectionwe: oct eee ae eee
United States Pharmacopoeia,
Proposed Elimination from...
United States Senate, What Are
Unusual Case of Constipation in
an Aged Horse, Case Report..
Unusual Sequela to Castration..
Unusual Susceptibility to Cocaine
Uruguay Veterinary College....
Use of Milk Cultures of B. Bul-
garicus in the Prevention of
Bacillary White Diarrhea of
Young Chicks
Uterine Cyst in a Cow..:......
Uterus, Rupture of the, in a Cow
Vaccination, Controlling Chicken
pox, Sore Head or Contagious
Epithelioma by
Vaccination, Double Method in
Anthrax Outbreak, Case Re-
port
Vertebrae, Second Dorsal, Frac-
ture of the, ina Horse... 5...
Vertebral Column, Exostosis of
the, Causes Hemorrhage of the
Vena Cava
Veterinarians and Horse Breed-
ing
Veterinarian, Artificial Insemina-
tion and Its Relation to the..
Veterinarians and the Allied
Elorse Interests. - ..525 «see nee
Veterinarians, Cocaine Law and.
Veterinary Association, New,
Organized _ in Minnesota......
Veterinary Conference in Ithaca
S © els, 0),0/)0) 6\(6 60.9 )8 ome sle
S10) die a s,.0;@ Wel tiene 6 0 © ee 6.6) 0 5) (Ve
Veterinary Congress, Tenth In-
ternational sceee eee eee eee
Veterinary Congress, Tenth In-
ternational) Mond On--peesee
Veterinary Colleges Complying
with Requirements of V.
Veterinary Education, Some
Thoughs on
Veterinary Legislation of
Future or the Duties of the
Veterinarian of the Future....
242
607
301
374
92
93
4II
194
618
757.
681
46
709
484
XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS, VOLUME XLIV.
Veterinary Legislation,
Work for
Veterinary Medical Association
Meetings. 149, 2890, 413, 520, 661, 705
Veterinary Medicine, Adrenaline
TOU ODT DIS o On CERES OT ITOIND 156
Veterinary Medicine, Yohimbine
TIN Gade fere nk terete sacrete ead ie ene eae 427
Veterinary Science from a
Country Practitioner’s View-
POMP ls aetite © sverefotevetorevereietovere ers 350
Veterinary Service Bill, Army,
Mark You This—The Army
and Navy Journal Says Will
LikelyaRass'ss.eaie ice eee cones
Veterinary Surgery, Grossich’s
Methodtim 1). #:¢akletien tae nee 760
PAGE
Veterinary Surgery, Human and 203
Virus of ‘Rabies... .-jieo.aeeeeee 425
Wasp Sting... =. siee. nese 507
What Are We Going to Do in
What Was It? Case Report.... 754
William Hunting, F.R'C.V.S... 436
Wounds, Articular—Their Treat-
ATVCIUE Sirccvovels oi eiereloisiereisrenekeetoneieiene 253
Writing, Prescribing and Pres-
Cription. .ok.. skis oes ae eee 245
Yohimbine in. Veterinary Medi-
Cine, |. fk. Je eee eee 427
AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.
CCTOBER, 191%:
EDITORIAL.
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, August 15, 1913.
PRETHORACIC AND MALIGNANT Tumors.—lf I can judge
by the literature at my hands, these forms of affections are more
common in bovines than in horses. Indeed I find that only 18
cases have been recorded in those last animals. Among them
there were tumors of various nature, cancerous, lympho and
fibro-sarcomatous, lymphadenoma. This last being most fre-
quent. But whether prethoracic or mediastinal, and whatever
may its origin be, lymphadenoma is a very malignant morbid
entity, which can be met with in all the domestic animals and
also in man and which may be accompanied with secondary
metastasis, invading most of the tissues and organs and like
epithelial cancer give rise to a neoplastic cachexia.
At the Société des Sciences Vétérinaires of Lyon a very in-
teresting case of generalized lymphadenoma of the mediastinum
in a horse was recorded, having been observed by two army
veterinarians, M.M. Lesbre and Velu, with the assistance of
adjunct Professor Roquet of the Lyon school.
I will present the clinical history of this extremely interest-
ing case, as it is a valuable addition to the symptomatology of
such tumors in horses, where the diagnosis is sometimes doubt-
ful and difficult ; especially when the neoplasm has not the tend-
1
ho
EDITORIAL.
ency to generalization and when its presence is only manifested
by secondary anasarca, localized to the anterior quarters and
almost always also by hydrothorax. In bovines these tumors
are not rare; their symptomatology is now well known; it re-
sembles much that of pericarditis by foreign bodies and the dif-
ferential diagnosis may be rendered possible by examination of
the heart.
Gondole, a seven-year-old half-bred mare has never been se-
riously ill. One day she is found slacking in her ambition and
is short-winded. In fact, after some hard work she is so unable
to go on, that with great difficulty she is led back to her stable,
where she arrives exhausted and literally broken down. After
a few moments of rest, all the signs of illness have passed away
and she settles down to eat her meal. Cardiac troubles are sus-
pected. A short trot brings out again the same manifestations,
hurried breathing, dyspnea, venous pulse, etc. Auscultation of
the heart shows acceleration and violent beatings. Heart dis-
ease is diagnosed, digitaline and arsenious acid granules are
prescribed. Eighteen days later, being taken out for a walk, she
has a violent crisis with convulsive tremblings, acute moanings,
etc. After this spell, which passed off rapidly, she remained
about comfortable for a few weeks, although she is gradually
losing flesh. At that time a new series of manifestation takes
place. ‘At the point of each shoulder there appears flat swellings,
circular, slightly cedematous, not adherent to the skin and cor-
responding to an hypertrophy of the prescapular and prepectoral
lymph glands. This is followed after a few days by a swelling
of the glands of the intermaxillary space, which rapidly increases
and is then represented by a number of glandular tumors. With
these swellings of the intermaxillary space and chest, a large
oedema of the depending portions of the fore quarters develops
and invades the head, chest and forelegs. The distended jug-
ular veins are as big as a man’s arm.”
EDITORIAL. 3
A diagnosis of interthoracic lymph gland adenopathy is made
and the animal merely kept on observation without any treat-
ment prescribed.
During the time that the animal remained under observation
until death took place, some 8 or 10 weeks after, quite rapid loss
of flesh was observed and cachectic condition gradually devel-
oped. The respiration had become slightly accelerated ; the lower
third of the chest was dull on percussion and silent at ausculta-
tion. Pleural exudation existed, and at various times was tem-
porarily relived by theracenthesis. Twenty-three litres of it be-
ing taken off altogether. The beatings of the heart were irreg-
ular, weak and not always perceptible. The pulse was filiform
and intermittent. The temperature varied between 37° and 38°
C. Micturation was frequent but not abundant. ‘Towards the
end of the disease ephidrosis appeared in the jugular grooves
first and after on the flanks, the stifles, chest and arm-pits. These
ephidroses disappeared one day, after a thoracenthesis of seven
litres being made, but it returned and spread as before. The
mare died without violent struggling by dyspnea, after having
been sick since October, 1912, to February, 1913, say four
months.
The post mortem of Gondole revealed a most generalized in-
vasion of the entire lymph glandular system in various degrees.
The glands of the right side being more affected than those of
the left. Those of the thoracic cavity weighed 8,000 grams.
They were the largest. Those of the right kidney weighed only
62 grams, and between these two figures came the other lymph
glands of the body. One of the principal lesions was found at
the entrance of the chest and on the mediastinum. It formed
an enormous tumor weighing 8 kilograms and was formed of
three large masses as big as a child’s head with numerous sec-
ondary ones attached to it. The whole mass embraced the
trachea, cesophagus, carotid and all the nerves surrounding. It
4 EDITORIAL.
pressed on the jugulars, the axillary veins and the anterior vena
cava, which was partly obliterated by vegetations, as if the walls
of the vessel had been run through by the neoplasm.
All the other visceras were free from lesions. The pleura
and lungs were normal. There was some fluid in the pleural
cavity. The pericardium was not inflamed, but contained little
fluid. In the heart the only lesion was a few nodules on the
mitral valve. The liver was big, congested and weighed 10 kilo-
grams. The spleen was twice its ordinary weight, 1 kilogram
800 grams. The kidneys were normal, except the right which
contained a glandular tumor weighing 62 grams.
The histological study of the primitive tumor and of several
of the secondary nodules has shown ihat in all, the same struc-
ture existed, namely that of lymphadenoma.
*K
*K *
Dr. CARRELL’s NEw EXPERIMENTS.—Their object is relat-
ing to the artificial variations of activity of conjunctive tissue in
its automatic life. These were presented lately to the Academie
de Médecine in Paris.
Already several months ago experiments of Dr. Carrell had
demonstrated that a piece of chicken fcetal heart was beating
normally more than three months after the removal from the
organism and that cultures of conjunctive tissue did rapidly
grow in the beginning of the fifth month of their existence im
vitro. These experiments were kept up. Colonies of conjunctive
cells, from the same piece of heart, removed more than four-
teen months ago, to-day develop with great activity after having
been submitted to 166-167 passages.
The examination of the tissues formed by these cellular col-
onies showed the existence of a constant relation between the
rapidity of their growth and the composition of the media. This
fact indicated the possibility of regulating the rapidity of the
proliferation of the conjunctive cells in the same manner as the
activity of microbian cells can be modified.
The experiments were made with colonies of conjunctive
EDITORIAL. 5
cells, which since a year were living outside of the organism and
developing with a constant rapidity. Those tissues were sub-
mitted to more or less frequent passages in plasma alone of adult
chicken or in one to which were added variable quantities of
embryonic extract. It is known that these extracts, with also
certain tissues of adult animal, have the property of activat-
ing, from three to forty times about, the rapidity of the growth
in vitro of conjunctive tissue. After each passage the primitive
piece was rapidly surrounded with a more or less wide areola
of new tissue. The density of this remained about the same all
through the last of the experiments.
The width of the areola which was formed round the orig-
inal piece was measured with the micrometer or a photography
of the culture was taken. The examinations and the mensura-
tions were generally made forty-eight hours after the passage.
Each experiment was rigorously controlled by a control culture.
The experiments can be divided into two groups according
to the activity of the cell proliferation being reduced or increased.
*
1°. Colonies of cells, which became surrounded in forty-
eight hours with a ring of new tissue, O m. m. 7 or O m. Mm. 9
wide, were cultivated in normal plasma of adult chicken. Dur-
ing the first forty-eight hours their activity diminished much.
They were then submitted to another passage in an identical
media. The growth became very slow; it was about 0 m. m.
115 in forty-eight hours, while it remained at o m. m. 9 in the
control culture. The size of the tissue then ceased to increase,
as, at each passage, a certain number of the cells were destroyed,
and their losses, small as they were, were sufficient to take off
from the tissue the gain of its slow growth. The mass could
remain stationary for several weeks, and yet the cells continued
to proliferate. Sometimes the proliferation would stop entirely
and the tissues would die. The plasma of adult animal would
not permit a marked increase in the mass of the cell colonies
6 EDITORIAL.
which were cultivated. A diminution in the activity of the tis-
sues could also be obtained by keeping exposed to a tempera-
ture of 35°-36° C. instead of 39°, or in exposing them for four
or five days to similar surrounding temperature. The colonies
of cells, whose activity had thus been reduced, continued to
proliferate slowly, when kept in that same surrounding. But if
they were placed in their ordinary media, they would regain their
original activity after a few passages.
*
* ok
ie)
2°. The addition to the normal plasma of an adult animal
of a small quantity of extract of tissue produced at once an in-
crease in the mass of the cell colonies. A piece of tissue cul-
tivated in a media composed of two parts of plasma and one of
embryonary extract, slightly diluted, is in forty-eight hours sur-
rounded with an areola of new cells, whose width is about
O m. m. 9 and keeps increasing very rapidly. In a few days it
is double its size, and it became necessary to divide and sub-
divide it. When more condensed extracts of tissues were used
or again if the colonies were submitted to daily passages, during
several days, they would, in forty-eight hours, produce a ring
measuring: I m. m. 5. and even 1 m. m. 80-in width. In this
last case the growth of the conjunctive tissue was forty times
more rapid than with normal plasma. The increase in the mass
of tissue during this short period is wonderful. In other cul-
tures the rapidity of the growth was even greater, and to such
an extent that the quantity of conjunctive tissue, formed at the
expense of the media, was relatively enormous. This great in-
crease of size proved that, in these experiments, they were not
phenomenas of survis, analogous to those observed by Carrell and
others, but that it was a new fact, namely that of conjunctive
cells living and multiplying indefinitely in their media of cul-
tures as microbes do.
EDITORIAL. ti
Those experiments then have shown that colonies of con-
junctive cells which have lived more than one year outside the
organism, had kept their faculty of increasing much in size and
of giving birth to quantities of other colonies. They also have
shown that the rapidity of cell proliferation can be regulated as
easily as the activity of micro-organisms. Those cell colonies,
in a given and constant state of activity, will, without doubt,
facilitate the study of the physico-chemical factors in the growth
of tissues and may perhaps, one day, serve as reactive for the
diagnosis of the dynamic properties of the tissues and humors
of the organism.
ABDOMINAL SURGERY.—Abdominal audacious surgical inter-
ferences of almost all kinds are so common in human medicine
that the most delicate and the most serious are often recorded
without receiving the attention that they deserve.
In veterinary medicine, since the days of asepsy and anti-
sepsy, operations on the abdomen have become more frequent.
Common for smaller animals, they even have made their way
for larger, and it is not unfrequent now to read in our profes-
sional journals records of cases of laparotomy, enterotomy, etc.,
many of which have been followed by recovery. I have just
come across one in “J// Moderno Zooiatro,” which I think de-
serves publicity.
The record is headed ‘‘ On the Diagnosis and Surgical Treat-
ment of Enterolithiasis in Solipeds,’ and relates a clinical ob-
servation of unusual interest, because: 1° a double operation,
laparotomy and then enterotomy were performed on an animal
over fifteen years of age, which had an intestinal calculus of
enormous size, weighing 7 kilograms 845 grams, say over I5
pounds and a half. The operation was followed by radical re-
covery: 2° because the diagnosis of intestinal calculus was made
out by external manipulations; 3° because the seat of the cal-
culus in the cecum was made out and confirmed by the opera-
8 EDITORIAL.
tion, a localization, which explains how such an enormous stone
could have remained so long in the organism without preventing
the passage of the food and giving rise only, now and then, to
slight intermittent colics.
The operation is thus described,
*
*
The mare was bay and fifteen years old. She was brought
to the veterinary school for being lame. While she was examined
a peculiar deformity, in the profile view of the inferior abdominal
wall, was noticed on a level with the xyphoid cartilage of the
sternum. By palpation, the presence of a very heavy and large
mass, slightly mobile, was made out. Rectal examination was
negative. A diagnosis was made of intestinal calculus, located
in the diaphragmatic curvature of the colon or the anterior por-
tion of the cecum. The owner, telling the history of his mare,
stated that after meals she was subject to abdominal pains of
short duration.
The mare was abandoned to the school and Prof. Pietro
Ghisleni decided to operate on her.
The animal, properly prepared, was cast on her back and
brought under the influence of ether. Laparotomy was per-
formed, an incision being made, 30 cm. long, a little on the left
of the median line and extending from the xyphoid cartilage to
in front of the umbilical cicatrix. After laceration of adhering
tissues, both hands were introduced in the abdomen, but even
with the aid of an assistant the calculus could not be raised from
its position, and the operation was given up. The wound was
properly secured and dressed and complete healing obtained in
twenty days.
Two months later a second operation was attempted. The
animal was thrown on her right side and anesthesied with ether.
An incision was made on the left abdominal wall, parallel to the
linea alba, a little above the cicatrix of the first laparotomy. The
calculus was then found located in the anterior part of the caecum.
EDITORIAL. 9:
An assistant introduced his arm in the abdomen and with both
hands of the operator the mass was brought outside. The con-
tents of the cecum were pushed upwards towards its base, a
strong ligature was applied on the organ to prevent their falling
back and also one towards the point of the cecum. The intes-
tinal walls were then incised and the stone extracted. The sutures
of the intestines were carefully applied, serous against serous,
and the wound of laparotomy closed. The stitches were removed
after 12 days and a complete cicatrization obtained in 20. The
mare went to work and never had colics after.
aA
* x
CANINE Iso-SEROTHERAPY.—A new application, which de-
serves attention, is that which has been made and recorded at
the Société de Pathologie comparée by MM. Lepinay and
Beausillon.
Very interesting results have been obtained in human medi-
cine in the treatment of some affections with the use of human
sera, such as in the accidents of pregnancy, gastro-enteritis and
broncho-pneumonia, which were favorably influenced by injec-
tions of serum from healthy men or women, free from tubercu-
losis or syphilitic tares.
From these data the authors of the article had decided to
experiment on dogs, with canine serum, obtained by centrifuga-
tion or decantation, with blood taken from the saphena. This
serum possesses the maximum of properties, when it is used
fresh, immediately after the bleeding, as it still contains a cer-
tain quantity of thrombine, a coagulating substance of superior
excellency.
It is to hypodermic injections that the authors resorted in
preference, as the mode of administration. These injections are
well supported, are not painful and leave no marks. At the
most, they may bring in twenty-four hours a thermic elevation
of one degree, which disappears rapidly. A dose of 5-10-15 cubic
centimeters is injected on the inner side of the thigh and can
be repeated several times in succession, without bad effects or
10 EDITORIAL.
inconvenience. Following the absorption of the injected fluid
there is a noticeable increase of globular percentage in the blood,
in the hematios and leucocytes, and the coagulating properties
of the blood of the animal treated are well elevated.
In hemorrhagic enteritis, which is so frequent during attacks
of distemper, in post-operatory hemorrhage such as after the
amputation of the ears or removal of tumors, etc., most satis-
factory results have been obtained. Even in these last cases the
internal administration may be rendered more perfect by the
application of serum with the dressing.
As it has proved that “if the day after a copious bleeding,
serum being taken during the full hematic crisis of regeneration
and injected into a fresh animal, this would present twenty-four
hours after the injection a great and lasting hyperglobulia,” the
authors have by successive bleedings prepared homopoietic sera,
which, when injected into healthy dogs, gave rise to great hyper-
globulia, the number of hematies being raised from 4 or 5 mil-
lions to 6, 7 or 8, and that of the leucocytes from 8,000 to 10,000
to 25,000 and 30,000.
On the day following, the red globules still increased in num-
ber, and 10 or even 12 millions could be counted. After 10 or
12 days the equilibrium had returned.
By this treatment anemic animals have been benefited, recov-
eries and improvement during distemper were obtained and in-
testinal hemorrhages were rapidly arrested.
These results that the authors record are very encouraging
and certainly deserve attention, as the application of the method
may prove a valuable means to reinforce the resistance of ani-
mals against the invasion of microbian germs and perhaps be of
great advantage in general practice.
*
* *
BIBLIOGRAPHY.—The report of the New York STATE VET-
ERINARY COLLEGE for the year IQII-1I2 is as complete as it can
be made and shows the great and valuable amount of work of the
institution.
EDITORIAL. 11
Director Dr. V. A. Moore, addressing the report to Acting
President T. F. Crane, after concise generalities, considers the
subject of the faculty, the statistics relating to the number of
students and the standing of the graduates, the plan of instruc-
tion and the arrangements of the three years of studies, then
the diagnosis work, the examinations relating to some contagious
diseases, the distribution of sera, and concludes with the consid-
eration of the needs of the college and the recommendations that
are indicated.
This part of the report is interesting in a general way. The
appendix, which forms the largest part of the volume, speaks of
the real work in some details and is the part which will attract
the attention of veterinarians, of intended students and of scien-
tists of both medicines, human and veterinary. After the reports
relating to the practical teaching in the clinics by Prof. Williams,
there are a series of articles from Director Moore, Professors
Fitch, Burnett, Frost, Bolton, Birch and Jones on various sub-
jects, such as glanders, arterial sclerotomatosis, abortion and
sterility in cattle, etc. Several of these articles are handsomely
illustrated.
The report is one which other similar institutions ought to
take as model to show their work.
<6
I have also been favored with the report of the VETERINARY
DrrEcTOR-GENERAL AND Live-StocK Commissioner, Dr. J. G.
Rutherford, for the year ending March 31, 1912. It is a large
volume of nearly 500 pages with a few illustrations, where our
worthy confrére, Dr. Rutherford, has collected the great amount
of good work carried out under his directions by the excellent
staff of veterinarians he had with him. There are contained
in the book many interesting reports.
*
* *
Quite an interesting volume has been received also from
ParKE, Davis & Co., the great firm of Detroit, that every veteri-
12 EDITORIAL.
narian knows, whose title says in a few words the object: “ Col-
lected Papers from Research Laboratory.”
It is a neat book of nearly 300 pages, gathering the reprints
of the valuable work done by the investigators of the laboratory
of this firm, as-they have been published in several medical and
veterinary papers in the United States and in England.
The idea of collecting all these publications into one volume
is a very good one, as one may at once find out those which may
be of special interest, without being obliged to inquire and look,
some time without good success when and where such papers have
been published.
This volume is numbered as the first, which indicates that
others will follow. They will make a good addition to any
library.
2
* *
Other Acknowledgments—Bureau of Animal Industry, Bul-
letin 166 on Chemical Changes Produced in Cow's Milk by Pas-
teurization, by Dr. Philip Rupp, Ph. D.
Veterinary Notes for June, 1913.
Archives des Sciences Biologiques of the Imperial Institute
of Experimental Medicine of St. Petersburg.
The West Australian, with a valuable contribution by Dr.
E. A. Weston on the use of tuberculine test.
ATS
A GOLDEN LEGACY—TO THE PURPOSES.
POSSIBILITIES OF WHICH Wotan
NOT BEEN INSENSISES.
The closing meeting of the first half century of the life of.
the American Veterinary Medical Association has passed into
history; and, with a thousand persons in attendance, including
the ladies that graced the occasion with their presence, and the
EDITORIAL. 13
scope and character of the work accomplished, has set a pace for
those that are to come after it that will permit of no relaxation
of the energy that has characterized its work in the past. Nor
do we anticipate any; for the noble pioneers of our profession
who laid the foundation of this splendid organization fifty years
ago planned better than they knew, and so through these fifty
years it has gone onward and upward, each year’s gathering
marking an advance of the previous one, and so it will continue
down through the next, half century, yearly increasing the
breadth of its work and the extent of its usefulness in developing
and elevating veterinary science, until it shall have reached a
first place among the learned professions.
Let us glance back over the activities of this last great meet-
ing and endeavor to determine whether its accomplishments
have been in keeping with the greatness of the occasion; the
return to the scene of the association’s initial activities, after
fifty years, during which it has pitched its tent in every quarter
of the United States and twice on Canadian soil.
Would the character of this conference,’ held upon the old
camping ground of the group of practitioners who laid its foun-
dation there half a century ago, meet with their approval? We
feel sure that it would. We feel further assured that it would
have surpassed the hopes and ideals of the most sanguine of
them, could they have but beheld that great congress of veter-
inarians in New York last month and followed them through the
immense amount of work that was accomplished, and the manner
in which it was accomplished in those five days. We have
referred to the organizers as a group of practitioners, and such
they were; ideal practitioners; broad thinking men, filled with
an ambition for greater scientific attainment by their profession;
and could they have been present at this Golden Anniversary
meeting of the association which they organized, they would
have seen that their ambition had been realized (greater scientific
attainment by their profession), with the group of practitioners
(only a very much larger group than the original one) still
occupying a central place in the organization, flanked on every
14 EDITORIAL.
side by those whose live work has taken them along lines of
investigation of subjects which, while perhaps more properly
classed amongst scientific research work, still are directly related
to, and are part of the everyday life of the practitioner. Each
is equally important to the other. For example, had they peeped
into the room where the section on Sanitary Science and Police
were in session, they would have observed that all the practi-
tioners that could squeeze in were present, listening just as in-
tently to papers presented by pathologists and others on subjects
of vital importance to them as they did in the sections on medi-
cine and surgery. In short, we were impressed by the very
patent evidence of the breadth and scope of the fiftieth anniver-
sary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association,
and its healthful condition, manifested by its literary programme.
No subject was too scientific and technical, nor too practical and
commonplace, to merit a position on it. Every phase of pro-
fessional interest was represented. We were further impressed
with the great importance of this national organization as an
educational factor. We all know of its great service in the
elucidation of subjects of national importance, but how many of
us realize how much of an individual educator it is to each of
those who attend its sessions closely. Local organizations are
apt to be made up of members whose interests and daily tasks
are more or less in common. Here is a society made up of city
practitioners, there another of country practitioners, and still
another of B. A. I. men. And still other veterinarians, whose
work has gotten them into the channel of pathology and bacteri-
ology, become members of associations of that character, such
as the Pathological Society of their city and the Society of
America Bacteriologists, ete., etc. The result naturally following
that each of these groups are developing more strongly in certain
directions; and they come to the American Veterinary Medical
Association meetings each year to discuss the subjects in which
they have been working during the interval that has elapsed
since the previous one. What is the outcome?
Checks tg Not Vaccinated 1o—VI—13 ©
Checks 2 Not Vaccinated 17—V1—13_
Checks 3 Not Vaccinated 24—VI—13
Checks 4 Not Vaccinated 1—VII
2The immunizing injections were given at 7 day intervals.
2All injections were made subcutaneously. :
89.5 c.c. of Suspension in 10 c.c. or 20 c.c. bouillon centaining 1 loopful of surf
mune bodies. The degree of immunity in the animals was estab-—
lished by Zurkan from the comparative results of the serological
reactions he obtained with the complement fixation, agglutina-
tion, precipitation and opsonic tests. Since there were no prac-
tical tests made on these animals, his statement that malleo-ag-
gressin may be used for the immunization of horses against glan-
ders cannot be accepted as conclusive.
At our last meeting of the A. V. M. A. in Indianapolis,
McKellar presented his conclusions on the protective effect of
glanders vaccine. ,
The proportion of infections in the stables where these out- —
IMMUNIZATION TESTS WITH GLANDERS VACCINE.
i.
Vaccine in Guinea Pigs.
Bacteriological
Amount of Injection.? Date of Death. Results.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 28—VI—1913 B. Mallein
: 10 ¢.c. Bouillon : recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 14—VII—1913 B. Mallein
10 c.c. Bouillon f recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 28—VII—1913 B. Mallein
20 c.c. Bouillon recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed z0—VII—1913 on account B. Mallein
20 ¢.c. Bouillon of extensive supp. abscesses recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 12—VII—1913 B. Mallein
to c.c. Bouillon recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed 16—VII—r1913 on account B. Mallein
to c.c. Bouillon of extensive supp. abscesses recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed 20—VIII—-1913 B. Mallein
20 ¢.c, Bouillon : a, recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 13—VIII—1913 B. Mallein
20 c.c, Bouillon , recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 16—VII—1913 B. Mallein
10 c.c. Bouillon recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 24—VII—1913 B. Mallein
to c.c. Bouillon e recovered,
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed 16—VII—1913 on account B. Mallein
20 c.c, Bouillon __ of extensive supp. abscesses recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed 26—VII—1913 on account B. Mallein
-20 ¢.c, Bouillon of extensive supp. abscesses recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 5—VII—1913 B. Mallein
1o c.c. Bouillon recovered,
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed 16—VII—1913 on account B. Mallein
to c.c. Bouillon of extensive supp. abscesses recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 2—VIII—1913 B. Mallein
20 c.c. Bouillon recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed 20—VIII—1913 on account B. Mallein
20 ¢.c, Bouillon of extensive supp. abscesses recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 8—VII—1913 B. Mallein
1o ¢.c. Bouillon recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed 28—VI—1913 on account B. Mallein
1o c.c. Bouillon of extensive supp. abscesses recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Killed 5—VII—1913 on account B. Mallein
20 ¢.c, Bouillon of extensive supp. abscesses recovered.
Dilution of Bacilli in Died 3—VIII—1913 B. Mallein
recovered.
20 c.c. Bouillon
ace growth from agar culture.
breaks occurred, as indicated by the agglutination test, is aston-
ishing. As there is no mention made in the article of the time
the agglutination tests were applied subsequent to the mallein
test, it suggests that the large proportion of reactors to the ag-
glutination test were the results of the mallein injection and not
due to the presence of the infection. If this be true, then the
effect of the vaccine remains indefinite, and the control of: the
disease must be accredited to the other precautions which were
observed.
At best it will require several years before the value of any
method of immunization can be satisfactorily established. The
36 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN.
New York City Board of Health has been conducting immuniz-
ing experiments with a vaccine prepared in their laboratory,
consisting of a suspension of dried glanders bacilli. Each cubic
centimeter of the suspension contains 2 mg. of dried bacilli.
Through the courtesy of Dr. William H. Park, director of
the laboratory, a sufficient quantity of such vaccine was obtained
for conducting a series of investigations relative to the possi-
bility of conferring immunity to animals injected with this
vaccine.
The experiments were made on guinea pigs and on horses.
Twenty guinea pigs, about 600 grams in weight, were divided
into four groups, four pigs of each group receiving three im-
munizing injections of a definite amount of vaccine at intervals
of one week. The size of the doses and other details are graph-
ically presented in Table I. After the conclusion of these vac-
‘cinations one pig from each group was subjected to infection
with suspensions of glanders bacilli. These injections with infec-
tious material were administered at various intervals. In all
instances the same strain of glanders bacilli was used for the
infections.
The fifth pig in each group was not vaccinated, but served
as a check, receiving only a corresponding quantity of glanders
bacilli. The results of the tests in guinea pigs show that not
even an increased resistance was present in the vaccinated guinea
pigs. It is to be regretted that in the infection of these pigs
probably too large a quantity of glanders bacilli was used. On
the other hand, it would appear that if there had been any im-
munity present in the vaccinated guinea pigs they would have
manifested it by a greater resistance against the infection than
the check pigs. This, however, was not the case.
In the experiments conducted on horses, 17 animals were
used which were purchased on the open market. Most of the
animals were aged, but otherwise in fair condition. All horses
were subjected to the agglutination, complement fixation and the
ophthalmic mallein tests, prior to the vaccination. All of the
horses proved free from glanders on all of these tests. Since
IMMUNIZATION TESTS WITH GLANDERS VACCINE. 37
the amount of vaccine to be injected for immunizing purposes
has not been established, it was deemed advisable to employ vary-
ing quantities for the injections in the different horses, and in
order to determine the resistance of the animals against infec-
tion during and after the vaccination they were subjected to
exposure at different times during the investigation.
The smallest amount of the suspension used for the vaccina-
tion was the quantity recommended by the New York City Board
of Health; viz., 1, 3 and 5 cc. per injection, while the largest
amount any of the horses received was 4, 8 and 12 c.c., respect-
ively. Two of the vaccinated horses received an infection on
the nasal mucosa with glanders bacilli, taken up on the end of
a platinum loop, one week after the last vaccination. Both of
these horses promptly developed glanders and one of them, No.
102, died of an acute form of the disease 21 days after the infec-
tion. Thus, there appeared to be no resistance or at least no
increased resistance against artificial infection.
To establish the resistance of the vaccinated animals against
contact infection a corral was built where all the animals, in-
cluding two artificially infected glanders cases, were kept. They
were fed in common feed boxes and were watered from a com-
mon trough. Only one hay rack was used for all animals. Si-
multaneously with this exposure a stable with three stalls was
likewise used for exposing the horses. The construction of the
stalls in this stable was such that the animal in the center could
reach to the feed boxes of either of the horses in the side stalls.
The horse placed in the center was a good, discharging case of
clinical glanders, whereas the horses placed in the side stalls were
either two immunized animals or two controls, all of which were
given one week’s exposure with this infected horse. This was
accomplished by changing the horses in the two side stalls every
week, and bringing in two others from the corral, so as to make
the exposure as uniform as possible in all animals, including the
checks. The conditions of exposure were apparently severe, yet
they did not exceed the exposure which occurs in the stables of
large cities, where the sanitary conditions are very poor and where
JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN.
Amounts and Dates of Vaccination.
TABLE
Immunization Tests with Glanders
Horse. oe Date of
I 2 4 Exposure.
i ¢:c: 3 ier. aGaes SCC,
99 28—III—13 4—1V—13 11—1V—13 25—I1V—13 16—V—13
10 28—III—13 ot Ga te Pe Miao acoOk be tad togcicoOOhD! | foi Has obicn
86 28—IlI—13 4—lIV—13 11—l1 V—13 25—lV—13 16—V—13
{Infected Apr.
102 28—ITI—13 4—lIV—13 DI—VIV——U9) ea veielels atslevotolets 18 with B
t Mall.
Infected Apr.
III 28—III—13 4—IV—13 T= V—n29 7, 4 cmle nce H Be poe B.
a
110 28—III—13 4—IV—13 11—I V—13 25—I1V—13 16—V—13
105 28—III—13 4—l1V—13 11—I V—13 25—IV—13 16—V—13
Zcic 4c;c Succ ia = a Sites
17 2—V—13 9—V—13 T6—V—13 $l waslnc cen eiee 16—V—13
8 2—V—13 9—V—13 T6—V—13+ 9 WeEeienchactenteats 21—V—13
119 2—V—13 9—V—13 T6—V—19 no csleeereiee 18—V—13
120 2—V—13 9—V—13 L6—V— 13". © = wlekbrceteiamnae 21—V—13
4 ¢.c 8. cic. AH ey MO Lr como
123 20—V—13 27—V—13 24—ViIS13 0 Sale eerh avers 20—VI—13
124 20—V—13 27—V—13 24—VI=13 8 vw siete cies 20—VI—13
04 Was:not vaccinateda pc weew ) 9 ie hot hats hs eerie 16—V—13
121 Was not vaccitated ie: So ece | Be ee esaynt cetera 20—V—13
82 | Infected 21—III—13 and used for exposure } Fintnls (cae
to other horses
122 Infected 22—V and used for exposure
to other horses
poor light and ventilation afford a splendid opportunity for the
propagation of the disease. In fact, the exposure in the corral
was rather slight, since the sunlight no doubt had a destructive
effect on the infection.
All animals were subjected periodically to clinical examina-
tions, and only one of the vaccinated horses has developed signs
of the disease up to the present time, although some of them
have been exposed since May 16. Horse No. 99, which received
four immunizing injections and was exposed to a discharging
case of glanders in the stable, died 15 days after the exposure
from acute broncho-pneumonia malleosa.
In order to determine whether any of the vaccinated horses
1.
Vaccine in Horses.
IMMUNIZATION TESTS WITH GLANDERS VACCINE. 39
Ophthalmic Tests.
Postmortem. Remarks,
July 23. Aug. 23.
Acute Gland- Died May 31, 1913.
ers.
oe = Impaction. Died April 21, 1913.
= SS he cee eae Still under observation.
Acute Gland- Died May 9, 1913.
ers.
First clinical symptoms of glanders ap-
P+4++ AES ey Gacucoponle peared April 23, 1913. Still under
observation, te:
—_— os Showed no le- Killed August 20, 1913. No clinical
sions of signs of glanders. P
glanders. i Oy: y
P+++ P++ Lungs showed Killed August 20. No clinical signs.
typical gland-
ers nodules.
— SP Aa er ocr Still under observation.
P+++ P+-+ Lungs showed Killed August 20, 1913. No clinical
numerous signs of glanders.
glanders no-
dules.
—_— ee A WETS eins leis: ning Still under observation. :
-- _— No lesions of Killed August 20, 1913. No clinical
glanders. signs of glanders.
— ee ee a ee AA re Still under observation.
-- —— No lesions of Killed August 20, 1913. No clinical
glanders. signs of glanders.
P+ P+ Lungs showed Killed August 20, 1913. No clinical
numer ous signs of glanders.
typical gland-
ers nodules.
—_ at NM, ys), raculateraiornla(eie Still under observation.
P+4+ eee peice wie yeein v's wine First clinical symptoms of glanders ap-
peared March 26, and continued to
progress,
P+++ Le ee San OC Or oe First clinical symptoms of glanders ap-
peared May 26, 1913, and continued
to progress.
were infected with the latent form of the disease, all were sub-
jected July 23 to the ophthalmic test. This gave surprising re-
sults. Two of the vaccinated animals gave a marked reaction
(P +++). A similar reaction was also obtained in the affected
horses used for exposure, while of the two check animals which
were not vaccinated, but had been exposed to a similar extent
as the vaccinated animals, only one responded to the eye test;
the other check animal failed to give any reaction. One month
later all horses in the experiment were again subjected to the
ophthalmic test. The results were the same as on the previous
test. At this time it was noted that the intensity of the reaction
was not as pronounced as in the first test. The inflammation
40 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN.
and amount of purulent discharge were somewhat less than in
the previous test. This observation coincides with that of Meyer,
who states that after several eye tests in positive cases of glan-
ders the degree of the reaction becomes less distinct.
The detailed account of the results of the immunizing tests
in horses is given in Table II.
In order to study the effect of the immunizing injections on
the serum tests, the blood of the horses in this experiment was
subject to the agglutination and complement-fixation tests from
the time of the first injection until the conclusion of the work.
It was found that the agglutination value of the serum of the
i
Serum Reactions in Normal Horses Followin
Horse Jan. 31, Feb. 3, Feb. 6, Feb. 9, Feb. 13, Feb. 17, Fe
No. 3 days. 6 days. 9 days. 12 days. 20 days. 20 days. 23
f Comp. IK, cies witoeretets ) See Tp ee PI 82 See? Or hme Pa
1 -—- — — — —Si+ —Si+ S1+%+ Si4+S1+
UPAR OS mnissheiasriveie tele octets J 1:500— 1:800 1:800 1:800 1:800 1:500 F
(kComp.e Bix: < crise meer eter eee i 2 ah 2 1 Ge bt ae a
9 be Stan Bie + + + M44
eAig eset eraze sack. 0 2s. sete J 1:800 1:2000 1:1500 1:1500 1:2000 I:2000 Tf
(\Gomp.-sixey. eae i Seer a 2 Twig 5 Pye he
102 ee ei (Si a
(PAiges a aati eaaeret eee J 1:600 1:1000 I:1000 1:1000 1:1000 1:800
f Comp Bix. Wecistde neler |) eae ae re a2 ot ae at oe Te az eG ec:
103 4 die i eo i peneies C + - Se
(Awe. adi eee J 1:500— 1:800 I:1000 1:1000 1:800 1:800
{ Comp 13:>, SOOO OAC OO ae 5 es One Cie tr 2 Sty ee Ma eee << Ee
YO? 5 ——— Bae —— a VE =
(Ager a tiansanee eee J 1:800 1:100 I:1500 1:1500 1:2000 1:1500 .
Horses 96, 98 and 103 Receive a
Eiotes,. Mar. 31, Apr. 3, Apr. 7, Apr. 10, Apr. 14, Apr.17, A
No. me 3 days. 6 days. 10 days. 13 days. 17 days. 20 days. . 4
{ Comp TN nase 0)a;sintel avant 1, 2 Bo te a) Steen me ole
96 4 — — Sr+S1+ §14+S1+ eth + Seem S1+S1+ -
WAG er a sates vn eos sine ne arte J 1:500— 1 :500— 1:600: 1:800 1:500— 1:500—
f Comp FIXs G ctacteci ames Tame Bi ie: Bee gl ere : 3 oi, aa
\ So ae Ar “eo so) et a A + -> a
Are ies cite tetee vedere le Saeco 121500 1:2000 1:2000 1:1500 1:1500 B
(eB na. Malattie tea rete hex 2 or ..2i2 Rs Ge BPE EON state per) ol ae
103. 4 r— — w+ + +. + sien) GL apt at ah. Je
WAR Rise tea ae. soci. sie: J 1:600 1:1500 1:2000 122000 1:2000 1:2000
@uantities of serum employed in complement-fixation tests 0.1 c.c. and 0.2 c.c. ;
Fractions represent the approximate degree of fixation as compared with complete fixation; |
Six dilutions of sera employed in agglutination test; 1:500, 1:600, 1:800, 1:1000, 1:1500_
IMMUNIZATION TESTS WITH GLANDERS VACCINE. 41
-_-yaecinated horses, as a rule, increased from the third day after
the first vaccination and continued to rise for a time. A decrease
was again noted from 2 to 4 weeks after the last vaccination
| and appeared practically normal after 6 weeks to 2 months. A
complement fixation with the sera of the vaccinated horses was
obtained from the seventh to the ninth day after the first vac-
cination and they continued to give positive fixations from two
to three months after the last vaccination.
These serological results appeared only in the animals which
gave no reaction to the ophthalmic test, while the blood of those
vaccinated horses which gave a positive reaction to the eye test
B
ubcutancous Injection of 1 c.c. of Mallein.
—_——————————————
_ Feb. 23, Feb. 27; Mar. 3, Mar. 6, Mar. 10, Mar. 13, Mar. 17, Mar. 21, Mar. 24,
4 Base days. 30 days. 34 days. 37 days. 41 days. 44 days. 48 days. 52 days. 55 days.
ar: ot Wd or 22 ok gina rie ge | eee 5 ae ee: he ae
1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— £7 500-— 1:500— 1:;500— 1:500— i500
} 7 ees "? Care ot se ee «I 2 eee elivas sx, G2 5.
ee wt Sit%t+ Si1t%t+ S1xt¥t S1+%+ S1+S1+ S1+S1+ —_— —_ —
_ 1:2000 1.1500 1:1000 1:1000 1:1000 1:800 1:800 1:500— 1:500—
R,
ee oe ee eee
a 1:800 1:800 1:600 1:800 1:600 1:600 1:500— 1:500— 1:500—
Mex .2 pis vo Sa. Stung aries ai yaw a TL, 2 oer
UtUut “YWtUH+ “¥4tH%+ ¥4+4%+- Si14+¥%+ S14+¥ht S14+S14+ —S1+ — —
_ 1:500 1:500— 1:500— I:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500—
a ;
mel «2 ah, ot ap Se ai ee ah as Ph Se 2 sx’, wa oI of oI 62
_ 1:1000 1:1000 1:1000 1:1000 1:1000 1:800 1:800 1:800 1:500— sat
ection of 1 c.c. of Mallein March 28, 1913
Apr. 24, Apr. 28, May 1, ae - May 8, May 712. May 15, May 19, May 22, June2,
_ 27 days. 31 days. 34 days. 38da 41 days. 45 days. 48 days. 52 days. 55 days. 67 days.
eet +2 7) mer; Tees Pye Ae: ete pe RAN; yt gee, Pi 0 rey ee: a BP
1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500— 1:500—
| ae I .2 oe Ay ee ; i 42
oa —- + si + + Y%wtK%+ YtKH+ YwtU+ “t+ Y,+ "ht Th
1:1000 1:800 1:600 1:600 1:600 1:600 600 1:500— 1:500—
Bias 2 SE «2 at) 0 ee BI 2 a) AB e cr
++ ++ + HF FH YEME BEYE YEU+ t+ es eee
1:1000 1:1000 1:800 1:800 1:800 1:800 14800 600 1:500— 1:500—
| ae Ape a 20 set iwts
indicates slight fixation.
112000.
48... JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN,
continued to give a positive fixation until they had been destroyed
and proved to be affected with the disease. The same condition
was observed in the animals which had been artificially infected
with glanders.
The serological results from these investigations appear to
Serum Reactions in Hors.
Agglutination.
ae During Vaccination Period. After Vaccination.
Vaccination =
Horse. Period. At First
Vaccin- 2d 4th . 2d 4th 6th 8th
ation. Week. Week. Week. Week. Week. Week.
28—III—13
99 to 1:400— 1:2000-++ 1:2000+ TiZ000- | aveivisiene. | aevececesc)< a
25—IV—13
28—ITI—13 }
86 Ue want i 1:400— 1:2000+ 1:2000-+ 1:1500 I:1000 1:800 1:400—
25—IV—13 ;
28—ITI—13
110 to I :400— 121500 1:2000+ 1:2000-+ 1:1000 1:400— 1:400—
25—IV—13
28—IITI—13]
105 to i 1:400 I:2000 1:2000-+ I:2000-+ 1:1500 1:800 1:2000
2s—IV—13 ,
2—V—13 y
117 to I :400— 1:2000 1:2000+ 1:2000+ 1:1000 1:400 1:400—
16—V—13 J
2—V—13 \
118 to 1:400 1:2000 1:2000+ 11500 1:1500 1:800 1:1500
16—V—13 J
{ 2—V—13
7 to 1:400 1:1500 1:2000-+ I:1500 . I:1000 1:400 1:400—
16—V—13 J
i ee \
120 12400 1:2000 1:2000-+ 1:2000+ 121500 1:800 1:400
| eo eae Ty
20—V—13
123 to 1:400 1:2000 1:2000+ 1:2000 121500 TT OOO eis oe
24—VI—13
eae ae: a :
124 1:400 I:1500 1:2000 1:2000 I:1500 Te SOO. semraee
a ae
Before After
_ Exposure. Exposure.
Unvaccina- \
94} ted check 1:400— I:400 1:800 I:1500 I:2000 I:1500 1:800
infected by j
exposure’
Before After
_ Exposure. Exposure.
Unvaccina- }
21} ted check 1:400 1:400 1:400 1:400 13400 1:400 1:400
remained
healthy
1:400
12400
1:20004
1:400- ;
2000
1:400— {
I:400 —
1:400
1:400
I:1000
Le. 1 ee
IMMUNIZATION TESTS WITH GLANDERS VACCINE.
43
have a great significance with reference to the immunity pro-
The fact that
the demonstration of the presence of immune bodies in the vac-
cination horses ceased entirely in two or three months from the
last vaccinated would indicate that after the lapse of such a time
duced by the injection of dead glanders bacilli.
&
weinated Against Glanders.
During Vaccination Period.
4th
Week.
_
——
Complement Fixation with 0.1 and 0.2 of Serum.
eS P
After Vaccination.
aN
At First - Remarks.
Vaccin- 2d 3d 6th Sth roth 12th
ation. Week. Week. Week. Week. Week. Week.
= => Died May 31 from
: acute glanders and
influenza.
x 5 oa = == — o=! cae Manteo metered ae
* ~ _ = Still under observa-
tion.
— + + — -— — _ Postmortem showed
pulmonary. glanders.
— sot — os _- _ —_— Still under observa-
tion.
— - _ a a _ ~ Postmortem showed
pulmonary glanders.
— + + — —_ a — Still under observa-
tion.
— + - _ _ — Postmortem showed
no signs of gland-
ers.
ss 3 4 - = Still under observa-
tion.
Ss dz 2b = — Postmortem showed
no signs of gland-
ers.
_ Before After
Exposure. Exposure.
. = 4b 4+ — _ — Postmortem showed
Before After
Exposure. Exposure.
pulmonary glanders.
Still under observa-
tion.
: SS
44 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN.
the animals have very little or no immunity against the disease.
This is further substantiated also by the agglutination value of
the sera returning to the normal level. As a matter of fact, pre-
vious investigations carried out by Dr. Buck, of this laboratory,
showed that one or two subcutaneous injections of mallein will
give a complement fixation which may last from 1 to 2 months.
The agglutination value of the serum of such animals is also
markedly influenced by subcutaneous malleinization. The serum
reaction of horses following the subcutaneous injections of mal-
lein is given in detail in Table III. Thus it seems that a mallein
injection has almost the same action on the production of im-
mune bodies in a horse as killed glanders bacilli. Table IV. indi-
cates the results obtained with the agglutination and complement-
fixation tests in the animals used in this investigation.
On August 20, two vaccinated horses as well as one check
animal, which gave positive results to the eye test, were de-
stroyed, and in all three animals marked pulmonary glanders was
observed. Horse No. 105 showed the presence of glanders
nodules in the lungs in very great numbers, some of which were
of the size of a walnut. In the two other cases, while the
nodules were very numerous and from their appearance appeared
to be active, they were of smaller sizes ranging from a pin-
head to the size of a pea. Horses Nos. 110, 120 and 124 were
killed on the same day, although they had failed to show any
indication of glanders by the eye test, which was also substan-
tiated by the complement-fixation test with the blood of these
animals. Post-mortem examination showed no signs of glan-
ders in these animals.
All the other animals used in these experiments are still under
observation, as it is deemed advisable to give them additional
exposure, in order to determine whether they possess an im-
munity to the disease. .
The results obtained by these investigations appear to be
sufficient to demonstrate the unsatisfactory results of this method
of immunization. Of the immunized animals, three contracted
the disease from natural exposure, which is a large proportion
IMMUNIZATION TESTS WITH GLANDERS VACCINE. 45
when it is considered that all animals were aged and kept most
of the time during the exposure out of doors. On the other hand,
the fact that of the two check animals only one contracted the
disease is additional evidence of the moderate character of the
exposure, which further suggests the ineffectiveness of the im-
munization. In artificial infections of the vaccinated animals
they showed no resistance whatsoever, as both vaccinated horses
promptly developed an acute form of the disease from touching
the Schneiderian membrane with a platinum loop, which has
been touched to a growth of glanders bacilli. Thus for the pres-
ent it seems advisable to‘abstain from immunizing horses by this
method, as a practice of this kind may do more harm than good.
Owners having horses which are supposedly immunized would
naturally become careless, thinking their animals were resistant
to the disease, and thus even a better opportunity would be
offered for the propagation of the disease than if the horses
were not vaccinated. Furthermore the fact that the blood of
vaccinated animals cannot be utilized for serum tests for 2 or 3
months after the injections is also a great disadvantage in the
eradication of the disease.
As a result of this preliminary work it appears that the con-
trol and eradication of glanders must still be dependent upon
the concentration of our efforts in eliminating infected horses
and the adoption of proper precautions against the introduction
of infected animals into stables free from the disease. By these
methods the results achieved in Germany, Austria and Canada
have proved very encouraging, and no doubt if executed in the
same spirit in this country a marked reduction in the cases of
glanders would result.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Leclainche, Etudes sur la malléine-—Révue vétérinaire, 1892.
Hueppe, Ferd.—Einige betrachtungen tiber die wirkung des malleins. Berliner
tierarztliche wochenschrift, 1894.
Nocard, Ed.—Prophylaxie de la morve du cheval. Recueil de médicine vétérinaire,
tome 74, no. 21, p. 673-689. Nov., 1897.
Analyse critique des travaux de Schiitz sur la morve. Recueil de médicine
vétérinaire, tome 75, no. 5, p. 186-195. Mar., 1808.
MacFadyean, J.—The curability of glanders. Journal of comparative pathology
and therauptics, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 55-59. Mar., 1900.
Semmer, E.—Uber die gutartiga heilbare form des rotzes. Deutsche zeitschrift fur
tiermedizin, bd. 20, 1894.
46 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICIIHORN.
Levy, E., Blumenthal, F., and Marxer, A.—Uber immunisierung gegen die rotz-
krankheit. Zeitschrift fiir infektionskrankheiten, etc., der haustiere, bd. 3, hft. 34, p
294-312. Nov., 1907. i ‘
Bautz, F., and Machedin, S.—Immunisierungsversuche an pferden und anderen
tieren gegen rotz nach der methode von Prof. Levy, Dr. Marxer, und Dr. Blumenthal.
Berliner tierirztliche wechenschrift, jahrg. 26, no. 12, p. 264-266. Mar., 1910.
Dediulin, A.—Die schutzimpfung von pferden gegen rotz mit abgetdteten rotz-
bazillen (‘“‘ Farase”’). Zeitschrift fir infektionskrankheiten, etc., der haustiere, bd.
9, hft. 6, p. 362-391. July, 1911.
Zurkan, J.—Zur frage der bidlung von spezifischen antikérpern im blute von pfer-
den unter der einwirkung von rotzantigenen. Zeitschrift fiir infektionskrankheiten, etc.,
der haustiere, bd. 10, hft. 6, p. 473-480. Dec., 1911.
Meyer, K. F. i i
of infectious diseases, vol. 12, no, 2, p. 179-190. Mar., 1913. ;
MacKellar, R. S.—Glanders vaccine. Proceedings of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, 1912, p. 441-445.
Journal
VETERINARY COLLEGES COMPLYING WI1TH REQUIREMENTS OF
A. V. M. A., AccorDING TO COMMITTEE’S
REPORT AT 1913 MEETING.
Alabama Polytechnic Institute—College of Vet. Medicine.
Chicago Veterinary College.
Cincinnati Veterinary College.
Colorado State College—Division of Veterinary Medicine.
‘George Washington University—College of Vet. Medicine.
Grand Rapids Veterinary College.
Indiana Veterinary College.
Iowa State College—Division of Veterinary Medicine.
Kansas City Veterinary College.
Kansas State Agricultural College—Veterinary Department.
Mckillip Veterinary College.
Michigan Agricultural College—Dept. of Vet. Medicine.
New York State Vet. College, at New York University, N. Y.
New York State Vet. College, at Cornell University, Ithaca.
Ohio State eG cee of Veterinary Medicine.
St. Joseph Vet. Coll. (Beginning with matriculation, 191T.)
San Francisco Veterinary College.
State College of Washington—Veterinary Department.
Terre Haute Veterinary College.
United States College of Veterinary Surgeons.
University of Pennsylvania—School of Veterinary Medicine.
Tue REpPoRT OF THE TWENTY-NINTH SEMI-ANNUAL MEET-
ING OF THE VETERINARY MeEprIcAL AssocIATION OF NEW JER-
sEy reached us a few days ago, and gives the details of the meet-
ing briefly reported in the “August “number of the REVIEW on
page 537; and we congratulate Secretary Loblein on his prompt-
ness in getting it in the hands of the members of the organization.
THE SCOPE OF ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN ANIMALS.*
By Frepertck Hosgpay, F.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E., Lonpon. Honorary VETER-
INARY SURGEON TO His Majesty THE Kinc, AND Honorary MEMBER
OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
INTRODUCTION.
Any operation which involves entrance into the abdomen of
an animal is, above all others, the crucial test of the value of the
applicability of antiseptics to surgery. Much more is it the case
in an animal patient than in a human being; for the latter can be
placed under such perfectly adapted and clean surroundings
afterwards that if septic infection does occur it nearly always
commences either before or at the time of operation; whereas in
our patients we have not only this to think of, but the much
greater risk of after infection from the surroundings to which
we are compelled, of necessity to return them.
You all know what incomparable advantages our medical
confreres have when operating, as compared with ourselves.
Qualified assistants and nurses to hand, a warm room, or lavishly
fitted operating theatre to work in, an expert anaesthetist, a pro-
fuse supply of laundry appliances, towels, cloths, etc., hot and
cold water supply, a patient amenable to reason and capable of
expressing gratitude, and finally a nice clean bed, with night and
day attendants to see that no false step is taken which might
interfere with a satisfactory sequel. Under such conditions we,
too, in veterinary practice, could achieve an equal proportion of
successful results, but with animals abdominal surgery must al-
ways, I fear, have its limitations. The question of the value of
the patient and its practical utility afterwards have generally to
be taken into account, as this settles many cases before they
* Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, at New York, September, 1913.
47
48 FREDERICK HOBDAY.
come to operation, the shot gun or the choloroform bottle taking
the place of the scalpel.
I have now had personal experience of more than 1,000 oper-
ations on horses, cattle, dogs and cats, in which it has been neces-
sary to enter the abdomen, and it is mainly in connection with
these that.I desire to exchange experiences with you to-day.
Ovariotomy of the pig I am leaving almost without comment, as
the wonderful results in this respect which are obtained by even
the common castrator, are too well known to be commented upon.
It is sufficient to say that the abdomen of the horse and dog
species would not stand the same rough treatment without a very
large percentage of mortalities.
I propose to invite an exchange of ideas upon the successes
or failures we have had in abdominal surgery under the follow-
ing headings:
Simple puncture and suturing for accidental wounds.
Simple laparotomy, gut-tie, and reduction of hernie.
Operations on the stomach and intestines.
Operations on the abdominal urinary organs.
Operations on the internal genital organs.
SIMPLE PUNCTURE.
This operation is performed for ascites, an ailment much
more common in the dog and cat than in any other of the domes-
tic animals. In so far as the operation itself is concerned, pro-
vided the usual antiseptic precautions are taken, there need be
no fear of performing it, but my own experience of a permanent
recovery in cases of abdominal dropsy have been very discourag-
ing. In ascites, as a rule, the fluid returns and eventually causes
the death of the patient.
Accidental wounds are met with in all animals, particularly
the horse and dog, and all of us must have had experience of an
abdominal wound with protrusion of intestine. In the pre-
antiseptic days the majority of such animals would at once have
been put away as painlessly as possible, but experience nowadays
shows that such wounds are, in by far the maojrity of cases, well
THE SCOPE OF ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN ANIMALS. 49
a a ee
worthy of a trial. In the horse quite a large number of obser-
vations in which bowel was visible through an abdominal wound
and in which parts were sutured even some hours after the in-
fliction of the injury, have been recorded in veterinary literature
during the past few years.
LAPAROTOMY GUT-TIE. HERNIA.
Laparotomy may be performed as an exploratory measure
with a view to finding out the condition of things in the interior
of the abdomen and it is, of, necessity, of course the preliminary
step to any operation involving attention to the organs inside.
Tt is also useful for the removal of tumors and other diseased
conditions.
The hand of the operator may enter the abdomen through the
abdominal muscles, through the linea alba, up the inguinal canal,
or per vaginam.
Experience teaches that where it is possible, especially in
small animals, the linea alba forms the safest and least trouble-
some site of entrance for an exploratory laparotomy, but at the
same time the operator must be guided to some extent by the
animal upon which he is working, and the position of the organ
he seeks. For example, when seeking for a missing testicle in a
cryptorchid horse the inguinal region is, naturally enough, the
site chosen for the laparotomy, and one may either dilate the
inguinal canal itself or adopt the safer method of breaking
through the abdominal muscle alongside of it. Again, in re-
moving the ovaries of vicious mares, one may gain access to
them through the flank or the vagina, the latter being, however,
generally admitted now to be the safest and best; and in cats
experience has taught me that the flank method gives the best
results because of the crouching position assumed by this beast
when put into a cage. I have known adhesion of the intestine or
omentum to the abdominal wall when the wound was made be-
low, whereas with the flank incision the intestines naturally fall
away from the wound and are not in direct contact with it for
any length of time continuously.
The linea alba can be incised almost bloodlessly and the
50 FREDERICK HOBDAY.
2 Romane
edges of the wound lend themselves very satisfactorily to the —
application of sutures and to direct union.
This is not, I believe, the generally accepted opinion, and I
recollect well that as a student I was always warned not to make
my incision there and was given to understand that the wound —
would not heal readily and that the parts were weak. The exact —
opposite has, however, been my own experience after a very
serious and prolonged trial in which I have incised down the
centre of this part several hundreds of times.
The healing of the laparotomy wound gives, as a rule, quite a
satisfactory sequel, and it is astonishing how much exploration
an abdomen will stand, provided ordinary care is taken when
handling the organs and that strict attention has been paid to
antiseptic details.
The operation for gut-tie in cattle is one which comes under
the heading of laparotomy and one which is frequently performed
with most gratifying results.
The operation for hernia may conveniently be taken under —
the heading of laparotomy for, practically speaking, the radical -
operation for this condition is really only a modified laparotomy.
Once the organs are returned to the abdominal cavity it needs
only a convenient selection of suture methods to keep them there —
securely. ‘The limitations of abdominal surgery in this condition
depend mainly on two things: Some herniz are inoperable on —
account of their size and the extent of the adhesions, and others
on account of their position. Some ventral herniz in horses be- —
come very large, and for this reason and on account of the risk
of prolapse of the gut afterwards, if the animal is at all workable,
it is sometimes wise to think twice before advising operation.
Inguinal hernia in the stallion and dog are often difficult to
put right if it is desired at the same time to preserve the de-
scended testicle on the same side. If the testis is removed the
covered operation does away with a lot of this difficulty.
OPERATIONS ON THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES.
Any operation which involves cutting into the stomach or
intestines of an animal is always serious, and the gravity of it —
THE SCOPE OF ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN ANIMALS. 51
should always be explained beforehand to the owner. Such
operations are usually a necessity, and the only alternative to
adopt before they are discussed.
It is in regard to the horse that I particularly ask for an
exchange of information. In the dog and cat no one will now
deny that operations for the removal of foreign bodies from the
stomach or intestine are possible, although even in them the
proposer must always be guarded; and the ox will bear rumen-
otomy sufficiently well to make it an operation constantly re-
sorted to by practitioners in country districts ; but the exploration,
after surgical incision of the stomach and intestine of the horse
is as yet very decidedly in the experimental stage. Even the
boldest and most enthusiastic surgeon will think twice before
he suggests to an owner that the abdomen of a horse shall be
opened and the twist of the intestine, which he knows to be
present, shall be unravelled, or that the calculus, the position
which he may perhaps be able to exactly locate, shall be removed
from the intestine by laparotomy and bold incision directly
* upon it.
Personally, I have within the last few years twice attempted
to reduce a twist of the bowel and six times have attempted re-
moval of calculi from the horse. In each the result has been fail-
ure. I am disposed to be pessimistic over surgical interference
in this animal for these two of its commonest and most painful
and fatal ailments. The large bulk and weight of the organs to
_ be manipulated, the necessity for doing it under antiseptic con-
' ditions, and the fact of one having to work in a very confined
space, render the task an utterly hopeless and impossible one in
the case of a twist of the bowel, and indeed the tangle into
which a horse’s bowel will get is most extraordinary; so much
so that it is often quite an impossibility to replace the gut into
its normal shape even when the bowels have been removed from
the body. I have tried by laparotomy of the flank and, in the
mare, per vaginam, and I have no hesitation in putting it down
amongst the impossibilities of veterinary practice.
_ Laparotomy for calculus of the bowel, too, must, I fear, be
52 FREDERICK HOBDAY.
relegated to the same category, as I do not know of a single
recorded case where it has been successfully done. That the
healthy, small intestine will stand surgical interference has been
demonstrated by several observers, but unluckily it is not in this
part where we get intestinal calculi, and I found that the chief
cause of failure was to be found in the fact that I was utterly
unable in any of the six cases in which I operated to get the
large bowel containing the calculus to the orifice of the wound.
Calculi are usually lodged in the large intestine, and I have been
unable up to the present to find a single recorded observation
where any surgeon has been successful in removing, by incision,
a stone from this part of the gut. When the stone was in the
large colon I found that it was a physical impossibility to with-
draw the organ through a wound of safe size for promise of satis-
factory suturing afterwards, for one must not forget that the
wound one makes has to remain a weak spot with a large weight
of bowel pressing upon or against it for some time. The wall of
the large colon, too, does not lend itself well to the application of
sutures, and the extreme weight of its contents make it apt to
readily rupture. The fluidity of its contents, too, make septic
infection very easy.
If the stone has passed out of the large colon (and this is
usually the case before a stoppage of the bowel takes place),
then it becomes jammed in that comparatively narrow lumen
which is attached to the lumbar region before actually becoming
rectum. Here, again, it is impossible to withdraw the portion of
gut so as to bring it into the orifice of a flank wound. I have
tried to get at this both by flank incision and per vaginam, but,
so far, with only failures to report. I believe this, too, to be
impossible.
[ do, however, believe that there is a future in front, with a
prospect of success in a few cases, of the attempt to assist the cal-
culus to move one way or the other, and to get it away from the
narrow place in which it is jammed. One horse in which I did
this survived for fourteen days and then died of a lung trouble
quite unconnected with the original ailment. Especially do I
THE SCOPE OF ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN ANIMALS. 538
think so now that one knows the vaginal mucous membrane will
stand puncture so well when first rendered surgically clean by
antiseptics.
For a stone just a shade smaller in circumference than the
bowel I feel sure that with the operator’s arm in the abdominal
cavity and an assistant manipulating per rectum it wall be possi-
ble to bring the stone away. In the cases in which I tried it
the concretions were large and I could not do it, so I contented
myself with forcing the stone back again into the large intestine
where it had plenty of room to move about and where it must
have lain for some months previous to the attack of colic. The
relief of the pain was immediate and well marked in each case,
although, as I have already observed, none of my patients made
permanent recoveries.
Bowel surgery in the horse will always, I fear, have its limi-
tations very strictly defined. It will be a merciful boon to the
equine species if someone can devise ways and means to get
over the enormous difficulties in this direction.
OPERATIONS Upon THE ABDOMINAL URINARY ORGANS.
Although always to be considered seriously, I do not think
we need discuss operation upon all the urinary organs as 1m-
practicable or impossible. It is in the horse and dog that surgical
interference is most likely to be called for.
No one nowadays will deny the practicability of removal of
stones from the bladder, and successful results in both horse and
dog have frequently been recorded by numerous observers. Cal-
culi are frequently removed from the bladder of both dog and
horse and the proportion of successful results is such that when
done by an expert the operation is always worth advising.
When in the kidney the difficulty les in accurate diagnosis.
Operations in the small animals are possible both for removal of
stone and for removal of the whole kidney, but in the horse I
believe that here again we come to one of our limitations.
OPERATIONS ON THE INTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS.
Here, above all others, may the animal surgeon claim success.
The generative organs of the calf, pig and bitch, have been in-
54 FREDERICK HOBDAY.
terfered with successfully by the common castrator for many
years and in the operations for oophorectomy and ovaro-hysterec-
tomy they are very expert. The mare and cow have also received
their share of attention and, provided due precautions are taken
with reference to surgical clealiness, the operation for ovariotomy
can also be performed upon them with an almost infinitesimal
risk.
Provided scrupulous antiseptic care is taken an expert oper-
ator may remove the ovaries from the mare, cow, monkey, bitch,
sow and cat almost with impunity, and the same may be said in
regard to the removal of the male or female generative organs
from birds; this operation now being done to quite a large ex-
tent in ostriches in South Africa. (Vide Mr. Stanley Elley’s
article in the Veterinary Journal for August of this year).
In fact, it is astonishing how little notice the patient will take
of this operation afterwards if even ordinary care is exercised
throughout the operation and convalescence. The cat is the only
one of the above patients about whom I have ever had any anx-
iety afterwards; cats are curious animals at all times and often
refuse to feed on the slightest thing being done to them. Re-
moval of the uterus and ovaries too, is well borne by the bitch,
and the cat stands this operation quite as well as the removal of
the ovaries alone. With a healthy uterus the risk in the bitch is
infinitesimal, either when the ovaries alone are excised or the
ovaries and uterus, either when empty or pregnant. Out of the
300 consecutive cases of most of which I have the records I have
never lost but one and that was indirectly attributable to other
causes and not to the operation.
The pregnant uterus can be removed successfully either before
the time due for whelping or even after the act has really com-
menced. I speak now from an experience of more than 70 cases
of this kind, and I have often been astonished at the entire ab-
sence of constitutional disturbance, provided septiceemia has not
already made progress before the operation is done. Only re-
cently I have had, in consultation with other veterinary surgeons,
experience of two typical cases of this kind. One patient had been
in labor for two and a half days, and five puppies had been re-
THE SCOPE OF ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN ANIMALS. 5d
moved by the natural passage, but the sixth was retained and had
remained at the top of the left horn of the uterus, this organ
being much distended with septic gases. Laparotomy was per-
formed, the whole uterus and contents were excised and the bitch
has made an absolutely uninterrupted recovery. The veterinary
surgeon with whom I operated in consultation wrote to say that
the most noticeable feature she showed afterwards was to
grumble because she had no puppies to suckle and to wander
round to seek for them.
The second case I alluded to is one of a bitch with her uterus
full of pus. This was carefully excised without escape of any of
the contents and she, too, has never shown any constitutional dis-
turbance whatever.
As showing, too, how little notice may be taken by an animal
when strict asepis is preserved, I recollect well one case in which
a cat had her ovaries removed before her kitten was weaned, and
she still continued to satisfactorily suckle it.
Cesarean Section, in which the uterus is opened and the
foetus removed, is an operation which I dread much more than
the entire extirpation of the uterus and ovaries. Recorded ob-
servations, however, show that it can be done successfully even in
the larger animals and in this connection I would refer you to a
case recorded in the Veterinary Journal for May, 1906, by
Mr. Turtill, in which a dead calf was successfully removed from
a three year old heifer and the animal made an excellent recovery
afterwards. I attempted it in a little Welsh heifer and succeeded
in getting the calf away, but the heifer died on the following day.
Removal of the whole uterus in the mare or cow whilst inside
the abdomen is an operation I have never had occasion to attempt
nor yet do I recollect reading of its successful performance, but
removal of the proalpsed uterus when projecting from the vagina
has been done many times successfully in the cow, bitch and cat.
The mare, I believe, usually stands this procedure very badly and
rarely recovers afterwards.
SUMMARY.
Summarizing the above under the heading of my paper, I
think we may truly say that the field of work in the direction of
D6 FREDERICK HOBDAY.
abdominal surgery in the domesticated animals is quite a practic-
able and even, one might almost say, a large one. Operations in-
volving the incision of the abdominal wall may be undertaken by
every man who has had a veterinary training and the proportion
of losses will be infinitesimal.
The internal generative organs bear surgical interference
under certain conditions very well indeed, and surgical opera-
tions on the bladder, too, are not out of reach.
Operative interference with the interior of the intestine is
always a serious matter, although even that should be attempted
when no other alternative presents itself. In the smaller animals
the chances of success are reasonable; in the large ones the field
is much more restricted and has its limitations.
THE ESSENTIALS TO SUCCESS.
Lastly, having decided to operate, let us consider what are
the essentials to success. As I said at the commencement of
my paper the successful opening and closure of the abdomen is
the crucial test of the value of the applicability of antiseptics to
surgery. For any operation involving this procedure we must
have surgical cleanliness and to gain this end we must apply ways
and means to surgically clean our hands, our instruments, and
that portion of the body of our patients which has to be incised.
For the instruments, cotton wool and swabs, there is no
simpler or better method than to sterilize by boiling. A clean
saucepan can be obtained even at a cottage, and the instruments
can be taken direct from that and returned to it whenever they
are set down or changed. Or, if preferred, they can be trans-
fered after! having been boiled in a solution of some non-
corrosive antiseptic.
For the patient the razor must be used to remove the hair, and
it will astonish those who have never tried the use of this simple,
everyday instrument to see the difference between the healing of
the wounds which have had their hair previously removed from
the edge by shaving and those in which the precaution has been
neglected. And yet, even in these antiseptic days, how few of
-I
THE SCOPE OF ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN ANIMALS.
Oo
us consider the razor as an integral part of the operative outfit and
find it a regular place in our operating case. In reality, for those
who have once used it, it becomes the most used instrument of
the whole lot.
The skin is then painted with iodised choloroform or even
plain tincture of Iodine, without being previously washed, and
this is allowed to dry on; the patient then being ready, when
anaesthetised, for the incision of the scalpel.
In connection with this use of iodine it is worth while to
remark here that this is the only treatment I have adopted for
the skin in more than 260 consecutive cases of abdominal surgery,
in preference to washing, and that I have never once had reason
to regret it. Its value as a cutaneous disinfectant is astonishing,
and the saving of time by its use, with the certain knowledge
that it will act as desired, makes iodine one of the most useful
adjuncts of the surgeon.
For dressing and attention afterwards, I used to always paint
with iodoform colloid, but now I give instructions for the daily
dressing of the surface surroundings with iodine, and it is a most
rare occurrence not to get a primary union; the sutures being re-
moved from five to eight days later.
The hands of the operator should be well scrubbed in hot
water with ether soap and a nail brush, and scrupulous care must
be taken that the hands do not again come in contact with any
surgically unclean body until after the completion of the opera-
tion. The operator must not touch anything which has not been
sterilized, or if he does he must take measures to again disinfect
himself.
In conclusion, gentlemen, I ask each of you, in taking up the
discussion, to be good enough to bring forward a few actual cases
in which you have interfered with the abdomen. Failures are
equally as good to learn from as successes, and one and all will
help to swell the list of actual statistics from which results may be
drawn to increase that knowledge we are all in search of, viz.,
the best and safest methods to adopt when called upon to relieve
the suffering of the animal world.
APPARENT INCONSISTENCIES OF BIOLOGIC
DIAGNOSTICS.*
By R. A. ArcHIBALD, D.V.S., OAKLAND, CAL.
Many of you, in resorting to the use of biologic diagnostics
for the purpose of clearing up obscurities in connection with
certain diseases, have, no doubt, occasionally found that the re-
sults of such tests have failed to bear out or corroborate your
clinical and post-mortem findings. As a consequence, you have
undoubtedly been disappointed, and have perhaps lost. faith in
such tests or in the technique observed in their performance.
In other words, the tendency is to assume under such conditions
that biologic diagnostic tests are frequently inconsistent and un-
reliable. For instance, you may take a tuberculous or glander-
ous individual, one showing suggestive clinical symptoms, and
submit him to a biologic test, and you perhaps obtain a negative
reaction, not being satisfied with the result of the test, you sub-
sequently apply a second test, and with this test you may obtain a
positive reaction. Again, you may test an individual for glanders
or tuberculosis with two different biological methods, and you
obtain a positive reaction with one test, while the other may prove
negative. Under these conditions, it would seem natural or justi-
fiable for you to conclude that the biologic tests applied were in-
consistent and unreliable, or that the technique observed in their
performance was faulty. The human clinician or therapeutist
can hardly be blamed for losing confidence in the so-called
Wassermann test when from five to fifteen per cent. of syphilitic
individuals fail to show a reaction at perhaps a stage of the dis-
ease when a positive diagnosis is most desirable, unless they
understand the reason for such failures. The same is true with
* Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association at New York, September, 1913.
58
APPARENT INCONSISTENCIES OF BIOLOGIC DIAGNOSTICS. 59
other biologics such as the mallein and tuberculin tests as we
occasionally are presented with clinical cases of glanders and
tuberculosis which fail to react to these agents.
It is our purpose to endeavor to demonstrate to your satis-
faction that biologic diagnostics if properly applied are abso-
lutely consistent, but that this consistency depends upon the con-
dition or upon the stage of the disease through which the patient
is passing at the time they are applied.
In discussing matters pertaining to biologic diagnostics we
do not intend to go deeply into the various and devious ultra-
scientific problems incidental thereto, we will simply aim to pre-
sent the subject in as practical a manner as possible. This pro-
cedure is deemed best in view of the great diversity of opinions
which exist with reference to the question of biologic reactions.
Furthermore, it is not our purpose to prolong discussion along
these lines beyond the bounds necessary to a proper and practical
_ presentation of our subject.
In order to facilitate the discussion of this question, we pro-
pose to arbitrarily divide the various biologic tests into two
classes. First, immune or anergic tests; and second, anaphylac-
tic or allergic tests.
Under the head of immune tests come such reactions as the
complement-fixation, agglutination, precipitation, etc. These
tests depend upon the determination as to the presence or absence
of immune elements in the blood of the individual to be tested.
To illustrate this more fully we will briefly describe the prin-
ciples involved in some of these tests. In the study of the com-
plement-fixation test, it is necessary to consider three elements
whose presence are absolutely essential for bringing about a posi-
tive reaction, namely, antigen, amboceptor and complement. The
term antigen is applied to any proteid substance that will, when
injected into an animal body, give rise to the formation of hypo-
thetic immune substances designated as amboceptors. It would
appear that any proteid substance which may be introduced into
the animal economy other than by the natural channel (the diges-
tive tract) will give rise to the formation of these immune sub-
stances, amboceptors.
60 R. A. ARCHIBALD.
The function of the amboceptors, as their name indicates, is
to act as a go-between the antigen and the activating substance,
the complement, which is a constituent of normal. blood. Antigen
and amboceptors are more or less specific one for the other, the
complement, however, is regarded as being non-specific. The
combination of these three elements appears to be a proteolytic
one, or in other words, is for the purpose of breaking up the anti-
genic proteid substance and changing it from complex into
simpler forms for the purpose of permitting the nutritive por-
tions to be assimilated, and for the elimination of those portions
which can not be used for the purposeful end of the body cell.
In fact, it is a process of parenteral digestion going on within
the animal body aside from natural or eternal digestion, which
takes place normally in the alimentary tract. It must be re-
membered that in the case of disease producing antigens, the
proteolytic action results in the liberation of toxic substances
which attack the body cells, causing various pathological changes,
the character of which depends upon the selective nature of the
specific antigen.
To illustrate, if we should inject a susceptible individual with,
say, glanders bacilli, which would in this case represent the an-
tigen, the formation of immune bodies or amboceptors specific
for the glanders bacillus would be the result, so that later, if we
obtain serum from said individual and add to it glanders bacilli
or an extract of same, and complement obtained from the serum
of a normal individual, the three substances, antigen, amboceptor
and complement, will become anchored or fixed, demonstrating
the presence of the amboceptors, the specific substances sought
for. It can be readily understood, however, that if the serum is
obtained from the inoculated individual at a time when specific
amboceptors are not present in the blood serum, that is, when
the individual is in an allergic stage, your test would prove
negative. In such diseases as syphilis, glanders, tuberculosis,
etc., we have reason to believe that there are periods in their
course in which amboceptors or immune substances may or may
not be present, consequently, if the test be applied during a period
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APPARENT INCONSISTENCIES OF BIOLOGIC DIAGNOSTICS. 61
when immune substances are not present, the complement-fixa-
tion test will naturally give negative results.
The condition known as immunity undoubtedly may be tran-
sient or permanent. When only transient, the power or habit on
the part of the tissues or cells to produce immune substances is
lost, due to the lack of sufficient stimulation by the products of
the infecting agent, and as a consequence the infected individual
becomes anaphylactic. This is particularly true of such diseases
as tuberculosis, glanders, syphilis and other chronic infections.
In these diseases, when the infecting organisms become walled
off from the normal tissue, or become incapsulated, there is no
destruction of bacterial cells, no liberation of endotoxic elements,
no stimulation, and as a consequence immune bodies cease to be
formed and disappear from the blood stream through the nat-
ural channels of elimination.
Agglutination and precipitation reactions depend upon the
presence of immune substances which receive the name of ag-
glutinins and precipitins respectively. These substances, while
perhaps differing in some respects from amboceptors, still are so
intimately related that it is almost impossible to separate them,
and it is generally believed that they exist in an animal under-
going immunity at the same time, therefore any statement made
with reference to amboceptors will also apply in a general way to
these substances, consequently nothing more will be said regard-
ing these tests at the present time.
Under the head of anaphylactic, or allergic reactions, come
such tests as the mallein test for glanders, the tuberculin test for
tuberculosis, the lutein test for syphilis, the Irons’ test for gono-
coccus infection, etc. These tests are dependent upon the fact
that the infected individual has become allergic or hypersensitive
to the toxin of the specific infection to such an extent that when
the specific toxin is brought in contact with the tissues or cells of
the infected individual, injury to such tissues or cells is the result.
This injury interferes with the functional activity of such tissues
or cells or perhaps destroys them entirely, giving rise to the clini-
cal manifestations that indicate a positive reaction. It matters
62 R. A. ARCHIBALD.
not whether the toxin is applied locally, as in the case of the
ophthalmic or cuto tests, or as in the case of the subcutaneous test,
the results are essentially the same, providing the individual is
in an allergic condition.
Care must be used in interpreting skin reactions, however, as
the skin has not only a marked affinity for foreign protein sub-
stances, but also reacts in a striking manner to various split
products, and the intensity of such reactions may lead us to
reach wrong conclusions as to the extent and progress of the ex-
isting pathological changes. .
From our knowledge of the mallein or tuberculin tests, we
know that there are occasions when an infected individual will
fail to give a positive reaction, yet this fact cannot detract from
the efficacy of these tests. The failure to react is simply an indi-
cation that the condition of the individual at the time the negative
anaphylactic reaction is obtained is one of immunity and not
one of anaphylaxis. It can also be readily understood that an
infected individual may be in an allergic and in an immune con-
dition at one and the same time. In fact, this condition is rather
the rule than the exception, but it is occasionally true that only
one of these conditions may exist, more especially in such
chronic conditions as tuberculosis, glanders, syphilis, etc., during
certain stages of their course.
It is believed that the tissues or cells of susceptible individuals
do not normally possess specific affinity for toxic substances, but
acquire them by association with specific infections and their
toxic elements. This specific receptivity is the result of the stimu-
lating action by specific toxins, and constitutes the stage of ana-
phylaxis or allergy, a condition that is present when the clinical
symptoms of a disease are first manifested.
It would seem as if the symptoms of a disease arise when
amboceptor becomes concentrated sufficiently to break up the
infecting organism or, in other words, when specific proteolysis
begins. .
The general conception of the present time is that on sensi-
tization, immunization with protein substances, elements of the
EE ————
APPARENT INCONSISTENCIES OF BIOLOGIC DIAGNOSTICS. 63
general nature of amboceptors are formed. These are specific
and their union with antigen in co-operation with complement
results in the liberation of toxic substances that produce the
anaphylactic symptoms and lesions and this action is regarded as
one of parenteral proteid digestion.
From what has already been said it is easy to realize that
while an infected individual is not in a stage of immunity such
tests as the complement-fixation, agglutination or precipitation
will fail to give positive results, and the same is also true that
when an individual is not in an allergic or anaphylactic stage, he
will not react to such tests as the mallein or tuberculin. It is a
well-known fact that if we attempt to test a second time a gland-
ered or tuberculous individual with mallein or tuberculin, before
a sufficient time has elapsed following the first injection, we fail
to obtain any reaction, for the reason that the first injection of
toxin has produced as the result of stimulation of the body cells
a condition of temporary immunity or, as sometimes referred to,
a condition of anergy or anti-anaphylaxis.
Whether this refractoriness to tuberculin and mallein that de-
velops in certain cases of tuberculosis and glanders is truly
anergic is not definitely known, but it is quite evident that re-
fractoriness may be induced by a large dose of antigen in the
latter stages of incubation, nevertheless, it is a fact that the tuber-
culin or mallein reactions, while best developed in true tubercu-
losis or glanders are also obtainable by sensitization with mallein
or tuberculo-proteins. Does it not seem reasonable therefore that
similar conditions may naturally prevail during the course of
such chronic conditions as glanders, tuberculosis or syphilis ?
The study of such a disease as typhoid, which ordinarily
follows a definite course, teaches us that at certain stages of the
disease the application of an anaphylactic test will give positive
results, while during the same stage an immune test will give
negative results. It has also been taught us that a certain time
must elapse subsequent to the appearance of clinical evidence of
this disease before an immune test will prove efficacious. The
inference from all this is to the effect that notwithstanding the
64 R. A. ARCHIBALD.
fact that vou may have, for instance, a Wassermann performed
on a syphilized patient to-day with negative findings, and an-
other test applied a month or so from now with positive results,
it does not mean that the laboratory technique is in error or that
the test is at fault. It simply implies that at the time of the
first test this patient was in an allergic condition, and subsequently
became an anti-anaphylactic by acquiring immune substances in
his blood.
An interesting feature of anaphylaxis and immune phenom-
ena lies in the fact that hypersensitiveness to a foreign protein de-
velops only when a certain period of cessation of the introduc-
tion of the substances is allowed to elapse before the next injec-
tion, which then produces the well-known symptoms. Thus
continuation of inoculations at regular short intervals does not
necessarily confer on the recipient of the foreign substances ana-
phylaxis during that period. It is, therefore, more likely to de-
velop an anaphylactic condition in those patients who are in-
fected with certain organisms which remain in the body for a
long period of time, during which time their activity undergoes
fluctuation owing to the production of certain antagonistic sub-
stances by the infected host.
The clinical course of syphilis, glanders or tuberculosis fulfil
all the requirements that lead to the development of either immune
or allergic conditions.
Due to lack of time, we have refrained from going into the
technique of the various tests, but we wish to state that if there
is any one present who desires to go into that phase of the’
problem, we shall be pleased to answer to the best of our ability
any questions that may be propounded.
This brings us to the last and, perhaps from your point of
view, the most important point of all, viz: “‘ How the apparent in-
consistencies of biologic diagnostics may be overcome.”’
In such a disease as glanders the problem is, comparatively
speaking, easy of solution. To eliminate error in the case of such
a condition as glanders it simply becomes necessary to apply
simultaneously both an anaphylactic and an immune test. In
APPARENT INCONSISTENCIES OF BIOLOGIC DIAGNOSTICS. 65
this way you are almost certain of obtaining positive results, no
matter in what stage of the disease your individual may be. In
view of the recent achievement of Hideyo Noguchi in success-
fully cultivating the spirocheta pallida, we are hoping to be
able to make a positive diagnosis in any stage of syphilis. By
cultivating the spirocheta pallida Noguchi has accomplished
that which will probably enable the laboratorian to use a specific
antigen in the performance of the complement fixation test, and
will also enable the clinician to apply at the same time an anaphy-
lactic test in the form of an extract of said organisms.
As regards biologic diagnostic tests for tuberculosis, we shall
still have to pin our faith upon allergic tests for the reason that
up to the present time no practical method has been evolved for
determining the presence or absence of immune elements in that
‘disease. Many laboratorians, however, are working along these
lines, and it is to be sincerely hoped that the day is not far distant
when a practical immune test for tuberculosis and many other
obscure diseases will be found. When that day comes many of
the terrors and uncertainties regarding this and other diseases
that run a variable and more or less indefinite course will have
been dispelled.
WEBSTER’S DicTIONARY COULD Not SAVE LAWBREAKER.—
The Nebraska Daily Press, of Nebraska City, recites a case of a
man being tried for violating the practice act of the state of
Nebraska by assuming a veterinary title and practising illegally.
The defendant’s attorney made a demur against the charges
preferred on the ground that according to his interpretation
of Webster’s definition the words “ Veterinary Surgeon” or
“Veterinary ” were not the title or analogous title referred to
in the law. This was sustained by the judge. The same charges
were later taken before another judge, where the same attempt
to juggle with the interpretation was made, but unsuccessfully,
the judge deciding that the defendant had violated the law by
assuming a title to which he had no right. He then pleaded
guilty, his fine and costs amounting to $81.00.
AN IMPROVED METHOD OF MOUNTING MUSEUM
SPECIMENS.*
By L. Enos Day, V.S., VETERINARY INSPECTOR; IN CHARGE OF THE BRANCH
PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, AT CHICAGO, ILL.
From the time that pathology was first established as a
science, teachers and workers in this branch of medical science
have endeavored to preserve the tissue so that the pathological
changes could be demonstrated in the gross specimen. In order
that the specimen may be of greatest value, the color, as well as
the structure, should be preserved, as much depends upon the
color in demonstrating macroscopical pathological changes. The
method which preserves the color best without destroying the
structure of the tissue is the one desired.
Alcohol of various strengths is probably the oldest substance
used in preserving museum specimens. Its use, however, has
the great disadvantage of not only shrinking the tissue but rap-
idly destroys the color. Some years ago we welcomed with de-
light the statement that formalin would meet our desires as a
preservative for museum specimens. The results, as we all well
know, did not meet with our wishes. While it is true that it
prevents decomposition even in quite dilute solutions, it does
not preserve the color and causes some shrinking and renders
the tissues quite brittle, when used alone. It has, however, the
advantage of being much cheaper than alcohol.
It was not until Professor Kaiserling published his method
of preserving museum specimens that we were able to preserve
the original color in pathological or normal tissue for any length
of time. At the present time I know of no method which pre-
serves the color and structure better than this one. Since this
* Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association at New York, September, 1913.
66
IMPROVED METHOD OF MOUNTING MUSEUM SPECIMENS. 67
method was first published, a number of modifications have been
recommended, but none of them have proven to be any special
improvement over the original formula. ‘This method has the
disadvantage of being bulky, the specimens having to be placed
in glass jars of various sizes which are unwieldy and awkward
to handle, especially in classrooms, and occupy a great deal of
space in the museum.
As the specimens become old, or if exposed to the light, they
soon lose their bright color. Various molds often grow in the
final preserving fluid and destroy the specimen in that way. If
one wishes to ship them elsewhere for exhibition purposes there
is always the great danger of breaking.
In order to overcome these objections several workers have
mounted museum specimens in “ Kaiserling jelly’? in Petri
dishes cemented to plate glass squares, the “ Kaiserling jelly”
being made by adding from ro to 18 per cent. of the best grade
gelatin to the Kaiserling preserving fluid, which will be referred
to later.
The pioneer and probably the most successful workers with
this method in this country are Watters,(1) Coplin,(2)
Albert,(3) Watters.(4) Specimens mounted in this manner
are easy to handle, stand shipping well and occupy but little
space. They have this disadvantage, however, that the gelatin
is not a clear white and becomes darker with age, and is liable
to shrink either from the glass or the specimen. This, of course,
detracts very materially from the appearance of the specimen.
About fifteen or twenty years ago a method for mounting
museum specimens in Kaiserling’s fluid between watch glasses
and plain glass squares was perfected in Germany. This method
has been kept a profound secret by those who perfected it. These
preparations are bound in a cardboard frame covered with book-
cloth, and are very neat in appearance and durable. Several
years ago the writer had the pleasure of examining some of the
German specimens and also some that had been prepared in
Kaiserling jelly, and was at once impressed with the beautiful
appearance of the former as they contained no air bubbles and
68 L. ENOS DAY.
the fluid was clear and contained no color; also that the card-
board case protected the glass background from being: soiled
when handled. I began at once experimenting in various ways
to prepare mounts in Kaiserling fluid, as it appeared to me that
it was much superior to any of the various other fluids. After
many attempts, | succeeded in mounting specimens under watch
glasses in Kaiserling fluid. These mounts retain their color and
show relations well, are easy to handle and occupy a very small
amount of space, and are permanent. ‘The greatest difficulty
experienced was to find an adhesive substance that would seal
the watch glass to the glass square which possessed sufficient
elasticity to compensate for the expansion of the fluid during
extreme changes of temperature without cracking and allowing
some of the fluid to escape. Asphaltum with a melting point of
about 230 degrees F. was found to meet the above requirements.
I have placed mounts cemented with this substance in an incu-
bator at a temperature of 104 degrees F. for forty-eight hours
and then exposed the same mounts to a temperature as low as
5 degrees below the freezing point for twelve hours without any —
undesired effects. .
The method which | have adopted is as follows: ‘The tissues
selected for museum mounts are washed lightly in water to
remove any blood or foreign matter that might adhere to them.
If the specimen is a thick mass it is cut in slices about an inch
in thickness and placed in Kaiserling’s fluid No. 1 until fixed
through, which requires from one to several days, depending
upon the size of the tissue and the amount of fluid used. It is
best to use plenty of fluid. Care should be taken to place the
specimen in the position that it is to assume when mounted. If
this is neglected it is liable to become wrinkled and curled and
can never be made to look well afterwards. If it is desired to
mount thin membranes, such as pleura, mesentery, peritoneum,
etc., they should be stretched over glass frames before fixing in
order to prevent curling. Either glass or glazed earth earthen-
ware jars should be used for fixing containers, as metal is liable
to cause staining. As soon as the tissues are fixed through, they
ee er ee ee ee ee
wt --o =!
IMPROVED METHOD OF MOUNTING MUSEUM SPECIMENS. 69
are washed in running water for fifteen or twenty minutes to
remove as much of the formalin as possible from the surface.
They are then trimmed down to the desired size and shape to
fit into the watch glass, and placed in 60 per cent. alcohol until
the color begins to return, then they are placed in 95 per cent.
alcohol until the color is fully restored. This step must be
watched closely, for if they remain too long in alcohol they fade
again. As soon as the color is properly restored they are placed
in Kaiserling’s preserving fluid for a day or two and then
mounted. It is always desirable to mount the specimens within
a few days after fixing in order to get the best results. Before
mounting, the tissues are exposed to a negative pressure of
about 26 inches of mercury for from half an hour to an hour
and a half to remove all of the alcohol. If this is not done the
alcohol which remains in the tissues produces fading.
Before using the watch glasses it is necessary to grind them
perfectly level. This is done by sprinkling fine carborundum
powder on a large piece of plate glass and then pouring a suff-
cient quantity of water on the powder to make it grind well. The
grinding should be continued until the ground surface nearly
equals the thickness of the glass. Watch glasses 6 inches in
diameter are a very good size, but larger or smaller ones may
be used, depending on the size of the specimen one wishes to
mount. .The glass squares should be made of plate glass 3/32
of an inch thick and 77% inches square for the 6-inch watch
glasses. The size of the square glasses should vary in propor-
tion to the size of the watch glasses if larger or smaller ones
are used, Plate glass squares thicker than 14 of an inch are
undesirable even for very large specimens requiring watch
glasses 714 inches in diameter. After the glasses are thor-
oughly cleaned, the specimen to be mounted is placed in the
watch glass and covered with a glass square allowing the watch
glass to protrude far enough to form a lip. The fluid (Kaiser-
ling’s preserving fluid) is poured in at this opening until it runs
‘over, then the watch glass is slipped towards the centre suff-
ciently to close the opening and then set aside in a perpendicular
70 L. ENOS DAY.
plane to allow the air bubbles, if present, to rise, and then the
process is repeated until no more bubbles rise, then moved to the
centre. If a number of mounts are to be made, the specimen
and glasses may be immersed in a large quantity of fluid and
put in place and taken out and set aside as before. If the watch
glasses have been properly ground the glasses adhere so per-
fectly that the fluid does not escape. After all of the bubbles
have been removed, the mount is placed on a flat surface with
the watch glass upwards and all moisture and greasy substances
are carefully removed; then melted asphaltum which has been
heated to about 250 degrees F. is poured around the joint be-
tween the two glasses. The amount of asphaltum should be
liberal and should extend about %4 inch upon the watch glass
and an equal distance on the plate glass. After the asphaltum
has become cool and set, it can be trimmed with a knife and the
surface smoothed down with a thick-bladed knife or other metal
which has been heated to nearly a red heat. After the melted
surface has again become cool the mounts are set aside for a
few days to determine if they have been perfectly prepared. If
bubbles appear the specimen should be remounted, which is not
a difficult task. The greater portion of asphaltum can be
removed with a knife and the remainder with xylol or gasoline,
as it is very soluble in either of these fluids. If the specimen
has remained perfect it can now be enclosed in the cardboard
mounting. When 77-inch glass squares and 6-inch watch
glasses are used the cardboards should be 8 inches square with
a circular opening 536 inches in diameter in the centre. They
should be about 1/16 of an inch thick and of good quality. The
upper board should be covered on the top side with bookbinders’
cloth and on the under side it should have a piece of cardboard
of the same size and thickness with a circular opening 7 inches
in diameter glued to it, thus allowing space for the asphaltum.
The cloth should extend about an inch on all sides, allowing
sufficient material to paste to the ends and under side. The
lower board should be just 8 inches square with an opening the
same size as the upper and covered with cloth in the same
IMPROVED METHOD OF MOUNTING MUSEUM SPECIMENS. (fal
manner, only that the cloth does not project over the ends. A
good quality of glue should be used to fasten the top and bottom
cardboard securely to the glass and also for holding the cloth
over the ends and to the bottom board.
Nearly all text-books pertaining to pathological technic give
the formula for Kaiserling’s fluids, but for the benefit of those
who do not possess such a work I will give the formula, which
is as follows:
No. 1—Kaiserling’s Fixing Fluid:
TASS MIAN Op ial 0) 6 Ce 15 gms
BCeiabe Oe J Orasit.. 7.25 00. ho 2 atnc 30 gms
12) STAs halla: aogier aC No ee 200 C.C.
Merete REP Cte Sysctyet ae! tN tert nl ethers | T{O00" Gc:
(Alcohol, as stated before, to restore the color.)
No. 2—Kaiserling’s Preserving Fluid:
Pee OL Teka et oe ee ee. 2 100 gms.
Oneness Se ees eet), taste 200 gms.
Reacts ree ay. ER Ae 2 1,000 ‘i:
The preserving fluid should be boiled for five or six minutes
before using and allowed to cool to about 80 degrees F. This
answers the double purpose of destroying mold spores and of
driving off the most of the absorbed and imprisoned air in the
fluid, thereby lessening the danger of bubble formation and sub-
sequent growths of molds.
REFERENCE,
(1) Watters, New York Medical Journal, August 23, 1902; Vol. 76, p. 318.
(2) Coplin, Journal of the American Medical Association; August 13, 1904; Vol.
43, PD. 441.
(3) Albert, Journal of the American Medical Association; June 30, 1906; Vol. 46,
Pp. 1993.
(4) Watters, Medical Record; December 22, 1906; Vol. 70, p. 988.
From Onto To Georcia.—Dr. Chas. A. Klein, formerly of
Cincinnati, Ohio, has been transferred by the B. A. I. service
to Augusta, Georgia. The Review wishes the doctor happiness
in his new home.
Dr. Rietz Joins THE HawKkeyes.—Dr. J. H. Rietz, Pitts-
burg, Pa., has gone to Ames, Iowa.
A RESUME ON THE CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF
GLANDERS.*
By Dr. H. D. Gitt, Directinc THE WorK FOR THE COMMISSIONER OF AGRI-
CULTURE IN THE City oF New York.
SYLLABUS.
I. Official concentrated control: Experience has shown
that the best work can only be done under official jurisdiction.
Ofttimes local veterinarians have been swayed in the rigid en-
forcement of laws, regulations and rules, through the interfer-
ence of their general practice, disposition, temerity, insufficient
pay for service, personal suasion and undue influence. The effect
of such control on the horse-owning public would be advan-
tageous.
2. State or city quarantine: The importance of this is
obvious.
3. Tagging, branding or marking for positive or perma-
nent identification: The many cases of similarity in the general
description of horses makes a more positive mark of identifica-
tion indispensable.
Experience and careful consideration suggests the use of a
small band ear tag in preference to other. Tagging has many
advantages in sanitary police work, and also protects the general
horse-buying public. Horse owners, enlightened by diagnostic
tests, spread glanders through their indiscriminate disposition of
reacting animals, while if these were marked, such cases could
be checked and traced back to the source of infection.
4. Control of all diagnostic tests for glanders and the use
* Presented at the request of the Special Committee for the Detection of Glanders
of the American Veterinary Medical Association, at its fiftieth anniversary meeting in
New York, September 1-5, 1913.
72
A RESUME ON THE CONTROL AND ERADICATION OF GLANDERS. 73
or application of any agent or substcnce that would counteract
or interfere with correct results of sera or mallein tests: The
indiscriminate use of such tests are in the main the cause of the
present prevalence of glanders in this city.
The method for all tests and the agents used should be stan-
dardized. Mallein should be refined, thus eliminating agents
that might, through their irritating effects, cause thermic dis-
turbances, giving false and misleading results. Mallein should
be put up and kept in the best way to maintain its potency and
keep the same from deterioration or contamination.
The ideal way would-be for laboratory control and delivery
for immediate use.
5. Licensing all places where horses and mules are st: bled,
kept, shod, fed or watered: This would be of incalculable value
to the police sanitary work. The disinfection could be properly
carried out; bad sanitation and hygiene could be corrected; sta-
bles quarantined and closed until adequate repairs or improve-
ments could be made.
6. Control and disposal of glandered horses: All clinical or
physical cases should be killed on sight. Such horses being of
no value, except for offal, no indemnity should be paid by the
state. All animals giving a positive reaction to at least two of
the several accepted tests, should be considered glandered and
destroyed as such. To facilitate good work it would be well to
pay a liberal indemnity for the latter cases. No clinical cases
should be kept for treatment or experimental purposes except
under state control and in such place and under such conditions
as the Commissioner of Agriculture shall designate.
7. Post mortems should be made on all horses dying within
the city limits: This would check horses surreptitiously disposed
of and through pathological investigation corroborate tests and
other diagnoses. This would also be valuable for complete and
correct statistics.
8. Practical method for promptly eradicating glanders from
among horses in stables and ultimately in the city and state:
Kill and post clinical cases. Make two blood tests, one comple-
74 H. D. GILL.
ment fixation, one agglutination, of all the other horses in the
stable, checking the same with a mallein eye test. Horses giv-
ing positive response to all three tests should be considered glan-
dered and destroyed.
The use of subcutaneous injection of mallein should be dis-
couraged. Such injections counteract and interfere with correct
results of subsequent sera tests, which are found to be uncer-
tain and misleading where mallein or vaccine has previously been
injected.
Uncertain mallein tests have often been the cause of embar-
rassing delays, controversies and expense. With the tagging
of all horses tested, work along these lines will be more satis-
factory, the records and statistics more accurate, and valuable
data would then be available.
THE FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF THE First INTERNA-
TIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS is to meet in London during the
coming summer. A special effort is being made to furnish a pro-
gram replete with the best in possession of the veterinary profes-
sion and make it a fitting semi-centennial of fifty years of pro-
eress. American veterinarians should make every possible effort
to attend this meeting. It is very probable that the American
Veterinary Medical Association will not hold its regular annual
meeting in September, as has been the custom the past few years,
but it will probably meet in New Orleans during the week of the
holidays. This will give the members an especial opportunity for
attending both meetings.
All who attend the international congress from this country
will have a special opportunity for visiting Continental Europe at
a minimum additional expense by joining the touring party under
the able direction of Dr. Eichhorn. Many opportunities will be
afforded a party of this kind that could not be gotten individually.
It should be the rare treat of a lifetime. Those who anticipate
making the trip should notify Dr. Eichhorn as soon as possible
so that complete details can be worked out at an early date.
You are especially urged to join the party and participate in
the rare treat that is in store for those who are going with this
party, which will end its study and pleasure tour by attending the
International Veterinary Congress.
(Signed) C. J. MARSHALL,
President, American Veterinary Medical Association.
REPORTS OF CASES.
CEREBRO-SPINAL MENINGITIS OF THE HORSE.*
By B. F. Kaupp, in Charge Field Laboratory Investigation, Holly, Colo.
HISTORICAL.
Hutyra and Marek in-their English edition of Pathology and
Therapeutics of Diseases of Domestic Animals say:
“ Epizootic cerebro-spinal meningitis of the domestic animals
is an independent infectious disease characterized by inflammation
of the membranes of the brain and spinal cord and the adjacent
nerve tissue. In certain districts the disease is enzootic and even
tends to be epizootic.”’
“In 1896 Siedamgrotzky, Schlegel and Johne simultaneously
carried out extensive bacteriological and pathological investiga-
tions as to the nature of the disease. Further researches were
made by Ostertag in Germany in 1900 and in America by Wilson
and Brimhall in 1898 to 1903, making a clinical bacteriological
as well as pathological study. Investigations were also made by
Streit in 1902, Harrison in 1905 and Christian in the same year.”
“ Histological investigations which were made by Dexler in 1900
and more recently by Oppenheim in 1907, have furnished proof
that cerebro-spinal menigitis or Borna disease is an inflammatory
one.”
“ Siedamgrotzky and Schlegel found a micrococcus and more
rarely a diplococcus in the subarachnoid fluid. This organism
formed a dirty white, sharply circumscribed colony on the surface
of gelatin. Intravenous inoculations with cultures into horses in
one case produced no effect, in a second there were symptoms
and slight brain disturbance and the micrococcus was demon-
strated in the cerebro-spinal fluid, a third injection was followed
by symptoms of sleepy staggers. Subdural inoculations into
* Presented to the fifteenth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, at New York, September, 1913.
[Note]—As this article includes a clinical study and postmortem findings on a
large number of cases, we have placed it under ‘“‘ Reports of Cases”; although it is
also in every sense an original article.—Ed.
75
-1
(=>)
REPORTS OF CASES.
horses caused severe meningo-encephalitis, the cocci being demon-
strated in pure culture in the exudate.”
‘“ Johne found diplococci in the cerebro-spinal fluid and in one
case in the blood of diseased horses. Some were free, some were
included within the cells.
“The cultural characteristics resembled those of Siedam-
grotzky and Schlegel organism and short chains were formed.
This organism was called by Johne diplococcus intracellularis
equi. ‘Typical symptoms of Borna disease followed the subdural
inoculations of the organism into two goats and three horses. All
the horses recovered while the goats died.”
“Similar diplococeci were found by Marcq in diseased horses
in Belgium.”
Organisms morphologically resembling the diplococci of Johne
were found by Ostertag in cases of Borna disease. They were
present as a rule in the subdural and ventricular fluid of the
brain and occasionally in the blood, liver and urine.
“The organism designated by Ostertag as Borna strepto-
coccus was pathogenic for the horse and cattle. Pigs did not con-
tract the disease.”’
“ Streit isolated an organism closely resembling and possibly
identical with the streptococcus of Borna disease from a case of
epizootic cerebro-spinal meningitis in a horse in Ontario, as did
also Grimm in southern Germany.”
“Christian found an exactly similar organism in primary
sporadic meningitis in the horse.”
HIstory OF THE RECENT OUTBREAK OF CEREBRO-SPINAL MEN-
INGITIS IN THE MIDDLE WEST.
On July 20, 1912, an apparent infectious disease was observed
among horses some 10 miles north of Dodge City, Kansas. This
disease spread for a radius of several miles, extending over the
major portion of Kansas and Nebraska, where the greatest loss
occurred, and later invading particularly northern Oklahoma and
eastern Colorado. For the most part no restriction was placed
on intra- or inter-state shipment of horses from or in the in-
fected district. So far as the writer knows no definite data as
to actual loss was kept but it has been variously estimated that
from 20,000 to 30,000 horses were lost from this outbreak.
There were very few mules that contracted the disease.
The disease spread to the eastern tier of counties of Colorado
about the first of September. Dr. George H. Glover, chairman
of the Division of Veterinary Medicine and of the Veterinary
REPORTS OF CASES. 77
Section of the Experiment Station, made a trip to the infected
district and a brief field investigation was made. The station
authorities then decided to establish a field laboratory at Holly,
Colorado. This laboratory was supported by funds appropriated
by the five counties, namely: Prowers, Crowley, Bent, Otera and
Pueblo.
Appearance of the Disease in Colorado: An immigrant
came to Hartman, one center of the disease in Colorado, just nine
days before the first case appeared in that locality. The man had
a horse sick of the disease at that time, and after staying a time
around the alfalfa mills went four miles west and camped. Later,
the sick horse died.
At the second center, where the disease appeared, an immi-
grant came and camped on the premises just eight days before the
first case appeared on that place. The immigrant had a horse sick
of the disease. The horse later died. Prior to these two incidents
an immigrant came to Granada with a horse sick of the disease.
The horse died. No animals came down with the disease at this
locality till about four weeks later.
Climatic Conditions: The stricken district in Colorado lays
approximately 4,000 feet high and in the dry country. The
pastures in the bottoms consist of slough grass, salt grass, with
blue stem, buffalo grass and gamma grass. These grasses grow
sparingly over the pastures and do not form a matted bunchy
condition. The pastures soon become dry after showers.
A study of the weather records at the weather bureau at Ft.
Collins shows that more rain fell in Northern Colorado, where
the disease did not exist, than in the eastern and southeastern
parts stricken with the disease. A study of the records of the
stricken district for ten years back shows a greater rain fall in
two other years.
On the night of August the 13th there was a heavy precipita-
tion, which caused the Arkansas river to overflow. There was
only one shower after that time and that fell the last week in
August. There was no rain fall in that district from that time
till November.
In the district stricken by the plague there was only one light
frost, and no frost heavy enough to kill the sugar beet tops till
after the third week in Octobe1.
The greatest loss of horses in Prowers county was between
September 15th and October rst.
Feed and Water: Some horses were fed cured cane, some
second-cutting alfalfa. The majority were at times on pasture.
7S REPORTS OF CASES.
The ranchmen of Colorado do not feed their first-cutting alfalfa
at this season of the year and it was with some difficulty that
we secured some for our experimental animals.
The water supply on the premises where the disease appeared
in some instances was from wells varying in depth up to 800 feet.
In others from irrigation ditches.
Some of the animals were kept up the entire summer for
routine ranch work and fed wholly on dry feed.
Mortality: Our records show that there was 1838 horses
in the stricken district investigated. Of these 154 contracted the
disease and 30 died.
The horses that grazed on the river bottoms overflowed by
the August flood did not come down with the disease. A very
few were on salt grass pasture. The most were on high gravelly
ground north and a few south of the river. The principal loss
was around the towns of Hartman, Amity and Bristol. These
pastures were high, dry and gravelly.
Horses of all ages, breed and sex were affected. Dr. Glover
observed a case in a suckling colt and others in livery horses on
dry feed and constant livery service. Work horses in the field
and in the pasture were affected alike.
Clinical Study and Post Mortem Findings: In our investi-
gation work we made it a rule to study only typical clinical cases.
At death a careful autopsy was held, specimens secured for
laboratory study; this included affected tissues, urine, brain and
spinal fluids. The brain and spinal fluids were drawn under
strict sterile laboratory methods.
A few selected typical case records will be given to better show
conditions found.
CasE No. 2—History: Black mare, 8 years old. Went down
two hours after taking ill and died in about 12 hours. Has been
on native pasture. The source of water was from an irrigation
ditch.
Symptoms: At the time seen the temperature was 104.8
degrees Fahr. Pulse 58 and full. The respiration is slightly ac-
celerated. The reflexes are absent. When pricked with a pin from
head to foot and from head to tail she does not flinch. There are
a few erosions on the mucous membranes of the lips. The tongue
is coated with a whitish, fuzzy, slimy material. The first heart
sound is prolonged. Nearly falls when pushed, showing great
prostration. The animal is stupid. The head is turned to the
right side. She refuses to move when urged to do so. Later the
animal goes down showing spasms of the entire musculature.
REPORTS OF CASES. 79
There is a slight rumbling of the bowels. The tail is paralyzed.
There is difficulty in swallowing. The lower lip hangs pendulous.
There is partial facial paralysis. There is a peculiar tossing of the
head. The ears are perpendicular and occasionally spasmodic
movements are noted. There is ptosis present. The animal braces
itself, finally goes down and after several hours in a comatosed
state dies.
Autopsy: The brain is congested. This congestion extends
into the cord. There is hyperemia of the epiglottis, pharynx,
vocal cords and trachea. Both kidneys show active and passive
congestion and cloudy swelling. Perineal edema is present. The
liver is enlarged and shows congestion and cloudy swelling. The
heart shows slight congestion of the vessels of the musculature.
There is a verminous aneurism of the great mesenteric artery due
to larval strongiles. There is a catarrhal inflammation of the
stomach and entire intestinal tract. There is a catarrhal inflam-
mation of the bladder with a precipitation of considerable calcium
carbonate. The marrow of the long bones is very dark, areas
showing hemorrhage, still other parts showing congestion.
Cast No 3—History: Gray gelding, 13 years old. Has
been sick 32 hours. This animal’s feed consists of cured cane.
The water was from a shallow well.
Symptoms: The head is turned to one side. The tempera-
ture is 105 degrees Fahr. The respiration and pulse is acceler-
ated. The animal is weak with wabbly gait and nearly falls down
when pushed. The reflexes are partially absent. There is grind-
ing of the teeth. There is a bracing attitude, the legs being placed
wide apart. Perspiration appears in spots over the body. The
step is rather high as if not able to judge the step. The animal is
up and down. There is a tossing of the head and the ears are
held erect. There is a quivering of the muscles and difficult swal-
lowing. The pupils are normal. The animal rests its head in
the corner. An analysis of the urine shows the following:
Specific gravity 1,022. There is no sugar. There is no albumin.
The animal is finally unable to stand, goes down, comatosed, and.
after several hours dies.
Autopsy: The tongue is coated with a fuzzy, slimy whitish
material. There is hyperemia of the pharynx, larynx and trachea.
There is a catarrhal inflammation of the gastro-intestinal tract
with small hemorrhages (suggillations) (stomach, small and
large intestines, floating colon and rectum). There is a catarrhal
inflammation of the bladder with small hemorrhages. There is
retention of the urine. The liver is greatly enlarged (nutmeg
SO REPORTS OF CASES.
te “e
Abs tae ey
f OF haa os)
eo
Case No. 14. A Typical Field Case. Note the attitude of the ears, ptosis, dropped
lower lip, bracing attitude of the legs and head turned to one side.
liver) congested and cloudy swelling. The kidneys show active
and passive congestion and cloudy swelling. The heart shows
congestion with small hemorrhages under both the epicardium
and endocardium. There is a normal amount of pericardial fluid.
There is congestion of the brain with appearance of inflammation.
There is also some pin point hemorrhages in the ventricles of the
brain. The spleen is about normal size with nodular thicken-
ings. There are hemorrhages throughout the cancellated portions
of the long bones.
Case No. 14—History: Gray mare, twelve years old. This
animal has been sick eight hours. This animal has never been on
pasture but kept up for routine ranch work and on mature feed.
The water was from an 800 foot well at all times.
Symptoms: The head is turned to the right side. There is
erinding of the teeth. There is a nervous twitching of the head.
This animal has some difficulty in swallowing. There is great
REPORTS OF CASES. 81
weakness and prostration. The animal stands in a bracing at-
titude. See photograph No. 1. The eyes are partially closed,
the ears are weaving to and fro. The lower lip hangs pendulous
and the nostrils are dilated. There is some weaving of the body
and the reflexes are partially absent. The hind legs are at times
crossed and the fore legs spread far apart. The breathing 1s shal-
low. At this time the temperature is 104.2 degrees Fahr. The
pulse is 52, full and weak. The respiration is somewhat acceler-
ated. There is some slobbering. There is a peculiar smacking
noise made by the mouth. The tail is paralyzed. The head at
times is carried rather high. The crural group of muscles on the
left side are in a state of tremor. The animal stands but cannot
walk, and when urged to do so falls to the knees, but with time
regains her foothold and arises. There is a droopy condition of
the ears. There is ulceration of the mucous membranes of the
lips. The pupils are not dilated.
The eyeballs roll back and forwards in their sockets. Later
the breathing is labored, dilated nostrils, reflexes absent, no vis-
ion, she goes down. The legs are extended and stiff. The pulse
is still large and full. After remaining unconscious for several
hours she is destroyed for autopsy purposes.
An analysis of the urine shows the following: Specific gravity
1,030. Sugar is present in considerable quantity. There is no
albumin.
Autopsy: The tongue is coated with a fuzzy, whitish sticky
material. The pharynx, larynx and trachea are normal. The gas-
tro-intestinal tract is normal except a portion of the colon about
one foot long, which shows some congestion and slimy-like mu-
cous. There is a catarrhal inflammation of the bladder with small
pin point hemorrhages. There is a considerable quantity of cal-
cium salts in the bladder. The liver is enlarged and shows con-
gestion and cloudy swelling. The kidneys show active and pass-
ive congestion and cloudy swelling. The brain shows active and
passive congestion and more or less evidence of inflammation.
Microscopic FINDINGS.
The microscopic study of sections from various tissues of field
cases after hardening in ro per cent. formaldehyde and embed-
ding in celloidin and staining with hematoxylon and eosin showed
the following: .
Liver: There is active and passive congestion present. There
is cloudy swelling and some areas of focal necrosis. There are
some areas of round celled infiltration with a few polymorpho-
nuclear cells.
82 REPORTS OF CASES.
Kidneys: There is active and passive congestion with a few
focal areas of cellular infiltration mostly round celled. Cloudy
swelling is present.
Pharynx and Larynx, as well as the stomach and intestines,
when affected show congestion and some areas of cellular infiltra-
tion.
Heart: There is a congestion of the myocardial vessels.
Brain: The pia-arachnoid membranes are in a state of con-
gestion and infiltrated with round cells and polymorphonuclear
leucocytes—acute inflammation. Cellular infiltration like that of
the coverings of the brain is especially well marked in the cere-
brum perivascularially and focal areas throughout the brain sub-
stance. Small areas of hemorrhage are noted through the brain
substance. The vessels are congested.
Spinal Cord: The section through the central canal shows
many leucocytes, many are polymorphonuclear. There is quite
an infiltration around the canal in the cord substance. In the cord
substance and particularly in the ganglionic part there is a cellular
infiltration as well as a few focal areas of round cell and poly-
morphonuclear infiltration. The coverings of the cord are con-
gested and are at points infiltrated to a more or less extent as the
brain.
Urine Study: The urine was studied in 4 cases. In none
was albumin found. There was sugar found in two of the cases.
The specific gravity ranged between 1,022 and 1,050. Calcium
salts was also abundant and in suspension. The urine was always
slightly alkaline.
Blood Study: OK *k
Gentlemen, the history of our grand Association can be
divided into three periods. A first, beginning at its fundamental
origin, involving birth, organization and early development. It
extends from 1863 to 1880.
In a second, which dates from 1890, when it has reached the
age of maturity, when she spreads her influence and manifests
her growth, her importance, and reaches to 1808.
And a third stage, when in full development, when she has
under her shelter, not only almost all the States of this great
Republic, but adds to her active membership veterinarians from
beyond her frontiers. Third period, which covers the time from
1898 to the present day.
In 1863, on the gth day of June, a meeting was held in New
York, in the old Astor House, in the lower part of Broadway. °
This meeting had been called by the invitation of some veter-
inary practitioners of Philadelphia. In the old minute book of
the Association will be found the first official reports of that mieet-
ing. As secretary, I had the honor to enter them.
At the Astor House there were represented only seven States:
New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware,
Maine and Ohio. And among the gentlemen who were present
and had the honor to form the organization, I may be allowed
here to recall their names: From Pennsylvania, MacClure, Jen-
nings, the two Raynor brothers, Mitchener; from New York,
Doctor Large, A. S. Copeman, John Busteed, C. C. Grice and
myself; from Delaware, Wisdom; from Maine, Flagg; from
Ohio, J. C. Myers; from Massachusetts, Robert and C. M.. Wood,
William and Robert Saunders, Ripley, Thayer and Josiah H.
Stickney.
ee ins male el, i i a AD”
-
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 105
I cannot remember who represented New Jersey. But any-
how the call had been acknowledged and properly answered.
The gentlemen present were all veterinary practitioners, with
few regular graduates. The first were self-made men, but their
love for their profession was made evident by the earnest way
that they manifested in answering the call for the meeting, in
its organization, as well as by the energy and the real profes-
sional manner with which they carried on the work expected of
them. You must bear in mind that in those days there were no
American regular graduates in the United States, and that only
few foreign veterinary graduates were found here and there.
The fact of their objects-being successfully carried out by those
self-made men, self-educated gentlemen in their most minute pro-
fessional acts and conduct, speaks highly of their efforts in be-
half of our profession.
The meeting at the Astor House was not, however, specially
called for veterinarians, others were present, physicians, agricul-
turists and so forth, and on the first day the foundation stone
being laid, on the second day the roll-call was signed by some
forty gentlemen present. It is true that many dropped out after
this call, but nevertheless the United States Veterinary Medical
Association was born, was organized, its constitution carefully
prepared, was adopted, a board of officers was elected, with
Doctor Josiah H. Stickney, M.R.C.V.S., graduate of London,
as president, and a seal with a motto unanimously adopted, which
for years afterwards was applied on the certificates that were
delivered to newly elected members. I do not know if it is to-day.
The seal represented a centaur, the motto read, Non Nobis Solum.
When the meeting adjourned it was expected that the orig-
inal plans would be carried out and that semi-annual meetings
would be held in New York and Boston. The first being the
annual in September, the latter in March.
These semi-annual reunions were held very regularly. The
discussion of papers, the presentation of specimens of patho-
logical interest, records of cases, consideration of subjects of
value and importance from a professional point of view, and
even some clinical work, occupied the time. And although the
attendance was not always very large, the interest was never
lacking, the enthusiasm remaining the same, and the object of the
Association was never lost sight of, the earnestness and hopes
of the members were always the same; namely, that the United
States Veterinary Medical Association would one day become,
par excellence, the bearer of the professional flag throughout
the whole country!
106 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
And yet Boston and New York were the only places selected
for the semi-annual meetings!
But times changed. The profession grew larger, schools had
been opened and were bringing out regular graduates. They
wanted to join and did join the Association. If at the begin-
ning the Eastern States were principally prominent in the Asso-
ciation, others from the West had come, joined, and furnished
many members.
A desire for greater magnitude was gradually manifested by
all, and in remaining with the semi-annual meetings, as at the
beginning, it seemed as if the U. S. V. M. Association was too
confined ; was, so to speak, limited, one sided, and her beneficial
importance and influence arrested in their growth, and then hav-
ing become of age, and reached her twenty-one years of good
life, she made a grand effort, a valuable change, by deciding to
hold thereafter the annual meetings in New York, and the semi-
annuals in various cities in the country; and, following the advice
of Horace Greeley’s at that time popular saying, ‘‘ To Go West,”
the U. S. V. M. Association went West, and held first an annual
meeting in Cincinnati, which was followed successively by the
semi-annuals of Philadelphia, Baltimore and Boston. In Sep-
tember, 1889, an annual gathering took place in Brooklyn.
Was there a semi-annual held after that? I have no recol-
lection, no record of it. But I know well that at that time the
Association had reached her 25 years, and that she had gathered
under her wing nearly as many states, having indeed representa-
tives from Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Connecti-
cut, Rhode Island, Virginia, Maryland, Ohio, Nebraska, Maine,
South Carolina, Delaware, Kentucky, Michigan, Illinois, Indiana,
Wisconsin, Missouri, Minnesota and South Dakota.
We are far from the day of organization and the work that
the U. S. V. M. Association had to her credit, since the first meet-
ing at the Astor House.
To review it, even concisely, would take too much time and
wear out your patience. Think what you are to-day and judge
of the difficulties she had to overcome!
With the large number of states represented in the member-
ship of the Association, she had certainly realized her first ob-
ject and become the national veterinary body of America. Here
ends the first period of her existence.
He Laake te
Gentlemen, we are entering on the second stage of the life
of the U.S. V. M. Association. If a little over twenty-five years
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 107
have been necessary for the raising and growth of the organiza-
tion, the second period will cover less time. Of course, the hard-
est part of the work had been done. We are in 1890, at Chicago,
when the 27th anniversary meeting was held. But although it
was that of the U. S. V. M. Association, a greater name was in
the minds, on the lips of many, it was a meeting of the great
national association of the veterinarians of America, East and
West, North and South. At that meeting we were then proud
of our number, one hundred and twenty members having an-
swered the roll call.
And then we went on and held the annual meetings in Wash-
ington in ’91, Boston in ’92, Chicago again in ’93, for the Colum-
bian Celebration, where the meeting was also called for the first
International Congress of American Veterinarians. We went, in
1894, to Philadelphia, to Des Moines in ’95, Buffalo in ‘96, Nash-
ville in ’97, and finally in ’98 at Omaha.
During that period of eight years the semi-annual meetings
were replaced by meetings of the Comitia Minora.
We have now arrived at the end of the second period of
the life of the U. S. V. M. Association. As I have already said,
it is not necessary, nor is it possible, to review the immense
amount of good work that has been done, nor the enormous in-
fluence that the Association has had upon the elevation of our pro-
fession, the improvements in our colleges, the valuable changes,
or how by her efforts and her will the education of veterinarians
has been raised, extended and brought to the standing that it
holds to-day. By the energy that she has deployed every branch
connected with veterinary medicine has benefited, and all of us
veterinarians can be proud of her. Read our professional jour-
nals, born of her bosom, and in them you will find recorded all
her past doings, and tell me if she does not deserve well of our
profession, and if we have not the right to look at her records
with fierté, with pride.
And now I must close these remarks. The U. S. V. M. Asso-
ciation is no more, she has changed her name?
The third period is now open!
We are in 1898, at Omaha! The old Association receives a
second christening. She becomes the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association of to-day. :
Her history is but the continuation of her former life, and
her membership is larger than that of any other similar body in
the world. Her work is known, recognized and appreciated in
108 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
every scientific veterinary centre, for she will forever remain
the solid representative of our profession in the new world. She
has stretched her roots in every specialty of our branch of medi-
cine. Civil practitioners, who look after the health of our domes-
tic and pet animals, Agricultural Veterinarians, who look after
the improvement of live stock and breeding; Army veterinarians;
Sanitarians, who protect the health of our citizens; Milk Inspec-
tors, who watch the food of our little ones; workers in their
laboratories; Investigators of the Bureau of Animal Industry,
everywhere the A. V. M. Association finds many of her worthy
members.
It is true that some of our confréres are still laying off, they
hesitate to join us, but let them have their time, make a little
propaganda, and no doubt they will come if we only show them
that the Association has proved and will always remain, true to
her original motto, Non Nobis Solum—‘ Not For Us Alone.”
Mr. President, ladies and gentlemen, in closing these re-
marks with my sincere thanks for your kindness for having
listened so attentively, while I glance back over fifty years and
think of those good pioneers of our profession that were there
and now are gone, permit me to ask you to join me in wishing
the everlasting and constantly growing grandeur of the Ameri-
can Veterinary Medical Association, and with the poet say:
“ Let her live long and prosper,
And her shadow never grow less!”
PRESIDENT MOHLER’S ADDRESS.
Fellow Members of the Association and Friends—Through
your kindness it has fallen to my lot to deliver the Presidential
Address in a year which will always be conspicuous in the his-
tory of our association, and on a day which is intended to mark
its semi-centennial anniversary. To have one’s name enrolled
amongst the 33 eminent men who have preceded me in this office
is indeed an honor which naturally can come only to a few of the
fourteen hundred who are numbered in this organization. At
such a time our minds are necessarily occupied by thoughts of
the past and of the future.
Fifty years ago there assembled in this city a coterie of. loyal
members of our profession who founded the United States Vet-
erinary Medical Association. This meeting took place in 1863
in the midst of the disturbing influences coincident with the Civil
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 109
War, and was attended by a few veterinarians from each of
seven states. Josiah Stickney was elected president and Alexan-
der Liautard secretary. Of this loyal band of pioneers all save
Liautard have passed from our activities, while he lives to-day
to act as the honorary president on this birthday anniversary.
It is given to few men to serve actively as a member of any or-
ganization for a period covering half a century, but this unusual
experience characterizes the membership of our friend and col-
league, Dr. Liautard, to whom we all extend greetings and best
wishes on this natal day. The original meeting occurred on June
g at the Astor House, when the nation was in the throes of civil
strife and threatened dismemberment,: and the armies of the
North and the South were campaigning just prior to the great
battle of Gettysburg. Yet in the midst of these frightful disas-
ters, at a time when everything seemed in an irrevocable turmoil,
there were found some indomitable veterinarians sufficiently
resolute to brave the existing storm, sufficiently clear-sighted to
prepare for the future. It was reserved for these men to be the
first to conceive in wisdom and establish in strength an associa-
tion qualified to meet successfully the purpose of the founders
and to serve triumphantly as one of the pioneers of veterinary
societies. Undeterred by the lack of numbers and unyielding to
the clamor of radicalism, it has held fast consistently to a sane
equilibrium and has demonstrated its merits by its survival. Re-
membering those who founded in wisdom and in faith and those
who guided in loyalty and zeal, this glad half-century of con-
sistent and successful endeavor is looked upon by us all with un-
stinted admiration. Ina short time, thanks to the feverish activ-
ity of the corps of practitioners who carried on the youthful asso-
ciation, there grew up a strong sturdy organization. Meager
as was the number of veterinarians who became charter mem-
bers of this association, it doubtless was as great in proportion
to the available men as is the greatly increased number of col-
leagues who now avail themselves of the opportunities here pre-
sented for securing membership in the leading veterinary asso-
ciation in the world. The growth of this association has been
commensurate with the development of the nation. Its mem-
bers have gone from its portals to take the lead in all movements
for the development of veterinary science and its resources; they
have been foremost in all actions having for their object the
improvement of our profession and the betterment of animal life.
And I doubt not that this great association will go steadily and
grandly forward, keeping step with the onward march of human-
110 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
ity, broadening its work and increasing its usefulness throughout
the years that are to come.
The acquirement of knowledge in the domain of animal dis-
eases during the last 5 decades has been constant and amazing
and compares favorably with the progress in other branches of
science which has attracted the admiration of the world. As
chemistry and physics have advanced from alchemy, and astron-
omy from astrology, so has veterinary medicine progressed from
empiricism and become scientific. The most notable progress
that has been made relates to the discovery of the class of infec-
tious diseases and the mode of their conquest. As it is mani-
festly impossible in the time at my disposal to cover the details
of development in all lines of veterinary medicine, it is deemed
advisable to confine my remarks to the subject of infectious dis-
eases, the study of which has done most to improve the health
of domestic animals and at the same time to place our profession
on a plane with the other learned sciences.
Coincident with the organization of the United States Vet-
erinary Medical Association was the birth of our knowledge of
pathogenic organisms, since the transmissibility of the anthrax
bacillus by inoculation was discovered by Davaine in 1863. Two
years later Villemin proved the infectiousness of tuberculosis
and transmitted the disease from man to animals, while in 1867
Lister made his brilliant deduction that suppuration and septic
processes in wounds were a species of fermentation which could
be prevented by the use of germicides. The wonderful results
of modern operative surgery have been made possible by the
adoption of antiseptic and aseptic methods in the treatment of
wounds and in the operating room. One of the most impor-
tant contributions to the study of infectious diseases was the
introduction of the “ plating’ method with solid culture media
by Koch in 1881. Other discoveries which greatly aided the
progress of this science were the adoption of the Abbe illumi-
nating apparatus, immersion lenses, and aniline dyes for stain-
ing the bacteria. Beginning with the bacterium of chicken chol-
era discovered by Pasteur in 1880, a number of pathogenic bac-
teria were described during the ensuing years in rapid succes-
sion. The more important of these were the great discovery of
the tubercle bacillus by Koch in 1882, Pasteur’s researches on
swine erysipelas in the same year, the isolation of the bacillus
of glanders by Loeffler and Schutz in 1883, and the discovery
of the tetanus bacillus by Nicolaier in 1884. From this date
until 1892 few important discoveries were made, most of the
a ee NN Se
SOCIETY MEETINGS. TW
work done consisting in the perfection of the methods of investi-
gation. However, the application of the newly gained knowledge
concerning pathogenic bacteria to the prevention and cure of these
diseases was begun almost immediately. What a revolution in
veterinary thought and practice has resulted can be appreciated
only by comparing the text-books of 25 years ago with those
of the present day. Pasteur working on the theory that resist-
ance to a disease could be produced by causing a mild attack of
the affection, was able to produce immunity against a number of
diseases of the lower animals. His classic experiments with
anthrax vaccine are well known, as is also his method of protec-
tion against rabies by the use of an attenuated virus. Similarly
we take pride in the pioneer work of two of our members, Sal-
mon and Smith, who, in December, 1885, began a series of
experiments, the results of which clearly established the prin-
ciple that the injection of sterilized cultures or dead bacteria
confers active immunity to subsequent inoculation with virulent
materials. Here then was the beginning of the foundation upon
which rests our present knowledge of vaccine therapy that to-day
is attracting so much favorable attention both for preventing and
healing disease. The priority of this successful accomplishment
was duly recognized by Hueppe in his writings in 1888, although
the students of Pasteur made claim to the honor. Their work,
however, was not begun until the following March. The gen-
eral application of this method to therapeutics must be accredited
especially to Wright of London.
Another very important principle which is so intimately asso-
ciated with the names of Salmon, Smith and Kilborne, was the
determination of the cause of Texas fever and the method of
its transmission through the agency of the cattle tick. It is of
interest to note that this was the first experimental proof fur-
nished on the subject of diseases borne by insects, or diseases
that can be carried from one animal to another only by an inter-
mediary host. This mode of transmitting infections has since
become quite familiar to the public by the discovery that certain
mosquitoes of different species spread malaria and yellow fever
to man. Other insects—flies, ticks, lice and fleas—have been
found to carry infectious diseases from one person or animal to
another, and the future may show that insects play a most impor-
tant part in diseases other than those of which we have present
knowledge. The discovery of the plasmodia, piroplammata and
trypanosomes as causes of certain diseases of man and animals
was the precursor of the enormous work which has been accom-
Pia ta | SOCIETY MEETINGS.
plished in establishing the relationship between various protozoa
and diseases of man and animals. In 1903 Novy and McNeil
succeeded in growing pathogenic protozoa in pure culture in a
manner similar to the cultivation of bacteria. The discoveries
of tuberculin in 1890 by Koch, mallein in the same year by Kel-
ning, and tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin in the blood of ani-
mals injected with the toxins of these respective bacilli are addi-
tional milestones in the history of veterinary science. The spe-
cific etiology of many diseases of animals still remains. unknown,
while others have been only partially elucidated by the discovery
of the filterability of their invisible causative agents. The first
of these filterable viruses was discovered by Loeffler 15 years ago
in the lymph of cattle affected with foot-and-mouth disease. At
the present time 14 diseases of animals are known that are caused
by this-class of invisible organisms. One of these is on the verge
of visibility—the organism of contagious pleuro-pneumonia. As
a rule this class of infections confers a high degree of immunity
which is permanent. In some instances, as in rinderpest and hog
cholera, it has been possible to produce an actively immune ani-
mal without thereby causing severe disease, by injecting the virus
and at the same time the corresponding immune serum. This
principle of simultaneous injection of immune serum and viru-
lent blood was evolved by Kolle and Turner for rinderpest in
1898 and by Dorset, McBryde and Niles for hog cholera in
1905.
It is encouraging to reflect that the progress of bacteriology.
like the progress of this association, has been made by gradual
and logical steps. The great discoveries, a few of the more im-
portant of which have been mentioned, were not lucky accidents,
but were planned and studied with great patience and delibera-
tion. Their number has ever grown, and hence a new branch of
knowledge has become available for the prevention of disease.
This knowledge is being utilized largely for the diagnosis of
communicable maladies, and for the application of measures of
protection which previously had been dependent solely upon the
clinical symptoms of disease. With the study of methods of con-
ferring the power of resistance to the invasion of pathogenic
bacteria has grown the study of the processes of immunity. Such
perfected methods are represented by the specific products which
have reduced the dangers from rabies almost to zero, and the
liability of tetanus after protective injections to a vanishing
point.
New facts and conceptions of absorbing interest in immunity
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 118
studies have been disclosed in an abundance and with a rapidity
which is simply bewildering. The later developments are so
abstruse and complex as to daunt all but the most resolute in-
quirer. Though we are still hardly beyond the threshold of the
problem, the results already attained have compelled us to recast
our views as to the very nature of infection and its prevention.
Theory after theory has arisen and then has been swept aside,
not to disappear utterly, but to be melted in the crucible of re-
search till the refuse was burnt away. In 1884 Metchnikoff
first published his famous explanation of immunity by phagocy-
tosis, while it seems but yesterday that the striking researches
of von Behring bade fair to explain immunity in terms of anti-
toxin. Then Ehrlich developed his schematic studies of the
“side-chain ” theory, which, though brilliant, was only a work-
ing hypothesis. But the march of time has shown that they are
only a part of the whole truth. In fact, the whirlpool into which
these theories were leading us has been bridged by the recently
developed theory of anti-ferments that appears to furnish us a
more definite foundation for our explanation of immunity. We
are still living within the era of its first achievements and there-
fore we may reasonably hope that this is merely the dawn of its
beneficent results.
In proportion to our recognition of the fact that it is through
ferments and toxins that bacteria exert their injurious power,
the direction of research is changing and chemical examination
is taking a large place in pathological inquiry. We now know
that even when the actual bacteria have been destroyed by heat,
the solutions containing them will produce toxic symptoms on
injection in an animal or man. If the quantity is too small to
produce serious, symptoms it causes a reaction and anti-bodies
are formed which counteract the effect of the living bacteria
which are present or that may afterwards gain entrance. This
power of producing immunity is now becoming of very great
practical service. One finds to a certain extent the same anti-
power in relation to ferments. The active digestive ferments
in the intestinal canal are rendered inactive during their absorp-
tion through the intestinal walls.
During the last few years certain objections have been raised
to Ehrlich’s theory of immunity on the ground that the results
obtained by experiments do not harmonize with the suggested
hypothesis. Abderhalden has proved by his studies that enzymes
or ferments present in the blood play an important part in the
economy of the organism, not only from the true physiological
114 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
standpoint, but also from a pathological aspect. He shows that
all the processes which are going on in the organism are of a
chemical nature, but are governed by certain physical conditions
of the body cells and their substrata from which they obtain their
nourishment. The chemical changes produced are gradual, not
abrupt, as usually supposed; and one or more enzymes take up
the process of decomposition and synthesis where the other en-
zymes have ceased to be active. The actual processes noted in
these changes are either reduction, oxidation or. hydration.
When considered in the light of immunity, it is seen that these
chemical changes may be protective or destructive in nature. In
this connection Abderhalden found that, after introducing cer-
tain foreign substances into the blood stream, enzymes were pro-
duced which acted specifically towards the foreign bodies. In
other words, they destroyed or rendered them non-toxic. This
shows a way in which the body protects itself against the inva-
sion of foreign micro-organisms. He also proved that under
certain physiological conditions, as pregnancy, the blood serum
contains substances which are capable of hydrolizing the proteins
of the placenta. Changes of a like character could also be noted
in infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and glanders and also
in pernicious anemia of horses, while Rosenthal obtained the
reaction in cases of carcinoma, nephritis and other diseases in
man. The methods of noting the changes taking place are two,
one which makes use of the polariscope in which the rotation of
the serum of the subject when acting on a certain substrat is
observed, and the other utilizes the process of dialysis. In the
latter case the end products produced by the serum when exposed
to a certain substrat are detected by a chemical reagent. These
findings are enough to show that a certain equilibrium exists
amongst the enzymes present in the organism under normal con-
ditions, and when once this equilibrium is destroyed other en-
zymes or anti-enzymes are produced, or some of the enzymes
present are increased in quantity.
Rothe and Bierbaum have recently published certain far-
reaching results in the immunization of cattle with tubercle ba-
cilli which appear to be of considerable importance to the study
of immunity in tuberculosis. They aimed to find a method
whereby larger amounts of tuberculous anti-bodies could be
produced. For this purpose cattle were injected intravenously
with variously treated tubercle bacilli and products thereof. A
marked and prompt production of anti-bodies was noted which
usually reached their height on the seventh day to persist into
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 115
the second month, when a pronounced diminution or even total
disappearance would take place. Quite similar results were ob-
tained in the case of horses also. Having established conclusively
that anti-tuberculous substances can be produced, the effect of
repeated intravenous injections of dead bacilli was tested and the
results indicate that a considerable protection against virulent
bacilli can be created by this method. Perhaps the most impor-
tant result of this work, so far as immediate availability for prac-
tical use is concerned, is that by means of the serum of such
animals, which is rich in tuberculous anti-bodies, it may become
feasible to test the various tuberculins, of which such a large
number are offered for sale, for their actual content in specific
derivatives of tubercle bacilli, by means of test-tube methods.
We long have needed some easily applied test of this kind, in
order to exercise some control of commercial tuberculins, and it
now seems that this may be possible.
The centre around which both human and veterinary science
revolve is comparative pathology. Most of the diseases observed
in man affect also domestic animals, and their course follows the
same law. Comparison between constitutional and organic dis-
eases of man and animals is already a means of widening the
circle and adding to science. The work done in the domain of
infectious diseases has shown how advantageous and even neces-
sary is the co-operation of the veterinarian and the physician.
These infections have been thoroughly studied by competent men
belonging to both professions, and one of the principal factors
in this union is the honest, conservative research work of many
prominent representatives of our profession in all countries. In
fact, the growth of veterinary medicine is intimately connected
with the progress of human medicine. Hippocrates, Aristotle,
Celsus and Galien recognized the advantages which could be
derived from the comparison of the diseases of men and those
of animals. While they practiced human medicine, they dis-
sected animals, and from the observations they made, derived
a better insight into the diseases of man. It may be ‘correctly
said that all that was at that time known of human pathology
was taken from animals and applied to man. In the middle
ages the epizootics and deaths among animals were ascribed to
the influence of the stars, to the punishment of heaven, to sorcery
or the Evil One. We can judge of the influence those ideas had
on the people by what we see even in our day of such imaginary
diseases as “ Wolf-in-the-tail’’ and “ Hollow-Hlorn.” Then
came the days when philosophical speculations were explained;
116 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
it was the time of dogmas. Then medicine became separate from
surgery, and the latter being considered of inferior rank was
consigned to the barber shops, while veterinary practice was re-
ferred to the blacksmiths. This state of affairs continued until
the first half of the nineteenth century. Isolated from other
sciences, veterinary medicine progressed slowly and contented
itself with making sound practitioners. With the development
of physical and natural sciences, veterinary medicine entered on
new paths, and important discoveries were made. ‘The erection
of veterinary schools was becoming less infrequent, and by de-_
grees a profession of skilled veterinarians was established, of
which to-day we all feel proud. :
One cannot contemplate the development of these veterinary
institutions without a feeling of admiration in their achieve-
ments and a conviction that the phase of education which they —
typify is destined to become more and more important in Amer-
ica. The essential basis and foundation of a nation’s welfare is
to be found in its educational conditions. It is true that those
abstract qualities which contribute to national greatness and pa-
triotic citizenship are the offspring of ideals rather than of ma-_
terial things, but these can never come to their fullest fruitage
without that substantial foundation afforded by rational and well-
balanced educational forces. Humboldt, the German philosopher,
has truly declared that ‘whatever you put into the state, you
_must first put into the schools,’ and it is equally true that the
standing of the veterinary profession is dependent on the strength
of its schools.
No one factor has been more successful in elevating the
standard of veterinary institutions in America than the investi-
gation of their curricula and equipment by the Bureau of Animal
Industry in conjunction with the U. S. Civil Service Commission.
While the primary object of such supervision was to make it
possible for the Government to obtain men better educated and-
better qualified for its veterinary work, it nevertheless succeeded
in raising the standard of veterinary education in the United
States and enabled the students to obtain greater and better facili-
ties for study. These schools have made large expenditures of
money and have greatly augmented and improved their facili-
ties. The Government had previously taken an active part in
helping to improve veterinary education. When in 1894 the
veterinary inspectors of the Bureau were placed in the classi-
fied service, it was necessary for applicants to be graduates of
veterinary colleges. In 1899 a step in advance was taken when
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 117
it was demanded that the graduate should be from a college hav-
ing a course of not less than 3 years. Six months later this was
changed to refer to graduates after 1897, while those before
this date were eligible if from a 2-year college. In 1903 a further
stipulation was made to the effect that graduates from a college
having a 3-year course must have spent at least 2 years in the
study of veterinary science. This prevented the colleges from
giving two years’ credit to students from agricultural, medical,
dental and other colleges.
This association likewise has been an aggressive factor in
‘improving educational facilities in our colleges. Prior to Jan-
uary I, 1893, it was possible for graduates of 2-year schools
to become members of this association, but at that time the bar-
rier was placed so that it was necessary for applicants to have
graduated from a 3-year school, having at least four veterina-
rians on the faculty. However, the 2-year graduates of any
school which adopted the 3-year course could qualify, provided
they had been five years in actual practice. During the last two
years the association has had a committee on veterinary colleges
at work inspecting and investigating the matriculation and course
of studies in these veterinary colleges with an appropriation for
expenses, and the results have well repaid the time and money
expended. The various committees on intelligence and educa-
tion have likewise given this subject faithful consideration, but
systematic visitations of the schools were never undertaken. An-
other potent agency in the advance of veterinary teaching may
be found in the establishment of the State Boards of Veterinary
Examiners. These boards, which have been created in almost
all the states, have set standards which have forced the colleges
to meet them. The entrance examination now required by our
schools is another factor in improving veterinary education by
securing a better class of students who are more able to compre-
hend the various studies in the course.
Veterinary science will always be subject to reversals. Its
progress has been and always will be a series of advances and
retrogressions with the outposts of knowledge steadily advanc-
ing. All this but emphasizes the supreme importance of organ-
izing inquiry on a thorough-going basis, coupled with a judicious
conservatism in the formulation of conclusions. The broader
and more tributary the field over which the collection of details
is extended, the more certain is the scientific worth of the results
obtained.
A lack of training in the fundamental principles is evidenced
118 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
in the results from time to time reported of research work or
investigations, as pursued by observers thus disqualified for the
task which they have undertaken. Eternal warfare between truth
and error is a record of the conflicts between knowledge and
ignorance—conflicts that are oftentimes intensified by the inclu-
sion of the personal element, leading to conditions that further
complicate the problem and overshadow the main issue until all
recognition of its importance is lost. But there.is an important
mitigating factor affecting the case of the man who, with the
courage of his ignorance, vehemently asserts that he knows.
This factor is the honesty of his belief in the evidence of what
he calls his own experience and his faith that what he himself
has experienced cannot be wrong. It is, however, just that kind
of faith that is earliest destroyed by systematic training in pre-
cise methods of scientific observations and reasoning. Research,
so called, has been carried to an absurd excess by men who have
ventured alone into the scientific jungles with the hope of finding
something, but without definite aim or fundamental knowledge
or landmarks. It would seem advisable that no apparent dis-
covery, made by a man who has not established a scientific status,
should be accepted as such without a trial by a commission com-
posed of scientists of established reputation.
It is quite generally conceded that the value of scientific dis-
coveries and deductions is dependent upon their authorship.
When new results are brought to our attention, the first inquiry
is for the name of the author, and several factors enter into our
judgment of his work. These are (1) his personal equipment;
(2) his motive, and (3) his environment. The primary con-
sideration is the man. Unripe minds will naturally produce
pseudo-science, and much so-called science is being forced upon
our attention, to-day that is unripe, undigested. ‘The personal
side of research must begin with the proper training and prepara-
tion to conduct research that is worthy of the name, and until we
find the man fitted for this work, such accessories as money,
equipment, apparatus, etc., cannot be efficiently applied. As an
illustration of my theme that great things have been accom-
plished in the smallest quarters with primitive facilities, it may
be interesting to know that the best research work accomplished
by Prof. Ostertag was in a reconstructed hot-house, while Theo-
bald Smith’s renowned work on Texas fever was carried on in
a poorly equipped garret of a four-story building. The goddess
of science donates her treasures mostly to those who desire them
for their own sake, and not for the sake of the riches they may
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 119
bring. In these days of money-making invention we need a
renaissance of the spirit which inspired and upheld the fathers
of our profession in their strenuous labors, both scientific and
practical, that have laid the foundations of modern veterinary
medicine.
Professionally, we guard the greatest income-producing prop-
erty in both the United States and Canada. Few appreciate the
vast investment which we have in these countries in domesticated
animals. ‘There are, I believe, not less than five billions of dol-
lars invested in the various kinds of domesticated animals in the
United States, and on every side this vast investment is threat-
ened by pestilence and disease. In fact, government statistics
will show that the loss of farm animals last year in this country
alone comprised over 6/2 million swine, nearly 2 million cattle,
over 2% million sheep, and more than half a million horses and
mules—the total value exceeding two hundred millions of dol-
lars. And it is the universal opinion of competent men who
make a study of this subject that a large proportion of this loss
can be eliminated by ‘judicious sanitary measures. ‘The great-
est mortality is among swine. Something like nine-tenths of that
is due to hog cholera; and cholera, though not absolutely pre-
ventable at present, can be very greatly reduced by judicious
application of serum, together with proper sanitary control. The
improvement and the protection of such interests as these are
worthy of the most earnest consideration of both statesmen and
scientists. This association is working not only for the allevia-
tion of the suffering and loss of domesticated animals, but also
for the protection of the public health. We have in view both
of these problems, and there are many diseases which we are
investigating and endeavoring to control, the suppression of
which will mean as much to the human race as it does to dumb
creation, for which we are the especial guardians. Until recently
our meat supply was ample with some to spare. Only six years
ago we exported from the United States half a million cattle,
and over four hundred million pounds of beef. Now exports
have almost ceased, principally because of the home demand.
We have only 23 cattle to the square mile, while Belgium has
164 and Denmark 144. However, any such intensive scheme of
beef production is bound to be more expensive than the former
methods of raising cattle on the vast grass-lands of the open
tange. But some compensation may be had by saving even a
part of the yearly preventable waste of food animals and thereby
reducing the problem of high prices, for the consumer finally
120 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
pays for the loss of animals that perish from disease, as well |
as for the healthy animals which are used for food.
A review of American veterinary progress would not be com-
plete without some mention of the achievements of two Govern-
ment bureaus that are under veterinary direction and the activi-
ties of which are largely in the domain of veterinary science—
the Canadian Health of Animals Branch and the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry. In the relatively short periods of
their existence these organizations have made a remarkable rec-
ord, both in scientific research and in the administrative applica-
tion of scientific knowledge and have thus thrown luster on the
veterinary profession.
Veterinarians have always constituted a large proportion of
the force of their employees, and at present in the Bureau of
Animal Industry alone they number 993.
If the scientific staff of the Bureau of Animal Industry had
never done anything more than to make the classic discovery of
the mode of transmission of Texas fever by the cattle tick, the
bureau’s existence would have been amply worth while. This
discovery established a new principle in medical science, the ex-
tent of the application of which the world is only beginning to
realize as we learn to conquer in turn such maladies as yellow
fever, malaria and sleeping sickness. It has made possible such
triumphs of sanitary science as have been accomplished on the
Isthmus of Panama, and without which the great canal could
not have been constructed so expeditiously and with so little loss
of human life.
In the prevention and eradication of animal diseases the bu-_
reau has been of the greatest economic service. On several occa-
sions it has saved the live-stock industry of the country from
disaster and ruin. The immediate cause of the organization of
the bureau was the presence of contagious pleuro-pneumonia of
cattle, which had been introduced in some way from abroad and,
becoming established in the eastern states, had spread as far west
as Illinois. It was only after several years of effort that this
insidious and stubborn disease was completely stamped out, and
it has not since reappeared.
Twice the bureau has had to deal with outbreaks of foot-and-
mouth disease, first in New England, and later in some of the
eastern and middle western states. Each time the disease was
conquered after prompt and vigorous work by a well-organized
force of trained veterinarians and assistants. Even when we con-
sider the experience of European countries that have struggled
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 121
in vain for many years to get rid of this malady, it is difficult
for us to appreciate the value of the work which prevented this
infection from becoming established in this country and from
spreading to the great stock-raising regions of the West. In
studying the origin of the latest outbreak, it was found that the
infection was due to contaminated imported vaccine virus, and
an interesting case of symbiosis of vaccinia and foot-and-mouth
disease was discovered and demonstrated.
For many years the presence of cattle ticks and the infection
of Texas fever have made it necessary to maintain a quarantine
on cattle in a large area in the southern part of the United States.
The movement of these cattle to northern markets has been per-
mitted only under restrictions which entailed expense and low-
ered prices. The disease was a great disadvantage to the infected
region and prevented the development of cattle raising there.
The losses and damage have been variously estimated at from
$40,000,000 to $200,000,000 a year. Applying the knowledge
gained as to the nature of the disease, the life history and habits
of the ticks and methods for their destruction, the bureau with
local help has during the past seven years waged a highly suc-
cessful warfare of exterimination against the ticks. The terri-
tory freed of infection in this time now amounts to nearly
200,000 square miles and almost equals in extent the combined
areas of Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi. More
than one-fourth of the territory originally infected has now been
cleared, and we may look forward to the time when a great sec-
tion of our country, naturally suited to cattle raising, will do
its part toward supplying beef to feed our growing population.
Armed with an effective weapon against hog cholera in the
preventive serum already mentioned, the bureau has given battle
to this disease, which for so many years has wrought havoc to
the hog raiser. Systematic work has been started, and with the
experience of previous conquests it is not too much to hope that
in time this work will also meet with success.
In tuberculosis we have the greatest problem that confronts
veterinary officials. In the research work leading up to our pres-
ent knowledge of this plague of animals and man, the veterinary
profession has had a most creditable part, and the Bureau of
Animal Industry has made valuable contributions to this know]-
edge. The task before us is to adopt administrative means which
will repress and, if possible, eventually eradicate this disease from
our domestic animals. The successful control of cattle mange,
sheep scab, dourine and other infections are examples of similar
veterinary achievements.
122 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
_ The United States Meat Inspection Service constitutes the
largest piece of veterinary administrative work in the world.
Inspection is maintained at 786 establishments in 222 cities and
towns, requiting the services of about 2,500 employees, includ-
ing a large proportion of veterinarians, who make all final deci-
sions on post mortem. A high standard of efficiency obtains, and
the results compare favorably with the service in other countries.
It is interesting to note that in the attacks of 1906 no fault was
found in any case with the veterinary work.
Taken as a whole, the large number of employees constituting
the great administrative body of the Bureau of Animal Industry
are a conscientious and efficient force of men who deserve well
of both the profession and the public, whose welfare they con-
stantly guard. In their loyalty to the former they are necessarily
loyal to the latter, for their interests are inseparable.
By research and educational propaganda the bureau has been
a strong element in the general improvement in milk. The adop-
tion of the score-card system of inspection and the advocation
of pasteurization at 145° for 30 minutes, which does not injure
the nutritive or digestive qualities of the milk, have been impor-
tant factors in milk sanitation.
In these and many other ways the bureau has given the world
valuable scientific knowledge, has benefited humanity, protected
health, performed economic service to stock-raising interests and
reflected credit on the veterinary profession.
The increasing use of sera and vaccines in veterinary prac-
tice has made it desirable to obtain federal and state legislation,
in order to supervise the preparation of such products. Biological
remedies have an important place in the field of sanitary medi-
cine, and this field is constantly becoming larger and more impor-
tant. Some of these products, however, have been found to be
frauds and a menace to the live-stock industry. It is, therefore,
with much pleasure that I report the recent passage of bills regu-
lating the sale of these products by. the states of Alabama,
Georgia, Pennsylvania and by the Congress of the United States.
In Europe these products are prepared by private firms under
state control as in Germany, or they are manufactured by the
government itself as in Holland. In the latter instance legislative
measures are unnecessary.
That there is a promising future for this most recent branch
of therapeutics may be frankly admitted, but there is a risk of
allowing enthusiasm to outrun discretion in the claims which
the advocates of these products urge in their favor.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 123
It has been stated that the veterinarian of the future will be
an immunologist. We all agree in hoping that it may be in his
‘power to afford immunity to his patients from as many diseases
as possible. But I submit that he must continue to be in the
future as he has been in the past, above all things a man of wide
clinical experience. No matter how great the advance of science
may be in the future, there never will be a royal road to veteri-
nary medicine. It will be the common road that all must tread
who aspire to treat disease, and after the class-room has been
left behind it will be through the stable, the farm, or the ranch,
the post-mortem field, and the clinical laboratory and will always
lead back to the side of the diseased animal.
During the past year the spirit of our members and the ener-
getic team work of the officers and committees of the association
were highly commendable, and I wish to express my sincere
appreciation of their valued services. I cannot refrain from
mentioning especially the aid 1, received from our painstaking
secretary and the indefatigable labors of the chairman of the
legislative and publication committee. I have kept in close touch
with the activities of the various committees, and I trust that
their recommendations will be given careful consideration by the
executive committee. The assignment of certain lines of work
-and investigation to special committees is an admirable arrange-
ment, and I hope that this method of apportioning the problems
of the association will be even further extended in the future.
I do not deem it necessary to make any specific recommendations
at this time, as I am satisfied that you will give your earnest
consideration to all matters which will be brought before you
during the meeting, and in passing) judgment on the different
aspects of the subject you will always be guided by motives which
will be for the benefit of our association and the welfare of our
profession.
I fain would speak of many other matters, but I have been
warned not to trespass on your patience by speaking at too great
length, and the warning is full of wisdom. However, before
closing my address, it is fitting that I should pause, if only for
a moment, to call to mind with affection and reverence those
great men who honored and delighted this association for years
and who have conferred such high distinction upon the position
of the veterinarian. I refer to men like Stickney, Michener,
Large, Miller, the Rayner brothers, Andrew Smith, Huidekoper,
Clement, Roscoe Bell, Pearson, Harger, Dougherty and many
others. With what amazing industry, versatility and keenness
124 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
of intellect did they unfalteringly cultivate the field of veterinary
science! With what devotion and beneficial results did they give
their time and abundant knowledge to the service of the public
and of our profession! ‘To-day we mourn their loss, but rejoice
in the rich fruitage of their past friendship.
From the history of veterinary medicine let veterinarians
draw confidence in the invincible strength of their science, which,
though at one time despised even by the well-informed, has dur-
ing the last five decades attained such great importance and such
wide influence in the life of this and other countries. And let
them take fresh courage and make new resolutions to rival all
the other professions in useful work to be accomplished in the
50 years to come. Let them also remember with gratitude and
veneration those not of our profession who, supervising veteri-
nary sanitation, early recognized the value of such control work
and aided in its organization.
To-day far-reaching questions of great importance are agi-
tating the association. Whatever the outcome, let us hope that
this, the greatest association the members of our profession have
ever seen, may in no measure depart from the high traditions it
has ever set before it, but rather increase its usefulness to the
profession and to the public.
Gentlemen, I have no fear for the future of veterinary medi-
cine. Ihave an equally confident belief that in the times to come
those who practice it will be held in increasing honor, and of
him who is faithful to its high traditions it will be said, “ Many
shall commend his understanding.” ‘
THe ATTENDANCE.
MEMBERS.
Francis Abele, Jr., Quincy, Mass.
E. B. Ackerman, 265 Greene avenue, Brooklyn.
John Wm. Adams, Philadelphia, Pa.
J. P. Aikenhead, Easton, Md.
F. W. Andrews, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.
John B. Archer, Spencer, Ind. z
R. A. Archibald, 2434 Webster street, Oakland, Cal.
Samuel Atchison, 987 Herkimer street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Geo. F. Babb, Topeka, Kan.
A. H. Baker, 2537 State street, Chicago, III.
S. S. Baker, Chicago, Ill. ;
Jos. F. Barnes, 1715 Broadway, Toledo, Ohio.
Harry E. Bates, So. Norwalk, Conn, .
A. E. Behnke, Milwaukee, Wis., Care of Bureau Animal Industry. ~
E. W. Babson, Gloucester, Mass.
M. C. Baker, 194 Milton street, Montreal, Canada.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 125
Chas. J. Becker, Stevenson, Ala.
H. E. Bemis, Ames, Ia.
Geo. H. Berns, 74 Adams street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
H, D. Bergman, Ames, Ia.
W. Reid Blair, New York City.
Thomas Bland, Waterbury, Conn.
J. H. Blattenberg, Lima, O.
Alfred F. Bollinger, 2218 Albemarle road, Brooklyn, N. Y.
F. A. Bolser, New Castle, Ind. t
O. L. Boor, Muncie, Ind.
Chas. W. Boyd, Pittsburgh, Pa.
H. W. Boyd, Nyack, N. Y.
F. F. Brown, Kansas City, Mo.
P. H. Browning, San Jose, Cal.
S. E. Bruner, Greensburg, Pa.
D. V. Buckingham, 2115. 14th st., Washington, D. C.
S. H. Burnett, Ithaca, New York.
Frank P. Devine, Yonkers, N. Y.
J. F. De Vine, Goshen, N. Y.
M. W. Drake, 1308 Morris street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Henry W. Dustan, Morristown, N. J.
George W. Dunphy, Quincy, Mich.
O. E. Dyson, 4201 Halsted street, Chicago, Il.
R. F. Eagle, Chicago, Ill.
John D. Fair, Millersburg, Ohio.
A. M. Farrington, 1436 Chapin st., Washington, D. C.
David F. Fox, Sacramento, Cal.
Charles T. Frey, River Point, R. I.
Adolph Eichhorn, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
Robert W. Ellis, 509 West 152d st., New York City.
Pierre A, Fish, Ithaca, N. Y.
fee Hitch, Ithaca, N::Y.
D. B. Fitzpatrick, 3225 Woodland ave., Philadelphia, Pa.
Otto Faust, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
M. V. Gallivan, Lethbridge, Alberta.
James T. Glennon, 27 Clay st., Newark, N. J.
Harry D. Gill, New York City.
Ward Giltner, East Lansing, Mich.
E, A. A. Grange, Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, Canada.
J. O. Greeson, Kokomo, Ind.
John W. Grover, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
E. Hanshew, 125 and 127 Carlton avenue, New York, N. Y.
Wm. Hansen, 511 North Lafayette street, Greenville, Mich.
C. M. Haring, Col. of Agriculture, Berkeley, Cal.
William J. Hennessey, 126 Front street, Worcester, Mass.
Jacob Helmer, Scranton, Pa.
L. J. Herring, Wilson, N. C.
Charles H. Higgins, Ottawa, Canada.
R. W. Hickman, Washington, D. C.
Will. A. Hilliard, Room 114, 352%4 Portage avenue, Winnipeg, Mani-
toba, Canada.
J. B. Hollingsworth, 105 Cambridge street, Ottawa, Ontario.
John B. Hopper, Ridgewood, N. J.
W. Horace Hoskins, 3452 Ludlow street, Philadelphia.
Herbert Hoope, Bel Air, Md.
Joseph Hughes, Chicago, Ill.
Frank Hunt. Jamestown, ae
Wilson Huff, Rome, N. Y.
Arthur S. Houchin, Newark, Del.
126
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
J. H. Jacobus, New York.
J. Payne Lowe, Passaic, N. J.
Richard P. Lyman, East Lansing, Mich.
William H. Lytle, Salem, Oregon.
F. H. McCarthy, Pottsville, Pa.
D. McCuaig, McAdams Junction, N. B.
C. D. McGilvray, Winnipeg, Canada.
Benj. McInnes, Charleston, S. C.
David McGibbin, Jr., 2900 Frankford avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.
W. J. McKinney, 124 Lee avenue, Brooklyn, “Nese
Geo. B. McKillip, Chicago, Ill
R. D. Macintosh, 3 Temple street, Toronto.
Robt. S. MacKellar, 351 West 11th street, New York, N. Y.
Frank H. Mackie, Baltimore, Md.
Thos. E. Maloney, Fall River, Mass.
= J. Mangan, 280 East 162d street, New York City.
C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia, Pa.
Leak Merillat, 1827 Wabash avenue, Chicago, Ill.
George W. Meyer, 528 Washington street, New York City.
J. C. Meyer, Cincinnati, Ohio,
H. J. Milks, 113 College avenue, Ithaca, N. Y.
iki, JAN Miller, 37 Day street, Fitchburg, Mass.
A. D. Miller, 190 West Lane avenue, Columbus, Ohio,
J. 4Re Mohler, Washington, D. C.
AcE. Moore, Ottawa, Canada.
V. A. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.
Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La.
H. S. Murphy, Ames, Iowa.
P. F. Murphy, Philadelphia, Rae
Thos. J. Herr, 331 East 83d street, New York City.
W. M. Burson, Athens, Ga.
Edw. A. Cahill, Canonsburg, Pa.
D. M. Campbell, 1761 Lawrence avenue, Chicago, Ill.
C. A. Cary, Auburn, Ala.
C. H. Case, Akron, Ohio.
F. W. Chamberlain, East Lansing, Mich.
R. R. Clark, Hampton, Va.
W. J. Coates, 141 West 54th street, New York City.
David W. Cochran, 120 West 12th street, New York City.
Charles E, Cotton, Minneapolis, Minn.
A. S. Gooley, 2050 East 79th street, Cleveland, Ohio.
J. M. Cooper, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Charles L, Colton, Hartford, Ct.
H. B. Cox, 1516 Snyder avenue, Philadelphia.
W. B. Craig, Indianapolis, Ind.
W. H. Dalrymple, Baton Rouge, La.
B. F. Davis, Cheyenne, Wyoming.
L. Enos Day, Chicago, III.
Robert Dickson, Fairhaven, N. J.
F. J. Douglass, New Orleans, La.
J. S. Donald, Bay City, Mich.
W. H. Dodge, Leominster, Mass.
T. E. Jago, Athens, Ga.
M. Jacob, Knoxville, Tenn.
H. Jensen, Kansas City, Mo.
A. Joly, Waterville, Maine.
P. K. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.
P. T. Keeley, Waterbury, Conn.
J. A. Kiernan, Nashville, Tenn.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 12%
R. H. Kingston, 41 Convent avenue, New York City.
A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo.
Louis A. Klein, Philadelphia, Pa.
A. C. Knapp, Bridgeport, Conn.
Valentine M. Knapp, 37 New street, Danbury, Conn.
Ralph V. Knight, Olean, N. Y.
A. D. Knowles, Livingston, Mont.
Theodore F. Krey, Detroit, Mich.
Oscar Kron, San Francisco, Cal.
G. Ed. Leech, Winona, Minn.
Charles Linch, Albany, N. Y.
Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson, N. J.
J. T. Nattress, Delavan, Ill.
John V. Newton, Toledo, Ohio.
Herbert F. Palmer, 202 North 50th street, Philadelphia, Pa.
H. D. Paxson, 3621 Indiana avenue, Chicago, Ill.
C. D. Pearce, 10 Carhart avenue, Binghamton, N. Y.
L. A. Paquinn, Webster, Mass.
Harrie W. Peirce, 19 South street, Medford, Mass.
Benj. D. Pierce, Springfield, Mass.
Charles H. Perry, Worcester, Mass.
A. T. Peters, Springfield, IIl.
J. S. Pollard, Providence, R. I.
G. M. Potter, Washington, D. C.,, 5. A IL.
M. M. Poucher, 137 West 3d street, Oswego, N. Y.
W. Runge, Newark, N. J.
Edward Rafter, Hamburg, N. Y.
S. V. Ramsey, Sr., Terre Haute, Ind.
E. M. Ranck, Agricultural College, Mississippi.
John Reichel, Glenolden, Pa.
M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn., University Farm.
T. H. Rich, Burlington, Vt.
Roy. Riddle, Norwich, Ont., Can.
W. H. Ridge, Trevose, Pa.
G. A. Roberts, North Raleigh, N. C.
James Robertson, 735 East 44th street, Chicago, Ill.
T. E. Robinson, Westerly, R. I.
H. B. Ropp, Ashland, Ohio.
Jacob G. Pfersick, 3 Leonard street, Greenfield, Mass.
G. H. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind.
John F. Ryan, 2525 Indiana avenue, Chicago, III.
J. E. Ryder, 235 East 92d street, New York, Lae
F. S. Schoenleber, Manhattan, Kan.
Charles L. Schloemer, Hoboken, N. J.
J. W. Scheibler, 271 Court avenue, Memphis, Tenn.
Fred. H. Schneider, York road and Erie avenue, Philadelphia.
E. C. Schroeder, Bethesda, Md.
Oscar Schreck, New Haven, Conn.
J. W. Sallade, Auburn, Pa.
C. E. Shaw, 115 Sterling place, Brooklyn, N. Y.
J. T. Seely, Seattle, Wash. ‘
Edgar H. Shepard, 2027 East 105th street, Cleveland, Ohio.
R. E. Shigley. Kenmare, N. Dak.
T. A. Sigler, Greencastle, Ind.
W. M. Simpson, Malden, Mass.
Alex. Slawson, 47 West 39th street, New York City.
James Smellie, Eureka, Ill.
Thomas E. Smith, 309 Barrow street, Jersey City, NESE
H. FE. States, Detroit, Mich.
128
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
R. M. Staley, Harrisburg, Pa.
S. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo.
G. T. Stone, Norwich, N. Y.
Jo 8: Thompson, New York.
C. H. Taylor,.De Kali.
Thos. Thacker, Renfrew, Ont., Canada.
F. Torrance, Ottawa.
J. Traum, Washington, DiC
A. Trickett, Kansas City Veterinary College, Kansas City, Mo.
H. W. Turner, New Hope, Pa.
John P. Turner, 918 O street Northwest, Washington, D. C.
Geo. B. Vliet, Hackettstown, Nv
E, A. Watson, Veterinary Research Lab., Lethridge, Alberta, Canada.
S.-H Ward, St. Paul, Minn.
W. B. Washburn, Tiffin, O.
Guy N. Welch, Northfield, Vt.
George F. Wescott, Portland, Me.
David S. White, Columbus, O.
John L. White, 5327 Union avenue, Chicago, III.
Geo. R. White, Nashville, Tenn.
W. E. Wight, 237 McKee place, Pittsburgh, Pa.
E. J. Will, Harrisonburg, Vt
W. L. Williams, Ithaca, N. Y.
R. H. Wilson, Rochester, Mich.
J. F. Winchester, Lawrence, Mass.
B. T. Woodward, Washington, D. C.
E. H. Yunker, Philadelphia, Pa.
W. A. Axby, Harrison, Ohio.
HH; Bear, Met. Jox:-Pa:
E. M. Bronson, Indianapolis, Ind.
F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo.
U. S. G. Bieber, Kutztown, Pa.
H. P. Bolich, Ashland, Pa.
C. R. Bodren, Taunton, Mass.
Chas. S. Chase, Bay Shore, N, Y.
Henry Cady, Gloversville, N. Y.
Thos. Castor, Philadelphia.
1D, Jy Cornman, Marietta, Pa.
J. J. Connell, Clarksburg, W. Va.
M. J. Curran, 39 North 6th street, New Bedford, Mass.
CHE Dauber, Sturgis, Mich.
H. F. Eckert, Markesan, Wis.
Ore Eliason, Madison, Wis.
A. A. Etienne, 67 Drummond street, Montreal, Province of Quebec,
Canada. 2
H. P. Eves, Wilmington, Del.
Frank U. Fernsler, Lebanon, Pa.
Paul Fischer, Columbus, Ohio.
William Gall, Matawan, N. J.
Carl W. Gay, Swarthmore, Pa.
G. D. Gibson, Adrian, Mich.
S. H. Gilliland, Marietta, Pa.
J. T. Glennon, Newark, N. J.
Joseph P. Grogan, 901 Ashland avenue, Baltimore, Md.
R. C. Gross, Elizabethtown, Pa.
W. A. Haines, Bristol, Pa.
Herbert F. Harms, Pearl River, N. Y.
W. F. Harrison, 329 Broad street, Bloomfield, N. J.
W. B. Holmes, Springfield, Ill.
|
§
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a
t
—
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 129
T. Jos. N. Hornbaker, Front Royal, Va.
G. A. Johnson, Exchange Building, Sioux City, Iowa.
R. L. Kann, Mechanicsburg, Pa.
H. B. Langdon, Charlestown, W. Va.
Chas. G. Lamb, Denver, Colo.
Frank E. Lentz, 39th street and Woodland avenue, Philadelphia.
G. W. Loveland, Torrington, Conn.
Thos. Kelly, Philadelphia, Pa.
Jas. McDonough, Montclair, N. J.
N. S. Mayo, Blacksburg, Va.
D. S. Miller, Philadelphia, Pa.
John M. Miller, Grand Rapids, Mich.
R. Moody, Maysville, Ky.
T. E. Munce, Harrisburg, Pa.
W. F. Myers, Fort Wayne, Ind.
E. W. Newcomer, Mt. Joy, N. J.
H. D. Pattison, Beliot, Wis.
M. P. Ravenel, Madison, Wis.
Edgar W. Powell, Bryn Mawr, Pa.
W. T. Pugh, Southbridge, Mass.
Edward Records, Glenolden, Pa.
J. H. Roberts, 64 King street, Northampton, Mass.
E. F. Sanford, 115 Sterling place, Brooklyn, N. Y.
L. A. Severcool, Elyria, Ohio.
C. W. Shaw, 200 West 78th street, New York City.
Thos. Sheldon, Rhinebeck, N. Y.
C. S. Shore, Lake City, Minn.
C. J. Sihler, 649 Everett avenue, Kansas City, Kans.
W. J. Schumaker, 56 East 87th street, New York.
Geo. H. Smith, 213 7th street, Hoboken, N. J.
Albert N. Towne, Brewster, N. Y.
J. P. West, Madison, Wis.
J. G. Whiting, Montpelier, Vt.
A. G. Wicks, Schenectady, N. Y.
J. G. Wills, Albany, N. Y.
_W. Young, 419 6th street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
L. J. Belloff, 222 George street, New Brunswick, N. J.
Adolf Berg, Deylestown, Pa.
R. W. Carter, Johnstown, N. J.
J. Elliott Crawford, Far Rockaway, INERYe
Frank P. Dorian, 35 Franklin street, Yonkers, N. Y.
J. F. Deveraux, Waterbury, Conn.
Thos. Fraser, 316 North Henry street, Richmond. Va.
A. T. Gilyard, Waterbury, Conn.
James Graham, 115 Queen lane, Philadelphia, Pa.
J. L. Halloran, Stapleton, Staten Usland, ENE LY:
W. G. Hollingworth, 54 Lafayette avenue, Utica, N. Y.
C. M. Hoskins, Philadelphia.
Lester H. Howard, 187 Huntington avenue, Boston, Mass.
Fredcric S. Jones, 11 Claverly place, Flushing, Long Island.
Geo. B. Jones, Sidell, Ill.
Wm. Henry Kelly, Albany, N. Y.
D. R. Kensey, Danbury, Conn.
E. F. Koehler, Easton, Pa.
A. J. McCloskey, Philadelphia, Pa.
J. A. McCloskey, Philadelphia, Pa.
Rudolph F. Meiners, Boonton, N. J.
H. K. Miller, Mamaroneck, N. Y.
John F. Miller, Albany, N. Y.
130 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
I’, E. Palmer, Owatonna, Minn.
C. E. Poe, Hagerstown, Md.
R. M. Quigley; Tyrone, Pa
W. L. Rhoads, Lansdowne, Pa.
Geo. El. Roberts, Indianapolis, Ind.
H. R. Schwarze, Springfield, Il.
B. F. Senseman, Philadelphia.
A. B. Sex-nith, Charlotte, Mich.
C. A. Schaufler, 1338 Hunting Park. avenue.
R. V. Smith, Frederick, Md.
Mulford C. ‘Vhompson, Sharon, Conn.
R. S. Vodd, New Milford, Conn.
Wallace F. Vail, Greenwich, Conn.
Andrew G. Vogt, 323 Belleville avenue, Newark, N. J.
D. Warnock, Pincher Creek, Alta, Canada.
Cassius Way, Harvard, III.
J. M. Armstrong, Providence, R. I.
S. Brenton, Detroit, Mich.
T. S. Carlisle, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pa.
W. G. Chrisman, Blacksburg, Va. Sa
David B. Comstock, Albany, N. Y.
W. E. Cotton, 3242 38th street N. W., Washington, D. C. Hotel Bristol.
A. L. Danforth, Goshen, N. Y.
J. D. De Ronde, 72 E. 82d street, New York City.
E. C. Deubler, Malvern, Pa.
E. S. Deubler, Marberth, Pa.
James G. Ferneyhough, Burkeville, Va.
John J. Graham, 115 Queen lane, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa.
Charles E. Hershey, Tiffin, Ohio.
J. Huebschmann, Baltimore, Md.
J. Huelson, 76 Montgomery street, Jersey City, N. J.
R. L. Kann, Mechanicsburg, Pa.
Geo. A. Knopp, Millbrook, N. Y.
Samuel E. Lloyd, North and Mt. Royal avenues, Baltimore, Md.
James A. McCloskey, Philadelphia, Pa.
W. B. Maxson, 153 West 54th street, New York City.
Edward H. Morris, Derby, Conn.
Percival K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N. Y.
F. H. Osgood, Boston, Mass.
C. B. Palmer, 204 Ferry street, Easton, Pa.
I. H, Reifsnyder, Collegeville, Pa.
H. Reilly, New Haven, Conn.
J. W. Robinson, Natick, Mass.
W. H. Robinson. Woodfords, Portland, Me.
H. W. Read, Freehold, N. J.
M. J. Reagan, Paterson, N. J.
Henry S. Weber, 228 Park avenue, Weehawken, N. J.
S. E. Weber, Lancaster, Pa.
William T. White, 143 Walnut street, Newtonville, Mass.
VISITORS.
“Masters” Abele, Quincy, Mass.
Henry Amling, 4228 Park avenue, New York City.
Charles F. Allen, 105 West 95th street, New York City.
G. G. Anderson, 417 West 49th street, New York City.
F. G. Atwood, New Haven, Conn.
R. A, Balis, Montreal.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 131
A. W. Baker, Brasher Falls, N. Y.
Frank J. Baker, Gouverneur, N. Y.
G. A. Baker, Brasher Falls.
Ernest H. Bancroft, Barre, Vt.
C, S. Barrett, Greenfield, Mass.
S. L. Barrett, Chicago, Ill.
S. D. Beard, Pearl River, N. Y.
S. I. Becton, Rutherford, N. J.
F. H. Bennett, 139 Avenue D, New York City.
evi. Birch, Ithaca, N. Y.
A. B. Blanchard, 180 Broadw ay, New York City.
Frederick Boerner, Jr., 5632 Pine street, Philadelphia, Pa.
A. R. G. Bose, 502 Grand street, Troy, N. Y.
H. J. Brotheridge, 3 16th street, "Brooklyn, NY.
Ernest Buckley, East Orange.
Clarence E. Burchsted, Concord, N. H.
J. P. Bushong, Hattiesburg, Miss.
Wm. F. Braisted, 235 E. 57th street, New York City.
Frank Breed, Pearl River.
Francis and Herbert Brown, Kansas City, Mo.
F. R. Cleveland, Jersey City, N. J.
T. S. Childs, 50 Madison avenue, New York City.
W. F. Christianson, 2842 Shakespeare ave.nue, Chicago, III.
S. H. Chubb, 3492 Bailey avenue, City.
C. C. Cole, Jersey City, N. J.
J. K. Cooke, New York City.
C. I. Corbin, Pawling, N. Y.
S. Corn, Philadelphia, Pa.
A. L. Currant, 139 Avenue D, New York City.
L. C. Dain, Wellsville, N. Y.
Max Danziger, 119 Clinton avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
E. T. Davison, Athenia, N. J.
Jay MacDonald, 153 E. 24th street.
Tom Downing. Washington, Iowa.
C. T. Downs, New Haven, Conn.
Joseph P. Dunn, 1436 Hood, Chicago, III.
John G. Eagle, 3924 Morrell avenue, Kansas City, Mo.
A. L. Edwards, Franklin, N. H.
Y. O. Ezman, McKeesport, Pa.
Alex. Eger, 106 East Lake street, Chicago.
J. E. F. Enge, Philadelphia, Pa.
Horace P. Farrington, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Geo. G. Perling, Richmond, Ind,
L. W. Fetzer, U. S. Department of Agriculture.
B. M. Freed, Sharon, Pa.
Geo. L. Frese, Toledo, Ohio.
J. N. Frost, Detroit.
R. W. Gannett, 162 Sterling street, Brooklyn,
W. D. Garber, Harrisonburg, Va.
J. I. Gibson, Des Moines.
Grubel & Co., C. F. Grubel, 69 Beekman street, City.
A. C. Grubel, 69 Beekman street, New York City.
Walter S. Goff, Becton, Dickinson & Co., Rutherford, N. J.
S. A. Goldberg, Richmond Hill, N. Y.
Hon. J. A. Goulden, 180 Broadway, New York City.
Whitfield Gray, Newton, N. J.
H. A. Greer, Danville, Ill.
Wm. H. Gribble, Washington Court House, Ohio.
Arthur L. Grover, New Yor
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
T. A. G. Hardy, Charleston, S; C.
Jas. B. Hardenburgh, Philadelphia, Pa.
G. F. Harker, Newton, N. J.
Malcolm J, Harkins, Conshohocken, Pa.
Eugene L. Hannon, 186 Bradford street, Pittsfield, Mass.
Frank Hayden, of Becton, Dickinson & Co., Rutherford, N. J.
John J. Hayes, 7 East 42d street, New York City.
D. E. Hichman, West Chester.
Rufus G. Hinton, care of Parke, Davis & Co.
Wm. Hoffman, Kansas City, Kan.
F, D. Holford, D. V. M., Albany, N. Y.
J. H. Holmes, 902 Chapel street, New Haven, Conn.
O. J. G. Hood, 91 Claneanald avenue, Montreal, Quebec.
k. C. Hurlbut, Boonville, Oneida County, N. Y,
J. F. Hutton, East Lansing.
Almond H. Ide, Lowville, N. Y.
Robert Bruce Jenson, Kansas City, Mo.
John J. Kehoe, Philadelphia, Pa.
R. Joly, 662 53d street.
G. S. Jordan, Williamstown, Mass.
M. J. Kellam, Montreal.
Wm. Kelly, Albany, N. Y.
C. P, Kime, Columbia City, Ind.
Capt. Wm. F. Kirchner, New York.
F. F. Koenig, Ithaca, N. Y.
L. D. Kroher, 1306 Hoe avenue, New York,
H. W. Kornobis, 910 Bedford avenue, Brooklyn.
A. P. Lubach, 151 Gordon street.
J. A. Lutz, Philadelphia.
W. H. Lynch, Portland, Me.
J. E. McCarthy, 59 Reade street, New York City.
O. E. McKim, V. S., 522 W. 112th street, New York City.
Archibald McNeil. M. D., White Plains. N. Y.
A. H. McIntosh, 30 Boulevard, Summit, N. J.
H. D. Martin, Buffalo, N. Y.
Geo. H. Mathews, Rutherford, N. J.
W. L. Mebane, St. Albans, Me.
IF, D. Meintzer, 716 Knickerbocker avenue, Brooklyn.
H. W. Miller, 190 West Lane avenue, Columbus, Ohio.
John P. Miller, Reading, Pa.
Stuart Miller, 1540 Glenlake avenue, Chicago.
Julius Morh, 103 North Wabash avenue, Chicago, III.
EH. C. Moore, care of Pitman-Myers Co., Indianapolis.
L. G. Moore, Bonnell, Ontario.
John H. Morse, Sumter, S. C.
A. L. Murch, Bangor, Me.
W. A. Munsell, Green Cove Springs, Fla.
Chas. V. Noback, 1976 Belmont avenue.
Gustave J. Noback, 1976 Belmont avenue.
Alex. T. O’Brien, 1148 St. Johns place, Brooklyn.
H. F. Palmer, Philadelphia, Pa.
E. E. Patterson, Detroit, Mich.
W. H. Phyfe, Middletown, N. Y. ,
M. Ray Powers, Clemson College, S. C. '
W. A. Randall, Rutherford, N. J.
H. P. Rasmussen, Chicago. |
N. Rechtenwald, Pittsburgh, Pa, =
Andw, R. B. Richmond, Toronto, Can.
Norman H. Ridge, Trivose, Pa.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 133
Harry B. Risley, 74 Adams street.
Charles F. Roberts, New Haven, Conn.
C. G. Rohrer, New York.
Thos. B. Rogers, Woodbury, N. J.
Frederick P, Ruhl, Milford, Del.
Gi. B. Scammell, Washington, D. C.
Adam Schaumloeffel, Rutherford, N. J.
Meyer S. Schwartz, Bridgeton, N. J.
E. F. Schofield, Greenwich, Conn.
William Selkin, 1965 Webster avenue.
C. P. Shaughnessy, Chicago, III.
B. J. Shanley, Springfield, Chairman, State Board Live Stock Comm.
B. J. Shanley, 629 East Main street, Ottawa, III.
William I. Slater, 41 Orange street, Newark, N. J.
Maffitt Smith, 43 West 90th street.
Geo. Stephens, White River Junction, Vt.
H. L. Stevens, Rockland, Me.
BL. J. Stockler, 316 Exchange Building,
W. W. Stork, Toronto.
J. A. Stuart, Burlington, N. J.
Evan L. Stubbs, Oxford, Pa.
H. C. Swayzee, Indianapolis, Ind.
W. 5. Switzer, Oswego, N. Y.
George F. Sykes, 85 Water street.
Walter F. Sykes & Co., 85 Water street, New York.
J. H. Taylor, Henrietta, N. Y.
J. P. Thieg, Chicago, II.
J. M. Teistchler, Cincinnati, Ohio.
E. J. Tucker, Ridgefield Park, N. J.
mm, at. Udall, Ithaca, N. Y.
Jesse A. Viles, 58 Coral street, Lowell, Mass.
Fred. F. Walker, Burlington, Mass.
R. E. Waters, 28 Village road, Brooklyn, N. Y.
F. E. Ward, Indianapolis, Ind.
C. R. Webber, 156 Andrews street, Rochester, N. Y.
Ed. L. Wenrick, 11 West 64th street, New York City.
M. P. Whitten, 103 North Wabash avenue, Chicago, III.
A. E. Wight, Little Rock, Ark.
L. A. Willson, 45 Riverdale avenue, Toronto, Ont.
L. B. Wolcott, Glenolden, Pa.
F. E. York, Eagleville, N. Y.
John J. Young, 149 Bedford avenue, Brooklyn.
F. A. Zucker, 329 Union avenue, Elizabeth, N. J.
F. H. Zucker, 329 Union avenue, Elizabeth, N. J.
Chester Zucker, 329 Union avenue, Elizabeth, N. J.
William Allen, New Orleans, La., New Orleans Association of Com-
merce.
P. J. Axtell, Binghamton, N. Y.
A. W. Baker, 23 Ferry street, Binghamton, N. Y.
mee. Battin; Elmira, N. Y.
Hon. Martin Behrman, New Orleans, La.
Tom W. Bennett, 23 5th avenue, New York City.
Bruce Blair, Jersey City.
E. G. Britton, Butler.
John W. Buckley, 600 Carlton avenue.
F. H. Buet, Chena, III.
H. G. Carpenter, Ithaca, N. Y.
W. S. Corbis, 34 South 6th avenue, Mount Vernon.
D. J. Cronin, Chelsea, Mass.
134 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
D. B. Doughty, Woodbury, Long Island.
J. D. Dunkel, 104 W. 42d street, City.
Gerald J. Etienne, 67a Drummond street, Montreal, Que.
J.B; .Fallon, Beloit, Wis.
Francis Falls, Phoenixville, Pas
‘eb. Ferster, 351 West 11th street, New York City.
Saml Sp Field, 2 North Columbia street, Hempstead, N. Y.
1, ID) Fordham, Walthem, N. Y.
J. E. Foster, Coshocton, Ohio.
Hugh Gaw, North Attleboro, Mass.
W. L. Gilbert, D. V. M., Middleburgh, N. Y.
Henry A. Gilman, 156 Jerome street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Herbert L. Gilman, 156 Jerome street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Louis Griessman, 1049 Lexington avenue, New York City.
Grubel & Co., New York.
Theo. Greenewald, New Orleans.
. Habelshofer, New York City.
2) 9.) Elopiainsslitnacay INemY.
D. Horner, Woodstown, N. J.
. A. Hubbard, New York City.
. P. Hurley, Hopewell, N. J.
. B. Ingalls, Mohawk, N. Y.
A. Ingram, Hartford, Conn.
has. Jamieson, 120 Williams avenue, Brooklyn.
er. Johnson, 171 3d avenue, New York City.
. J. Johnston, Geneva, N. Y.
oi Jones, Oxford, Chenango County, N. Y.
Keane, Philadelphia,
H. Koch, 957 Bushwick eoene Brooklyn, N. Y.
G. EI: Krall, New York City.
Morton Loun, Kingston.
David McAuslin, 265 Flatbush avenue, peste Nae
Edward McCall, New York City.
15, 18, McClelland, 455 Ellicott rode Buffalo, N. Y.
A. A. McDowell, North Adams, Mass.
E. P. McKeefe, 50 East 41st street.
G. Fleming Mcinnes, M. D., Charleston, S. C.
Paul J. Moore, Newark, N. j.
Oscar Nelson, Woodcliff Lake, N. J.
O. M. Norton, Greenville, Miss.
Timothy O’Dea, Union Hill, N. J.
J. F. Olweiler, Elizabethtown, Pa.
Leon L. Parker, Catskill.
R. N. Rivers, Lansdale, Pa.
E. E. Russell, Farmington, Me.
Ernest Schuthess, South Orange, N. J.
W. L. Scofield, 351 West 11th street.
I. L. Selley, Shawhegan, Me.
John Sheridan, Dover, N. J.
Maffett Smith, 43 W. 90th street.
Wright J. Smith, Kingston,
F. W. Specht, 28 W. 97th street, New York.
G. H.. St: John, Utes, vino Y-
S. Stock, New York City
A. Robert Tafe, M. D., ‘Chantestou oie es
C. S. Tamlin: London, Ont.
N.S. Townsend, 104 West 42d street, New York.
Peter F. Trainor, 266 Barrow street, Jersey City.
H. C. Wallace, Hoboken, N. J
aye ous
Seat:
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
135
H. S. Wende, Tonawanda.
G. J. White, Chicago.
CA. Williams, 156 West 105th street, New York City.
eB. Williams, Rockford, Ill.
M. H. Williams, Sunderland, Mass.
E, Willis, Woodbridge, Ont.
dw. S. Wilson, 335 W. 45th street, City.
Jno. H. Wilson, London, Canada.
Edwin J. Banzhaf, New York City.
Walter L. Bell, Brooklyn, N. Y.
H. H. Butler, Westfield, N. J.
G. E. Chesley, Rochester, N. H.
J. F. Creedon, 351 West 11th street, New York City.
Wm. H. Daly, 867 Putnam avenue, Brooklyn.
S. Damon, 115 East 89th street, New York.
J. D. De Ronde, 72 East 82d street, New York City.
Ga, Doll Huntington, Long Island, N. Y.
J. J. Ferguson, Secretary, U. S. Livestock Sanitary Association,
Chicago, Ill.
George Hansen, Glenolden, Pa.
A. G. Hall, Earlville.
M. F. Henry, 317 West 93d street, New York, N. Y.
George A. Hazel, 113 East 83d street, New York City.
Charles A. Kehr, Hopewell Junction, Dutchess County, N. Y.
W. B. Kelly, Rockville Centre, Long Island.
Philip Loeb, New York.
R. A. McAuslin, 397 Carlton avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Anthony McCloskey, 400 Evergreen avenue, Chestnut Hill,
L. McLean, Brooklyn, N. Y.
E. F. Maguire, Cedarhurst, Long Isand.
James R. Mahoffy, Wilmington, Del.
Louis Mansback, Philadelphia.
James Mosedale, Morristown, N. J.
R. E. Mosedale, Bernardsville, N. J.
J. H. Muller, Jersey City Neh:
rH. Peabody, Hartford, Conn.
Walter F. Phelan, 279 Nepperhan avenue, Yonkers, N. Y.
R. R. Ramsey, 316 Newark avenue.
Peter Runyon, Freehold, N. J.
J. S. Schofield, Greenwich, Conn.
Stephen A. Selby, 429 West 43d street.
G. K. Swank, Mauch Chunk, Pa.
J. E. Underhill, New London, Conn.
P. V. Weaver, Glen Cove, N. Y.
F. O. Wright, White Plains.
F. A. Zucker, Elizabeth, N. J.
E. B. Barnes, 851 6th avenue, New York City.
L. J. Beason, Pawling, N. Y.
W. E. Beully, New York.
John Britton, Concord, N. H.
Master Caswell, 550 W. 186th street, New York.
L. W. Cogswell, New Haven, Conn.
Joseph E. Conlin, 55 Clark street, Hartford, Conn.
Lawrence T. Dunn. Providence, R. I.
Bart English, 2d U. S. Cavalry, Fort Bliss, Texas.
J. C. Flynn, 3028 Main street, Kansas City, Mo.
P. F. Finnigan, Hartford, Conn.
D. R. Geary, Leominster, Mass.
Auguste Geraldi, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Pa.
136 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
D. C. Gilles, Washington, D. C.
Frank J. Glynn, 23 6th street, Weehawken, N. J.
Leland D. Ives, 197 Greene avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
W. G. Kingsley, Kingston, N. Y.
Master Harold MacKellar, 287 West 4th street, New York City.
Master Robert S. MacKellar, 287 West 4th street, New York City.
H. A. Pegan, Cochranton, Pa.
J. Dwight Pierce Springfield, Mass.
L. E. Rodecla.
Z. L. Rogers, East Palestine, Ohio.
George H. Shaw, 1235 East 19th street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
C. H. Swanger, New York.
Thomas E. Tiquin, Sherburne, N. Y.
H. L. Tower, New Haven, Conn.
I. R. Vail, 20 George street, New Haven, Conn.
A. B. Sticker, 103 Whitestone avenue, Flushing, L. I.
LADIES.
Mrs. S. H. Chubb, New York.
Mis. (D. BH. Udall. eithacay NL.
Mrs. Geo. B. Vliet, Hackettstown, N. J.
Mrs. J. T. Nattress, Delavan, III.
Mrs. W. B. Warleson, Tiffin, O.
Mrs. L. R. Webber, Rochester, N. Y.
Mrs. C. R. Webber, 57 Hortense street, Rochester, N. Y.
Mrs. W. E. Wight, 237 McKee place, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Miss Gertrude Nattress, Delavan, III.
Mrs. F. W. Andrews, Mt. Kisco, N. Y.
Mrs. W. L. Williams, Ithaca, N. Y.
Mrs. R. E. Waters, 28 Village road, Gravesend
Mrs. D. S. White, Columbus, O.
Miss H. G. Young, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Marie A. Young, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mrs. F. E. York, Earlville, N. Y.
Mrs. J. Traum and boy, Washington, D. C.
Mrs, C. H. Taylor, De Kalb, Ill.
Mrs. J. P. Turner, Washington, D. C.
Mrs. Thacker, Ruefren, Vt.
Mrs. F. H. Schneider, Philadelphia.
Miss Frances Schneider, Philadelphia.
M. S. Schwartz, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. D. Schreck, New Haven, Conn.
Mrs. Edgar H. Shepard. 2027 East 105th street, Cleveland, O.
Mrs. Jas. Smellie, Eureka, IIl.
Mrs. H. C. Swayzee, Indianapolis, Ind.
Mrs. J. Scheibler, Memphis, Tenn.
Mrs. Sesco Stewart, Kansas City.
Mrs. W. M. Sunprew, Muldoon, Mass.
E. W. Stambaugh, Sharon, Pa.
Mrs. H. E. State, Detroit. Mich.
Mrs. H. LL. Stevens, Rockland, Me.
Mrs. W. H. Ridge, Trevore, Pa,
Mrs. H. B. Rapp, Ashland, O.
Mrs. E. M. Ranck, Mississippi.
H. B. Risley. Brooklyn. N. Y.
Mrs. John F. Ryan, 2525 Indiana avenue, Chicago, IIl.
Miss
Mrs.
Mrs.
Miss
Miss
Miss
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Miss
Miss
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Miss
Mrs.
Miss
Mrs.
Mrs.
Miss
Miss
Mrs.
Miss
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Miss
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
Ryder, New York.
J. E. Ryder, New York.
T. E. Robinson, Westerly, R. I.
Antoinette Peters, Springfield, Ill.
Florence Peters, Springfield, Ill.
La Verne Patterson, 650 Grand River avenue, Detroit, Mich.
W. H. Phyfe, Middletown, N. Y.
H. F. Palmer, Philadelphia, Pa.
J. G. Pfersick, Greenfield, Mass.
B. D, Peirce, Springfield, Mass.
E. E. Patterson, Detroit, Mich.
A. T. Peters, 1360 Holmes avenue, Springfield, Ill.
Byron S. Price, 65 Central Park West, New York.
Marie Rectenwald, 11 Arlington avenue, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Lulu Nattress, Delavan, III.
H. E. Nunn, East Orange, N. J.
J. V. Newton, Toledo,
L. G. Moore, Barnweld, N. Y.
B. J. Shanley, Springfield, Ill.
A. L. Murch, Bangor, Me.
Wm. Herbert Lowe, Paterson, N. J.
D. M. Craig, McAdams Junction, N. B.
Geo. McKillip, Chicago, II.
G. W. Meyer, 2991 Marion avenue, Bronx.
C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia.
Jno, P. Miller, Reading, Pa.
A. E. Moore, Ottawa, Ont.
Mary E. Moore, Ithaca, N. Y.
Paul Mortimor, Brooklyn, Pa.
Florence Mortimore, Brooklyn.
W. H. Lytle, Salem, Ore.
G. Ed Leech, Winona, Minn.
May I. McKinley, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Maud IJ. McKinney, 124 Lee avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
W. J. McKinney, 124 Lee avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mildred Kime, Columbia City, Ind.
C. P. Kime, Columbia City, Ind.
A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City.
T. F. Krey, Detroit, Mich.
B. Y. Kron, 1386 Golden Gate avenue, San Francisco, Cal.
D. T. Keely and daughter, Waterbury.
A. C. Knapp, Bridgeport, Conn.
W. H. Kelly, Albany, N. Y.
W. D. Yarbes, Harrisonburg, Va.
Ruth Kelly, Albany, N. Y.
M. Jacob, Knoxville, Tenn.
G. S. Jordan, Williamstown, Mass.
R. Joly, New York.
T. E. Jago, Athens, Ga,
A. Joly, Waterville, Me,
A. H. Ide, Laureville, N. Y.
Frank Hunt, 409 Cherry, Jamestown, N. Y.
A. S. Houchin, Newark, Del.
Charles H. Higgins, 196 Cartier street, Ottawa, Canada.
W. H. Hoskins, Philadelphia.
J. B. Hollingsworth, 105 Cambridge street, Ottawa, Ont.
Rubin Hilty, Toledo, O.
M. Hazleton, Queens, L. I.
157
138
SOCIETY MEETINGS,
. Mrs.
Mrs.
F. D. Holford, Albany, N. Y.
C. Hennigs, New York.
Miss J. H. Hood, Montreal, Canada.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs.
Mrs,
Miss
Mrs.
Mrs.
Miss
J. H. Henderson, Montreal,
I. C. Hurlburt, Booneville, N. Y.
Chas. E. Hill, Philadelphia.
Jacob Helmer, Scranton, Pa.
D. E. Hickman, Westchester, Pa.
G. F. Harker; Trenton; No J)
Grace Huff, Rome, N. Y.
J. T. Glennon, 27 Clay street, Newark, N. J.
Ellen Glennon, 148 Second street, Newark, N. J.
R. E. Greer, 5513 Drexel avenue, Chicago, III.
. D. W. Groves, Hamilton, Ont.
. H. A. Greer, 407 Robinson street, Danville, Ill.
. G,.E. Green, Scarsdale, N. Y.
. J. H. Griffiths, 74 Second place, Brooklyn, N. Y.
SPS Al ish: sl thacaweNeeys
. Geo, Furling, Richmond, Ind.
. B. M. Freed, Sharon, Pa.
. J. D. Fair, Millersburg, O.
. Alexander Eger, Chicago, III.
J. O. Eyman, McKeesport, Pa.
. Adolf Eichhorn, Washington, D. C,
. R. W. Ellis, New York.
. LE Day, Chicago:
. E, C. Quigley, Philadelphia, Pa.
Audrey Dunphy, Quincy, Mich.
. G. W. Dunphy, Quincy, Mich.
. Robert Dickson, Fairhaven, N. J.
iss Aimee Stone, Philadelphia, Pa.
Miss
Mrs.
Mrs.
Miss
. C. B. Coburn, Philadelphia, Pa.
Ruth De Yringe, 219 West 145th street, New York.
C. T. Downs, New Haven, Conn.
Js. Donald, Bay Citys Mich:
. H. B. Cox, Philadelphia.
. David W. ‘Cochran, 120 West 12th street, New Vous
. ASS. Gooley, Cleveland, ©}
Harriet Coombs, Paterson, INS:
. T. S, Childs, New York.
Margaret Cotton, 3145 Portland avenue. Minneapolis, Minn.
Jessie I. Cochran, 120 West 12th street, New York City.
Edith C. Cochran, 120 West 12th street, New York.
_ F. F. Brown, Kansas City, Mo.
. C. S. Barrett, Greenfield, Mass.
. H. E. Bemis, Ames, Ia.
. F. F. Brown, Kansas City, Mo,
_H. J. Brotheridge, Brooklyn, N. Y.
. W. R. Blair, New York.
. R. R. Bell, Brooklyn, N. Y.
. F. A. Bolser, New Castle, Ind.
. O. L. Boor, Muncie, Ind.
. J. F. Barnes, Toledo, O.
. R. A. Bailie, Montreal.
N. C. Berns, Brooklyn, N. Y.
D. E. Buckingham, Washington, D. C.
G. M. Breen, New York.
Nettie L. Breen, New York.
Oe Te
——
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 139
Mrs. R. R. Birch, Ithaca, N. Y.
Mrs. Chas. J. Becker, Stevenson, Ala.
Miss K. C. Baker, 194 Wilton street, Montreal, Canada.
Mrs. A. H. Baker, 5651 Peoria street, Chicago.
Mrs. S. S. Baker, Chicago.
Mrs. Geo. F. Babb, Topeka, Kas.
Mrs. E. B. Ackerman, 185 Gates avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Mrs. R. A. Archibald, Oakland, Cal.
Mrs. J. P. Aikenhead, Easton, Md.
Mrs. F. G. Atwood, 158 Whalley avenue, New Haven, Conn.
Mrs. Geo. Stephens, White River, Vt.
Miss Bertha van H. Anthony, Research Lab., New York Health Dept.
Mrs. Frances Abele, Quincy, Mass.
Mis. Jj. P: Axtell, Binghamton, N. Y.
Mrs. U. S. G. Bieber, Kutztown, Pa.
Mrs. F. H. Burt, Chena, II.
Mrs. J. P. Bushong, Cattiesburg, Miss.
Mrs. Thos. Castor, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Chas. S. Chase, Bay Shore, N. Y.
Mrs. I. Clark, New York.
Mrs. C. C. Dauber, Sturgis, Mich.
Miss H. M. Deane, North Raynham, Mass.
Mrs. H. F. Eckert, Markesan, Wis.
Mrs. H. P. Eves, Wilmington, Del.
Mrs. W. L. Gilbert, Middleburg, N. Y.
Mrs. H. D. Gill, New York.
Mrs. W. Giltner, Lansing, Mich.
mis. RC. Gross, Elizabethtown, Pa.
Mrs. W. A. Haines, Bristol.
Mrs. Herbert F. Harms, Pearl River, N. Y.
Mrs..R. W. Hickman, Washington, D. C.
Mrs. L. D. Horner, Woodstown, N. J.
Mrs. E. A. Hubbard, New York City.
Mrs. G. A. Johnson, Sioux City, Iowa.
Mrs. T. J. Kean, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Thos. Kelly, Philadelphia.
Mrs. G. W. Loveland, Torrington, Conn.
Miss May Loveland, Torrington, Conn.
Mrs. G. W. Lovell, Torrington, Conn.
Miss Malbelle Lovell, Torrington, Conn.
mics. J.:A.. Lutz, Saunders, Conn.
Mrs. R. P. Lyman, East Lansing, Mich.
Mrs. F. H. McCarthy, Pottsville, Pa.
Miss J. McDonough, Montclair, N. J.
Mrs. F. H. Mackie, Baltimore, Md.
mes. RP: Moody, Maysville, Ky.
Miss Frances Moore, Barneveld, N. Y.
Mrs. John H. Moore, Sumter, Sty oe
Mrs. T. E. Munce, Harrisburg.
Mrs. O. G. Noack, Reading, Pa.
Mrs. L. A. Paquin, Webster, Mass.
Mrs. C. D. Pearce, Binghamton, N. Y.
Mrs. C. H. Perry, Worcester, Mass.
Mrs. Edgar W. Powell, Bryn Mawr, Pa.
Mrs. J. H. Roberts, 64 King street, Northampton, Mass.
Mrs. W. Runge, Newark, INE ile
Mrs. J. W. Sallade, Auburn, Pa.
Miss Kathryn Sallade, Auburn, Pa
140 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
Mrs. L. A. Severcool, Elyria, Ohio.
Mrs. Thos. Sheldon, Rhinebeck, N. Y.
Mrs. Jno. Sheridan, Dover, N. J.
Mrs. W. J. Smith, Kingston, N. Y.
Mrs. A. C. Specht, New York City.
Mrs. G. F. Stone, Norwich, N. Y.
Mrs. M. H. Williams, Sunderland, Mass.
Mrs. A. N. Baker, Binghamton, N. Y.
Mrs. H. E. Bates, South Norwalk, Conn.
Mrs. J. H. Carter, Mt. Holly, Pa.
Mrs. R. W. Carter, Jobstown, N. J.
Mrs. G. E. Chesley, Rochester, N. H.
Mrs. E. L. Cornman, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Thos. Fraser, Richmond, Va.
Mrs. R. W. Gannett, Brooklyn.
Mrs. A. G. Hall, Earlville, N. Y.
Mrs. John B. Hopper, Ridgewood, N. J.
Miss Grace Houchn, New York City.
Mrs. Howard, Kansas City, Mo.
Mrs. Lester H. Howard, 187 Huntington avenue, Boston, Mass.
Mrs. W. Kelly, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. W. Kelly, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. R. H. Kingston, New York City.
Mrs. C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia.
Mrs. H. W. Miller and son, Columbus, Ohio.
Miss Marie Nobach, New York.
Mrs. F. E. Palmer, Owatonna, Minn.
Miss Florence Powers, Kansas City, Mo.
Mrs. Rausgate, New York City.
Mrs. Chas. Rausgate, New York City.
Mrs. C. J. Rohrer, New York City.
Mrs. H. R, Schwarze, Springfield, III.
Mrs. C. A. Schauffer, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. A. B. Sexmith, Charlotte, Mich.
Mrs. N. J. Spain, Chicago, Ill
Miss Elizabeth Stevens, Brooklyn.
Miss Julia Stevens, Brooklyn.
Mrs. B. J. Stockley, Chicago, III.
Miss Amelia Syren, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. Mulford C. Thompson, Sharon, Conn.
Mrs. N. L. Townsend, Ridgewood, N. J.
Mrs. R. E, Willis, Ontario, Canada.
Mrs. David B. Comstock, Albany, N. Y.
Christina H. Faust, 211 Union street, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Mrs. J. C. Flynn, Kansas City, Mo.
Dorotha Gifford, New York City.
Mrs. C. E. Hershey, Tiffin, Ohio.
Mrs. Maria F. Hickok, 211 Union street, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
Mrs. Geo. A. Knapp, Millbrook, New York.
Dorothy A, Lowe, 171 Jefferson street, Passaic, N. J.
Miss Mabel M. Lowe, Passaic, N. J.
Mrs, R. S. MacKellar, 287 West 4th street, New York City.
Mrs. L. E. Rodeck, New York.
Mrs. Z. L. Rogers, East Palestine, Ohio.
Mrs. Thomas E. Tequin, Sherburne, N. Y.
Mrs. E. J. Tucker, Ridgefield Park, N. J.
Mrs. W. B. Kelley, Rockville Center, N. Y.
Miss Anita Fitzpatrick, Philadelphia, Pa.
Mrs. H. R. Schwarze, Springfield, IIl.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 141
New MEMBERS.
Two hundred and thirty-two (232) new members were
received into the association from the following forty-nine
states, territories and Canadian provinces: Alabama, 4;
Arizona, 1; California, 10; Colorado, 3; Connecticut, 5; Dis-
trict of Columbia, 3; sane 2; Hawaii, 4; Illinois, 4; Indiana,
6; lowa, 7; Kentucky, 1; Louisiana, 1; Maine, 3; Maryland, 2;
Massachusetts, 1; veenenen 8; Minnesota, 4; Mississippi, 3;
Missouri, 5; Montana, 3; Nebraska, 1; New Hampshire, 1;
mevada, 1; New Jersey, 8; New York, 37; North Dakota, 11;
Ohio, 9; Oregon, Be Pennsylv ania, 38; Philippine Islands, 6;
South Carolina, 3; South’ Dakota, 1; Texas, 4; Vermont, 9;
Virginia, 1; Washington, 6; West Virginia, 2; Wisconsin, 2;
Wyoming, 1; Alberta, Can., 1; British Columbia, 2; Manitoba,
Be Nova Scotia, 2; Ontario, 3; Quebec, 3; Saskatchewan, 7;
Tennessee, 8.
OFFICERS FOR I913-IQT4.
President, C. J. Marshall, Pennsylvania; First Vice-Presi-
dent, Fred Torrance, Dominion of Canada; Second Vice-Presi-
dent, Adolph Eichhorn, District of Columbia; Third Vice-
President, W. Reid Blair, New York; Fourth Vice-President,
R. A. Archibald, California; Fifth Vice-President, M. Jacob,
Tennessee; Secretary, N. S. Mayo, Virginia; Treasurer, Geo.
R. White, Tennessee; Librarian, D. H. Udall, New York.
THE PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS.
There was probably never such a lot of splendid papers,
covering every phase of veterinary science, presented at any
previous meeting, as were presented to the New York meeting;
and the discussions were of just such a high quality. So that
an immense wealth of material has been gathered at the several
sections, for publication in the proceedings. So much, in fact,
that it would almost seem to us that two volumes would have
to replace the customary one volume of previous years. That
is only an impression, however, and we have no data to verify it.
SECRETARY'S AND TREASURER’S REPORT.
Secretary Marshall’s report was along the same lines as advo-
cated by him last year. He also referred to the advisability of
a permanent secretary with sufficient salary to make it possible
142 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
for him to give his entire time to it. The full report will be
published in the proceedings.
TREASURER WHITE’s Report, as stated in the September
issue of the Review. on page 668, shows a balance in treasury
to the credit of the AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASsOocIA-
TION, OF $3,062.22.
THe PATHOLOGICAL E-XHTEIT:
One of the most instructive as well as interesting features
of the meeting was the pathological exhibit in College Hall.
This collection of pathological specimens, embracing nearly all
the diseases of cattle, sheep and swine, were the most beautifully
prepared and mounted specimens that it has been our pleasure
and privilege to examine, and we believe that was the general
impression on those present. The members and visitors at the
A. V. M. A. meeting had the privilege of examining this. rare
collection, the property of the United States Bureau of Animal
Industry, through the courtesy of President John R. Mohler, of
the A. V. M. A., Chief of the Pathological Division of them
Beatie A
The exquisite work in the preparation of this collection of
watch-glass specimens, we understand, was executed by one of
our A. V. M. A. members who was present at the meeting, but
whose modesty restrained him from mentioning the fact, even
when present at the exhibit, as he occasionally was, and would
quietly explain some particular specimen to an inquiring visitor.
We refer to D. L. Enos Day, Veterinary Inspector, in charge of
the Branch Pathological Laboratory of the Bureau of Animal
Industry at Chicago. Dr. Day certainly is to be complimented
on his exquisite work, and deserves a vote of thanks from the
entire veterinary profession of America, which we now extend
to him through the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.
Exutpit oF Horses’ SHOES AND PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
oF Horses’ Hoors.—Also in College Hall, just opposite the path-
ological exhibit of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, there
was a most interesting collection of horse shoes of various de-
signs to overcome certain diseased conditions and incorrect forms
of hoofs; also quite a number of dry specimens of diseased and
deformed hoofs. This interesting exhibit was kindly loaned by
the Veterinary School of the University of Pennsylvania.
ee ee
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 143
THE BANQUET.
About three hundred persons assembled in the beautiful
north ballroom of the Hotel Astor at the banquet on the evening
of September 4. The dinner was conceded to be an excellent
one, and the speaking that followed unusually interesting. This
function of the meeting was voted a success by those who
attended it.
VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
¥ORK CIFY.
(JuNE MEETING).
The regular monthly meeting of this association was called
to order by President McKinney at 8.45 p. m., June 4, 1913.
The minutes of the May meeting were read and approved.
The prosecuting committee reported progress.
Dr. K. F. Meyer, Director of the Pennsylvania State Live
Stock Sanitary Board was then introduced and gave an instruc-
tive address entitled, “The Discussion of Several Interesting
Diseases.”
Dr. Meyer stated that some more accurate test is needed for
glanders, as even mallein has proven to be about 25 per cent.
inaccurate. He also said that in 2,000 head tested with the
dry mallein, the results were gratifying, as this method proved
to be 98 per cent. accurate. In the eye test the small amount of
mallein used and absorbed from the conjunctiva will cause a rise
in temperature, and a typical reaction should show pus and tears
discharging from the eye, visible at a distance of ten or fifteen
feet, eyelids swelled, photophobia, marked lachrymation and
sensitiveness to touch. The reaction is most pronounced from
about the 12th to the 15th hour, but should subside in 24 hours.
Can retest 24 hours later with same amount, and in a glandered
animal the reaction is very pronounced, the eyelids being glued
together, whereas in a doubtful case the eye will clear up. The ad-
vantage of this method is that it has no effect on the results of the
sera tests. Blood tests after the use of mallein will show positive
glanders in from six to ninety days.
Dr. Meyer also mentioned the disease known as epizootic
lymphangitis or, as he says it should be called, sporotichosis.
The yeast of this disease cannot be cultivated. The clinical
picture presented by a case of this kind is almost identical to
144 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
farcy. At the beginning it always starts with a nodule and forms
a funnel-shaped ulcer. The pus is more green, sticky and clumpy.
Majority of cases occur in right hind limb, and the infection
generally enters from a wound and may spread over the entire
body, but does not affect the internal organs.
It is not contagious or epizootic. It is contracted on the
watersheds of the Alleghany and Ohio sections from a fungus
growth on the bark of logs.
The curative agent used is the iodide of potash.
Also mentioned abortion in mares which has not been so fully —
studied as abortion in cattle. This condition is due to a bacillus
related to the typhoid group.
In answer to the question by Dr. Chase as to what progress
had been made in the treatment of abortion by the use of a vac-
cine, Dr. Meyer stated that a revolution had taken place regard-
ing immunization with vaccines, as the living cultures cannot be
used in pregnant animals. The commercial vaccines cause
sterility.
Dr. Berns stated that he had been experimenting with the
ophthalmic test for the past two weeks and asks what causes the
local reaction, and local reaction only, in glandered horse, and |
glandered horse only.
Dr. Meyer said that immune bodies and specific antigen come
together in the conjunctiva as well as the rest of the system. We
get the same local reaction in a subcutaneous injection. The com-
plement cannot act on antigen in a healthy horse because there
are no immune bodies.
Dr. Clayton asked how long will living bacilli remain in the
system.
Dr. Meyer answered, about one year, and also stated that the
abortion test is about 87 per cent. correct.
The best treatment is isolation, flushing out, and mechanical
cleansing.
Dr. J. A. McLaughlin, of New York City, then read an in-
teresting paper entitled, “‘ Dystokia in the Bitch. Some Observa-
tions Made While Performing the Caesarian Operation.” The
doctor gave a detailed account of his experience with this condi-
tion, citing several cases, and recommends that the Caesarian
operation be performed before too much time has elapsed, and
other useless measures been employed.
This interesting subject was discussed by several of the mem-
bers present. Dr. Gill moved that a vote of thanks be extended
the essayists of the evening. Seconded and unanimously carried.
Pena yoda PA SAC Tec Sarin ae pris aha le ear ay (ty Stare Sahl HET
docteTY MEETINGS. 145
a ——_—
Dr. W. L. Johnson, whose application had been favorably re-
ported on by the Board of Censors, was unanimously elected a
member of the association. .
Dr. Berns expressed his thanks for the expression of sym-
pathy tendered him by the association in his recent bereavement.
Dr. Ackerman also thanked the association likewise.
Dr. Berns also reminded the members that the great A. V.
M. A. meeting was not far off, and a large fund would be neces-
sary to entertain the members and guests, and urged that liberal
contributions be sent to Dr. Cochran at once.
Dr. Ellis stated that he took great pleasure in announcing that
the Governor had signed the College Bill on May 24, 1913, thus
perpetuating the old school as a State college.
Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Philadelphia, spoke of the alumni
being gratified by the signing of this bill, and also spoke of the
Army Bill, known as House Bill No. 4541, urging every veterin-
arian to give it his support.
After a discussion of various subjects the meeting adjourned.
The president appointed Drs. Berns, Ellis and Blair as dele-
gates to the A. V. M. A. and the New York State Veterinary
Medical Society meeting. :
Rost. S. MAcCKELLAR, Secy.
MISSISSIPPI STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.
The seventh annual meeting of this association was held on
August 29, 1913, at the Agricultural College, at Starksville, Miss.
The president of the association being absent, the organiza-
tion was called to order by the Vice-President, Dr. B. M. Leigh,
of Meridian, Miss.
The meeting was one of peculiar interest to the live stock in-
dustry of Mississippi. Many important matters of special inter-
est to the profession were considered by the association; one of
which was an act to be strongly presented to the Legislature in
January, regulating the practice of Veterinary Surgery, Medicine
and Dentistry in Mississippi, which is sure to come in time.
Three were admitted to membership. Several interesting
papers were presented.
This association has a membership consisting of practically
146 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
every graduate veterinarian in the State, and its perfect harmony
is the ‘most pleasing feature of the organization.
Committee appointed on Legislation, Drs. Wm. P. Ferguson,
Grenada, Miss.; John Oliver, ‘Columbus, Miss.; E. M. Ranck,
State Veterinarian, Agricultural College, Miss.
The next meeting of the association will be held at the A. and
M. College, Starksv ille, Miss., December 29, 1913.
Officers elected: Drs. B. M. Leigh, President, Meridian,
Miss. ; D. M. Davenport, Vice President, Hattisburg, Miss.; Wm.
P. Ferguson, Secretary and Treasurer, Grenada, Miss.
Wo. P. FERGUSON, Secretary.
YORK COUNTY VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY;
This organization held its quarterly meeting the first week in
September at the National Hotel, York, and had a large attend-
ance of veterinarians present from the city and county.
Interesting discussions occurred on the subjects of glanders,
tetanus, impaction of the bowels, intestinal catarrh, bloating in _
cattle, chronic indigestion, parturient paresis, red milk, mamitis,
etc: .
The operation for roaring in horses was also thoroughly dis-
cussed; in fact, all subjects of especial interest to practitioners ;
and each veterianarian present departed for home feeling well
repaid for the time spent in attendance at the meeting. Dr. O.
C. Newhaus was elected to membership in the association.
The meeting adjourned to meet in York in December.
FE. S. BANSTICKER, Secretary.
New York STATE COLLEGE aT NEw YorK UNIVERSITY
OpENED.—Just as we were closing our forms we received the
announcement from New York University of the opening of the
veterinary school as a state institution, which was to take place
at the University buildings, Washington Square East, on Sep-
tember 24th. The opening address to be made by the Chancellor,
Dr. Elmer Ellsworth Brown. Other speakers, Dr. Egbert Le
Fevre, Dean of the Medical School; Dr. W. H. Park, also of the
Medical Department; Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, of Philadelphia,
an alumnus of the Veterinary School, and others. An account of
it will be given in our next number.
q
j
FAQ yrs.
RARE wey [ae
[45 @ er
an
NEWS AND ITEMS.
AS) Vin vt. AS NOTES:
The registration was 947 at our last count.
The association increased its membership 232 members dur-
ing the New York meeting.
_ Prof. Franz Hutyra, Dean of the Royal Veterinary High
School, Budapest, Hungary, Prof. Robert V. Ostertag and Sir
Stewart Stockman were elected honorary members at the recent
meeting.
. The cruise in the waters of the Hudson and New York Bay
on the Steamer Rosedale on the afternoon of September 4th
seemed to be a welcome relaxation from the close application at
the sessions, and was much enjoyed.
Two invitations were extended to the association for the 1914
meeting, one from New Orleans, the invitation being extended
by Mayor Behrman of that city, enthusiastically backed by Dr.
Dalrymple, and another from the Missouri Valley veterinarians
to come to Kansas City, the invitation being cordially extended
by Dr. S. Stewart. No decision had been reached at the time of
this writing, but there seemed to be considerable sentiment dur-
ing the convention for the “ Land of Romance,” and we are in-
clined to believe that New Orleans will be chosen.
A very interesting and instructive feature of the meeting was
the splendid exhibition of instruments, veterinary books, drug
preparations, vaccines, etc. This is not a new feature, but the
excellent arrangement connecting the exhibition hall direct with
147
148 NEWS AND ITEMS.
the meeting halls added much to the attractiveness of the exhibits,
which in consequence were much more satisfactory to the ex-
hibitors, and were a source of education to the veterinarians who
passed through the exhibition hall; (which, bright and prettily
decorated, simulated a fancy bazaar), to and from the meetings.
They seemed to find it difficult to keep out, and the exhibitors
were kept busy taking orders.
The report of Chairman Hoskins of the Committee on Legis-
lation shows that in addition to the splendid service rendered
the association and the profession of the United States in the
cause of the Army Veterinary Service, so well known to every-
one, he was also alert to another great question of vital impor-—
tance to the profession; the bill to modify and control the sale of
habit-forming drugs. Dr. Hoskins learned that the bill, as it
was drawn, to apply alike to veterinarians and physicians, if
passed, would work a great hardship on the veterinarians. He
explained this point to those introducing the bill, pointing out the
fact that as applied to veterinarians nothing was to be gained by
the passage of the bill in that form, but a great hardship worked
upon them, and was able to have the bill so modified as to remove
the objection, for which the veterinarians of the country owe him
a debt of gratitude.
Mayor GAYNor’s SUDDEN DEAtTH.—It is with much regret —
that we record the sudden taking away of the Hon. William
J. Gaynor who, as Chief Magistrate of the host city of the A. V.
M. A., was to have welcomed its members to the city of New
York on September 1, but for an illness that overtook him about
that time, and from which he died at sea a little more than a
week later. There existed a bond of sympathy between the late ~
Mayor of New York and the veterinary profession, as he was
a lover of horses. In fact, he was fond of all animals, and had
many animal pets at his home at St. James, L. I. His end came
while he was in harness, so to speak, as he had ceased his activi-
ties but a few days before departing for Europe to obtain the rest
he so much needed. But this trip, like the one he started upon
just before the A. V. M. A. members made their trip to the
Pacific Coast in 1910, was not to be, and he was forced to leave
unfinshed much work that he had planned. Jn the midst of life
zve are in death.
GE
VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.
In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
7
_great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted ‘that some neglect to inform us
of the dates and places of their meetings.
Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included
jis in the following list :
Name of Organization. ee ee Name and Address Secretary.
_ Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass’n...... June 6-7, 1913.. Birmingham....| C. A. Cary, Auburn.
) Alumni Ass’n, N. Y.-A. V.C......... April’ 190455 chee << 141 W. 54th St..| P. K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y.
‘American V. M. Ass’n.............. Sept. 1-2-3-4-5, 1913.) New York, N. Y.| Nelson S. Mayo, Blacksburg, Va.
_ Arkansas Veterinary Ass’n........... January, 1914....... Ft. Smith...... J. B. Arthur, Russellville.
Ass'n a iecale Veterinare Frangaise.| 1st and 3d Thur. of} Lec. Room, La-
epee srcisic sic mis eels sig G slo ow each month.......| val Un’y, Mon. - P. A. Houde, Montreal.
B. A. L Vet. In. A., Chicago... .:.... 2d Fri. each month. .| Chicago........ H. A. Smith, Chicago, Ill.
B. A. I. Vet. In. A. So. Omaha...... 3d Mon. each month.| S. Omaha, Neb..| E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha.
Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n............ Monthly s.0 ono St. Joseph and|
vicinity ..| F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo.
California State V. M. Ass’n......... Sept. 24, 1913....... San Francisco..| John F. McKenna, Fresno.
Central Canada V. Ass’n............ Feb. and July....... tA WA ics. «<< A. E. James, Ottawa.
Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n.......| June and Nov....... Syracuse W.B. Switzer, Oswego.
_ Chicago Veterinary Society.......... 2d Tues. each month.| Chicago........ D. M. Campbell, Chicago.
Colorado State V. M. Ass’n..........| May 28-29, 1913... .| Ft. Collins .| I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins.
Connecticut V. M. Ass’n............ August 6, 1913....... Waterbury. .... B. K. Dow, Willimantic.
Delaware State Vet. Society......... Jan., \ Apl., July, Oct..| Wilmington..... A. S. Houchin, Newark, Del.
mesex Co. (N. J.) V.M.A........... 3d Mon. each month. Newark, N. J....| J. F. peek East Ornage, Nave
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n.......... 2d week, July, 1913.. | Rochester...... | J. H. Taylor, Henrietta.
Georgia State V.M.A.............. Dec. 22-23, 1913.....| Atlanta........ P. F. Bahnsen, Americus.
V. M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un’y........ 2d Sat. each month..} Wash., D. C A. T. Ayers.
SPENT EACOINIG) IN GT AS oan aww Seiers | tas acces ccc cilce sein] sce cicleccetecies Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.
Illinois State V. M. Ass’n............ December, 1913 Chicago. 2.25. .; | L. A. Merillat, Chicago.
Indiana Veterinary Association.......| Jan. 14, 1914....... '| Indianapolis. . A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis.
Towa Veterinary Ass’n.............. Pending Warcra Achoepatale Pending........ C.H. Stange, Ames.
Kansas State V. M. Ass’n........... Pending ec ee Pending........ J. H. Burt, Manhattan.
Wentucky V. M. Ass’n.............. Oct. & Feb.each year.| Lexington...... | Robert Graham, Lexington.
Keystone V. M. Ass’n.............. 2d Tues. each month.} Philadelphia. ...| Cheston M. Hoskins.
Lake Erie V. M. Association......... Pending. :pateew see Pending ....... | Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio.
Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n......... 0) eae 0) eee Lake Charles...| Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La.
Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n.............. July 9, 1913. ....... Ge Reese H. B. Wescott, Portland.
Maryland State Vet. Society.........| ...2c..cscecseceess Baltimore... ... | H.H. Counselman, Sec’y.
_ Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n............ 4th Wed. each month.} Young's, Boston.) J. H. Seale, Salem.
Michigan State V. M. Ass’n......... Feb. 3, 4, 1914...... Lansing. ....... W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens.
Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n........ July 9, 10, 1913.....] Albert Lea...... | G. Ed. Leech, Winona.
Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n........ Aug. .29; 1913... 2.3... Starkville | Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada.
Missouri Valley V. Ass’n............ June 30, July 1-2,'13.| Omaha......... | Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia.
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n............ July 1913s eb cce . s Kirksville...... | 8. Stewart, Kansas City.
Montana State V. M. A............. Sept. 24, 25, 1913...] Helena......... | A. D. Knowles, Livingston.
Nebraska V. M. Ass’n.............. | Ist Mo. & Tu.,Dec.’13| Lincoln, Neb. ..| Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City.
New York 8S. V. M. Soc’y........... | Sept., 1914......... Rochester...... H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y.
North Carolina V. M. Ass’n......... June, 1914.......... Wialson. s...22. 5. Aelia Spoon, Burlington.
North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.......... Aug. 6-7, 1913...... Wargois.2 as oe.2 2 C. H. Babeock, New Rockford.
North-Western Ohio V. M. A........ Novi\1913).. 26. a2 Delphos. ....... E. V. Hover, Delphos.
Mine ptate V. M. Ass’n............. Jan. 14, 15, 1914.. Columbus. ..... Reuben Hilty, Toledo.
Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med.. ..... Annually toe ee Upper Sandusky.| F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio.
SERIE GA ED IV LRO ARS Ie oars. aise ccc atvewh ate miners apiees Fe]. aor waters dw wraiele's J. C. Howard, Sullivan.
Wklaboma V. M. Ass'n.............. RAL OTS. Bees Oklahoma City..| C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City.
Mntario Vet. Ass’n.............. Ist Week in Feb.1914} Toronto........ L. A. Willson, Toronto.
ae evivania State V.M.A.. sept. 16, 1913....... Not selected. ...)| John Reichel, Glenolden.
hi) Be Call of President....} Manila......... David C. Kretzer, Manila.
Portland Vet. Med. Ass’n........... 4th Tues. each month.| Portland, Ore...) Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore.
Province of Quebec V. M. A......... Nebigcmpemins ette hte eo Mon. and Que...) Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q.
Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n........... | Jan. and June....... Providence... .. J. 5. Pollard, Providence.
South Carolina Ass’n of Veter'’ns..... [bending s\n. cts Pending........ | B. K. McInnes, Charleston.
South Illinois V. M. and Surg. Ass’n..| Aug. 5-6-7 1913.....] Fillmore........ F. Hockman, Iola.
St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors...... Ist Wed. fol. the 2d
| Sun. each month..| St. Louis. ...... Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo.
Schuylkill Valley V. M. A........... June 18, 1913....... Headings oe. ==: W. G. Huyett, Wernersville.
Seen ANTONI UNIV. Penns... 500. |) 2 scene cote eeccessoes Philadelphia B. T. Woodward, Wash'n, D. C.
South Dakota V.M.A.............. Pendingi es coeassecs Madison ........ S. W. Allen, Watertown.
Southern Auxiliary of California State
MMAR =. 5c. oka cacces cee Jan., Apl., July, Oct..| Los Angeles..... J. A. Dell, Los Angeles.
South St. Joseph Ass’n of ee Insp.. .| 4th Tues. each month} 407 Illinois Ave. H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph.
ennessee Vet. Med. Ass’n.......... November, 1913..... Memphis....... | O. L. MeMahon, Columbia.
EAS EVe NM ASST ooo. c's 6 5c e ceee coos NOW eMLOlase eeee. College Station..| Allen J. Foster, Marshall
Miwin City V. M. Ass'’n.............. 2d Thu. each month..| St. P.-Minneap... S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn.
Seaver Med. Ass’n............00% Bending cna ast a)e.- Pending........ A. J. Webb, Layton.
eee emer S ASSITNs role ccs ki sericce Siiconae sca «| odiaineiced cocina | G. T. Stevenson, Burlington.
EM MRUBASETTIOLALISCTUS octets a7 Ns |e evcicc wide cla wig alc ofeic «\| ya Brescicholateye an ate C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat-
| chewan, Alta., Can.
Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia | 3d Wed. each month.| 514 9th St.,N.W. M. Page Smith, Washington, D.C.
Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba............. Feb. & July each yr..| Winnipeg.......| Wm. Hilton, Winnipeg.
Wet. Med. Ass’n of N.J............. diving hs Bea Jersey City..... | E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick.
V. M. Ass’n, New York City......... ist Wed. each month.! 141 W .54th St.. R. S. MacKellar, N. Y. City.
Veterinary Practitioners’ Club... .... Monthly-c ances os Jersey City..... A. F. Mount, Jersey City.
Virginia State V. M. Ass’n........... dey 1ONI9IS 54753. Old Point Comf’t) Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia.
Washington State Col. V. M.A...... Ist & 3d Fri. Eve....| Pullman........ R. J. Donohue, Pullman.
Washington State V. M. A.......... June 1914.2 3 a Walla Walla... .| Carl Cozier, Bellingham.
Western. Penn. V. M. Ass’n.......... 3d Thu. each month..| Pittsburgh...... | Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley.
Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad............ July 16-17, 1913.....| Milwaukee..... | J. W. Beckwith, Shallsburg.
Peto. (Pa) V.M.A............. June, Sept.,Dec.,Mar.! York........... | E. S. Bausticker, York, Pa.
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It Pays to Use Goop ANTISEPTICS, more especially in veterinary practice
to counteract the conditions under which a veterinarian meets many of his
patients. Bacillol is in the front ranks. Write Bruno Grosche & Co., whose
address you will find on page 26, and mention the Review.
INCREASED SPACE AND GONE Forwarp. The Comparative Vaccine Labora-
tories, Inc., finding their space on page 17 inadequate for the proper listing
of their “ VETERINARY BroLocies,’ have increased their space; and their
patrons will find their interesting list now displayed on page 4, front forms.
Mention the Review when you write for information.
Many VETERINARIANS WHo ReEAp Tuts will remember the interesting
exhibit of the Pirman-Myers Company at the recent meeting of the A. V.
M. A. in New York; and by turning to page 3 (adv, dept.) front forms, you
will find an interesting account of some of the things seen at that exhibit;
and if you will drop a line to the Pitman-Myers Company telling them you
are a reader of AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, they will be pleased to send
you samples and literature.
150
AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW,
NOVEMBER, 1913.
EDITORIAL.
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, 15th of September, 1913.
THE Dopinc.—I do not know if this subject has received
from veterinarians in America the attention that it has created
here and that it deserves, and if the improper and fraudulent ap-
plications, that is made of it or the general influence that it may
have from the point of view of equine stock raising, have been
considered. At any rate, this last result of doping has been of
sufficient interest to the Congress Hippique, which was recently
held in Paris, to have it voted that ‘“‘ racing societies should pro-
hibit and forbid doping, which prevents honest sincerity in races,
favors frauds, compromises the health of horses as well as breed-
ing interests and also the value and future of equine production.”
The learned general inspector of the French veterinary
schools, Prof. G. Barrier, was at that congress the promoter of
this wish by the reading of a long dissertation on the subject
of “ Doping.”” After a few general remarks on the differences
that exist between the stimulation obtained by the application
of the spur or the use of the whip and that of a syringe of Pravaz
or the administration of a bolus, Prof. Barrier passed a review
of the various chemical products that will give the required stimu-
lation, and whose administration is readily and easily concealed;
and then exposed their after-effects and sequelae. He then fol-
151
iay4 EDITORIAL.
lowed them by the consideration of the injury done to the organ-
ism and to the animal individuality.
The length of time during which the condition produced
lasted, the peculiar and positive manifestations they gave rise to,
their detection in the animal submitted to them, the analytic reac-
tion by which their presence can be made evident in the saliva,
by the use of one of the two methods, that of the reaction of
Frohde with solution of molybdate of ammonia saturated in pure
sulphuric acid or the reaction of Ferreira da Silva by nitric acid
and concentrated alcoholic solution of Poash, were all power-
fully dealt and presented by Prof. Barrier, whose authority tells
of their value.
At any rate, a long time before the seating of that congress
the Secretary of Agriculture had appointed a scientific committee
to study doping in its different forms and effects and to settle
three essential questions.
1°—Do NORMAL HORSES, VIZ., THOSE WHICH HAVE NOT BEEN
DRUGGED AND HAVE RECEIVED THE ORDINARY REGIME OF TRAIN-
ING, PRESENT IN THEIR SALIVA, BEFORE OR AFTER A RACE, AL~
KALOIDS THAT MIGHT BE ATTRIBUTED TO DOPING? ‘The answer
was negative. Nine horses having been submitted to the control
of this test. No alkaloid being found in their saliva either before
or after a race.
2°—DoEs THE SALIVA OF AN ANIMAL CONTAIN, FOR A CER-
TAIN LENGTH OF TIME, TRACES OF ALKALOIDS ADMINISTERED IN
THE COURSE OF A TREATMENT OR OF A REGIME ANTERIOR TO A
RACE, AND IF SO, DURING WHAT LENGTH OF TIME? The experi-
ments to answer this were carried on at the Alfort school. The
horses were submitted to an ordinary regime, and received twice
daily, for one week, high doses of alkaloids, strychnia, cocaine,
heroine and cafeine. Analysis was made of their saliva after
the last administration with the following results: After forty-
eight hours nothing was found in any of the horses; after twenty-
the erecta
EDITORIAL. 155
four hours nothing was found in the animals that had strychnia,
cocaine and heroine. The only saliva of the horse that received
large doses of kola, presented the reaction of cafeine, which dis-
appeared a few hours after.
The conclusions of this experiment were: That if an alkaloid
is found in the saliva of a horse, the results of this experiment
show that this alkaloid has been administered since forty-eight
hours at least, and generally at least since twenty-four.
3°—In this question the experiments consisted in the repro-
duction of a true doping in the ordinary condition, viz., to ad-
minister the alkaloid stimulant in large doses shortly before the
race and watch its elimination through the saliva. The drug was
given to the animals used in experiments in bolus or subcutaneous
injections. Between a half-hour or an hour after, the horse was
run on a track of 3,000 meters, returned to his stall and his saliva
collected.
The general result has been that the alkaloids administered
were found, if the dose had been sufficiently strong and the
saliva collected not too long after the running, the alkaloid re-
maining in various lengths of time. Cocaine was not found after
an hour, heroine after two, strychnia was still found after five,
and cafeine for nearly eighteen.
The committee resumed their conclusions as follows: The
results of the experiments plainly prove the method of researches
used to expose the practice of doping. This operation which,
as it is known, consists in the administration to a horse that is
to run in a race, a short time before the race, of alkaloids or of
other substances liable to produce them in the organism. It has
for its object the giving to the animal an artificial excitement,
which supplies him with an advantage over the other horses run-
ning with him. The method of researches resorted to, detects
the alkaloids in the saliva of a horse that has received the drug
and only when it has had it shortly before the race. There is
154 EDITORIAL.
none to be found if the horse has not had any, or if the doses have
been only few and small, or 1f given a long time before the race.
This means of controlling the proof of the doping can be de-
pended upon as certain.
These experiments and the conclusions arrived at have already
been recognized and admitted in several parts of Europe.
*
Kk 2K
Traumatic ArtTHRITIsS—Its TREATMENT.—Very frequent
in horses, where the many violent injuries to which they are ex-
posed, especially in the extremities, explains its presence. Traum-
atic arthritis may be the result of serious accidents, which can
end fatally, if, by proper and early treatment, its dangerous com-
plications are not avoided. It is true that these cases are not all
necessarily terminating with such bad results, which either imply
a loss'of services or perhaps a verdict of death, especially since
the days when the therapeutic measures that we possess have ren-
dered complications comparatively exceptional. .
To protect, by careful disinfection, an injured articulation, is
the first indication. To protect the synovial bursa against the
invasion of germs, which may have been deposited, is one of the
main objects. The use of tincture of iodine imposes itself, and
with it the closing of the wound and the immobilization of the
joint are the essential points, recommended in the Revue Gene-
rale by MM. Lesbre and Ball. If the synovia escapes, still normal
and unaltered, a simple twisted suture of the wound is applied,
if possible, to the synovial membrane only; especially when it
has not been necessary to leave some lacerated or bruised tissues
when the cleaning of the trauma was made. The object of this
suture is to prevent secondary infections and the introduction
of septic elements through the various movements of the animal.
To limit those, a stiff blister is also applied. Immobilizing the
joint co-operates to the occlusion of the synovial fistula and to
some extent increases the asepsy of the lesions by the phagocy-
tosis that it gives rise to. One or several applications of blister
EDITORIAL. 155
ointment made in succession, and according to the indications,
reduce the chances of complications. Wadding dressings will
not prove as good as blistering for various causes; doubtful and
less realizable asepsy: sometimes difficulty in applying it well,
eec., etc.
chs
If, notwithstanding those cares, the joint should become in-
fected, and inflammation be declared, or if it exists already,
when the synovia is running with a bad aspect or purulent, with
all the manifestations of the well-known diseased process, what
are the indications?
The ideal would be to evacuate the infected contents of the
joint by repeated antiseptic injections. But it is a serious affair
with our patients to open freely a joint and realize this evacua-
tion, and it is only in hopeless cases that it is resorted to, at the
risk of all the complications that may follow such serious inter-
ference .
Antiseptic washings with boiled water, oxygenated water,
solutions of hermophenyl at 3 per cent., of permanganate of
potassium at I to 1,000 may sometimes give good satisfaction.
But to those the authors give the preference to the use of
caustic pencils, introduced in the depth of the fistula freely opened.
These pencils impregnate the synovial membrane, render the ar-
ticulation less inhabitable to the invading pyogenous germs. Sub-
limate and nitrate of silver pencils are common in general prac-
tice. But they have some inconveniences. Too caustic, they pre-
cipitate albuminoids and organic matters, forming with them
compounds, which have no disinfecting power, and coagulums,
under which infection keeps on its destroying work. Pencils of
boric acid have been recommended, but their antiseptic power
is rather limited.
Those of hermophenyl seem to be preferable to all of them.
Many cases of arthritis have been treated very successfully by
their use. Among those two are mentioned: one of temporo-
156 EDITORIAL.
maxillary arthritis with bony, necrotic sloughs of the external
condyle, and one with arthritis of the tarsal joint. Both of these
cases were followed with rapid and complete recovery. Biniodine
of mercury in suspension in petroleum oil has also been used with
advantage.
In conclusion the authors of the Revue Generale say:
“Traumatic arthritis is an affection that can most often be
avoided at the onset, by treating all the traumatic lesions around
the joint. Blistering, suturing of the wound, immobilization are
recommended for their real efficacy. When phlegmasia has in-
vaded the joint, the use of pencils that are not toxic or caustic,
those that do not precipitate albuminoids, that give the synovial
fluid a concentrated antiseptic condition and a continuous and
active microbicid action must be the true treatment.
ok
*K *K
ADRENALINE IN VETERINARY MEDICINE.—With the excep-
tion of the few cases that I have spoken of in the REVIEW, as
they have come under my eyes, I think it is proper to say that
its use is more than limited in our medicine, and on that point
is far from being employed as often as in human medicine. In-
deed, in surgery its indications are quite numerous, and in internal
pathology real advantages have been obtained by its uses. Yet
we must not think that adrenaline is altogether ignored by veteri-
narians, as it has been employed to realize a local anemia, either
alone or associated with cocaine, novocaine or stovaine, and also
in some special affections, such as parturient apoplexy, where
doubtful results have been reported; aseptic acute laminitis, ana-
sarca, in which hypodermic injections of isotonic solutions of
adrenaline diluted to the 1oooth were first experimented with an
apparent success, which did not last.
On account of the powerful cardiac tonic action that adrena-
line possesses, its use might be suggested with digitalis or cam-
phor, provided it is administered with the greatest prudence, viz...
hypodermically, and fractioned in small doses, repeated at close
EDITORIAL. 157
intervals, so as to realize a progressive action. Hence its indi-
cations in cases of insufficiency of the myocardium or in the vaso-
motor paralysis, such as is observed in the terminal period of
some infectious processes, pleuro-pneumonia of horses, septice-
mia, etc., or again as in human medicine against septic peritonitis.
These remarks of a German veterinarian, Mr. Thum, pub-
lished in Monatshefte fiir Tierheilkunde, lead to the record of an
observation taken from ‘‘a cow affected with septic peritonitis
due to a volvulus.” An explorating capillary puncture having
given escape to a fetid, brownish exudate, evident proof of the
presence of septic peritonitis, laparotomy was proposed. A rectal
examination, previously made, had indicated the position of the
volvulus, in the posterior region of the abdomen, near the en-
trance of the pelvis; the cause of the volvulus was made out by
the introduction of the hand in the vagina and through an inci-
sion similar to that which is made in ovariotomy, sufficiently en-
larged to allow the introduction of the fore-arm. It proved to
be a fibrous band, which could be readily torn with the finger.
This was followed by the immediate liberation of the strangulated
intestine. The exploration of the peritoneal cavity revealed then
the presence of a great quantity of inflammatory exudate, which
had to be allowed to escape at once, with a large-sized trocar,
introduced through the abdominal walls, 20 centimeters from
the umbilicus. To allow the drainage of the peritoneum, the
canula was left in place and secured on the back of the animal
with tapes. Then, with a rubber tube passed in the vaginal
wound, the abdominal cavity was washed with 25 litres of tepid
isotonic solution of chloride of sodium. After having washed
the viscera, this solution escaped through the canula. First it
came out cloudy, but became clearer and even limpid towards the
end of the operation. The canula was kept closed with cork.
At the same time an hypodermic injection of 5 c.c. of a solution
of adrenaline was made on one side of the neck and repeated
every 3 hours. The temperature was then 38° C., and pulse 120,
scarcely perceptible. On the next day an injection of 12 litres
of salt solution was again made, after the removal of 5 litres of
158 EDITORIAL.
exudate, less fetid than the day before. The temperature was
39.6° C. and pulse go. No rumination, some appetite. Adrena-
line was again administered, five times during the day. The fol-
lowing day there was scarcely any exudate, the canula was taken
out, and the internal washing stopped. Temperature 30.3° C.,
pulse 72, rumination returning, appetite improving, quick
recovery.
Thum attributes to the adrenaline the great part of the suc-
cess and recommends the introduction of this treatment in sim-
ilar cases amongst ruminants and especially small animals, where
septic peritonitis is invariably fatal.
It is certainly a good result that Thum has obtained, and his
method is, to say the least, original; but whether or not it will
enter in the domain of ordinary practice will remain a question.
*
*k xk
Foor anp Mouru Disease In Man.—The question is one
of actuality at present, since that scourge is prevailing more or
less all over in Europe. Professor Cadiot has recently presented
a long paper reviewing the subject before the Academy of Medi-
cine in Paris.
The possibility of the transmission of foot and mouth dis-
ease to the human species, which for a long time has been con-
sidered as doubtful by the great majority of medical men and
veterinarians, is to-day admitted almost by everyone. Notwith-
standing some positive experiments and observations, the doc-
trine generally accepted until 1872 was that of the entire innocu-
ity of the milk of cows affected with foot and mouth disease.
In that year the disease prevailed in almost all Europe, and the
severity was exceptional. H. Bouley mentioned then the great
mortality that it caused among young animals fed with the milk
of diseased cows, and he called the attention of physicians to the
danger resulting from the use of such milk especially for children.
At that time numerous observations were brought out as
proofs of the danger. Cow keepers and farm hands had been
EDITORIAL. 159
inoculated through wounds of the hands or scratches on the face.
A veterinarian (1886) has the disease after examining the mouth
of diseased cows. A pig dealer takes it after skinning the cada-
ver of acalf dead from the disease (1880). Many similar exam-
ples are published. In 1887 Dr. David. Director of the School
of Dentistry, writes “that the aphthous stomatitis of man and
the disease of animals are one and the same disease; the first
being transmitted by the second, and it is essential to obtain the
interdiction of the sale of milk for human use, when it is com-
ing from cows affected with the scourge, and also the sale of
cream or white cheese made with milk from such animals.”
Veterinary publications from Germany are numerous and
corroborate those made in France. The use of virulent milk, of
infected butter, the preparation of animals for sale to butchers,
the care to be given to diseased animals are the most ordinary
circumstances of contamination either to children or to adults.
In 1890 Bussenius and Siegel collected the facts relating to
these questions and related more than fifteen hundred cases of
contagion with a few deaths.
In 1893 Shantyr has transmitted foot and mouth disease to
two calves on a healthy farm by inoculation with the saliva of a
child suffering with typical foot and mouth disease. Bertarelli
(1908) has obtained the same result in return to bovines.
Aphtous contagion from animal to man is then positively es-
tablished. There are several instances published where in man
the disease may assume an epidemic form. However, there are
few of those where the diagnosis may not have been as positive
as it might.
In 1902 the Academy of Medicine has expressed the wish that
“sanitary regulations ought not to allow the sale of milk from
cows affected with foot and mouth disease, unless such milk be
boiled or pasteurized at 85 degrees.”
Sterilization or heating at 90 degrees during quarter of an
hour are measures applied to-day in most foreign countries;
and that is as much to prevent contamination to man as to avoid
all risk of extension of the disease by the milk or its derived
products.
160 EDITORIAL.
At any rate, these measures are always excellent hygiene
Imposed for children, they are recommended even for adults
Notwithstanding its white color and because of the condition
where it is gathered, milk is an unclean food, soiled at the time
it 1s collected, soiled again by the manipulations it has to ¢
through. Regulations, if properly applied, may reduce the soil
ing causes, but milk will not be purified, except by boiling or lon
heating, for several minutes, at the temperature close to 100
degrees. i
CoLorinc Micropes.—Many are the means of coloration —
resorted to in laboratories for the detection of microbes. But the
methods used are more or less delicate or complicated, and a gen-
eral, simple and quick microscopic technic of easy apphaaa
would be of great advantage.
In the Annales de Belgique, Mr. P. Vander Elst calls atten-
tion to the mode of coloration realized by the use of Indian ink
by Prof. Burri, of Bern, which makes it possible to obtain, so to
speak, a negative coloration of the germs. With the other meth-
ods the microbe is colored; with Burri’s, it remains clear, refring-
ent on the black surface formed by the ink.
Upon a thin glass slide is placed a small drop of ink with an
equal quantity of distilled water. To these is added as much as
the head of a pin of the substance to be examined (blood, pus,
any discharge, culture), etc. The whole is mixed on the slide
and frottis are made, one or more if the quantity of the mixture
allows it. The slide is left to dry, to the air or the alcohol lamp,
When the preparation is dry, a drop of balsam is put on it. It
is covered with thin lamella and is ready to be examined. It is
necessary to avoid the use of too thick a quantity of ink, and that
it should not exceed much the thickness of the microbe (?),
hence the indication that the frottis be very thin. If the prepara-
tion, when examined, is black, it is because the ink is too thick. |
lf the frotti is of a clear brown, the microscopic field shall not be
EDITORIAL. 161
dark enough to show the refrigerency of the germs, which on
a dark brown surface is shown very clear, the microbe is readily
exposed in such a way that the bacteria of anthrax can be recog-
nized with a magnifying power of 80 diameters. Fresh mate-
rial is not necessary for making the frottis, and the preservation
of virulent products in diluted antiseptic solutions does not pre-
yent the clearness of the exhibition of the microbe.
A number of micro-photographs illustrates the application of
the method made by Mr. Vander Elst, viz., piogenous staphylo-
cocci of mammitis in cows, tetragens from a nasal discharge on
various cultures, ovoid bacterias of pasteurellosis, bacteridian
anthrax, spirillium dentum found in dental caries of horses.
The method of Prof. Burri permits a rapid diagnosis that may
render great services and cannot be ignored.
* K
BrBLioGRAPHic IrEMs.—Reprints of the Studies of the Re-
search Laboratory of Parke, Davis and Co. No. 31—Studies
on Hog Cholera, by Walter E. King and Robert H. Wilson.
Nos. 32 and 38—The Virus of Hog Cholera, by the same, F. W.
Beslack and George L. Hoffman. No. 39—Bacillus Bronchisep-
ticus, Its Relation to Canine Distemper, by N. S. Ferry, M.D.
Bureau of Animal Industry: Bulletin 161—A Study of the
Bacteria Which Survive Pasteurization, by Henry Ayers and
William E. Johnson, Jr. Bulletin 163—The Life History of
Habronema Muscae (Carter), a Parasite of the Horse Transmit-
ted by the House Fly, by B. H. Ramson, Ph.D.
Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa, June.
“The Problem of Bovine Pest in Camels (Una questione molto
sena di prophilaxy),” by Dr. Giulio Conti.
The West Australian, with the news of the appointment of
Dr. E. A. Weston, G.M.V.C., B.V.Sc., as lecturer on veterinary
science to the University of Western Australia. Graduate of the
Melbourne Veterinary College and of the Dookie Agricultural
College of Victoria. The doctor has already contributed much
in his native land to the elevation of his profession.
162 EDITORIAL.
TEAM WORK FOR VETERINARY LEGISLATION,
Beyond the first fifty years of the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association, which is the mother organization of the Amer-
ican veterinary profession, what then? Dr. Mohler, in his presi-
dential address in New York, at the golden jubilee, praised the
“team work” of the legislative committee. By that he meant,
palpably, the concurrent activities of the men composing that
committee, under the chairman, for the advantage of the army
veterinary service bill in the 62d Congress and the present one
and the marvelous receptiveness of the profession to appeals in
behalf of the bill, which, to use a football phrase in this, the foot-.
ball season, brought it as a team in massed play upon Congress
sufficient, one would have thought, to pass the bill. Fifty years
have gone by. The golden jubilee of the A. V. M. A. is over.
Where is the army veterinary service ?—fifty, nay, one hundred
and fifty years behind the times; and it will remain there if we ~
do not, by harder training and still better team work, carry the
Hay bill (H. R. 4541) through Congress this winter.
There are three words in which are compressed the incre-
ments of success in this undertaking—organization, education,
agitation.
Before a bill of this character can get through Congress
there must be organization of all the elements which desire its
passage and a union of all in the work of impressing Congress
with its necessity. The bill goes before the national legislature
for its enactment into law, as a demand of the profession and all
the associated businesses, trades and professions with which it
is interlocked. The veterinary profession, separate and alone,
cannot pass this bill; the thousands of voters, of which it is com-
posed, are not enough in themselves, unaccompanied, to get such
a hold upon Congress as will force the passage of the bill. But
when there are associated with us in this undertaking our allies
in the businesses, trades and professions with whom we are asso-
ciated, all are together a host to which Congress must listen. The
militia of the states, the humane societies, the national breeding
EDITORIAL. 163
associations—Morgan horse association and thoroughbred asso-
ciations—interested in the improvement of the army horse, book,
drug and instrument men, are illustrations of allied interests, the
influence of whom is to be sought for the purpose. An analysis
of our connections in professional life shows that our alliances
are naturally in many directions, each having its organized power
and at the same time its political strength. They are dependent
in part upon us and we on them when political work is to be done.
The organized veterinary body—national state, city, institutional,
fraternal—is great in itself politically; but greater when it gath-
ers with it the host of voters among its allies to do the work of
forcing the passage of the bill. Organization means the unioniz-
ing of all for the single purpose. Team work for veterinary
legislation of this kind must mass all together and cause them to
move upon Congress demanding attention.
But this organized power—the profession and its multitud-
inous allies—must be leavened by education into an understand-
ing of the essential value of reform of the army veterinary sery-
ice which is demanded. The bill is to be seen as valuable to us
all. The profession as a whole is to profit by its passage, and
this thought is working its way into the veterinary mind in a
most gratifying way. We, as a profession, have made our mark
in the United States Department of Agriculture; why should we
not do the same, or something like it, in the Department of War?
Why should the veterinarian be made fowl in one and fish in the
other? If, when justice is done him in one department, he can
rise to such distinction as he has done in the Bureau of Animal
Industry and be applauded the nation over for his work, why
should he not amount to something in the War Department if
justice is done him there? Every member of the profession
should be made to see the absurdity of the situation. Our friends
and the friends of our friends must be taught these things.
Nor is this all. Knowledge of this matter is not sufficient.
The intellect of man is notoriously cold as the ice-brook. The
hearts of men must be won that they may feel the truth and
earnestly seek the justice needed. The darkey preacher hit the
164 EDITORIAL.
mark when he told of the cause of his success with his flock.
“Yessir,” he said, “I ’splains, then I ’splains; I ’spounds and
‘spounds; then I puts in the ’rousal” (explains and expounds
and then puts in the arousal). This plan is the precursor of suc-
cess in the passage of the army veterinary service bill. The
profession, the public with which it is connected, Congress, must
have its necessity, its justice, endlessly explained until aroused
to the final activity which brings its passage. . Ge
NEW ORLEANS IN 1914.
In both its September and October issues, the REVIEW ex-
pressed it as its belief that the 1914 meeting of the American
Veterinary Medical Association would be held in New Orleans;
and we are now in a position by the authority of President
Marshall, to officially announce that the 51st annual convention
of the A. V. M. A. will be held in New Orleans, December 28
to 31, 1914. That is surely a pleasant anticipation; for, aside’
from the good that the national organization will do for the
cause of veterinary science by meeting in that part of our great
country, as has been expressed by some of the most prominent
members of the profession from the South, and the good that
that section will do to the association and its members by having
them there, there is the inspiring prospect of a week spent in
that thriving metropolis of the South, which is distinctly one of
the quaintest, most picturesque and cosmopolitan cities of Amer-
ica, embracing strong attributes of both the old and the new
world. Many members of the American Veterinary Medical
Association who were in attendance at the recent meeting in New
York will remember Mayor Behrman’s fascinating description
of the city, in which he explained that Canal Street, which is 182:
feet wide, separates the American from the old French quarter.
The south, or upper side, is the American portion, and here are
situated the big jobbing and business houses, hotels and restau-
rants, and boarding-houses of American type. The farther up
EDITORIAL. 165
| one goes the prettier this portion of the city becomes, finally be-
ginning the beautiful “ Garden District ” with palatial and stately
homes, exquisitely kept lawns and great groves of magnolia and
oak. Below Canal Street is the French or Latin Quarter, where
_ Creole business houses and homes hold almost undisputed sway.
The restaurants of the French Quarter are famed for their de-
- licious dishes and unexcelled cuisine the world over. And so we
might go on and speak of the cathedrals, churches, theatres,
hotels, etc., of this quaintly beautiful and picturesque city—a
combination of Spain and Southern France dropped within our
gates—but space being somewhat limited in this number, and
_-considerable time intervening between the present and the time
when our readers will be headed toward the Gulf of Mexico,
this will suffice as an introduction.
REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE FOR THE DETECTION
or GLANDERS.—In this age of preventive medicine and cam-
paign for the control of contagious diseases, there is probably no
more important issue than the war against glanders in horses,
so prevalent in the large cities. In our October issue we gave the
| personnel of the above committee on page 16; we also published
on page 72 of that issue, a resume on the control and eradication
of glanders presented to the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation at the request of the “ Special Committee.” Having read
that resume in the October number, our readers will be pleased to
know that the more detailed report of the Special Committee for
the Detection of Glanders will be found on page 218 of the pres-
ent issue.
ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE LEGISLATION.—President
Marshall of the American Veterinary Medical Association has
exemplified his wisdom by reappointing Dr. \W. Horace Hoskins
chairman of the Legislative Committee of the A. V. M. A., and
Chairman Hoskins has plunged into the work before the Sixty-
third Congress with the same earnest determination that has char-
acterized his former legislative work; and if the profession re-
sponds as it should, and undoubtedly will, to his appeal sent out
under date of September 11th, House Bill No. 4541 will be suc-
cessfully passed by Congress.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COLICS IN ANIMALS.
By L. A. Meriiat, Cuicaco, Itt.
(Continued from October issue.)
Impaction of the Rumen: Impaction of the rumen is also 2
very common disorder in which surgery plays the most importar
role. It occurs both as a primary and a secondary affection
This form of stomach colic in its more formidable forms, yield
only to surgical teatment. Medicants are often useless. It is
cured either by rumenotomy, which will be described by Dr.
J. Martin, or else by the procedure of Imminger, which consists of
the installation of water directly into the rumen through a canula
and then aspirating out the softened contents by placing the animal
on its left side with the canula still in place. The patient is
placed on an elevated platform made of two planks separated
from each other just far enough so that the protruding canula
will pass between them. It reminds one of emptying a barre
through a bunghole. The liquid which runs out carries with it
considerable of the solids, and besides, robs the rumen of harmful
toxic products besides softening the mass better to facilitate its
onward passage through the alimentary canal. The possibilities:
of this operation have never been tried out to any great extent in
this country, but it seems to me to be destined to become a
standard operation. The softening of the contents of impacted
rumens by instilling water through a canula is not new, but the
washing out process of Imminger is, I believe, an innovation. _
Foreign Bodies in the Stomach of Dogs: Dogs and cats,
* Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association at New York, September, 1913.
166
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COLICS IN ANIMALS. 167
but particularly the former, often swallow indigestible objects
that lodge in the stomach. Sometimes they obstruct the pylorus
or if small enough may pass into the intestinal tract.
While such objects sojourn in the stomach, the usual signs
of colic presented by dogs are wanting, but when they obstruct the
pylorus or any part of the intestines, the restlessness, howling,
whining, vomiting and bulging of the abdomen indicate that a
prompt intervention for removal is demanded to prevent a fatal
termination.
When such obstructions are known to exist and expulsion by
other means is futile, few veterinarians hesitate to effect a re-
moval by means of a direct celio-gastrotomy. Many of these
Operations have been performed and nearly all of them have
been successful. We have done three such operations upon dogs
and all recovered. One swallowed a molar tooth of a horse, one
a hairpin and the other a silver dollar.
Foreign Bodies in the Rumen: Bovines are the ruminants
most liable to swallow bodies, and that they do so with remark-
able frequency is well known to all rural practitioners. The rapid
ingestion of their food and the liability of their rations to contain
foreign objects makes the bovine species most susceptible to this
accident. Nails, pieces of wire, splinters of wood, knives, screws,
bolts, nuts and in fact any of the small free objects found about
stables which may accidentally get into the feed box or the manger
constitute so many varieties of objects found in the rumen. Geo.
B. Jones found a cow’s rumen that contained a large quantity of
binder twine and from time to time we hear reports of various
miscellaneous objects gaining access to it. The objects may so-
journ in the rumen for months without causing any disturbance
that announces their presence, but not infrequently digestive dis-
orders are produced by them, sometimes in the form of acute colic.
More often, however, when they wound the wall of the rumen or
reticulum they produce a local inflammation that spreads over the
peritoneum very rapidly, and by perforating the diaphragm they
sometimes cause thoracic inflammations, particularly of the peri-
cardium. There is unfortunately no pathognomonic symptom at
168 L. A. MERILLAT.
an early stage upon which a diagnosis could be based, and on this a
account the surgeon seldom operates for their removal until it is
too late.
Here again we have a serious condition that calls for a more
careful study of symptoms in order that we may be able to diag-
nose the trouble at a time when surgical intervention could be
depended upon to effect a prompt relief.
Impaction of the Crop of Fowls: The crop of fowls is very
frequently overloaded to a serious extent, and is usualy due to
overfeeding of the young. The impaction may be of corn, oats
gravel, weed-seeds, peas or any of the small grains that constitute |
the feeds of these animals. Eaten dry, such grains may swell from
their contact with the moisture of the crop and engorge it to a
dangerous proportion. Young ducks are probably the most sus-
ceptible to this disorder. Whole flocks of young ducks may die _
over night after having partaken too freely of almost any kind of |
dry grains. I have found among my own animals that ducks are
most difficult to raise successfully unless especial precautions are
constantly taken to prevent this occurrence while they are young.
The symptoms are bulging of the breast, difficulty of locomotion |
from the sheer weight of the mass which causes them to tumble |
forward and then on their sides. If not relieved, often they are
unable to gain the upright position, and then die in a few hour,
from exhaustion. In older animals the disorder takes a less acute
form. Chickens may live several days, dying from the inflamma- |
tory complications which supervene. The contents decomposé
and soon there is pressure gangrene of the walls. ;
In young ducks the crop may be evacuated by pressing out the
contents in the forward direction, that is, the contents are pressec
out through the mouth. Dr. F. H. Davis, a veterinarian of wide
experience with ducks, once saved the majority of a large flock i
of young ducks that became stricken with this condition after
having been given access to a lot of windfall berries that had been —
blown down from a mulberry tree. The flock was found in a —
serious condition almost immediately after having eaten t ie
berries, and by promptly pressing the contents out through the |
i
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COLICS IN ANIMALS. 169
mouth he succeeded in saving the flock from being wiped out.
Personally, | have had a similar experience with a flock of nine
ducks that fell sick after having ravenously devoured a dry mash
of corn and wheat bran.
In the older fowls, particularly chickens that have suffered for
some hours, it is not possible to effect an evacuation by this
means, but by performing simple section of the pouch (inglu-
viotomy) the patients can be saved when the walls have not been
too badly damaged by complications.
These operations are not trivialities by any means, and de-
serve to be placed amongst our standard surgical procedures.
The Small Intestines: The small intestines are subject to
very grave conditions which cause colics, and pain located in them
is the most violent of all abdominal pains, and the more anterior
the trouble is located the more intense is the pain. A diagnosis
of colic in the small intestines is made by the intense agony the
patient suffers and continues to suffer throughout. Whenever a
horse throws itself about recklessly and violently and is beyond
control, often falling to the floor with the full weight of the body,
time after time without a moment of relief, except possibly when
it rolls into dorsal condition against the wall, it is pretty safe
to diagnose colic in the small intestines, and the antero-posterior
location may be judged by the intensity of the pains. The duo-
denum and jejunum cause a more intense pain than the ileum,
other things being equal.
The small intestines, especially of large animals, are not af-
fected with conditions that can be successfully managed by
surgery, and they are only mentioned here to carry out our plan
of differentiating colicky pains. Our loss, however, in this con-
nection is not great, and should not be discouraging, because
bowel surgery for intrinsic conditions are pretty hopeless any-
where. Even the human surgeon despairs at the necessity of cut-
ting into the intestinal tract, and if we are denied the benefit of
such interventions, we are not denied much that is successful. I[
know that surgical literature records enterotomies, enterectomies
and approximations with a recklessness that would lead a reader
170 L. A. MERILLAT.
to believe that these are but commonplace, every day trivialities, —
but when one scans statistics of mortalities and untoward sequelae —
we veterinarians may be thankful that our animal patients are no
suitable subjects for such operations.
The diseases of the small intestines found in domestic animal
with sufficient frequency to be called common diseases are: Ist.
Enteritis: Enteritis may be local, from a local obstruction, bt
more often it affects a more extensive area. The whole tract, in- |
cluding the stomach and large intestines may be affected.
probably always has its origin in faulty alimentation, but early in |
the course of the pain bacteria play an important role and thus
produce a condition that no surgical operation could benefit. 2¢
Obstruction. Obstruction from fibrous forage or unnatural foo¢
may cause obstruction at one point or over a considerable portiot
of the small bowels. Circumscribed obstructions may cause pouch= —
ing of the gut at the point affected and thus leave a place f
future accumulations. In dogs clay, sand, or foreign bodies may
lodge in them, and in rumenants foreign bodies may pass the fou
stomachs and lodge at or behind the pylorus. Here again y
cannot successfully operate for them even if we should eventually |
succeed in diagnosing these cases. 3d. Volvulus and Invagine- |
tions are common enough to warrant a very close study of
early symptoms. And it is a pity we do not diagnose them early |
because here we have conditions which could be relieved by ex-|
trinsic manipulations and would, therefore, be less hazardous
than operation requiring invasion of the rumen. I regret to say
that I have never been able to find these conditions except at}
the postmortem examination. |
The Large Intestines: Pain in the large bowels is easy tO
differentiate from pain in the stomach or small intestines. It 18_
always of a milder type and often intermittent. May last fo q
days. In practically all of the autopsies I have had the oppor-—
tunity to hold on animals dead after long sieges of colic, tt |
incriminating lesion was found in the large bowel. The pain may ay
be acute in the early stage, but this soon gives way to one that is”
milder and lasting. Sitting upon the haunches, dog-like, points —
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COLICS IN ANIMALS. 171
' to trouble in the large bowel. The common sign of turning the
_ nose toward the flank is also one that is seen more Often in dis-
, orders of the large bowels than of the small ones, although too
_ much dependence must not be placed upon this symptom, because
_ the same manifestation is seen in almost any form of colic. The
act of holding the nose at the flank for some moments at the
time is, however, a certain indication of a grave condition, like
) strangulated hernia, volvulus, invagination or fatal local obstruc-
_ tion of some other character.. In stomach colics there is always
' the telltale dilatation of the nostrils and local sweating about the
' foreparts of the body, while in colon disorders these symptoms
are wanting after the bloating has been relieved. These rules of
course apply only to the early stages of the affection. An impac-
) tion at the sternal flexure may give rise to these stomach symp-
' toms, but the differentiation is soon made when stomach catheteri-
» zation fails to afford relief, and then there is always the rectal
. exploration upon which we can depend to make an accurate diag-
) nosis of the exact seat of the obstructions in all instances.
_ The disorders of the large bowels in which surgery play an
| important role are: st. Acute Intestinal Indigestion. This
' is sometimes, although by no means always, associated with acute
| indigestion in the stomach. In this condition, the flatulent colic
| Of the old school veterinarians, the bowels are overwhelmed with
» food or with tainted food. The formation of gases from fermen-
, tation is sometimes so rapid as to cause death in short order if
telief is not promptly given, and often the damage done to the
intestinal walls by the stretching produces a condition in the
colon analogous to the dilatation of the stomach previously de-
scribed. The exhaustive muscularis being unable to contract
4 fails to move the accumulated mass. Very often, I regret to say,
_ this state of exhaustion is aggravated if not actually caused by the
| administration of eserine or arecoline. These drugs tax the mus-
, cularis severely by causing futile contractions against the solid
contents, and thus leave the bowels helpless, vapid, paralyzed at a
, erucial period of the disease when a little peristalsis would be
_ mighty precious.
172 L. A. MERILLAT.
Treatment: Vhe simple operation of intestinal puncture,
entercentesis, as we have been prone to call it, is the cherished
bit of colic surgery that must be depended upon as the curative
expedient. It is strictly a veterinarian’s operation, very old and
very simple, but no less the valuable because of this. The valu
of horses saved by this simple operation would be well worth
recording. When this operation has been done appropriate medi-
cal treatment per os must follow. Analgesics? No. Cannabis
Indica, chloral, opiates are so many harmful agents that should
have no place in the treatment of this condition, or in fact any
form of colic for that matter. I have, during the last few years,
followed with wonderful success the treatment of the late Dr.
N. P. Whitmore, of Illinois, which consists of the administra-
tion of ether in large doses. Whitmore would administer to
his patients sick with acute indigestion, gastric or intestinal, a
full half pint of ether as a drench. I have been told on good |
authority that he sometimes drenched a horse with one-half pint
and even a full pint of ether from the original package without
dilution. This we have modified to 6 ounces, given with linseed |
oil. The effect of ether vapor upon intestinal fermentation is
phenomenal when given in large doses. A purgative of aloin or
aloes given as soon as the acute symptoms have passed will a
as a stimulant to the colon some hours later, at a time — stimu:
lation is needed to prevent obstipation.
The second disorder of the large bowels is impaction of the —
colon—a condition consisting of the accumulation of more or |
less solid masses of aliment throughout or at different points o
this large folded compartment. It may follow acute intestina
indigestion or may arrive as an initial condition. Where horses —
are fed largely upon dry fodder for months, it is very common, —
and horses worked hard and fed well to keep up their conditior
are also very susceptible. In hard worked city horses it ofte
follows periods of idleness where the ration is not reduced, and
horses idle from some locomotory disability may fall victims—
while unable to take sufficient exercise to keep up the intext |
activity.
THE SURGICAL LREATMENT OF COLICS IN ANIMALS. 173
Pathologically, impaction of the colon as seen in horses is a
partial or complete paralysis of the walls of the colon. The
word “paralysis” applies best to this condition because the
muscularis after being overwhelmed into a state of enfeeblement
fails to contract.
The symptoms are quite characteristic. Indeed, there is little
excuse for not making an early diagnosis in every case. The
pain is mild and at first intermittent. The right flank compared
carefully with the left is slightly bulged and sometimes bloated.
During the first hour or two feces are voided frequently in small
quantities, but this ceases as soon as the floating colon is empty.
On auscultation of the right flank the borborygmus is found
feeble or absent, and on exploration per rectum there is little
trouble found in locating the solid contents of the colon. When
the pain is more acute the patient may sit, dog-fashion, or at
times stretch out as a male does in the act of urination. The
absorption of toxic products may cause some elevation of temper-
ature in rare cases early in the course of the disease, but more
‘often there is but little rise in the body temperature until the
patient is in a hopeless condition. I would always interpret fever
with colonic impactions as an exceedingly grave symptom.
Treatment: \Vhen impaction of the colon is found to exist,
no time must be lost in waiting for the action of slow acting
purges, and powerful drugs acting in transient stimulants to the
muscularis are exceedingly harmful. A horse affected with a
formidable impaction of the colon that survives a dose of eserine,
survives in spite of the treatment and not through it. Linseed
oil and also aloes are probably the best drugs for this condition,
but are useless in serious cases because there are no contractions
of the muscularis to distribute it to and through the accumulated
“mass, and as for eserine I am certain it is only helpful in cases
which would have recovered without medication. The walls are
too weak to cope with the heavy, dry, voluminous mass impacted
within them and a transient stimulation such as is produced by
eserine only adds to the enfeeblement, by impelling futile con-
tractions.
174 L. A. MERILLAT.
We are now using for this condition three forms of direct
treatment: Ist. Colonic flushings per rectuwm—high enemas.
While we have not entirely overcome the difficulties attending
attempts to wash out the large colon of horses, we are becoming
more and more successful in injecting large volumes of water
into it. We admit there is no easy method of washing out the
colon. The long floating colon of the herbivorous animals stand
as a real obstacle against the instillation of water into the larger
compartment anterior to it, but since the veterinarian is thus de-—
prived of a mighty effectual curative experiment, any manipula-
tion that would surmount this obstacle would be an invaluable
addition to the treatment of many grave disorders. We need
colonic flushing in animal therapy and we need it badly. Fatalities —
among animals sick with digestive disorders would be greatly |
reduced if we could inject water into the colon of herbivora as —
easily as in that of the carnivora and of humans. Curing impac-
tions of the colon would then be a triviality.
Our method of forcing water into the colon is not perfect. —
We are still in need of a better instrument to prevent reflex from ~
straining, but we have shown to our entire satisfaction that by |
patiently forcing water at a temperature of 112 Fahr. into the
floating colon by means of a hose and pump with the rectum
packed with substances to prevent free reflex of the water, large
quantities can be passed into the colon. While the floating colon
is still full of feces not much headway can be made, but when
these are expelled, a stream may be made to flow forward
through this gut into the large colon. Straining to expel the ~
water injected cannot be entirely controlled, but we have found
that since all of the water injected is not successfully expelled —
by the patient in these seizures, some will find its way into the ~
colon if the operation is persistently continued. We have found
also that an animal narcotized with drugs administered hyper-
dermically or anaesthetized with chloroform will take large vol- =
umes of water by a little patient forcing, and also that water at
the proper temperature (not too hot nor not too cold) is less apt
to cause straining. We once ruptured a horse’s floating colon by
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COLICS IN ANIMALS. 175
applying too much force to the pump, which fact shows the opera-
tion is not without its hazard.
Our method in use to-day, but which we hope to improve
when we have finally invented the proper instrument, is as fol-
lows: A hose is passed into the floating colon as far as possible
and then the rectum is packed with cotton wads until it is full.
Expulsion of the cotton is prevented by holding the hand firmly
against it within the anus. Then hot water previously prepared
in abundance is pumped into the hose until straining is pro-
duced. As soon as the.straining paroxysm ceases, the pumping
is resumed. At first, only a small quantity may be retained, but
if the operation is persistently repeated, large quantities will
eventually find its way forward. The operation is a mussy
affair, | admit, but it is no less valuable on this account. The
Kellogg syringe, which contains an inflatable rubber bulb to pre-
vent reflux is probably an improvement over this more crude
mechanism of ours, but it too must be held in with the hands
and the reflux is by no means controlled by it. There is need of
a hose having an inflatable bulb as large as a football that is so
arranged that it can be retained in the rectum by means of a
harness. We are now having such an affair constructed, but
since it has never been completed, we cannot of course venture
any opinion as to its merits at this time.
Instillation of Water into the Stomach: The second opera-
tion we use against impactions of the colon is the instillation of
_ copious drafts of water into the intestines through the stomach
_ with the stomach tube. If the stomach is full, but this is seldom
_ the case, it should first be washed out and then 6 to 8 gallons of
water injected into it. The water promptly finds its way into
_ the intestinal tract, sometimes as far as the caecum. By sup-
_ plying the intestines with these liberal draughts of water from
iwo directions, there are indeed few cases of impactions that
will not yield when the diagnosis is made before the muscularis
has been too seriously weakened and a peritonitis has already
developed.
Flushing the Colon Through the Abdominal Wall: The
176 L. A. MERILLAT.
third is the direct instillation of water or oil into the colon
through the abdominal wall by means of a trocar or canula. The
right flank is punctured in the usual manner and after the trocar
is removed, a small rubber hose is attached to the canula and the
instillation done by pouring the liquid into a funnel attached to
the other end. The intestines will slowly take liberal amounts of
Huids in this manner. The procedure is harmless and if done at
an early stage, is very effectual.
When the contents are known to have been softened by these
methods, eserine may be given with safety and with splendid
results.
I am aware these symptoms of attacking impactions are not
new. They have, however, never become standard operations,
and in view of the fact that they are proving phenomenal in the
hands of those who have become expert in the essential manipu-
lations, this attention to them has been deemed worth while.
Torsion of the Colon: ‘Yorsion of the colon is a common
enough accident in horses, and of course always fatal. Attempts
to correct this misplacement by manipulations have never been
successful. Some have told that this may be done by rolling the
patient while the arm is held in the rectum. At my hands this
has always failed. Direct handling of the organ through a flank
laparotomy has likewise been an unsucceessful procedure with me.
| have always found the colon too weak to stand the traction re-
quired to lift it with its heavy contents. Latterly the procedure
of Hartwig, of Wisconsin, for torsion of the uterus of cows has
occurred to me to be applicable to the colon as well. I have, un-
fortunately, not met a case since Hartwig announced his method
publicly, but believe we now have a method of untwisting a colon
without much trouble. The success of course will depend upon a
‘liagnosis made before the organ is damaged by disease.
Hartwig has performed some operations for torsion of the
uterus in cows with splendid success by making an abdominal
section in the right flank large enough to admit both arms. In
this I see the secret of success in handling the twisted colon, for
with both hands the organ can be lifted without danger of tearing
its walls.
~~ ie. Be a ee
the
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COLICS IN ANIMALS. ALT ELS
In conclusion, | venture to say that the possibilities of suc-
cessful instrumentation of the intestinal tract and stomach of
animals are by no means meagre. Although the operations are of
a different order than those splendid invasions of the human
surgeons, we have a broad field which we have thus far failed to
cultivate as fruitfully as is possible, and from which may be
selected a wealth of operations that cure colics heretofore re-
garded as fatal.
PuHysiciANs Pay TRIBUTE TO VETERINARY SCIENCE.—In an
article in The American Journal of Clinical Medicine for Sep-
tember, on page 773, entitled “ Help to Make Smooth the Road
to Motherhood,” Dr. E. B. Young, of Baker, La., says, “I will
say that the source from which I probably have received the most
information outside of my own profession has been the veterin-
arian. He then states that it has been his good fortune to have a
close personal acquaintance with three first-class veterinarians,
“one of whom,” he goes on to say, “has an international repu-
tation, and than whom there is no better. I speak of W. H.
Dalrymple, M. R. C. V. S., professor of veterinary science at
the Louisiana State University. I never met any of these gentle-
men without adding something to my store of useful practical in-
formation.” Another recognition of the benefit of co-operative
study between the physician and the veterinarian is made mani-
fest in an article entitled “Oxygen Subcutaneously ’”’ under the
head of “ Correspondence,” by Dr. J. A. Burnett. Read it, and
give Dr. Burnett the benefit of your experience through the
columns of the REVIEw.
NATIONAL AssocIATION BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY EM-
PLOYEES.—Through the courtesy of Dr. S. J. Walkley, secretary
of the above association, we recently received a copy of the pro-
ceedings of the first annual meeting at Chicago in May last. It
was a three day meeting, with evening sessions, and an immense
amount of work was accomplished. The REvieEw commended the
organization of this association at the time of its inception, and
predicted a great future for it, which has already been realized,
although it is still young. We note, in reading the proceedings,
that the Chief of B. A. I. is also much impressed with the work
of the organization, and regret that they were not received in
time to abstract more fully from them.
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS, CHICAGO, ILL.*
Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: About two years ago
the New York Milk Committee recognizing the chaos that pre-
vailed in the milk business, and recognizing that one of the rea-
sons for this chaos was a lack of standards, decided that they
would appoint a Milk Standards Commission, this commission
to be composed of men who had had experience with milk in dif-
ferent ways, in order that each might bring to the work of the
commission his point of view, and with the idea that that presenta-
tion would be of servite in arriving at conclusions. The idea was
that, this report having been made, ordinances and laws would
be adopted, drawn along the general lines of the report, and that ~
if then it should be found that there were features of the report
that did not work well, modification would ensue. It was not
thought that one general statute, or one general ordinance, could
be drawn applicable to all parts of the country, since that which
has made the milk question difficult to handle has been the fact
that it does not enter into general commerce; the reason being
that there is so much of variation between the different communi-
ties and so many things that make it impossible for the supply
of one community to be available to any large extent for any
other community; or, in other words, one of the factors that has
worked against getting milk on the same commercial basis that
other commodities are on is the fact that milk conditions are fla-
vored or tinctured by local conditions. Nevertheless it was
thought that gain would be had if there could be a uniform
thread, a certain thread of uniformity, on which variation would
be made to suit the peculiarities of different communities. This
was as much as the New York Milk Committee had in mind in
the selection of this Milk Standards Commission.
*An extemporaneous address delivered before the American Veterinary Medical
Association on the morning of the last day’s session at New York, September, 1913.
178
a
a a a a en eee
—— eS 2
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS. 179
Some two hundred names were submitted for membership
on the commission, and out of that number approximately twenty
were selected, most of whom have remained with the commis-
sion during its two years of existence. The membership com-
mission, as at present constituted, is composed of Dr. B. L. Arms,
who at that time was an assistant in the department of biology
and public health of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
director of the laboratories of the Health Department of Boston,
now director of the laboratories of the Health Department of the
State of Oregon; Dr. John F. Anderson, director of the Hygienic
Laboratory of the United States Public Health Service, Wash-
ington, D. C.; Prof. H. W. Conn, director of the Bacteriological
Laboratory of the Connecticut State Board of Health; Prof.
Conn, of Wesleyan University; Dr. E. C. Levy, Health Officer
of Richmond, Va.; Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture; Dr. Wm.
H. Park, Director of Laboratories, Department of Health of the
City of New York; Mr. Raymond A. Pearson, President of the
State College of Agriculture of Ames, Iowa; Dr. M. P. Ravenel,
Director of the Hygienic Laboratory of the University of Wis-
consin; Prof. M. J. Rosenau, Professor of Hygiene and Pre-
ventive Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Mr. Chester H.
Wells, Health Officer, Montclair, N. J.; Prof. Henry C. Sherman,
_of the Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New
York City; Dr. L. L. Van Slyke, of the Department of Chem-
istry of the New York Agricultural Experiment Station; Dr.
Charles E. North, Consulting Sanitarian, a member of the New
York Milk Committee and Secretary of the Commission; Dr. J.
N. Hurty, Secretary of the State Board of Health, Indianapolis,
Ind.; Dr. Joseph S. Neff, Director of the Public Health Depart-
ment of Philadelphia, Pa.; Dr. John S. Fulton, Director of the
State Department of Health, Baltimore, Md.; and myself.
As you will notice, the veterinarians’ interests are represented
by Dr. Melvin, and I think fairly also by Dr. Ravenel; the health
departments, by several secretaries of state boards of health, by
health officers of large communities—for instance, Chicago, New
180 ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS.
York and Philadelphia; of middle-sized communities, such as
Richmond, Va., Dr. Levy; and of small communities by Mr.
Wells, of the Department of Health, of Montclair, N. J. The
National Health Service is represented by Dr. Anderson. Vari-
ous agricultural colleges are represented by Mr. Pearson, Presi-
dent of the Iowa State College, and by Prof. Stocking, of Cornell,
and Prof. Van Slyke. After two years of deliberation the com-
mittee issued a report with the understanding that that report
would be distributed by the Public Health Service. It was so
distributed in May, 1912. After many thousands of copies had
been distributed, and after requests for opinions had been replied
to from many different sources, the commission was again called
together with the view of amending the report in the light of the
year’s experience.
The meeting for the consideration of the report, for its re-
vision, with a view to final publication, was held at Richmond
in April. The report was issued on August 22, 1913, and is to
be found in the Public Health Reports for that date. I had —
hoped to have a considerable supply of those reports here this
morning. The New York Milk Committee have just telephoned
that they have not had the supply from Washington that they
expected, but that a moderate number, in fact a small number,
of copies would be in the room before we adjourn this morning.
They suggested that those anxious to secure copies write to the
United States Public Health Service, Washington, D. C., for
a copy of their report,-dated August 22, 1913. If you prefer,
however, if you will furnish me a list of the members I will en-
deavor to have a copy of the report sent to each member. I will
transmit that list to Dr. Anderson, of the Public Health Service,
who has the matter in charge.
Now I am going to read a few of the subjects covered in this
report, those that are of particular interest, I take it, to the gentle-
men who constitute this organization; and then I am going to
speak to three of those subjects—not to the report in its entirety,
but to three of the matters that are covered in the report.
The sections that I have marked to be read are the follow-
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS. 181
ing: The preamble begins with these words: “ Proper milk
standards, while they are essential to efficient milk control by
public health authorities and have as their object the protection
of the milk consumer, are also necessary for the ultimate well-
being of the milk industry itself. Public confidence is an asset of
the highest value in the milk business. The milk producer is
interested in proper standards of milk, since these contribute to
the control of bovine tuberculosis and other cattle diseases and
distinguish between the good producer and the bad producer.”
I will now read some more along the same line. The reason
for introducing this is that | am presently going to say some-
thing about the failure of the milk business to develop as it should
in some measure as the result of a lack of public confidence in
milk. On this general subject of the lack of uniform conditions
in the different communities they say:
“These are the result of a study of the printed rules and
regulations of the cities of the United States and of foreign coun-
tries and represent an immense amount of work on the part of
the special commission to which the task was assigned. Some
communities are in a position to adopt all of these rules and
regulations at the present time, while other communities will be
obliged to adopt a few rules at a time, as public sentiment and
local conditions warrant. It is realized that some of the rules
will have to be modified to meet local conditions.”
One of the criticisms that the report has been subject to is the
fact that the rules better fit the conditions in large cities than they
do those in small cities. That would mean this, that it is possible
for a small city to have a better milk supply than a large one.
As a general proposition I think it is true that small communi-
ties have worse milk supplies than large communities. That is
by reason of the fact that they make no effort to control their
milk supplies. When they do make such efforts, it is found that
it is relatively easy to control them in small communities as com-
pared with large communities. Therefore certain bacterial stand-
ards to which I shall presently refer, whilst they are the bacte-
rial standards that we have to compromise on when we are deal-
182 ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS.
ing with the large community, should not obtain in the small
community ; the small community can do infinitely better.
You will understand that the milk as it comes from a cow
is occasionally free from bacteria; it is usually of low bacterial
count. Occasionally there is found a cow giving milk contain-
ing but a few thousand bacteria as it issues from the udder. As
a general proposition, however, the bacterial content of newly
drawn milk is low. There are certain ferments that develop in
milk shortly after it is drawn, the nature of which we know
very little about, which are, however, bactericidal; they are some-
thing more than restraining in their action on bacteria; they seem
to be bactericidal, so that at the end of about six hours there are
fewer bacteria in the milk than there were at the time it was
drawn, that is, in milk that has been well kept. This ferment
action is a self-limited action, so that after about six hours it
ceases to operate and bacterial multiplication begins in earnest.
The communities therefore, that have their cows close up to their —
babies, that have the mouth of the baby in close juxtaposition to
the cow, have no great difficulty in securing milk of a low bacte-
rial count. Whenever you begin to interpose between the baby
and the teat any sort of foreign circumstance or happening, you
increase the number of bacteria that you must have in milk, from
which there seems to be no practical escape. If the milk is pro-
duced on the premises where it is consumed, if any sort of effort
is made to secure healthy cows, such as make for hygiene, under
those circumstances the milk is very much cleaner, very much
better and very much more wholesome than milk that is pro-
duced under any other circumstance. If the milk is produced a
few miles away in the country, so that it needs to be hauled but
a short distance, handled but by few people—the people who pro-
duce and the people who consume, let us say—but one wagon
intervening between the cow and the baby, a double delivery, let
us say, so that much of the milk is consumed before it is six
hours old, and all of it is consumed before it is twelve or four-
teen hours old, under those circumstances you can demand and
can secure very much lower bacterial counts than are set by this
ee | ee
——_—
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS. 183
> tyra gem
commission. You will understand that a bacterial standard is
-not an absolute thing; it is merely a measure by which the sources
of the milk are to be judged; and if a milk that is but a few
hours old and that has been handled by but few people has a
high bacterial count, it means that the conditions under which it
_ was produced and under which it has been kept, have been almost
-unspeakably bad. If, however, the milk is a day or more old,
has been hauled fifty or more miles, has been hauled in a rail-
road train and by two or more wagons, it may have a hundred
thousand bacteria without it indicating that there has been gross
negligence at any point along the line. Therefore these bacterial
' standards are to be taken in this light: a community that cannot
"secure better than two hundred thousand as its standard of bac-
terial count, will be fair or moderately fair to the children who
, consume cow’s milk, if they allow that to be the standard of their
_ community. If, however, a community has cows kept on the
premises, or cows within four or five miles of town, a double
_ daily delivery of milk, it would not be at all fair to those babies
if the health department were to allow a count of two hundred
thousand.
CLASSIFICATION OF MILKs.
‘ “ There is no escape from the conclusion that milk must be
graded and sold on grade, just as wheat, corn, cotton, beef and
other products are graded. The milk merchant must judge of
the food value and also of the sanitary character of the com-
modity in which he deals. The high-grade product must get a
_ better price than at present. The low-grade product must bring
Bless.”
I do not know how it came about, but there is considerable
public opinion that milk should be classed as milk, and that no
adjectives should be applied to milk. This is difficult for me to
understand, because in the whole range of commerce there is
not another thing within my knowledge that is bought and sold
that is not graded and classified. It is true of cotton, where we
have all sorts of titles and adjectives applied to it; it is true of
an? «
184 ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS.
wheat ; it 1s true of meat; it is true of lard; it is true of calico;
it is true of silk; it is true of iron, of steel, of cars and of ele-
phants. Everything that is bought and sold is graded:and classi-
fied except milk; and why anyone could assume that this particu-
lar commodity could thrive on a commercial basis, violating this
which is a proven and fundamental rule of commerce, I have
never been able to understand. It seems to me that one of the
necessities, if the milk business is to thrive, is that milk should
be made to conform, just as far as it is possible for it to con-
form, to the ordinary commercial lines, and where it does not
automatically conform to such commercial lines there should be
such regulation and control as would cause it to travel in those
grooves where it has been demonstrated that business best
prospers.
BACTERIA.
The subject of bacteria in milk received more attention than
any other matter brought before the commission. The commis-
sion recognizes that bacteria in milk in the majority of instances
indicate dirt, or lack of refrigeration, or age, while in the minority
of instances the bacteria of disease may be present. The routine
laboratory methods of examining milk have as their purpose only
the control over dirt, refrigeration and age, and it is a rare thing
for a laboratory to undertake the examination of milk for the
bacteria of disease because of the extreme difficulties in detect-
ing them. The more efficacious method of protecting milk from _
infection by the bacteria of human contagion is by medical, veter-
inary and sanitary inspection, and by pasteurization. Milk with
a high bacteria count is not necessarily harmful, but when used
as a food, particularly for children, is a hazard too great to be
warranted. Milk with a high bacteria count, therefore, should
be condemned. Milks with small numbers of bacteria are pre-
sumed to be wholesome, unless there is reasonable ground for
suspecting that they have been exposed to contagion.
I now come to the subject of “ Laboratory Examination for
Bacteria.”
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A, EVANS. 185
I am going to digress far enough to say that we are not infre-
quently disturbed by the perfection of certain laboratories; for
instance, Dr. Mohler’s laboratory. We get an idea that the
laboratory is not a laboratory unless it has the equipment in men
and in instruments that these better developed laboratories have.
We are stopped by this conception of a laboratory from under-
taking laboratory work in our smaller communities, those com-
munities that cannot afford the more complete equipment that is
to be found in such laboratories. Let me suggest that there is
no community that is large enough to afford a public school
that is not large enough to afford a laboratory for the
examination of milk, at least in so far as sanitary considerations
are concerned. The equipment required is simple, and for cer-
tain procedures the technical training required is hardly worthy
of consideration. As you, gentlemen, very well know, the simple
Babcock instrument has now carried the testing of butter fat in
milk to the farm, so that it is done by the farmer’s son, and not
infrequently by the thoroughly untrained farmer himself. There
is a fair method of testing the sanitary quality of milk that is
even simpler than the application of the Babcock test, and that
is the dirt test—the filtering of a given quantity of milk through
a filter for the purpose of disclosing the amount of dirt that is
in that sample. For instance, the milk having been thoroughly
agitated, a pint is removed therefrom, and that pint is filtered,
and the amount of dirt caught on the filter is held for purposes
of demonstration and education. Milk can be filtered through a
pledget of cotton; it can be filtered cold—however, it filters bet-
ter warm; it can be filtered with no apparatus at all, except a
funnel and a pledget of cotton. However, that is rather slow;
we will be better satisfied all around if we have a little bit more
apparatus than that. In the city of Chicago we have been using
an ordinary plain, simple filter with a pledget of cotton in the
bottom of the filter; that filter runs into a vacuum bottle, and in
that vacuum bottle a small degree of vacuum or low-air pressure
is maintained. You can get enough vacuum by merely attach-
ing this vacuum bottle to a current of running water, so that
186 ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS.
any place that has running water has about all of the equipment
that is needed for the making of the dirt test. For a while we ©
had our men equipped with a large rubber bulb that would hold
about a pint, and they would create a slight degree of vacuum
in that bottle by simply exhausting the air with the bulb. I am_
going into these little details, because they show that not much
of apparatus is required for the dirt test. Certainly it would be
easy indeed to equip the laboratory of your public school with
the Babcock test; and you could not do a better thing for the
milk supply of your community, and for the people of the com-
munity, and for the children themselves, than to have them pe-
riodically and systematically examine the milk supplies of your
community with the Babcock test. Some of you here, I am sure,
have had experience as school teachers. You will understand the
advantage from the pedagogic standpoint of using for the pur-
poses of study something in which there is a human or per-
sonal interest. Therefore your children in school will learn very
much more about the question of fat and certain chemical ques-
tions if they use things that they bring from their homes than
if they use things that appeal to them altogether from a
didactic standpoint. The same thing is true of the dirt test.
There is no reason why the students of the public schools should
not regularly and systematically apply the dirt test to the milk
supply of their community.
Now, a bacterial count—that is to say, a quantitative count
—is a matter of somewhat greater difficulty. It requires a little
bit more of equipment, but it requires very little more of equip-
ment. If the counts are to be made at incubator temperatures,
an incubator can be constructed at very small cost. You are
to remember that the microscope required for a quantitative bac-
terial count is a very low power microscope, and therefore the
expensive microscope equipment that you ordinarily have in mind
when you think of bacterial work is not required for the quan-
titative counts of milk, or water, or other substances, in a com-
munity. Without going into further detail, it would be easily
possible for the senior grades in your local schools to carry out
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS. 187
bacterial examinations of the milk supplies of those communi-
ties. [I mean now quantitative examinations, and that is about
all that we put very much stress upon. As a practical matter,
administrative matter, we do not get very much from qualitative
examinations of milk.
There are a few bacteria, pathogenic for the human animal
that it has been demonstrated are found in milk. The best known,
of course, of these is the tubercle bacillus. You heard Dr. Park
tell his story last night, how they found that about 12 per cent.
of the milk supply in New York City contained tubercle bacilli.
Quite uniformly those tubercle bacilli are virulent for guinea pigs.
You heard his further statement that the proof, such as is obtain-
able on such a question as this, is that a large percentage of
those tubercle bacilli are virulent for the human animal; a larger
percentage of them are bovine tubercle bacilli, virulent for chil-
dren in the mid-period of child life; many of them are human
tubercle bacilli, virulent for younger children, for babies, and
those in the first two years of life, producing pulmonary tuber-
culosis in those cases, and a small percentage are virulent for
adults. There is some evidence, and I think quite conclusive evi-
dence, that typhoid bacilli have been found in milk. Of course
we have that presumptive evidence that is quite conclusive and
has been so accepted by the courts, found in the development of
typhoid fever amongst people who have been consuming a cer-
tain milk, in the handling of which milk, at some point or other,
there has been probably infection with typhoid. Of course that
evidence is quite conclusive to fair-minded people. It is gen-
erally accepted as conclusive when offered in courts of law. At
the same time it is nothing more than presumptive proof. They
have, however, demonstrated that the typhoid bacillus has been
found in milk, making use of the Weidel reaction. Then there
is septic sore throat, in which I think the proof is quite definite
that certain of the streptococci are responsible for the spread
of the disease; but just the relation between those streptococci
and the streptococci derived from the udder of the cow has not
been established.
188 ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS.
Now, that is about as much as we know about the pathogenic
bacteria in milk. It is not of very much practical or administra-
tive value, as I said a while ago, as a general proposition. After
you have had the lapse of the period of incubation, the develop-
ment of the disease, the number of days required for purposes
of the inquiry, the condition responsible for the infection of the
milk has terminated so that it is not of any practical value from
that standpoint at all. But the use of the bacterial standard as
a method of measuring the standards, the sanitary standards, the
hygienic standards, the probabilities of proper care in the pro-
duction of milk on the part of those who are responsible for its
production and for its handling, the advisability of using the
bacterial count for these measuring and estimating purposes I
think has been fully ‘established.
I have something here on the subject of ‘‘ Laboratory Exami-
nations for Bacteria.’ It is proposed to grade milk into the fol-
lowing three grades:
“Grade A—Raw Milk. Milk of this class shall come from
cows free from disease as determined by tuberculin tests and
physical examinations by a qualified veterinarian and shall be
produced and handled by employees free from disease as deter-
mined by medical inspection by a qualified physician, under sani-
tary conditions, such that the bacteria count shall not exceed
100,000 per cubic centimeter at the time of delivery to the con-
sumer. It is recommended that dairies from which this supply :
is obtained shall score at least 80 on the United States Bureau of —
Animal Industry score card.
“ Pasteurized Milk. Milk of this class shall come from cows
free from disease as determined by physical examinations by a
qualified veterinarian and shall be produced and handled under
sanitary conditions such that the bacteria count at no time ex-
ceeds 200,000 per cubic centimeter. All milk of this class shall
be pasteurized under official supervision, and the bacteria count
shall not exceed 10,000 per cubic centimeter at the time of deliv-
ery to the customer. It-is recommended that dairies from which ~
this supply is obtained shall score 65 on the United States Bureau —
of Animal Industry score card.”
id
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS. 189
I may say that one of the most extensive discussions that we
had was as to the score required on the Animal Industry score
card. There were men who believed that those scores were too
low. The question was finally settled, however, when we bore
in mind the difference in the personal equation of the scorer; the
90 of one man is about the same as the 45 of another man; and
if we put a score that was too high, the result would be that
some fellow would merely lower his standards of scoring, and in
that way bring up his average score.
“ Grade B. Milk of this class shall come from cows free from
disease as determined by physical examinations, of which one
each year shall be by a qualified veterinarian, and shall be pro-
duced and handled under sanitary conditions such that the bac-
teria count at no time exceeds 1,000,000 per cubic centimeter.
All milk of this class shall be pasteurized under official super-
vision, and the bacteria count shall not exceed 50,000 per cubic
centimeter when delivered to the consumer.
“It is recommended that dairies producing Grade B milk
should be scored and that the health departments or the control-
ling departments, whatever they may be, strive to bring these
scores up as rapidly as possible.
“Grade C. Milk of this class shall come from cows free from
disease as determined by physical examinations and shall include
all milk that is produced under conditions such that the bacteria
count is not in excess of 1,000,000 per cubic centimeter.
“All milk of this class shall be pasteurized or heated to a
higher temperature, and shall contain less than 50,000 bacteria
per cubic centimeter when delivered to the consumer. It is
recommended that this milk be used for cooking or manufactur-
ing purposes only.
“ Whenever any large city or community finds it necessary,
on account of the length of haul or other peculiar conditions, to
allow the sale of Grade C milk, its sale shall be surrounded by
safeguards such as to insure the restriction of its use to cooking
and manufacturing purposes.”
Now, gentlemen, I think I will read to you one other section
under the title, ‘‘ Cows.”
190 ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS.
*“ Cows.
‘ Requirements.—1. A physical examination of all cows shall
be made at least once every six months by a veterinarian approved
by the health authorities.
2. Every diseased cow shall be removed from the herd a
once, and no milk from such cows shall be offered for sale.
“3. The tuberculin test shall be applied at least once a year
by a veterinarian approved by the health authorities. :
“4. All cows which react shall be removed from the herd at
once, and no milk from such cows shall be sold as raw milk.
“5. No new cows shall be added to a herd until they hag
passed a physical examination and the tuberculin test.
“6. Cows, especially the udders, shall be So at the time
of eeligst
“7. No milk that is obtained from a cow within 15 days | De-
fore or 5 days after parturition, nor any milk that has an unnat-
ural odor or appearance shall be sold. “a
“8. No unwholesome food shall be used.”
Milk from cows reacting to the tuberculin test can be pasteur
ized and sold under proper supervision.
In addition to those requirements certain recommendations
are made.
‘“ RECOM MENDATIONS.
1. Every producer shall allow a veterinarian employed by
the health authorities to examine his herd at any time under the
penalty of having his supply excluded.
‘2. Certificates showing the results of all examinations she |
be filed with the health authorities within ten days after such
examinations.
“3. The tuberculin tests shall be applied at least once eve
six months by a veterinarian approved by the health authorities,
unless on the last previous test no tuberculosis was present in
the herd or in the herds from which new cows were obtained
in which event the test may be postponed an additional six
months. ;
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS. 191
“4. Charts showing the results of all tuberculin tests shall
be filed with the health authorities within ten days of the date of
such test.
“5. The udders shall be washed and wiped before milking.”
Now, gentlemen, I think I will close because I notice that
we have come to the hour for your section meetings, with a brief
discussion of the question of the welfare of the milk industry,
something concerning the factors that are responsible for the
fact that the milk industry is not developing co-ordinately with
the other industries. In the first place, there is not a particle of
organization, as we know the word in these later years, applied
to the milk business. At no stage of production or of selling is
the milk business organized in the way that other businesses are
organized. The men engaged in the business quite generally
have resisted efforts to grade and classify milk. They have hesi-
tated at the educational effort necessary to re-educate their people,
so that they would appreciate the differences between good and
bad milk, as expressed by the letters A, B, C, or other designa-
tions. They have preferred that the ordinary custom should re-
main of calling milk milk, and making good milk sell in competi-
tion on the same basis with poor milk. One of the reasons why
there has not been the development of the milk business that
there should have been is because of the periodic outbreaks of
distrust and fear that result from periodic demonstrations of the
ability of milk to carry bacteria capable of causing infection.
Beyond doubt the incoming of pasteurization will reduce the num-
ber of milk outbreaks, but, nevertheless, there will be from time
to time articles in the papers, telegraphed widely throughout the
country, emphasizing the dangers of drinking milk, and the non-
discriminating public will refrain from drinking all kinds of milk
until that particular fear has been allayed.
By reason of the fact that the milk business is a pretty good-
sized business, we lose sight of the fact that it ought to be a very
much larger-sized business; we lose sight of the fact that it has
not grown and has not developed as have other businesses in the
country, in spite of the fact that it should have grown and should
have developed more than those other businesses in the country.
192 ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS.
Milk is more nearly an ideal food; it finds a broader range of use
than most any other food. It has many different possibilities
aside from those for which it is at present employed. I have not
time to develop those possibilities. I am going to put this single
illustration, and then leave you for your section work.
When the milk commission was en route to Richmond, in
April, they were invited to stop off at Annapolis and visit the
government dairy in connection with the institute there. We
found that several years ago they had a good deal of minor
digestive disorder. They investigated the cause of that disorder.
They found that from time to time they had outbreaks of typhoid
fever. A cursory investigation was made, and after a while it
occurred to them to look into the general milk supply of that
community, and particularly into the milk supply that was drawn
on for the academy. They found that the academy supply was
quite bad. The government was finally persuaded to put in its
own dairy. When they put in the dairy they found but one loca-
tion available, and that was quite near the hospital. The doc-
tors at the hospital did not want the dairy near their hospital.
They said: “ It will fill our hospital with flies.” In reply to that
the people in charge of the dairy said: ‘‘ Well, if you will look
after your flies, we will look after our flies, and we will promise
not to disturb your hospital with the dairy flies if you will prom-
ise not to disturb our dairy with the hospital flies.” They built
in a dairy that was very clean. In order that there might be no
flies they took proper care of the manure. They not only went
after the flies in the stable, but they distributed fly-traps out over
the pasture in order to catch those flies that in fair weather stayed
out of doors. In consequence of that fact they have been very
much more disturbed by hospital flies than the hospital has been
disturbed by dairy flies. Immediately the milk is drawn it is
chilled. They have a chilling apparatus in close proximity to
the place where the milk is drawn. Then the milk is kept cold
and is consumed by the students in a relatively short while. The
cows are tuberculin tested. They are examined by veterinarians
from the Bureau of Animal Industry. In fact, the entire instal-
lation has been under the direction of the Bureau of Animal In-
ADDRESS BY PROF. WILLIAM A. EVANS. 1938
dustry. The milk goes over there to the boys with an exceed-
ingly low bacterial count, clean and cold, and it is consumed
within a few hours.
Now, the point to my story is this. There are 700 students
in that academy. In olden times there were 120 sick-days per
month on an average, from minor digestive disorders. You will
understand we are not talking now about babies; we are talking
about great, husky, double-jointed naval cadets, men whose di-
gestive apparatus can better’ withstand disease than can the digest-
ive apparatus of the average adults of the community. By sick-
days we mean days excused from duty. One hundred and twenty
sick-days a month would mean that each student would have an
average of about one-fifth of a sick-day during the month. When
they put in this milk the number of sick-days from digestive dis-
orders materially decreased, so that in no month since that was
installed have they had more than twenty sick-days from minor
digestive disorders, and they have had no illness that was even
presumptively a milk-born illness. That is to say, they have de-
creased the excuse rate to as low as one-sixth of what it formerly
was, at the maximum. That is to say, the maximum rate since
this new milk was used is but one-sixth of the rate before it was
used. There have been months when there have been no sickness
days and other months with five and six and seven and eight days
off duty, as compared with 120. Twenty was the worst month
that they have had, and that happened to be a month when they
had a lot of football games, taking the boys off the campus.
The second point is this: Those 700 boys consume 300 gal-
lons of milk a day. Now, there is not a community in America
that has one-quarter of that quartage. There is no community in
America that has anything like that quartage, and if there was a
_ grade of milk on the market that was comparable with the grade
of milk that is being supplied to the Naval Academy students, the
consumption of milk would be very much increased over the
amount as at present consumed. Of course there would develop
along with that other uses for milk that would still further in-
crease the amount consumed, and of course that would carry with
it a still greater development of the milk industry.
THE USE OF MILK CULTURES OF B. BULGARICUS IN THE ©
PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF BACILLARY
WHITE DIARRHEA OF YOUNG CHICKS.*
By L. D BusHNELL AND Otro Maurer, MANHATTAN, KANSAS.
Metchnikoft’s discoveries of the influence of the lactic ferments —
upon the intestinal flora in health and disease opened a wide field
for the treatment of the various disturbances caused by a devia-
tion of the intestinal flora from the normal. The principles of
this form of bacterial therapy are too well known to be reiterated —
here. Though this cheap and simple form of treatment has
rapidly conquered an important place in human medicine, it has,
until recently, been almost entirely ignored by the veterinarian.
The favorable results which Standfuss reported on the use of
yoghurt in epidemic calf-diarrhea suggested to the authors the
use of this preparation in the treatment of white diarrhea in
young chicks.
This disease, the one most dreaded by the poultry farmer,
and which makes poultry raising unprofitable on some farms,
has been thoroughly investigated by L. F. Rettger, of the Shef-
field Scientific School, Yale, in connection with Stoneburn, for-
merly of Storr’s Experiment Station. Their results were met
with scepticism by many, but have since been fully confirmed by
Gage and Jones. In Bulletin 74, the latest report of the Storr’s
Experiment Station, on bacillary white diarrhea, this disease
is aptly described as follows:
“As in many other diseases, the symptoms may vary within
certain limits in the individuals affected. .We do not wish to be
understood that all of the following symptoms will be observed
* From the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Kansas State Agricultural Experiment
Station.
194
THE USE OF MILK CULTURES OF B. BULGARICUS. 195
in every chick suffering from bacillary white diarrhea ; but almost
all of them will be apparent in epidemics of any considerable
size.
“The earliest deaths may occur within a very short time after
hatching, without any prominent symptoms, excepting perhaps
weakness and lack of vitality. The characteristic whitish dis-
_ charge from the vent soon makes its appearance in the flock,
the time depending, without doubt, upon the virulence of the or-
“ganism and mode of infection. The discharge may be slight
or profuse, in color white or creamy, sometimes mixed with
brown. The voided matter has a more or less sticky or glairy
character. It may simply streak the down below the vent or may
cling to the down in sufficient quantity to seal up the vent. This
is the condition that poultry-men designate as ‘ pasting up be-
hind.’ This latter condition, however, is not necessarily indi-
- cative of white diarrhea.
“The chicks soon become listless and sleepy, inclined tu
huddle together and remain under the hover much of the time.
_They seem to lose appetite and do not eat much. Frequently
when they attempt to take food, their action is more or less me-
chanical. The wings begin to droop or project slightly from the
body, with feathers ruffled. In acute cases the eyes are closed,
and the chicks become indifferent to everything that goes on
about them. Many of the chicks peep or chirp constantly, the
sound being shrill or weak, according to the strength of the indi-
a vidual. Frequently when endeavoring to void the excreta, the
chicks utter a shrill twitter, apparently a cry of pain. The breath-
ing may be labored, the abdomen heaving with each breath. Oc-
casionally one may note a certain amount of gasping.
“During the progress of the disease the chick may die sud-
denly while still fairly strong. When the disease is prolonged
the chicks gradually waste away, becoming weaker and weaker
until they are scarcely able to support their own weight. In this
stage they will often be seen to rest against foreign objects for
support, standing with legs braced apart, squatting or lying
utterly helpless.
196 L. D. BUSHNELL AND OTTO MAURER.
‘* Frequently the chicks take on the appearance which poultry-_
men call ‘ short-backed.’ The back seems to shorten and the
abdomen to protrude out of proportion, causing the chick to
look ‘ stilty’’ as compared with one of normal development. This
condition Woods accurately describes as follows:
«The weakling is almost always big-bellied, the abdomen
protruding to the rear so that it bunches out behind, well out of
line with the vent, with the result that the chick looks as if the
tail-piece and backbone had been pushed forward and in, just
above the vent.’
“ With few exceptions, the deaths from typical bacillary wh*te
diarrhea occur while the chicks are under one month of aga.
After this a few straggling deaths may be expected, and if com-
plications set in, a high mortality may be observed. The chicks
which have had bacillary white diarrhea seem to be greatly weak-
ened in constitution, and fall an easy prey to disorders which
would be resisted easily by normal chicks.
‘Those which survive remain more or less stunted in their
development. Frequently they are misshapen, with long beaks
and ‘ crow-heads,’ and with imperfect feathering. In every way
they impress one as being weak and lacking in vitality. This
condition may persist indefinitely, or the bird may slowly regain
vigor and vitality and finally make fairly satisfactory develop-
ment.
“ Findings upon autopsy:
‘““Crop—Empty or partially filled with slimy fluid or with |
food.
“ Lungs—Apparently normal. (Tubercles not observed.)
‘“ Liver—Pale, with streaks and patches of red. The con-
gested areas are usually large in size. Occasionally epidemics
will be met with in which the liver is more or less congested
throughout. In such cases the portion of the stomach lying in
contact with the liver is inflamed.
‘“ Kidney and Spleen—Apparently normal.
‘ Intestines—Pale and for the greater part empty. A small
amount of dark grayish or brownish matter frequently present.
THE USE OF MILK CULTURES OF B. BULGAKICUS. 197
“ Ceca—With few exceptions but partly filled with a gray-
ish soft material. Only occasionally cheesy or firm contents.
“ Unabsorbed Y olk—Usually present, varying in size from a
pea to a full-sized yolk. The color may vary from yellow to
brownish green or nearly black. In consistency there is also
much variation. Frequently it looks like custard and again it
is more or less dry and firm. Unless the chick has been dead
for some time, the yolk is not putrid but merely stale.
“The chick as a whole appears more or less aneemic and
emaciated. The muscles of the wings, breast and legs may be
almost completely wasted away.”
To establish the presence of white diarrhea in a mature flock,
an examination of the ovaries of all the birds that are killed for
the market is of great service and will generally reveal the exist-
ence of the disease. In the Storr’s Experiment Station Bulletin
74, ovaries infected by B. Pullorum are described “ as being made
up of ova of two distinct types, the normal and the abnormal.
The normal may be of varying sizes and resemble those of per-
fect ovaries. The abnormal may also vary as to size, but often
as Many as twelve or more ova which are of uniform size may be
seen. When quite small the white diarrhea cysts are less angular
and irregular than those which are larger. The color of the
larger Ova may vary greatly. They are usually more or less
mottled. Some are light in color; others much darker ; almost all
shades of yellow and brown may be seen. Occasionally the color
is so dark and of such a character as to suggest gangrene.”
“ The larger abnormal ova or cysts are usually quite angular,
and of a firm consistency. Sometimes they are so compressed
as to appear flattened. The contents of the white diarrhea ova
are, as a rule, quite characteristic: They consist chiefly of a
solid, cheesy matter, which is usually permeated by a clear,
amber-colored fluid. The bacterium of white diarrhea may be
recovered from the contents with ease.”
The bulletin from which this description is taken contains
color plates of normal and infected ovaries that admirably bring
out the points of diagnostic importance.
YS L. D. BUSHNELL AND OTTO MAURER.
The hens with infected ovaries frequently lay infected eggs
and the chickens hatched from such eggs invariably fall a prey
io the disease. These chicks that derive the disease through the
infected ovaries of their mothers form the most prolific source
of infection for their originally healthy companions. We can,
therefore, easily realize the grave danger represented by the
widspread distribution of day-old chicks, which has become so
popular during the last few years. There should be a law com-
pelling all breeders that sell. baby chicks or eggs for hatching
to have their breeding stock tested for the absence of white
diarrhea. This can be done by the examination for B. Pullorum
of a number of eggs from the hens that are to be used for breed-
ing. The macroscopic agglutination test of the fowl’s sera
against B. Pullorum has also been found very reliable by Jones.
This test, which 1s easily done, will become a valuable means
for diagnosing and eradicating white diarrhea. It is only a
question of time when the agricultural experiment stations and
commercial laboratories will equip their bacteriological labora-
tories for the diagnosis of white diarrhea by isolating B. Pul-
forum from eggs, by agglutination tests and by the examination
of the ovaries. In the meantime poultry-men should carefully
examine the ovaries of all killed birds for evidences of white
diarrhea; they should get rid of infected flocks as soon as pos-
sible, and by no means use their eggs for hatching. Only such
breeders whose flocks have been found to be free from white
diarrhea, by competent bacteriologists, should be permitted to
sell baby chicks and eggs for hatching. It may be some time
yet before our legislatures pass laws to that effect. In the mean-
time the Agricultural Experiment Station or the powerful Amer-
ican Poultry Association should grant certificates to those breed-
ers who comply with their rules ensuring the absence of white
diarrhea from their flocks. The existence of such certified poul-
try farms and the great superiority of their products would soon
induce all breeders to submit their flocks to examination by ex-
perts and to do their best to prevent the introduction of the
disease into their flocks. In this manner the tremendous losses
THE USE OF MILK CULTURES OF B. BULGARICUS. 199
which the poultry industry sustains from this disease could be
reduced to a minimum.
The causative organism of bacillary white diarrhea has been
named B. Pullorum by Professor Rettger, its discoverer. The
following are the most important morphological and cultural
characteristics of this organism:
B. Pullorum is a rod, .3 to .5 by I to 2.5 m., rounded ends.
It occurs singly or very rarely in chains. It is non-motile, does
not produce capsules or spores. It stains readily and uniformly
with ordinary aqueous anilin dyes, and is gram-negative. The
colonies on agar are discrete, at first resemble the translucent
pin-point colonies of the streptococcus. They enlarge later;
upon gelatin the colonies resemble those of the typhoid bacillus.
Little growth occurs upon potato. Milk is a suitable medium,
but there is little change, no coagulation and no proteolysis.
Physiology—The organism is aerobic and facultative an-
aérobic. The optimum growth occurs at about 37° C. Dex-
trose and mannite are fermented, with the production of both
acid and gas. Maltose, lactose and saccharose are not fermented.
Indol is not produced.
From its characteristics we see that B. Pullorum belongs to
the colon-typhoid-dysentery group of organisms.
Judging from the inhibitive action which B. Bulgaricus exer-
cises on this group, a study of its effect in white diarrhea seemed
quite promising. Numerous investigations have been made on
the effect of B. Bulgaricus on the intestinal flora and their putre-
factive products. They have been reviewed by Einhorn, Wood
and Ziblin, whose paper is highly recommended to all inter-
ested. I should like to review here only a few observations on
the effect of B. Bulgaricus on B. Coli and other intestinal bac-
teria that are of special interest in this connection. Katschi
found B. Coli only very rarely in the feces of Bulgarian shep-
herds that habitually consume large quantities of yoghurt. He
also found a rapid decrease of B. Coli in the feces of patients
under treatment; this made itself noticeable as early as one week
after B. Bulgaricus was fed.
200 L. D. BUSHNELL AND OTTO MAURER.
T. v. Kern who studied the effects of the products of B. Bul-
garicus on B. Coli in vitro and in vivo also found a marked an-
tagonizing and inhibitive action of B. Bulgaricus upon B. Coli.
Cohendy found B. Bulgaricus in the feces within. three to
five days after feeding was begun. After eight days the organ-
ism was constantly present; it could occasionally be found even
twelve days after its introduction had been discontinued, while
the lactic acid bacteria from ordinary sour milk could maintain -
themselves for only two days.
Belowonsky studied the influence of food, sirindandal infected
with B. Bulgaricus, on the intestinal flora of mice. His conclu-
sions are summarized as follows by Kendall: ** The Bulgarian
ferment modifies the normal intestinal flora of mice by a general
alteration in their character and by elimination of putrefactive
forms. First, there is a diminution in the total number of bac-
teria as well as a lessened virulence of the organisms in the feces
when these are introduced intraperitoneally or subcutaneously
into other animals. Second, the action is not attributable to the
formation of lactic acid alone, but also to certain products in-
hibitory in nature, formed by the bacilli themselves. Third, the
organisms become more or less established in the intestine about
the tenth day in adult mice and persist without further re-inocu-
lation for a considerable but variable interval of time. Fourth,
the cultures seem to have exerted a beneficial action upon the
mice, particularly on those infected with the organisms of mouse
typhus; in this case the results are due exclusively to the lactic
acid.”
Duclaux found an enormous decrease in the total number of
bacteria in the feces under the influence of yoghurt. After feed-
ing this preparation for four weeks, the number of colonies
growing from 0.1 gr. of feces was reduced from 26,000,000 to
12,000, the latter being mostly lactic acid bacteria. Wejnert
observed a decrease to one-fourth the original number of colo-
nies in the feces, when ordinary sour milk was fed, while the
numbers went down to one-twentieth (average) when Metchni-
koff’s lacto-bacillin milk was given.
THE USE OF MILK CULTURES OF B, BULGARICUS. 201
Other authors, as Herter and Kendall, do not report as favor-
able results. Their experiments were carried on with monkeys
and are summarized as follows: First, by feeding a Rhesus
monkey for two weeks exclusively on milk fermented with B.
Bulgaricus (but containing also some yeasts) it was possible
to maintain an acid reaction throughout the digestive tract. The
acid reaction was more pronounced above the ileo-cecal region
than at this region or below it. The acidity decreased progress-
ively from the ileo-cecal region to the anus. Lactic acid was
detectable at every point in the digestive tract that was tested,
the reaction growing less marked below the ileo-cecal region.
Second, exclusive feeding for two weeks with milk fer-
mented with B. Bulgaricus failed to establish the predominance
of this organism in the ileo-cecal region or in the large intestine.
In the latter situation the number of bacilli of this type was rela-
tively small and decreased towards the anus. Thus in the regions
characterized by most active putrefaction the lactic acid bacilli
failed to establish themselves in relatively large numbers.
It may be of interest in this connection to inquire into the
most important morphological bio-chemical features of B. Bul-
garicus. This organism derives its name from its prominent role
in the fermentation of the Bulgarian sour milk, called yoghurt.
B. Bulgaricus measures about I x 4.5 m., has rounded ends and
occurs singly and in pairs, rarely in short chains. It stains well
with the ordinary aniline dyes and retains Gram’s stain, unless it
be old when it often represents a granular and mottled appear-
ance. The organism only grows in media that contain carbo-
hydrates. While its growth on artificial media is very meagre,
it grows luxuriously in milk, producing a finely flocculent soft
coagulum with little expulsion of whey. Bertrand and Weiss-
weiller, who studied the chemical effect of B. Bulgaricus on
milk, found that less than 10 per cent. of the casein is pepton-
ized and utilized as a bacterial food. A small amount of the fat
is saponified. Practically all of the lactose is transformed into
lactic acid, of which 25 g. are frequently produced per liter.
Acetic, formic and succinic acids are produced in small amounts
202 lL. D. BUSHNELL AND OTTO MAURER.
only; in general, their total does not amount to more than one- —
half gram per liter.
Even if B. Bulgaricus would grow in abundancy only in the
gizzard, stomach and small intestines, as suggested by the studies
of Einhorn, Wood and Zublin, it might render the valuable
service of killing or at least suppressing the B. Pullorum that
have gained access to the food or drink of the chicks. In this
manner the access of B. Pullorum to the large intestines might
also be prevented, though B. Bulgaricus might fail to multiply
or maintain itself there. In the digestive tract of the newly born
chicken the B. Bulgaricus stands a much better chance to gain
a foothold than in the digestive tract of adult animals. The
earlier B. Bulgaricus is fed to the chicks, the better are the
chances for its becoming the dominating habitant of the digest-
ive tract, since there is as yet no established flora present with
which the B. Bulgaricus has to compete. In those chicks that,
were hatched from infected eggs the lactic acid therapy cannot
be expected to result in benefit. In these cases the B. Pullorum
has already reached the circulation by the time B. Bulgaricus
can be fed and, of course, B. Bulgaricus or its products cannot
exert any influence on the B. Pullorum in the circulation and
organs. To be effective, therefore, the sour milk has to be fed
before septicemia is established. The earlier it is fed, the better
are the chances for its suppressing the proliferation in the intes-
tinal tract of B. Pullorum and therefore for preventing a bac-
teremia due to this organism. With these considerations in mind
the following experiments were arranged :
During the first part of August eighty-one chicks were
hatched in an incubator from one hundred and fifty white leghorn
eggs that were secured from a poultry farm, on which white
diarrhea did not exist. The chicks were uniformly divided ac-
cording to size and apparent vigor into three lots of twenty-seven
each.
TREATMENT OF THE DIFFERENT PENS.
Pen I.—Twenty-four hours after hatching a few drops of
a young culture of B. Bulgaricus in milk was placed into the
i ——
[1a eee ee
— ee
THE USE OF MILK CULTURES OF B. BULGARICUS. 203
mouth of each chick by means of a medicine dropper. For the
following four weeks a frequently renewed milk culture of B.
Bulgaricus was constantly kept in the pen, so that the chicks
always had access to it. The cultures were prepared by heating
fresh, sweet milk for one-half hour to 100° C. and, after cool-
ing, inoculating it with B. Bulgaricus. The cultures were kept
in the incubator for not less than 24 hours, nor more than 48
hours. An unpleasantly acid flavor was generally produced
within 48 hours. The curd was soft, not much whey being ex-
pelled. The strain of B. Bulgaricus used was obtained from the
University of Wisconsin.
When the chicks were about 40 hours old, they received a
few drops of a 24-hour bouillon culture of B. Pullorum (ob-
tained from Prof. Rettger) by means of a medicine dropper.
From now on, 24-hour bouillon cultures were mixed with the
mash, the organism being fed in this manner until the chicks
were one week old.
Pen II.—When twenty-four hours old, the chicks received
a few drops of a 24-hour bouillon culture of B. Pullorum by
means of a medicine dropper. Next morning when the chicks
were about 40 hours old, a culture of B. Bulgaricus in milk was
sprinkled before them. The white spots of curdled milk imme-
diately attracted their attention and they were soon engaged in
picking them up.
The feeding of B. Pullorum and B. Bulgaricus were continued
as described for Pen I.
Pen I1]—The 24-hour-old chicks were given a few drops
of a 24-hour-old bouillon culture by mouth. For one week B.
Pullorum was ‘fed as described for Pen I. This pen did not
receive any cultures of B. Bulgaricus.
These experiments were begun on August 23 and continued
for eight weeks, or until October 21. The chicks were looked
over every day to detect deaths, and they were weighed at the
age of four, six and eight weeks. The following tables give the
results of the experiments:
204 L. D. BUSHNELL AND OTTO MAURER.
SEPTEMBER 23.
Number’ Per Cent.
Number Original Number Dead of Dead of Total Average
Pen. Number. Alive. Disease. Disease. Weight. Weight.
Pen i eA 247) 20 6 22 6.73 -34
Pen. lire Bae 27 14 Il 41 5-49 +39
Beni: ltit4.e. 27 10 17 63 2.97 -30
OCTOBER 7
Pen Th Srcrate 27 15 I 37 7+94 +53
Pen eas 27 9 16 60 5.46 61
Pen Ii. 32-2 27 4 2 85 2.2 56
Pen. es Aer 27 8 17 63 6.03 7S
Pen Tien sient. 27 6 19 70 5-02 84
Pen, 100... 27 B 24 89 2.55 -85
These data show in a striking way the beneficial effect of
B. Bulgaricus in white diarrhea. As might be expected, this
effect is especially marked when the sour milk is administered
before infection with B. Pullorum has occurred. This is clearly
expressed by the low mortality of Pen I. as compared with Pen
Ill. The difference in mortality in the two pens is 41 per cent.
after four weeks, and 48 per cent. after six weeks, in favor of
Pen I. From the sixth week until the end of the experiment,
that 1s, eight weeks after the chicks were hatched, the mortality
records show a less striking difference, it being only 26 per cent.
less in Pen I. than in Pen III. This increased mortality in Pen I.
during the last four weeks is probably due to the cold and damp
weather to which the chicks were exposed from October 7 to
October 21. This influence of the weather could make itself felt
more clearly in Pen I. than in Pen III., because on October 7
there were fifteen chicks left in the first pen, while only four,
probably the most hardy and resistant ones, were left in Pen III.
Perhaps the high death rate in Pens I. and II. during the last
two weeks might have been prevented by feeding B. Bulgaricus
for a longer period. Jones found recently that B. Pullorum may
under certain rare conditions produce fatal septicemia in mature
stock. Perhaps these conditions were present during the last
two weeks of our experiment. Unfortunately the exact catise of
THE USE OF MILK CULTURES OF B. BULGARICUS. 205
the déaths occurring during the last two weeks could not be
ascertained, since one of the authors was absent at the time. So
it must be doubtful whether these deaths are due to the unfavor-
able weather, or due to some subsequent infectious disease. There
is no doubt, however, that the deaths occurring earlier in the
experiment were due to white diarrhea. All the symptoms de-
scribed above were present and B. Pullorum was identified in
the bodies of all the chicks examined. The disease was also con-
sidered an excellent example of white diarrhea by a poultry-man
who had experienced many outbreaks of the disease.
Pens II. and III. were infected with B. Pullorum when they
were 24 hours old; Pen II. did not receive B. Bulgaricus until
16 hours after infection with white diarrhea, while Pen III. did
not receive any sour milk at all. In this manner we intended to
determine whether B. Bulgaricus is able to prevent fatal septice-
mia after B. Pullorum has had some time to establish itself in the
digestive tract of the birds. The results were most encouraging.
At the end of six weeks the mortality in Pen II. is 26 per cent.
lower than in Pen III., though after eight weeks this figure is
reduced to 19 per cent., probably for the reasons just given for
the inereased mortality in Pen I. during the last two weeks.
We see that the mortality in Pen I. is considerably lower than
in Pen I. This probably is due not only to the feeding of B.
Bulgaricus before infection with B. Pullorum occurred, but may
be partly explained by the fact that the birds in Pen I. were
infected with white diarrhea 16 hours later (at an age of 40
hours) than the birds in the other two pens. Since the period
of greatest danger from white diarrhea lies within the first 48
hours and is passed after birds have reached an age of four days,
this difference in the time of infection of Pen I. and the other
two pens may be partly responsible for the great difference in
mortality.
Whether the beneficial effect of B. Bulgaricus is due to the
inhibitive effect of B. Pullorum of the lactic acid produced, or to
a direct antagonizing action by a specific ferment (such as, for
instarice, B. pyocyancus possesses against B. anthracis), or simply
206 L. D. BUSHNELL AND OTTO MAURER.
to a substitution and crowding out of B. Pullorum by B. Bul-
garicus, which finds more favorable conditions for growth than
the former, could only be decided by extensive further investi-
gations. Rettger suggests another possible explanation. The
sour milk seems to greatly stimulate the vitality and growth of
the chicks. By increasing the vitality of the chicks, their resist-
ance to white diarrhea may be increased. This agrees with the
observation that white diarrhea is especially liable to attack, and
produces the worst ravages in flocks of low vigor. The remark-
able stimulating effect of sour milk on the growth and vitality
of the fowls, which Rettger observed with his ordinary sour
milk was not found, in our experiments, to apply to milk soured
by B. Bulgaricus. It may be that the heating of the milk which
precedes the inoculation with B. Bulgaricus is responsible for
this. Besides producing certain chemical changes in the milk,
perhaps making the proteins less digestible, heating kills all the
various vegetative forms of bacteria in the milk and might thus
be in some way responsible for the fact that our yoghurt-fed
chicken did not show the remarkable superiority in weight, size
and vigor that Rettger produced by feeding ordinary sour milk.
Or perhaps pure cultures of the Bulgarian bacillus do not elimi-
nate B, Pullorum as rapidly as does ordinary sour milk. Nor-
thrup has shown in her work “‘ Upon the Influence of the Prod-
ucts of the Lactic Organisms upon B. Typhosus,” that the min-
imum acidity produced by Bact. lactis acidi which will destroy
B. typhosus is 37° in lactose broth, corresponding to 80° acid in
milk and 25° acid in whey. The minimum inhibitive acidity pro-
duced by B. Bulgaricus is 53° acid in lactose broth, correspond-
ing to 208° acid in milk and 66° acid in whey. She concludes
further: “If certain species of micro-organisms are present in
milk, they may, either by growing in association with the lactic
bacteria or by some of their own metabolic products, cause a
more rapid destruction of the typhoid organisms than the lactic
acid bacteria are capable of causing alone.’ Marshall and Far-
rand have shown that there is marked associative action between
certain other organisms and the lactic bacteria in milk. Or, as
a
THE USE OF MILK CULTURES OF B. BULGARICUS. 207
shown by the work of Klotz, that small doses of lactic acid per
os influenced metabolism favorably, while larger doses prevent
this tonic effect. At any rate, a comparison of our results with
those given by Rettger in Storr’s Bulletin 74 do not show any
superiority of milk cultures of B. Bulgaricus over ordinary sour
milk, especially when we take into account the ease with which
ordinary sour milk is produced.
The experiments described above are, of course, far from
exhaustive. They are only tentative and were merely under-
taken for orientation, at a time when we did not know anything
of Rettger’s work on the use of sour milk in white diarrhea.
Unfortunately the experiments could not be enlarged and con-
tinued on account of one of the author’s leaving the Experiment
Station and on account of lack of funds. Even as they are, the
experiments conclusively show the effectiveness of milk cultures
of B. Bulgaricus in bacillary white diarrhea. They are pub-
lished, therefore, as a corroboration of Rettger’s more exhaust-
ive studies on this subject and with the view of attracting atten-
tion to this cheap and promising way of combatting the worst
scourge of the poultry yard.
LITERATURE CITED.
Belowonsky—Annales de |’ Institut Pasteur, 1907, XXI, p. 991.
Bertrand & Weissweiller—Annales de |’ Institut Pasteur, 1906, XX, pp. 977-990.
Cohendy—Compte rend. de la Soc. d. Biologie, 1906, Bd. 60.
Duclaux—Cited by Wilke, Med. Centralzeitung, 1907, No. 42 and 43.
Einhorn—Wood & Zublin, Archiv fur Verdauungskrankh, 1910, Bd. XVI, H 3.
Gage—Notes on Ovarian Infection with B. Pullorum (Rettger) in the Domestic
Fowl, Jr. Med. Research XXIV, No. 3, N. S. Vol XIX, No. 3, June, to11.
Herter & Kendall—Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1908, Vol. V, No. 2 and 3.
Jones—Annual Report of the N. Y. State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Y., for toro,
pp. 111-120; for roto-11, pp. 69-88.
Jones—The Value of the Macroscopic Agglut. Test in Detecting Fowls that are
Harboring B. Pullorum, 1913, XXVII, No. 4, New Ser. XXII.
: Katschi—Cited by Wilke, Mediz. Centralzeitung, 1907, No. 42 and 43.
Klatz—Jehrbuch fiir Kinderheilkunde, B. 70, H. I.
Marshall & Farrand—Bacterial Association in the Souring of Milk. Spec. Bul. No.
42, 1908, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Northrup—The influence of the Products of Lactic Organisms upon Bacillus typhosus
Technical Bulletin No. 9, Mich. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1913.
Rettger & Stoneburn—Bacillary White Diarrhea of Young Chicks, B. 60, Storrs
Aer. Exp. Sta.; Bull. 68, Storrs Agr. Exp. Sta.; Bull. 74, Storrs Agr. Exp. Sta.
Wejnert—Wiener Med. Wochenschrift, 1908, No. 14.
FIRING.*
By Georce B. McKILtrip, PRoFESsorR oF SURGERY, MCKILLIP VETERINARY COL-
LEGE, CHICAGO, ILL.
The term firing, in its present-day usage, refers to the appli-
cation to the tissue of heated metal (the actual cautery), to pro-
duce a counter irritation for the treatment of pathological con-
ditions, chiefly lamenesses, in the locomotory organs. It is a strict
veterinary term. Not infrequently it is incorrectly used synon-
ymously with cauterization, a more general term, the meaning
of which includes the charring of tissues for a wide variety of
purposes, using either heated metals or caustic drugs to accom-
plish the results. Firing, therefore, is but one type of cauteriza-
tion and accomplished by the application of a heated metallic
instrument to the tissues to be treated and for the purpose of re-
lieving pathological conditions in the locomotory organs. It is
a specific rather than a generic term.
Firing produces, in the tissue fired, an acute inflammatory
process, the severity of which varies with the degree of cauteri-
zation. A study of the pathology of acute inflammations shows
that the character of an inflammatory reaction, based upon the
exudation, varies with the causative irritant. Thus one type of
an irritant will create a purulent exudate; another irritant, a
fibrinous exudate; another, a serous, and so on down the list.
Cauterization (burning) is a type of irritant that produces a
pure, serous inflammatory process. The exudate in a burned
area is abundant; it is a serum of relatively low specific gravity
and great fluidity; it contains all the ferment constituents of the
body fluids, but has no fibrin or cellular content and is not coag-
ulable under body conditions. It is because of these peculiari-
* Presented to the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association at New York, September, 1913.
208
FIRING. 209
ties that firing becomes so serviceable in the treatment of chronic
inflammation causing lameness. How, we shall see later.
There is another feature about the acute inflammation of a
burn that is of interest and importance in this connection. It is
this, that in such a reaction there is a maximum of exudation
with a minimum of tissue degeneration. The pathological pro-
cess in an acute inflammation may be separated into three parts,
viz., the hypermia, the exudation and the tissue degeneration.
Every acute inflammation has three factors, but in the different
inflammations they vary in their relation to each other. They
vary not only in character, but also in amount and extent. Thus
one irritant may cause an inflammation in which there is a con-
siderable degeneration of tissue, but with slight exudation, and
in another inflammation the reverse may be true. In firing as
stated before, there is a reaction in which there is an abundant
serous exudate and a minimum amount of tissue injury, provid-
ing that the burn is of the correct degree and providing also that
the actually burned tissue is not considered.
The vesicant drugs and chemicals are irritants producing re-
actions like that from firing, there being a voluminous serous
exudate out of all proportion to the amount of tissue injury from
the toxicity of the irritant. These materials have practically the
same range of adaptability as firing, but are less effective in that
the reaction caused by them cannot be made sufficiently severe
and extensive without endangering the superficial structures to
which they are applied.
With these facts before us we are in position to consider the
question of how firing affects lameness. Lameness in which firing
is adaptable as a treatment may be divided into three groups:
First, a large group of lamenesses due to simple chronic inflam-
mations of the essential or accessory organs of locomotion in
which the inflammations are in the late acute or early chronic
stages and in which the effect of the firing is to cause a removal
of the inflammatory deposits and a cessation of the original
inflammation ; second, smaller group, osseus and arthritic in char-
acter, in which there is an advanced simple chronic inflammation
210 GEORGE B. MC KILLIP.
with deposits and in which the effect of the firing is a continua-
tion and exacerbation of the inflammation already present until
the involved articular surfaces are obliterated; and third, a small
group of muscle and nerve atrophies and degenerations in which
improvement of local nutritional conditions by vascular stimula-
tion in the area might be of importance in the regeneration of
the organ at fault.
In the first group are included all simple inflammations of
locomotory structures, in which the inflammation has progressed
beyond the acute stage, and in which the ordinary treatments for
acute inflammatory processes have failed to produce a resolu-
tion. In such cases there is deposited in the tissues inflammatory
exudates of a solid character. These are chiefly flbrinous, and
their presence, by irritation, produces a physiological aberration,
which to the clinician is exhibited as a lameness. Acute inflam-
mations that are not septic and that clear up promptly within ten
days to two weeks with or without treatment leave no such de-
posits. The exudate in such a case is completely removed by
liquefaction and solution in the body fluids. The course of the
inflammation being short, there is not tissue hyperplasia, and
there is a perfect return to normal.
A delayed resolution (beyond the fourteenth day) of an
acute inflammation means that these exudates are not removed.
They, by their presence, act as local tissue irritants and as etio-
logical factors in the continuation of the inflammation as well
as producing functional derangements and lameness. These de-
posits are within the tissues or upon the surfaces of the syuovia!
membranes. They persist and are augmented by new deposits
as the process goes on.
As this stage of delayed resolution of the acute inflamma-
tion continues, a tissue change, characterized as a chronic inflam-
matory process, begins. This consists essentially of the develop-
ment of scar tissue in the inflamed area. The acute inflammatory
exudates are gradually removed by liquefaction by the lytic sub-
stances of the body fluids, and the spaces they occupied are filled
with this scar tissue. The older the inflammation the more scar
tissue there is present and the less exudate in proportion.
Sees ee,
ES
aE
FIRING. 211
Firing has for its chief aim in the treatment of these cases
the removal of these solid exudates. It does this by bringing
into the inflamed zone a great volume of normal body fluid, which
contains the necessary lytic materials for liquefaction of the de-
posits. The free mobility of the exudate from the firing and its
freedom from solids permits it to execute these functions and
transport the products away without permanently embarrassing
the tissue with its own presence.
Firing has no direct effect upon the scar tissue of the area.
It cannot remove nor reduce in amount this pathological element
of the lameness. However, by clearing the inflammatory exu-
dates out of the tissues, thus removing the chief source of local
irritation, the hyperemia and exudation ceases, and there is a
healing. The condition is then known as a healed chronic inflam-
mation. There is no further deposit of exudates, and the pro-
duction of scar tissue is stopped, but that which is present re-
mains; and, as is characteristic of scar tissue, it contracts as it
ages, and to a greater or less-extent erases the histological de-
fects and correspondingly the physiological derangement. Thus
it is seen, first, that firing in this group of cases has no place as
a treatment in the acute stage; second, that its greater sphere of
usefulness is in the stage of delayed resolution of the acute in-
flammation and in the earlier part of the chronic stage; and
third, that the benefits derived by the firing of the more advanced
chronic cases will vary inversely with the age of the inflammation.
The efficacy of firing on a given case of this kind depends
upon certain features of its application. In the first place, the
degree of cauterization must be sufficient to produce a maximum
of reaction, but without devitalization of the immediately ex-
posed tissues. Secondly, after the acme of the reaction is reached,
which is in from four to six days, the care of the fired part must
be such that there is a steady and continuous recession of the
- acute inflammatory phenomena until complete resolution has oc-
curred. It is by this flooding of the area with an abundance of
enzyme carrying body fluid and its prompt and complete removal
that we hope to get results in this group of cases.
212 GEORGE B. MC KILLIP.
The second group of cases yielding to firing as a treatment
includes the long standing pan arthritic inflammations in which
the only hope of improvement is in an ankylosis of the involved
bones.. The purpose of the firing in these cases is diametrically
opposite to that in the first group mentioned. Here it is for the
purpose of continuing and auginenting the existing inflamma-
tion and of encouraging the further hyperplasia of tissue, so that
the articulation may be obliterated. The early stages of these
inflammations respond to firing as outlined under the first group.
Thus a coronary periarthritis, an intermetacarpal ligamentitis or
a tarsal arthritis, if detected early and fired, will clean up per-
fectly and leave no anatomical defects. If allowed to go un-
checked the ringbone, splint or spavin will get beyond such pos-
sibilities of treatment, and another course must be pursued.
While the technique of application of the treatment is much
the same as in the former group, the aim is different. There 1s
not the same necessity of a maximum of reaction, and the longer
the inflammation persists the better the results. Point firing is
used in these cases as opposed to line firing in the first group, the
purposes being better subserved by these methods of application
of the cautery.
The third group of cases in which firing may be used is in
the non-inflammatory muscle and nerve atrophies and degenera-
tions. We do not recommend firing as being very efficacious in
these conditions, but occasionally line firing over the faulty organ,
by stimulation of nutritional functions, may be an aid in the
treatment.
-atients are fired in the standing position unless they are ex-
ceedingly rebellious, in which case they are cast and tied. A
hood, a twitch and a side-line are usually sufficient. The area
to be fired is clipped and lightly brushed. It should not be shaved,
washed, nor severely brushed. It is essential that a covering of
hair and epidermis be present, so that the cauterization may be
confined to the line or point of contact of the iron and that the
interspaces will be partially protected from the heat of radiation.
A 10 per cent. cocaine solution is used for anesthesia. From
FIRING. 213
three to five minims are injected into the subcutaneous tissue
at points two inches apart over the entire field to be fired. After
a delay of 10 to 15 minutes to obtain full effect from the cocaine,
the patient is restrained and the application of the cautery begun.
For the first and third group of cases as described above the
line or feather firing is done. This consists of burning the skin
in lines, using for the purpose a suitable copper or iron instru-
ment, which is heated to a degree sufficient to readily char the
tissues, but not incinerate them. The lines of firing will leave
the least blemish when they are made at right angles to the direc-
tion of the lay of the hair or at only a small angle to this line.
In firing certain parts, notably the coronet, it is necessary, for
best results, to run the lines parallel with the hair direction, al-
though the resulting scar is increased thereby. If the edge of
the firing iron be directed slightly upward, so that the depth of
the burned incision is parallel with the direction of the hair fol-
licles, the resulting scar will be lessened. The cauterization
should extend to the deepest part of the dermis, but should not
open into the subcutaneous spaces. Over bony and other promi-
nences it is necessary to use care in this connection, and espe-
cially so if the iron be superheated. The lines should be spaced
evenly about % inch apart. For sake of appearance the lines
should be parallel and straight. In certain locations diverging
lines are permissible. Checked or crossed line firing may also
be used in certain areas where the skin will stand a high degree
of cauterization.
In firing for a given condition the fired area should extend
considerably beyond the border of the diseased area, in order that
the reaction shall be sufficient. Suitable designs to cover the
surface of the part with lines of correct relation should be for-
mulated. As a maximum reaction is wanted in these cases the
cauterization must be as severe as the skin of the part will per-
mit. By a variation in the depth of the lines and a variation
in the exposure of the interspace to radiated heat one is able
to vary the degree of irritation. Flexor surfaces of joints must
not be fired as severely as extensor surfaces; thin skin with a light
214 GEORGE B. MC KILLIP.
coat of hair will not stand as much irritation as a thick skin
with a heavier coat of hair. No rules can be laid down for these
points in the application of the cautery; judgment and expe-
rience is necessary in getting the correct degree of irritation, a
degree that will get results without the danger of devitalizing
the burned skin.
In the cases of the second group the point firing is used. It
is the aim here to allow the point of the cautery to penetrate
through the skin and subcutaneum into the periarticular exostoses.
It is intended that the firing shall augment the process already
present, and most attention is directed to the immediate area
of the disease. The fired area is less extensive, relatively, than
that in line firing, and the irritation is made especially severe and
deep over the diseased tissues, but not at other points. The fired
points, for appearance, must be in checked rows, and for best
results must be about 34 inch apart. For the third group of
cases line firing is used.
When the firing is completed the area is covered with a vase-
line or lard ointment containing a vesicant drug. Usually
cantharides is used and ina mixture of I to 14 of the menstrum.
The patient is then tied in a suitable stall, so that it cannot lie
down, nor reach the fired area with its muzzle. It is left so for
48 hours, at the expiration of which time the fired part is washed
with warm water and soap to remove the blister ointment and
such collections as may have accrued. The area is then allowed
to dry and is covered with vaseline or lard or other bland oil.
The patient is then turned into a box stall and made more com-
fortable. Every second day the washing and oiling of the fired
part is repeated until the crusts, formed as results of the irrita-
tion, are loosened and removed. This takes from twelve to four-
teen days. The application of oils is then discontinued and in-
stead the part is subjected to a cold shower two to four times
daily. The granulating lines often need applications of mild
astringents at this time. As a matter of fact astringent washes
may be used as a routine from the time the crusts are removed
until the fired lines have completely healed.
FIRING. 215
The above method has proven to be efficacious as a post firing
treatment. It insures a good healing of the cauterized skin and
minimizes blemishes, and it assists in the regression of the in-
flammatory phenomena.
It is a rule with us that at the time the crusts are removed,
that is on about the 12th to 14th day, gentle exercise of the pa-
tient is begun. This hastens the removal of the edema and pro-
motes recovery from the effects of the firing. This is judiciously’
increased from day to day, but is never made at all severe.
By the middle of the third or the beginning of the fourth
week after firing the acute phenomena attending the process have
disappeared. The edema is gone, the lines of firing have healed
and the new hair is well started. It is then time to turn the
patient out pasturage. 1 wish to emphasize the importance of
this part of the post-operative treatment. It is during this run
at pasture that those processes occur, which insure against a con-
tinuation or recurrence of the inflammation. The terminal por-
tion of the inflammatory exudates are now removed from the tis-
sues, the scar tissue present becomes well organized and shrinks,
and there is a general restoring of the structures to a normal
condition. These processes are most active in the fourth and
fifth week after firing, but they are not completed until three to
six months have elapsed. We have had cases in which the fired
structures have improved continuously in appearance, in tone
and in function for twelve months after the application of the
cautery. Patients do not do nearly so well at this stage if con-
fined in a stable, even though only for part time, and they do
very poorly if put to work. The run at pasture should be for not
less than two months, and the longer the time the better. The
season of the year makes no difference in this rule.
There are but few really important contraindications to firing.
In some cases the blemish that follows firing precludes its use in
the treatment of lameness in the high-class horses, especially
when such disfigurement is distasteful to the owner. We do not
under any circumstances fire a neurotomized part. Such a pro-
cedure is very apt to result in disastrous trophic disturbances in
216 GEORGE B. MC KILLIP.
the limb. Patients suffering from any acute febrile trouble must
not be fired because of the increased danger of skin necrosis
under such conditions. It is not an uncommon thing to have pa-
tients brought into the hospital to be fired when they are in the
incubationary period of an acute, infectious disease and have them
develop the disease at the time of the height of the firing reac-
tion. We find this combination an unfortunate one, as each con-
dition is made more severe by the presence of the other.
The subject of complications of firing is a more extensive and
important one. Necrosis of the skin of the interspaces is a
very common complication. It is always a danger because the
operator is anxious in every case to get as high a degree of
cauterization as the skin will stand. Skin necrosis is due to the
devitalizing action of the heat. Using too hot an instrument,
moving the heated iron over the surface too slowly or repeating
the cauterization too often usually explains skin necrosis. Con-
siderable experience is necessary to successfully guard against
this complication.
The opening of important joint cavities and tendon sheaths
is another complication resulting from inexcusable errors on
the part of the operator. This is most frequently done with the
point iron, but occasionally the careless use of the too hot feather
iron will open a bursal cavity. The only areas in which it is
permissible to allow the iron to penetrate deeper than the skin
are the areas overlying bony, new growths. It is perfectly safe
to allow the hot point iron to penetrate into a splint, a spavin,
a ringbone or other similar exostoses. Under no conditions, how-
ever, must bones, ligaments, tendons or other normal structures be
penetrated.
The puncturing of arterial trunks with severe hemorrhage is
sometimes a complicating condition. It will not often occur to
the careful operator.
Accidents of restraint, injuries to the fired area during prog-
ress of the inflammation and infection of the granulating sur-
faces are some of the Jess frequent associated conditions. Teta-
nus and even septicaemia have been recorded as complications.
FIRING. A UY
Mild or even severe laminitis may make its appearance during
the course of a firing reaction, especially 1f moie than one limb
is fired.
The chief sequel of firing is the blemish left by the healing of
the cauterized points or lines. If executed properly, firing leaves
but a slight blemish, but if there has been some irregularity in
the technique or some complication, the scars may be large and
most unsightly. Skin thickenings, contracted and distorted ten-
dons and ligaments and hairless scars are some of the disfigure-
ments that mark the cases of the careless operator.
A PROGRESSIVE PROFESSION.—Fifty years ago the profession
of veterinarian commanded but scant respect in America. The
eminent Dr. Alexandre Liautard was then in New York striving
to convince the people of the importance of the profession, and
scattered here and there was a scientist practicing the profession.
For the most part, however, the present great science of veter-
inary medicine was represented in the United States by * hoss
doctors,” who held out around livery stables in the towns and
villages, told risque stories, would bear watching in horse trades
and had a specific for every ill that horse flesh was heir to—which
usually killed the animal. At the convention held in New York
recently some 1,200 members were in attendance, in which were
included many scientists whose achievements have won for them
world-wide fame. In many diseases that are common to both
animals and humans the scientific veterinarian has by his achieve-
ments placed humanity under obligations to his profession.
The above complimentary comment upon our profession clipped from The Country
Review, published in Baton Rouge, La., appeared while our friend Dr, Dalrymple was in
New York, and was spontaneous in the heart of the editor of that paper.—[Ed.]
THE Cost oF MILK Propuction.—Bulletin No. 145, giving
information relative to the cost of milk production has just been
issued by the Massachusetts Experiment Station. It gives the
cost of the food consumed by each cow in the station herd from
1896 through 1911, the estimated cost of caring for the cow and
the cost to the farmer of a quart of milk. Data are also cited
from other sources bearing on the cost of production. Five sug-
gestions are made to dairymen and the place of dairying in the
agriculture of the State is briefly discussed.
The bulletin may be secured by addressing the Director,
Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, Amherst, Mass.
REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE FOR THE
DETECTION OF GLANDERS.*
By E. B. AcKERMAN, ADOLPH EICHHORN, CHARLES FE. Cotton, C. D.
McGitvray, JOHN REICHEL AND CHARLES KEANE.
At the 49th annual meeting of the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association by a “ motion duly seconded and passed it was
voted to recommend to the association that the incoming presi-
dent appoint a committee to investigate modern diagnostic meth-
ods for the detection of glanders and reach an understanding as
to the best method for the reduction of glanders.”
After a meeting of three of the members of the committee,
February 15, 1913. it was decided to adopt the following outline,
in the manner in which the sudy of the disease glanders may be
fully covered:
Glanders:
1. Cause, Variation in Virulence.
2. Animals Susceptible.
3. Period of Incubation.
4. Modes of Infection.
5. Manifestations, Symptoms, Prognosis.
6. Diagnosis: Mallein-Subcutaneous, Ophthalmic, Cutane-
ous, Laboratory, Cultural, Animal Inoculation Test, Blood Test,
Opsonin, Conglutination, Precipitation, Agglutination, Comple-
ment Fixation.
7. Differential Diagnosis—Clinical, Laboratory.
8. Pathological Anatomy.
g. Quarantine—Clinical, Occult and Exposed Cases.
10. Disposition—Clinical, Occult and Exposed Cases.
11. Treatment.
* Presented to the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the American Veterinary Medi-
cal Association at New York, September, 1913.
218
FOR THE DETECTION OF GLANDERS. 219
12. Disinfection.
13. Retesting and Subsequent Control.
14. Regulations, State and Federal.
The committee understood that its duties were to be confined
to the study of the modern diagnostic methods and reach an un-
derstanding as to the best method for the reduction of glanders.
Prior to the discovery of the bacillus mallei as the specific
cause of glanders by Loeffler and Schutz, in 1882, the diagnosis
rested entirely upon clinical observations. The symptoms of the
disease are perhaps better differentiated at this time, but in the
main the general picture of the clinical case is unchanged.
Since then more tests and methods of more or less diagnostic
value have revealed themselves than in any other infectious dis-
ease of animals, which may be tabulated as follows:
1. Clinical Diagnosis.
2. Mallein Tests. A—Subcutaneous Mallein Test ; B—Oph-
thalmic Mallein Test ; C—Cutaneous Mallein Test: 1. Cutaneous,
2. Dermal, 3. Endermal.
3. Laboratory Diagnostic Methods. A—E-wvamunation of Pus
or Nasal Discharge: 1. Microscopic, 2. Cultural, 3. Animal Inocu-
lation Test; B—E-xamination of Blood: 1. Opsonin, Congluti-
nation or Precipitation Test, 2. Agglutination Test, 3. Comple-
ment Fixation Test.
1. Clinical Diagnosis. \Vithout going into details the car-
dinal manifestations may be enumerated as follows: Charac-
teristic nasal discharge; nodule or ulceration; enlargement of
submaxillary glands; cording of the lymphatics and fluctuation
in temperature range.
2. Mallein Tests. Mallein, the toxic substances produced in
cultures of the bacillus mallei, was discovered by Hellman and
Kalning in 1891. Pearson, working independently, prepared
mallein and further proved that mallein, like tuberculin, pro-
duces a temperature rise in sensitized, infected animals.
In that the preparation of mallein varies greatly and the final
product differs considerably, it is suggested that the name mal-
220 REPORI OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE
lein, like tuberculin, abortin and kindred preparations, be reserved _
to the final product obtained in the following way: One or more
highly virulent strains that will produce an orchitis in a guinea
pig in 24 hours following intraperitoneal injection and death in
14 days following subcutaneous injection, transferred to + 1.5
glycerin peptone bouillon and incubated no less than 6 weeks at
37° ©.
The purity of the cultures and virulence of the strains should
be proved before sterilizing the glycerin peptone bouillon cul-
tures. After filtering out the killed bacilli and determining the
exact volume of the filtrate, the filtrate concentrated to one-
tenth its original volume over a water bath represents concen-
trated mallein or mallein.
Mallein solution as used in the subcutaneous test is mallein
diluted with 0.5 per cent. carbolized salt solution.
Precipitated or purified mallein is the dry powder obtained
from mallein, precipitated with many volumes of absolute alco-
hol. After filtering out the precipitate, redissolving in normal
salt solution and washing repeatedly with alcohol (absolute) the
precipitate is finally dried over calcium chloride or sulphuric acid.
A 5 per cent. solution is generally used.
The mallein prepared of any one or more strains of bacillus
mallei should be tried out on sensitized animals before it is relied
upon in actual tests.
Even though the exact composition of the active principle of
inallein remains unknown, the specificity of the reaction in sen-
sitized animals is established beyond question.
Subcutancous Mallein Test. This is the oldest of the mallein
tests, is reliable when properly carried out and interpreted. It
consists of the injection of mallein solution, which in sensitized
animals will produce characteristic temperature rise, local and
general reaction.
A characteristic temperature rise begins in from 4 to 8 hours,
and the maximum temperature is reached in from Io to 20 hours,
with a gradual return to normal. .
At least two temperatures should be taken before the injec-
FOR THE DETECTION OF GLANDERS. 3 PA
tion of mallein solution 3 hours apart and five temperatures after
the injection beginning not later than the tenth hour and con-
tinuing to the twentieth hour at intervals of not less than 2 hours.
The least difference between the before and after tempera-
ture should be 2.5° F., with the temperature rising to 103° F.
or above.
Local Reaction. Several hours after injection a hot, painful,
cedematous swelling develops, which may persist for several days,
enlarging considerably and gradually disappearing.
Normal horses may show a local swelling which will not
enlarge and rapidly disappears.
General Reaction. Lessened appetite, dullness, staring coat,
muscle tremors, respiratory difficulties, altered pulse rate, all of
which may or may not be present.
Ophthalmic Mallein Reaction. This test has the advantage in
that it is simple.and easy to apply.
Application of Test. A—Before applying the test, examine
the eye for conjunctivitis or purulent change. Should a conjunc-
tivitis exist, the eye test should not be tried.
B—Take temperatures before the ophthalmic test. Fever
need not hinder the test.
C—Place 4 to 5 drops (0.1 to 0.2 for one test) of undiluted
mallein or 5 per cent. solution of precipitated mallein within
the lower eyelid with a dropper, glass rod, or camel‘s-hair brush.
The other eye is left untouched to serve as control. Same brush
or glass rod may be used from animal to animal.
D—As soon as the mallein is applied, a flow of tears nearly
always appears with reddening of the conjunctiva and photo-
phobia. These phenomena have no significance and disappear in
several hours.
E—The characteristic manifestations of a positive reaction
begin 5 to 6 hours and last 36 to 48 hours, sometimes longer.
A purulent secretion or discharge with reddening of the con-
junctiva alone is significant of a positive reaction. Swelling and
gluing of eyelids may be seen in severe reactions. ;
F—The eye should be examined and compared in good light
222 REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE
16 to 18 hours after the application of the test. The conjunctiva
and the eyeball should also be included in the examination after
noting the discharge.
Generally the positive reaction is not accompanied by tem-
perature rise or general reaction. The temperature variation
does not occur in negative tests or normal animals. In positive
reactions the rise may be observed in taking the temperature
twice, the first time when the test is applied, and the second when
the readings are made 16 to 18 hours later.
G—tThe results of the test to be interpreted and recorded as
follows:
1—Negative, N, Eye unchanged.
2—Suspicious, S. Sero-Mucous Discharge.
ith purulent flakes.
4—Positive, P ++ Distinct purulent discharge.
5—Positive, P+++A purulent discharge with swelling of the
lower eyelid.
6—Positive, P++++ Strong purulent discharge with gluing
together of both lids.
H—li the result of the test is negative or questionable 24
hours after the first application the test may be repeated at once
on same eye or the control eye. If repetition is also negative or
questionable the test may be repeated in three weeks.
I—The intensity of the ophthalmic reaction bears no relation
to the stage or development of the infection.
Cutaneous Mallein Test. In the cutaneous dermo-endermal
mallein tests the concentrated mallein is applied with a knife or
vaccination needle; rubbed into a shaved area or injected into
the skin. In the latter test a highly diluted mallein is used in
preference to a concentrated mallein.
In positive case a spreading, warm, painful and oedematous
swelling will be observed in 24 hours.
The reactions are positive when the distinct visible swellings
in contrast to the unaffected control areas develop. In severe
reactions vesicular eruptions may appear.
FOR THE DETECTION OF GLANDERS. 223
In that. the skin tests are complicated, requiring special in-
struments, skill and practice, they are not considered practical.
Laboratory Diagnostic Methods. The demonstration of the
organism in smears in the microscopic examination and the isola-
tion of the organism culturally—or the demonstration of the in-
fection in the injection of the suspected material into a male
guinea pig resulting in a typical Strauss reaction is positive evi-
dence of the disease, but the absence of these findings or nega-
tive animal inoculation tests does not warrant a negative
diagnosis.
Examination of Serum. 1—Opsonin, conglutination or preci-
pitation tests. The first have proved laborious and impracticable,
and the latter unreliable.
2—Ageglutination test.
Depends upon the power of undiluted immune serum to clump
bacteria suspended in carbolized salt solution. The presence of
agglutinins is determined quantitatively in using measured
amounts of serum and test fluid.
Readings to be made after incubating the tubes for 12 hour
at 37° C. centrifugalizing at 1,600 revolutions for 10 minutes
and allowing tubes to stand at room temperature for 2 hours.
The same result may be obtained in allowing the tubes to
incubate at 37° C. for 24 hours and to stand at room tempera-
ture for 12 hours more.
The appearance of a veil-like membrane with turned-in edges
or small clumps or flakes of grayish white or brownish at the bot-
tom of the tube may be regarded as positive agglutination.
Sharply circumscribed sediment in the center of the tube with
shape of lentil seeds indicated the absence of agglutination in
centrifugalized tubes.
The agglutination value of over 1—1000— is indicative of
glanders, but since high agglutination titres were obtained oniy in
the acute form of the disease, it is advisable to combine this test
with the complement fixation test and not make the diagnosis on
this test alone.
Complement Fixation Test. This is the most complicated of
224 REPORT OF THE SPECI AL COMMITTEE
oi
the tests and must be considered purely a laboratory diagnostic
method requiring careful technique. Like the agglutination test,
it is a quantitative reaction in which the affinity of the immune
bodies in the serum of an affected animal to the glanders antigen
is utilized for the phenomena of the reaction in which the follow-
ing play a part: Complement = normal guinea pig serum; sheep
rabbit amboceptor = sensitized rabbit serum with washed red
blood corpuscles of sheep; glanders antigen — shake extract of
killed glanders bacilli; sheep corpuscles and the clear serum of
the suspected animal.
The results of the test should be interpreted as follows:
1—Hporses in which the serum produces a complete fixation
of the complement in the quantities 0.1 c.c. and 0.2 c¢.c. should
be considered as glandered.
2—Horses in which the serum gives a complete fixation in
the quantity of 0.2 ¢c.c. and an incomplete fixation in the quan-
tity of 0.1 c.c. should likewise be considered as glandered.
3—Horses in which the serum produces an incomplete fixa-
tion of the complement in the quantities of 0.1 c.c. and 0.2 c.c.
should also be considered glandered.
hich the serum shows no fixation of the com-
plement in either tube should be considered free of glanders.
The value of any diagnostic method cannot be accurately esti-
mated or judged, unless autopsies are made by a carefully trained
veterinarian of all animals tested that die or are destroyed. Mac-
roscopic examinations are not sufficient with the presence of atyp-
ical lesions.
Unless typical lesions are present, histological and bacterio-
logical examinations must be resorted to.
In deciding upon a method which would be most satisfactory
for the diagnosis of glanders, the simplicity, reliability and trust-
worthiness of the method must be above reproach.
The results should manifest themselves as soon as possible,
the reaction should be well marked and distinct and easily appli-
cable by the average practicing veterinarian. .
A test with these requirements places a test into the hands
FOR THE DETECTION OF GLANDERS. 25
of the practicing veterinarian along with which the standing of
the veterinarian in the community and the confidence of the pub-
lic to the veterinarian is brought into closer relationship, in that
it enables the veterinarian to personally decide on the results of
the test. !
The ophthalmic test not only meets all these requirements,
but is without doubt the most convenient diagnostic method at
our command.
Is reliability compares favorably with any of the other avail-
able tests.
The reaction is usually distinct, and doubtful or atypical reac-
tions are rather infrequent.
The ophthalmic test does not interfere with subsequent serum
or other mallein tests if such are deemed necessary.
The test may be repeated within 24 hours on same or control
eye, and final retest in not less than three weeks.
The ophthalmic test should be recognized by state and federal
authorities, since its reliability can no longer be doubted.
In all atypical and doubtful cases of the ophthalmic test the
combined complement fixation and agglutination or subcutaneous
mallein tests should be utilized for confirmation. Such a pro-
cedure should minimize the failures and assure the best results
in the control of the disease in a single stable or in an entire
community.
APPEARANCE OF THE REACTION OF THE VARIOUS TESTS AFTER
INFECTION.
- Agglutinins reach their appearance in from 4 to 5 days and
continue to increase in the early stages of the disease and dimin-
ish as the disease becomes chronic.
Specific amboceptors of the complement fixation test may be
demonstrated in from 7 to 10 days in quantities of diagnostic
value, and their presence may be demonstrated during the entire
course of the disease. ,
Subcutaneous mallein test may, as a rule, be relied upon 1 ot
days after infection. pratt
226 REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE
Ophthalmic mallein test may be relied upon 3 weeks after
infection. 7 |
Effect of One Test on the Others. All blood serum tests are
influenced in 3 to 6 days after a subcutaneous injection of mallein
or any glanders antigen, including glanders vaccines, for a period
varying from 6 to 8 weeks following injection of mallein and up
to 3 months and even longer following injection of glanders
antigen or vaccines. All blood samples therefore should be taken
prior to or at the time of the mallein injections.
The subcutaneous mallein test or injection of glanders antigen
and vaccines may influence the ophthalmic mallein test. The
ophthalmic mallein test should therefore be withheld for 30 days
after application of the subcutaneous mallein.
Control. In the reduction of glanders all clinical cases should
be immediately destroyed. All suspected and exposed animals
should be tested and the positive reactors destroyed. The re-
maining contact horses held under restrictions subject to further
test after the expiration of at least 15 days. All infected premises
should be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected.
All interstate movements of horses, mules and asses should
be regulated to include proper testing for glanders by the state
or federal governments.
Compensation for clinical and occult cases should be pro-
vided for.
As this committee was obliged to confine its efforts to only
a part of the outline of the proper consideration of the disease
glanders in its entirety, we respectfully recommend for your
consideration the advisability of the appointment of a permanent
committee or commission to consider the subject as outlined in
the beginning of the report submitted herewith.
A Many-SipEep VETERINARIAN.—Our esteemed collaborator,
Dr: W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge, La., has appeared in
many roles during our long and cherished acquaintance with
him; but he seems not to have exhausted his repertoire, as we find
him representing the Baton Rouge Chamber of Commerce at an
Immigration Conference in New York on September 17th
and 18th.
SANITARY POLICE MEASURES AND HOG CHOLERA.*
By A. T. Kinsey, M.Sc., D.V.S., PatHotocy, Kansas City VETERINARY
COLLEGE.
Statements in this paper refer primarily to the principal hog
producing states; that is, to local conditions in particular, but
they will also probably be applicable to the entire United States,
and in a general way to Canada and all other foreign countries.
It is not the purpose in this paper to enter into the pathology
of this disease, but to briefly discuss some of our laws controlling
the movement and quarantining of cholera hogs.
_ Hog cholera probably first made its appearance in the United
States in 1833 in the state of Ohio, and since that time it has
become widespread throughout the entire hog raising section of
this country. From reports it is evident that every state in the
union has suffered losses from hog cholera.
The extent of the losses in 1912 from hog cholera, in Iowa,
Nebraska, Kansas and Missouri, exceeded three million hogs,
with an estimated value of over thirty million dollars. The total
losses in the United States for 1912 approximated one hundred
million dollars. So far as can be determined from available
statistics the relative losses both in the number of hogs and their
value has never exceeded or been equal to the losses of 1912,
and these extensive losses have occurred regardless of the fact
that large quantities of anti-hog-cholera serum had been used.
When pressed for a reason for the stupendous loss of hogs
during the past year, it must be admitted that there has been
some serious defect in our methods of control of this disease.
Hog cholera is now prevailing extensively in the four states
above mentioned and is quite generally distributed in all the
states of the Mississippi valley. It is probable that the losses
* Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association at New York, September, 1913.
pa
228 AS UP AGENSLE
for 1913 will be far in excess of those for 1912, unless some
radical changes are inaugurated and enforced in the methods
of control of this disease.
Practically every state has some law or regulations providing
for the control of hog cholera, and during the past year many
states passed new and stringent laws, some of which should be
efficient and if properly enforced will materially diminish the
losses at once and ultimately will eliminate hog cholera from
those states.
Nebraska has no quarantine regulations or restrictions for
the movement of cholera hogs. Lowa has a regulation requiring
the immunization of exhibition hogs, and a clause quarantining
all hogs immunized by the simultaneous method for thirty days,
and the premises where hogs have been simultaneously immun-
ized for six months. Missouri provides for burying or burning
of carcasses of hogs dead of cholera, and has recently made
provision for a three weeks’ quarantine and simultaneous immu-
nization of feeders. Minnesota has a provision requiring burn-
ing or burying of hog cholera carcasses, a provision permitting
quarantining of affected herds, and a provision requiring the
disease to be reported to the Sanitary Commission. Indiana per-
mits removal of hogs showing no symptoms, from infected pens,
providing vehicle of transportation does not scatter litter, and
that when hogs are unloaded, all litter from the carrying vehicle
is burned, and further, provided that the hogs are slaughtered
where there is B. A. I. inspection. Another clause prohibits
the sale of hogs for four weeks after virus has been used. Feed-
ers may be purchased, providing they be given the serum treat-
ment within forty-eight hours after their arrival. A very im-
portant clause provides for the report of the prevalence of
hog cholera, by all licensed veterinarians, failure to do so being
sufficient cause for revocation of their license. Kentucky pro-
vides for burying or burning carcasses of hogs dead of cholera,
and the immunization of exhibition hogs. Tennessee has a pecu-
liar provision regulating the disposal of the carcasses of. hogs
dead of cholera, it provides that the carcasses be burned or sent
SANITARY POLICE MEASURES AND HOG CHOLERA. 229
to a rendering tank. They have a general law requiring the
notification of the health board of any and all communicable dis-
eases of domestic animals. Georgia prohibits the sale for slaugh-
tering, breeding or feeding of hogs affected with cholera, or
hogs from infected pens.
Practically all of the foregoing states have general laws rela-
tive to infective diseases, but in nearly every state hog cholera
has not been considered in the same relation as infective diseases
of other animals. Presumably, every state and country, in ac-
cordance with general sanitary laws, prohibits the shipping of
cholera-infected hogs to market, but it has been self-evident that
hundreds and thousands of cholera hogs are transported to our
markets every year, and thus far, without any noticeable remon-
strance from the sanitary authorities. It is very evident that hog
cholera will prevail as an epizootic as long as the producer is
permitted to load and ship cholera hogs to market, for such pro-
cedure provides means of distributing infection throughout the
country.
A few states have quarantine regulations relating to premises
and hogs infected with cholera, but it is doubtful if any state
actually quarantines cholera hogs. This is a serious mistake and
must be overcome if this disease is ever controlled.
Previous to the use of anti-hog-cholera serum it was possible
to control this disease so that the losses rarely exceeded 90 per
cent., and in many instances 80 to go per cent. of the hogs in
infected herds could be saved. The disease can be prevented
from extending to the neighboring premises through a rigid
enforcement of quarantine regulations.
A difficult problem in the control of any infective disease
is obtaining the knowledge of the existence of the disease be-
fore it becomes widespread. In order that a disease be reported,
each commonwealth should be divided into districts or units,
and in most of the states a county could be designated as a unit.
Each unit should have a county veterinarian whose duty should
be the investigation of reported outbreaks. A further provision
should require the producer to report any disease of his domestic
230 A. T. KINSLEY.
animals to the county veterinarian, who in turn should investi-
gate and report to the proper state official. Every state should
further provide for the reporting of all infectious diseases ob-
served by graduate veterinarians to the respective health official,
either county or state. If these regulations, which would prob-
ably vary somewhat in different states, were concisely prepared,
duly published and rigidly enforced, the producers would show
their appreciation by complying in every detail.
Just recently the writer visited a section of the country along
the Iowa-Missouri border. No hog cholera had been reported
in this particular section for several years, although it had oc-
curred in some herds within ten miles of this community in
1912. One man had about two hundred hogs and lived on the
Missouri side of the state line. Huis hogs began to die in March
or April, and up to the 20th of July about one hundred and
eighty had succumbed to the disease. This man did not inform
any one that his hogs were affected until they were practically
all dead, and when confronted with the seriousness of the lack
of proper control, he contended that the disease was not hog
cholera. The carcasses had been disposed of by covering them
in gullies and ditches on his premises. Three neighbors whose
farms are so situated that they receive drainage from the infected
pens, now have hog cholera in their herds, and the losses will
be extensive. If a rigid quarantine had been enforced early in
the outbreak and the carcasses properly disposed of, the dis-
ease would probably have been confined to the one premise.
The proper disposal of carcasses of hogs dead of cholera
is of very great importance in the control of this disease, because
of the prevalence of carnivorous animals in all rural communi-
ties. Dogs, cats, fowls and various wild animals and birds con-
sume freely of the carcasses of animals, and are no doubt a very
important factor in the spread of communicable diseases. The
fact that the virus maintains vitality in the surface soil and in
the carcass for a considerable time should be sufficient evidence
to warrant the proper disposal of carcasses of cholera hogs. In
many communities in Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska and Kansas,
SANITARY POLICE MEASURES AND HOG CHOLERA. 231
in I912, one could see the carcasses of hogs strewn in ravines,
by-ways and highways, and railroad right of ways, and even in
the alleys and streets of the smaller towns. Such miscellaneous
sowing of virus, no doubt, is in part responsible for the preva-
lence of hog cholera at the present time.
Another modern method of spreading hog cholera has been
by the improper use of the virus in the simultaneous immuniza-
tion of hogs against cholera. Even when the virus is used judi-
ciously, in the simultaneous immunization an occasional hog dies
of cholera. It is very evident that the virus would exist in the
carcass of such a hog. It is also possible that the virus is elimi-
nated before death from fatally diseased hogs, and if hog cholera
is similar to many of the other infective diseases, the virus is
eliminated from the simultaneously immunized hogs, even though
they do not die of the disease. It is, therefore, an undisputed
fact that many new centers of hog cholera have had their origin
from the sowing of the disease by the use of virus immunization.
The quarantining of all hogs for a period of four weeks, and
quarantining the premises for six months where said hogs were
immunized, as required by the regulations in Iowa, is the only
safe procedure where the virus is permitted to be used.
In conclusion it is evident that the various states in the prin-
cipal hog raising section of the United States have either insuf-
ficient laws for the efficient control of hog cholera or the sanitary
authorities of said states are not enforcing the laws controlling
hog cholera in a manner to obtain results that should be obtained.
Further, it is the opinion of the writer that if laws and regula-
tions were provided and enforced, first, prohibiting shipping of
cholera hogs, second, providing strict quarantine of infected
premises, and the proepr disposal of the carcasses of hogs dead
of cholera, and third, effectually controlling the distribution and
use of virus; the losses from hog cholera could be reduced fully
50 per cent. without the use of any anti-hog-cholera serum and
go per cent. by combining police control measures and the judi-
cious use of serum.
THERAPEUTICS OF PARENCHYMATOUS MASTITIS.*
By Louts A. Kiern, UNIveRSITY oF PENNSYLVANIA.
The pathological alterations of parenchymatous mastitis
show a striking similarity to those of pneumonia. There is an
exudation of blood serum and an immigration of leucocytes and
wandering connective tissue cells into the acini and ducts of the
gland, which is accompanied by an exfoliation of the epithelial
cells lining the asini and ducts. There is also an inflammatory
exudate into the interstitial and subcutaneous connective tissue,
which is sometimes very pronounced. If these exudates can be
removed and the epithelium is capable of regeneration, resolu-
tion occurs. If the exudates are not removed and the circulation
is not restored to normal within a certain period, the inflamma-
tory process in the interstitial tissue assumes a productive char-
acter. An increase of the interstitial connective tissue occurs and
the udder becomes indurated. Subsequently, the newly-formed
connective tissue contracts and produces atrophy. The epithelial
cells disappear in such cases, either as a result of the pressure
from the contracting connective tissue or because of extensive
destruction at the beginning of the disease. If the milk ducts or
canals are obstructed by clumps of casein or fibrin, the patho-
logical secretion will be dammed up and abscesses will form. If
the circulation is cut off from a section of the inflamed area by
thrombosis or by pressure from the inflammatory exudate or
collections of pus, necrosis or gangrene will occur. The necrosed
area is subsequently separated from the healthy tissue by suppu-
ration and may then become encapsulated, or, as occurs more fre-
quently, the line of demarcation may extend to the surface, when
the sequestrum may be eliminated spontaneously or removed by
operation.
* Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, at New York, September, 1913.
232
THERAPEUTICS OF PARENCHYMATOUS MASTITIS. 233
Resolution and the avoidance of complications, it will be seen,
depend upon the prompt removal of the exudates. The exudate
in the acini, ducts and cistern can be drawn off by milking, but
that in the interstitial tissues must be resorbed.
Resorption is a complex physiological process which cannot
be generated by artificial means, but the natural processes con-
cerned can be stimulated or increased in capacity by certain thera-
peutic methods. The principal factors concerned in resorption
are the interchange of fluids between the blood and tissues, the
leucocytes, and the quantity of blood flowing through the part.
By utilizing these natural forces resorption can be promoted.
Purgatives and diuretics increase the interchange of fluids be-
tween the blood and tissues. By causing a reduction in the fluid
of the blood they cause fluid to be absorbed from the tissues. This
is known as the derivative or revulsive method. Sialagogues and
diaphroetics also produce a derivative effect. The most striking
illustration of the effectiveness of this method is the result ob-
tained from the use subcutaneously of arecoline, a purgative and
sialagogue, in the treatment of laminitis in horses. In parenchy-
matous mastitis, it is customary to use magnesium sulphate as a
purgative but eserine and pilocarpine combined act more
promptly and perhaps more thoroughly and effectively, since they
are sialagogues as well as purgatives, although their cost may
prohibit their use in some cases. Arecoline is not recommended
for cattle. On account of their weakening effects, purgatives
canot be repeated, but the derivative action can be continued by
the use of diuretics. Potassium nitrate is a very popular diuretic
in the treatment of parenchymatous mastitis but one of the
less irritant saline diuretics would be more desirable. Phyto-
lacca, which has been used empirically in the treatment of mastitis
for a long time, has a diuretic action and no doubt exerts its ef-
fects in this way. Diaphoretics are of no practical value as de-
rivatives in cattle practice.
Leucocytes assist in resorption by phagocytosis and by caus-
ing the disintegration and solution of solid exudates by means of
a ferment. Leucocytosis may be increased by the local applica-
234 LOUIS A. KLEIN.
tion of stimulants, such as tincture of 1odine, spirits of camphor,
oil of turpentine, etc., and by other measures which increase the
flow of blood to the part, as hot water bathing, vapor baths,
Priessnitz dressing, poultices, plasters, frequent milking and
massage. According to Hess, massage should only be used after
the inflammation has begun to subside and pain has disappeared.
If it is applied at the height of the inflammatory process the
disease will be extended to the adjoining quarter on the same side
or on the opposite side and the secondary infection is usually .
more severe and more difficult to heal than the original process.
Massage is also contraindicated when suppuration or necrosis is
present. The phagocytic function of the leucocytes can be stimu-
lated by the injection of bacterins, but this action is a
specie one and the bacterin is only effective for the par-
ticular species of organisms used in its preparation. Since
parenchymatous mastitis is a polybacterial disease the prep-
aration or selection of a suitable bacteria for each case would
involve considerable detail work. Schmidt, of Kolding,
Denmark, the discoverer of the successful modern treatment for
milk fever, recommends as a substitute for bacterins the infusion
into the udder of equal parts of absolute alcohol and glycerine.
This mixture, he says, will kill and dissolve numbers of the bac-
teria concerned in the disease and when these dissolved sub-
stances are absorbed specific opsonins will be produced which
will stimulate the phagocytic action of the leucocytes against the
bacteria remaining in the udder. But the mixture has a destruc-
tive action upon the epithelium of the udder and for this reason
can only be used in those severe cases where the life of the animal
is threatened or where there is no prospect of the return of the
milk secretion. In other cases, the mixture is diluted with an
equal amount of physiological salt solution. Usually about 250
c. c. is infused into the infected quarter and the quarter is not
milked out for three days. The disintegrating and solvent action
of the leticocytes on solid exudates cannot be directly affected by
drugs but a similar action can be obtained with potassium iodide,
which destroys pathological cells and causes them to degenerate,
THERAPEUTICS OF PARENCHYMATOUS MASTITIS. 235
and by sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulphate and
ammonium chloride, which dissolve and liquify solid inflamma-
tory products.
An increased flow of blood through the part may be brought
about by heart stimulants, local stimulant applications, hot water
bathing, vapor baths, Priessnitz dressing, plasters, poultices,
massage and frequent milking. Caffeine will serve the purpose
of both a heart stimulant and diuretic and may be given in the
form of the alkaloid or strong coffee. Frequent milking, every
one or two hours, is a very important method of treatment. The
manipulation of the test dilates reflexly the blood vessels of the
udder and causes a greatly increased amount of blood to flow
through the udder. It also removes the exudate and prevents its
decomposition and the formation of irritant bacterial products in
the acini and ducts of the udder. A suspensory. bandage pro-
motes the circulation in the udder and also reduces pain by reliev-
ing tension upon the tissues.
When it was demonstrated in the last quarter of the nine-
teenth century that bacteria were the direct cause of mastitis,
Franck advocated that the disease be treated by destroying the
bacteria concerned by the injection of antiseptics into the udder.
This method of treatment was adopted by many veterinarians,
but the results were disappointing. It was found that the anti-
septic solutions irritate the udder tissue and frequently increase
the inflammation even when diluted to a point where their effect-
iveness seems doubtful. Subsequently it was observed that all
of the beneficial effects resulting from the injection of antiseptic
solutions could be obtained by frequent milking without the irri-
tation produced by antiseptics.
Some antiseptics when administered by the mouth are elimin-
ated through the udder. The writer administered hexamethyle-
namina better known under the name of urotropin, to a cow in
one to two dram doses and demonstrated formaldehyde in the
milk in twenty-four hours. Boric acid given in two to six dram
doses at the same time to the same animal appeared in the milk in
twelve hours. No irritant effects were produced. Iodine is
236 LOUIS A. KLEIN.
eliminated in the milk when potassium iodide is given and sali-
cylic acid is also excreted through the udder. When doses of 45
grains to 114 drams of potassium iodide were given daily, La-
bourdette found that the milk contained up to 334 grains of po-
tassium iodide to the quart. The amount of the other substances
eliminated in the milk has not been determined.
The germicidal power of milk, which is feeble under normal
conditions, is increased in mastitis. Its effect on the bacteria of
mastitis has not been accurately tested but the writer has observed
a few cases of streptococcic mastitis in which it appeared to have
destroyed the organisms of the disease. Whatever advantage can
be obtained from this property can be exerted to the fullest extent
by frequent milking of the affected quarter.
While bacteria are usually the direct cause of mastitis there
are certain accessory or predisposing causes which should receive
consideration in treating the disease. These are damp, cold
floors, sudden exposure to cold air, excessive cold, drafts, in-
complete milking and stasis of milk. Deep milkers are more sus-
ceptible to the disease than others.
Usually the fever is reduced by the action of the purgative
and the diuretics. Very high temperature indicates septic infec-
tion and camphor, alcohol and quinine are then indicated. Necro-
sis, abscess formation, indigestion, paresis of the rumen, muscu-
lar weakness, posterior paralysis and other complication are
treated according to the usual methods.
REFERENCES.
Kitt, Dr. Th.—Pathologische Anatomie der Haustiere. Vierte Auflage. I Band.
Froéhner, Dr. Eugen.—Allgemeine Therapie fiir Tierarzte. Dritte Auflage.
Hess, Dr. E.—Erkrankungen des Euters, Bayer-Fréhner Tierarztl. Chirurgie und
Geburtshilfe. III Band. III Teil.
Schlampp, Dr. W.—Therapeutische Technik fiir Tierarzte. II Band.
Schmidt, Dr. J.—Die Tiefen wirkung der Desinfektionsmittel bei 6rtlichen bakteriellen
Krankheiten, besonders bei Euterentziindung. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift.
Jahrg. 21, Nr. 24 (pp. 372-374).
Miss AtIcE LILLty BrrmpGE PALMER arrived at the home of
Dr. and Mrs. C. B. Palmer, Easton, Pennsylvania, on October
19, 1913. The young lady seemed in excellent spirits and
weighed 734 pounds at the time of her arrival.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION AND ITS RELATION TO THE
VETERINARIAN.*
By Dr. F. F. Brown, Kansas Crry, Mo.
The merits of artificial insemination of animals has been
given but very little attention by the veterinary profession as a
whole. Until recently this method of impregnating animals has
never been utilized in a general way, but has been restricted to a
limited number of valuable females having some congenital de-
fect or pathologic condition.
Perhaps one of the greatest reasons for lack of interest in
this subject on the part of veterinarians is- their lack of knowl-
edge or appreciation of the practical adaptability of the method
to daily breeding operations.
Doubtless the schools engaged in teaching veterinary science
are in a great measure responsible for this lack of knowledge.
The individuals composing the faculties are not ordinarily en-
gaged in active practice in breeding districts, so that the impor-
tance of this method has not fully impressed them.
It is to be regretted that students and graduates go from
the doors of our colleges uninformed on this important branch
of veterinary science. I seriously question if there is a single
standard school that gives the subject more than passing notice
and perhaps then with the impression that it is only of experi-
mental interest.
With the belief that our profession is not fully awake to the
importance of this subject the writer has been prompted to the
preparation of this paper.
Progress is being rapidly made in this work, not by veterina-
* Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association at New York, September, 1913.
237
238 F. F. BROWN.
rians, but by laymen, and it should not be for us to stand idly
by and see ourselves outstripped by men untrained in a branch
of work that is properly ours.
Laymen have developed the practice of artificial insemination
to a point where it has been placed upon a practicable basis and
may be generally utilized in daily breeding operations in the
equine. By experience the stallioner has learned that the serv-
ices of his animal may be extended manyfold by this method,
and that the energies of the sire may be conserved and not over-
taxed and that the number of progeny possible from a sire dur-
ing his lifetime is almost incalculable.
Relying upon the physrologic fact that but a single sperma-
tozoon is necessary for successful fecundation, and that hundreds
of thousands are lost at each service, it suggests itself to the
thinking man that numerous divisions may be made, so that sev-
eral mares may be bred just as effectively as the usual single
individual.
The technique must surely be simple 1f laymen with but little
training can practice this method successfully. Observance of
cleanliness with attention to proper temperature and avoidance
of exposure to bright sunlight are some of the requisites for
SUCCESS.
Artificial insemination in the hands of careful, observing men
is rapidly becoming an important commercial proposition. No
man can predict its influence on the future production of animals.
A statement can only be made of what is already being ac-
complished with a hint as to its possibilities for the future. |
These statements are based upon personal experience and
extensive inquiries made to reputable breeders engaged in prac-
ticing artificial insemination from one to five years. I have in
my possession upwards of 160 letters from breeders in answer
to questions submitted to them, and from the various sources of
information the following conclusions have been reached con-
cerning the advantages of artificial insemination over natural
service.
Ist—Stallion owners are able to restrict the services of their
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION—RELATION TO THE VETERINARIAN. 239
animals to one period a day, thus conserving the virility of the
sire and contributing to more vigorous offspring.
2d—By effecting a division of the semen from 7 to 18 mares
may be easily bred from a single service.
3d—That a higher percentage of foals results for the reason
that insemination is certain and the stallioner soon learns to
detect and reject mares showing evidence of confirmed sterility.
4th—That impregnation is far more certain in case of atresia
of the cervix, a tortuous or elongated cervical canal, together
with various pathologic conditions of the vaginal tract and nu-
merous other conditions.
5th—The opportunity for conveying contagious or infectious
genital diseases is greatly lessened and reduced to the minimum
by the observing operator.
6th—That the opportunity for physical injuries to either stal-
-lion or mare is practically nil by this method.
7th—That the offspring are equal to and generally should be
superior to the natural product on account of the sire not being
overtaxed.
8th—That the results obtained justify the stallioner reduc-
ing the service fee if necessary, making it no excuse for any man
to breed to a scrub and putting the latter out of existence through
competition alone.
gth—That certain shy breeding mares may be bred success-
fully at the termination of the estral period and in the hands of
several experienced men impregnations have been accomplished
by breeding at any period without regard to estrum.
1oth—That with proper care semen may be transported dis-
tances and impregnations successfully made.
11th—That cheap females may be utilized as in case of the
burro which when crossed with a horse of proper type results in
a hinney that finds a ready market at a remunerative figure.
Breeders report that by this method they are able to breed
daily all the mares that are presented and several have reported
breeding nearly 300 to one sire during the season, with the com-
ment that they could have bred twice the number.
240 F. F. BROWN.
The man who interests himself in artificial insemination will
naturally become a student of those conditions responsible for
sterility, some of which he may be able to overcome, and others
he will reject, thus giving rise to a higher percentage of foals.
Instead of the usual 50 or 60 per cent., careful breeders are
getting 80 to go per cent. and even better by this method. A
breeder in charge of a large establishment reports that in 1912
he rejected 136 and in 1913 231 mares as unsuited for breeding
on account of clinical evidence of confirmed sterility.
The yearly losses to mare owners that accrue from sterility
are enormous.
Many of these cases are victims of genital diseases capable
of being transmitted by coition. An examination of the dis-
charges from the uterus of a certain class of sterile mares will
reveal a peculiar organism that is capable in cultures of very
promptly destroying the life of spermatozoa. The same state-
ment will apply to the discharge itself. Infectious abortion is
unquestionably disseminated through the act of coition, and this
disease is assuming alarming proportions in some localities.
Every public breeding establishment is in a sense a menace
to animal health through the spread of communicable diseases
of a genital character, and the owners of these establishments
bear a certain relationship and responsibility to the public. This
is a vital question affecting the horse-breeding industry, and its
proper solution is not easy. The time will perhaps be when
these men will have to show proficiency in detecting communi-
cable diseases if sanitary sentiment keeps the pace it is now travel-
ing. In the meantime artificial insemination can be utilized to
evade these disorders and is being done by the more progressive
breeders.
With a better knowledge of the biology of spermatozoa we
are learning to surround them with such environment as will
properly sustain and prolong their life. The feat of transporting
semen distances for the purpose of insemination has been suc-
cessfully accomplished for a sufficient number of times to demon-
Strate its practicability as a breeding measure. Breeders have
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION—RELATION TO THE VETERINARIAN. 241
repeatedly carried semen 25 and 30 miles to ranches and have
successfully impregnated mares. A breeder at St. Joseph last
season made a service and six hours later a mare was bred in
Omaha resulting in impregnation. It is not beyond the range
of reason or possibility for men trained and equipped to make
numerous artificial-services at points over a wide territory adja-
cent to their breeding establishment without ever taking the stal-
lion off the premises.
When we consider that a three to five-dollar burro can be
made to produce a forty to sixty-dollar hinney at weaning time
by this method one can gain a slight insight into the possibilities
of what can be attained by artificial insemination.
The brief references and hints made are not founded on
dreams or air castles, but are gleaned from personal experience,
and those of reputable breeders. The feeling obtains that this
subject has been woefully neglected by our profession and that
the breeders of to-day are working out these problems without
veterinary aid because the veterinarians as a whole have given
the subject very little consideration. Here is a great scientific
field almost wholly neglected, needing the combined attention of
pathologist, bacteriologist, and practitioner, whose united investi-
gations would unquestionably reveal a multitude of truths that
yet lie deeply buried in mystery.
ABOUT THE PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN AT A. V. M. A. MEET-
ING IN NEw YORK IN SEPTEMBER—The Review office has been
deluged with inquiries in regard to a group photograph taken on
the roof of the Hotel Astor during the meeting of the A. V. M.
A. in New York in September, for which they had paid $1 and
had not received the picture. We are in the same position, and
so are the Fire Chiefs, who were in convention in New York at
the same time. The photographer’s name is Chas. F. Allen, ad-
dress, 25 West 42d street, New York. Under date of October
8th, Mr. Allen wrote us as follows: ‘ Delay in sending veterin-
ary men’s photos due to shortage of that particular size of paper—
will be sent out Wednesday, October 15.” Anyone not receiving
their picture within a reasonable time should write Mr. Allen
direct at above address.
TYMPANY OF THE RUMEN, OR BLOATING: WITH A
PROMPT AND EFFICIENT REMEDY.*
By Dante, J. Heaty anp JoHN W. Nutter, Lexinecton, Ky.
During the past spring there was an unusual growth of white
clover in many of the pastures of Central Kentucky, and our
attention was called to this subject by the occurrence of several
cases of tympany in the station dairy herd.
As is well known, tympany, or bloating, may follow the in-
gestion of certain foods. Alfalfa and clover, especially the red
and white varieties, while in fresh bloom, are particularly dan-
gerous in this respect.
‘““Cadeac maintains that paresis of the rumen is the essential
cause in all cases,’ t but the following experimental work proves
conclusively that when bloating follows the ingestion of certain
foods, it is caused by rapid fermentation in the rumen.
J. W. Nutter, who has charge of the dairy herd, mixes so-
dium bicarbonate with the salt which is fed to the cows. This
is a fairly satisfactory prophylactic measure, although from time
to time a case of tympany will occur.
It occurred to one of us (Healy), that fresh clover blossoms
may contain an appreciable quantity of sugar, which, undergoing
a rapid fermentation in the rumen, would account for the acute
distention by gas. To test this, a known quantity of fresh
flowers, gathered from clover heads, was placed in 100 c.c. of
distilled water and boiled for 20 minutes. The original weight
was restored with distilled water, and the solution strained
through a funnel, which retained the mass of flowers. The sugar
content of the solution was then determined by the Fehling cop-
* From the Laboratory of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington,
Kentucky. A preliminary note. :
+ Law, James, Veterinary Medicine, 1911, Vol. II., p. 96.
242
bo
eee
oo
TYMPANY OF THE RUMEN—EFFICIENT REMEDY.
per reduction method. Red and white clover blossoms, alfalfa
blooms, blue grass flowers, clover and alfalfa leaves were thus
examined. That there is an appreciable quantity of sugar in
the fresh flowers of alfalfa and of red and white clover is shown
in the Table I. This table also shows that the sugar content of
alfalfa and clover leaves and of bluegrass flowers is very small.
Taper Tf.
Quantity. % of Sugar
Grams. Variety. by Weight.
15.80 Peesn white clover flowers. ........:,. <<. «- 2.43
8.00 Presh, wiite clover HOWE ....0 05 <2. on 1.80
10.80 Fresh white clover flowers............. Peet
13.60 reste ClOVED TOWELS. roc wn ng sss 2/07
12.35 Gesmoatedl ha HOMMETS 25 wlucs i Ble gu¥ aioe + 2.88
8.00 Pes Peer SeS NOWELS). on. ~
Fourth ABLATION OF THE BLADDER.—This was cut away
with a bistouri, 4 centimeters back of the elastic ligature.
The after care consisted in washing the vagina twice a day
with physiological serum, followed by oxygenated water. Slight
reaction took place on the third day with raising of the tempera-
ture and general dullness of the animal.
During the first ro days micturition was irregular, taking
place with great expulsive effort in variable quantity and every 15
minutes by drops or in small streams, soiling the inside of the
thighs and hocks. But this condition gradually improved. The
expulsion of the urine took place at various intervals, escaping
at the lower commissure of the vulva, the animal stretching her-
self, about every fifteen or twenty minutes and throwing out
about half a litre of urine at each time, that is, when a certain
quantity of urine had collected in the floor of the vagina, which
then filled the place of a temporary reservoir until a nervous re-
flex stimulated its contractions and gave rise to micturition.
This recovery, which required only one month to take place,
shows that evagination of the bladder heretofore considered as
a very serious, if not fatally ending, accident, can be the subject
296 EDITORIAL.
of successful surgical interference, which will permit of saving
an animal and allow him to render a certain amount of good
work after a relatively short length of time.
Such cases are rare, it is admitted, but such favorable results
as those obtained here deserve to be known.
*
ste st
KK *
RABIES IN SOLIPEDS.—The Kevue Generale has published
lately the records of two cases of Rabies, one in a horse, the
other in a male donkey, which have given occasion for wise re-
marks from the authors. The symptoms of the disease, when it
was developed, were in both subjects classical, but the fact of the
rare occurrence of rabies in equines, the relatively slow process
that one (the horse) presented and the difficult circumstances of
the first examination which took place at night with light only,
had not permitted a correct diagnosis at once. The horse being
then treated for a simple case of pharyngitis, that his condition
justified.
But when he began to show nervous manifestations besides
refusing his food, breaking his halter rope, upsetting every-
thing in his stable, staggering more or less in walking, and also
pushing his head against the wall, the possibility that a nervous
disease of some kind was developing was considered, and vene-
section recommended with ice to the head, and intestinal revul-
sion. As the animal was about being fixed for being bled, his
physiognomy became haggard, his features contracted, he became
snappish and rabies became evident, although no history of the
horse having been bitten was obtained. It had taken some three
or four days for rabies to become fully developed, and the groom
was bitten, although he had been put on his guard.
The disease ran its course then normally. At one o’clock it
was in its acme, the animal had spells of rage now and then,
and at ten o'clock he was dead.
The diagnosis with the donkey was made readily. The dis-
ease with him occurred a few days after that of the horse, and
ran its course in a few hours.
|
|
|
. ane
—
—— >
ee
EDITORIAL. 297
Careful inquiry made it suspicious that both animals had been
bitten by the same mad dog. The period of supposed incubation
was between 2 and 3 months, the inocculation having taken place
at the point of the nose. Many mad dogs had been killed in the
region where these two cases were observed, and the indications
are that in such circumstances it is prudent to watch all animals
liable to have been exposed and bitten, and in case of any pre-
senting any abnormal manifestations in their health to bear in
mind the possibility of hydrophobia.
*k
at
*
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REVIEWS—STOMOXyYsS CALCITRANS.—Dr. M.
Bruin Mitzmann, veterinary entomologist, and Dr. Archibald R.
Ward, chief veterinarian, have favored me with Bulletin No. 24
of the Bureau of Agriculture of the Government of the Philip-
pine Islands. The Role of the Stomoxys Calcitrans in the trans-
mission of Trypanosoma Evansi, where after presenting the
literature in reference to the subject, they consider the various
methods they have resorted to in their experiments by the me-
chanical transmission. They then treated of the relations of the
non-biting flies to stomoxys in contaminative infection, gave of
the cylical development of trypanosoma evansi in stomoxys cal-
citrans, the question of hereditary transmission, the methods em-
ployed in feeding and keeping flies for laboratory purposes and
those of applying flies to the host, and concluded their very in-
teresting bulletin with the following general summary:
1. Only negative results were obtained in the attempts at
direct mechanical transmission of surra with flies, which were
induced to bite healthy animals at intervals ranging from five
minutes to three days, after being permitted to complete the feed-
ing upon infected animals. Thousands of stomoxys calcitrans
were employed in 29 experiments, involving the use of 3 horses,
6 monkeys and 22 guinea pigs.
2. Twenty-seven experiments were performed in attempts
to transmit Surra by the interrupted method of feeding. All
attempts proved negative where a single application of a varying
298 EDITORIAL.
number of flies was used, as many as 38 on a horse, and a maxi-
mum of 40 on a small guinea pig. The intervals between feed-
ing on infected and healthy animals averaged 25 to 40 seconds
in the two instances cited.
3. In three experiments, interrupted feeding was employed
in successive applications. In attempting to determine the mini-
mum number of bites necessary to infect an animal as high as
40 were followed by negative results. The only positive one
obtained was produced from a succession of 206 interrupted
bites in which the flies were transferred immediately from the in-
fected to the clean animal. The flies were applied 32 hours dur-
ing a period of six days.
4. The results of these experiments indicate that Trypanoso-
ma Evansi does not develop in the body of Stomoxys Calcitrans.
Ninety-four days was the longest period in which laboratory bred
flies were tested for a cyclical development, and sixty-seven days
the maximum for wild flies.
5. Organisms of Surra were not found in Stomoxys Calci-
trans beyond 18 days after feeding on an infected animal, and the
limit for infection by inoculation was ascertained in these ex-
periments to be six hours.
6. Pathogenous trypanosomes were found in the proboscis
of the fly thirty seconds after feeding on infected blood. Within
one minute and thirty seconds the organisms were not present
in the mouth parts in a form capable of infecting by inoculation
into guinea pigs.
7. The wounds made by the labium of Stomoxis were not
found to be a suitable channel for infection. Consequently it is
not likely that Surra in domestic animals is produced through this
avenue by external contamination ; namely feces, mouth parts and
pulvilli of infected flies.
8. The intimate relation in the feeding habits of Stomoays
and of house flies has been pointed out. Stomoxys has been
demonstrated to provide through its bites the infection of Musca
Domestica and other dung flies. These flies have been demon-
started to act as carriers, harboring the surra organisms for sev-
eral hours.
EDITORIAL. 299
g. No evidence was obtained to indicate that Typanosome
Evans1 is hereditary transmitted to the offspring of S. Calcitrans.
The larvae of this fly fed on Surra blood does not continue to
harbor the trypanosome and the fly is “clean”? upon reaching
maturity.
ro. It is demonstrated that the individual glass-tube method
is the most suitable for applying flies in feeding on experimental
animals and for keeping flies for long periods under laboratory
condition.
7K K
CANCER IN Horses.—From the annual report of the Sanitary
Veterinary Service of the City of Paris, by Mr. H. Martel, Chief,
I find in the part concerning the section of Hippophaic Abattoirs
some interesting statistics upon cancer amongst the horses which
were killed in those abattoirs.
Cancer is very frequent in horses, and the statistical researches
made in that direction, and which cover examinations of some
40,000 subjects, viz.: 20,000 mares, 16,200 geldings and 3,600
stallions, prove its frequency. The number of cases of cancer
observed is 184, without counting those of melanotic sarcoma.
Of those 184, 86 were in mares, 43 in geldings, and 55 in stal-
lions.
In relation to the organs which were diseased, these 184
cases are represented by 62 of the kidneys, 50 of the testicles, 45
of the mammae, 9 of the intestines, 6 of the bladder, 2 of the
ovary, 2 of the lungs, 1 of the uterus, 1 of the sheath, 1 of the
jaw and five of origin not precisely established.
Most of those cases of cancer were observed in subjects ad-
vanced in years and above fifteen.
In classifying them according to the pigmentation of the
teguments, 118 were found in animals of dark color (black, bays,
or chestnut and its varieties), 66 were observed in clear color
(white or grey).
_In 21 cases pairs of organs were simultaneously affected.
For instance, 6 cases were observed in mammae in the two glands,
300 EDITORIAL.
10 in both testicles, 5 in kidneys. These last existed when the dis-
ease was generalized. In the others it was not.
In the cancers of the mammae, cancers were in form of
tumours of different sizes in both glands and in each had de-
veloped at successive periods of times. In the cases of testicular
cancer the development in each seemed to have taken place about
the same time.’ In four cases, the cancer existed in the testicle in
condition of abdominal ectopia.
Metastasis of generalization were observed in 66 cases, and
in 42 of those involved glands, organs and serous membranes.
In cases of testicular cancer generalization by general circulation
was never observed.
In relation to melanotic sarcoma, Martel writes: It iS @X-
tremely rare to find white or grey horses entirely free of melan-
otic tumours. These are localized preferably in the peri-rectal
connective tissue, in the sub-scapular muscles, the parotid, the
bones and the lymphatic glands, and are spread most often by the
channel of the lymphatic vessels. When the generalization takes
place through general circulation, the metastasis develops very
rapidly and then mostly in the organs.
To serve to the history of cancer the above statistics are most
valuable.
2
SuNDRY ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—The Philippines Agricul-
tural Review. The veterinary number of this periodical was re-
ceived. Published as a monthly by the Bureau of Agriculture in
English and Spanish, it indicates the importance that our profes-
sion has assumed in the Philippines. This number contains
among its special articles, The History of the College of Vetert-
nary Science at the University of the Philippines by Dr. D. B.
Palmer, D.V.M., and Victor Buencamino, D.V.M., also The
Surra Conveying Fly of the Philippines and some factors con-
cerned in control measures by Dr. M. Bruin Mitzmain. Observa-
tions on The Clinical Diagnosis of Glanders, by Dr. C. H.
Schultz Kidney Worm Infestation of Swine, by D. W. Hutchins
EDITORIAL. 301
Boynton. The number is illustrated. In the editorial, the prac-
tice of veterinary art is alluded to by remarks that place it in the
Islands amongst the few states, where such is protected and also
those who are regularly graduated. It also tells that at the veter-
inary college, the requirements for graduation are attendance to
lectures for five years, sessions of nine months.
‘“ These are examples worth following.”
First annual report of the Director of the Department of
Public Health and Charities of the City of Lawrence, in Massa-
chusetts.
Notes on Complement Fixation in Glanders by Langdon
Frothingam, M.D.V., and Stephen O’Coole, D.V.M.
Chicago veterinary college Bulletin and Announcement for
1913. log
WHAT ARE WE GOING TO DO IN THE UNITED
STATES. SENATE?
Actions speak louder than words. Faith without works, is dead.
The army veterinary service bill having already been intro-
duced into Congress on May Ist as H. R. 4541, what is to be our
plan of action in order to move the bill forward?
In the present month, December, the 63d Congress, under
constitutional provision, assembles in its first regular session. The
time has arrived when our bill must be made to start on its leg-
islative path. There are four steps to be taken: First, it must be
read and passed by the Committee on Military Affairs of the
House; second, it must be read and passed by the House as a
whole; third, it must be read, and, in either approved or disap-
proved form, be passed upon by the Senate Military Committee;
fourth, it must be approved by the Senate as a whole. Our plan
is to begin the movement of the bill with the reading of the
House Committee on Military Affairs, where it now is resting in
302 EDITORIAL.
readiness for the December assembling of Congress. Why? The
House has approximately four times as many members as the
Senate (395 to 98). The House, therefore, by dint of numbers
and direct selection by the people, has always more clearly voiced
the thought of the people in its legislation. What passes the
House is apt to pass the Senate, if the majority in both are in po-
litical agreement as at present. And if the bill passes by a com-
fortable vote in the House, the chances in the Senate are propor-
tionally better. Many people make the mistake of thinking that
there is a great gulf fixed between the Senate and the House and
that there is no intercourse between the membership of each body.
As a matter of fact, the members of both houses mingle freely
in Washington, and there is frequent conference and collusion
of members of both houses from regions of the country interested
in definite kinds of legislation, or there is agreement and combina-
tion of the members of the delegation to Congress of any one
State or group of States for furthering particular pieces of
legislation. The voice of the House, therefore, most assuredly
has effect in the legislation in the Senate by the in season and out
of season agreements and understandings. The members of any
State delegation sent to Congress soon get to know each other
well, and the opinions of the Representatives to Congress from
any State impress the minds of the Senators from the same State.
Indeed, there can be no mistake in saying that the mind of a Sena-
tor from any State is apt to be set or altered by the thought of the
majority of the Representatives to Congress from the same State,
or by the decisions on pending legislation arrived at by influential
Representatives in the State delegation to Congress. Represen-
tatives have a strong hold on the minds of the Senators from
their regions. This constitutes another important reason, there-
fore, why we are going to start our bill on its way in the House.
What leverage on the Senate can be had by seeking close ac-
quaintance with Representatives to Congress?
The secret of success in inducing Representatives to Con-
gress to favor and work for the army veterinary service bill con-
sists in seeking close acquaintance with them and showing them
EDITORIAL. 303
why they must have a personal and vital interest in it. What is
good for them and their constituents ought to pass. But when an
attempt is to be made to get legislation of this sort the profession
becomes divided into two groups, one large and potent; the other
small but indifferent. I refer to the workers who constitute the
first group, and to the well-meaning but half-hearted sympathizers
who belong in the second group. The workers, a magnificent
body of loyal men, constituting the bulk of the profession in
America, are ever ready to put their hearts and minds into this
reform. The well-meaning but half-hearted sympathizers are
those who say, “ This is a good thing, I hope the bill will pass and
that the boys will get what they want ’—and they let the matter
go at that. There would be no veterinary reform until the end
of the world if such men were in the majority. They are not.
The gospel of work is being preached by veterinary reformers,
and it is vitalizing all hearts to seek success for this bill. ‘‘ Faith,
without works is dead.’”’, Any man who claims he pins his faith
to this reform and does not work for it has a fibreless, unreal
faith. But the immediate appeals of the workers are converting
such men from the error of their ways, and it is high time that
this should be so. Because the services of every American vet-
erinarian are in demand to acquaint their Representatives to
Congress with the need for this reform. Leverage on the Senate
may be had by our educating first of all our Representatives on
its needfulness. The size of the vote in favor of the bill in the
House will affect the Senate. Our success in educating the mem-
bers of the House will ease our path in the Senate.
How are we to put the army veterinary service bill through
the United States Senate?
1. All chosen immediately by the 90,000,000 of our people
and the 5,000,000 in our dependencies, the Representatives to
Congress voice the thought of the people directly. The thousands
of veterinarians in each State and Territory should seek a close
acquaintance with these, the people’s representatives, and appeal
to them in favor of the bill. Its passage by a handsome majority
in the House would ease its course in the Senate.
304 EDITORIAL.
2. In each State delegation to Congress the influence es-
pecially of leading Representatives is to be sought for our meas-
ure and for their power to persuade their Senators to aid it. Men
are gregarious—they are disposed to go in flocks as leaders point
the way.
3. There are Senators who can be won without this plan by
veterinarians or their friends who have access to them. Oppor-
tunity should not be lost to strengthen the interest of those fa-
vorably disposed, or to swing the wavering to the side of the
bill.
Winning in the Senate is a matter of thorough campaigning.
As the country speaks, the Senate will act. The country speaks
as the House of Representatives votes. Gs.
VETERINARIANS AND THE ALLIED HORSE
INTERESTS.
The above caption surmounts a correspondence, published
on page 386 of this issue, from Mr. T. Butterworth, editor of
The Live Stock Journal, Chicago; a paper that has faithfully
championed the interests of the horse industry of America under
all conditions for the past quarter century; especially the draft
horse, the more extensive breeding of which, Mr. Butterworth
has unceasingly urged; his keen foresight having foretold a con-
stantly increasing demand despite the advent of the motor truck.
In his letter of transmittal, Mr. Butterworth says:
“T enclose you a brief item, of importance to veterinarians, who should
take the lead in promoting horsebreeding. Improvement that will in the
same proportion advance the veterinary interests and prosperity. The eager
market demand at the high price must be met, or the work must be done
with the auto-trucks that help the horses but little—the few thousand against
our twenty-five millions of horses and mules. Your great paper can do
no greater work for the veterinary profession than to rally to the help of
ne
een ~h S heties
ae a ee ae
EDITORIAL. 305
the farmers in this crisis. I started to write the item for my own paper,
but it seemed more important for yours, so loyal to the veterinary interests.
I am glad to have your co-operation in this good work.”
Here is a direct call from the stock-breeding interests to the
veterinary profession; let it not go unheeded. There are hun-
dreds, many hundreds, of, men in our ranks who can give material
help’ to the horse-breeding interests of America, if they would
but disseminate their knowledge through their pens. And the
best means of dissemination is through the profession itself.
Contribute your knowledge to your brothers in the profession
through these pages, and let them in turn disseminate it to their
clientele, and it becomes world-wide. Let some Brother write on
draft horse breeding, the breeds best adapted for improving our
native stock for heavy draft work, and those best adapted to the
production of farm horses. Let some other Brother take up the
solution of the production of horses for our army service, which
has been much discussed out of the profession and is still far
from solved. Our markets are only half supplied with business
horses for general delivery of household goods, a branch of
horse services that mechanical appliances have left untouched
except for a few large dry goods houses in the large cities; and
a reaction is taking place in some of these, and in other indus-
tries that had received the impression that they had to have
automobiles to keep abreast of the times, but have since found it
to their advantage to return to the horse.
The horse industry of America has nearly a billion dollars’
greater valuation than all the cattle, sheep and hogs, or all the
grain crops of corn, wheat, oats, barley and rye; a total of thirty
million head on the farms and in the cities; the greatest of any
nation. But we have not enough for the demands: the horse
industry needs encouragement, it needs advice as to its direction
and the economical management of breeding problems; and a
direct call has come to our profession for such direction and
advice, which is a recognition of our ability to aid—nay, direct—
the greatest agricultural industry of our country. Let us report
for duty without delay.
306 EDITORIAL.
THE COCAINE LAW AND VETERINARIANS.
On page 410 of this issue we have published a ruling by At-
torney General Carmody of the State of New York as to cocaine
prescriptions by veterinarians. This ruling makes it clear
that druggists may not ful prescriptions calling for cocaine signed
by either veterinarians or dentists, and that to members of either
of those professions the tise of the drug in question is limited to
its purchase in original packages and its direct administration to
the patient. This law has caused some dissatisfaction on the
part of members of the veterinary profession, and some chafing
at the collar, not so much on account of the inconvenience that
it may have caused them, as that they feel as though they are
being discriminated against. They feel that as graduates in
medicine (even though it is a special branch) their signature
should carry just as much weight on a prescription calling for a
dangerous drug as that of their brothers in medicine. And really
it does seem as though the law to be consistent should be re-
versed. The veterinarian’s patients cannot become addicted to
the cocaine habit, while the physician’s patients can, and do.
Well, then, would it not seem that if any one class of practitioner
should be restricted to its use by direct administration to his
patient, that particular class should be the physician, so that there
would be no possibility of prescriptions being refilled. The
cocaine law may be right in so far as its restriction of the pur-
chase of cocaine to that of obtaining it in its original package
and not allowing it to be part of a prescription, if its application
was a general one, but its application to veterinarians and dentists
only, more particularly the former, we feel is wrong. We should
like a free expression of opinion on it from REvIEw readers.
HistoricAL CoMMITTEE, A. V. M. A.
D. Arthur Hughes, Chairman
H. S. Dumphy Tait Butler
The above is an additional committee received from Secretary
Mayo, and not included in the list sent to the REvrew for publi-
cation last month and which appeared on pages 274 and 275.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
THE PERSISTENCE OF THE BACILLUS OF INFECTIOUS
ABORTION IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS.*
By W. E. Corron, D.V.M., Bureau or ANiMAL INDUSTRY EXPERIMENT
STATION, BETHESDA, Mp.
It is the purpose of this paper to show that infectious abortion
of cattle is one of those diseases in which a very large proportion
of the cows, at least those infected with the strains of the dis-
ease with which we have worked, harbor the abortion bacillus for
a very long time and eliminate it, more or less continuously with
their milk, without showing visible lesions in the udder, for
months and years after the active manifestations of the disease
have subsided. In some instances the bacillus of abortion is elim-
inated by animals in which active disease has not asserted itself
at all. Something will also be said as to the length of time the
‘organism remains in the uterus after abortion, and also as to its
persistence in the tissues of small experiment animals.
The work from which the data was obtained was done at the
Experiment Station of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry,
at Bethesda, Md., under the direction of Dr. E. C. Schroeder,
Superintendent, to whose guidance and help I am greatly indebted
both in making the observations and in preparing the data pre-
sented.
At the forty-eighth annual meeting of this Association, Dr.
Schroeder and I presented a paper (1) in which we described an
organism that we had found to be eliminated with the milk of a
considerable number of apparently healthy cows; that it was of
common occurrence in market milk; and that it produced lesions
in guinea pigs which somewhat resembled those produced by the
* Presented to the fiftieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation in New York, September, 1913.
307
308 W. E. COTTON.
tubercle bacillus. At that time we had failed to identify the
organism, which we now know to be that of infectious abortion.
To gain some information as to the constancy with which
aborting cows eliminate this organism with their milk, and the
length of time they persist in doing so, as well as that during
which the genital tract remains infected after an abortion, careful
watch was kept over all the cows at the Experiment Station; in-
fectious abortion being present among them and slowly infecting
the entire herd.
The presence of the abortion bacillus in milk, as well as in
other materials, was determined by the inoculation of guinea pigs,
in which, as we have pointed out, it produces characteristic lesions.
We have also made cultures from many of the guinea pigs show-
ing these lesions, and recovered the bacillus from them. In mak-
ing tests with guinea pigs, two were inoculated in each instance.
In making the milk tests, each guinea pig received from 4 to 6
cubic centimeters of whole milk intra-abdominally; in tests of
other material the inoculations were usually made subcutaneously.
It should be said of the guinea pigs used in making these tests,
as well for all those used for any purpose at the Experiment Sta-
tion, that of the several thousand that we have autopsied since
this investigation has been in progress, we have yet to find lesions
of abortion disease in a single guinea pig in which we had not a
right to expect to find it. The work is thoroughly checked up by
very many tests of milk and other materials, in which guinea pigs
were used, both in this and in other investigations.
The reproductive organs of a bull that had been used to serve
some of the aborting cows, and the testicles of two bull calves, one
of which had been fed and the other injected with cultures of the
abortion bacillus, were tested for the presence of this bacillus,
but it was not found to be present in any of them, though portions
of practically all of the reproductive organs of the adult bull were
used in making the tests. We were led to make the above tests
because a large proportion of male guinea pigs which are infected
Mayo, anecrtion bacilli, develop grave lesions of the testicles and
cation last moni: 2nd we have found that these males infect females
‘copulate. We also found the lesions to be present
THE BACILLUS OF INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS. 309
in the epididymis of a rabbit that had received an intro-venous
injection of the abortion bacillus a number of weeks previously.
We thought it possible that the organism might remain in the
testicles and epididymides of the male bovine animals without pro-
ducing visible lesions, as it does in the udder of the female. So
far as our investigations have gone, it seems that the bull does not
harbor the bacillus in this manner, but they have not yet pro-
gressed far enough to be conclusive.
In our milk tests, we found that of the cows at the Experiment
Station nineteen have records of having aborted, of having elim-
inated the bacillus with their milk, or both. It will be necessary
to give the records of a few of these in detail, because of some
peculiar conditions in each, and in order to show the regularity
with which the organism is eliminated from some animals.
Cow 637 is perhaps of the greatest interest, since it was she
in which we first demonstrated that the bacillus was eliminated
from the udder, and hence, we have a longer record of her than
of the other animals. She was purchased from the Maryland
State Experiment Station, and according to its records aborted
on September 21, 1907, in the seventh month of pregnancy. She
has aborted once since she has been at Bethesda, on July 25, 1911,
in the fifth month of pregnancy, the abortion bacillus being found
in the fetus.
The first test of her milk, made on February 20, 1909, was
positive. Later tests were made as follows: Nine in 1909, four in
1910, fourteen in rortr, thirteen in 1912, and three in 1913; 44
including the first. With the exception of two, made two and
three months after abortion, all were positive. She has thus
eliminated the abortion bacillus almost continuously for at least
4% years; and if counted from the time she is reported by the
Maryland State Experiment Station to have aborted, which,
judging by our experience with other cows, is the probable time
at which the milk became infected, would make five years and
eight months as the probable time that the organism has persisted
in her udder. Her milk when last tested was just as virulent for
Suinea pigs as it ever was, and we have no reason to believe but
that the bacillus will persist in her udder permanently.
310 W. E. COTTON.
She produced a calf fifteen months after the last abortion oc-
curred; tests made of the placenta showed that the bacillus was
absent.
A remarkable fact in connection with this cow, as well as
with all cows that carry the abortion bacillus in their udders and
yet abort a second time, is that the bacillus in the udder did not
induce the production of sufficient anti-bodies to prevent the in-
vasion of the uterus and consequent abortion. It is possible that
abortion may have been caused by infection with another strain
more virulent than the one in her udder, but this idea does not
seem to be in harmony with the laws of immunity. An attenuated
strain of an organism ought to induce some immunity against a
more virulent one and besides in this instance, as nearly as we
could determine by cultural methods and guinea pig tests, the
organism from the udder and that from the fetus were identical.
Cow 479 is also of interest in this connection, since she has
aborted twice, and because of the appearance of the abortion
bacillus in the placenta discharged at a normal parturition, the
third such since the last abortion, four years and five months after
the abortion occurred. This seems to indicate that abortion bacilli
sometimes appear in the uterus years after an abortion, but either
because of the lateness of their appearance, or the high resistence
of the organ, are prevented from damaging the placenta to such a
degree as to cause abortion.
We have tested the placentae of two other cows, each passed
at the termination of the normal pregnancy following an abor-
tion, and that from a normal birth in a cow that never aborted,
but which harbored the abortion bacillus in her udder, all with
negative results. Just how frequently the condition observed in
cow 479 occurs, I am unable to say, but from the fact that one
such case was found out of four animals tested, would indicate
that it is not uncommon, and hence it follows, that if aborting
cows are permitted to enter healthy herds, that the discharges
from the uterus following a subsequent normal parturition must
be regarded with suspicion.
While the condition found in this cow may be attributed to
a new infection, it seems much more probable that it was due to
THE BACILLUS OF INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS. 311
the migration of the bacillus from the udder to the active uterus.
We have found the supra-mammary glands of cows to be in-
fected, showing that the bacilli were travelling towards the blood
stream, and once in that it, is not difficult to conceive of them
reaching the pregnant uterus, where, finding a favorable soil in
the embryonic tissue whitch it contains, multiply and set up dis-
ease. In some respects the abortion bacillus behaves much like the
tubercle bacillus, which may remain latent at some point in the
body, till conditions arise that make it possible for it to migrate
from the original focus to some organ, the resistence of which is
below normal, and set up disease. The abortion bacillus, so far as
we know, is able to develop only in the pregnant uterus and the
udder; the former being the seat of its greater activity, compar-
able to the weakened organ in tuberculosis, and the udder the seat
of the latent focus from which it is infected.
Tests of this cow’s milk showed it to be infected when first
tested, November 21, 1910, and that it was still infected, May 5,
1913, twenty-nine months later. Sixteen tests made in 1912, and
three in 1913, showed the bacillus to be present in all but two.
She has, therefore, eliminated the abortion bacillus from her
udder, to our knowledge, for twenty-nine months, and for the
last sixteen months, at least, almost continuously. As her second
abortion occurred four years and seven mouths previous to the
last milk test, the organism must certainly have persisted since
that time, and in all probability since the time of her first abortion,
or for a period of five years and seven months. Separate tests
made of milk from each quarter of her udder on May 5, 1913,
showed that all quarters of this organ were infected.
Cow 751 has aborted twice, in her second and _ third
pregnancies, on December 19, 1911, and on February I1, 1913.
Abortion bacilli were found in placenta at first abortion, but not
in fetus, and in both placenta and fetus at the last one. Repeated
tests of vaginal scrapings proved that the bacillus was eliminated
through this channel up to and including the thirteenth day fol-
lowing abortion. Several subsequent tests were negative. In
one other animal, the vaginal scrapings were found to be infect-
312 W. E. COTTON.
ious forty-six days after abortion. McFadyean and Stockman
(2) found that the bacillus had disappeared from the uterus of a
cow killed one month after aborting.
One observation made in connection with this cow proved
that uterine discharges containing abortion bacilli can be exposed
to the weather for a considerable time and the bacilli remain alive.
A large quantity, perhaps 250 c.c., of clear mucous containing
islands of chocolate colored flocculent material was passed from
her uterus on the eighth day after abortion. It was allowed to
remain on the ground, exposed to the sun for ten days, the
weather remaining clear for the most part and warm for the
season of the year (February), by which time it had dried into
a tough leathery-like mass, which on being tested by guinea pig
inoculations, was found to contain living abortion bacilli. Un-
fortunately the material left after the tenth day of exposure was
accidentally destroyed, so that we were not able to determine the
maximum length of time that the bacillus will remain alive under
these conditions.
This cow’s milk was found to be infected at the first test made,
nine days after her first abortion, and was still found to be in-
fected when last tested, February 15, 1913, thirteen and one-half
months later. Twenty-nine tests were made in 1912, and four,
in addition to the last one, in 1913. Of all tests made, thirty-one
were positive and four negative. She has therefore already
eliminated the abortion bacillus almost continuously with her milk
for thirteen and one-half months.
We have found the abortion bacillus to make its appearance
in the milk of three cows before abortion occurred, and in one of
these even before the beginning of the pregnancy which was
terminated by an abortion. The one in which this occurred, No.
621, gave birth to a calf at term, on December 20, 1911, tests of
milk made eight, thirteen, sixteen and twenty days after, were
all negative. The next one, however, made sixty-five days after
the birth of the calf, was positive, as were also two others, made
six and fifteen days after this. She was served fifty-two days
after the bacillus was first found in her milk, and aborted on
THE BACILLUS OF INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS. 313
November 4, 1912, two hundred and fifty-five days after it was
found. Tests of her milk made in the third, fourth, fifth and
sixth months of her pregnancy were all positive, as were also daily
tests made the first week after abortion, and six others made at
irregular intervals, the last of which was made on May 26, 1913.
She has then continuously eliminated the bacillus with her milk
beginning nearly two months before the beginning of a pregnancy
which was terminated by an abortion, and has continued to do so
with great regularity up to the last time her milk was tested, a
period of fifteen months.
The record of this animal shows that a cow’s milk may be-
come infected before conception, and seems to indicate that in-
stead of the presence of the bacillus inducing immunity when in-
troduced at this time, as has been supposed, it is stored in the
udder till the uterus by becoming active furnishes a soil for its
rapid multiplication. It seems therefore that any system of im-
munization that depends on the subcutaneous or intravenous in-
jections of living cultures of this organism before conception is
unsafe; for it would not only probably make most of the animals
so treated carriers, and contaminate their milk, but would, at least
occasionally, set up active disease. I do not want to be under-
stood as opposed to efforts to evolve methods for immunization,
and I hope that something can be done in this direction, but im-
munity in this disease seems to be such an uncertain quantity, and
the possibilities for evil in this organism, not only for animals but
for man as well, so great that we had better go slowly.
The two other cows in which the bacillus appeared in the
milk before abortion are Nos. 616 and 760. In the first of these,
the abortion bacillus was found in the milk 32 days before abor-
tion occurred; the next preceding test was made nearly a year
before and was negative, had tests been made between these it is
possible that we would have found the bacillus present at a much
earlier date. Thirty-five tests of her milk have been made subse-
quent to the first positive one, of which thirteen were positive
and twenty-two negative, the last one giving positive results
being made eleven months after her milk was first found to be
314 W. E. COTTON.
infected; four succeeding tests were negative. She therefore
began to eliminate the abortion bacillus with her milk at least a
month before abortion, and continued to do so intermittently for
eleven months, after which it seemed to disappear, though owing
to the intermittent character of its elimination, we can not be sure
of this till other tests are made. |
The abortion bacillus was found in the milk of cow 760 sixty-
three days before her first abortion, which occurred in the sixth
month of her second pregnancy; but four tests made about four
months before abortion were negative. She aborted a second time
in the 8th month of her next pregnancy, abortion bacilli being
recovered from placentae and fetal organs of both pregnancies.
Sixteen tests of her milk have been made at intervals of from one
day to two and one-half months, the last being made eleven
months after the first positive one. Thirteen of these, of which
the last was one, gave positive results.
Three cows, Nos. 171, 503 and 638, have never aborted, yet
have continued to harbor the abortion bacillus in their udders.
They are somewhat like those cases in man which continue to
harbor the typhoid bacillus though they have never manifested
symptoms of the disease. For some reason, the uteri of these
cows seem to have either inherited or acquired sufficient resistence
to prevent the organism from developing there, at least to such
an extent as to produce abortion, though it continues to persist
and to multiply in their udders; sufficient general immunity not
being produced to drive it from this stronghold. Has the abor-
tion bacillus, present in the udders of these cows, induced im-
munity in their uteri which it failed to do in cows 637 and 621,
or must we regard these organs as naturally immune in these
cows, or is there some other reason?
Mohler and Traum (3), Larson (4) and others have shown
that some cows react to the complement fixation test but do not
abort. No doubt many such are of the kind just described, and
that the reaction depends on the actual presence of the abortion
bacillus. In other words, a cow reacting to this test probably has
the organism either in her udder or uterus.
THE BACILLUS OF INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS. 315
This type of carrier is a dangerous one, because unsuspected,
and can only be found by making milk tests, or one of the sero-
logic tests. Some simple reliable test is urgently needed, and it is
to be hoped that such a one will be perfected in the near future.
The records of these cows are as follows:
Cow 171 was born at the Experiment Station, has produced
eight normal calves and has never aborted. Abortion bacilli were
found in her milk the first time it was tested, April 24, 1911,
about three months after the birth of her last calf. Thirty-six
tests were made in 1911, in April, May, June, August and No-
vember, all of which proved to be positive. She was served six
times, beginning about a year after the birth of her last calf, but
did not become pregnant and was killed, March 21, 1913, when
abortion bacilli were still found in her udder, over twenty-two and
one-half months after they were first found. The strain of
bacillus eliminated by her was particularly virulent for guinea
pigs.
Cow 503 came to the Station when eighteen months old and is
known to us to have never aborted. She has produced five calves
and is again due to calve in October. Tests were made of placenta
of last pregnancy, but no abortion bacilli were found. The first
test of her, milk, made in November 1910, showed the abortion
bacillus to be present, and it was still present in December, 1912,
over two years later. Twenty-eight tests made in 1910, I912 and
1913, showed the bacillus to be present in seventeen and absent in
eleven.
Cow 638 has not aborted since she came to the Bureau Ex-
periment Station. She was purchased from the Maryland State
Experiment Station five years ago, and according to the records
of that institution had not aborted up to the time we received her.
She has produced five calves since then. The abortion bacillus
was found in her milk the first time it was tested, January 24,
IgI, and also at the last test, June 6, 1913, or over three years
and four months later. Fifty-seven milk tests were made as fol-
lows: Twenty-three in 1910, eighteen in 1911, six in 1912, and
ten-in 1913. Forty-nine of these were positive and eight nega-
316 W. E. COTTON.
tive; all those made this year being positive. Separate tests of
milk from each quarter of udder, made on February 2, 1g11,
showed all quarters to be infected. Similar tests made on May
6, and on June 6, 1913, showed three-quarters to be.
Nine other cows which have aborted in from the fifth to the
eighth month of their pregnancies, have already been eliminating
the abortion bacillus, some continuously, some intermittently, for
periods varying from two and one-half to twenty-nine months,
and if kept under observation longer, I have no doubt will con-
tinue to do so for months and years to come, for in none of them
is there evidence of the infection dying out.
One cow, No. 758, that aborted a fetus in which the abortion
bacillus was demonstrated, has given negative results to all milk
tests thus far made. She is certainly the exception that proves
the rule. Her abortion occurred in the seventh month of her
second pregnancy. It is possible that even in this cow more
frequent tests would have revealed the bacillus in her milk, for
we have one other cow the milk of which shows infection only at
long intervals.
SUMMARY.
Of the nineteen cows under discussion, eighteen have elimin-
ated the abortion bacillus with their milk, sixteen are known to
have aborted, three have not aborted but eliminated the bacillus
with their milk, and one aborted but we were unable to find that
her milk was infected though abortion bacilli were found in the
fetus.
One cow is known to have been eliminating the bacillus with
her milk practically continuously for four years and three months.
One almost continuously for two years and five months and the
organism must have persisted in her body for at least four years
and seven months; one almost continuously for thirteen and one-
half months; one continuously for fifteen months; one inter-
mittently for eleven months; one almost continuously for eleven
months; one continuously for six and one-half months, then she
became dry and the bacillus was still present in her udder tissue
lM LENO Og HH =,
THE BACILLUS OF INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN THE TISSUES OF ANIMALS. 317
thirteen and one-half months later; one intermittently for over
two years; one almost continuously for over three years and four
months, and nine continuously or intermittently for from two and
one-half to twenty-nine months.
Since different strains of this organism seem to possess widely
different cultural characteristics as well as degrees of virulence,
it is possible that animals infected with other strains than those
with which we have worked may give different results. Fabyan
(5), however, found out of a herd of twelve cows two which
eliminated the organism in their milk. One of these had aborted
a week before in the eighth month of pregnancy and the other
gave birth to a normal calf eleven months before. Another cow
aborting at the third month was negative. These results are con-
firmatory of our observations.
PERSISTENCE IN SMALL EXPERIMENT ANIMALS.
Just a word as to the persistence of the organism in the tissues
of guinea pigs, rabbits and mice. We have recovered the bacillus
from the spleens of guinea pigs showing lesions, seventy-one and
seventy-seven weeks after infection. Tests made of five other
guinea pigs which had been injected with the abortion bacillus
twenty-one to twenty-seven months previously, and which showed
only very slight lesions on autopsy, were negative.
The apparently normal spleen and liver of a rabbit, which had
received three intra-venous injections of abortion bacilli, were
found to contain the organism one hundred thirty-one days,
or nearly nineteen weeks after the last injection was made. The
organism was found to be present in the spleens of three white
mice, in which it produced lesions one hundred three days, or
nearly fifteen weeks after inoculation.
Fabyan (6) reports finding the organism to be present for
sixty-seven weeks in guinea pigs, ten weeks in the spleen of a
rabbit, and for considerable periods in the tissues of monkeys,
rats, mice and pigeons after injections with abortion bacilli;
though with the exception of the guinea pigs and mice without
producing lesions.
318 W. E. COTTON.
CONCLUSIONS.
1. The bacillus of infectious abortion, or at least the strains
with which the Experiment Station has worked, may, and in most
cases does, persist in the udders of cows that have aborted for
years and possibly for the balance of their lives; and during this
time is eliminated more or less continuously with their milk.
2. It may make its appearance in the milk months before
abortion occurs, even before a conception that is terminated by an
abortion.
3. It may be eliminated for years from the udders of cows
that never aborted.
4. It may persist in the genital tract for as much as forty-six
days after an abortion; and the bacilli.contained in uterine dis-
charges may resist the action of sun and weather for at least ten
days.
5. It may appear in the placenta of a normal pregnancy sub-
sequent to an abortion.
6. It may persist in the spleens of inoculated guinea pigs in
which there are lesions for seventy-seven weeks, and in the
spleens of inoculated rabbits for nineteen weeks, without pro-
ducing lesions.
It is to be hoped that we will soon know more about this
strange organism. Its variable character and the seeming exist-
ence of many strains, no doubt, are responsible for much of the
confusion in the past, and the fact that it seems to prefer primi-
tive embryonic tissue as a soil, suggests that it may be an organ-
ism not yet fully adapted to differentiated tissue, and ready, by a
process of mutation, to assume additional pathogenic significance
in several species of animals. In other words it may be the pos-
sible parent germ of some future pathological factor.
REFERENCES.
1. Schroeder and Cotton, Proceedings of American Veterinary Medical Association,
1911, p. 442. See also AMERICAN VETERINARY Review, Nov., 11, 1911, Pp. 195-206, and
Twenty-eighth Annual Report of the U. S, Bureau of Animal Industry, T911, PP. 139-146.
2. McFadyean and Stockman, Report of British Committee on Epizootic Abortion,
1909, Appendix K, p. 4o. ;
3. Mohler and Traum, Twenty-eighth Annual Report, Bureau of Animal Industry,
Pp 174.
4. Larson, W. P., Journal of Infectious Diseases, March, 1912, p. 184.
5. Fabyan, Marshall, Journal of Medical Research, May, 1913, p. 88.
6. Fabyan, Marshall, Journal of Medical Research, May, 1913, Pp- 82.
THE TISSUE MEDIUM.
By Joun A. McLaucuiin, D.V.S., New York, N. Y.
A tissue medium is essential to the organism. It is only by
such a medium the tissues can exist, and on the existence of the
tissues depends the existence of the organism. To study this
medium and the phenomena attending its production, is the
object of this paper.
Digestion—Digestion is the preparation food undergoes in
the alimentary canal, to the end of producing the tissue medium.
Food exists in the outside world, and consists of organic and
inorganic matter. Not all organic, or all inorganic matter, is
fit for food; some are without nutritive value, some are incapable
of digestion, some are injurious, some fatally so. I mention
this because I wish to lay stress on the fact that the animal
organism is possessed of a wonderful power in its choice of food,
and without such a wonderful power being inherent in it, animal
life, at least large animal life, would long ago have ceased to’
exist.
Tissues constitute the material of which the animal organism
is composed. Tissues themselves are composed of cells, plus cell
products. The tissues are so arranged as to form systems,
apparatuses and organs, each playing its individual part, but all
playing towards the same ultimate end, to the production of the
tissue medium. The life of the tissues depends on powers
peculiar to themselves, but to exert their powers they must be
supplied with an appropriate medium. Each cell of a tissue is
a living unit. Quoting from Chauveau: “The cell is pre-
eminently the anatomical element. The cell lives like an entire
organism: it feeds, grows, multiplies, absorbs, secretes, moves,
etc. It behaves like a complete animal, though it be a micro-
scopical one.” The organism supplies this medium.
319
320 JOHN A. MC LAUGHLIN.
Digestion is the first process toward producing this medium.
The process in its entirety is composed of a number of lesser
processes, the first of which begins with the selection of, and the
introduction of food into the mouth, the last with the production
of chyme.
To produce chyme, the food must undergo three special
processes: first, that which takes place in the mouth; second, that
which takes place in the stomach; third, that which takes place
in the intestine. Resulting from these processes is the chyme,
also a large residue, which is eliminated by the inferior part of
the alimentary canal.
A study of the alimentary canal shows a beautiful arrange-
ment of its several parts, with one exception—the arrangement
of the liver and pancreas. To this exception I will refer later.
A study of the mouth describes a cavity (buccal cavity) in which
the various parts are put together in such a manner that it is
impossible to misinterpret the oneness of their function. Teeth
masticate, the lower jaw is movable, the tongue rolls the morsel
of food, other muscles assisting, whilst the salivary glands are
so arranged as to permit of no doubt of their function as accessory
organs, and no possible error as to the function of the saliva.
The buccal cavity is certainly beautifully arranged to perform
the first process in digestion, for it is constructed with every
regard for mechanical laws, especially that law regarding
economy of space.
The stomach is also built in the same beautiful manner, and
with the same regard for mechanical principles, and if possible,
with an even greater regard for that particular principle, economy
of space. The muscles which triturate the food practically con-
stitute its walls, and within the inner lining of these walls are
the gastric cells, whilst its inlet and outlet are so constructed as
to permit the easy entrance of food, whilst it prevents its egress
until acted on by the gastric juice.
In the small intestines we find the same plan of structure, the
same regard for mechanical principles, the same emphasis on the
conservation of space, except, as I have stated, where the liver
THE TISSUE MEDIUM. 321
and pancreas are concerned. Here mechanical principles, if not
cast aside entirely, are not treated with due attention, especially
as regards conservation of space, for these organs, instead of
being in close touch with the intestines as are the salivary glands
with the buccal cavity, and the gastric cells with the stomach, are
situated in the abdominal cavity. I have dwelt much on this
lack of harmony in mechanical principles, for I intend advancing
a theory that is in accord with them.
The production of chyme, then, is the result of three
processes. When we analyze these three processes further, we
find that in the mouth there is but one secretion, in the stomach
but one, but in the small intestines three. Why three in the
small intestine? Why this difference, not only in the structural
arrangement of its various parts, but in the number of its secre-
tions? As far as I can discover, physiology gives no satisfactory
answer. As yet we are not a unit on the functions of the bile
and pancreatic fluid.
In the production of chyme, however, the alimentary canal
has performed its mission. With the disappearance of this
chyme, the sensation of hunger makes its appearance. I men-
tion this to draw attention to a deduction that as hunger is
peculiar to the alimentary canal, so thirst is peculiar to the great
Lymphatic System, as oxygen is peculiar to the circulatory
apparatus.
The Alimentary Lymphatics—A fter the alimentary canal has
completed its part in the production of the tissue medium, it is
still an imperfect medium. No one argues for a moment that
the tissues could exist in a medium of chyme. As a matter of
fact chyme is toxic to the tissues. It remains, therefore, for some
other apparatus or apparatuses to continue and eventually com-
plete this task. As the chyme immediately passes into the alli-
mentary lymphatic vessels, I interpret the work of this part of
the lymphatic system as continuing the work begun in the ali-
mentary apparatus. In fact I interpret the function of the Great
Lymphatic System, as continuing and eventually completing the
production of the tissue medium.
322 JOHN A, MC LAUGHLIN.
As we continue our investigation we find that the alimentary
lymphatics change chyme to chyle, and empty this chyle into
the circulatory apparatus. This chyle means everything that
passes from the alimentary canal into these lymphatic vessels,
and these vessels transport every particle of it to the veins. A
great many changes occur in the composition of the chyle from
the time it enters these vessels until it leaves them, but the change
is en masse, so to speak; I can only compare it to the ripening
of fruit. Chyme is toxic but chyle is not, at least not when it
passes into the veins. I do not mean to infer that chyle, even
when it constitutes the blood, is absolutely harmless, or indeed
not very harmful; quite the contrary; but its toxic properties are
so modified that they may be eliminated from the system before
their toxic effects are apparent.
I wish to call attention to one faculty all parts of the Great
Lymphatic System possesses in common: They take into their
interior and with the same avidity, injurious as well as beneficial
substances; it is immaterial what gets into the system, whether
it is good, bad or indifferent, the lymphatics carry it to the veins;
they have no selective power of their own.
It will be noticed that I have ignored the theory of absorp-
tion. The omission is intentional. My belief is that absorption
performs no special function in the organism, much less such an
important one as changing chyme to chyle. Absorption, while
a function of dead tissue, is antagonized by living tissue. In
rejecting the theory of absorption, I am not entirely alone. Hof-
meister has “ identified himself with the theory that the absorp-
tion of peptone is not a purely mechanical process of diffusion
or filtration, but that it represents a function of certain living
cells or leucocytes, which in the assimilation of albuminoids fill
a role analogous to that of the red corpuseles in respiration. He
assumes that the reason why peptone cannot be recognized in
the blood is because it has combined with these lymphatic cells,
and is, through their mediation, transported to different parts
of the body; and he regards the rapid proliferation of the cells
of the adenoid tissue of the intestinal mucous membrane and of
THE TISSUE MEDIUM. 323
Peyer’s patches as a morphological expression of the chemical
processes of assimilation occurring in these tissues.”
“Thus it seems,’ continues R. Meade Smith, “that the
process of absorption is as much a vital one as that of secretion,
and that the epithelial cell, or lymphatic cell, not only aids the
taking of fat into the blood, but also that of peptone (changing
it into albumen), and of sugar and salts.”
I will mention here an assumption that I may not have made
clear; the assumption is that the alimentary canal, the lymphatic
system and the circulatory apparatus are empty, when we begin
the study of the tissue medium. On this assumption, there is
no blood in the mesenteric veins, so that absorption is impossible,
and in fceetal life I have never heard that the bile acids were
absorbed.
Blood—O-xygen (Plasma, the Tissue Medium)—The blood
is the chyle. Its name is changed as soon as it enters the veins,
but not its composition. The first change is produced in the
lungs. Until the blood enters the lungs its composition is the
result of changes produced in the alimentary canal and alimentary
lymphatics, but in those organs (the lungs) very remarkable
changes occur. It is important to know what influence these
changes have on the “ upbuild ” of the tissue medium, for as soon
as the blood leaves the lungs, it goes direct to the tissues, showing
that no further changes are necessary, and the establishment of
the tissue medium is now an established fact.
In studying this particular point, I must recall again to your
memory my assumption, that the circulatory apparatus is empty. °
The blood which is now in the lungs is simply chyle; it has not
as yet any tissue-waste in its composition. Every phenomena
occurring in the blood while in the lungs results from the addition
of oxygen to chyle. As far as I can discover, oxygen has very
little influence on plasma, and having very little, I conclude the
lungs have very little influence on the “upbuild” of the tissue
medium ; in fact, I believe it has nothing at all to do with it. This
leaves this very important function (the production of the tissue
medium) to the alimentary canal and the Great Lymphatic Sys-
324 JOHN A, MC LAUGHLIN.
tem. I say Great Lymphatic System, though I have so far only
mentioned the alimentary lymphatics, but my explanation as to
how the systemic lymphatics take part in the “upbuild”’ is as
follows: The chyle has in its composition when it enters the
lungs many substances which are still capable of producing the
tissue medium; these ingredients of the chyle pass through the
lungs unchanged, also through the circulatory apparatus un-
changed, and form part of the composition of the plasma, which
passes into the systemic lymphatics, and the glands of this part
of the Great Lymphatic System continue the work of the ali-
mentary canal and the alimentary lymphatics.
Although I state that oxygen has no influence on the “ up-
build ” of the tissue medium, I do not mean that it has no influ-
ence on its welfare; quite the contrary, for I consider it to be of
the greatest importance to its welfare, for it oxidizes the injurious
substances existing in the blood, which are a constant menace
to it, and as a result of which oxidization these injurious sub-
stances are eliminated, whereas, without such oxidization, the
eliminative organs remain impotent, disease and death resulting.
These eliminative organs are the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys
and skin, which I believe are in some manner assisted by the
spleen, red marrow of bones and thyroid. Asphyxiation, on this
theory, is an accumulation of non-oxidized chyle products.
In studying the functions of the individual organs, one must
have constantly before his mental vision a living picture of the
circulatory apparatus, the blood stream as it courses through it,
and through each of these organs. The strongest argument I
can present as proof of the oneness of the purpose of these
organs, is the similarity of each of them in their relation to the
circulatory apparatus and the blood stream.
The Lungs—The lungs secrete oxygen, and excrete carbon
dioxide, water, ammonia, and some organic substances. What
action they have on tissue-waste products it is difficult to tell, as
we seem to know next to nothing about tissue-waste. My argu-
ment is that the lungs act on the blood before it reaches the
tissues. I cannot understand an arrangement whereby an organ
‘
Pale ee
THE TISSUE MEDIUM. 325
is expected to permit the blood to pass through it and through
the entire circulatory system, including the systemic lymphatics,
before it performs its function. This is what our textbooks tell
us, however, not only as regards the lungs, but the kidneys and
skin, and it seems to me to be another evidence of a lack of sym-
metry in the structure of the organism.
The tissue-waste products, be it remembered, begin their
existence outside the circulatory apparatus; although it is true
we know very little of their nature, yet we do know something
of the phenomena surrounding their existence; for instance, we
know that there is no tissue-waste in the chyle when it leaves the
alimentary lymphatics and enters the blood vessels; that before
tissue-waste is found in the blood, the blood must pass through
the circulatory apparatus and through the lymphatic vessels; it
must follow the course I have described, so that originally it
enters the lungs free of tissue-waste, and our textbooks say the
lungs perform no function on the blood until it passes from the
tissues.
The Kidneys—The great obstacle I have to overcome, or so
it seems to me, in advancing the theory that the kidneys have
an analogous function on the blood as have the liver and pan-
creas, is the fact that our textbooks have advanced a theory that
has been accepted without reserve; so far it has never been ques-
tioned that their function is to remove tissue-waste products
from the blood. My studies have led me to believe that we know
very little of the nature of tissue-waste; that its secretion is
entirely disproportionate to the excretion of urine, the excretion
of urine being in much greater amount. I believe Dr. Carrel’s
experiments prove this, and I am impressed that his experiments
of keeping alive tissues outside the organism proves, also, that
oxygen is an injury instead of a benefit to the actual “ upbuild ’”
of the tissue medium.
The Liver—The great obstacle to overcome in attributing a
similar function to the liver as to the kidneys, skin and lungs,
is also the fact that our textbooks have given it a digestive func-
tion. Against this view I must call. attention to the utter dis-
326 JOHN A, MC LAUGHLIN.
regard of mechanical principles such a function involves. The
liver is as much a part of the circulatory apparatus as are the
kidneys, certainly as much as the spleen or thyroid gland, or, if
we were making general comparisons, as much a part of the
circulatory apparatus as a ligament of a phalangeal joint is a
part of the mechanism of a limb, and the only difference between
the liver and the kidneys or the skin is the fact that the ducts of
the liver open into the alimentary canal, whilst those of the kid-
neys and skin open into the outside world.
If we study its relation to the circulation in some detail, we
find that the blood before it reaches the liver must first go to the
heart, then to the lungs, then back to the heart and then to the
liver. In addition to receiving arterial blood from the lungs,
it drains the blood from the stomach, intestines, pancreas and
spleen. This, it will be seen, draws upon the greater part of the
blood, and the greater part of the circulatory apparatus, to pro- —
duce bile. To me this constitutes a sufficient obstacle against
accepting the liver as an organ of digestion. But worse follows.
If bile is a digestive agent, especially if it is as important a
digestive agent as is claimed for it, it is certainly essential for
the production of blood. Without bile it would seem impossible
to produce blood, yet without blood bile is impossible. Well
might we ask, which came first?
In a certain sense, we know blood comes first, but it is not in
a satisfying sense. ‘The foetus is nourished by the mother’s blood,
and this blood enters the foetus before the bile, but unfortunately
the bile in the foetus is acknowledged to be an excretion. It
seems strange that the same blood should produce a secretion in
the mother and an excretion in the foetus, and it seems even
more strange that the food in the fcetus is cathartic to bile, and
in the mother the bile is cathartic to the food. Colostrum, as
we know, rids the new-born infant of the “ meconium.”
When we come to study the data on which our textbooks
base their theory that bile is a secretion, we find this data very
inadequate: “On proteids it produces no distinct action what-
ever, and in fact it would seem to interfere with the digestion of
THE TISSUE MEDIUM. 32T
proteids as begun in the stomach.”’ “ The principle function of
the bile in digestion is the aid which it renders to the digestion
and absorption of fats.” To continue, bile is broken up, instead
of acting like every other secretion, as one substance; only part
of the bile digests, while the other part passes away with the
feeces. This breaking up is a chemical breaking up, which means
that it is not bile that digests, but some of its chemical constitu-
ents, just as though we said that water did not take part in the
animal economy as water, but as its component parts, hydrogen
digesting and oxygen passing away as an excretion. The fats
which it digests are an unknown quantity; we do not as yet know
how they benefit the system, or whether they are a benefit at all,
or even if they are not an injury. The functions of the bile may
be summed up by saying it is antiseptic, a stimulant to peristalsis,
and an emulsifier of fats. We call them functions, but they are
simply characteristics, and do not mean anything at all; certainly
they do not prove it is a digestive agent. Bile might have all
these characteristics, and be an injury instead of a benefit. It is
not because gastric juice is an acid and contains a ferment that
it digests, but it digests food and is an acid with a ferment;
because ink is black, blue or red is not proof that we write with
it; the coming of the blue bird does not bring the summer; be-
cause the gall bladder empties itself into the small intestine, when
the stomach is full, is no proof that it empties itself to digest
food more than to be itself digested by the food.
R. Meade Smith sums up a very exhaustive chapter on the
subject of bile as follows: ‘‘ The bile is, however, largely an
excretion. Many of its constituents are removed unchanged,
while some of them are reabsorbed and again enter the blood
current. The mucin and cholesterin pass through with the feces
unchanged. The bile-pigments undergo decomposition in the
intestinal tube, and are partly excreted with the feces under the
form of the hydro-bilirubin, a characteristic coloring matter of
excrement, and are partly eliminated as urobilin by the urine.
The bile salts are for the most part reabsorbed by the walls of
the upper portion of the small intestine, only a small quantity of
325 JOHN A. MCLAUGHLIN,
glycocholic acid being found in the feces. The taurocholic acid
is largely absorbed, it being previously perhaps decomposed into
cholic acid and taurin, the latter being constantly absorbed, while
part of the cholic acid may perhaps be removed with the feces.”
The more I investigate the subject of bile, the less I see in
the theory that claims it as a secretion, and I am more and more
convinced that the theory was not born of knowledge accruing
from investigation, but was accepted on trust. This trust has
been handed down from the first investigators; they accepted
it from ancient times, and every author has considered it as an
article of faith ever since, as not a subject for investigation, but
a conclusion into which every phenomena must fit or be erro-
neous. It seems like this: Bile was found in the intestine; this
was proof that the ancient superstition as to its function was
correct. It is pure assumption that because it mixes with food
it must be of benefit, and, being present in large amount, it must
be very beneficial. This error, or what appears to me to be an
error, seems to be responsible for a large amount of the vague-
ness and ambiguity that exists in our textbooks.
Its clinical history is filled with contradictions also, as it must
be when based on such contradictory conclusions as to its func-
tions, whilst its treatment, if based on theory and not on practice,
would border on the absurd. The symptoms of bile are vomiting,
diarrhcea, nausea, headache (and a particularly distressing head-
ache), complicated with still more distressing mental symptoms.
These are the phenomena which too much of a good thing pre-
sents to the sufferer. Instead of ordering fats, we taboo them,
and if we did not, the patient certainly would; instead, we order
calomel, podophyllin and other cathartics to get rid of this good
thing, and then we give tonics to bring it back, and failing, or
imagining we have failed, we resort to bile itself, or rather to
some of the bile acids, and while attempting to bring it back,
we order a light diet so it will not be needed when it does come
back. Unfortunately it always comes back, and we treat it as
before; we never seem to learn by experience, and I do not think
we ever will until we change our theory.
THE TISSUE MEDIUM. 329
My conclusions are that bile (and what is true of the bile is
practically true of the pancreas) is an excretion, and nature’s
method of expelling it (or them) from the system constitutes
the one weak spot in an otherwise perfect organism.
Recapitulation—All the food that is not eventually changed
into tissue medium is injurious to the system and must be re-
moved, else it will destroy the organism. Feces has for its
analogue, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and some organic matter,
urine, perspiration, bile and pancreatic fluid; the inferior part
of the alimentary canal bears a similar relation to its superior
part, as the circulatory apparatus does to the Great Lymphatic
System; that peristalsis in the former is represented by the cir-
culation in the latter; that the lungs, liver, pancreas, kidneys and
skin bear the same relation to the blood as the large intestine,
cecum and rectum bear to the food; that as the mouth, stomach
and small intestine are the individual factors in preparing solid
food, so the lymphatic cells and glands are the individual factors
in changing liquid food to the tissue medium; blood and chyle
are composed of tissue medium, by-products and dead cells; the
tissue medium is of benefit, the by-products and dead cells are
injurious, and the organism is constructed to eliminate them:
that its structure is in accordance with the highest mechanical
principles, with a possible exception as to its method of elimi-
nating bile and pancreatic fluid; that tissue-waste products, as
yet, are an unknown quantity.
SPECIAL Course FOR LICENSED VETERINARIANS. — Dean
Louis A. Klein, of the School of Veterinary Medicine, University
of Pennsylvania, announces a special lecture and laboratory course
extending over two weeks, beginning January 5, 1914. The
course will be open to licensed veterinarians of Pennsylvania and
other States. Those admitted to the course will be registered in
the Dean’s office, 39th street and Woodland avenue, Philadel-
phia, 9 a. m., January 5, r914. Applications should be mailed
before January 1, and the registration fee of $5 should accom-
pany the application.
CONTROLLING CHICKEN-POX, SORE HEAD OR CONTA-
GIOUS EPITHELIOMA BY VACCINATION.*
By F. B, Haptey anp B, A. Beacu, Mapison, Wis.
Introduction—During the winter of 1912-1913 there
appeared among the poultry at the Wisconsin Agricultural Ex-
periment Station an outbreak of chicken-pox, sore head or con-
tagious epithelioma which progressed rapidly and bid fair to
run through the fowls in all the pens. The disease greatly
reduced the egg production, which is a matter of prime economic
importance with every poultryman. Besides, infected birds lost
vitality which they were very slow in recovering, and not in-
frequently death resulted. Steps were immediately taken to
control the epizootic. The infected birds were given the ordinary
treatment and quarantine measures were instituted; however,
even with these precautions, but little headway was made, for
new cases developed daily.
These disappointing results showed that the usual methods
of treatment and disinfection would be ineffectual in controlling
the outbreak, therefore an attempt was made to confer an im-
munity upon all fowls which did not show pock symptoms by
injecting an autogenous vaccine. This treatment promises
well and seems to have solved the problem of prevention and
control.
While this work was in progress, several experiments were
carried out and interesting results obtained which should be
valuable to all poultrymen and veterinarians. This paper has
been written to record our experimental results and to make
available the technique of preparing the vaccine so that others
may employ it if occasion arises.
* Presented to the fiftieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation at New York, September, 1913.
330
CONTROLLING CHICKEN-POX, ETC., BY VACCINATION. dol
The vaccine treatment is especially applicable in large com-
mercial and experimental flocks, where the greatest losses are
sustained and where preventive measures can be most economi-
cally carried out. Breeders of pure bred and fancy fowls whose
stock would be impossible to replace should also find it valuable.
History and Occurrence—Chicken-pox has been known in
this country since poultry raising became extensive enough to
be termed an industry. For how long before this we are not in
a position to state, but presumably the disease has existed for
many years in the southern states, where it is often rapidly fatal
and assumes a very important place in the list of poultry diseases.
This disease has been particularly prevalent in Wisconsin
during the past year. Early in October, 1912, several small
poultry raisers in and about Madison sent hens which were sick,
and others which had died from unidentified diseases, to the
Agricultural College for detailed examination. A diagnosis of
chicken-pox was made in several cases, from sections quite widely
F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH.
to
eS)
to
separated, before the outbreak occurred in the university flocks.
Chicken-pox was recognized by Professor J. G. Halpin of the
Poultry Husbandry Department among fowls on exhibition at
several midwinter poultry shows. He also states that the disease
made its appearance in various flocks in Michigan during the
winter of 1907.
Various investigators have studied this and related fowl dis-
eases. Among the publications in American literature may be
mentioned those by Ward,(1) Carey,(2) Kingsley,(3) and
Haring and Kofoid.(4)
Cause—There is yet considerable doubt as to the exact cause
of chicken-pox. Marx and Sticker (5) and others state that a
filterable virus is the causative factor. In the beginning of the
disease the blood has been said to contain the virus. Our experi-
ments to support these inferences resulted negatively, but were
limited in number and for comparative purposes must be judged
accordingly.
Pox material was used by Lipschutz(6) to seed culture media
with the hope that some specific organism could be isolated, but
his results were not positive. Carey failed to reproduce typical
sore head lesions in chickens inoculated with various organisms
isolated from infectious material. Dr. O. V. Brumley of the
Ohio State University has succeeded in recovering an organism
or organisms from roup-infected fowls which he states will pro-
duce an immunity against roup in susceptible birds when used
as a vaccine.
Much careful work has been done within recent years in an
attempt to demonstrate that chicken-pox and roup are due to
the same virus. Prominent among the men who have investi-
gated this phase of the subject are Uhlenhuth and Manteufel, (7)
who have contributed much valuable data to the pathology of
both diseases. Schmidt(8&) and Sigwart(9) have also discovered’
and reported interesting details.
In view of our knowledge relative to glanders and farcy, it
is certainly logical to presume that chicken-pox and roup are the
same disease manifesting itself in different forms. However,
CONTROLLING CHICKEN-POX, ETC., BY VACCINATION. 333
differences of opinion exist among investigators on this ques-
tion. Those who maintain that these are two distinct diseases
think both may be present at the same time.
Pathogenicity and Transmission—Fowls show a varying sus-
ceptibility to chicken-pox, depending upon the individual and the
virulence of the virus. We have been repeatedly successful in
transmitting the disease by‘subcutaneous inoculations with a few
drops of a normal saline emulsion of the virus made by freely
macerating comb and wattle tissue from birds showing well-
marked lesions of sore head. It is not possible, however, to
reproduce the lesions by this method every time. Sometimes
apparently susceptible hens inoculated as above fail to react, and
control birds do not develop noticeable symptoms. This is not
to be wondered at when the nature of fowls as a class is con-
sidered together with the peculiarities shown by the infection.
The incubation period varied from three to twenty days in our
experimental cases. Diphtheritic membranes frequently ap-
peared on the nasal, oral and conjunctival surfaces when the
diluted virus was instilled onto them or inoculated subcuta-
neously.
Microscopic examination of involved epithelium from the
comb showed an increase in the size of the epithelial cells which
appeared to contain inclusions, and inflammatory changes in the
deeper layers.
In commenting upon the significance of the various organisms
which different authors have isolated from pox and roup in-
fested fowls, Hutyra and Marek(10) have the following to say:
“The many conflicting results secured by different investi-
gators render it improbable to attribute any specific réle to the
organisms isolated; but, on the other hand, when one takes into
consideration the positive inoculation results secured with iso-
lated pure cultures, the possibility still remains that under such
Special circumstances, namely, when the conditions for their
multiplication in the body of the fowl are all favorable, they
can occasion local diphtheritic inflammatory changes, or can less
frequently produce well-defined lesions of a similar character.
If one now considers the fact that the disease of the mucous
Sot ¥F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH.
membrane can be induced by filtrates from the disease products
and also by intravenous injection of such filtrates, one cannot
reject the assumption that fowl diphtheria, as well as chicken-pox,
is produced primarily by the same filterable virus subsequently to
which facultative pathogenic bacteria attack the mucous mem-
brane and contribute more or less to the development of the
clinical picture of the disease.”
Symptoms, Prognosis and Immunity—lIt does not seem neces-
sary to discuss at length the symptoms of chicken-pox. Refer-
ence may be had to textbooks and the literature recited at the
end of this article for details. Suffice it to say that our observa-
tions agree with the statement made .by Pearl(11) that as long
as the disease is confined to the skin of the head the general
health of the bird is unaffected, and in most cases egg production
is not interfered with. On the other hand, just as soon as notice-
able lesions appear upon the mucous membranes the hens stop
laying.
The recovery of this important function depends upon the
individual, and the extent to which the mucose are involved.
In some instances, not more than ten days will elapse before
eggs are laid again; in other cases months may pass before the
bird returns to her normal state. Emaciation in this class of ©
cases is rapid.
A quotation from Salmon (12) substantiates our observa-
tions and experimental results and is therefore given: “In the —
most violent cases, especially with pigeons, the eruption extends
to the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostril, the resulting
inflammation taking on a diphtheritic form, and early death fol- —
lows.”
In the northern states, where the trouble usually occurs in ~ |
the late fall and winter months, the prospect for recovery is good
unless complications develop. The mortality is not great and
depends to a large extent upon the condition of the birds when
attacked, and the care and treatment subsequently given. Where
a progressive form of the disease involving the mucous mem-
branes occurs, fatalities are more numerous. Blindness results
when the conjunctival tissue is extensively involved. This
“-
a0
Sa
CONTROLLING CHICKEN-POX, ETC., BY VACCINATION. 335
makes it impossible for the birds to see food, and death soon
follows. Carey found that affected birds may recover in two to
eight weeks. He states that with good care and treatment 9o per
cent. should recover, but if left to themselves 50 per cent. may
die.
One severe attack is said to confer a permanent immunity.
A mild attack gives but a temporary protection. It is too early
to state with any degree of accuracy how effective is the im-
munity rendered by our vaccinations. However, the results
reported by Manteufel(13) lead us to believe that it will last
from one and one-half to two years. ©
~. Treatment—The vaccine treatment and prevention of con-
tagious epithelium was first suggested and tried by Manteufel.
He also found that serum from hyperimmunized fowls did not
have a preventive or curative effect.
Our results with autogenous vaccines have been very encour-
aging, as the experiments detailed below show. It is advisable
to supplement the vaccination with local treatment, especially
where the typical white coating appears on the nasal, oral or con-
junctival mucous membranes. A small curette has given excel-
lent service in removing the diphtheritic membranes and accumu-
lated pus, which cause serious trouble if not removed. The re-
sulting raw surface is then gently swabbed with a 5 per cent.
solution of potassium permanganate.
EXPERIMENTS WITH CHICKEN-Pox.
1._—Vaccination Experiments. The vaccine used in these ex-
periments was prepared by employing pock scabs from the skin,
and diphtheritic membranes from the nasal, oral and conjunc-
tival mucose. Infectious material was ground in a sterile mortar
with physiological salt solution. It was then filtered through
absorbent cotton and heated in a water bath for one hour at
55° C. No definite standard has been set for estimating the
quantity of virus contained in a given amount of vaccine pre-
pared as above. Variations will occur due to the character of
the material used; experience will teach the strength most suit-
able for use.
No. 1. Vaccine Treatment of Infected Fowls.—Two pens
containing 60 hens which had been removed from various other
pens and isolated because they showed symptoms of chicken-pox
were included in this experiment. Forty of these fowls were
injected subcutaneously with I c.c. of the vaccine; the others
were left for controls. The treatment seemed to have a decidedly
beneficial effect, for recovery was much more rapid than in the
unvaccinated controls. The disease in the latter ran a longer and
more severe course.
No. 2. Vaccine Treatment of Pox-Free Fowls.—The fowls,
numbering about 440 in 22 pens, were vaccinated with two doses
at an interval of 5 days. Only 4 hens in this lot developed clin-
ical symptoms sufficient to attract notice. It seems probable that
one or more of the four was infected at the time the treatment:
was given. This shows conclusively the efficacy of the treatment,
for less than I per cent. of the vaccinated fowls subsequently
developed chicken-pox.
No. 3. Control Experiment on Vaccine.—Seventy-five white
leghorns in three pens were left untreated as controls for three
weeks after the disease made its appearance in these pens. At
the end of this time twenty-six cases had developed, while treated
fowls in other pens were protected 99 times out of 100. All
birds then well were vaccinated to prevent the disease from
spreading further among these birds, for they were valuable
breeding stock.
No. 4. Experiment with Small Doses of Vaccine.—lIn this
experiment seven hens were used. Five were given but 0.5 c.c.
of a vaccine which had been prepared by inactivating for only
one-half hour at 55° C.; two were left as controls, of which one
developed a mild conjunctival infection after four days. All
others failed to show lesions even though kept in an infected pen.
II.—INocULATION EXPERIMENTS.
An endeavor was made by these experiments to demonstrate
the virulence of the virus and the effectiveness of the vaccine.
No. 1. Inoculations by Feeding the Virus.—Three suscep- —
tible and two immune hens—one through natural infection and —
|
336 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH. |
CONTROLLING CHICKEN-POX, ETC., BY VACCINATION. 337
recovery and one through vaccination—were fed 5 c.c. of virus
emulsion by passing a tube down the cesophagus. Two of the
first mentioned developed mild lesions on the oral and _ nasal
mucose, and cutaneous lesions on the head, but later recovered.
The third susceptible remained apparently normal, as did the
“recovered ’’ immune. A small patch appeared after three days
on the tongue of the vaccjnated hen, but nothing further abnormal
was noted and she made a speedy recovery. Both immunes failed
to develop the disease.
No. 2. Inoculations by Introducting Virus Through the
Epithelium.—Five hens, three susceptible and two immune, as
were those in the above experiment, were used to demonstrate
the results of scarifying the comb and wattles and injecting the
virus. All the susceptibles developed typical cases from which
recovery was extremely slow. The “ recovered’ immune showed
no lesions whatever, while the vaccinated hen developed a slight
catarrhal conjunctivitis five days after having been infected,
which soon disappeared.
No. 3. Jnoculations by Instilling the Virus Into the Con-
junctiva.—F our susceptible and one naturally immune hen were
infected by instilling infectious fluid into the conjunctival sac.
Of the susceptibles, three developed serious eye, nasal and oral
lesions, from which they recovered, but the fourth only showed
evidence of the disease by a slight throat inflammation which
developed after six weeks and was probably secondary. The
immune control remained normal.
No. 4. Jnoculations by Instilling the Virus Into the Nos-
trils—This experiment included six hens and was carried out
by instilling virus into the nostrils. Three had been artificially
immunized by vaccination and developed no lesions as a result
of the infection. The other three were susceptible to chicken-pox
and showed clinical symptoms in the throat in three, five and ten
days respectively. All eventually recovered, but one was
markedly emaciated even after two months.
No. 5. Inoculation by Injecting Blood from an Infected
Hen.—One susceptible hen was injected subcutaneously with
2 c.c. of blood from an infected hen. Results were negative.
338 F. B. HADLEY AND B. A. BEACH.
No. 6. Inoculation by Injecting Pus Subcutaneously.—One
susceptible hen received subcutaneously 1 c.c. of purulent ma-
~ terial from hens sick with chicken-pox. This bird died suddenly
after seventeen days from asphyxiation. Autopsy revealed a
mass of pus which completely occluded the entrance to the
trachea.
No. 7. Natural Infection Observations— (a) A game
cockerel, susceptible to chicken-pox, was placed in the fattening
shed, where the infection had previously appeared, with other
roosters which had been vaccinated and were immune. Scratches
on the head from fighting became infected and the bird developed
a well marked case, including mouth and throat lesions, from
which he died on the twentieth day.
(b) A white rock cockerel which had never been vaccinated
was placed with treated hens in an infected colony house. He .
developed a typical case, both comb and mouth symptoms, but
finally recovered. None of the hens became infected.
III].—FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS WITH VIRUS.
In this work Chamberlain filters were used to filter the salt-
emulsion-virus, which had been prepared in a manner similar to
that used in the previously recorded experiments. All bacteria
were excluded, as was shown by microscopic and cultural tests
of the filtrate.
Experiment No. t.—In this experiment eight non-immune
hens were employed. They were divided into two lots of four
each. One lot was isolated and infected with the filtrate by
instilling it into the eyes, nose and mouth. The other hens were
used as controls and similarly inoculated with the unfiltered virus.
No lesions developed in the hens given the filtrate. One hen in
the other lot had a mild attack after two weeks, the symptoms
being confined chiefly to one eye.
Experiment No. 2. Six susceptible hens were employed.
Three were given instillations of the filtrate into the eyes, nose
and mouth. The other three were used as controls and inoculated
with the unfiltered material. The experiments turned out unfor-
tunately, for none of the hens developed lesions.
7 ere is cae
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CONTROLLING CHICKEN-POX, ETC., BY VACCINATION. 339
These experiments with filtered virus are limited and by
themselves fail to demonstrate that chicken-pox is caused by a
filterable virus, because the controls did not develop typical
lesions. Possibly the hens had considerable immunity as they
were all from one source. Further work along this line is planned
and duplicate experiments will be carried out soon.
CONCLUSIONS.
1. An autogenous vaccine has proved successful for treat-
ment and prevention of chicken-pox. But results were obtained
by two doses. The vaccine is especially applicable in large com-
mercial and valuable breeding flocks when used before patho-
logical changes become marked.
2. The vaccination treatment for chicken-pox was most valu-
able when used as a preventive, where it was effective in fully
98 per cent. of the cases.
3. One attack conferred immunity. The immunity which
resulted from the vaccination is estimated to be effective for one
and one-half to two years.
4. It was found impossible to transmit the disease at every
attempt, due to certain peculiarities of the virus and the fowls.
When the attempts were successful, the disease ran a benign
course; as it also did in the few cases in which it made an appear-
ance after vaccination.
5. Experiments to show that chicken-pox is caused by a filter-
able virus resulted negatively.
6. Although the identity of chicken-pox and roup has not
been definitely proved, the similarity of these diseases is so great
that it seems possible to control roup by vaccination.
LITERATURE.
Wiard= roc, 7A. Vi. Me sal: orgo4.
Carey, Ala. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 136, 1906.
Kinsley, AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, 1907. XXX.
Haring and Kofoid, Proc. A. V. M. A., 1911.
Marx and Sticker, Deut. Med. Wochen., 1902-3 (quoted by Hutyra and Marek).
Lipschutz, Central, f. Bakteriol., 1908, XLVI.
Uhlenhuth and Manteufel, Arb. a. d. Kais. Gesundheitsamte, 1909, XXX.
Schmidt, Central. f. Bakteriol., 1909, LII.
Sigwart, Central, f. Bakteriol., 1910; abs. in Exp. Sta. Rec., 1911.
11. Hutyra and Marek, Spez. Path. und Therapie d. Haustiere.
11. Pearl, Surface and Curtis, Me. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull., rorr.
1z. Salmon, Diseases of Poultry, p. 194.
13. Manteufel, Arb. a. d. Kais. Gesundheitsamte, 1909, XXX.
2 OM Ade bo
PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN THERAPEUTICS. *
By Prerre A. Fisu, ItHaca, N. Y.
The comparatively recent use of more exact scientific methods
in clinical work has brought about a much closer relationship
between physiology and practical medicine.
In the ultimate analysis the majority of diseases can be traced
to a disordered condition of metabolism or tissue change. In
some instances the disease may arise from disordered digestive
processes or the production of substances more or less toxic
which interfere chemically with normal metabolism. In other
cases it may be due to the invasion of a foreign organism or a
substance produced by it, as in tuberculosis or tetanus.
Recent physiologic research shows that there is an intimate
chemical relationship between certain portions of the body with
others and that, in all probability, there is more or less chemical
relationship between all parts.
Since the time of Sir Charles Bell it has been maintained
that the normal functions of the body are carried out through
the nervous mechanism; that certain parts apparently more or
less isolated are all under nervous control. Starling and Bayliss
have shown by their discovery of the hormone secretin, in the
mucosa of the intestine, that the chemical relationship is quite
as important as the nervous in the digestive processes. The
recognition of the chemical factor in regulating and controlling
' certain of the bodily functions is being extended. The active
principles or hormones of the internal secretions of certain of
the ductless glands produce their effects in a chemical way and
their importance is shown by the fact that serious results follow
their removal.
* Presented to the fiftieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation at New York, September, 1913.
340
PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN THERAPEUTICS. 341
The use of drugs in the treatment of disease is founded upon
the belief that they may chemically influence certain functions
of the body. Such a belief seems rational when evidence is
accumulating to show that the body itself is able to produce
chemical substances with which to regulate or modify its various
functions. It is, furthermore, reasonable to use for therapeutic
purposes those agents which enable the body, when in health, to
perform its functions normally.
The importance of the nervous factor in physiologic processes
is by no means lessened, but the honors heretofore accorded to
it must in many instances be shared with the chemical factor.
In primitive conditions, and because in the sequence of develop-
ment the nervous tissue is relatively late in its appearance, the
chemical factor assumes still greater importance. The results
produced by the excitation of protoplasm follow chemical changes
whether the stimuli be of chemical origin or not, and the reaction
is relatively slower than that produced by the nervous factor in
later development.
The nervous and chemical factors are not antagonistic but
co-operate harmoniously in the work that is to be performed.
An example of this co-operation is well shown in the production
of the digestive juices. The salivary secretion may be induced
through the nervous mechanism before the food has actually
entered the mouth. Although the taste of the food may initiate
the flow of the gastric juice, its continuance is effected by chem-
ical stimuli derived from the pyloric secretion. The production
of pancreatic juice, according to recent investigations, seems to
be due entirely to the chemical stimuli furnished by the secretion
formed by the mucosa of the duodenum. A series of events has
therefore taken place originating in the nervous mechanism and
merging into a chain of chemical reactions which do not antag-
onize but supplement the nervous activity.
In the consideration of the normal and diseased conditions
it is of great importance not to overlook what might be termed
the internal work of the body or those activities which are
essential for mere existence. The vital activities centre largely
342 PIERRE A. FISH.
around the heart and the work it can do. Under normal condi-
tions the energy required to drive the blood, loaded with nourish-
ment, to the tissues, and the amount of waste products poured
back into the blood by the tissues, represents many foot-tons of
work during the twenty-four hours. If the action of the heart
or circulation be interfered with by disease the work is propor-
tionately increased until a condition may arrive when the heart
is unable to support any further work from external sources and
the patient must submit to a life of inactivity until finally the
internal work of existence is overcome. Similarly in regard to
the work done by the muscles of respiration in enlarging the
diameters of the chest in order that the blood may be properly
oxygenated. Normally, the work is considerable, but if inter-
fered with by pathologic conditions, the daily output of energy
is greatly increased.
Undoubtedly the greatest item in internal work is the pro-
duction of heat. The normal work of the heart and respiratory
muscles involves the liberation, as a by-product, of more than
twice as much energy in the form of heat as is actually required
for the mechanical work of the circulation and respiration. All
living cells, from their chemical changes, contribute to the pro-
duction of heat. If the cells excrete temperature as a by-product
of their activity, it will follow that cells unduly active will pro-
duce a greater amount of temperature, and if prolonged will
result in fever; whereas cells of a low degree of vitality would
produce less heat and represent a smaller expenditure of energy.
As long asa cell is alive it performs the duties of metabolism and
produces more or less heat. The duration of life and the various
types of temperament are probably referable to metabolism.
With a nervous and excitable temperament and a life period
perhaps below the average, we may associate cells with rapid
metabolic processes; with a mild and phlegmatic temperament
and a life period beyond the average, we may assume that a
greater economy exists in the metabolism of the cells and their
normal processes continue for a longer period.
Life and heat are inseparable. If the temperature of the
vO
PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN THERAPEUTICS. 348
blood rises, tissue waste must be increased. Fever, therefore,
tends to have a destructive effect upon the cells, whether it be
primarily due to an increased production of heat, to a diminu-
tion of loss of heat, or to a disturbance of the normal balance
between the two. If it is desired to lower the temperature in
fever, the easiest method is to increase the amount of heat loss,
‘because this is more under our control than heat production.
Cold baths, for instance, act by removing heat from the body
surface by conduction; sudorifics, by increasing evaporation. Our
knowledge of the drugs which diminish the amount of heat pro-
duction is limited. Alcohol, in large doses, appears to do so,
probably from its paralyzing effect upon the cells. Quinine, in
retarding the metabolism of the cells, seems to have a similar
action. Some antipyretics appear to increase the loss of heat by
dilating the superficial blood vessels and so increasing the amount
of radiation from the body; while some others appear to have
some action upon the heat-regulating centres which have more
or less control of the heat-regulating mechanism.
Although the energy of the body is derived from the food,
not all of the energy inherent in the food is available for meta-
bolism. Some of this energy is utilized during the digestive
processes in preparing the food for absorption and assimilation.
It has been calculated in the case of a horse fed entirely upon
hay that 48 per cent. of the energy of the food is expended in
its digestion and absorption. There is also a variation according
to the chemical constitution of the food. Proteins seem to de-
mand more energy, carbohydrates less, and fats still less. Milk,
the common food of all animals in their infancy, requires the
least digestive work. During the period of infancy the digestive
enzymes have not reached their full period of development, and
although able to digest milk for tissue use, they are unable to
act upon the more concentrated foods in a satisfactory manner.
Carbohydrates and fats furnish the greatest amount of energy
to the body. Protein may intermittently or accidentally con-
tribute to the energy produced, but its chief function is to replace
the nitrogenous material in the tissues. Under certain conditions
344 PIERRE A. FISH.
a greater amount of protein may be retained in the body; this is
exemplified in pregnancy, where it is utilized to contribute to
the formation of the foetus and the increased growth or hyper-
trophy of the uterus and mammary glands. Likewise in con-
valescence from acute diseases where wasting has occurred, the
tissues possess the property of retaining a larger amount of pro-
tein, in order that the normal weight and size may be regained
at a relatively rapid rate.
In the body, carbohydrates are converted into sugar and a
portion of the sugar may be converted into fat. Clinically there
is some evidence that there are cases where the conversion of
carbohydrate into fat is not well developed, and as a result of
the imperfect assimilation pathologic changes may occur. In
some cases of glycosuria in elderly subjects the question has
arisen if the condition may not be due to the sugar passing away
through the kidneys instead of contributing to the formation of
fat; in other words, the patient is a diabetic because he has not
laid on fat.
The control of the size of the blood vessels by means of the
vaso-motor nerves has a direct bearing upon the conditions of
engorgement and congestion. At the present time the balance
of evidence is opposed to the view that the pulmonary blood
vessels are supplied with vaso-motor nerves. This, perhaps,
accounts for the ease with which these vessels become the seat
of passive engorgement when there is any obstacle to the outflow
of blood into the left heart. In this way the lungs may serve
as a reservoir for the pulmonary circulation in much the same
way as the liver and spleen serve in a similar capacity for the
systemic circulation. A condition of passive congestion, there-
fore, plays a large part in pulmonary diseases. During the ex-
pansion of the lungs in inspiration the pulmonary capillaries are
increased in calibre and the circulation through the lung is facili-
tated. During expiration, on the other hand, the vessels are
diminished in size and the circulation is more difficult. This is
one reason why a patient whose pulmonary circulation is inter-
fered with tends instinctively to keep the chest as much as pos-
sible in the position of inspiration. The absence of a vaso-
PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN THERAPEUTICS. 345
constructor supply to the pulmonary arteries also implies that
adrenalin (which acts on the terminals of such nerves) can be
of no use in checking hemorrhage from the lungs.
The bronchial artery supplies the pulmonary pleura, and the
internal mammary and intercostals the parietal pleura, while the
venous blood is carried away from these parts by the azygous
veins. These veins are imperfectly supplied with valves; there-
fore, when the pressure in the right heart is raised, the venous
roots in the pleura become quite readily congested and effusion
or hydrothorax results. The vessels in the pleura differ from
the pulmonary vessels in that they are supplied with vaso-con-
strictor nerves. They are, therefore, more susceptible to the
action of adrenalin, and advantage has been taken of this fact in
the treatment of pleural effusions.
The blood normally varies considerably in the proportion of
its constituents. A diminution in the amount of its fluid causes
greater concentration, an excess of red corpuscles and an in-
creased viscosity. Gustave Mann has calculated that the maxi-
mum number of corpuscles which the human blood is capable of
holding is 13.9 millions. A blood count of 12,000,000 must
imply a very great increase in the circulation time through the
capillaries. Anything which increases the stay of the blood in
the capillaries permits of the abstraction of a greater amount of
oxygen from it and therefore contributes very materially to the
production of cyanosis.
It is becoming more and more evident that no single organ
lives unto itself alone, but that the chemical changes which take
place in each may be of great importance to metabolism as a
whole and to the normal interchange in other organs. Although
the chemical products of every organ must influence the condi-
tions of the body to some extent, it is only when the influence is
specific and the origin definite that the substance is entitled to
designation as a hormone—a substance which excites chemically.
Aside from nutritive material there are, according to Ehrlich,
two groups of substances which affect the body. The first group
—the toxins—are closely allied in their chemical character to
the proteins and are produced through the agency of living
346 PIERRE A. FISH.
organisms. As a result of their introduction, the tissues react
by the development of an antibody. The second group includes
all of the common drugs, which probably act upon the protoplasm
because of their molecular arrangement, producing their effect
upon the cells quickly and without a period of incubation. Al-
though repeated doses may, in some cases, set up a certain degree
of tolerance, an antibody is not produced. Hormones may be
assumed to belong to the second group, because if they produced
antibodies, larger and larger doses would be required to perform
their physiologic functions and this would defeat their own
object. Hormones may therefore be regarded as belonging to
the permanent, and not to the acquired, defenses of the body.
According to Langdon Brown, the general features of hor-
mones may be stated as follows: (1) They are bodies of com-
paratively small molecular weight; (2) unlike ferments, they
are not destroyed by simple heating, but may lose power on pro-
longed boiling; (3) they are rapidly destroyed by oxidizing
agents; (4) they are destroyed in the tissues which they excite
and do not escape in any of the excretions; (5) they are not, as
a rule, absorbed unaltered from the alimentary canal. lodothyrin,
the active principle of thyroid extract, is an exception to this
rule, probably because the thyroid gland originally discharged
its secretion into the alimentary canal by the thyro-glossal duct.
In a practical way, it would appear that typical hormones
should be employed only by local application or injection; since
they can be added to boiling water without loss of strength, the
question of sterilization is much simplified; that as they disap-
pear, probably by oxidation in the tissue they excite, they are
more useful in producing temporary rather than prolonged
effects. The following table modified from Starling gives the
more commonly. recognized hormones :
Origin. Hormone. Reacting Organ.
Supranenals..aa4e sees Adéenalin: <:<2:.4. Sympathetic nervous system.
Stomach (pylorus)... Gastric secretin.... Stomach (fundus).
Diodenunns. ese Secretin 76 ie Pancreas, Liver.
(eh ytolddect-a eer Iodothyrin ~....... ° Nervous System, Skin, etc.
Ovaries. us cear ee re esi’ pal biw ge ie wise Uterine mucosa.
Piétuss 2 icay sch chee eee ee ee eee Mammary gland.
Gastric Mucosa ..... Hormonal ........ Intestinal musculature.
PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN THERAPEUTICS. 347
Adrenalin is a chemical body whose presence is apparently
essential to the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Langley has made the important generalization that the action
of adrenalin on any part is the same as stimulation of the sym-
pathetic nerves to that part. This is of especial interest in view
of its formation by a structure of sympathetic origin. The most
striking action of adrenalin is the rise of blood pressure resulting
in part from the constriction of the vessels. This effect is not
common when taken by the mouth, probably because its absorp-
tion is largely prevented by the vaso-constrictor effect upon the
vessels of the gastric mucosa. For this reason it has been used
successfully in checking hemorrhage from the stomach, and for
the relief of vomiting. Its action upon the stomach would also
suggest its use for hemorrhage of the intestines. It has ap-
parently been so used with some success, but the fact that adrena-
lin, like the sympathetic, checks peristalsis and tends to close the
sphincter muscles, makes it somewhat doubtful if it can get by
the pylorus. Exner has found that the intraperitoneal injection
of adrenalin delays the absorption of a poison introduced into
the stomach or peritoneal cavity; thus strychnine required twenty
times as long to produce its toxic effect. This gain of time is
most valuable, and suggests the administration of a full dose of
adrenalin pending the use of other remedies.
In addition to its vaso-constrictor effects, adrenalin is a
powerful stimulant to the heart, augmenting its action like
the sympathetic, but intravenous injections must be used
to produce this action. In azoturia, “heart failure” may
occur as the result of the production of toxic substances in
the tissues; with this condition it is not unlikely that vaso-motor
paralysis prevails and the use of adrenalin should be of benefit
in raising the blood pressure as well as stimulating the heart.
Occasional reports of the successful use of adrenalin in this
affection may, perhaps, be explainable on this basis.
Accepting the general view, that vaso-motor nerves are absent
from the pulmonary and cerebral vessels, adrenalin would be
contra-indicated in the treatment of hemorrhages from these
348 PIERRE A. FISH.
parts, because its action in constricting vessels elsewhere would
cause an increased flow of blood to these areas and thus aggre-
gate the hemorrhage. The tendency of the blood to collect in
those areas which are not supplied with vaso-motor nerves fol-
lowing the intravenous use of adrenalin, should be kept in mind
especially if those areas are diseased.
The first and most conspicuous triumph for organo-therapy
was treatment by thyroid extract. From its great success in
myxcedema and cretinism, iodothyrin may be regarded as a hor-
mone having a specific action on the central nervous system and
on the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The effect of thyro-iodin on
metabolism is to reduce weight, only one-sixth of the loss being
due to increased nitrogenous waste, the remainder being due
simply to the diuresis it causes, apparently by dehydration of
fats.
One of the more recently described hormones * still in the
experimental stage has been designated hormonal. It is found
in the gastric mucosa of all animals thus far examined at the
time when the digestive process is at its highest, but it is obtained
in sufficient quantity only in the spleen. It is suggested that the
gastric mucosa produces this hormone and the spleen stores it
up. When injected intravenously or intramuscularly, it produces
an energetic wave of peristalsis beginning at the pylorus and
passing throughout the length of the intestine. Therapeutically
it has been recommended in cases of chronic constipation and
acute intestinal paresis. Its injection is usually followed by a
transitory rise of temperature. It may be distinguished from
cathartics in that it causes intestinal peristalsis comparable to
the physiologic process and, in those cases which respond, its
action is said to be of some permanency or at least of long dura-
tion.
In general, organo-therapy or hormone treatment may be con-
sidered in suitable cases to be more specific than drug treatment,
in that it inaugurates or maintains conditions very similar, if
not identical, with the normal physiologic processes. As drugs
* Dohr, Marxer and Zuelzer, Berliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1908, No. 46.
PHYSIOLOGIC PRINCIPLES IN THERAPEUTICS. 349
have active principles of much therapeutic value, so physiologic
research is demonstrating that in hormones, certain, if not all,
of the organs of the body have also their active principles which
act upon body areas more or less distant, and in a few instances
have shown great therapeutic usefulness. With continued re-
search it is probable that our knowledge of the hormones and
their use in therapeutics ,will be greatly extended and the bonds
uniting physiology with medicine will be knit still more closely
in the future.
THE NaTIONAL HorsE SHOW oF AMERICA had a very suc-
cessful season at the Madison Square Garden, New York, the
third week in November. The old garden never looked better,
and probably never housed a better lot of equine aristocrats.
The saddle and heavy harness classes seemed to hold the interest
of the railbirds (the real enthusiasts of the show) closer than any
others, unless perhaps the high jumpers. This association is
surely a great stimulus to breed good ones, for only very good
ones can get a look in at the prizes. The championship contest
for saddle horses on the last afternoon brought together the
creme de la creme, and this class (mostly mares) showed some
beautiful types. The heavy harness horses brought together in
the ring in the championship contest, represented the finest in this
country, possibly in the world, and made one’s heart bound at the
thought of again seeing our parks teeming with them as in the
past. An especially inspiring feature of the show during the
past few years is the race between coach teams for the Arrow-
head Inn Challenge Cup. The cup this year was won by Mr.
Emil Seelig, of New York, whose lusty four-in-hand consisting
of Big Tim, Flying Gyp, Montclair and Tenafly, made the run
from the Inn to the Garden, a distance of nine and a half miles
right through the heart of the City, in thirty-six and a half
minutes. His competitor had one or two mishaps, such as a
horse falling, a broken poll-chain, etc., and reached the Garden
twenty minutes later. These imposing outfits, with a cock horse
trailing, made the automobiles along the route appear very in-
significant by comparison.
Dr. C. E. Korp, Terre Haute Veterinary College, ’12, has
recently located in Pulaski, Tennessee.
VETERINARY SCIENCE FROM A COUNTRY PRACTI-
TIONER’S VIEWPOINT.*
By J. F. DeVine, GosHEN, N. Y.
At this time when mechanical devices are supplanting in so
many ways the various duties that we previously asked our
domestic animals to perform, the general aspect to the veterinary
practitioner must necessarily be somewhat changed. This is
particularly so with the class of men who have chosen the city
as a place of practice. It is needless to attempt to enumerate all
that the steam and electric railways and the automobile have
done to supplant equine service in certain localities.
It seems but yesterday that the one subject that received
most attention in the veterinary schools was the horse, and young
men were wont to flock to cities where wealth made it possible
to receive large fees, particularly in districts where the high-class
carriage horse, the thoroughbred and the gentleman’s roadster
or trotter abounded. The owners of these animals were usually
men of much wealth and were willing to pay liberally for skillful
attention given to their animals. Those who have had experi-
ence in large city practices know full well that a veterinarian a
decade ago might have been an equine specialist and carried on
a lucrative practice in cities where his work consisted largely of
examinations for soundness, lameness, green sickness, pulmonary
affections and injured feet. Times have changed. The lavish
expenditure upon the equine idol at such places as Saratoga and
Sheepshead Bay in New York State, and similar places in many
other states, is but a thing of memory. The heavy harness horse
is now replaced by the limousine automobile; the electric auto
and lighter cars are transporting and taking up the attention of
the people who formerly were admirers and drivers of the lighter
road horse; auto trucks are supplanting the draft horse, and it
* Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A., held in New York City, September,
1913.
350
VETERINARY SCIENCE FROM A COUNTRY PRACTITIONER'S VIEWPOINT. 351
is plain to see that the future veterinarian must be capable of
taking a more active part in agricultural and municipal matters,
such as meat and milk inspection, and in general sanitary control
work, with view of guarding against the transmissibility to the
human family of communicable diseases and the prevention and
suppression of animal plagues the ravages of which, if allowed
to take their course, would in all probability soon shatter the very
foundation of that important factor of our nation’s wealth, the
livestock industry.
In agricultural matters the veterinary practitioner to-day
must not only be a practical horseman but he must meet the
requirements of a broader term. He must be a practical stock-
man. His training should be so broad that his advice will be
sought on feeding and dairying problems. He should be able
to advise his rural clients as to the proper type of animals for
breeding purposes, the proper nourishment for growing the
young, or balanced rations for the greatest production in the
adult. He should likewise be able to discuss intelligently such
matters as rotation of crops, their relative nutritive value, etc.
_ Allowing that the horse is still possibly the most important
factor to the general practitioner, we will need to wend our ways
ruralward if we are to continue to attend to his needs. Statistics
show that there are approximately twenty-four million horses in
the United States to-day and that about three-fourths of them
are on the farms.
Lest it would appear from what I have said that the day of
the horse’s usefulness has past and its value become unworthy
of attention, let me remind you that perhaps there never has been
a time in the history of our country when its value was greater,
Or its services more in demand.
While the evolution which we have cited has been going on
new avenues of occupation have been added to some of the old.
While the price of trotter and the show horse is to-day, as in
the past, governed largely by the quality of the individual and
the wealth of the purchaser, the price of the draft horse and the
general utility horse have steadily advanced. This has been
O52 J. F. DE VINE.
augmented in a measure by the lack of supply of horses of a
satisfactory type and quality, when horse breeding became un-
profitable several years ago. Here, again, is where the veteri-
narian should be the guiding star of the breeder, and here is
where proper stallion registration laws, at this time when horse
breeding is sure to revive, would be of inestimable value to our
country.
We as veterinarians should point out to the breeder the abso-
lute necessity of selecting sires not only of a desirable strain
but of a desirable individuality. Using a sire simply because he
is eligible to registration, or possibly is registered, reminds me
of an expression of a breeder of Holstein cattle. He said that
some people in selecting a bull to head their herd would lax
great stress upon getting a registered animal and that ordinarily
that was about all that some of them did get. And added, “ that
some of the registered sires ought to have a certificate of burial
rather than a certificate of registration.”
The same holds good with our horse breeding; we want good
blood lines and we want good individuals. In fact, a pure bred
defective animal is more dangerous than a scrub, as he is far
more apt to be prepotent and stamp his offspring with his
defects. It is our plain duty, so far as we can, to assist in dis-
couraging the breeding of animals with naturally vicious disposi-
tions, particularly females; likewise animals of faulty conforma-
tion such as narrow chests, long, washy barrels, defective feet,
curby or beefy hocks or those suffering with hereditary spavins,
ringbones and like unsoundnesses.
With the ever-increasing population of our cities and the sys-
tematizing of municipal governments, two comparatively new
necessities have been added to the calling of the veterinary pro-
fession, namely, state and municipal meat and milk inspection.
The necessity and advantages of state and municipal meat
inspection is daily receiving more and more attention. The
public are beginning to grasp the fact that Federal inspection,
even with all its splendid system and force, looks after only about
60 per cent. of the meat consumed by us, and that the greater
VETERINARY SCIENCE FROM A COUNTRY PRACTITIONER’S VIEWPOINT. 3538
part of this so inspected is for the protection of the other fellow
and not for the small consumer, who is at the mercy of the
unscrupulous local butcher who-may slaughter an animal suffer-
ing with any such dangerous or disgusting diseases as advanced
tuberculosis, cancerous organs or extensive suppurative areas o7
the like. When after stripping the diseased parts the remainder
of the carcass is sold to the helpless consumer. It is truly a bless-
ing to mankind that it is usually customary to subject meats to
some form of cooking before eating under such conditions.
State and municipal meat inspection, when conducted under
capable veterinary supervision, should excel federal inspection,
since in most cases it would be possible to carry out ante-mortem
examination as well as post mortem.
Meat inspection is truly a noble service, and the truism, “ He
serves his own interests best who works for the common good
of all,” was never more applicable than in this work.
MILK INSPECTION.
In certain Eastern countries, where babies are usually nursed
by their mothers somewhat longer than in this country and are
weaned gradually upon farinaceous and miscellaneous diet, they
get along very nicely without the use of milk; but we have
learned to look upon cow’s milk as a most useful food for adults
and practically a necessity for infants, particularly among classes
where breast feeding is becoming undesirable or impossible. The
wonderful merits of milk can only be realiezd when we under-
stand that it contains all the elements necessary for growth and
development in the young, and that it is the only single article
of food which is complete enough in itself to sustain life for a
very long period.
While normal milk drawn from a healthy cow and properly
cared for is so valuable, still we have learned to know that dyph-
theria, scarlet fever, typhoid fever, tuberculosis and other diseases
may be spread by milk, and that stale warm and bacteria-laden
milk is especially dangerous to young infants, and that some
widespread epidemics which were formerly attributed to water,
354 J. F. DE VINE.
air and other causes are now found to be due to milk. Asa
noted writer has well put it, to separate the mouth of the baby |
from the teat of the cow by several hundred miles is often a
serious matter to the baby. Nature probably never intended the
milk of one animal to be used by the young of another, but since
it seems to have become a necessary custom with us, it has
brought with it also the necessity of skilled supervision in order
that it may be useful rather than harmful.
Cities are fast beginning to learn that even with their beauti-
ful parks and boulevards, clean streets and similar ideal condi-
tions, the health question is only half solved. No city can remain
healthy unless it takes into account the health of the country
from which it obtains its food supply. It is interesting to note
that at one time there was much more disease and much higher
death rate in the city than in the country. The tables have now
been turned, for there is less chance of contracting infection in
the well ordered city than in the average country place. For a
long time people did not know how to live huddled together in
large communities; fads and fancies ruled the day in matters
hygienic; people partook of polluted water without a question.
In fact it took them a long time to find out that the inexpressibly
nasty habit of drinking water defiled with sewage was dangerous
as well as not nice. To-day our larger cities have a fairly satis-
factory and clean water supply and the removal of waste is
steadily showing improvement, but they must still get their milk
from the country, and in many instances hundreds of miles away.
For instance, New York City uses about one million six hundred
thousand quarts of milk daily, and in order that this river of
milk may reach the consumer ina palatable and nutritious form,
it must be carefully guarded from the cow to the mouth of the
consumer. In carrying out this protection our object should also
be to enlighten and educate and not frighten. There is a tempta-
tion on the part of the popular exponents of science toward over-
statement. This is not necessary; we will find that when all in-
dictments are brought together that milk is criminal enough
without any exaggeration. The great difference between milk
—
ae
Ve ow Cee
—_-
VETERINARY SCIENCE FROM A COUNTRY PRACTITIONER’S VIEWPOINT. 355
and most other fluids, in that bacteria tend to grow well in milk
and die in other fluids, adds to its seriousness if improperly
handled.
We must not lose sight of the fact that the protection of our
milk supply is like many other problems in preventive medicine.
It lacks the dramatic effect. The rank and file of our people do
not seem to grasp the fact that to prevent sickness and suffering
is nobler than to administer in an unnecessary illness. We must
disabuse the public’s desire for glowing headlines in our public
press as evidence of progress. It is common knowledge that
tuberculosis exacts an annual toll greater than the number killed
by bullets in the four years of our Civil War; yet compare the
stir caused by this knowledge as to that caused by even the sug-
gestion of war. The final solution of the milk problem will
require mutual co-operation between the producer and handler,
the consumer and the inspector. The veterinarian, by training and
impartiality, should play a very important part in the realm of
adjustment and protection.
So much for the general condition of veterinary matters as
we see them to-day. But there are still some other very im-
portant sides of our veterinary problems that are largely within
our own command. I refer to the educational side, the inter-
changing of knowledge, so to speak. I care not how skilled a
practitioner may be, there are times when we will meet cases
that are so wanting in true characteristics or so confusing in
symptomatology as to make a definite diagnosis unwarranted ;
and if we are conscientious men, as we should be, it is then that
we turn to the man who by special training and equipment can
assist us in solving the problem and make it possible for the
practitioner to serve his community to a better advantage. I
fear the general practitioner is not always as appreciative of
the assistance he receives from laboratories as he should be, and
I doubt if we have all done our share in assisting the laboratory
man to be the greatest possible good.
When we stop to consider how absolutely helpless we oft-
times are when called upon to investigate an epizootic or enzootic
556 J. F. DE VINE.
presenting symptoms or characteristics with which we are not
familiar, how we ofttimes have to grope aimlessly and hopelessly
around in the dark. True it is that occasionally we may trace
the cause of our trouble to some dietary error or local conditions,
but more often we are apt to seek the assistance of the laboratory
man either in determining the causing factor, or giving us rea-
sonable assurance that we are not dealing with a contagious
plague. I think it can be truly said that most of us who err in
giving assistance do so from lack of knowledge or carelessness
rather than with any malicious intent. If, for instance, we should
wish the brain of an animal examined owing to the fact that
during life it exhibited certain nervous phenomena the cause of
which we were not certain but had in mind the possibility of
rabies; we should not expect the laboratory man to patch to-
gether a masserated hypo-camp that had been mutilated by force.
It would be still more hopeless to expect animal inoculation of
the brain lesions to verify the microscopical work, had putrefac-
tion set in, or if disinfectants had been used as a preservative
rather than cold temperature. These same principles hold true
in sera diagnosing the examination of organs, neoplasms and
the like. The proper method in securing of an organ or a tissue
for examination and still further proper preservation of same
until it reaches the laboratory will gladden the heart of the
laboratory man and bring to us more satisfactory answers.
The present outlook for the properly educated and trained
veterinarian is as bright if not brighter than ever before. A little
over half a century ago the number of educated veterinarians
on this continent could have been counted on the fingers of one
hand. The profession was then represented principally by grad-
uates from foreign shores and a few so-called self-educated men,
the later who, through their love for animals and interest in the
alleviation of suffering, made a special effort to administer to
the dumb brutes as intelligently as their knowledge acquired by
books and experience could warrant. We have nothing but
praise for our old graduates and the honest, well-meaning non-
graduates, but we must likewise admit that our profession at
VETERINARY SCIENCE FROM A COUNTRY PRACTITIONER'S VIEWPOINT. 357
that time was overwhelmingly represented by the type of men
pitifully wanting in ability and conscience. I remember as a
youth looking on with boyish terror at the cruel, barbaric treat-
ment our stock was subjected to from time to time. It is not
a matter of ancient history when the self-exploited veterinarian
bored holes in the cow’s horn and filled them with turpentine, or
poured melted lard in thé poor, suffering animal’s ears after a
wise diagnosis of horn distemper. Similar cruel treatment was
sure to be the lot of the animal that through illness of any kind
showed a flaccid condition of the tail, when a jackknife would
be sharpened on the bootleg, the tail split and the opening filled
with pepper and salt, which would make the animal squirm and
thereby show evidence of great and suddenly reviving life. We
should rejoice that the days of empiricism are passing. The
public, recognizing the necessity of a scientific administration
to the dumb brutes similar to that being administered toward the
alleviation of pain and suffering in the human family, encouraged
the fathers of veterinary medicine in this country, and these good
men, withstanding all the trials and vicissitudes, scorn and criti-
cisms that were cast upon them, slowly through their since efforts
brought up the standard of the veterinary profession until to-day
it is looked upon in most states as the equal in every way to other
professions such as medicine and law. Young men of refinement
and education have been induced to enter the profession. Veter-
inary schools of magnificent type are being built, where an edu-
cation quite in keeping with that of any other profession is
available for veterinary students. As our veterinary profession
has grown, associations and membership have multiplied, until
to-day nearly every state, territory and province in this country
can boast of one or more veterinary associations.
VETERINARY SOCIETIES.
All veterinarians should support and take active interest in
veterinary associations; they first, last and always stand for better
education and better organization, to the end that we may better
serve mankind, the brute creation and the livestock industries of
our country.
358 J. F. DE VINE.
Veterinary societies are a benefit to every veterinarian; I
care not whether he be a specialist or a general practitioner, the
very atmosphere of these gatherings is pregnant with knowledge
and suggestions that are sure to develop a thought or clear a
problem that heretofore never occurred to us, or on which pos-
sibly our knowledge had been too meagre to be of any value to us.
While I have said but little concerning general practice, this
in my judgment is perhaps the most important branch of veter-
inary science.
I have the greatest respect for the chemist, bacteriologist, and
biologist. Without them I fear that medicine and veterinary
medicine would stand still or make progress discouragingly slow.
Think of the evolution in the practice of medicine that these men
have brought about. The future limit of serum therapy, anti-
toxins, phylacogens and vaccines no man dare predict; but, again,
we must not lose sight of the fact that the practitioner is the
man who must make use of any apply this and like knowledge,
if these preparations are to reach the fields that they were pri-
marily intended for. Expert knowledge kept in laboratories or —
experiment stations would do the world at large but little good.
In conclusion, it is my judgment that veterinary education is
in the era of ascendancy, and if we are to continue to make
progress it behooves us to be thorough students in all matters
pertaining to the class of work in which we are laboring. Hon-
esty with ourselves and our clients, our work and our results, are
good watchwords for the onward march of the profession that
each member should support and add to its usefulness.
Dr. Hicctns TALKS oN ANIMAL DISEASES AT HARVARD
MepicaL ScHoot.—Dr. Chas. H. Higgins, pathologist to the
Dominion Department of Agriculture for the past fifteen years,
delivered a lecture (according to the Boston Globe) at the Har-
vard Medical School on Sunday, November 15, on “ The Pro-
tection of Animals Against Infective Diseases.’ Dr. Higgins,
who took his veterinary degree at McGill University, is also a
graduate of Massachusetts Agricultural College.
pam ny come ee a ig ae
GENERAL EDUCATION IN REGARD TO GLANDERS AND
PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS.*
By Dr B. T. Woopwarpd, QUARANTINE Division, U. S. BurEAU oF ANIMAL
Inpustry, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Glanders is a subject of ever active interest to the veterinary
profession, and many papers upon glanders are written and dis-
cussed by its members.
An important adjunct, it would seem, is a general education
of the public, and especially of representatives of humane asso-
ciations and of the police forces of the cities and towns to which
are assigned the duties of preventing cruelty to animals. The
American Humane Association recognizes the importance of this
aspect of the glanders problem, and upon its request the writer
presented a paper upon this subject at the 36th annual meeting of
the Association, which was held in 1912.
An intelligent understanding among horse owners and the
special classes of people already mentioned would assuredly be of
great benefit to the live stock authorities in controlling glanders, *
and woud lead to greater harmony in the enforcement of neces-
sary legislation.
This paper does not purport to contain new information for
the veterinarian, but endeavors to present the subject of glanders
for the consideration of the people who are interested in horses
and their welfare. The layman should understand that up to a
comparatively recent time glanders and farcy were considered to
be two distinct diseases, and that we now recognize them as a
single disease known as glanders, of which farcy is but the desig-
nation of the skin symptoms.
Glanders is a dangerous communicable disease of horses,
asses and mules, prevailing in various extents in the majority of
* Presented to the fiftieth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation at New York, September, 1913.
359
360 B. T. WOODWARD.
the countries of the world. It is probable that no State of these
United States is entirely free from the disease, and the greatest
number of its victims are claimed in the cities, rather than in
country districts.
Although glanders shows such a marked predilection for
equines it is readily communicated to man, dogs, cats, rabbits
and guinea pigs. Fortunately, however, it is practically impos-
sible for cattle or chickens to contract the disease, and it is rare
among sheep and goats.
It is one of the earliest recognized diseases, for Hippocrates,
about 450 B. C., and his follower, Aristotle, gave it a distinct
place in their writings. From the fourth century to our era it
has appeared in veterinary writings, with a recognition of its con-
tagiousnes, which has been so well and frequently demonstrated
by the repeated outbreaks in the cavalry of European countries
and its appearance in previously free localities following the in-
vasions of war or civilized commerce.
It awaited our present generation, however, to discover the
cause of the disease, and in 1882, Loeffler and Schutz, in
Germany, isolated the specific germ, which they described and
named “ Bacillus mallei.”’ We should realize then that no case
_ of glanders exists or can be contracted unless the affected animal
has come in contact with and harbors this one distinct form of
germ life, the Bacillus mallei.
This organism is found principally in the nasal discharges,
the pus exuding from farcy buds, and in the saliva and manure.
From these sources other materials are infected by contact, mak-
ing them secondary carriers of glanders. Among the secondary
carriers for the dissemination of glanders which are thus pro-
duced there may be mentioned the public or common watering
troughs, mangers, nose bags, harness, curry combs and brushes,
stable attendants, wagons, public hitching sheds and posts, black-
smith shops, and access to manure piles.
The factor of greatest importance is the direct contact of
healthy horses with glandered horses affected with the disease in
an acute form. The contagion is in its most virulent form in
q
f
GLANDERS AND PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS, 361
acute cases, and the infected discharges invariably produce gland-
ers when inoculated into animals of a susceptible specie.
The discharges from old chronic or semi-latent cases are not
nearly so active and dangerous, but they should never be over-
looked as an important source for the dissemination of the disease.
Having gained entrance into the body variable periods ex-
tending from a few days.to years may elapse before the appear-
ance of lesions of the disease. Experimental inoculations have
however demonstrated by postmortem examination that internal
lesions have developed in from one to three weeks after inocula-
tion.
Workers in humane societies and others associated with
horse welfare should have a general knowledge of the visible
symptoms which are presented by glanders during its develop-
ment. Through this knowledge they will in many instances be
able to diagnose clinical cases of glanders as they appear among
horses upon the street, in public sale stables and other places, and
thus be very valuabe aids in determining centers of infection and
co-operating with health officials in eradicating the disease.
Glanders develops more rapidly and more frequently in the
acute form in young horses than in old. The rate of development
depends largely upon the age of the horse, its general vital condi-
tion, the character of feed and work, and the appearance of gen-
eral fevered conditions or local injury.
A well-fed horse subjected to work which never exhausts it
may be affected with latent glanders for years, showing no symp-
toms which even point to suspicion. The first symptoms to make
its appearance is not always the same, and we must therefore
watch for the development of any of the symptoms of glanders.
A leg, usually the hind leg, may suddenly become swollen, and
this swelling is usually followed by the appearance of what are
termed farcy buds or buttons.
The farcy bud is a lump varying in size from a bullet to a
walnut. They are first felt or seen beneath the skin, which
structure they will involve, causing the death of the part imme-
diately over the bud. There is then formed an ulcer with a dirty
362 B. T. WOODWARD.
gray appearing bottom, surrounded by ragged overhanging edges
of skin. From this ulcer there is a discharge, the important
feature of which is a consistency such as the white of an egg
possesses, combined with a color simulating olive oil. It is very
tenacious, and adheres to the edges of the ulcer over which it
gradually forms a scab, which becomes thicker and thicker until
it drops off and is replaced by the same process. Some of the
discharge drips downward and is found adhering tightly to the
hair. The ulcers may leave a permanent scar.
The presence of a discharge from the nostrils should always
be regarded with suspicion, and lead to a careful examination.
The character of the discharge is similar to that from the farcy
bud, and is characteristic in its adherence to the wings of the
nostril. The lining membranes of the nostrils frequently show
small nodules which break down with the formation of deep
ulcers, the bottoms of which have the same general appearance as
the ulcer of farcy. When close together these ulcers may coalesce
and gnaw their way entirely through the septum between the
nostrils. If ulcers heal there remains almost indefinitely a typical
whitish scar, star shaped, with rays extending in various direc-
tons from its centre.
The swelling of the submaxillary lymphatic glands which are
located high between the branches of the lower jaw and under
the base of the tongue is also of great importance. In glanders
these glands are not sensitive, but are hard and indurated, like a
bunch of hard grapes, while in the swelling of the same glands
in such diseases as influenza or distemper they are sensitive, have
a more doughy consistency and tend to break down with pus
formation.
Lymph vessels lying close beneath the skin may become in-
durated and appear as hard cords. Animals affected with these
symptoms of glanders usually have slatish gray nodules of the
disease scattered throughout the substance of the lungs, and from
these there is produced the symptom of coughing, which rather
closely resembles the coughing of a horse affected with heaves.
The humane officer, and frequently the veterinarian, is unable
GLANDERS AND PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS. 363
to determine the presence of glanders in those horses where the
disease is occult, or latent, and where there is no external evidence
of its spreading. The detection of such cases is of great im-
portance in the suppression of epizootics of the disease.
In the control and suppression of outbreaks ultimate eradica-
tion should be the aim. To carry out this work we need certain
fundamental legislation such as laws which compel the veterinar-
ian or any other person whatever to report promptly to a des-
ignated authority the presence of every single case of glanders
or suspected case.
After the establishment of the diagnosis of glanders, author-
ity should exist for the slaughter of every diseased animal, either
with or without reimbursement to the owner, and all infected
premises should be submitted to a thorough disinfection, subject
to official supervision. A provisional quarantine should be estab-
lished by which the identity of all animals exposed to the in-
fection, or as we usually term them “ contact horses,’ might be
maintained so that such animals could be kept under surveillance.
We should act upon the supposition that every clinical case of
glanders may prove to be a centre by which the remaining horses
in the stable would become affected with the disease, or as a
centre from which it might spread indefinitely by the contamina-
tion of public water troughs.
As a result of the latest scientific investigations it is im-
portant that all contact horses be submitted to a special test for
the diagnosis of possible latent cases. The complement fixation
method for the diagnosis of glanders was discovered in 1909, and
the eradication of glanders from that country, and of the United
States Bureau of Animal Industry in official work. Its accuracy
is considered to be more than g7 per cent., and when combined
with what is known as the aggultination test it is practically 100
per cent. perfect in its positive diagnosis.
The use of this method requires that a small quantity of
blood be removed from the horse by means of a trocar and canula,
and submitted to a laboratory for examination which requires
about 24 hours to complete. Horse owners more readily submit
364 B. T. WOODWARD.
their stock to this test than to the mallein test, which is less ac-
curate and requires the stabling of the horses for at least 24
hours.
In some cities and countries horses which react to any of the
various tests, but show no clinical evidence of glanders, are per-
mitted upon the streets, but it has been the experience of Dr. J. G.
Rutherford, formerly Veterinary-Director General of Canada,
under whose direction very extensive work has been conducted in
the eradication of glanders from that country, and of the United
States Bureau of Animal Industry in stamping out an outbreak of
the disease in Washington, D. C., that it is a dangerous plan not
to destroy these reacting horses. It is therefore recommended that
the policy of destroying all known cases of glanders be estab-
lished.
The matter of disinfection is of great importance when we
consider, as mentioned early in this paper, the methods by which —
the disease may be transmitted. The infected stable should first
be thoroughly cleaned and then saturated with a reliable disinfect-
ant. All of the harness which has come in contact with diseased
animals should be soaked in the disinfectant, as well as curry
combs and brushes. These latter in the hands of stable men are
especially dangerous, as they are used promiscously upon different
horses in the stables, and should there be any abrasions of the
skin the glanders bacilli upon the curry comb or brush would
readily make a direct inoculation.
Precautions as outlined would probably be sufficient to stamp
out an epizootic in the country section, and in the cities also if it
were not for the many public sources of infection, among which
I will draw special attention to the public drinking fountain.
When a glandered horse with a nasal discharge drinks from
a public drinking fountain, not infrequently some of the discharge
is deposited in the water, or the animal may rub its nose against
the edges of the trough, smearing the infected discharge thereon.
As healthy horses ‘drink from this contaminated source they are
liable to become infected. Glandered and healthy horses drinking
at the same time at the trough may come in direct contact om rub-
bing their noses together.
GLANDERS AND PUBLIC DRINKING FOUNTAINS. 365
An English investigator demonstrated by laboratory experi-
ments that the bacilli of glanders may live unharmed in ordinary
London water for 26 days in the month of August. This is a
period of the year when horses draw largely upon public drinking
troughs for their supply of water, and clearly demonstrates the
danger from this source in the spreading of glanders.
The veterinary sanitarian is in perfect harmony with the
humane societies of the country in their efforts to supply drinking
water to horses working upon the streets, but as the public foun-
tains may be such a prominent cause of the dissemination of
glanders the sanitarians desire the co-operation of the societies in
in the establishment of such means of watering horses as may
fulfil the requirements of humanity, and protect the horses from
contracting disease.
Two methods for the public watering of horses may be satis-
factory. First, the installation of hydrants at frequent intervals
along the streets, the drivers of horses carrying with them indi-
vidual water buckets. This measure, which is efficient under any
conditions, has been found necessary in controlling outbreaks of
glanders. In various cities the suppression of the disease has not
been accomplished while the general public water troughs were
maintained. The other method is the installation of fountains
made of non-porous, durable material, which are specially con-
structed to suppy constantly fresh water and carry off any con-
taminated substances. As a type for such trough it is recom-
mended that it be so formed that the noses of horses cannot come
in contact while drinking. The entrance of the water should be
from the bottom of the trough in such manner that a constant ro-
tary current will be produced. As the water reaches the surface
it should flow over the rim of the trough throughout its entire cir-
cumference, being caught beneath in a basin which is covered to
prevent it from being accessible to dogs and cats.
As some heavy material may be deposited in the water and
sink to the bottom of the trough rather than pass with the current
over its edges, an exit pipe from the lowest point of the base of the
trough should be provided to carry away this sediment.
366 B. T. WOODWARD.
No public trough should be permitted to exist which is not
equipped with a constant flow of water, and in which the exit
pipes are not of ample diameter to carry away material which may
be deposited in the water. Troughs should be subject to frequent
and thorough cleansing and disinfection.
The trough equipped with a float which permits the entrance
of water only as the amount in the trough is lowered by drinking
should not be tolerated.
To-day the general public is becoming awakened to the mani-
fold dangers lurking in the public drinking cup for humans, and
a number of States and cities have prohibited by law the main-
tenance of public cups by transportation companies and in office
buildings.
To keep abreast with the modern progress of sanitation and
preventive medicine, and to protect the horses who must drink
wherever water may be presented, we should work for the aboli-
tion of the public drinking fountain, or for its regulation, permit-
ting only the establishment of such fountains as are constructed
upon sanitary principles.
ILLUSTRATED LECTURES ON THE CARE AND TREATMENT OF
WiLtp ANIMALS.—Prof. W. Reid Blair, of the New York State
Veterinary College at New York University in New York City,
and Veterinarian and Pathologist to the New York Zoological
Park, gave a course of illustrated lectures on the care and treat-
ment of wild animals in captivity to the students at the Ontario
Veterinary College, Toronto, Canada, the third week in Novem-
ber. Our esteemed friend, Prof. E. A. A. Grange, principal of the
school, presided, and the lectures were largely attended by mem-
bers of the profession, students and laymen. During the course
of his lectures Prof. Blair corrected the impression that tubercu-
losis is rampant in wild animals in confinement, and left the im-
pression with his hearers that rachitis and osteomalacia were com-
mon and that parasitic diseases were the cause of considerable
mortality.
AT the recent meeting of the Tennessee Veterinary Medical
Association held in Memphis Dr. Tait Butler and Mr. Harry C.
Moore were elected to honorary membership.
& |) ae ab ebewten 4 od
02 me eae os Ce ek |.
| ta nn SD aml Ul FAP che a 6 a
CANNABIS.*
By Herperr F. PALMER, PHILADELPHIA, Pa.
Cannabis Indica or Indian Hemp is the name under which all
of our cannabis of former days was marketed. Cannabis Indica
is obtained from the plant cannabis sativa, a native of Caucasus;
Persia, and the hilly regions of Northern India. It is an annual
plant, from four to eight or more feet in height, with an erect
branching angular stem.
The U. S. Dispensatory says: “The hemp plant of India,
from which the drug was formerly derived, has been considered
by some as a distinct species and named Cannabis Indica, but
the most observing botanists, upon comparing it with our culti-
vated plant, have been unable to discover any specific difference.
It is now considered a variety and is distinguished by epithet,
pindica.’ ”’
It was Mr. H. C. Wood who first used the American plant by
taking a parcel of plant from Kentucky, making an alcoholic ex-
tract, and found it effective in less than 1 gr. This result was
so decisive that at the 1880 Revision of our Pharmacopeia, the
American plant was recognized, but in 1890, it was dropped as
C. Americana.
Remington in his Practice of Pharmacy, says: “ The dried
flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis sativa (Linne)
grown in the East Indies and gathered while the fruits are yet
undeveloped and carrying the whole of their natural resin.” In
the native Indian fields, the male plant is removed from the field
long before the female plants are gathered, as they considered
the unfertilized female plant would produce a greater quantity
of resin than if both were allowed to grow together. In America
* Paper read at fiftieth anniversary meeting, American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, New York, September, 1913.
367
368 HERBERT F, PALMER.
no particular attention is paid to this fact. Such Indian cannabis
contains a resinous substance—cannabinine, volatile oil and tetano
cannabinine. Alcohol is the best solvent for the active principles.
According to Winslow in his Materia Medica, the active prin-
ciple of Cannabis Indica is Cannabinol, a red oil or resin boiling
at a high temperature. The therapeutic value of the principle has
not been sufficiently studied to enable it to be used as a substitute
for the crude drug or its preparations.
The fluid extract and a tincture are official. According to
Caspari, much of the commercial: drug is of poor quality, and it
seems desirable to have the fluid extract tested physiologically
before it is used. |
There are three varieties of Cannabis now used by the veter-
inarian—the Indica, the African and the American. Each is
given the same chemical and physiological assay, and as far as
can be determined, they are identical in strength. Isolated patches
of the American variety are found in the outskirts of Philadel-
phia, and some of the commercial article has been grown. Both
of these patches gave a plant from which a fluid extract of Canna-
bis Americana was made, which tested high in physiological ac-
tivity. This nearby supply of the hemp plant enables the great
reduction in price of the American over the Persian product.
Charas or Churrus, or Hashish, as the Arabs call it, is a resin-
ous substance obtained from the yellow glands of the plant. It is
secured either by rubbing the flowering tops of the plants in the
hands and scraping the resin from the hand or by men clothed in
rawhides. running through the dwarf plants, securing enough of
the resin on the rawhide clothes to collect into a ball, which they
call charas. This crude material was formerly employed as an
intoxicating agent, but is now excluded from civilized medicine.
Cannabis is assayed both chemically and physiologically. In
the physiological assay, 0.2 gram of fluid extract of Cannabis per
kilo of weight of dog must produce first, excitability; second,
muscular inco-ordination, followed by lassitude and sleep. The
results are shown for several hours.
It has been clearly shown in the laboratory that the physiolo-
CANNABIS. 369
gical assay does not always follow the results of the chemical
assay. For instance, the chemical assay will determine the
amount of the resin, but the physiological effect does not always
follow the percentage of resin.
The following table shows the comparative results of both
physiological and chemical assay of the three varieties of Can-
nabis :
Cannabis Indica. Cannabis Africana. Cannabis Americana.
nes aS =e oe ee SSS
Chemical Physiological Chemical Physiological Chemical Physiological
Assay. Assay. Assay. Assay. Assay. Assay.
% Resin. % % Resin. % % Resin. %
02-7) 05 DO Die ae en eee Ete! eae! er eee See
2.7, 10.6 100 6.4 133
14.25 100 16.77 134233 12.46 100
12.81 100 t4).2 133723 14.09 100
13.04 80 8.6 TOO We AEWA) Lal crate sve Panis
13-4 66 10.0 Ee 9 er eae
eee Saye nore 17.5 Less than 20 ee
7 Ape seoy 18.79 100 Secoiararts
: ee sy 17.78 83 HORT Ve Svetela
14 160 10.71 133 12.94 133
10.38 (sie eet ee Rome eehty 5.29 100
Biaisie erate eiotaraate ietee 6.55 100
bscene assis ee Biatate 10.78 160
15.07 Daa ye!) SRT dette a. ah Soe BD a a Pee 250
See els 200 easel aie ee bia eters 114
Riatavsiexd 140 B aiet eos arate 17.06 114
From the observations made on dogs, it was shown that
Cannabis Africana exerts a more hypnotic effect than Cannabis
Indica. This conclusion was also borne out with its use on horses
at the University of Pennsylvania. We feel positive also that it
will be shown that Cannabis Americana will be found to possess
less deliriant and more of the hypnotic effect than the Cannabis
Indica.
According to Winslow in his Materia Medica, Indian hemp is
a distinct depressant to the functions of the brain and cord in
poisonous doses, although small quantities thereapeutically stimu-
late these organs. It produces in man a kind of intoxication and
mild delirium. It is not comparable to morphine as an analgesic
on account of the uncertainty and slowness of its action and be-
cause anesthesia is only produced by an unwarrantably large dose.
It is only superior to opium in not causing constipation, anorexia
or indigestion.
Co
=|
Oo
HERBERT F, PALMER.
For this latter reason, veterinarians have often employed can-
nabis, and profitably so, for the relief of colics of the horse. Many
make it the chief anodyne of their colic mixtures. In all such
cases it has been used per orum and very satisfactory results thus
obtained.
Such use of the drug is to be commended. There has how-
ever come a tendency to use this drug in the vein. This has no
doubt arisen from the fact that quick action is desired and also
from the fact of its being used on “* Subs” and no immediate bad
results noticed. Dr. E. L. Quitman, at a recent clinic of the
Missouri Valley Veterinary Association, said in substance, the
active principle of cannabis indica depends on a resin, and when
resin and water are mixed, a gummy precipitate results. This is
exactly the same when cannabis and blood are mixed. This resin
introduced into the blood stream may not at once form a thrombus
and you will likely produce complete anesthesia. You may how-
ever have a case of obscure lameness in the same horse, to which
you gave the cannabis in the vein, and it may be days or even
months afterward. The cannabis may have formed a thrombus
and even at this late date given trouble.
To ascertain what effect the alcohol contained in the fluid ex-
tract would have, a series of test dogs was used. The regulation
dose of 2 gram per kilo of body weight was given of alcohol per
orum, and no appreciable results noticed. However, if an alco-
holic equivalent of .2 gram per kilo of body weight was given in
the vein, the result was very similar to the fluid extract of can-
nabis. Excitability, inco-ordination and lassitude followed the
alcoholic dose in about the same way and lasted about as long as
the standard dose of fld. ext. cannabis when given in the vein.
These results were rather startling, so similar work was tried
upon a horse, but with far different results. A dose of alcohol
equivalent to two and three times that contained in cannabis was
given in the vein. Only slight reactions were noticed and noth-
ing like the excitability, inco-ordination and lassitude was ob-
tained as with cannabis.
However, the proportionate dose of cannabis for the horse is
CANNABIS. 371
far less than for the dog. In the vein of the horse action is ob-
tained in doses of about .o2 grams per kilo of body weight and
great variation is also noted upon the individual animal.
These results show us that the full action of cannabis was not
due to its alcoholic content.
It also showed the amount of cannabis necessary to produce
physiological effect in a horse was much less in proportion to
weight than in a dog.
PRESIDENT CHASE'S Letrer.—In forwarding the minutes of
Secretary Pro Tem. J. Payne Lowe, of the alumni association
of the New York-American Veterinary College, President Chase,
of that organization, sent the following letter of transmittal,
which is so full of enthusiasm and seems such a direct message
to his fellow alumnae that we have thought best to reproduce it.
BAY Suo0re, N.Y) Oct: 24, 1912:
Dr. R. W. Ellis, Dear Doctor:
Enclosed herewith please find minutes of alumni meeting
held at Hotel Astor.
It is the aim of the present officers of the alumni association to
make our association a stronger and more powerful organization
for good, and now that our college has received State recogni-
tion should be an impetus to all the old graduates to do what
they can to help place her upon a firm foundation as the leading
veterinary college of America.
It is earnestly requested that all graduates who have not as
yet affiliated themselves with the alumni association send their
names at once to the secretary, Dr. P. K. Nichols, Port Rich-
mond, 5. 1., N. Y.
Do not let the spirit of fraternity lag in our association, but
help keep fresh the pleasant memories of our college days, and
by our moral support aid the faculty and encourage the under-
graduates. Fraternally yours,
CHas,S. CHASE,.D.V.5.,
President Alumni Association.
APPRECIATED UP IN SASKATCHEWAN.—A subscriber away
up in Saskatchewan writes in renewing: “TI have much pleas-
ure in saying it is really a veterinary library in itself; and I
don’t want to miss a single number of the REvrew. ;
THE ABSOLUTE RELIABILITY OF DOUBLE ANTHRAX VAC-
CINE IN CONTROLLING WELL-ESTABLISHED
OUTBREAKS OF ANTHRAX.
By Dr. Wn. W. Yarp, STATE VETERINARIAN; SECRETARY STATE VETERINARY ~
Exam. Boarp; Cuter State Meat Inspection, DENVER, COLORADO.
During the month of September, 1910, there was reported
to me by the local U. S. Veterinarian in the southern part of the
State of Colorado, a serious outbreak of anthrax in some pedi- —
greed steers.
An investigation was immediately started, and cattle and
horses were found to be dying here and there for about eleven
miles of territory. The usual quarantines were established, ani-
mals dead were all burned. This is one of the most important —
measures to be taken first.
The balance of the well cattle were put upon non-infected
pastures and immediately vaccinated with the double Pasteur ~
vaccine, the vaccinations being ten days apart.
Where animals are at the time of the vaccination infected, —
they will die quickly, so that there is always a chance of a few
dying from the so-called vaccination; but in this outbreak there
was not another head of cattle died; and although this section
of country had been horribly exposed to the infection, there has
not been reported any more cases of anthrax from that section _
to date.
During July of this year anthrax was reported twenty-five
miles west and north of the I910 section. Upon investigation ©
it was found that horses, cattle and hogs were dying of the
disease over an area of some fifteen miles. Some one or two
local veterinarians had been called in and were, and had been,
-vaccinating with a single vaccine and the stock was still dying,
372
| es
DOUBLE VACCINE IN CONTROLLING OUTBREAKS OF ANTHRAX. 373
so I as state sanitary officer persuaded the veterinarians and the
owners to revaccinate, which was done as soon as 2,000 doses
of doubles could be obtained, and they ceased dying at once.
This same method was used over another section in which
several animals died on the streets of a large town. Just as soon
as they could be vaccinated with the double vaccine they stopped
dying, and the reported loss from the vaccination is practically
nothing. There is now another outbreak which has jumped
twenty miles, and they are vaccinating as rapidly as is possible.
It is a simple procedure in competent hands in stock on the
farm; but I have found a number of cases on the open range,
and although the owners of the cattle are well known and are
more than willing to do all in their power to co-operate in con-
trolling the spread, it is a matter requiring serious and very in-
telligent thought to advise how to control the range for the
present as well as the future, as the exposed stock roam over an
area of some 200 miles south principally. But I can assure any
state veterinarian that the double vaccine, in my hands at least, .
has proven its never-failing control of anthrax, and we have had
several serious outbreaks of this disease which promised of rapid
spread when we took hold of it.
New York STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE, at Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, N. Y., celebrated the formal opening of the new
hospital and clinical buildings for large and small animals on
November 15th last. The exercises were opened at 8 p. m. by
President Schurman, followed by addresses from Director V. A.
Moore, Dr. D. H. Udall, Dean David S. White, of the College of
Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University; Dean Louis A.
Klein, of the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Pennsylvania; Prof. James Law, first Director of the New York
State College; and others. The exercises were followed by an
inspection of the new buildings.
Dr. Deti’s Sap AFFLIcTION.—Through the Los Angeles
Times of October 25, we learn of the death of Mrs. Hazel Dell
Boller, at Alma Center, Wis., daughter of Dr. J. A. Dell, of
Los Angeles, California. In tendering its sincere sympathy to Dr.
Dell, the REvIEW voices the sentiment of the whole profession.
REPORTS OF CASES.
AN UNUSUAL CASE OF CONSTIPATION IN AN AGED
HORSE.*
By Cwester L. Braxety, M.D.V., Augusta, Me.
On February 2d I was called to see an eighteen-year-old horse,
weighing 1,100 pounds, a driver, that had laid down after break-
fast as if in pain. The horse showed no signs of pain after my
arrival, and my diagnosis was tardy action of bowels, due to too
little exercise and too much feed.
I gave one of Abbott’s purgative tablets and left a mixture of
nux-digitalis and belladonna to be given every three hours on
tongue; and gave hot water rectal injection. Next morning the
report was no action from bowels and no appetite or signs of pain.
I gave another purgative tablet and orders to repeat tablet every
six hours, with hot water injection every three hours.
The next morning the same report. No action, no pain, no
‘appetite. On giving rectal injection a few large masses of chewed
shavings and feeecs were expelled, and I removed several with my
hands. From this time (Tuesday until Saturday) the bowels did
not move, in spite of the administration of three pounds of epsom
salts in one pound doses, and three quarts pure raw oil in I quart
doses six hours apart, with hot water injections, diuretics and
daily exercise. On Saturday I gave 60 grains borium chloride
(6-10 grain tabs.) intravenously, purgative (Abbott Alkaloidal
Co.’s) with % ounce of chloral hydrate in one pint of hot water;
and during the afternoon bowels moved quite freely.
From Saturday, February 8th, after this thorough cleaning of
bowels, I gave daily exercise, tonic of nux-digitalis and bella-
donna and diuretics. Appetite fair; bran mashes and very small
amount of hay and some form of physic, either salts, oil or purga-
tive tablet, every night until February 19th, when I called Dr.
Joly in consultation.
The owner was absent in California and when notified that
horse was sick and had been for 2 weeks, he wired for the hostler
get me to have a well known non-graduate in consultation and to
wire him our decision. Feeling that I was doing my best, I de-
* Read before the October meeting of the Maine Veterinary Medical Association at
Waterville.
374
————— Te
REPORTS OF CASES. 375
cided to have a consultation with a man of my own selection and
take chances of incurring owner’s displeasure, so I called Dr.
Joly, and he prescribed 1 gr. strych. sulp. hypodermically three
times daily, with one pint pure raw oil and one ounce of turpen-
tine each night and morning for three doses.
I wired the owner that I had had Dr. Joly in consultation
and that it was his opinion that horse would recover.
From the 19th to the 21st there was no action, making a
period of thirteen days (8th to 21st) that bowes had not moved.
I now grew desperate and gave 90 grains of barium chloride
—¥% ounce chloral hydrate—in one pint of hot water, and still
the bowels refused to move. No pain, normal pulse, normal
temperature, no appetite.
The next day, Saturday, I gave 90 grains of barium chloride
with chlora and hot water, and in two hours the coachman’s wife
thought she detected a peculiar odor; and on investigating found
the horses bowels had moved three or four times, the discharges
being quite hard.
From 2 to 3 p. m., the coachman counted fifteen distinct
movements of the horses bowels; and during the six hours after
administration of borium he was sure five bushel baskets of feecal
matter were discharged. Sunday morning the horse looked as
though he had been drawn through a knot hole; but was hungry,
had normal pulse and normal temperature. From now on I gave
tonic of ammon. carbonate gentian, nux vom and spts. nitre in
watery solution every eight hours; daily exercise and hot mashes
and small ration of hay, and the animal gradually regained use of
his bowels, and on March Ist I ceased calling on him.
This horse was bedded on pine shavings, and not having
much to do had got into the habit of nibbling at the shavings.
The peculiar part of this case is the length of time that there
was no action whatever (13 days), the freedom from pain, the
lack of disturbance of temperture and pulse.
Trusting that this will ildustrate the possibility of recovery
even after a two weeks loss of action of bowels, I submit this case
for your kind consideration.
Note—This case of Dr. Blakely’s is interesting, not alone to the younger practitioners
because being out of the common it enlightens them, and prepares them to more success-
fully cope with the same conditions when they meet them in their own practices, but is
also interesting to the older practitioners, who by reflection call to mind that the cases
of that kind that they have met, have also usually been in aged horses. Which suggests
that age is a predisposing factor in this troublesome condition. The writer recalls several
during twenty-five years of general practice, where the subjects have been aged horses;
amongst which, is a case with many features in common with Dr. Blakely’s case, reported
on page 49, volume xxi, number i (April, 1897, of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW,
entitled “4n Obstinate Case of Impaction of the Small Intestines.”—[Epttor.]
376 REPORTS OF CASES.
KNOT IN INTESTINE IN MARE.
By H. M. HAMILTON, V.M.D., Paris, Texas.
“* Careful ‘observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his
facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.
Subject—Black mare, aged, weight 1,000 pounds, with colt
six weeks old.
Symptoms—Was called early July 24th to see mare, owner
says he found the mare sick upon arising. She showed very
severe colicky pains. Would squat with abdomen close to ground
when led; being loose in lot she would fall or lie down very sud-
denly and immediately roll upon her back, which position she was
prone to keep. She would get up and run possibly 100 feet and
fall again. Pulse, 54. Temp. normal. Membranes somewhat
congested. Peristaltic action, none. Little flatulence.
The mare was given I gr. arecoline, % gr. strychnine—with
no effect. Repeated arecoline % gr. in one-half hour—no effect.
Gave her 2 drams cannabis indica intervenously, and she lay
down on her side and slept for possibly four or five hours, then
I was called again. Mare was very uneasy as before. Pulse,
66, but strong. Temp. 100.5 F. Membranes congested. Repeated
the arecoline and strychnine as in the morning, with rectal in-
jection of cold water. This was followed by the passage of little
flatus, and slight peristaltic action on right side. Rectal ex-
amination negative. Tried to administer drench, but animal
would not swallow and received some down trachea, which ran
out when head was lowered. Left animal about 5 p. m., lying
upon breast very quiet. Told owner she would die and that
I thought she had some displacement of the bowel. Called next
morning, owner said mare dropped dead about 7 a. m.
Post mortem—Abdominal cavity, on opening, revealed a
quantity of dark bloody fluid. Considerable peritonitis, and the
last loop of the small intestine, just before it enters the caecum,
was tied in one complete knot, completely obstructing the bowel,
about three feet being involved.
PYAEMIC ARTHRITIS.
By H. M. Hamitton, V.M.D., Paris, Texas.
Subject—Four-weeks-old female, grade draft colt.
History—Swelling appeared in left hock. Colt showing some
lameness. The swelling extending to right hock.
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REPORTS OF CASES. LY W0
Symptoms—Upon examining the colt on June 22, found
swelling in both hocks, small swelling on left side over fourth rib
in middle of the lower third. Colt seemed to be unable to con-
trol movements of hind quarters. Colt very strong, appetite good.
Temp. 103 F. Pulse accellerated but good. Next day colt about
the same except unable to rise when down, but when helped could
get up and stand unsteady. On June 25 symptoms all somewhat
more marked, could not stand alone; appetite still good. Some
trouble voiding urine. Catheterized colt, found some sediment in
urine of purulent nature. On June 29 colt very weak, head and
legs skinned where it had struggled around in stall. Unable to
get it on its feet. Advised owner to destroy same as | thought
there was no chance for recovery.
Treatment—Mixed bacterial vaccines, June 22-25. Cold ap-
plication to swellings and echinacea 2 drams three times daily.
Post mortem—Colt was destroyed and autopsy held June 29.
Abdominal cavity being opened revealed the urachus and umbili-
cal veins very much distended. Incising same found urachus
filled with thick cheesy pus up to the bladder. The umbilical vein
also distended up to the liver, the two containing about one quart
of pus. Other organs normal. Thoracic cavity: There was ad-
hesion of plura and lungs to the region of the swelling on out-
side, the fourth rib being fractured at this point. Also found an
abscess in roof of plural cavity just below fourth and fifth dorsal
vertebrae. Upon opening the abscess and following up the cavity
found it entering the neural canal, involving the spinal cord.
This case was one of great interest to me as it is the only one
I ever saw revealing paralysis.
ABLATION OF RIGHT MAMMAE.
By Puivie V. Weaver, D.V.M., Glen Cove, N. Y.
The enclosed cut shows the ablation of the mammae of the
right side. This was the first case of gangrene of the udder oc-
curing in my practice, and showed a typical line of demarcation.
Cow down, out flat, pulse 70, temperature 103 and complete pros-
tration. Upon explaining that the only chance of saving the cow’s
life was by the ablation of the affected mammae, the owner
wished me to proceed; saying the cow was registered, a prize
winner, was in calf and was worth saving if only for breeding
purposes.
—
378 REPORTS OF CASES,
There was very little resistance to the operation. I gave, —
however, an ounce and a half of chloral and proceeded; cutting —
outside the line of demarcation and ligated each vessel, as I came ~
lo are. of 6B
to it, so as not to have too bloody a field to work in. Thus bi-
secting the udder and removing the right half. This, the gan-
grenous portion, was enormously enlarged and left quite a large
wound, which is now healing without complications.
a Staind Ce he ne ee ee ee
ANTEMORTEM DIAGNOSIS OF A GUT-TIE.
By Dr. R. A. GreENwoop, Painesville, Ohio,
a
“ Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his —
facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.’ y
A farm horse weighing about 1,400 pounds was taken sick in
harness about half an hour after the noon meal. I was called im-
mediately and arrived in about two hours, and found all the |
symptoms of gastric indigestion; but upon rectal examinations —
(the importance of which is further emphasized here), found |
about three feet from the anus a constriction of the colon which
would barely admit two fingers. Injections beyond the con- |
stricted portion produced painful paroxysms.
The foreman informed the owner that the horse could not live
and was shot.
Postmortem showed ball of feces tied in a hard knot, the size _
of two fists. No attempt at an explanation as to how this could —
occur was made.
eee
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
ENGLISH REVIEW.
By Pror. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M.
CuHronic Nasat DiscHarcE—[Major E. E. Martin,
F.R.C.V.S., D.V.H., AV.C.].—Artillery horse is laid up with
apparently ordinary case of catarrh with lateral nasal discharge.
There is a very strong odor from the nose. This has been ob-
served since some time before. Some few days later, the dis-
charge stopped but the smell persists, it 1s even more offensive.
The animal is galloped and the discharge is absent. It returned
after exercise and always with the same odor. There is no en-
largement of the maxillary gland. The teeth are in good condi-
tion and nothing wrong with any of them. Malleine gives no
results. Facial sinuses are explored but no explanation of the
smell or of the odor can be found, even with repeated flushing.
The animal was kept for some time and finally destroyed.
At the postmortem all the abdominal organs were found
healthy. In the lungs there was in the anterior lobe of the right
lung an abscess containing yellow creamy stinking pus. It es-
caped into the trachea through the bronchioles and communicated
directly that way with the trachea. The horse had had strangles
before and after recovery, was only laid up once without diagnosis
declared, perhaps pneumonia. Either may have been the starting
cause of the pulmonary abcess.—(Vet. Record.)
SPAMS OF THE LARYNX [Herbert E. Whitemore].—This oc-
cured in two cases under the same condition of work, in hay field
and in hot weather. Immediate relief was obtained by tracheo-
tomy.
The first case was in a mare which was taken with difficult
breathing. Her respiration was loud and her membranes cyanosed.
Morphine injections and liniment externally giving no relief, and
the condition assuming a bad aspect, the trachea was hastily
opened and a tube introduced, followed by normal breathing in
a few minutes.
379
380 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
The second case took place in a powerful cart horse. The
animal showed similar difficulty in breathing, but more marked.
The horse was standing, however, and when, to perform the
operation, the head was raised he fell down and was operated in
that position. As no tube was on hand, a piece of lead tubing was
used instead. In both cases the tubes were left in place for a day
or two for precaution —(Vet. Record.)
CHLOROFORM STANDING [J. H. Parker, M.R.C.V.S.|.—
Three cases are records. One in a heavy Shire stallion, ugly in
shoeing when standing. Three ounces brought him down, he never
gave trouble after. A second Shire gelding to be operated for
poll-evil and fistulous withers. No trouble.
A third, as soon as he had the chloroform muzzle on, started
off full gallop, ran all over a field, was finally secured, cast with
hobbles, and then chloroformed when down. He was unnerved
on the off fore leg for navicular disease. After the operation he
ate a mouthful or two and then began to blow and retch, bringing
up mucous. He kept this for an hour or so and got over it.—
([biden. )
PREVENTION OF MILK Fever [James Smith, M.R.C.V.S.|—
As addition to a discussion of the subject, the author writes: My
experience teaches me that neither the removal of the calf from
the cow as soon as it is born, nor the leaving it with the cow,
either causes or prevents the disease. Neither does refraining
from milking the cow immediately after calving have that effect.
By the following rules, strictly carried out, the cow will not
go down with milk fever. Suspicious cow, that every practitioner
will recognize, is to be taken up and stabled a fortnight before
due to calve, she is fed sparingly or exercised an hour daily. A
few days before her time is up, she should get a mild aperient
drench. At the time of calving her stomach should be fairly
empty. After calving another aperient drench and fed on gruel
and have treacle to drink. Enough milk may be taken at once to
supply the calf, but the udder must not be stripped until after the
third or fourth day, when gradually she is brought back to her
rations and milked out. In very rare cases milk is allowed to be
taken before calving, if the udder is abnormally distended.
These suggestions may appear as old fashioned, but try them,
they are none the worse.—(Vet. Record.)
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 381
FRACTURE OF THE CUNEIFORM [H. G. Tabuteau Herrick,
M.R.C.V.S.|.—A five-year-old mare being led back to her stable
and going up on an inclining plank to reach it, slipped and fell.
Being unable to get up by herself, she was raised with temporary
slings and it was found that she was unable to bear any weight
on the off hind leg. This assumed an abnormal position, appear-
ing longer than its mate. The point of the toe rested on the
ground, whilst there was excessive flexion of the hock and fetlock.
Looking at the injured hock it had the appearance of a very
prominent curb. There was crepitation and increased mobility in
the hock joint, peculiary marked in movements of abduction and
adduction of the metatarsus, yet the pain was not marked. The
mare was shot the next day. On examination of the hock joint,
a fracture of the cuneiform magnum in two equal pieces was
found.—(Vet. Record.)
HopGKin’s DisEASE IN A Doc [Wilfred Walters,
M.R.C.V.S.].—An aged Scotch terrier was said by his owner to
have goitre. He had about fifteen tumours under the throat in
the region of the larynx, varying in size, quite painless and seem-
ing to cause no inconvenience. The temperature was normal, ap-
petite good and a slight cough was present. Tonsils were much
inflamed. No positive diagnosis made and perhaps some bacterial
infection suspected. After four days, two more swellings came
on the point of the shoulder. As others made their appearance
beneath the tongue and near the penis and as the dog did not
improve by the iodine treatment to which he was submitted, he
was killed. Some of the tumours examined were pronounced en-
enlarged lymphatic glands and the case one of Hodgkin’s disease.
—(Vet. News.)
FRENCH REVIEW.
By Pror. A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M.
FRACTURE OF THE CRANIUM IN A Horse [Major C. Lesbre,
Army Veterinarian|.—This case adds another evidence of the
diagnosis of such injuries when an hemorrhage from the ears or
nose is observed on the injured animal.
An officers horse was being dressed for certain work by the ap-
plication of very severe artificial means. At one of the exercises,
the animal refused to submit to the apparatus, resisted and was
stimulated by a touch of the whip on the nose, rears and falls
382 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
backwards. He rises, walks a few steps, rears a second time and
dies immediately. An abundant hemorrhage took place from both
ears and the nostrils. The diagnosis is made without hesitancy
of fracture of the base of the cranium and confirmed by post
mortem, which shows the guttural pouches and nasal cavities filled
with clotted blood. The dura mater is separated from the bone
and torn. The substance of the cerebellum and cerebrum is
crushed, and with all these a comminuted fracture is exposed in-
volving the rooi and base of the cranium and forming three sege-
ments of the occipital, temporal, parietal and sphenoid bones.—
(Soc. des Sciences Veterin. de Lyon).
606 IN INFEctIoUs PNEUMONIA [Mr. C. Hebray].—Gelding
five years old, is placed in a stable where during the last twelve
months six horses have died with pneumonic diseases. When he
arrives to his new quarters, the horse is bled (5 litres, as is custo-
mary in that establishment). A few hours later he has chills,
breathes with difficulty, the temperature rises to 40 degrees C. He
is treated with mustard poultices, a second bleeding and anti-
febrile intravenous injections. No improvement takes place, and
as signs of laminitis began to appear, he receives arecoline, and on
the sixth day of the sickness the writer is called. The horse has
laminitis of the fore feet, respiration is 70, a thick yellowish dis-
charge from the nostrils, pulse small and thready, 80; dullness
on the lower third of the chest, respiration absent, temperature 40.
It is a case of pleuro-pneumonia complicated with laminitis. An
inteavenous injection of 2 gramms of arseno-benzol Billon in 30
of physiological serum is given, cold poultices applied to the feet,
sinapisms on the shoulders (?). An hour later, breathing is more
difficult, temperature still 40- and 40-2. It keeps rising towards
evening. From this moment the difference begins, the horse takes
food, his pulse, respiration and temperature are improving. This
condition is still better the next day, gradually the symptoms sub-
side and after two days the horse is out of danger. There has
been no relapse nor complication.— (Rev. Gener. de Med. Veter.)
ScLerosis With PARETO-ATAXIA TROUBLES IN A Doe [Dr.
L. Marchand and Prof. G. Petit|.—Six-year-old fox terrier has
very imperfect history. He is sick since several months, and his
ailments began by troubles in his locomotion. Without being
paralyzed he does not walk any more in a straight line and seems
to have certain hesitancy in his motions.
tiin “Nees
ee
ABSTEACTS FEOM EXCHANGES. 333
Now the principal symptoms consist in motor and sensitive
troubles. For the first, they are in muscular co-ordination. They
are more marked when the dog is standing or walking. Standing
the hind legs are stretched and extended outwards. The anterior
show pareto-ataxic troubles still more marked ; the legs are carried
outwards as if they gave away under the weight of the body. The
back is arched; so much so at times that when the hind quarters
stand its proper height with the legs in extension, the anteriors
are flexed and the head rests on the ground. There is also a direc-
tion to the right of the fore on the hind parts. Equilibrium is
unsteady and the dog falls with the slightest push. In walking
the dog throws his legs outwards, in the direction he is moving;
they are hesitating and the tendinous reflexes are weak. There is
no amyotrophy. The troubles of sensibility consists in anes-
thesia and generalized analgesia. The animal is indifferent to
even deep pricks and yet any movements of the body are ex-
tremely painful. Raising of the head provokes loud cries and
brings about an erection. Olfactory, gustatory, occular sensi-
bility seem normal.
Incurable, the dog was destroy ed. No lesions were found any
where except in the nervous centres, which by histological ex-
amination presented a medullary sclerosis with predominance of
the lesions upon the posterior and lateral fasciculi of the spinal
cord.—( Rec. de Medec. Veterin.)
FRACTURE OF THE SECOND DorSAL VERTEBRAE IN A HORSE
{Major E. Larieux and Lieut. Richon Army V eterinarians].—
While manoeuvering a mare is severly injured by a fall, is unable
to get up, and presents the following symptoms. Lying on her
left side, the fore legs are slightly flexed and moving now and
then, the hind legs are in extension and motionless; the head and
neck are raised only when the animal attempts to get up. Respi-
fation is accelerated, pulse small; the hind quarters, the anus, the
vulva are insensible to pricks. There is general loss of motion
‘and sensibility from the middle of the back. There is paralysis of
‘the bladder and rectum. Fracture of the vertebral column is pres-
'ent. The mare is kiled. At the post mortem, there was found a
comminuted fracture of the body of the second dorsal vertebrae
with crushing of the spinal cord. There was a dislocation up-
wards of the second rib of the right side—(Bullet. de a Soc.
Centr.)
_ PRACTURE OF THE STERNUM AND Rips [ By the Same].—The
e accident, when the preceding case occurred, was also the
384 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
cause of another, which took place on another mare, sixteen years
old. Thrown down also, she got up with difficulty but was in-
capable of putting weight on the right forefoot. She moved on
three legs. The right fore seems hanging down at the point of
the shoulder. A large swelling develops at that point and spreads
rapidly. On examining the shoulder, the animal shows pain.
The leg can be moved in abduction and adduction. There seems
to be a displacement of the bones about the joint, even crepitation
is detected, but only shortly after the accident. Fracture of the
glenoid cavity is diagnosed and the mare killed. At the imperfect
post mortem that was made there were found fracture of the an-
terior part of the strenum on a level with the second and third
sternebrae, lacerations of muscles, fracture of the second, third
and fourth ribs at their sternal articulations.—(/bidem. )
TUBERCULOUS ORCHITIs IN A Horse [Major Ch. Darmagnac
Army V eterinarian].—An eight-year-old stallion has swelling of
the testicular region. The left testicle is twice its normal size,
not painful, not abnormally warm, the gland is adherent to the
vaginal serous membrane. Its tissue seems densified and in it a
nodule is vaguely felt a little below the epididymis. Rectal ex-
amination reveals a spermatic cord hypertrophied in its inguinal
_ portion, but normal above the superior inguinal ring. In general
condition the animal is rather poor, but he has good appetite.
Temperature is normal. Malleine is injected. Negative results.
Tuberculine gives 103 of hyperthermy. Warm painful swelling
at the point of injection, general reaction not important, the result
is doubtful. Bacilli are found in the sperm, which took the
colration of bacillus of Koch. Diagnosis of tuberculosis is made.
The horse is castrated and recovers from the operation. Exam-
ination of the testicle shows some twenty tubercules in the tissue
of the gland, some of which are in caseous condition. Their
contents shows the bacilli in great number. The horse has done
excellent work since and improved in general condition.— (Bullet.
de la Soc. Cent.)
TREATMENT OF PLEURESY BY INJECTIONS oF AIR [Major
Dr. Bouchet, Army Veterinarian].—In the presence of the re-
sults obtained in human medicine by this treatment the author
has thought to demonstrate the innocuity of the introduction of
air in the thoracic cavity and principally the possibility of prevent-
ing adhesions between the walls of the pleural cavity, adhesions
which often render animals that had been affected with pleurisy
Tacomas
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 385
unfit for some work. The author records several cases success-
fully treated by him and in one principally, gives his modus
operandi.
A mare had pleuresy with effusion; with an apparatus of
Potain, 200 gramms of liquid are extracted and 200 c.c. of at-
mospheric air are introduced. Then repetition of the same process
is made with 5 litres of liquid extracted. Croton oil in ether is
rubbed on each side of the chest. Three days after, repetition of
the thoracenthesis, only 3 litres can be extracted. Improvement
begins to show. Four days after the second operation, a third
thoracenthesis removes only 850 gramms of liquid and one litre
of air is injected. This was followed by a marked improvement,
better appetite, lower temperature, easier breathing dullness al-
most entirely gone. A cardiac treatment of digitalis completed
the recovery of the animai.—(J/bidem.)
Dr. MicHaeL Forms New VETERINARY ORGANIZATION in
Southern Illinois, as the result of his “ Get Together ’’ meeting,
announced on page 246 of our November issue. Fourteen men
eligible for membership were present, and were enthusiastic over
the project. After quite an extended clinic, followed by a chicken
dinner, an association was organized, and the following set of
officers elected. President, Dr. W. Hoehner, Belleville; Vice-
President, Dr. Lyle, Porta; Treasurer, Dr. McKinley, Freeburg ;
and Secretary, Dr. L. B. Michael, Collinville. A committee was
appointed to draw up a constitution and by-laws; also one to
formulate a code of ethics. The name of the organization will be
forwarded to us for our next issue. The next meeting of the
organization will be held at O’Fallen on December 20, 1913.
Ax Tennesseans, regardless of their station in life, are ex-
tremely sorry to learn that Dr. J. A. Kiernan, U. S. Veterinary
Inspector in Charge of Tick Eradication in Tennessee, Alabama
and Mississippi is to soon move his headquarters from Nashville,
Tennessee, to Birmingham, Alabama. ‘Ticks have been eradi-
cated from 51 counties in Tennessee and the State released from
quarantine, hence it became necessary for Dr. Kiernan and his
field force to shift their base of operations further south. His
work is greatly appreciated by the people among whom he
worked. Dr. Kiernan enjoys the distinction of being the first
man to demonstrate that it was possible to eradicate ticks from a
whole State. |
CORRESPONDENCE.
VETERINARIANS AND: THE ALLIED HORSE ==
TERESTS:
SANTA Cruz, CALIFORNIA.
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW, NEw YorxK: Co-
operation of the Allied Horse Interests with the farmers could
readily double the number of colts in any neighborhood, and
when the veterinarians come down off their high horse and realize
their chief dependence upon the horse for a good practice, then
will they organize the allied horse interests in the country with
the dealers and agents selling vehicles and farm machinery,
harness and the horseshoers with the veterinarians all dependent
upon the horse. This co-operation can go to the bankers and get
the money to buy all the draft stallions they want. Then let these
veterinarians direct more scientific breeding and management to
not only increase the number of colts, but mature them to good
horses; see that only the best pure bred stallions are used that are
sound and right, that the mares are rightly bred and get in foal,
and that proper precaution against “navel ill” is taken to save
the useless loss of colts. In all this the veterinarians are the
logical leaders that can double the horse breeding in the county,
state and nation, that will add more to the prosperity of all
classes than all of the grain crops or all of the other stock, well
worthy of the steel of the scientific veterinarian to lead in horse
breeding as the Government will do nothing to help the farmers
in the matter.
The price of good draft horses is so high, and market de-
mands so urgent, we must furnish more good horses to do the
work or trucks must be adopted. The automobiles and trucks
help the horse but little. Will the veterinarians come to the rescue
and help the farmers to raise more horses for better farm teams
and more big geldings for the eager market demand?
The veterinarians should either organize an American Allied
Horse Association or identify themselves with The National As-
sociation of Allied Horse Interests, Trust Building, Providence,
Re T. BuTTERWORTH.
386
CORRESPONDENCE. 387
JOIN THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL AS-
SOCIATION.
CuicaGo, ILL., NOVEMBER 21, 1913.
Veterinarians of America:
I wish to call the attention of veterinarians not members of
the American Veterinary Medical Association to the advantages
the association offers and suggest a few of the many reasons why
you should join it.
The American Veterinary Medical Association includes in its
membership the leading veterinarians of the United States,
Canada and the Philippines and the foremost veterinarians and
scientists of Europe are among its honored members. A mem-
bership in the association will bring you in contact with these
men and you can get the best they have to offer. You cannot
afford to miss this for it will increase your interest in the pro-
fession and help you financially.
The American Veterinary Medical Association has just com-
pleted a half century of successful work and gives promise of a
more successful future.
Plans are now being perfected for a reorganization of the as-
sociation that will make it more efficient along all lines.
The American Veterinary Medical Association has taken the
lead in attempting to secure legislation that will greatly increase
the efficiency of the Army veterinary service and obtain proper
recognition of the army veterinarians. This important and
greatly needed legislation will soon be passed by Congress.
The American \Veterinary Medical Association has been of
great assistance in raising the standard of veterinary education
and advancing the interests of the profession generally.
The fees are low and you will find the splendid annual reports
which you will receive free filled with the latest and best in-
formation available along all lines in veterinary science and
practice.
I particularly urge upon recent graduates and all others who
want to keep right up to date to join the association. It will
be of great help to you and you can be of much assistance to
the association. Graduates of duly accredited veterinary colleges
are eligible to membership. Provision is also made for older
graduates in section 4 of the by-laws as follows:
A veterinarian, graduate of a veterinary college, which at the
time of his graduation did not maintain educational standards in
388 CORRESPONDENCE,
conformity with the active membership requirements of this asso-
ciation, may, upon recommendation of the executive committee
be elected to membership, provided he has been duly graduated
not less than five years prior to the date of application, and
further, that the college has now ceased to graduate veterinarians
contrary to the standards now fixed by this association.
A list of resident secretaries was published in the November
issue of the REVIEW on pages 275-6, and you should write your
State secretary for application blanks. If you wish further in-
formation regarding the association write the secretary, who will
give it prompt attention. Join now and attend the New Orleans
meeting in December 1914. N. S. Mayo,
4753 Ravenswood Ave. Secretary.
ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS.
On page 262 of the November issue of the REviIEw, three
questions are asked. We did not answer them in that issue, as
we desired to give our readers the first opportunity, but as no
one has answered them through this office we do not know what
their answers may have been. We will not republish the ques-
tions, but number them, as they can be seen by referring back
to the November number. Replying to number (1), it is our
opinion that on recovering from the operation referred to, the
animal would be rendered infertile, but would not be unsexed.
Replying to number (2), it is our opinion that the operation
referred to would have no effect either upon the cow conceiving
or carrying the foetus to full term, and that she would be no more
predisposed to parturient paresis than a cow with a normal udder.
In regard to number (3), we are inclined to believe that the
lymphatic circulation is more susceptible to some forms of in-
vading bacteria than the venous circulation -(for example,
glanders). This last question we should be glad to have dis-
cussed, but feel that there is not much room for discussion of the
first two—[ Editor. ]
Dr. Geo. R. Wuirte, State Veterinarian of Tennessee, has
selected Dr. M. W. Miller, Terre Haute Veterinary College, ’13,
to take charge of the State Anti Hog Cholera Serum Plant. Dr.
Miller’s address is 1502 Clinton street, Nashville, Tennessee.
ot
OBITUARY,
GEORGE EH. PETERS, M-D:-V.
Dr. George H. Peters died at his home in Waltham, Massa-
chusetts, on September 25, 1913, of pneumonia, at the age of 32
years, after an illness of four days. Dr. Peters was born in Wal-
tham in February, 1881, and spent his entire life there. After
finishing his high school education, actuated by a love for horses
and other animals, which had been instilled in him by associa-
tion with his father, who for years had trained and driven race
horses, he fancied the profession of veterinarian, and entered the
McKillip Veterinary College, Chicago; from which institution
he graduated in 1906, and immediately engaged in general prac-
tice in his home town, continuing to do so up to the time of his
sudden taking away. Dr. Peters was unmarried and is survived
by a mother, three brothers and a sister. To add to the sad afflic-
tion of his family by his loss, his father died the following week,
October 3, eight days after his son, in the opinion of the attending
physicians, of a broken heart. Dr. Peters and his father will be
sadly missed by their townsmen by whom they were much loved.
This double bereavement of their family is particularly sad. The
home life of both Dr. Peters and his father was very beautiful.
Their characters were sunny, generous and charitable, and the
mutual devotion betwen them and the members of their family
ideal. The Review, in expressing heartfelt sympathy for the
sorrowing family, voices the sentiment of all the profession.
DE ELMER:‘CRAFT.’
“Dr. Elmer Craft, the president-elect of the Utah Veterinary
Medical Association, died at his home in American Forks, Utah,
Friday, October 17, 1913, from congestion of the lungs, due to
exposure while attending the annual meeting of the association
October 4 at Salt Lake City. At this meeting Dr. Craft was
elected president of the association. He leaves a wife and two
389
390 OBITUARY.
small children. His illness was of so short duration and his tak-
ing off so sudden that the news hardly seemed credible to his
many friends.
“The association by his death lost a good leader and the
profession an ardent supporter.
“This association joins with his many friends in extending
heart-felt sympathy to the bereft family.”
[Note]—The above letter telling of the sudden death of Dr. Craft was received
from Secretary Coburn, of the Utah Veterinary Medical Association, almost on top of a
previous one enclosing the report of the meeting at Salt Lake City, in which he reported
Dr. Craft’s election as its chief executive. We have reproduced the letter verbatim. [Eb.]
JAMES LINDSEY ROBERTSON, M.D., V.s:, Dives:
Just as we were closing our forms we learned of the death
of Professor James L. Robertson, in his seventy-first year.
Already a graduate in medicine and also in veterinary medicine
from the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, Dr. Rob-
ertson graduated from the American Veterinary College in 1876,
and held the chair of Theory and Practice of Equine Medicine
in that institution from that time until the consolidation of the
two schools, which formed the New York-American Veterinary
College in 1899, and in the consolidated school up to the time
that his health failed a couple of years ago, when he was made
Professor Emeritus, which honor he held at the time of his
death. During his forty years as a teacher of veterinary medi-
cine he was engaged in general practice and was the ideal prac-
titioner, just as he was the ideal teacher. His thorough knowl-
edge of his subject and his kindly nature won the hearts of all
whose privilege it was to have been his students; and he was
loved not only ‘by all his students, scattered from one end of the
universe to the other, but by every member of the profession
whose privilege it was to know him. His practice was prin-
cipally equine, and his fondness for his patients was beautiful to
witness. With these few words of respect to the memory of
this grand old man, whose life has been so full of inspiring ex-
amples to his fellowmen, we leave the privilege of the writing
of an obituary to one who was closely associated with him dur-
ing the years of his greatest activity and achievements, the
senior editor, Professor Liautard, in our January issue.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
ASSOCIATION OF STATE AND PROVINCIAL VETERI-
NARY COLLEGES.
Annual meeting for I913 was called to order at the Hotel
Astor, New York City, September 2, by Secretary Lyman, he
being the senior elective officer present.
The association proceeded to elect temporary officers as fol-
lows: Dr. F. S. Schoenleber, president: “Dr. 1; A: Klein, vice-
president; Dr. R. P. Lyman, secretary.
The following veterinarians representing state colleges were
present: Dr. Murphy, Iowa State College; Dr. Schoenleber, Kan-
sas State Agricultural College; Dr. Gay, University of Pennsyl-
vania; Dr. Moore, New York State Veterinary College; Dr.
Grange, University of Toronto; Dr. Klein, University of Penn-
sylvania; Dr. Fish, New York State Veterinary College; Dr.
Lyman, Michigan Agricultural College; Dr. W. H. Hoskins,
University of Pennsylvania; Dr. Cary, Alabama Polytechnic In-
stitute; Dr. Hutton, Michigan Agricultural College; Dr. White,
Ohio State University; Dr. Udall, New York State Veterinary
College; Dr. Burnett, New York State Veterinary College.
A motion by Dr. Klein was duly made and seconded to hold
a meeting at the time of the United States Live Stock Sanitary
Meeting in December. Carried.
Dr. Cary presented a report as chairman of the committee
on constitution and by-laws. It was regularly moved to receive
the report and act upon each section separately. Carried. The
constitution was then adopted subject to changes that were made
through motions regularly made, seconded and carried, and was
adopted as a whole to read as follows:
CONSTITUTION AND By-Laws or THE STATE AND PROVINCIAL
ASSOCIATION OF VETERINARY COLLEGES OF AMERICA.
Section I. The Object of this association shall be to advance
the interests of veterinary colleges in America, and strive for a
reasonable degree of uniformity in matriculation, course of study,
391
392 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
faculty and other specific features that are required in the build-
ing of the good and growing veterinary college.
Sec. II. The officers of this association shall be a president,
three vice-presidents and a secretary-treasurer.
Sec. III. The duties of the officers shall be such as are com-
monly delegated to them in all similar organizations.
Sec. IV. Every state, provincial or government veterinary
college in America shall be entitled to two voting members to be
designated by the college represented and as many associate mem-
bers as shall comply with this constitution and by-laws.
Sec. V. All changes or amendments to the constitution shall
be presented in writing at the annual meeting in advance of the
one at which it is to be voted on and the secretary-treasurer shall
notify each member of the proposed change or amendment be-
fore its adoption.
BY-LAWS.
Section I. Order of business:
(a) Roll call.
(b) President’s annual address.
(c) Report of secretary-treasurer.
(d) Report of committees.
(e) Special or general program of papers and discussions.
(f) Election of new members.
(g) Unfinished business.
(h) New business.
(1) Miscellaneous business.
(j) Election of officers.
(k) Installation of new officers.
Sec. II. The executive committee shall consist of the officers
and the duties of this committee shall be to report on all appli-
cants for membership and all other official business not other-
wise provided for.
Sec. III. The following committees of three members each
shall be appointed annually by the president:
(a) Committee on veterinary college entrance requirements.
(b) Committee on curricula.
(c) Committee on faculties.
(d) Committee on methods of teaching.
Sec. IV. This association shall meet annually at such time
and place as shall be determined by vote of its members, and in
case of emergency the executive committee may call a special
meeting for a specific purpose. Each member shall be notified
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 393
in writing not less than two weeks in advance of the time, giving
place and specific purpose of the special meeting.
Sec. V. A majority of the active membership shall consti-
tute a quorum.
Sec. VI. When the association may consider it necessary,
dues may. be levied not to exceed $5 annually.
Sec. VII. Changes or amendments to the by-laws shall be
presented in writing at least one day in advance of the adoption
of the same.
Sec. VIII. Any section of the by-laws may be temporarily
suspended by a two-thirds vote.
Dr. D. S. White moved that a copy of the new constitution
and by-laws be sent to each college eligible to membership.
Dr. White then read his report as chairman of the committee
on entrance requirements. The report reads as follows:
Gentlemen—The standards now recommended by the Coun-
cil of the American Medical Association prerequisite to the prac-
tice of medicine are:
A—Preliminary education must be “ sufficient to enable the
candidate to enter a recognized university and in addition a
course of one or two years devoted to the sciences of physics,
chemistry and biology and to modern languages.”
B—* Four years of pure medical work, the first two of
which should be largely spent in laboratories of anatomy, physi-
ology, pharmacology, etc., and the last two in close contact with
patients in dispensaries and hospitals in the study of medicine,
surgery, obstetrics and the specialties.”
C—*“ A final year as an interne in a hospital or dispensary
should then complete the medical course.”
While a college education is recognized as a desirable prepara-
tion for a limited number of men, it is not recommended to de-
mand a baccalaureate degree as a minimum requirement to the
study of medicine, as this would compel the young medical man
to defer the actual beginning of his life’s work to an unneces-
sarily late period—27 or 28 years of age.
Of the 120 medical colleges in the United States 73 (60 per
cent.) require a four-year high school education or less, 17 (15
per cent.) require one year of college work and 30 (25 per cent.)
colleges are now requiring two or more years of work in a col-
lege of arts.
Beginning January 1, 1914, the minimum requirement for ad-
mission will be enlarged to include at least one year’s college
work in physics, chemistry and a reading knowledge of at least
‘
394 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
one modern language, besides English, preferably German or
French.
Raising the entrance requirements to medical colleges in the
United States has been followed by a reduction not only in the
number of students studying medicine, but also in the number
of medical colleges in the country. In 1904 there were 28,142
students in our medical schools, while in 1912 there were nearly
10,000 less or 18,412. Of these 65 have been closed, 37 by
merger and 28 have become extinct. Between 1904 and I912,
however, 15 new medical colleges were organized.
There are on this continent 23 veterinary schools, 21 in the
United States and 2 in the Dominion of Canada. All of these
but one seem to be recognized by the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association. Of the 21 schools in the United States 12 are
private schools, supported entirely by student fees, and 9 are
state schools dependent upon national and state aid. Of the g
state schools in the United States all but one are intimately con-
nected with state universities or colleges and each forming an
integral part of a university or college. In Canada the Ontario
Veterinary College is now affiliated with the University of
Toronto.
During 1912-13 about 2,400 students matriculated in all of
the veterinary schools of the United States and about 300 in the
two Canadian schools, making a total of 2,700 for the continent.
Of the 2,400 students in the schools in the United States 700
were in state and 1,700 in private schools. The average attend-
ance for state schools was 77 students; for private, 141 students.
The length of the course of study in all of the private schools
is uniformly three years of seven months each, or a total of
twenty-one months, not exclusive of the shorter vacation and
examination periods. Of the g state schools in the United States
four maintain a three-year course of study, and three a four-year
course of study. Two offer either a three or four-year course.
In all state schools the length of the academic year is nine months,
making a total of 27 months of required study in the three and
36 in the four-year schools.
To acquire first-hand information in regard to the present
status of entrance requirement at the different state veterinary
colleges on this continent, the attached questionnaire was cir-
culated. All colleges made prompt reply and the following data
are derived from the answers thus obtained:
The entrance requirements to all private schools, except one,
as shown by their catalogues, do not extend beyond the eighth
A I ne
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 395
grade of the grammar school, which fact is partially obscured
by using the elusive label ““ Second Grade Civil Service Examina-
tion.” In not a single instance is a high school or any part
thereof a prerequisite to the study of our profession at these
institutions.
On the other hand, all of the state schools but one require
some high school training. Assuming that a graduate of a four-
year high school is able to offer 15-16 units for entrance to a
college, the entrance requirements for the different state schools
at present are as follows:
Units
Suumeeied so olytectiise Instittite: . 40... 6 ee SS ee es 2 12
DPE We eho isle ls 2's id a's eS wee Nae Sein 15
Seeetiado. state Aecricultural College ..........00 00. 050% 15
Mra CGlerGe Ose ede ete ed eae bec ke 15
meres ate Acricultural’ College... 0... 6. 6 2 eh ee. 15
rite tericuititral College: ooo. .6 a bs ee es 15
RE eMC IVETSIEY irda So. ab ee tn ee ee ee 8
mem ov eterinary (College i000 ale 2e ek eek eee 4
Semeersibynol Pentisylvania 5... oS eee ae ier es O
Muemetoi State College... i ewe see ae 8-15
With one exception (Cornell), none of the state schools has
its entrance requirement set by state law.
The administration of entrance requirement in eight state
schools (counting Washington double) is in the hands of a spe-
cial board, committee of the general faculty or some officer (at
Iowa State the registrar, for instance) not connected with the
Veterinary Department. In two schools (Ontario and Penn-
sylvania) a member of the veterinary faculty administers the
entering of students. In these instances the principal and dean
respectively assume the responsibility.
Credits from accredited high schools only are accepted in
eight schools, leaving only two which accept the graduate of non-
accredited high schools.
The effect of raising the entrance requirement to a minimum
of 15 units, as given by those who have had actual experience,
is as follows:
Alabama reports: ‘“‘ Improvement distinct and good.”
Cornell: ‘“‘ Numbers much reduced at first, but the increase
is steady.”
*Dept., 15 units; school, 8.
Note—New York University (N.Y.S.V.C.) not listed above, has same educational
standard as Cornell, being regulated by the State Department of Education.—[Eb.]
396 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
Colorado: ‘ Decreases the number 25 to 50 per cent. In-
creases quality fully as much. Age about the same. Matured
men without basic training eliminated.”
Iowa: ‘Some decrease in number, marked improvement in
quality.”
Kansas: “ Younger but better quality.”
Michigan: ‘“ Lessens the number, but furnishes a quality of
students that can more easily carry on the study incidental to
a veterinary career.”
Washington: ‘ Splendid effect.”
In summary, these replies indicate only one disadvantage to
be expected from raising the entrance requirement to a minimum
of 15 units, 7. e., a decrease in the number of students. The de-
crease has been found, however, to be only temporary, the num-
ber gradually increasing from year to year until a large per-
cent at least of the loss was eliminated.
The question as to whether the entrance requirements should
be raised at once or gradually to 15 units was answered as fol-
lows: Of the ten schools reporting, eight are in favor of a grad-
ual approach to this standard, while two think it should be done
at once.
In considering the hypothetical option between raising the
entrance requirement to 15 units and lengthening the course of
study to four years, the vote is as follows: Five of the ten schools
are in favor of first requiring 15 units for entrance and later
lengthening the course of study. Four take the opposite view,
and one has not yet given this question sufficient consideration
to form an opinion.
SUMMARY.
1. All state schools on the continent but one require for en-
trance some high school training.
2. Six schools (55 per cent.) (Cornell, Colorado, Iowa, Kan-
sas, Michigan, Washington) already require 15 units of high
school work for entrance.
3. Two schools (19 per cent.) (Ohio State and Washington)
require eight units.
4. One school (9 per cent.) (Alabama) requires twelve units.
5. One school (9 per cent.) (Ontario) requires four units.
6. One school (9 per cent.) (Pennsylvania) requires at pres-
ent no high school training of its candidates for matriculation,
but promises to do so by demanding eight units on and after
IQI4.
ee
a. |. a
ye
A Asem
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 397
7. By comparison about the same percentage of state veteri-
nary schools now demand as a minimum for entrance practi-
cally the same requirements in force in the majority of medical
colleges—55-60 per cent. In 4o per cent. the entrance require-
ments to medical colleges exceed those to the veterinary schools
with the highest minimum entrance standards by one to four
years of college work. |
RECOMMENDATIONS.
Your committee respectfully recommends:
1. That the minimum entrance requirements be made 15
units (four years) of high school work or its equivalent.
2. That the entrance requirements to all state schools be made
uniform as to the character of the high school work presented
for entrance in so far as this is feasible.
3. That the 15-unit standard be approached gradually.
4. That beginning September, 1915, the 15-unit standard be
instituted in all state veterinary schools on this continent.
(Signed by the Committee. )
During the discussion of the above report Dr. Grange in-
formed the association that the Toronto University, Ontario
Veterinary College, would require one year high school, begin-
ning this year.
Dr. Schoenleber, of the Kansas State Agricultural College,
informed the association that the Veterinary Department would
begin with 15 units in 1913.
Dr. Klein notified the association that the University of Penn-
sylvania would require 8 units or two years of high school work
for entrance in 1914. He stated that he favored the recommenda-
tions in the report, but felt that they go too fast for the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania as regards entrance requirements, as
there are so many three-year high schools in the State of Penn-
sylvania, but that they do hope to go as fast as possible to 12-
unit entrance requirements.
Dr. V. A. Moore, New York State Veterinary College, stated
that entrance requirements at the institution which he represents
is entirely out of his hands, being governed by the State Board
of Education. He expressed his opinion that entrance require-
ments were of the utmost importance and suggested that we
accept Dr. White’s report as an ideal upon which to work.
_Dr. C. A. Cary commented favorably on the report and closed
‘
398 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
the debate with the motion to the effect that the American Veteri-
nary Medical Association be requested to print the report as an
appendix to the annual publication of the American Veterinary
Medical Association. Motion was seconded and carried.
The meeting adjourned to reconvene at 4 p. m. Wednesday.
Wednesday, September 3, 4.40. Meeting called to order by
President Schoenleber. In the absence of Dr. Lyman, Dr. Klein
was appointed secretary pro tem.
Members present: Drs. Moore, Gill (representing New York
State Veterinary College, City of New York), Fitch (New York
State Veterinary College, Ithaca, New York), Milks (New York
State Veterinary College, Ithaca, New York), Cary, Fish, Blair
(New York State Veterinary College, New York City), Ellis
(New York State Veterinary College, New York City), Mur-
phy, Schoenleber and Klein.
At the request of Dr. Schoenleber, Dr. Cary explained to the
men who had not previously attended the meetings the object
of the association.
Dr. Fish moved that the temporary president and secretary
as elected Tuesday be made permanent. Seconded and carried.
In order to comply with the constitution and by-laws, Dr.
Fish moved that we proceed to the election of three vice-presi-
dents ; seconded by Dr. Cary. Carried.
The following were elected by acclamation: Drs. Muphy,
Klein and Blair.
Dr. Moore moved that a committee of three be appointed to
prepare a bulletin on veterinary education for distribution among
the principals of high schools; this to be presented at the special
meeting as above provided for in connection with the Live Stock
Sanitary Association. Motion was seconded by Dr. Gill. Car-
ried. For this committee the president appointed Drs. Moore,
Cary and Glover.
Meeting adjourned.
R. P. Lyman, Secretary.
PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL AS-
SOCIATION.
Meeting was called to order in the rooms of the Chamber
of Commerce, Erie, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1913, at If
a. m., by Dr. Louis A. Klein, president. The association was
welcomed to Erie by Mayor Stern in an interesting address
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 399
in which he lauded the work of veterinarians and referred to
interesting personal experiences with them.
Upon motion by Dr. W. H. Hoskins, Dr. W. S. Gimper was
elected temporary secretary in the absence of Dr. John Reichel.'
Motion to dispense with roll-call carried. Motion to dispense
with the reading of the minutes of the previous meeting and to
adopt the minutes as issued in printed form, carried.
Dr. Klein announced the death of a former president of this
association, Dr. A. W. Wier, Greenville, which occurred on June
23, 1913. The association was represented at the funeral by
three members, and a floral offering was made, the receipt of
which was acknowledged by letter from the widow and brother.
By the death of Dr. Wier a vacancy was left in the Board of
Trustees, which was later filled in accordance with the by-laws.
Reports of Delegates to Other Associations——American Vet-
erinary Medical Association: In the absence of a report from
the delegates to this association, Dr. W. H. Hoskins reported
the proceedings in a brief but very interesting talk.
He referred to the internal disorders that occurred during the
early history of the association and stated that only one of the
original members at the 1863 meeting was living at the present
time, Dr. Liautard,—unfortunately he could not be present at
the anniversary meeting. Reference was also made to the high
character of the papers contributed, which were well fitted to the
importance of the fiftieth anniversary meeting. There were
members or visitors from every state in this country, as well as
numerous representatives from foreign countries.
Dr. Hoskins referred to the election of Dr. C. J. Marshall
showing appreciation of his valued services during the three
years in which he was secretary of the organization.
The fiftieth anniversary meeting was conceded to be a great
success in every way.
The newly elected president of the American Veterinary
Medical Association was then called upon to favor us with a
talk.
He stated that the association has been going forward with
great strides during the past ten years. The membership has
been increasing by two hundred to three hundred members each
year, until at the present time there are approximately two thou-
sand members enrolled. Every state in this country and every
province in Canada is represented in the membership. Represen-
tative members of the profession in every section are members
of the American Veterinary Medical Association.
400 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
The next meeting will probably be held at New Orleans dur-
ing the Christmas holidays of 1914. Dr. Marshall concluded
his talk with a few feeling remarks appreciative of his election
and asked that all members make special efforts to attend the
New Orleans meeting and give the association a good start on
the second half of its century run.
Reports of Delegates to the Federation of Allied Agricultural
Interests ——Dr. Klein, chairman, stated our association must join
the Federation before the delegates can attend the meetings and
vote. No notice of such election has as yet been received. Dr.
Klein is hopeful that our State Veterinary Medical Association
will be given membership in the Allied Associations, as it 1s
greatly to the interest of the veterinary profession to be in close
touch with all matters relating to agriculture. ‘The applications
of new members were then received.
As Dr. C. J. Marshall was the only member of the board of
trustees present, President Klein appointed Drs. Chrisman, Irons
and Greenfield to act as members of the board of trustees at this
meeting.
A report from the committee on army legislation was then
made by Dr. W. H. Hoskins.
Dr. Hoskins reported considerable progress. He feels con-
fident the bill will pass the House of Representatives; but a
severe battle will have to be fought in the Senate, but it will be
under more favorable conditions than formerly.
There being no other committee reports and no unfinished
business, the collection of dues was in order.
Following this, the board of trustees announced they had
acted favorably on the applications for membership received as
follows:
Dr. C. Courtney, McLean, Meadville; Dr. A. J. Mitchell, Jr.,
Erie; Dr. E. Greene, Cambridge Springs; Dr. R. M. Quigley,
Tyrone; Dr. C. B. Palmer, Easton; Dr. James B. Hardenbergh,
Philadelphia, and Dr. John Bryce, Erie.
Upon motion, the rules were suspended, the report of the
committee accepted and the secretary instructed to cast a vote
collectively electing all applicants to membership. Pursuant to
this motion President Klein declared the seven applicants elected
to membership.
Dr. C. J. Marshall, state veterinarian and secretary of the
Pennsylvania State Live Stock Sanitary Board, then gave an
interesting and exhaustive address in reference to recent legisla-
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 401
tion and outlined the future policies of the board in handling
the subject of tuberculosis, stating that the act of March 25, 1903,
known as the Butcher’s Indemnity Act, was repealed. Two bills
relating principally to milk and meat hygiene were defeated, but
one bill which is of general interest was passed.
He referred to certain questionable practices which had led
to the repeal of the Butcher’s Indemnity Act and referred in
particular to an organization known as the Pennsylvania State
Cattlemen’s Association and the desire of this association to have
legislation enacted which would have raised the state indemnity
to an impractical amount.
As regards milk hygiene legislation, this subject seems to be
very unpopular during the last session, and the bill was defeated.
The feeding of offal and refuse on the premises of slaughter
houses is against the regulations of the State Live Stock Sanitary
Board. A bill to make this unlawful was offered in the legisla-
ture, but met with defeat. At this point the meeting adjourned
for lunch.
The afternoon session was called to order at 2.30 p. m., and
Dr. Marshall resumed his address by discussing the act which
was approved July 22, 1913.
This act gives the board jurisdiction over the diseases of poul-
try. It requires veterinarians to report certain diseases affecting
various animals. It strengthens the board’s power in establish-
ing quarantines and modifies the requirements governing the
interstate movement of cattle. By this modification foreign
cattle intended for shipment into Pennsylvania should be in-
spected and tested before being brought into the state. Other-
wise they may be brought in only under supervision of a mem-
ber, officer or agent of the board after due notice of such ship-
ment has been given. When cattle have been brought in under
this clause, they are inspected and tested by duly appointed agents
of the board at the expense of the state.
The permit system which was formerly in vogue, allowing
cattle to be brought in under quarantine to be tested at destina-
tion, has been discontinued.
At this point the speaker digressed from the subject of new
legislation and referred to the policies adopted by the board in
handling tuberculin tests on native cattle.
During the past few years it has been customary, as far as
funds would permit, to make such tests at the expense of the
commonwealth. The herd owners were required to sign an appli-
cation in the form of a contract, agreeing to certain things. It
402 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
practically usurped the control of their herds and placed them
under the jurisdiction of the board until the terms of the con-
tract had been complied with. This procedure has in many
instances resulted in situations very embarrassing to both the
owner and the board. The herd owners would not read the con-
tract carefully and were not aware of the obligations which they
were assuming.
In view of this dissatisfaction and the embarrassment result-
ing from the present attitude of the state auditor general, in re-
fusing to pay indemnity vouchers, it has been decided for the
present at least, 'to discontinue the testing of native herds at state
expense.
When an owner desires to rid his herd of tuberculosis by
having it tested by a competent veterinarian at his own expense,
all possible assistance will be rendered him as formerly.
Dr. Marshall then referred to other requirements of the new
law which governs the sales and use of biological products; per-
mits the branding of reacting cattle, and compels the pasteuriza-
tion of skim milk and separator slop before being returned to
the farmers to be fed to calves and swine. ‘This last feature is
of special importance from the economical standpoint as well as
in relation to animal’s health. Each year thousands of carcases
of cattle and swine are condemned by reason of being extensively
affected by tuberculosis. Exhaustive investigations have proven
that a very large percentage of these conditions is due to feeding
of skim milk from tuberculous cattle. The point has been reached
where it becomes necessary to conserve our meat supply. The
condemnation of these tuberculous carcases has a visible effect
in reducing the general supply, and it becomes necessary to re-
move one of the prolific sources of reduction by compelling the
proper pasteurization of skim milk and separator slop before
being fed to young animals.
Other prolific sources for the dissemination of tuberculosis
are the practice of feeding swine behind tuberculous cows and
feeding uncooked slaughter-house offal to hogs.
Following Dr. Marshall’s address, a lively discussion ensued,
the members showing a keen interest in upholding and extend-
ing the work of the board.
A paper entitled ‘‘ Phenol in the Treatment of Tetanus,” con-
tributed by Dr. Victor G. Kimball, of Philadelphia, was read by
Dr. M. J. Chrisman.
This was followed by a statistical statement of the results
obtained in Pennsylvania in the testing of native and interstate
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 403
cattle during the year 1912 as compared with the average results
obtained during the preceding fourteen years by Dr. W. S.
Gimper.
Dr. H. T. Goetz, of Buffalo, was called upon by the president
to relate interesting experiences in the use of cannabis.
He stated much better results had been obtained by highly
diluting cannabis extract with diluted alcohol.
It was necessary to omit several papers, owing to the absence
of the contributors, and Dr. Gimper was called upon to give a
brief outline of the legal proceedings instituted by the board to
recover money paid by the state to the owners of a herd which
had been tested at state expense under the form of contract pre-
viously referred to by Dr. Marshall.
In this case civil suit for recovery had been instituted, judg-
ment was given in favor of the commonwealth for the full
amount of indemnity paid with interest and costs. The decision
of the court in this case influenced somewhat the proposed change
in the method of handling tuberculin tests on native cattle at
state expense.
Under the head of new business, Dr. J. B. Irons, of Erie,
was elected to fill the unexpired term of Dr. A. W. Wier.
On motion by Dr. D. B. Fitzpatrick, an unanimous and hearty
vote of thanks was tendered the local committee of arrangements.
On motion of Dr. Bryce, a vote of thanks was tendered the
Erie Chamber of Commerce for the use of the meeting room.
On motion the meeting was declared adjourned at 5 p. m.
It was the consensus of opinion that this meeting was one
of the pleasantest and most successful semi-annual meetings held
in recent years, thirty-seven members and visitors being present.
W. S. Grmper, Secretary pro tem.
ALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE NEW YORK-AMERI-
CAN, VETERINARY ‘COLLEGE:
A special meeting of the Alumni Association of the New
York-American Veterinary College was held September 3, 1913,
at the Hotel Astor, New York City. The president, Dr. Chas.
S. Chase, of Bay Shore, occupying the chair. In the absence of
the secretary, Dr. Percival K. Nichols, Dr. J..Payne Lowe, of
Passaic, N. J., was elected secretary pro tem.
Owing to the fact that the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of
404 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
the American Veterinary Medical Association was in progress, a
large number of the alumni were present; the following were
in attendance: W. H. Gribble, Washington Court House, Ohio
(A. V. C., 1884) ; Lester H. Howard, Boston, Mass. (A. V. C.,
1882) ; Warren L. Rhodes, Lansdowne, Pa. (A. V. C., 1893);
David W. Cochran, New York City (Columbia V. C., 1879);
Geo. H. Berns, Brookyn, N. Y. (Columbia V. C., 1879) ; Maffitt
Smith, New York City (N. Y.-A. 'V. C.,. 1903); W.-j; Ri
Kinney, , Brooklyn, N. Y.. (N.- Y. C. V.. 5.,. 18098); Clasmaes
Chase, Bay Shore,,.N..¥. (N. Y.-A.-V. C,. 1906); UsSaiee
Bieber (A. V. C., 1891); J. W. Scheibler, Memphis, Tenn. (A.
V..C., 1885); John D. Fair, Millersburg, O. (A. V.-C.,, 168798
Wallace F. Vail, Greenwich, Conn. (N. Y.-A. V. C., 190595
Robert W. Ellis, New York City (A. V. C., 1889); John C.
Meyer, Cincinnati, Ohio (A. V. C., 1876); David McAuslin,
Brooklyn, N. Y: (N. Y.-A. 'V. C.,. 1907); W. Horace’ Hosa
Philadelphia, Pa. (A. V. C., 1881) ; E. B. Ackerman, Brooklyn,
N. Y. (A. V. G.,, 1891); J.. Payne Lowe, Passaic, N. jee
C., 1891); R. H. Kingston, New York City (N. Y.-Aegyegee
1904); Henry Cady, Gloversville, N. Y. (A. V. ‘CS as87i5
James T. Glennon, Newark, N. J. (N. Y. C. V. S., 1896) ; Geo.
W.. Smith, ,Hoeboken, .N. J. (Ne Y.-A. VooC,,, 1903) Gein
Meiners, Boonton, N. J. (N. Y.-A. V.C., 1899) ; Thos. E. Smith,
Jersey City, N..J. (N.Y. C. V.S., 1897)3 Louis J Belo aie
Brunswick, N. J. (N. Y.-A. V.C., 1902) ; John B. Hopper, Ridge-
wood, N. J. (A. V. C., 1892) ; Wilfred F. Harrison, Bloomfield,
N. J. (A. V. C., 1887) ; Thomas C. Maloney, Fall River, Mass.
(N. Y. C. V. S., 1889) ; Jos. A. De Groodt, Morristown, N. J.
(N. Y.-A. V. C., 1913); Wilbur B. Maxson, New York City
(N. Y.-A. V. C., 1911); C. R. Borden, 7 Adams St. Tauntom
Mass. (A. V. C., 1892); Chas. W. Shaw, New York City (A.
V.C., 1892) ; Frederick P. Ruhl, Milford, Del. (A. V. C., 188508
Frank P. Dorian, Yonkers, N. Y: (A. V. @, 1803) ; He Rage
Philadelphia, Pa. (A. V. C., 1895); W. G. Hollingworth, Utica,
N. Y. (A. V. C., 1884) ; M. W. Drake, Philadelphia, Pa. (A. V.
C., 1890); Edw. F. Koehler, Easton, Pa. (A. V. C, 189q0m
Arthur L. Grover, New York City (A. V. C., 1897) ; Geo. W.
Meyer, New York City (A. V. C., 1891); Samuel Atchison,
Brooklyn, N.Y CN. Yue Wes 1ce7)-
The president stated that the object of calling the special
meeting was to get together a large number of the alumni and
stimulate them into activity. He told of the passage of an act
known as Chapter 676 of the Laws of 1913, whereby the New
ad Zan
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 405
York-American Veterinary College was adopted by the State of
New York, under the title of the New York State Veterinary
College, established at New York University in the City of New
_ York.
He spoke of the responsibility and duty of each allumnus
to his alma-mater, and asked for united support, and regular at-
tendance at the meetings, so that the association will become a
power, and meet the problems which confront it in its new era.
Dr. W. Horace Hoskins and others spoke, and gave their
views as to how the association could be awakened into active
usefulness.
The advisability of the association publishing an alumni
history was freely discussed, different members present volun-
teered to write the history of their respective classes.
The following motion was voted upon and carried. “ That
the present officers of the alumni association, in connection with
ten members, constitute themselves a committee to get up a
history of the alumni of the A. V. C., the N. Y. C. V. S. and the
N. Y.-A. V. C., the president to appoint the said ten members
at his convenience. Moved and seconded that we authorize the
officers to suspend the by-laws, so that the president may call a
special meeting annually during the progress of the A. V. M. A.
meeting—carried.
Moved and seconded that the President appoint a Committee
to revise the present constitution and by-laws—carried. The
president appointed the following: Dr. H. D. Gill, chairman;
Drs. Ellis, Cochran, Smith (Thos.), Berns and Ackerman.
The following contributions were received (see above list).
Total, $41. Moved and seconded to adjourn—carried.
J. Payne Lowe, Secy. Pro. Tem.
VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORI CITY.
(October Meeting).
The regular monthly meeting of this association was called
to order by President McKinney at 8.45 p. m.
The minutes of the June meeting were read and approved.
The prosecuting committee reported progress.
The president then called for the reports of the delegates to
406 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
the A. V. M. A. and the New York State Veterinary Medical
Society.
Drs. Ellis and Blair gave a concise report of both meetings.
Dr. Louis Griessman, of New York City, then read a paper
entitled, ‘“ Unfair Competition and Its Evils.”
This paper was productive of quite a discussion, and several
members and visitors expressed their views of the best means
of dealing with illegal practitioners and veterinarians who under-
bid their fellow practitioners.
Dr. T. E. Smith, of Jersey City, stated that in Jersey City
they had from time to time prosecuted illegal practitioners, but
that the real object of our veterinary associations should be the
advancement of the profession and the banding together of its
members. Also said that in his opinion it would be better to
educate the public on different lines by the example of better
work done by qualified men, thus causing the public to repudiate
the quack. Said that we should not be too grasping for a dollar,
and illustrated his point of view by a story told in his own inimi-
table way.
Dr. DeVine said that he agreed with Dr. Smith, and thought
it best that a prosecuting committee pick their cases, and thus
avoid adverse criticism. Action should be taken first against in-
temperate, disgraceful or vicious persons who are violators of
the law.
There was also a general discussion on Dr. Griessman’s ref-
erence to undercharging by certain practitioners, and it was
urged that such cases be investigated and some action taken.
Dr. DeVine then stated that the Commissioner of Agriculture
had asked him to confer with the New York City veterinarians
regarding the glanders situation, and stated that at a conference
of State and City veterinarians the following recommendationss
were adopted :
First—The licensing of all stables.
Second—aA disinfecting corps to be attached to the regular
veterinary staff.
Third—That the ordinance relating to the tagging of all
animals sent to the offal dock be rigidly enforced, thus making it
easy to trace a diseased animal.
Fourth—That a competent pathologist be stationed at the
offal dock.
Fifth—That all reactors to the recognized tests be properly.
identified in some way.
Sixth—That the use of mallein and vaccine should be re-
ee ee
ee > 4
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 407
stricted to the official veterinarians, or, if used by others, under
their supervision and co-operation.
Seventh—That the owner in all cases be represented by his
own veterinarian.
Dr. McKinney stated that in his judgment the recommenda-
tions were excelent.
Dr. R. W. Ellis also spoke in favor of the same, and moved
that they be endorsed by this association; seconded and unani-
mously carried.
A general discussion of the sera tests for glanders then took
place, in which a number of those present took part. The eye
test was also discussed, and Dr. Kingston stated that he had
excellent results with the same. Advocates the use of the brush
in applying the concentrated mallein to the eye.
Several papers were promised for the next meeting.
No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned.
R. S. MacKetrar, Secretary.
MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.
The regular meeting of the above association was held at
Young’s Hotel, Boston, Wednesday evening, September 24, 1913.
Members present were: Drs. Burr, Dodge, Draper, Emerson,
Peirce, Seale, Simpson, Stanbridge, Robinson, Winchester and
Pugh; and as guest, Dr. F. H. Slack, of the Boston Board of
Health, who read a most excellent paper,* the subject of which
was, “ The Significance of Pus and Streptococci in Milk.”
In the absence of President Perry, First Vice-President Seaie
took the chair and called the meeting to order at 5.40 p.m. A
- motion was made by Dr. Emerson, seconded by Dr. Peirce, that
reading of the records of the previous meeting be deferred until
Dr. Slack had read his paper. Carried. Dr. Burr then intro-
duced Dr. Slack. At the conclusion of his paper, Dr. Slack was
tendered a hearty vote of thanks; and from the keen discussion
which followed, his subject proved to be intensely interesting.
The secretary then read the minutes of the previous meeting and
outing, which were accepted.
Dr. Robinson then moved, seconded by Dr. Simpson, that
the meeting adjourn.
W. T. Puc, Secretary.
* Will be published in our next issue.
408 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
The regular monthly meeting of K. V. M. A. was held on
Tuesday evening, November 11, 1913, in Donaldson’s Hall. The
meeting was called to order by President Yunker, and. about
twenty-five members were present.
The first essayist for the evening was Dr. Geo. W. Pope, of |
the B. A. I., who read a very interesting paper on “Our In-
creased Knowledge Concerning the Nature of Animal Diseases.”
He showed what was known thirty years ago about Veterinary
Medicine, also the mysteries which baffled the men of that time.
Then he took up the principle diseases and showed the remark-
able progress that we have made in the studying of these dis-
eases.
The next subject to be considered was ‘‘ The Importation and
Breeding of Draft Horses in Pennsylvania,” by Dr. Carl W.
Gay. .
He showed clearly how Pennsylvania could be made one of
the chief draft breeding States in the Union; that it possessed
the land, climatic conditions and feeding facilities.
There were two men admitted to membership: Dr. Victor G.
Kimball and Dr. Francis Murphy. Adjournment.
Cueston M. Hoskins, Secretary.
UTAH VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCA;ATIGS
The fourth annual meeting of the above association was held
in the Commercial Club Building in Salt Lake City, October 4,
1913, at which the following resolution was passed:
Be it resolved that the Utah Veterinary Medical Association
hereby appeal to the state authorities that only qualified graduate
veterinarians be allowed to apply the mallein and tuberculin tests
for all state and expert purposes. .
And be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be
sent to the Governor of the state, the State Live Stock Inspecter
and the State Board of Sheep Commissioners.
The following members were elected as officers for the ensu-
ing year: President, Dr. Elmer, of American Forks; vice-presi-
dent, Dr. A. J. Webb, of Ogden; secretary and treasurer, Dr. E.
P. Coburn, of Brigham City.
The outgoing officers were: Dr. Walter Emms, of Salt Lake-
City, president; Dr. Arch Egbert, of Logan, vice-president, and:
Dr. R. H. Haggan, of Richfield, secretary and treasurer.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 409
Salt Lake City was the place selected for the semi-annual
meeting next spring, and an interesting program is promised.
E. P. Copurn, D.V.M., ee and Treasurer.
CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION.
The semi-annual meeting of the above association was held in
Waterbury, August 6, 1913. The day was devoted to clinics at
Dr. Thos. Bland’s hospital. There were many interesting and
instructive cases presented for examination and diagnosis.
Among the operations performed were four cases of roaring and
two cases of oopherectomy in mares, which presented excellent
prospects of good results from the operations.
In the evening a banquet was held at Hotel Elton. Following
the banquet the business meeting was held. After the business
had been transacted the following papers were presented: * Im-
paction of the Cecum in the horse, by Dr. A. T. Gilyard; * Hog
Cholera Serum in Practice, by Dr. Chas. L. Colton. The papers
were very interesting and the discussion of them brought out
many instructive features.
The. following members were in attendance: Drs. Thos.
mand, H.-F. Bates, H. C..Balzer, C. H. Beere, G. T. Crowley,
fm. Colton, F. D: Coles, G. L. Cheney, G. E. Corwin, Jr., B. K.
Dow, P. F. Finnigan, J. J. Flaherty, A. T. Gilyard, L. B. Judson,
VY. M. Knapp, A. C. Knapp, P. T. Keeley, G. W. Loveland, J. J.
Moynahan, E. H. Morris, F. D. Monell, B. D. Radcliff, E. C.
Ross, J. S. Schofield, E. F. Schofield, A. W. Sutherland, Oscar
Schreck, R. S. Todd, J. E. Underhill, H. Whitney, I. R. Vail and
| honorary member, H. O. Averill. Vistors, Drs. T. S. Childs, B.
oD. Pierce, A. McHugh, R. P. Lyman, J. F. Laden, also several
friends of the members. B. K. Dow,
Secretary.
* Will be published in the next issue.
SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
_ —Secretary Huyet, of Wernersville, Pa., announces next meet-
- ing of this association at Reading, Pa., December 17, 1913.
Kansas VETERINARY MeEpicaAL ASSOCIATION. —Secretary
Burt, of Manhattan, announces the tenth annual meeting of this
association at that place January 6, 7 and 8, 1914, and wants
_ €yery veterinarian in Kansas to be present.
NEWS AND ITEMS.
RULING:‘AS TO COCAINE PRESCRIPTION:
To the Editor of the Era:
I am enclosing herewith an opinion rendered by the Attorney-
General relative to rights of dentists and veterinarians in regard
to writing prescriptions containing cocaine or eucaine under the
present law enacted by the present Legislature. This opinion was
asked for in response to an inquiry from a licensed veterinarian
in which he stated a prescription that he had written was refused
to be filled by a licensed pharmacist.
Very truly yours,
WARREN L. BrRADT,
Secretary State Board of Pharmacy.
Albany, July 8, 1913.
PENAL Law, SECTION 1746.—SALE OF COCAINE.—PURCHASE
VETERINARIAN.
Veterinarians may not purchase cocaine of a druggist except
in the original package, nor may prescriptions signed by them
be filled.
INQUIRY.
A veterinarian presents to a druggist a prescription calling
for cocaine ‘‘to be used by veterinarian.” May the druggist
under the amendment made this year to Section 1746 of the
Penal Law fill this prescription?
OPINION.
An elaborate scheme for the control of the sale and possession
of cocaine and its products is provided by the statute. Sales
may be made only to certain classes of persons, in the original
packages, and in limited amounts. The classes to whom such
sales may be made are pharmacists, druggists, including both
manufacturers and dealers, physicians, veterinarians and den-
tists. Every sale must be recorded, with full details as to amount,
410
NEWS AND ITEMS. 411
date, and name of purchaser, and all cocaine purchased must
be kept, with two exceptions, in a place specified in the record
of sale. The two exceptions as to keeping the drug in a specified
place are of sales under: physicians’ prescriptions and of certain
limited quantities which may be carried by a physician, veter-
inarian or dentist for use in his profession.
No provision is made for the filling of prescriptions by den-
tists or veterinarians, and such use of the drug as these two
classes may make in their profession is therefore limited to that
of direct personal administration. An attempt by a dentist or
veterinarian to use the drug by means of a prescription to be
filled by a druggist is penalized by making it a misdemeanor for
anyone not of the class specifically authorized, to have any of it
in his possession, without the certificate of the person making
the sale, stating the name and address of the physician upon
whose prescription the sale is made.
I am therefore of the opinion that a druggist is not author-
ized to fill a prescription calling for cocaine, signed by a dentist
or veterinarian, and that the right of dentists and veterinarians
to use the drug is limited to its purchase in original packages
and direct administration to the patient.
Dated July 2, 1913.
(Signed) THomas Carmopy,
Attorney-General.
—The Pharmaceutical Era, August, 1913.
URUGUAY VETERINARY COLLEGE.
[Consul Frederic W. Goding, Montevideo. |
It is now seven years since Dr. D. E. Salmon, the American
veterinary expert, was engaged by the Government of Uruguay
- to organize a faculty and frame plans for a college of veterinary
medicine and surgery. Dr. Salmon completed his work in a most
_ Satisfactory and able manner, remaining one year longer than his
_ contract called for, the result being one of the largest, best
equipped, and most modern institutions of its class in existence.
| The most important industry here—live-stock breeding—de-
_ manded a change from the former rudimentary and empirical
methods of treating diseased animals, as well as better sanitary
methods of inspection for the meats produced in the country,
which had found good markets in foreign countries, and required
412 NEWS AND ITEMS.
the most thorough scientific inspection in order to inspire confi-
dence in them as wholesome food materials. Hence, one of the
prime objects of the college was the training of young men for
that work.
Instruction has heretofore been given in rented buildings, but
recently the college and all its appurtenances was moved to the
splendid structures planned and supervised by Dr. Salmon, which
will remain a monument to commemorate the splendid services
rendered by him to scientific education in this Republic. They
are located on an estate of 30 acres, in Larranaga Street, in the
outskirts of Montevideo. The buildings include the main building,
in which are lecture rooms, classrooms, laboratories for path-
ological and parasitological anatomy, bacteriology, and experi-
mental medicine, with photographic cabinet, and other annexes;
the hospital, with the upper floor devoted to the library, the
ground floor to the pharmacy, the medical and operating clinics,
the outdoor consulting room, cabinets for hydrotherapeutics and
electrotherapeutics, box stalls for sick horses and cattle, cages for
dogs, other small animals, and fowls. Other than these are the
buildings for anatomy dissections, and slaughter, under con-
struction and nearly completed, and those for forage, ambulances,
and blacksmith shop are to be built. The plans also include a
hospital for animals and one for contagious diseases.
For a very moderate fee in the public hospital are received all
classes of sick animals, the consultations and medicines being
phees
A provisional program of studies has been heretofore fol-
lowed, but, beginning with the year 1914, a bachelor’s degree
will be required for matriculation, except only the graduates
from the Military College, who will be admitted on the diploma
of that institution. The new course of study is as follws:
First Year—Anatomy of domesticated animals; dissections; normal his-
tology and microscopy; embryology and teratology; medical physics and
chemistry.
Second Year—Physiology; external anatomy of domesticated animals;
general zootechnics; parasitology; general pathology; propedentic clinics;
materia medica and pharmacology.
Third Year—Medical pathology and clinics; surgical pathology and clinics ;
topographic anatomy; operative medicine and ‘horseshoeing : general anatomy
and pathological histology; special zootechnics and autopsy ‘technique ; micro-
biology.
Fourth Year—Contagious diseases and sanitary police; inspection of meats
and milk; medical and surgical pathology; obstetrics ; hygiene; special patho-
logical anatomy and legal medicine; toxicology and jurisprudence.— (From
Daily Consular and Trade Reports, "Washington, D. C.; by courtesy of Dr.
A. M. Farrington, B: A. I., U. S. Department of Agriculture,
‘ VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.
In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted ‘that some neglect to inform us
of the dates and places of their meetings.
[ Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included
in the following list :
]
E Sears Date of Next Place of u
4 Name of Organization. Maca Mechta Name and Address Secretary.
Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass’n...... June 6-7, 1913..... | Birmingham. . C. A. Cary, Auburn.
Alumni Ass’n, N. Y.-A. V.C......... Aprils 1914) 008s ‘| 141 W. 54th St..| P.K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y.
American Y. (Ca ea Dec., 28-31, 1914 ....| New Orleans, La | Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood
; Ave., Chicago, Ill.
Arkansas Veterinary Ass’n........... January, 1914:...... | Ft. Smith...... | J. B. Arthur, Russellville.
Ass'n Médécale Veterinare Frangaise.| Ist and 3d Thur. of} Lec. Room, La-
BPN eee oth w cto Yeicso.0 2% siolors'0' a) each month.......| _ val Un’y, Mon.) J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.
eA. 1. Vet. In. A., Chicago......... 2d Fri. each month. .| Chicago........ H. A. Smith, Chicago, Ill.
B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha...... 3d Mon. each month.) 8. Omaha, Neb..| E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha.
Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n............ Monthly... o.3s.- St. Joseph and
| | _ vicinity _| F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo.
California State V. M. Ass’n......... December 10, 1913..| San Francisco..| John F. McKenna, Fresno.
Central Canada V. Ass’n............ Feb. and July....... Oftawa. . 3s ~. | A. E. James, Ottawa.
Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n....... June and Nov....... | Syracuse....... W. B. Switzer, Oswego.
Chicago Veterinary Society.......... 2d Tues. each month. Chicago. .:.....| D. M. Campbell, Chicago
Colorado State V. M. Ass’n..........| May 28-29, 1913....| Ft. Collins......| I. E, Newsom, Ft. Collins.
Connecticut V. M. Ass’n............ August 6, 1913...... Waterbury.....| B. K. Dow, Willimantic.
Delaware State Vet. Society......... Jan., Apl., July, Oct..) Wilmington..... | A. S. Houchin, Newark, Del.
Masex'@o. (N. J.) V.M.A........... 3d Mon. each month.) Newark, N. J....| J. F. Carey, East Orange, N.J.
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n..........| 2d week, July, 1913..| Rochester... ... | J. H. Taylor, Henrietta,
Georgia State V.M.A.............. Dec. 22-23, 1913.....| Atlanta... ..... | P. F. Bahnsen, Americus.
V. M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un’y........ 2d Sat. each month..| Wash., D. C.....| A. T. Ayers.
Pemetere Go (OHID) V-AN asia cs cceio fea scecie ae ¥.necimee see [eiscrae ne auie | Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.
Illinois State V. M. Ass’n............ December, 1913. ....| Chicago........ | L. A. Merillat, Chicago.
Indiana Veterinary Association....... Jan. 14, 1914....... Indianapolis... | A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis.
Towa Veterinary Ass’n.............. Pendinie=.* 2h seeks. Pending........ C. H. Stange, Ames.
Kansas State V. M. Ass'n. .| Jan. 6-7-8, 1914..... Manhattan..... J. H. Burt, Manhattan.
Kentucky V. M. Ass’n.... ...| Oct. & Feb.each year.| Lexington...... Robert Graham, Lexington.
Keystone V. M. Ass’n.............- 2d Tues. each month.| Philadelphia. ...| Cheston M. Hoskins.
Lake Erie V. M. Association......... Pending as: + acetes Pending ....... Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio.
Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n......... lnBents dotae ssa cee Lake Charles...| Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La.
Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n.............. Jan. 14. 1914.......- Portland ....... | H. B. Wescott, Portland.
Pannviend State Vet. Society. .... 066) oeccccswecesccecces Baltimore... ... | H. H. Counselman, Sec’y.
Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n............ 4th Wed. each month.} Young's, Boston.) J. H. Seale, Salem.
Michigan State V. M. Ass’n......... | MebAs! 4:1914se—: Tansee. W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens.
Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n........ Jan. 14-15-16, 1914..| St. Paul........| G. Ed. Leech, Winona.
Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n........ IAT 20 101 Sema Starkville....... | Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada.
Missouri Valley V. Ass’n............ June 30, July 1-2,"13.} Omaha......... | Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia.
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n............ lrOtihyel SUS nom ome Kirksville...... | S. Stewart, Kansas City.
Montana State V. M. A............. Sept. 24, 25,1913... Helena......... | A. D. Knowles, Livingston.
Nebraska V. M. Ass’n.............. lst Mo. cece Lincoln, Neb. ..| Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City.
New York S. V. M. Soc’y........... Sept, 19145 0.6 gens Rochester...... H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y
North Carolina V. M. Ass’n......... June ytOt4ee ce sco. WalsOn ROBERTSON, V.S., M.D.,, D.V.S.
He that the profession of America had familiarly called
Uncle Jimmy; he that I called from the heart my boy, James L.
Robertson, was buried on the 26th of November last, the day after
Thanksgiving Day. The day of joy for so many, the day of
sadness for the veterinary profession. On Thanksgiving Day
the sad news of his death was sent to me, which told of the
terrible loss that had befallen American veterinary science, that
had deprived me of one of the most vi friends — one
could ever wish for.
The Review has already paid her tribute to the memory of
this noble veterinarian, no doubt in proper language; our gen-
eral sorrow has been told and it is certainly superfluous to say
more; yet, perhaps our readers will pardon an old man, one
who guided his first steps in our profession, who was happy to
look upon him as a worthy professional son, to say a few words
of the one with whom he was so intimately related since his
entrance in the little place of Lexington avenue, in 1865, the
home of the New York College of Veterinary Surgeons, from
where he graduated in 1867; and to speak of James L. Robert-
son as a student, then as a veterinarian and a teacher, and finally
as a friend.
To say that James L. Robertson was a thorough, good and
perfect student would say but little of him. Every one knows
415
416 EDITORIAL.
that to study was his great joy and pleasure. At the time that he
matriculated at the Lexington Avenue College there were but few
students, the class was so small that often he alone was present
at the clinics. But how he then seemed to take advantage of all
the small number of clinical cases that were offered for his ob-
servation. How anxious he was to benefit by every opportunity.
How happy he was when I told him to come and inspect a large
herd of cows, which were suspected of tuberculosis, and with
what satisfaction he noticed and examined the lesions that he
found; many specimens of which he took for the museum of
the college, where they must be to-day.
To learn, to investigate, to see and to profit by the oppor-
tunities offered were his great desire.
The resources of the institution were limited, and although
the teaching was as good as the times and circumstances per-
mitted, when Robertson received his diploma of V. S. he felt
that his luggage of medical knowledge was rather slim, and for
a man like him and with his tastes it was an obligation to seize
every chance to improve. He therefore matriculated in the
Medical Department of the University of The City of New York
in 1867.
His studies and graduation as a veterinarian were of great
advantage in the pursuit of his medical studies, and an M.D. de-
gree rewarded him at the commencement exercises in 1869, and
after a short time Doctor Robertson, V.S., joined the staff of
House Surgeons in Charity Hospital, Blackwells Island, serving
during 1869-70, familiarizing himself and completing his medical
education; improving the application of the general principles he
had gathered during the last few years.
He had been told, he had read, and learned, much of the dis-
eases of both men and animals, he had seen and observed num-
bers of them as a veterinarian and as a physician; he had no
doubt prepared himself well for the practice of medicine in a
general sense, but with all these rich provisions, Robertson re-
mained a student.
He knew that if the literature in medicine was rich in his
EDITORIAL. 417
native language for human practice at least, it is very poor in
that of his choice, the veterinary practice; and he must take ad-
vantage of what he may get in the literature of foreign countries.
French and German he must learn, and he once again resumed
his student’s life until in a short time he became master of three
languages.
His means of perfecting himself complete, he read and bene-
fited in those different languages of the many professional facts
that they possessed, and his efforts were well rewarded through
his insatiable thirst for more knowledge.
Were those desires finally satisfied? If not, Robertson had
selected long ago in what direction the application of all that he
knew would carry him.
' At first, when he had entered the University as a student,
when he received his M.D., and when he was seen as interne in
Charity Hospital, those of the veterinary profession who had
watched him, who had kept close to him in their professional
gatherings, bringing him with them, began to feel anxious, fear-
ing that after all Robertson might give up veterinary practice and
follow the practice of human medicine.
A good friend and a superior teacher of his, a veterinarian
of ability and a physician, Doctor Large, joined in the efforts
made by the Faculty of his Alma Mater, and Doctor Robertson
became lecturer on Theory and Practice at the school from which
he had obtained his first degree, his V.S.. Lecturer at the New
York College of Veterinary Surgeons first, he became professor
at the American Veterinary College, at which institution he
received his addendum degree of D.V.S., in 1876, where princi-
pally began the period of his life as a teacher.
If there was a chance for one to illustrate the Chair of Theory
and Practice, and continue and improve the good work started by
his predecessor, that chance was offered to Robertson. He took
it. He was the man for the position.
Educated with the help of English literature, improved by
that of France and Germany, constantly reading veterinary jour-
nals from everywhere and from every country, Doctor Robert-
418 EDITORIAL.
son could not fail but be a superior teacher. He was keeping
himself in ¢ontact with every thing that was new in veterinary
science; from a practical and scientific point of view he was the
right man for that place.
His method was simple, and while I do not think he was a
pompous speaker nor perhaps a brilliant lecturer, through his
manner of describing, his select and properly applied delivery,
his facilities in making clear every point where students might
be confused and embarrassed, all those qualities can be recognized
and remembered by the many graduates who have had him as
a teacher, as having placed him in the first rank amongst teach-
ers, and a master of superior ability. ;
His lectures will be remembered by all who have heard them,
and I am sure that if any of his students have kept a good record
of them they can boast of having a valuable work in the Practice
of Veterinary Medicine.
For years Doctor Robertson has fulfilled his duties as few
men have done, rarely missing his lecture hours, prompt at the
time, and only when sickness disabled him was he absent. At
the end of his active life he was made Honorary Professor of his
Chair; and his departure will deprive his successor of a valuable
assistant and kind adviser.
His activity in connection with association affairs began early
in his professional carreer. In 1868 he was elected a member of
the United States Veterinary Medical Association (now the
A. V. M. A.); he served as its secretary from 1869 to 1874, and
as its president from 1879 to 1881, and served on nearly if not
all committees during his life time.
It remains for me to say a few words of Doctor Robertson
as a friend. But how can I? What could I say to show him,
not better, but even as good as we have all known him.
He was the friend of everyone and, above all, that of every
veterinarian.
Veterinarians all over the country who have met him, mem-
bers of the societies to which he belonged, of the different veter-
inary colleges that he visited, all of those who have known him
—_
:
EDITORIAL. y 419
personally can vouch for his good, kind and superior qualities as
a man, as a practitioner, as a teacher.
But few perhaps could speak of him in the true sense of the
word, friendsiip. And yet how many could probably relate facts
relative to that feeling as it existed with our dear departed.
Whoever saw his sorrows at the possible failure of one of his
intimate candidates for a degree! Whoever saw him with his
broken down heart and terrible sadness at the death of his
friend, Eugene Burget! Whoever heard him speak of the dis-
grace of a colleague who chanced to be an intimate friend of
his! And how many more! All those would give a measure of
what with him the word friendship meant With me, who since
the day he entered the school in Lexington Avenue, when I
learned to appreciate and to love him as he deserved, up to the
moment I returned to Europe, and again in later years, I have
found him the most sincere and most truthful friend I ever
had. I may have (in very limited measure) contributed to the
beginning of his professional life; but my feeble efforts have
been largely rewarded by the forty years of his brotherly affec-
tion.
The veterinary profession has lost one of its best members—
I am missing one who I will ever regret, and whose kind and
good souvenir will always remain in my heart.
ALEXANDER LIAUTARD.
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, 15th November, 1913.
GENERALIZED Mycosis IN CattLeE—In Hygiene de la
Viande et du Lait, there has been published an observation of
unusual interest, revealing the presence of pulmonary, sub-dermic
and muscular lesions which bring before the veterinarian the
420 . EDITORIAL.
possibility of a very different form of disease than when tubercu-
losis was at first suspected. On account of the importance of the
subject, 1 take pleasure in extracting from the article the most
important points. The author, Mr. Langrand, who is Chief of
the Laboratory of the Sanitary Veterinary Inspection, writes:
“Tn veterinary pathology, the diagnosis of sub-dermic lesions
of bovines presents great difficulties, as in all cases the questions
of tuberculosis or mycosis being present have to be settled.
“Tf the previous and most recent works have given to our
literature the interesting chapter of the Twberculides, they have
also demonstrated that the research of the bacillus of Koch in the
sub-dermic lesions is not always followed by success.
‘And as besides, we have but little information on the subject
of the external lesions of mycosic origin im bovines, the difficulty
is great when one is in presence of undescribed aspect and not
giving the bacteriological prooof of tuberculosis.
“ Such is the case in this relation.”
CLINICAL Aspect.—‘ The subject presents subcutaneous
nodules, very hard, not adherent to the dermis, varying in size
between that of a pea to that of a large nut, round or oblong in
shape, and disseminated over the entire surface of the body, even
over the limbs. An indurated lymphatic cord 1s observed in the
carpal region, uniting three of these nodules. The skin over the
lesions, is intact and the presence of larvae of vestic cannot be
entertained. The subcutaneous lymph glands are normal.
Perfectly distinct from each other, the nodules, which are in
great number principally on the neck, are isolated in spaces in the
intermaxillary space, the abdomen and the perineum. The animal
is thin and coughs. The palpation of the retro-pharyngeal, sub-
glossal and parotid lymph glands reveals no adenitis.
Few nodules seemed encapsuled more deeply in the tissues;
EDITORIAL. 421
on the cadaver some are indeed found in the thickness of the
superficial muscles of the chest, of the abdomen and of the thigh.
The lesions found at the awtopsy were: 1°. In the lung
isolated or gathered together, purulent centers, varying in size
between that of a hazelnut and a man’s fist, resembling at first
glance the lesions of the tuberculosis of Koch, with this difference
that there was nowhere any trace of calcification.
Few of.these centers open in the bronchia, which contain
thick, yellow pus. The recent lesions are the most interesting:
By more attentive examination, it 1s observed that the purulent
centers are formed by several concentric layers of concreted pus,
alternatively of whitish or yellow color, more or less hard from
the center outward. There were 5 or 6 layers in succession sur-
rounding the softer center. The most external is fibrous and
sends prolongations in the pulmonary tissue around, generally
healthy.
The small centres, the subcutaneous and muscular nodules,
have all the same structure. The large centres are caseo-fibrous
and collected together, forming irregular masses about as big as
a man’s fist. The same stratification is present.
2. In the subcutaneous tissue and superficial muscles. The
nodules do not contain pus, if they are large. They give the im-
pression of an elastic tissue, grey in color, and show on section
concentric layers alternately light colored or dark, and surround-
ing a central spot almost as hard as the other parts of the
nodules.
There is no trace of calcification and the nodules have a caseo-
fibrous type. The lymphatic cord of the carpal region is clearly
caseous and of ochre color.
The presence of the concentric layers of the nodules is im-
portant as they have not been described in tuberculides, and it
suggests the possibility of another affection besides tuberculosis.
The lymph glands of the organism were healthy except the
left bronchic and the mediastinal. This last, as big as the fist,
is transformed into a large nodule of pus concreted in concentric
422 EDITORIAL.
layers. The left bronchic gland has in its centre a purulent nodule
the size of a pea. No trace of calcification anywhere. All the
other viscerae normal.
BACTERIOLOGY AND ANATOMO-PATHOLOGY.—Repeated mi-
croscopic examinations failed to detect bacilli retaining the Ziehl
in the pulmonary tissue, sub-dermic nodules and the mediastinal
lymph gland. Alone the left bronchial has, out of ten prepara-
tions, given two forms of acido-resisting, reminding one of the
bacillus of Kock. From the point of view of tuberculosis, nega-
tive result whether with pulmonary or lymph glands lesions.
The histological study of the subcutaneous and muscular
lesions show that the nodules are of inflammatory origin and _
comprehend four distinct zones. And in most of the lesions the
coloration with hemateine-eosine revealed the existence in the
centre of the nodules of a vegetal parasite characterized by
threads and spores. ‘This parasite appears under the form of
threads intermixed or not, of various sizes, often undulated and
terminated by conical spores. This parasite has been found in al-
most all the degenerated centres and all the pulmonary lesions.
In those of the subcutaneous connective tissue the parasite was
also found. The case was evidently a true generalized mycosis.
In conclusion, says the writer: “The aspect of the subcutane-
ous nodles so different from described tuberculides, that of the
pulmonary lesions (purulent centres not calcified), the absence
of a positive result to the tuberculosis point of view, the presence
of a mycelium and of spores in the degenerated tissues, justify
the statement that there exist a vegetal parasite other than that
the blastomyces and the sporotrix that can invade the various
tissues of the organism of bovines—and it appears from that that
practically the dagnosis of sub-dermic lesions becomes compli-
cated and as stated at the beginning one may, when suspecting
EDITORIAL. 423
and looking for tuberculosis, find himself in the presence of a
mycosis in process of generalization.”
SURGERY OF ForEIGN Bopies IN OrsopHaGcus.—The pres-
ence of foreign bodies arrested in the oesophagus often gives
great trouble to the practitioner who is called to relieve the suffer-
ing animals. Many are the suggested manipulations, and almost
every veterinarian has one which he believes as good if not super-
ior to any other. The Berliner Tiesurztliche Wochenschrift has
related the treatment of two German practitioners.
For Johann, all the classical methods having failed in the
cases of oesophageal obstruction by foreign bodies, he recom-
mends the following method:
First it is necessary to make out the position of the foreign
body and to be sure that there is no lacerations of the oesophagus,
which are often present, as a result of the numerous attempts
that are made before the veterinarian is called. If a laceration
exists, the animal must be slaughtered. When the foreign body
is in the cervical portion of the oesophagus (Johann has never
seen it in the thoracic portion), attempts are made to have it re-
turned in the mouth or to push it in the stomach, operations
which must be carried out with care. If these failed, as often,
then the animal has tympanitis, puncture of the rumen is per-
formed. Then the animal is cast on the right side with head
held extended by assistants. Temporary tracheotomy is per-
formed and a Gunther speculum introduced in the mouth, which
permits the hand and arm for exploring. To assist the pre-
hension of the body, an assistant pushes it upwards through the
skin towards the head.
In case the hand cannot grasp the foreign body, a thin me-
tallic wire, having a loop at its end sufficiently solid to not bend
when coming in contact with the mischievous substance. At-
_ tempts are made from outside to push the foreign body into the
eT
424 EDITORIAL.
loop of the wire, while an assistant pulls it out. If the wire is
smooth and the crossing of the loop is covered with some cords
there is no fear of injury to the oesophagus.
After the operation the speculum is taken out, the trachetomy
tube removed and the animal allowed to get up. No accident or
complication are to be looked for. Only once out of 17 cases has
this method failed.
Mr. Becker, in the same journal, says that stimulated by the
observations of Johann he has resorted to a method which has
given him the best results.
First of all he tries to bring the foreign body back in the
mouth. The cases that he describes were all of bodies in the
cervical portion of the oesophagus. Like Johann, he has never
seen them in the thoracic region.
For years he has given up the attempts to push the body to-
wards the stomach, and instead of the oesophageal probang he
has used a gum probe, with 3 centimeters diameter.
To push back the body into the mouth, he keeps the animal
standing up, the head well extended on the neck. The operator
places himself on the left side, passes his right arm over and
around the neck and with the thumb of each hand in the corre-
sponding jugular groove tries to displace the foreign body.
Apples and potatoes can be easily dislodged on account of their
form, but the success is not certain because of the resistance of
the animal or of the motions of deglutition which have a tendency
to push the body towards the stomach.
To avoid the working of the hands, which is very tiresome,
_ Becker had made a forceps analogous to the nippers of horse
shoers, or to those used in the exploration of the foot. Each
extremity of these nippers has a ball in shape of a pigeon’s egg.
This instrument takes the part of the hands, and the balls that
of the thumbs.
After several years’ application of this method, Becker counts
EDITORIAL. 425
75 per cent. of success by the use of the nippers. When it is not
possible to bring the foreign body back Becker leaves it, and
after one, two, three and even four days the foreign body is spon-
taneously displaced. It is sometimes difficult to convince the
owner that the foreign body may be left several days in the
oesophagus without causing trouble, and that is often the most
difficult part of the operation.
THe Virus or Rapies——A few months ago the scientific
world was initiated into a discovery made by Dr. Hydeyo No-
guchi, of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New
York, and which was related in many of the scientific papers of
the Continent. In the Presse Medicale of September last, I find
the article of Prof. Noguchi and make from it the following ex-
tract:
“In the beginning of 1912, I undertook the culture of the
virus of rabies, and I have obtained some results which I can
sum up briefly.
“There were made fiity series of cultures with the brain and
spinal cord, removed aseptically, from rabbits, guinea pigs and
dogs which had been inoculated with ‘street virus’ or ‘virus de
passage’ or ‘ fixed virus.’ Generally the animals being etherized
a short time before the spontaneous death.
“The methed which gave the result that I am about relating,
is similar to that which has been employed successfully for the
cultures of the spirochetes of recurrent fever. In these cultures,
there develop minuscule granular corpuscles and chromatoid
pleomorphic corpuscles a little larger; which, after transplanta-
tion, reappear in the new cultures during numerous generations.
To all appearance these same corpuscles have been obtained with
the street virus, that of passage and the fixed. The smallest of
these corpuscles are detected at the very limit of microscopic
visibility. On four different occasions, I have observed, in the
426 EDITORIAL.
cultures of the virus of passage and of fixed virus, round or oval
nucleated corpuscles surrounded with membranes which notably
differed from the smaller granular corpuscles, also developing in
the same cultures as those. Their apparition was sudden and
abundant, of a duration of four to five days; when they after
underwent a diminution which coincided with the increase of
the granular corpuscles. In one of the four cases, these larger
corpuscles were produced in a culture prepared with a rabbit
brain, previously inoculated with culture of virus of passage,
resulting with rabid symptoms. In two other cases, the larger
nucleated corpuscles were developed in cultures prepared with
fixed virus, in which it was difficult to bring in evidence the
Negri’s corpuscles either on the sections or on froitis.
“The general morphological characters of the nucleated cor-
puscles were photographed, magnified 1,100 times. With them
were also printed as comparison corpuscles of Negri from dogs’
brains, which had died with street virus. The cultivated nucle-
ated corpuscles are about multiplying by division or buddings
and have the appearance not of bacteria but of protozoars. The
individuals gathered in a mass may in a certain time become en-
closed in a common capsule. At the ultra microscope, they show
defined characters, observed in colored preparations. The centre
has a nucleus, the membrane is distinct and very refrigerent.
About the time where the nucleated corpuscles gradually disap-
pear, numerous granular corpuscles of characteristic formation
and minute free round corpuscles appear in the cultures whose
signification is not to be considered.
“None of the mentioned forms develop in the other different
media tried until now, and the cultures assume an appearance of
sterility when they are submitted to the ordinary bacteriological
tests.
“Tn inocculating cultures containing the pleomorphic or
nucleated granular corpuscles, rabies has been produced in dogs,
rabbits and guinea pigs, as proved by typical symptoms and posi-
tive inoculations to animals. In the preparations of frottis made
EDITORIAL. 427
with the brain of these animals, the granular corpuscles exist
always and the nucleated corpuscles are several times present in-
large quantity.”
This discovery of Prof. Noguchi throws a brilliant light on
the pathogeny of rabies, which will be admired the world over.
YOHIMBINE IN VETERINARY Mepicine.—Taken out of
human practice, it seems that this new alkaloid has a certain claim
for its usefulness in veterinary practice. Indeed, from some of
the Continental journals one can find some evidence of the good
results obtained by its use. This is a reason for my calling at-
tention to it.
Specific drug of sexual deficiency, this alkaloid was extracted
by Dr. Spiegel, of Berlin, in 1895 from the bark of a tree, the
Yohimbehe, which belongs to the botanic family of Rubiaceas.
It was an African explorer, Ludwig Scholz, that first brought the
bark into Europe, and the alkaloid can be found now in trade
under the name of Spiegel Yohimbine, where it is offered as
i
Us
nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, lactate or iohydrate of Yohimbine,
‘but its muriatic salt is the one which is most commonly called
for, the others being less stable in their composition.
Like many other alkaloids of vegetable origin, Yohimbine
; acts on the nervous centers and presents the peculiarity that its
elective specific action is strictly localized to the inferior part of
_ the spinal cord and to the centres of erectism that are found there.
According to Muller, the centre of erections in dog under the in-
‘fluence of Yohimbine, reacts more promptly to nervous excita-
tions; the touchings of the prepuce, of the internal face of the
| thigh, etc., promote erections more easily than in ordinary condi-
-
”
tions. Yohimbine is then to be considered as the only sexual
stimulant, actually known. It has also another property which
‘makes it a true aphrodisiac, it is a vaso-dilator. This action is
428 EDITORIAL.
h
¢
7
i
most noticed on the genital organs, which in rabbits is principally
manifested towards the testicles.
For these many properties Yohimbine has found therapeutic
indications which have justified its employment in animals, where
the effects have been the subject of important communications and
many experiments, scientific and practical, have established the
fact that it is a specific against impotency, and that it increases
weakened genital power.
Holterbach, a veterinarian from Baden, who was the first
to test Yohimbine in animals in 1904, used it in bulls; one espec-
ially which had refused to serve cows for nine months, notwith-
standing the best food and hygiene; and in 10 days was returned
to its duties. |
Simon, in Wochenscrift fur Tierhielkunde und Wiehznet,
reports the case of a bull which had become impotent after a
bruise of the scrotum and could no longer serve cows; treated
with muriate of (Spiegel’s) Yohimbine he recovered in five days.
Be ee ee
Dr. Enrico Ficarelli obtained similar results in four weeks
with a healthy bull which had been unable to serve for two
months.
Other similar results were also recorded by Otto Gratz, Gut- —
brod, Creutz and other who:tried it in large male and female
animals.
With stallions it has also been employed with surprising
results by Creutz of the Cape of Good Hope, by Tetersen, who
claimed that after giving Yohimbine (Spigel) for three days he '
had noticed that the sperm of the stallion, which had been watery, H
very thin and without spermatozoids previous to the administra-
tion of the drug, had a thicker and greyish colored aspect, and ;
showed under the microscope a great quantity of spermatozoids.
A similar case is also recorded by Kogan, a Russian veter-
inarian.
i
|
Reichenbach is the only one who has met with failure.
Yohimbine (Spiegel) for veterinary use is sold as Zosthenie
eee
EDITORIAL. 429
Tablettes of various doses, which can be given by mouth or in
subcutaneous injections.
TREATMENT OF CAPPED EL_zow.—In the Berliner Tterarst-
lich Wochenschrift there was published lately a few notes on
Surgery, by Prof. Magnussen, and among them on the treatment
of capped elbow.
In general, this condition is not accompanied with lameness,
but its presence changes the appearance of the animal and dimin-
ishes its commercial value. It is on that account that the services
of a veterinarian are often required.
Maur and Frick recommend, when the capped elbow is not of
long standing, to resort to bin-iodine ointment applied every two
or three days. If the result is not satisfactory caustics such as
arsenic or sublimate may be tried. Injected under different forms
in the center of the tumor, they may bring its resorption about.
For Magnussen this is a poor treatment. The ligature may be
applied on capped elbows which have a fine peduncle, but if the
base of insertion is a little too wide, a granulating surface is left
which requires a long time to cicatrize.
The best method is undoubtedly the extirpation. Classical
processes make the operation difficult, leaving a cavity with wide
dimensions after the ablation of the tumour, besides exposing
to severe hemorrhages which are difficult to stop and cicatrization
by first intention cannot be looked for. Prof. Morkeberg, of
Copenhagen, has modified the classical method and it is the one
that Prof. Magnussen describes now.
“Chloral being administered by rectum or per os, as the
anesthesia is about taking place, the horse is cast on the side
- opposite the one he is to be operated upon and the leg is left in
the hobble. A rope, fixed round the coronet, is pulled forward
to disengage the field of operation. The region is shaved and dis-
_ infected. In the direction of the length of the tumour double silk
430 EDITORIAL.
threads are passed, 3 or 4 centimeters apart, from upwards down-
wards generally, as far as the base of the tumour. Parallel to the
great diameter of the growth a rubber tube is applied and secured
as in the Bayer’s suture. The skin is incised round the tumour in
such a way as to permit an easy coaptation of the edges of the
wound. The tumour can then be removed without fear of hem-
orrhage. If an arteriole is divided, forcipressure forceps closes
it. During the extirpation of the tumor, some threads of the
Bayer’s suture may be cut, they can be replaced after the opera-
tion. To be sure that there remains no fibrous tissue, interrupted
suture is made. Prof. Morkeberg places a drain, Magnussen does
not. The region is covered with iodoformed gauze and the ani-
mal allowed to rise. He is placed in slings until complete re-
covery. Care must be taken that the animal does not tear the
dressing with his teeth or rub it off with the hind legs. The
deep suture may be removed after 10 or 12 days, cicaterization is
said to be completed in fifteen days, leaving only a hairless linear
cicatrix and a few spots without hairs, which are easily concealed
by those of the surrounding parts.” How pretty all these look
on paper!
GeEEL-Dikkop.—Under this name Mr. Dixon, veterinarian,
lhas described a disease of small ruminants which is reprinted in
the South African Agricultural Journal.
It takes its name from the swelling of the head and yellow
serous effusion underneath the skin of the head and is a disease
affecting sheep and goats, being prevalent principally during the
summer months.
Sheep and especially lambs are more susceptible to it than
goats and merinos more than Cape sheep. The disease is at- 7
tributed to several causes, by some to the eating of small creep-
ing plant called the ‘“ dubbeltje-doorn,” by others to a small grub
which is embedded in the stalk of the dubbeltje-doorn, by others
EDITORIAL. 431
to the water drunk under certain conditions, during the heat of
the day.
_ The symptoms are described as follows: The first noticed is
a hanging of the ear or a shaking of the head, and if the animal
is caught the ears will be found hot and swollen. The swelling
will extend to the face and between the lower jaws. The tem-
perature is not usually very. high for sheep, ranging between 103
degrees and 105 degrees Fahrenheit.
The serous effusion beneath the skin of the head is at first
clear, afterwards becoming of a yellow golden color as soon as
symptoms of jaundice show themselves, and are apparent first in
the eye. Within a few days the animal becomes weak and de-
pressed, lying down for a long time.
The feces are hard and coated with yellowish mucus and some-
times tinged with blood. The skin over the tumefied portions of
the head (eyes, lips and eye lids) becomes hard and dry, cracks
and peels off, leaving ugly sores. The average duration of the
disease is about four to seven days. Sometimes however cases
will last longer. In those cases the affected animals will become
emaciated and die with bilious poisoning.
Post Mortem Appearance.—Jaundiced condition of the whole
body and yellow serous effusion in the connective tissue of the
skin of the head and ears.
The liver is congested, sometimes of a deep yellow color with
the bile ducts filled and the gall bladder is distended with bile,
which is generally thick and acid.
The kidneys are enlarged, but do not appear to show any
structural alteration, nor does the spleen.
In the digestive track is observed a catarrhal gastritis of the
abomasum and inflammatory redness with hemorrhage in the
small intestines and catarrhal lesions of the entire intestinal
canal.
The urine contains bile, and the jaundiced condition of the
body is due to the catarrhal lesions of the bile ducts obstructed.
The treatment recommended seems very simple—while it is
possible to treat with success affected animals early in the disease
432 EDITORIAL.
when the majority of cases will recover with a dose of calomel, 5
to Io grains, according to size and age, oftener when the disease
is far advanced the treatment is of little avail and calomel better
be left aside. Early treatment is the principal indication. How-
ever, in cases where the swelling of the head does not seem to sub-
side, chloride of ammonia 40 to 60 grains daily are indicated.
It is also very essential to separate the sick from the flock at
once, placing them in covered sheds to protect them from the sun
and allow them to remain quiet.
*k
*k x
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—U. S. Department of
Agriculture. Bureau of Animal Industry—Bulletin 167, Action
of Arsenical Dips in protecting cattle from infestation with ticks, —
by H. W. Graybill, D.V.M. Bulletin 160.—The care of the farm
egg, by H. N. Lamon and Charles L. Opperman of the Animal |
Husbandry Division. |
Chicago Veterinary College Bulletin——September, 1913.
Veterinary Notes.—Park, Davis & Co., September, 1913. |
Agricultural Journal of South Africa—August and Septem- |
ber. |
Zeitschrift fur wisserschuftliche und Praktische V eterinar-
medicin.—(Journal of Veterinary Medicine of the Institute of |
Doopal. ) : Aju
NOW IS THE TIME.
Opportunity is the handmaiden of success in the securement _
of legislation. Military legislation is easiest obtained in the |
United States at a time when war is seen to be, if not imme-_
diately, at any rate remotely, possible, as a result of international |
complications between our own country and another. Such a |
dangerous situation exists in Mexico to-day, and it is sure to have |
its effect this winter in bringing to the foreground in Congress
the necessity for military preparedness. War Department legis- |
a
EDITORIAL. 433
lation is going to be easier in this session of Congress, apparently,
than in any since the Spanish War. The other day a bill, now
before the Senate, passed the House, authorizing the President,
in case of public necessity, to raise a volunteer army; for it is
known from our experience in the last Mexican war that 65,000
men will be needed to capture Mexico City and that 100,000
more men will be wanted to disarm guerilla bands, entirely pacify
the country and restore order and the reign of law. Though
economy is the political cry of the hour, the new army appro-
priation bill for the fiscal year 1914-1915, now before Congress,
carries new items, amongst them a special appropriation for field
artillery munitions, which will bring it up to $106,000,000, a
decided increase over the last three years and an increase of fully
$11,000,000 over the appropriation for the fiscal year 1913-1914.
We are not going to intervene in Mexico except in extremity ;
but we are going to make every preparation for intervention
should that extremity arise. Consequently there will be less
balking at military legislation in the 63d Congress than in the
62d Congress, and all military measures will feel the lilt of the
vexatious war situation and will move easier in their course.
Now is the time, therefore, for us to push our measure, the
army veterinary service bill, H. R. 4541. The Mexican situation
will help our bill through Congress along with other military bills
suitable for present and future army improvement. It was during
the Spanish war contingency that Dr. Huidekoper very nearly
won his struggle for the formation of an army veterinary corps.
It is now, in face of the Mexican difficulties, that Dr. Hoskins
will find doors opening before him. We should take occasion by
the hand. Events are propitious for the army veterinary service
bill. The opportunity should be seized while it is nigh.
The War Department is looking much more favorably upon
our claims, that the army veterinarian should be a commissioned
officer, as provided for in our bill. In the Committee on Military
Affairs of the House, Mr. Hay, the Chairman, will take care of
the interests of the bill because it is his own bill, as he introduced
it personally. On the floor of the House the bill will be defended
434 EDITORIAL.
by such men as Congressman A. Mitchell Palmer, of Pennsyl-
vania, who was President Wilson’s floor leader in the Baltimore
Democratic Convention, and whose own brother is a graduate
veterinarian practising at Easton in the Keystone State. We
should have very little difficulty in getting the bill through the
House.
In the Senate there is a mountain of work before us to pass
the bill. Means will have to be found to reach every Senator;
but by searching for influences and concentrating them upon each
Senator we ought to be able to press a passage. Some one man
or some few men in each State will have to be found who will
make it their business to round up influences and win over the
Senators. They are fewer in number, but on the whole not so
easy to reach as Representatives. There is however always a way
to reach the throne; there is always a way to reach the top men
as well as those in lower estate. The thing to do is to find the
way. In view of the ugly situation of affairs in Mexico, Senators
will be more considerate of all military legislation and more ap-
proachable by us. Since our struggle is to be in the Senate, every
loyal veterinarian should hold himself in readiness to lend a
hand. The Senators are made to take an interest in most miscel-
laneous ways. It is your duty to reach your Senator yourself or
have some one reach him for you in the interest of the bill.
Ee
A TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF JAMES L. ROBERT-
SON FROM A FORMER STUDENT.
James L. Robertson—student, scholar, practitioner, teacher,
association worker and supporter, and sincere friend.
Full of years, more than two score of which he filled the
role of teacher, counselor and instructor, he has passed from
our midst and into the great beyond—full of honors, the personal
regards of all who knew him and loved by all who basked in his
personal friendship.
ais
* EDITORIAL. 435
A pioneer in the field of teaching veterinary medicine as a
science; by example as an ideal and ethical practitioner he gave
to veterinary medicine riches of incalculable worth in leading
others to a more ethical regard for our calling. As a counselor
he was of few words, but they were words of wisdom, the fruits
of an observing experience and in the highest sense a full appre-
ciation of the true relations of practitioner and client.
Of the kindliest of nature he won the loving regard and
utmost respect of every student whose privilege it was to listen
to the words of wisdom that fell from his lips. A profound
student himself and a great reader and delver into the products
of the world’s best students and writers, he carefully weighed
every fact he presented and the value of every such claim was
weighed and tested in a wide and varied experience as a practi-
tioner and the truths only presented as they were milled in his
own strong mind and keen observation.
As an association worker and supporter he filled every role
of service in our national body—secretary, treasurer, president,
committee worker and contributor of his own observation and
study, and liberal supporter of every movement that tended to
its growth and advancement. By his unvarying attendance at
its meetings, his constancy in attending its sessions, and his
participation in its deliberations, his life work in this field was
beautiful and complete. Even when impaired health and sapped
energies were undermining his physical forces, he made the
journey to California as a testimonial of his devotion to asso-
ciation service. .
To have known intimately so many sides of this good man’s
life was one of the precious privileges that I have enjoyed and
to his memory let me add my testimonial of loving admiration
for the splendid traits of character that marked his life as a
friend, teacher, counselor, practitioner and association worker.
His work is finished, he filled well every duty, and his mem-
ory will linger longest with those who knew him best.
W. Horace HoskIns.
436 EDITORIAL.
WILLIAM HUNTING, F-RC.V'S:
In the Veterinary News (London) of November Ist, we read
of the death, on October 24, 1913, of William Hunting, Past
President of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, Con-
sulting Veterinary Inspector to the London County Council and
Editor and Proprietor of the Veterinary Record. Professor
Hunting was in his 67th year. He was the eldest son of the late
Charles Hunting, M.R.C.V.S., of South Hetton, Durham. Grad-
uated from the Royal College of Veterinary. Surgeons in 1865,
he became Professor of Veterinary Science at the Royal Agricul-
tural College, Cirencester, and subsequently at the Albert Veter-
inary College, established by Prof. Gangee in London. For a
number of years he enjoyed a large and lucrative private practice
in London; but Prof. Hunting’s ambitions were directed more
toward the advancement of his profession than the amassing of
a fortune. There has been scarcely any position of trust or
honor in the gift of the profession, to which he had not added
lustre and dignity at one time or another. Space will not permit
of the enumeration of the many societies in which he has held
office; or of the many contributions that have been his toward
the upbuild of veterinary science; and not alone England, but
the world sustains a heavy loss through his demise.
RIcHARD GLovER, F.R.C.V.S.—This well-known English
veterinarian died recently of Bright’s disease, in his 69th year.
Mr. Glover carried on a successful practice at West Ham, where
he was also inspector of contagious diseases of animals, by ap- —
pointment of the Town Council, and lecturer and examiner of
the Royal Sanitary Society in connection with inspection of meat
at the chief markets in London. He was an active Mason and
a member of the Ancient Order of Foresters.
SOUTHERN CATTLEMEN’S ASSOCIATION.—The 1914 meeting
of the above association will be held in Meridian, Mississippi.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS.*
By JouHn R. MoHLer anp ApoLpH ErcHHoRN, WASHINGTON, D. C.
It is no longer doubted that in the work of controlling gland-
ers the destruction of the infected animals should be given prompt
consideration, and if possible the infection should be traced to
its origin. Unfortunately, the nature of the disease is such that
only a comparatively small proportion of the cases can be recog-
nized by the ordinary clinical examination, and as long as we
limit our efforts to the destruction of these cases, the disease will
continue to spread. An effective control can be accomplished
only by the elimination of all centres of infection of glanders.
Therefore it is essential primarily to have means of diagnosing
accurately all forms of the disease.
Numerous publications have been issued on the various
methods of diagnosis and it seems that while some favor a certain
method or methods, others appear to produce sufficient evidence
to point out the inadequacy of these methods. There is no ques-
tion but that in the last decade important progress has been made
in the diagnosis of this disease. In fact, since the discovery of
mallein competent investigators have fruitfully studied this phase
of the question of the control of glanders, and at the present
time we possess several methods by which we are reasonably sure
of diagnosing practically all cases of glanders. A minimum per-
centage of failures will probably always have to be contended
with, as a good many factors enter into the execution of any test.
In judging a method which would be the most satisfactory
* Presented at the 17th annual meeting of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association,
Chicago, December, 1913.
437
438 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN,
for the diagnosis of glanders various things have to be taken
into consideration, but especially the reliability of the test. It
should be convenient, the results should be manifested as early as
possible, the reaction should be distinct and well-marked, and
probably the most important of all it should be possible for the
practicing veterinarian to apply the test. The last condition must
be seriously considered since the standing of the veterinarian in
the community and the confidence of the public in his work would
be more manifest if in suspected cases he could personally decide
on the diagnosis instead of having to depend entirely on the re-
sults of serum tests made at some distant laboratory.
It would require a great amount of space to enter into the
history of the various methods of diagnosis and to enumerate
the data we possess on the different tests. The advantages and
disadvantages of the various methods, especially of the subcu-
taneous mallein tests, have been repeatedly published and are ac-
cessible to all those who are interested in the subject. There is
no question but that the subcutaneous mallein test is one of the
valuable diagnostic agents for glanders, but no one can any |
longer deny that failures from this test are more numerous than
are desirable. Asa matter of fact, the uncertainty of the results
from this test caused numerous investigators to seek some other
methods which might replace the subcutaneous mallein test. Be-
sides the failures resulting in this test, the technique of execu-
tion of the test together with the time required for the conclu-
sion of the test makes it unpopular for many veterinarians and
sanitary officers.
Of the other tests which have been devised for the diagnosis
of glanders from time to time the precipitation, the opsonic, and
the conglutination tests will not be considered since the results
from these tests are not encouraging.
For laboratory tests the combined agglutination and comple-
ment fixation test will no doubt remain the most satisfactory
and can always be safely applied in cases where doubt arises as
to the results of other tests carried out by the practising veterin-
arian. Thus these tests should be considered as accessory tests
and provision should be made everywhere so that in case of doubt
THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS. 439
the serum could be subjected to these tests, and the final decision
should rest on their outcome.
During the past few years the ophthalmic mallein test has
gained great favor in the diagnosis of glanders. The popularity
of the test 1s rapidly gaining wherever this method has been ap-
plied, and among its supporters we find at the present time the
greatest authorities on the subject of glanders and on clinical
diagnosis. This method of testing is at present officially recog-
nized in Austria, and the indications are that ere long it will con-
stitute the official test in other countries. The results obtained in
Austria, where the test has been employed for several years, are
very gratifying, and Schnurer, one of our greatest authorities on
glanders, claims that the control of the disease can be very satis-
factorily carried out by the application of the eye test, supple-
mented in doubtful cases by the agglutination test. Bavaria has
recently adopted this method of diagnosis for official testing. In
Germany this method of diagnosis is also gaining in favor and
current veterinary literature contains expressions of satisfaction
of this test from many German authorities. The Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, in consideration of the favorable results obtained
from this test, has decided to recognize this method of diagnosis
for interstate shipments of equines, and the forthcoming issue
of Service Announcements will contain this information. Horses
offered for shipment to Canada must continue to be tested by
the subcutaneous method, as the ophthalmic test has not yet been
officially recognized by the Canadian authorities.
This method has a great advantage over others by its very
simple application. It may be readily executed by any veterin-
arian, and its other advantages are that the results are obtained
in a comparatively short time and are as a rule distinct and
definite. The simplicity of its application is plainly manifest
when compared to the subcutaneous test as it is only necessary to
drop into one of the eyes of the animal to be tested 3 to 5 drops
of concentrated mallein, or by a still simpler procedure to dip a
camel’s hair brush into mallein and introduce this into the con-
junctival sac of the animal. The reaction usually commences in
5 to 6 hours after the introduction of the mallein and lasts from
440 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN.
24 to 36 hours. A positive reaction is manifested by a purulent
secretion from the tested eye. This may be very profuse or
slight, sometimes associated with a severe conjunctivitis and
‘he discharge from eye and swelling of lids are the features in these photos.
1.—Strong purulent discharge with swelling and gluing together of both lids.
PH+++
edema of the lids, and at other times without any inflammatory
symptoms being present. At times only a very small quantity of
pus may be present in the inner canthus of the eye. At other
times the reaction may manifest a true pyorrhea.
The reaction manifests itself in varying degrees in the ani-
mals, but the intensity of the reaction has no relation to the ex-
tent of the disease in the reactor.
The available data on the ophthalmic mallein test is sufficient
to draw conclusions as to the reliability of the method, and in
Austria alone it has been applied on many thousands of cases
with uniformly good results.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS. 441
In considering the good results obtained and the advantages
of this method of testing a concentrated mallein has been pre-
pared for this purpose by the Bureau of Animal Industry, and
this was made available to a number of practicing veterinarians
who desired to give this method of testing a thorough trial. It
has been also employed by inspectors of the Bureau of Animal
Industry in their field work, and reports are accessible regarding
its action for diagnostic purposes on more than 8,000 cases. The
results from all sources were uniformly satisfactory. Practicing
iI.—Strong purulent discharge with swelling of both lids. P+ ++ +
veterinarians who have given this method a trial have reported
very favorably on the tests made and those conducted by the
Bureau Inspectors on several thousand animals were also satis-
442 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN.
factory. At ali opportunities this method has been applied in
Washington, and recently in some immunizing tests of glanders.
conducted by the Bureau of Animal Industry there was a good
opportunity to repeatedly employ this test. In all these instances
the results were uniformly good. In cases of glanders there ap-
peared a marked purulent conjunctivitis and the reaction at times
was so severe that the animal could not open its tested eye.
The essential factor in obtaining satisfactory results from the
tests appears to be in the use of the right kind of mallein. It
must be by all means a concentrated mallein and apparently the
best results follow the use of raw mallein, which as a rule repre-
sents the mallein obtained after the concentration of the filtrate
from the bouillon cultures of the glanders bacilli. The ordinary
mallein used for subcutaneous testing is not adaptable, and the
few failures which have been reported in the literature were with-
out doubt in the majority of cases due to the fact that the mallein
employed was not sufficiently concentrated. Marioth correctly as-
serts that the reaction does not depend as much on the quality
and quantity of the mallein as on its concentration. Our ex-
periments in preserving such mallein with the ordinary quantity
of 0.5 per cent. carbolic acid showed that it does not interfere with
the results of the test, although the lacrimation which follows im-
mediately after the introduction of the mallein is more profuse
than when carbolic acid has not been added, but this disappears
within I or 2 hours after the application of the test. The con-
centrated mallein which has been prepared by the Bureau for this
work and which gave such satisfactory results was carbolized, but
contained no glycerin as a preservative. Only the glycerin which
is added to the culture media is contained in this ophthalmic
mallein. The precipitation which takes place in the concentrated
mallein is eliminated by repeated filtration and the product even
after several months of keeping showed no indication of a pre-
cipitate or cloudiness. It represents a brownish heavy fluid.
It is advisable to provide the mallein for the tests in small
‘vials, each containing about 1.5 c.c. of mallein, which is suffi-
cient for testing 15 horses. After the vial has been opened and
THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS. 443
part of the contents used for testing, especially if the mallein has
been taken out with a camel’s hair brush, it should not be used
for tests applied on subsequent days, but should be discarded.
Another form of mallein which has been used quite exten-
sively for the eye test is the mallein siccum or dry mallein. This
represents an alcoholic precipitate of mallein. It is a fine grey
powder and must be dissolved in water before it is used. The
solution loses its effectiveness in a very short time and must be
prepared fresh on the day of the test. Dr. K. F. Meyer, formerly
of the University of Pennsylvania, and now of the University of
California, used the dry mallein extensively, and at the present
time this preparation is employed in Pennsylvania for the appli-
cation of the ophthalmic test. For this purpose 2 vials are sent
out from the laboratories of the Pennsylvania Livestock Sanitary
Board, one containing the powdered mallein, and the other sterile
or saline water in quantities which will make a 5 per cent. solu-
tion of mallein. The contents of the bottle containing the solu-
tion is poured into the bottle containing the mallein, and the test
fluid is thus prepared. The results with this form of testing in
Pennsylvania appear to be highly satisfactory, as may be seen
from a publication by Dr. Meyer on the Conjunctival Reaction
for Glanders in the March, 1913, number of the Journal of In-
fectious Diseases.
The advantages of the use of one or the other of these forms
of mallein for the eye test are not marked, as equally good re-
sults were obtained from the application of both forms of this
product. The fact that the preparation of the raw mallein is less
laborious and expensive than the mallein siccum and that it is
ready for use on opening the vial would probably give this product
a greater popularity. It is only natural that should subsequent
extensive testings show the superiority of the dry mallein it will
be given preference over the raw product.
The favorable results which have been attained with this diag-
nostic method can no longer be denied. Its practicability is ap-
parent and its use in the control of glanders appears to be ad-
visable.
Glandered animals are hypersensitive to mallein in a way that
444 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN.
the administration of small quantities of mallein produce local
inflammatory processes. In larger quantities it produces a
febrile general affection. ‘The hypersensitiveness appears as a
rule during the third week after the infection and reaches its
height in the first few months after the infection. In the subse-
quent course it subsides in retrogressive cases even to the unsen-
sitiveness of healthy animals, but even in these cases various con-
ditions may bring on an increased sensibility.
Before the application of the test the animals should be care-
fully examined to ascertain whether the eye shows conjunctivitis
or other changes which are associated with suppuration. Should
such be present the test should not be applied.
The test consists in introducing into the conjunctival sac of
the eye several drops of either undiluted raw mallein or a solu-
tion of precipitated mallein (0.1 to 0.2 c.c. per horse). This
may be introduced either with the aid of a camel’s hair brush or
with an eye-dropper. The other eye is not treated but serves as
a control for comparison of the reaction. For the testing of
horses in the same stable the same dropper or camel’s hair brush
may be used for all animals.
As soon as the mallein is introduced into the eye practically
all animals show a lacrimation, increased reddening of the con-
junctiva and slight photophobia. No significance should be
given to these symptoms. They disappear in one to two hours.
The characteristic manifestations of the reaction for glanders
commences as a rule from 5 to 6 hours and lasts 24 to 36 hours,
sometimes longer. It consists of a purulent discharge from the
conjunctival sac which is typical, as well as swelling and gluing
of the eyelids. It is advisable to examine the tested animals
from 12 to 24 hours after the application of the test in a good
light.
A suppurative discharge of varying quantities is considered
a positive reaction. The conjunctiva and the eyeball should also
be included in the examination after examining the discharge. A
pseudo-reaction can be produced by artificial or accidental irrita-
tion of the eye. By removing the purulent discharge (either by
the stable attendant or by the animals licking each other, etc.),
—-
—
THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS. 445
the positive result may be obliterated. In such cases dried pus
may be frequently found on the parts around the eye.
Generally the positive ophthalmic reactions are not accom-
panied by fever or systemic disturbances. Occasionally, however,
affected horses are hypersensitive to such a degree that even the
few drops of mallein placed in the eye may enter the circulation
and produce fever. Therefore it.is advisable to accompany the
ophthalmic reaction with temperature readings. For this purpose
the temperature should be taken twice, the first time when the
eye test is being made, and the second time when it is judged.
In a doubtful eye reaction where there is an increased tempera-
ture of 1/4 degrees Fahrenheit, the test should be considered posi-
tive if the animal had a normal temperature at the time the test
was made.
In the absence of any secretion the test should be considered
negative. When there is a mucous secretion or lacrimation
during the period of reaction the test must be considered as
atypical, and in such cases it may be repeated the same day when
as a rule the results are more confirming.
The application of the ophthalmic test should not be repeated
very often on the same animal, as experiments show that the re-
action after the third application usually loses its intensity in
positive cases and on subsequent tests may be entirely absent.
In cases where the results of the second test immediately following
the first test are atypical, the blood of such animals may be drawn
and forwarded to a laboratory for the serum diagnosis. From
experience gained with the eye test such a procedure would be-
come necessary only in a comparatively few cases.
The Special Committee on the Control of Glanders of the
American Veterinary Medical Association gave a most excellent
report on the various phases of diagnosis of glanders, and the
conclusions on the value of the eye test offered by the committee
are in perfect accord with our findings, and therefore we deem it
advisable to include them in this paper as follows:
1. The ophthalmic test not only meets all the requirements,
but is without doubt the most convenient diagnostic method at
our command.
446 JOHN R. MOHLER AND ADOLPH EICHHORN.
2. Its reliability compares favorablv with any of the other
tests available.
3. The reaction is usually very distinct, and doubtful or
typical reactions are rather infrequent.
4. The ophthalmic test has the advantage that it does not
interfere with subsequent serum or other mallein tests if such are
deemed necessary.
5: / The ‘test nay be Teneaee within 24 hours on same or
control eye. If another retest is necessary, it should not be made
in less than three weeks.
6. The ophthalmic test should be recognized by State and
Federal authorities, since its reliability can no longer be doubted.
7. In all atypical and doubtful cases of the ophthalmic test
the combined complement-fixation and agglutination or subcu-
taneous mallein test should be utilized for confirmation. Such
a procedure would minimize the failure and would assure the
best results in the control of the disease in a single stable or in
an entire community.
APPENDIX.
The results achieved in Austria with the ophthalmic test have
been remarkably successful, and deserve the most earnest consid-
eration. The report of Prof. Schntrer on “ The Results of the
Diagnostic Procedure in Glanders in Austria,” is a convincing
proof as to the value of the eye test in the control of glanders.
The senior writer received a communication only a few days ago
from Prof. Schnurer, and since it deals principally with the diag-
nostic value of the eye test a quotation from the letter will no
doubt be permissible.
“T am at the present contemplating collecting the results of
the eradication of glanders in Austria during the last three years
(1910-1912). During this time 60,894 tests were undertaken
on 47,973 horses. Of 272 cases which were found on post
mortem to be affected with glanders, 240 (88.2 per cent.) were
positive, 21 (7.7 per cent.) gave an atypical reaction, while 11
(4 per cent.) were negative. Of the 47,701 healthy horses, 189
(0.39 per cent.) were positive or atypical, the remaining 47,512
(99.61 per cent.) gave a negative reaction.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS. 447
“According to these results, therefore, the eradication of
glanders is only a question of organization, that is, the mallein-
ization of horses at the border and conscientious following up of
all suspected horses. Such procedure would without doubt re-
sult in a complete eradication of glanders. At the Veterinary
School of Austria we have now difficulty in showing the student
cases of glanders, and for demonstration purposes we are com-
pelled to artificially infect horses, whereas several years ago we
had every week at least one case of glanders in our clinics.
“JT use as mallein at the present time a product which I myself
prepare which represents a bouillon filtrate from seven different
strains of glanders bacilli which has been concentrated to 1/to
of the original volume.”
The optimistic view of Prof. Schntirer is certainly justified
from the results he achieved and clearly shows that with proper
organization in the control work of glanders the eradication of
the disease is only a question of time.
The eradication of outbreaks of glanders cannot of course
be altogether attributed to the eye test, since from the report of
Nevermann, Veterinary Councilor of Prussia, glanders has di-
minished remarkably in that country, although they employ the
combined complement-fixation and agglutination test for the
diagnosis, while McGilvray has practically eradicated glanders
from the Province of Manitoba by means of the subcutaneous
mallein test. The method of testing by means of complement-
fixation and agglutination is undoubtedly the most accurate of
any available, but since it cannot be as conveniently applied as
the eye test, its disadvantages are apparent. There is no doubt
that with the application of either the eye test or the combined
complement-fixation and agglutination tests, good results may be
obtained, provided that the work is conscientiously carried out
and that all the reactors are destroyed without hesitation.
As long as the authorities will limit themselves to the destruc-
tion of clinical cases only and will not take immediate action on
1eactors of the occult and latent character, glanders will not only
continue to exist, but it will spread.
AN ANALYSIS OF DR. McLAUGHLIN’S PAPER ON “THE
TISSUE MEDIUM”.*
By Tuomas B. Kenny, M.B., CH.M., M.D., New York Cirty. .
I appreciate the kind invitation extended to me by Dr. Ellis
to take part in the discussion on Dr. McLaughlin’s interesting
paper on ‘‘ The Tissue Medium.” I feel rather diffident in offer-
ing criticisms because these are not always welcome and some-
times may give umbrage, but Dr. Ellis has assured me that Dr.
McLaughlin is seeking light and welcomes criticism of his theory.
This is the true mental balance which every real investigator as-
sumes, because it is the criticism launched at each of us which
spurs us on to better work and greater triumphs. All of us are
seeking light, and it speaks well for an investigator when he in-
vites criticism.
The initial difficulty which presents itself on reading Dr. Mc-
Laughlin’s paper is the term “ tissue medium,’ and we are not
quite certain as to what it expresses. We all know that every
cell in the body is bathed in a fluid or pabulum, which is lymph.
We would like to be certain that the term “tissue medium ” is
synonymous with lymph, because we cannot over-estimate the
importance of this fluid as it has to do with the life and functions
of the cell, involves questions of absorption, conversion of food
into energy, the supply of nutriment to the cell, and it is the
medium which enables the cell to get rid of the waste products
which result from metabolism. The lymph, therefore, bears an
important relation to the welfare of the organism and therefore
to health and disease. The physician is brought face to face daily
* Presented to the December meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New
York City.
Nore—Dr, McLaughlin’s paper referred to, appears in the December, 1¢13, issue of
the Rrview, beginning on page 319.
448
ANALYSIS OF DR. MC LAUGHLIN’S PAPER ON “ THE TISSUE MEDIUM.” 449
with biological, chemical and physiological problems in dealing
with the relation of the cell to the intercellular fluid and the
treatment of disease. If the lymph be impaired the function of
the cell will be impaired, and if prolonged will lead to pathologi-
cal change. The lymph also bears a very important relation to
specialized tissues as found in glands such as the salivary. glands,
the testes, the thyroid and the various ductless glands so neces-
sary for the welfare and protection of the body, because the
lymph spaces are the chief reservoirs for fluid from which the
cells during the act of secretion derive the fluid necessary for the
process. One realizes still more the importance of the lymph if
he remember that with the exception of the splenic corpuscles and
a few perivascular lymph spaces of the central nervous system
the cells of the body are not in direct contact with the blood.
Such structures as the cornea, cartilage, skin, bone and ligaments,
and such organs as the heart, liver, kidney, obtain their food
supply necessary to life from this intracellular fluid or lymph.
If this be the substance referred to by Dr. McLaughlin as “ the
tissue medium ” you will realize the importance of the questions
he propounds. .
The author, we note as we read, criticises the arrangement
of the liver and the pancreas, and tells us that: ‘‘ Here mechanical
principles, if not cast aside entirely, are not treated with due at-
tention, especially as regards conservation of space, for these
organs, instead of being in close touch with the intestines as
are the salivary glands: with the buccal cavity, and the gastric
cells with the stomach, are situated in the abdominal cavity.”
Tt really is difficult to follow Dr. McLaughlin. Surelv he
cannot mean that the stomach and pancreas should be somewhere
else instead of the abdominal cavity, to be in close relation to the
intestines. Could they be placed in any other cavity of the body
and be in closer relation to the intestines than in the abdominal
cavity? If we examine the liver in its form and relations to ad-
jacent parts we must admire the perfect workmanship which has
constructed so marvelous an organ for the tremendous activities
carried on in so small a compass. The arrangement of its lobes
— 450 THOMAS B. KENNY.
is to conserve space. Anatomically we see how perfectly the
convex upper surface fits into the concavity of the diaphragm
and the base of the right lung. Can any better attempt at conser-
vation of space be presented than the manner in which those im-
portant vessels, the portal vein, the hepatic artery, the bile ducts,
etc., are housed between the lobus spigelii and the lobus quadra-
tus? Can the liver be in closer touch with the intestines than it
is? We find on examination that the length of the hepatic duct
is but 114 to 2 inches, the cystic duct but 114, and the common
bile duct but 3 inches long. Compared with the ducts of the
salivary glands which Dr. McLaughlin claims to be in closer
relation to the buccal cavity than the liver and pancreas are to
the intestines, we find that Stenson’s duct from the parotid is
21% inches long, Wharton’s duct from the submaxillary 2 inches
long and the sublingual ducts are many and varied in length. A
glance at the pancreas as it lies in the abdominal cavity illustrates
even more perfectly that wonderful conservation of space which
we find in every part of the organism, animal and human. The
head of the organ is snugly fitted into the curve of the duodenum
to save space and the body and tail extend towards the left from
the curve of the duodeum to the spleen, lying partly over the
left kidney. It is flattened out so that it might fit snugly behind
the transverse colon, a portion of the head being insinuated be-
hind a part of the duodenum, and in front of the aorta, the in-
ferior vena cava and the renal vessels. Surely no greater conser-
vation of space and the utilization of every little bend and hollow
could be devised. So close is the relation between the pancreas
and the intestines that the pancreatic duct passes directly through
the wall of the duodenum, and to further show the spirit of con-
servation this duct and the common bile duct enter the duodenum
by a common opening as a rule. The mighty cosmic intelligence
could not show greater regard than it has done in evolving
through the ages organs more perfectly fitted for the purpose or
a greater respect for conservations of space than we find in the re-
lations which exist between the liver pancreas and the intestines?
The next objection Dr. McLaughlin raises is that there is
Te ie it es |
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ANALYSIS OF DR. MC LAUGHLIN’S PAPER ON “ THE TISSUE MEDIUM.” 451
but one secretion in the buccal cavity, one in the stomach, but
there are three in the intestines, and he asks why this difference
and tells us that physiology gives no satisfactory answer, and
furthermore we are as yet “ not a unit in the functions of the bile
and pancreatic fluid.” We cannot agree with Dr. McLaugilin
because physiology gives us a very satisfactory reply, just as it
does in reference to the functions of the salivary secretions and
the gastric secretions. What do the three secretions referred to
by Dr. McLaughlin consist of? Physiology teaches us that they
consist of definite known substances. We have:
(a) The pancreatic juice, consisting of four enzymes or
hydrolytic ferments. These are (1) amylopsin, which has a
more powerful diastatic action than the ptyalin of the saliva be-
cause it acts on raw as well as boiled starch, converting it into
maltose. It further alters glycogen into dextrin and grape
sugar, and even cellulose is said to be dissolved and gum changed
into sugar by it. In the intestines nearly all the starch is con-
verted into maltose, and very little dextrin is left at the end of
a prolonged digestion. (2) Trypsin, the tryptic or proteolytic
ferment which acts upon proteids at the temperature of the body
when the reaction is alkaline, and changes them into a globulin
like substance then into peptone or albumin, and lastly into true
peptone. (3) Steapsin, a fat-splitting ferment which causes
neutral fats to take up a molecule of water and split into glycerine
and their corresponding fatty acids. The liberated fatty acids
are partly saponified by the alkali of the pancreatic juice as well
as the intestinal juices, and it so acts upon fats as to produce a
fine permanent emulsion. Both the soaps and emulsion can be
absorbed. (4) The pancreatic juice contains a mild curdling
ferment.
(b) The Bile-—What are the functions of the bile? (1)
It plays a part in the absorption of fats by emulsionizing neutral
facts so that the fatty granules pass more readily through or be-
tween the cylindrical epithelium of the small intestines into the
Jacteals. Fat flows more easily through capillary tubes moistened
with bile, and filtrates under less pressure through a membrane
452 THOMAS B. KENNY.
a
lixewise moistened with bile. (2) It contains a diastatic ferment
which transforms starch into sugar and glycogen into sugar.
ihe action is feeble. (3) It excites contractions of the muscular
coats of the intestines and contributes thereby to absorption.
(4) 1t moistens the wall of the intestines and gives to the faeces
the normal amount of water, so that they may be readily evacu-
ated. Bile is a natural purgative. (5) The bile diminishes
putreiactive decomposition of. the intestinal content, especially
with a fatty diet. (6) The presence of bile seems necessary to
the vital activity oi the intestinal epithelium in its supposed func-
tion of being concerned in the absorption of fatty particles.
(c) Ihe succus entericus or intestinal digestive fluid is se-
creted by the numerous glands of the intestinal mucous mem-
brane, Brunner’s and Lieberkuhn’s glands. Brunner’s glands in
the duodenum secrete a fluid consisting of mucin and a ferment.
his ferment causes a solution of proteids and has a diastatic
action which converts maltose into glucose. Lieberkuhn’s
glands from the duodenum downwards are. the chief source of
the intestinal juice. ‘This juice possesses a less diastatic action
than the saliva and the pancreatic juice in the small intestines,
but not in the large; it does not, however, form maltose, but
converts maltose into grape sugar, and one of its functions is to
continue the action of the saliva and pancreatic juice which usu-
ally only forms maltose. It peptonizes fibrin, less easily albumin
and partly emulsionizes fat, and it converts cane sugar into in-
vert sugar.
These facts from the physiology of the three intestinal secre-
tions surely prove that they meet fully and in every way the bio-
logical, chemical and physiological requirements following the in-
take of food into the intestinal tract. We can but admire the
admirable manner in which nature has supplied a suitable sub-
stance to deal with every variety and kind of food substance
which passes into the intestinal tract, and we assert emphatically
that physiology gives a most satisfactory answer why there are
three secretions in the intestines.
Upon what grounds does Dr. McLaughlin base his conten-
)
ee. 0 Se?
ANALYSIS OF DR. MC LAUGHLIN’S PAPER ON “THE TISSUE MEDIUM.” 453
tions that the lymphatics continue the processes begun in the
alimentary apparatus as the chyme passes into those vessels?
He tells us that it is the lymphatics which change chyme into
chyle, and leads us to believe that he endows the lymphatics en-
tirely, with the powers and the process of absorption. Is it not
rather the special cells of the intestinal villi which convert chyme
into chyle as it passes to the lacteals? All the constituents of the
food, with the exception of the fat which is changed into fine
emulsion, are brought into a state of solution by the digestive
processes and passes through the walls of the intestinal tract
either into the blood vessels of the mucous membrane or into the
beginning of the lymphactis (the lacteals) by endosmosis, diffu-
sion and filtration. Water and soluble salts are easily absorbed
and pass readily into the blood as well as into the lymph vessels.
Water passes chiefly into the blood capillaries and only a small
amount passes into the lacteals. As a general rule soluble sub-
stances pass into the blood vessels. Hence we fail therefore to
understand why thirst is said by the author to be peculiar to the
lymphatic system. What then do we find in the lacteals which,
as you know, are the lymphatic vessels in direct connection with
the intestinal tract. These lacteals only differ from other por-
tions of the lymphatic system in having a high absorptive activity.
The lacteals contain chyle, which is white in color because it
principally consists of fats in the form of a fine emulsion. There-
fore we cannot see upon what coundation Dr. McLaughlin bases
his contention that the lymphatics have a special function which
changes the toxic character of chyme when absorbed because
food substances are absorbed directly into the blood-vessels as
well as into the lacteals, nor do we apprehend his contention that
the lymphatic vessels continue and complete the task commenced
by the alimentary system. We will not cavil at his statement
that the lymphatics can absorb injurious and harmless substances
alike and that the lymph glands have the power to arrest or
change any foreign bodies, but in this connection we believe the
function of the blood stream itself and its power to produce anti-
toxin is much more effective in rendering any toxic materials
454 THOMAS B. KENNY.
harmless. ‘his wonderful antitoxin power of the blood. is not
sufficiently realized.
Next, we find a statement which astounds the reader: ‘ Ab-
sorption while a function of dead tissue is antagonized by living
tissue.”’ Gentlemen, can anyone in the light of modern knowledge
speak of dead tissue. Is not every particle and cell in the body
composed of atoms which vibrate with an energy and a velocity
than can mean but the very antithesis of the common meaning of
the word death. Has not every cell in the organism within it a
potential energy which can be converted into kinetic energy?
Tas every cell not the power of selection, assimilation, excretion
and reproduction. Absorption means function, to functionate a
cell must, we repeat, convert its potential energy into kinetic
energy, and thus liberate force. Therefore, absorption calls for
the essentials of life as represented by work accomplished.
We are asked to assume that the alimentary canal, the lym-
phatic system and the circulatory apparatus are empty when we
begin the study of the tissue medium. We are told that on this
assumption there is no blood in the mesenteric veins, so that ab-
sorption is impossible. Can we assume an impossibility? It may
be denseness on my part, but I have not sufficient deductive rea-
soning to fathom the why and the wherefore. I use the word de-
ductive because the author’s reasoning is purely abstract. The
author has presented an assumption for consideration, but the as-
sumption to be of value must be based on the correctness of
certain hypotheses or suppositions and we cannot follow him
because his hypotheses are impossible and do not exist. These
vessels are never empty and such a condition is unthinkable.
When we come to the discussion of the blood we are told:
“The blood as it reaches the lungs is simply chyle,” because we
have to assume that the circulatory apparatus is empty and there-
fore it contains no tissue waste. How can we assume what is im-
possible and never exists because the blood as a fact when it
passes from the right side of the heart into the lungs ts filled with
tissue waste, and it is not chyle but good venous blood. It would
be just as easy to assume that H,O would still be water if the
RE SOI HD eR
ANALYSIS OF DR. MC LAUGHLIN’S PAPER ON “ ‘THE TISSUE MEDIUM.” 450
two molecules of hydrogen were removed. Then we are told that
every phenomenon occurring in the blood while in the lungs
results from the addition of oxygen to chyle.
We must go back, therefore, to a consideration of the func-
tions of respiration. What is it that happens to the blood as it
passes through the lungs? The hemoglobin held in the red blood
cells of the venous blood ‘as the latter passes through the alveoli
of the lungs takes up oxygen from the respired air to form oxy-
hemoglobin, and represents a loose chemical combination of the
atomic compounds which readily gives up the oxygen to the
tissues for oxidation processes. Oxygen is therefore absorbed,
it is not secreted by the lungs, as we are told in the article.
Oxygen, we assert, is not added to chyle, it is held by the red
blood cells and not by the plasma. Dr. McLaughlin tells us:
My argument is that the lungs act on the blood before it reaches
the tissues.’’ This is an elementary physiological fact which no
one disptes. If the lungs did not do so the tissue waste COs,
ammonia, etc., which they give off would very soon poison the
Organism and the want of oxygen destroy life. We cannot
understand where the author of the theory obtained the impres-
sion that it is held by any physiologist that the blood is expected
to pass through the lungs and the entire circulatory system, in-
cluding the systematic lymphatics before it performs its functions.
Then when we come to the criticism leveled at the liver we
are told that the author of the paper cannot accept the liver as
an organ of digestion. Surely he is under a misapprehension,
for the liver is not an organ of digestion but an organ intimately
related to the general metabolism of the body. It is a great
storehouse of carbohydrates and serves them out to the economy
as they are required, it forms glycogen, which in a diffusible
form passes into the blood stream, it has some relation to the
breaking up of blood corpuscles and the formation of urea and
metabolic products. It converts poisonous aromatic products
of decomposition, e. g., phenol, derived from proteids in the in-
testine into harmless compounds, and lastly it secretes bile.
These are the functions of the liver and they are not digestive.
456 THOMAS B. KENNY.
It plays a role in a certain period of development in the formation
of blood corpuscles, but only to a very minor degree. Blood is
not derived from bile and it plays no direct part in its formation
in adult life.
Referring again to the bile, the author must surely be mis-
informed when he accuses investigators of accepting the theory
that bile is a secretion as a trust handed down from first investi-
gators. The speaker had the privilege of studying physiology
under that great physiologist, the late Professor William Ruther-
ford, Professor of Physiology of the University of Edinburgh,
and the discovery of the bile pigments, bilirubin, biliverdin and
bilicyanin, in fact, Rutherford was known at the ’varsity as
“ Bilirubin,’ and we can assure Dr. McLaughlin that “ Bili-
rubin’’ accepted nothing in trust, and he proved fully that bile is
a secretion, and at the same time he showed clearly the functions
which are performed by the bile in the working of the organism.
The author’s conclusions that the bile and the pancreatic secretion
are really excretions, have no concrete physiological data for a
foundation. His assumptions are based on the abstract. In re-
ferring to this tissue medium in the lymphatics we have gathered
that the author of the theory has not grasped the actual physio-
logical function of these vessels. ‘The lymph which permeates
every tissue of the body, supplying the nutriment and ‘enabling
the tissues to get rid of the waste products resulting from their
metabolism is collected and returned to the blood in special tubes,
which we know as the lympatics, but the lymph which they con-
tain is supplied not by these lymphatic vessels but from the blood
stream directly by filtration through the capillaries into the
tissues. By some it is held that the lymph is to a certain extent
also secreted by the cells of the capillary walls. Therefore the
function of the lymphatic vessels is that of a collecting mechanism
for returning the used up lymph and the waste products it con-
tains to the blood stream for purification and a fresh supply of
nutriment.
I have endeavored to place these physiological suggestions
before you for your consideration, and I trust I have not utterly
ANALYSIS OF DR. MC LAUGHLIN’S PAPER ON “ THE TISSUE MEDIUM.” 457
failed to meet the task which was deputed to me. The criticisms
are made with a view of stimulating others to like investigations,
and to follow in the commendable footsteps of Dr. McLaughlin.
The latter’s contentions do him credit because they show he is
seeking information and is one of those inquiring minds delving
for truth, and if he be a physiological heretic all the more glory
to him. Heretics are the salt of the earth, for they made men
think and open their minds to liberty and truth. We need but
turn to Biblical history, if you will but permit me to touch on so
sacred a subject, and we will find that the greatest heretic this
world has ever known is that commanding Presence and Figure
which fills the pages of the New Testament.
A NEw VETERINARY ASSOCIATION ORGANIZED IN MINNE-
soTA.—Minnesota veterinarians living in and near the Twin
Cities recently met and organized an association, to be known as
the Twin City Veterinary Association. However, the members
of the association wish to make it plain that any reputable gradu-
ate, whether in Minnesota or an adjoining state, will be welcome
in membership and attendance.
It is expected that a considerable number of veterinarians
practising at railroad points within convenient distance of the
Twin Cities will take an active part with veterinarians from St.
Paul, Minneapolis, South St. Paul and University Farm. Rec-
ords show that there are eight licensed graduates in Minneapolis,
eleven in St. Paul, sixteen in South St. Paul, seven at the Uni-
versity Farm. The purpose of this new association is mutual
improvement in professional lines.
It is the plan of the present management to have at least
one paper on each program that shall be distinctly educational
along scientific lines. We wish to make it plain that this is to
be in no sense another state association and is not to conflict in
any way with our present state association.
Dr. F. D. Ketchum, South St. Paul, was elected president;
Dr. L. Hay, Faribault, vice-president; Dr. Reynolds, University
Farm, secretary.
None BETTER PRINTED.—A Minnesota veterinarian writes:
“Enclosed find check and exchange for renewal to the REvIEw.
None better printed.”
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MEAT INSPECTION.*
By VeRANUS A. Moore, New YorkK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE, AT CORNELL
University, IrHaca, N. Y.
There is no public service in which sanitarians should be
more interested than in the United States Government meat in-
spection. There is no other protective service in connection
with food production that has been more difficult to establish,
that has had greater obstacles to overcome, that has made more
rapid progress and that has protected more people. Although the
first legislation relative to federal meat inspéction—that of Au-
gust 30, 1890, and March 3, 1891—pertained more to the finding
of a market for our pork and pork products than to safeguard-
ing the people against unwholesome meat, it was the beginning
of what has developed into a Federal meat inspection which com-
pares most favorably with any other in the world. This is a
strong statement, but it is not made with a spirit other than that
of genuine appreciation that our government officials have prof-
ited by the experience of the pioneer nations in this work and
have incorporated as far as possible the best of modern methods
on the subject.
The law of 1906 authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to
prescribe regulations for the careful inspection, for disease or
other unwholesome conditions, of the carcasses of animals at the
time they are slaughtered; to require the packing houses to be’
kept in a sanitary condition; and to inspect all meat and meat
products before they are placed on the market. This authority
applies only to those establishments which are engaged in export
or inter-state trade. Following the enactment of this law, it
was necessary for the Department of Agriculture to prepare and
enforce regulations to cover the three essential points, viz.: The
* Read at the meeting of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, Chicago,
Ill., December, 1913.
458
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MEAT INSPECTION. 459
inspection of carcasses; the sanitary control of the establishments ;
and the reinspection of the meat and meat products.
The efficiency of a meat inspection service depends upon two
important factors, viz.: The comprehensiveness of the regula-
tions and the thoroughness with which they are enforced. The
sanitary value and justice of the regulations are measured by the
extent to which they embody protection against unsanitary hand-
ling of carcasses and the effect of disease and spoiled meat upon
the consumer; and the degree to which they are enforced rests
with the executive, educational and moral qualities of the in-
spectors.
In the growth of the present government regulations, it
should be stated that under the legislation enacted prior to 1906
the Secretary of Agriculture had issued regulations relative to
the inspection of animals before and after slaughter, and had
prescribed rules for the condemnation of carcasses because of
disease and injuries. These are known as Bureau of Animal
Industry, Bulletin No. 9 (1895), Order No. 33 (1899), Order
No. 125 (1904) and Order No. 137 (1906), and various amend-
ments thereto. In the formulation of that part of the regulations
pertaining to the disease of animals and the physical conditions
that should condemn the carcasses, the experiences of other gov-
ernments, especially Germany, were largely drawn upon. After
the law of 1906, which extended the authority of the Secretary to
the sanitary control of packing houses and to the inspection of the
preserved meat and meat products, he appointed a commission to
revise the regulations that were in force at the time the new
law went into effect concerning the inspection of animals for
disease. This commission was headed by Prof. W. H. Welch, of
The Johns Hopkins Medical School. The commission recom-
mended certain changes in the regulations then in force and these
were adopted by the Department. The regulations of 1907,
known as Order No. 150, and which are still in operation, are
more rigid than those of other countries, in that they do not
provide for the sale, under prescribed restrictions, of certain
classes of meat which other countries utilize. The principle
460 VERANUS A. MOORE.
underlying these regulations is that if an animal is diseased or
injured in such a way that its flesh may be dangerous or unsafe
for the consumer, its carcass shall be condemned. The regula-
tions give to the consumer every possible protection. The extent
of this protection is illustrated by the last report of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, which states that during the year 1911 Govern-
ment inspection was carried out in 939 establishments located in
255 cities and towns. There were 52,976,948 carcasses inspected,
of which 117,383 were condemned and 82,710 passed for tallow
and lard. In addition to the inspection of the carcasses at the
time of slaughter 6,934,233,000 pounds of meat and meat pro-
ducts were inspected, and of these 21,073,577 pounds were con-
demned.
The qualifications of the veterinary inspectors are assured by
the requirements imposed by the Government that, first: He
must have graduated from a recognized veterinary college; and
second, that. he must have passed to a civil service examination in
veterinary medicine. Again, to insure for the inspector a more
thorough scientific training, the Department, some years since,
prescribed the minimum requirements, in the way of curriculum,
equipment and teachers, for the veterinary colleges whose gradu-
ates are eligible to take the examination.
In organizing the Meat Inspection Service under the law of
1906, the Government secured trained and experienced men to
assist in formulating regulations for the guidance of the inspec-
tors. Likewise the veterinary inspectors have been taken from
those who have qualified by their special training and who have
been successful in a competitive, technical examination. The
meat inspectors are also trained men and skilled in the detection
of tainted or sour meat. T do not know of any better mechanism
for securing an efficient public service.
The sanitary control of the packing houses presents difficult
problems. Tn many ways, they are more trying to deal with and
harder to overcome than the inspection of the carcasses. The
meat business, in this country, began in a small way and after
the fashion of the country butcher. The killing and dressing of
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MEAT INSPECTION. 461
animals for food has always been looked upon as a disagreeable
task; because of the dirt and filth associated with it the in-
ference seems to have been that the work should be done in a
dirty place. With the growth of our population, business rapidly
increased and necessitated such repeated additions to the
slaughter houses that at the time the present law went into effect,
there were many large, poorly planned, dark, unventilated struc-
tures. They conformed, however, to the general idea of the
meat business at the time they were built and the public did not
object to them then any more than the masses do now to the local
uninspected slaughter houses. The law of 1906 required that the
packing houses having Federal inspection be made sanitary. In
response to this, the worst of the buildings were in some cases
condemned, and in others were entirely replaced by new struc-
tures. The better ones were more or less remodeled. Windows
and skylights were put in, the old, half rotten wooden floors were
replaced by brick, or cement. The walls were either cleaned and
painted or were rebuilt with brick, title or cement. Toilets and
_ dressing rooms for the men were put in, and ventilation, water
and drainage supplies. Suitable benches, tables and trucks were
_ provided for holding the viscera and for handling the meat. A
_ system was instituted for frequent and thorough cleaning of the
floors, walls and all tables, trucks and implements. The coolers
_ were repaired. The wagons for transferring the meat were kept
clean. In fact a great change took place. Actually millions of
dollars were spent in bettering the conditions for the more sani-
tary handling and preserving of the meat and meat products.
This work is still in progress. I have personally observed in
New York, Buffalo and Philadelphia extensive building opera-
tions in connection with the packing house business, and I am in-
formed that the same is true in other places. While there still
remains old buildings, there is not to my knowledge a single pack-
_ ing house having Federal inspection that is not kept clean and in
“such a sanitary condition that meat can be handled within it in a
‘wholesome manner. J know of no other industry where such
large expenditures have been made in so short a time to improve
the conditions for protecting the product.
j
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462 VERANUS A. MOORE.
In the evolution of our meat inspection service teachers as well
as pupils have had to learn. Nowhere in Europe is slaughtering
done on so large a scale as in this country. There is still much
to learn about almost every feature of the packing house busi-
ness with reference to the best facilities and methods of inspec-
tion. But the splendid co-operation usually existing between in-
spectors and packers will hasten the time when throughout the
establishments the most desirable equipment will be installed and
the most sanitary methods for inspecting and handling the meat
will be employed.
Although the Bureau of Animal Industry has enforced a
thorough meat inspection, with every year showing improvement
over the previous one, there have been numerous and unjust
criticisms of the work. Its very success is a challenge to the de-
structive critic. There is no one more familiar with the weak
places in this service and the difficulty in correcting them than
the Department itself. Seven years ago our Government stepped
into the business offices of hundreds of establishments and prac-
tically said to the proprietors, “‘ You must submit to our directions
regarding the condemnation of carcasses and preserved meats.
You must put your establishment in a sanitary condition, you
must do as we say or you can not continue your business.” More
trying than persuading the packers of the justice of this new
regime was the necessity of employing hundreds of inexperienced
veterinarians to enforce the new law. This was a herculean task
for the Department of Agriculture. However, the law was
obeyed and a great reform took place in the sanitary methods of
handling and inspecting meat. While criticisms have been fre-
quent, I have failed to see in the public press any statement con-
cerning the splendid work of the Department and the wonderful
progress which has already been made in safeguarding the pub-
lic against unwholesome meat food. The insanitary and filthy
slaughter houses have been transformed under inspection into
sanitary places where meat is handled in a cleanly manner. The
nackers have learned that good sanitation in their places of busi-
ness is a valuable asset. The meat inspection service can never
CO
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MEAT INSPECTION. 465
be perfect because of the human element involved. Accidents
will happen, mistakes will occur and errors in judgment will be
made. These will exist under any system that can be devised.
An analysis of the criticisms will show that they are petty,
being based on some error or accident or more general attack
upon the service. They are largely along two lines, namely, ad-
ministrative and faulty regulations. The administrative com-
plaint has been largely in connection with the Service Bulletins.
A careful study of these Bulletins shows that they are virtually
letters of instruction from the Chief of the Bureau to the Inspec-
tors, and necessarily are not of general interest to the public.
They are in the interest of efficient inspection and nothing else.
The objections to the regulations seem to be confined to the fact
that the flesh from animals in which there are certain localized
infections or injuries is allowed to pass into the meat supply.
These criticisms are based on the aesthetic rather than the sani-
tary consideration of the subject.
The time seems to have come when a statement of a few
principles which should control meat traffic and meat inspection
would be helpful. The purpose is to care for animals in such
a way that they will remain well, and when they are dressed for
human food to handle the carcasses in a cleanly manner. The
inspection implies that they shall be condemned if they are found
to be diseased. and passed if they are sound. It is well to re-
member that technically these are relative terms. The so-called
sound bullock may be carrying in his intestines the baccili of
tetanus, botulism and malignant oedema. If from the south his
blood may be able to produce Texas fever in susceptible cattle;
his heart muscles may be loaded with sarcosporidia ; and the walls
of the stomach and intestines may be infested with animal para-
sites. More than this, there may be the organized remains of
pneumonia, pleuritis, or peritonitis and the scars of former frac-
tures of ribs and limbs may be found.
Among the infectious transmissible diseases may be men-
tioned anthrax, rabies, foot-and-mouth disease, tuberculosis,
paratyphoid infections and trichinosis. The flesh of animals in-
464 VERANUS A. MOORE.
fected with these diseases is not known to be dangerous to man
after thorough cooking, if we except those affections due to the
group of paratyphoid or paracolon bacilli. This statement has
a broad historical basis, for in centuries past flesh from animals
thus affected was frequently or even regularly consumed. Each
disease has to be considered by itself, if we wish to single out
and define the danger to man. The real danger in such diseases
as anthrax, rabies and glanders lurks in the handling of the
carcass and in eating the uncooked meat by the unsuspecting pur-
chaser and in the further dissemination of the specific infection.
Hence all traffic in any or all portions of carcasses affected with
these diseases is prohibited. Trichinous pork is harmless to
manipulation but highly dangerous as an uncooked food.
An examination of the field of animal pathology shows that
we actually have few ideally healthy animals. It is hardly to be
expected that we should have. The abnormalities encountered
are of many kinds, ranging from mere carriers of virus to various
stages of local or general diseases. The trained inspector’s func-
tion is to save meat wherever that can be done, rather than to re-
ject it. The process of rejection is easy, but there would be little
meat handled and sold if every minor blemish were counted
against the animal.
As a result of this state of affairs, we find inspection of meats
governed by different regulations in different countries. The
meat inspection laws of Germany are far less exclusive, but at the
same time more highly developed and worked out in more minute
detail than in this country. As Smith has pointed out, diseased
meat is there defined solely in accordance with the potential
danger to the health of the human species and to other still healthy
animals. Meat is classed as utilizable, non-utilizable and of in-
ferior grade. A fourth class is created which is utilizable only
under certain restrictions. These are that it be sold after sterili-
zation at a lower price and only in small quantities to any one
purchaser. In Germany a considerable percentage of animals
which our Government inspectors condemn are used for food.
There are many problems for the authorities to settle in the
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT MEAT INSPECTION. 465
conduct of the meat inspection service and the proper classifica-
tions of meat and meat products based on their nutritive value
and the physical state of the animals from which they come. The
details are intricate and complicated. There are other serious
questions relative to the spread of certain diseases of animals
where the virus is known to be present in the tissues for several
days before the disease.can be detected by either symptoms or
tissue changes. These problems will eventually be solved and the
troublesome questions answered “if our Government inspection
is continued as a scientific, non-political and strictly civil service
organization.”
In the final adjustment of our meat inspection a number of
changes will undoubtedly be made. The economic or financial
aspect of the whole problem will be of no small importance. The
strictness with which animals will be condemned because of local
conditions or slight disease will eventually be governed by the law
of supply and demand. If our meat supply becomes a continu-
ously diminishing quantity, our standards will change and we
shall come down more and more to the question of healthfulness,
irrespective of other considerations. Because of the general
popular misconception at the time the present law was enacted,
regarding the dangers to the human family from diseased meat,
the regulations of our Government are in some respects severe.
We were not ready to accept the classification of meat foods as
recognized in other countries. In this work we are still young.
To attain perfection in equity to the live stock owners and protec-
tion to the public from our Government meat inspection: service,
we must abide the ripening influence of years.
The lesson for veterinary sanitarians to learn from our Goy-
ernment inspection and to teach in their respective communities is
the need for municipal and State inspection that will insure to the
people of the country protection against locally killed meat and
the insanitary methods of handling it. With our best animals
going to distant markets and the others left for the uninspected
slaughter houses, it is easy to understand why locally killed meat
may be inferior to that of the inspected houses. A State and
466 VERANUS A. MOORE.
municipal inspection would be of great service in finding the
centers of infection in our farming community, thereby making
it possible to eradicate the infectious diseases from the locality.
Further, it would educate cattle owners in the necessity of exercis-
ing great care for the protection of their stock. With about forty
per cent. of our meat and meat products still uninspected, we
can not hope for the maximum benefits of such a service. As
sanitarians, it would seem that our first duty in this matter is to
support the efforts of our Government in building up an effi-
cient meat inspection service and our second duty to use our in-
fluence in extending its benefits to the country as a whole by sup-
plementing it with the institution of Municipal and State Meat
Inspection.
-+—
VETERINARY CONFERENCE AT ItHAcA.—By authority of Di-
rector Moore, of the New York State Veterinary College at Cor-
nell University, Ithaca, N. Y., we announce the date of the an-
nual conference of veterinarians as January 8 and 9, I9g14.
There will be an unusually interesting list of speakers; among
them Dr. John Adams, of the University of Pennsylvania, and Dr.
Theobold Smith, Professor of Comparative Pathology at the
Harvard Medical School, who will discuss the subject of vaccines.
Mr. J. C. Buckley, editor of the Horseshoers’ Journal, and Presi-
dent of the National Horseshoers’ Association, will address the
gathering. Commissioner Huson, of the State Department of
Agriculture, has also promised to give an address on “ The Re-
lationship of the Veterinarian to the State.”” An interesting clinic
is assured, and no veterinarian that can possibly attend should
miss the opportunity of participating in this great educational
function.
You Must SHOw THE MAN FROM Missourt, and the fol-
lowing from a Missouri subscriber would indicate that we had,
as in renewing his subscription he says: “I do not want to miss
a single copy; I appreciate your efforts to keep the REVIEW up
to its high standard. You have done the profession a lot of
good in the past, and deserve the confidence and good will of
the veterinarians of this country, both of which you have.”
ne
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PURE MILK PRODUCTION AND THE ABORTION
BACILLUS.*
By E. C. Scuroeper, M.D.V., SUPERINTENDENT, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY
EXPERIMENT STATION, BrTHESDA, Mp.
The dangers incident to the use of raw milk remain too com-
monly undervalued, notwithstanding that available evidence
proves that it is impossible to produce milk, under the most
favorable, economically obtainable conditions, unfailingly free
from pathogenic contaminations, or free, even (a matter of
primary importance to veterinarians) from those agents of dis-
ease that propagate within and emanate from the bodies of dairy
animals. Too many physicians and, under their influence and
guidance, too many other persons, on the basis of hypothetical
objections, remain averse to the use of heat to neutralize dangers
that may be hidden in raw milk of seemingly the best quality,
or perfect milk according to all tests that can be applied to it
before it is too old for use. Such dangers are unsuspected until
they are revealed too late by the harm they have done so often
that it is difficult to convince those who have escaped them that
they are real and serious and not rarely fatal, or that an article
of food, in itself harmless, wholesome, nutritious and practically
indispensable, repeatedly serves as a medium for the multiplica-
tion and dissemination of virulent disease germs, and that it is
one of the commoner sources to which epidemics are traced with
unquestionable certainty. And, unfortunately, much of the harm
done by the use of raw, contaminated milk is so insidious in its
development that a true conception of the magnitude of raw milk
dangers is often defeated by the fact that most of us can point
* Presented to the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association at New York, September, 1913.
467
468 E. C. SCHROEDER.
to instances in which inferior, stale and bacteria-laden milk has
been. consumed in large quantities without doing harm that 1s
traceable to it.
Hence, the object of this short paper is less to define one of
the more recently discovered dangers that needs mature con-
sideration in all attempts to produce pure milk, than to make a
new appeal to good, sound sense against the use of milk in its
raw state, by presenting an addition to the ever-increasing, irre-
futable evidence that supports the conclusion, almost unanimously
indorsed by sanitarians who have studied the milk question, that
all milk should be made truly safe by pasteurizing, scalding or
boiling it before it is used as food.
The bacillus of infectious abortion of cattle is an extraordinary
organism; it is capable of affecting widely different species of
animals; the lesions it causes in some species are wholly unlike
those it causes in others; it has the faculty of maintaining itself
long periods of time in living animal tissues without causing
macroscopically discoverable lesions; it may live, weeks and
months, in the living tissues of such widely different animals as
monkeys, pigeons, rabbits, rats, mice, guinea pigs and cattle; (1)
it may occur in the milk of cows months before it causes them
to abort; it has been found in the milk of cows that have not
aborted and which afterward, without aborting, while the bacillus
continued to occur in their milk, produced a succession of healthy
calves at full term, and many cows that are invaded by it, if
not most, as indicated by tests at the experiment station, become
chronic carriers of it and continue to expel it from their udders
with their milk indefinitely. In several cases, under continued
observation, repeated tests proved that it remained as a con-
tamination in the milk of infected cows two, three and longer
than four years.
The long persistence of the bacillus in the tissues of animals
has a parallel in the continued persistence of tubercle bacilli in
the tissues of even those animals for which they are not truly
pathogenic, but in one respect it is a wholly different phenomenon.
Tubercle bacilli persist in localized, usually encapsuled lesions,
*
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PURE MILK PRODUCTION AND THE ABORTION BACILLUS. 469
which soon lose the character of living tissues, while the abor-
tion bacillus is diffused throughout one or more organs in which
frequently no lesions can be discovered. Whether it multiplies
during its residence in such organs, as it certainly must in the
udders of infected cows, or whether it is simply stored in them
until it is slowly and gradually destroyed, remains an unanswered
question.
Another unanswered question is whether it actually injures
human health? In the report of the British Committee appointed
by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries to inquire into epi-
zootic abortion, the following significant statement is made: (2)
“ Although it is hardly germain to the present inquiry, we
think it advisable to point out that, since the bacillus of infectious
abortion of cattle is pathogenic for so many species, the pos-
sibility of the human female being infected should not be lost
sight of.”
This statement was made before it became known that the
bacillus is of common occurrence in the milk of cows, or that
it occurs in milk at all, and hence, before it was known that
human health is repeatedly and directly exposed to it through
the use of raw milk and other dairy products derived from raw
milk.
Dr. Theobald Smith,(3) whose judgment we should know
how to value, in an article on the abortion bacillus by himself
and Marshall Fabyan, called attention to the possibility that it
may cause disease in persons, and, only recently, at the last
annual meeting of the American Association of Medical Milk
Commissioners, Larson and Sedgwick, of Minnesota, reported
that they had made 425 complement deviation tests with the
blood of children, in which the abortion bacillus was used as the
antigen, and that they had obtained 72 or 73 positive reactions.
The claim was made in connection with these tests that the pro-
portion of reactions would have been greater had the tests been
confined to children fed on raw cow’s milk, and this claim we can
readily credit when we know that the abortion bacillus is capable
of maintaining itself for many weeks in such dissimilar environ-
470 E. C. SCHROEDER.
ments as the living tissues of monkeys, pigeons, various rodents
and cattle.
Most bacteria that gain entrance to the living tissues of ani-
mals for which they are not pathogenic disappear quite rapidly,
and bacteria also disappear quite rapidly from the living tissues
of animals for which they are virulent after immunity against
them has developed. In this respect the long continued per-
sistence of the bacillus of infectious abortion in the living tissues
of different species of animals may be looked upon as a signifi-
cantly important form of parasitism to which human bodies
should not be subjected.
We may say, relative to the bacteria against which human
health should be guarded, that it is questionable whether repeated
exposure to a bacterium, pathogenic for any species of mammals,
can be practised with impunity; that it is dangerous to permit
repeated exposure to any bacterium that is pathogenic for several
species of mammals, though it may be, as far as we are informed,
harmless for human beings, and that it is a deliberate invitation
to disease to permit repeated exposure to a bacterium, like the
abortion bacillus, that is pathogenic for widely different species
of mammals and is known to cause changes in human bodies that
can be detected by complement deviation or other bio-chemic tests
or tests of any kind.
And now, as the importance of a menace to public health de-
pends largely on the frequency with which exposure to it occurs,
let us examine the available data on the occurrence of the abortion
bacillus in the commercial milk supply.
During the years 1893 and 1894 I made a number of tests,
under the direction of Dr. Theobald Smith, who was then in
charge of the Division of Pathology of the U. S. Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry, on the occurrence of tubercle bacilli in the milk
supply of Washington, D. C. Among the guinea pigs injected
with milk one showed lesions on post-mortem examination closely
resembling tuberculosis, but in which no tubercle bacilli could be
found. Dr. Smith studied the lesions and, in a foot note to my
report on the milk tests, described them with so much precision
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PURE MILK PRODUCTION AND THE ABORTION BACILLUS. 471
and clearness that no one informed on the subject can read his
description now without recognizing that they were the char-
acteristic, almost unmistakable lesions caused in guinea pigs, as
we have since learned, by the bacillus of infectious abortion of
cattle. (4) Subsequently, abortion disease was not again found
in guinea pigs injected with milk, or if found was insufficiently
described for recognition, until the year 1907, when a number
of guinea pigs injected at the experiment station with samples of
milk from the Washington supply showed lesions easily mistaken
for tuberculosis, but in which tubercle bacilli could not be found
after prolonged search. The failure to find such lesions between
1894 and 1907 can possibly be explained by the small number of
milk tests with guinea pigs made during this interval of about
. I2 years, as abortion disease in milk-injected guinea pigs has been
far from uncommon at the experiment station during the last
six years.
The disease in the guinea pigs was soon proved to be trans-
missible from guinea pig to guinea pig through the inoculation of
small fragments of affected organs, and its cause was traced
through guinea pig injections to its source in the udders of seem-
ingly healthy cows. Beyond this it remained a puzzle until the
year 1910, in which improved facilities for bacteriological in-
vestigations at the station enabled Cotton and myself to isolate
a bacillus from affected guinea pigs and to prove it to be the true
cause of the disease. The bacillus, at first believed to be a pre-
viously undescribed organism, was the subject of two papers in
IQII, one presented to the American Association of Medical Milk
Commissions(5) and.the other to this association,(6) and was
definitely identified in 1912 as the bacillus of infectious abortion
of cattle. (7)
Without entering into lengthy details about experiment sta-
tion milk tests, made under my supervision by Drs. Cotton and
Brett of the station, the factors brought out, pertinent to the
subject under consideration, are the frequency of the bacillus of
infectious abortion, as shown by guinea pig injections, in all
samples of milk tested from 1907 to 1912, inclusive; the relative
472 E. C. SCHROEDER.
frequency of contamination, respectively, in 1907 and 1912, and
the frequency with which the milk of individual daries is con-
taminated.
From 1907 to 1912, inclusive, 516 samples of milk from 90
different dairies were injected into 1,068 guinea pigs. Among the
guinea pigs 237 died prematurely from intercurrent affections,
and among the remaining 831 abortion disease was found on post-
mortem examination in 103, or over 12 per cent. The infected
milk was obtained from 29 different dairies, showing that nearly
one-third of the dairies included in the tests from time to time
distributed milk contaminated with living abortion bacilli. The
same tests yielded 10 cases of tuberculosis, which were chargeable
to the milk of seven different dairies.
Some of the milk tested was sold as pasteurized; in two sam-
ples of this living abortion bacilli, and in one sample living
tubercle bacilli were found, proving that commercial, unsuper-
vised pasteurization is not reliable. And some of the milk was
sold as “‘ special milk,” probably “ special for infant feeding,”
and this caused two cases of abortion disease, proving that the
name ‘‘special’’ is no guarantee against living disease germs
in milk.
That commercially pasteurized milk, pasteurized without -
satisfactory, official supervision, at times causes abortion disease
and tuberculosis in guinea pigs injected with it, should not be
construed as a charge against the efficiency of pasteurization to
check milk dangers due to living pathogenic agents. At the
experiment station many hundreds of guinea pigs have been in-
jected with milk known to contain either or both abortion and
tubercle bacilli, some with portions of the milk in its raw state
and others with portions of the same milk, obtained at the same
time, from the same sources, in the same containers, after it had
been pasteurized by station employees at 60 degrees C. (140
degrees F.), maintained for 20 minutes. In no instance, among
these hundreds of guinea pigs, was either tuberculosis or abor-
tion disease caused by the injection of the pasteurized milk,
while nearly all of the guinea pigs injected with this infected
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PURE MILK PRODUCTION AND THE ABORTION BACILLUS. 473
milk in its raw state contracted either or both abortion disease
and tuberculosis.
In the year 1907, 36 samples of milk from 32 different dairies
were injected into 72 guinea pigs. Among the guinea pigs nine
died prematurely from intercurrent affections, and among the re-
maining 63 abortion disease was found on post-mortem examina-
tion in eight, or over 12}2 per cent. The infected milk was ob-
tained from five different dairies, or over 15 per cent. of those
included in the tests. The tests yielded three cases of. tubercu-
losis, which were chargeable to the milk of ivro different dairies.
In the year 1912, 77 samples of milix irom 40 different dairies
were injected into 154 guinea pigs. Among the guinea pigs 69
died prematurely from intercurrent affections,(8) and among
the remaining 85 abortion disease was found on post-mortem
examination in 26, or over 30 per cent. The infected milk was
obtained from 15 different dairies, or 37% per cent. of those
included in the tests. The tests yielded two cases of tuberculosis,
which were chargeable to the milk of two different dairies.
A number of tests on six, eight, ten or more consecutive
days were made with milk from several large dairies, and these
proved that most distributing dairies that sell milk collected
from a number of different farms can be shown, if a sufficient
number of tests are made, to be vending milk that is inter-
mittently contaminated with abortion bacilli.
We may tabulate the results of the tests as follows: Six-
year period, 1907 to 1912, inclusive, 30 per cent. of all dairies
tested more or less seriously infected with abortion disease; one
year, 1907, 15 per cent. of all dairies tested infected; one year,
1912, 37% per cent. of all dairies tested infected.
The force of this evidence is strengthened by the fact that
a sufficient number of tests with the milk of almost any large dis-
tributing dairy will sooner or later reveal abortion disease.
No one, it seems, can contemplate the facts without realizing
that the frequency of abortion disease among dairy cattle is in-
creasing at an alarming rate. Possibly the conditions among
cattle elsewhere are not as serious as in the environment of the
474 E. C. SCHROEDER.
District of Columbia, at least, it is sincerely hoped that this is
the case, but whether it is or no the great frequency with which
the abortion bacillus occurs in the commercial milk supply of
Washington, and the increasing frequency with which milk is
infected with this remarkable organism, which seems to belong
in a class by itself, should convince us that milk, pure enough for
use in the raw state, can not be produced anywhere.
The difficulties attending the production of milk free from
the abortion bacillus are well illustrated by an investigation at
the experiment station on the relative value of raw, pasteurized
and boiled cow’s milk as a food for young animals. In the in-
vestigation 467 guinea pigs were fed artificially on cow’s milk
from birth until they were weaned. One-third of the young
animals received raw milk. Though unusual care was taken by
men who are well informed on the nature and sources of milk
contaminations to obtain milk of the purest kind for the investi-
gation, from station cows that were under constant supervision,
it was found before the investigation, which extended over sev-
eral years, was concluded, that some of the guinea pigs which
were fed raw milk had become infected with abortion disease.
It may be well to add that it is not difficult to infect guinea pigs
with abortion disease by feeding them milk that contains the
abortion bacillus, and that the investigation proved that boiled
cow’s milk, from every point of view, is a more satisfactory food
for young guinea pigs than raw cow’s milk.
I am convineed, if we had no other contamination in milk to
deal with than the abortion bacillus, and it is only one of many
dangers, some of which are more definitely known to attack
human health, it would be amply sufficient to justify the conclu-
sion that it is imperatively necessary to resort to heat as a simple
and inexpensive expedient to make all milk safe before it is fed
as food.
But we should not permit the availability of so simple and
economical an expedient as heat to lead to a relaxation of those ~
precautions that insure the cleanliness, freshness and general —
excellence of milk, because carelessness, lack of cleanliness, the —
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PURE MILK PRODUCTION AND THE ABORTION BACILLUS. 475
retention of diseased animals in dairy herds, etc., etc., engender
milk dangers that cannot be corrected by heat.
What we should strive for is the cleanest and best, the fresh-
est and purest milk that can be produced, made safe by its ex-
posure to heat under competent, reliable, official supervision.
, REFERENCES.
(1) Marshall Fabyan, Journal of Medical Research, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 1.
(2) Report of English Committee, Part I., page 15, London, 1905.
(3) Theobald Smith and Marshall Fabyan, Centralblatt fur Parasitenkunde und
Infectionskrankheiten, Vol. 61, No. 7.
(4) E. C. Schroeder, Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin No. 7.
(5) Proceedings of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions for the
year Igit.
(6) Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association for the year 1911,
also AMERICAN VETERIVARY REviEw, Nov., rgrt.
(7) Bureau of Animal Industry, Circular No. 108.
(8) The high mo-ztality from intercurrent affections during the year 1912 was largely
due to the milk of one or two dairies, from which samples were secured and injected into
guinea pigs on a number of different days and which almost invariably caused acute,
rapidly fatal peritonitis.
IMMIGRATION—DoMESTIC AND ForEIGN is the title of an
address delivered before the Mississippi Valley Immigration As-
sociation, recently, by Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, of Baton Rouge.
The doctor stated amongst his strong arguments in favor of im-
migration to his adopted state: “ Perhaps the most emphatic
indication of Louisiana’s need of immigration (and this may
also apply to other Mississippi Valley states) is her approxi-
mately 23,000,000 acres of practically idle land that simply await
the touch of the intelligent agriculturist, to yield bountifully of
almost any farm crop that can be grown, and its possible main-
tenance of endless numbers of any and all of the varieties of farm
animals, more particularly those which we term the food- -produc-
ing class—beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs and sheep.” That
surely sounds encouraging, and that and a hundred equally im-
pressive statements, put forth by the doctor in his earnestness and
enthusiasm, should, if distributed before the right people, bring
many, agriculturally inclined, to the Mississippi Valley and in-
crease the field of the veterinarian in the South.
THE next annual meeting of the Tennessee Veterinary Medi-
cal Association will be held in Nashville some time during the
month of November, 1914.
ELIMINATION OF SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION IN
MILK.*
By W. D. Frost, Pu.D., Dr., P.H., Associate PRoFEssor oF BACTERIOLOGY,
UNIVERSITY OF ‘WISCONSIN.
Meaning of Contanunation.—In considering this subject it
seems necessary at the very start to define the sense in which the
word contamination is to be used. It may be used to mean the
entrance into milk of any and all foreign matter, such as dirt or
bacteria. In this sense all milks are contaminated, except per-
haps some of the certified or, as we might call them, the aseptic
milks; but such milks are impractical for general use. On the
other hand, we may consider contamination in a broader sense to
mean the pollution of milk with material that is likely to endanger
the health of those who use it; such a milk has a dangerous taint;
its consumption jeopardizes the health of those who partake of
it. The word is used in the latter sense in the present paper.
According to our present knowledge it is not possible to produce
milk on a large scale that is uncontaminated in the narrow sense,
but it is possible and profitable as well to produce a milk that is
free from danger to those who use it.
It is now quite generally recognized that milk as it comes
from the udder of the healthy cow is not germ free, but, con-
trarywise, may contain a considerable number of bacteria. Such
a milk, however, gathered with reasonable care, should not be
considered contaminated. A contaminated milk contains either
disease-producing bacteria or an excessive number of harmless
bacteria, which, though harmless in themselves, may be harmful
in large numbers. This form of contamination, because of its
* Presented to the seventeenth annual meeting of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary
Association, Chicago, December, 1913.
476
a
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we WE EA ET ERE AMER SRNR arta ty bey ot
ELIMINATION OF SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION IN MILK. 477
frequency, is most serious, especially where such milk is fed to
infants.
The contamination of milk needs to be considered not only
from the standpoint of public health, but also in regard to its
keeping qualities. If a milk could be secured with no greater
contamination than it has in the udder of a cow its keeping power
could be measured in days where a contaminated milk might keep
only as many hours. A milk so contaminated that its keeping
power is short disgusts the consumer, and like a “ boomerang ”’
comes back to both producer and purveyor in decrease sales. The
production of an uncontaminated milk is a subject worthy of the
most serious consideration and of sufficient importance to en-
gage the attention of the ablest workers.
The Cow as a Source of Contamination.—The diseases trans-
mitted from the cow to man through milk are anthrax, malta
fever, foot and mouth disease, milk sickness, mammitis, septic
sore throat and tuberculosis. Most of the diseases in this list
are, now-a-days, fortunately only remotely serious, but deserve
a word in passing. Anthrax readily effects cows, but, due to the
rapid course of the disease which ends in death in a few hours,
the milk is suppressed or rendered so abnormal that it is not
likely to be used. The anthrax bacillus has, however, been re-
covered from cow’s milk. That the dangers from this disease are
within the range of possibilities was shown by an epidemic of this
disease which occurred among the herds supplying the City of
Chicago. In 1910, five hundred cows were exposed and eighty-
seven became infected. All milk from the farms where the
disease existed was destroyed and great care was taken to pre-
vent the sale of milk from the suspected districts, and as a result
no human cases were attributable to milk infection.
Cows are susceptible to the germ of Malta fever and this germ
has been found in their milk. The infection of man, however,
from this source is not recorded although goat’s milk is the usual
means of transmission in this disease.
Foot and mouth disease which occurs in cattle can be trans-
ferred to men, especially children, through the milk, and five epi-
478 W. D. FROST.
demics of this kind have been reported in this country. The
disease is widely prevalent in Europe and Asia.
Milk sickness was formerly important, but is now practically
unknown in the United States, except in sparcely populated por-
tions of North Carolina, Tennessee and Texas.
Mammitis, mastitis or garget, is a common and well recog-
nized infection of cows. It is caused by various germs, but
especially by streptococci and staphylococci. The milk from an
infected cow can give rise to gastro-intestinal disorders, espec-
ially in children. The milk from such cows can usually be de-
tected by a microscopical examination of the sediment. A milk
sediment containing an excessive number of leucocytes, particu-
larly when they are associated with streptococci, is regarded
by some workers as almost invariably coming from infected
herds. Some milk firms make routine sediment tests and report
pus and streptococci to the producer, who it is claimed can usu-
ally locate the difficulty without trouble. If the gargetty udders
are not readily found the milk from each individual cow is then
tested with the usual result that the offending cow is found.
Savage, of England, has carefully studied this condition, and for-
tunately is able to come to the conclusion that “the great ma-
jority of cases of bovine mastitis are due to an organism which
is not harmful to man.”
Closely associated with mammitis in cows is the question of
the relation of septic sore throat to milk. Savage and Trask have
collected the histories of twenty outbreaks of milk-borne sore
throat which have occurred in England. Most of these epi-
demics have occurred in recent years. In this country we have
all been startled by the appearance of several frightful epidemics.
This disease appeared first in Boston in 1911, and since then in
Baltimore, Concord, N. H., Chicago and elsewhere. The evidence
is not sufficient to warrant a dogmatic statement in regard to the
way in which the milk becomes infected in this disease, but until
we know differently we are bound to regard mammitis and other
streptococcus infections of the udder as a possible if not a probable
source of infection. The tremendous morbidity and mortality
ELIMINATION OF SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION IN MILK. 479
among the consumers as well as the financial loss among the pro-
ducers of such an infected milk make the relation of septic sore
throat to milk one of the great problems of the day.
Tuberculosis is a chronic disease of both the cow and man.
That these diseases are intertransmissible there can not be the least
shadow of a doubt. The only question is what per cent. of human
tuberculosis is of bovine origin. We know that in all probability
milk from infected cows is responsible for from a fifth to a fourth
of the tuberculosis of infancy and childhood, and that is the
source of from five to seven per cent. of all human tuberculosis.
Some believe that it is even more important than that. Certain it
is that its eradication is of sufficient importance to demand the best
endeavors of all who love humanity and own cattle.
The elimination of these animal sources of contamination can
be accomplished by testing with tuberculin all cows used in the
production of milk and removing from the herds the reacting
animals. Garget should be constantly in mind and when present
the entire milk of the infected animal should be discarded so that
it does not become human food. Sick cows, from whatever cause,
are not proper sources of food for man. The danger from this
source of contamination, namely the cow, can only be eliminated
by eternal vigilance.
Health Tone of Cow.—The early idea that milk from a healthy
udder, with proper care, could be obtained in a sterile condition
is not in keeping with the facts as we know them. As a matter
of fact, experience has shown that the most extreme care will not
assure a milk with less than several hundred bacteria per cubic
centimeter. It is further known that certain cows give an ex-
cessively high count in freshly drawn milk, 7. e., upwards of a
hundred thousand. Whether such cows are in a perfectly normal
condition or not is perhaps a matter of doubt, but one worthy of
further study. Frost and Meyer already made some suggestive
observations in this direction. They made a study of bacterial
content of the milk from a series of cows from a certified herd in
which it was shown that the only cow of the group studied having
an excessively high count was the one which had been continu-
480 W. D. FROST.
ously stabled for a period of six years. This work needs con-
firmation, it does not seem unreasonable to suppose that unnat-
ural conditions such as continuous stabling and forced feeding
would lower the health tone of an animal so that the natural
germicidal properties of its body fluids would be subnormal, thus
permitting the development of an abnormally high bacterial flora.
Contamination Through Handling.—In the handling of milk,
opportunity for serious contamination occurs at several points.
The sources of this contamination are: The exterior of the cow;
the barn dust; the utensils; and the milker.
Fecal Bacteria in Milk.—From the coat of the cow come a
great number and variety of bacteria, but. perhaps the most
dangerous are the fecal bacteria, or those belonging to the colon
group and the sporogenes capsulatus group. The presence of
these bacteria in milk is significant not only because they indicate
manurial contamination, which in itself is undesirable, but because
they may themselves at times at least possess pathogenic prop-
erties.
This source of contamination can be largely eliminated by
comparatively simple precautions. The hind quarters of the
cow should be brushed or curried at least one half hour before
milking. The udder and flanks should also be washed with clean
or sterile water and wiped with a clean towel. Under all condi-
tions milk produced for direct consumption should be gathered in
narrow topped milk pails, which reduce this source of contamina-
tion to a minimum.
Barn Dust.—The bacteria which come from the barn dust
are of comparatively little importance to the careless producer,
since in his case the lactic acid bacteria almost invariably over-
run the air bacteria, but to the more careful producer they become
a greater problem. These bacteria, in so far as they effect milk.
are usually digestors, i.c., they act on the protien rather than on
the sugar of milk. The better grades of certified milks usually
have these digestors in relatively large enough numbers to de-
termine the character of the fermentation, as it has been my ex-
perience that such milks digest rather than sour on standing.
ELIMINATION OF SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION IN MILE. 481
This source of contamination can be minimized by observing
reasonable care in conducting the affairs of the barn. ‘These par-
ticular bacteria are abundant in the dust from the field. This
should then be so handled and at such times as to avoid dust at
milking time. The same is true of the bedding and the dust from
the currying of the cows.
Milking Utensils—vT¥he care of the milking utensils is a
matter of very considerable importance, since from this source
come enormous numbers of lactic acid bacteria, as well as other
kinds, whose presence in milk are of the greatest significance so
far as the keeping qualities of the milk are concerned. This
factor also is not without its sanitary significance, since many
epidemics are on record as having their origins in the fact that
bottles have been returned from infected households, refilled and
distributed without being properly sterilized.
Contamination from this source can be easily eliminated
where steam is available, since the effect of even a few minutes ex-
posure to live steam is sufficient to kill pathogenic bacteria. In
other cases much the same result can be obtained by the use of
hot water. .In the absence of hot water treatment with a suitable
solution of chlorinated lime will be efficient.
The water supply of the dairy is a matter of the gravest con-
cern. Its quality should be above reproach.
It should be stated in this connection that the handling of milk
is a great multiplier of bacteria, and as a corollary that on this
account milk should be handled as little as possible.
The Milker As a Source of Contamination.—The milker is
no doubt the most serious source of contamination, since through
him come the pathogenic germs which produce the most danger-
ous and widespread epidemics attributable to milk. These epi-
demic diseases are typhoid fever, scarlet fever, diphtheria and
septic sore throat. There is no reason to doubt that the cause of
_ these diseases in milk epidemics always enters through the hand-
ling of the milk by diseased persons, by “carriers” of these dis-
eases, or through the water supply. To show that the dangers
from this source of infection is not simply theoretical but has its
482 W. D. FROST.
practical importance, one has only to turn to the literature of the
subject. Our knowledge of milk-borne epidemics was summar-
ized by Trask in 1908, and from him we learn that upwards of
500 epidemics have occurred and that 317 of these were typhoid
fever, 125 were scarlet fever, 51 were diphtheria, and 7 were sore
throat infections. The number of cases in these various epi-
demics have ranged from one or two to over 800. ‘The largest
number of cases in any one epidemic of typhoid fever was 362,
in scarlet fever 813, in diphtheria 264, and in septic sore throat 7
(but it should be remembered in this connection that there were
over 2,000 cases in the Boston epidemic of Ig11).
The elimination of this cause of contamination is the most
serious problem confronting the conscientious dairyman of to-
day. It is quite easy to debar from milk-handling workmen who
are actually sick and it would seldom happen that well-marked
cases of disease would be the source of infection, especially in the
larger plants. One trouble comes from the fact that during the
prodromal stages of diseases, such as scarlet fever, they are
quite as infectious, if not more so, than when these diseases are
well advanced. Still more difficult is it to detect the “ bacillus
carriers,’ which are common in all these diseases. In the present
state of our knowledge their detection is impossible.
What should be done—and the public can reasonably expect
that it will be done—is to minimize the danger from this source
by allowing only well people to milk; to temporarily debar from
milking or handling the milk any who are ill, especially if such
indisposition be in the nature of a sore throat, and particularly
if this symptom appear in a young person who has not had diph-
theria or scarlet fever. A person should not be allowed to milk
who has a fever or who has diarrhoea. Nor should one be al-
lowed to handle milk who comes in contact with anyone sick of
an infectious disease. Where possible, all employees should be
periodically examined by a competent physician, and while ill an
employee should receive the usual compensation, otherwise he
will not report slight, but nevertheless dangerous, indispositions.
It seems also well within bounds to require that all milkers
ELIMINATION OF SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION IN MILK. 483
should have reasonably clean clothes, clean hands and good
habits; such for example as would keep him from wiping his
nose on his hands, as I have seen men do in capping bottles.
Flies should be kept out of milk and the dairy if possible.
Cans and bottles should be so sealed as to prevent infection during
delivery, for it must not be supposed that all of the contamination
occurs on the farm—it may occur enroute to the city, in the city
plant and on the premises of the consumer.
Finally, fine equipment of farm, dairy or pasteurizing plant is
always to be commended, but by the same token it is always to be
remembered that intelligent and painstaking care are the import-
ant essentials in the handling of milk.
SoME LEADING ARTICLES FOR Our NExT Issue.—Studies
on the Virus of Hog Cholera (Walter E. King and Associates) ;
The Control of Glanders in New York State (J. F. De Vine) ;
Bovine Coccidiasis ( Horace B. Jervis) ; The Diagnosis of Dourine
by Complement Fixation ( Mohler and Eichhorn) : ; A Preliminary
Report on the Value of Leucocytic Extract from a Therapeutic
Standpoint (R. A. Archibald) ; The Control of Hog Cholera by
Slaughter Methods (Geo. E. Hilton); The Present Status of
the Control of Tuberculosis by Vaccination (S. H. Gilliland and
C. J. Marshall) ; Tetanus (M.D. De Turk) and several others.
PERIODICALS RECEIVED
Semi-Monthly Bulletin—Live Stock Sani-
tary Board (Penn.)
Bulletin Washington
College.
Canadian Medical Association Journal,
Quarterly Bulletin—Chicago Veterinary
College.
The Bacterial ‘1 nerapist.
The Veterinary Journal (London).
The Live Stock Journal.
The Pacific Dairyman,
Hoards Dairyman.
Farmers Advocate.
The Breeder’s Gazette.
The American Journal of Clinical Medi-
cine.
The Cornell Veterinarian.
The Eoeeine Agricultural Review
The Agricultural Journal (South Africa).
The Rider and Driver.
The Annals of Surgery.
State Agricultural
AY VE Re VIEW -OrREFICE.
The Veterinary Alumni Quarterly (O. S.
New York University Calendar (Weekly).
The Huilippies Je Journal of Science.
Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture
in India (Veterinary Series).
Proceedings Washington State V. M. A.
Proceedings Colorado State V. M. A.
Announcement Kansas City Veterinary
College.
Second Report Commission on Milk Stand-
ards; Wao:
Public Health Service-
Annual Report Inspector of -Animals,
rence, Mass.
Our Dumb Animals,
Journal of Experimental Medicine (Rocke-
feller Institute, New York).
Be peuan out Station Record, U. S. Dept.
gr.
Veterinary Notes.
Expt. Station Kenort,
Law-
Massachusetts.
VETERINARY LEGISLATION OF THE FUTURE OR THE
DUTIES OF THE VETERINARIAN OF THE FUTURE.*
By Watter G. HotitincwortH, D.V.S., Utica, N. Y.
‘Times change and people change. The horse and cow doc-
tor of the past, with his crude, inhumane way of treatment of
animals, is a matter of history to-day. The veterinarian is be-
coming a more recognized factor in all progressive communi-
ties; is looked up to with pride. All this has been brought about
by education. The advancement that our profession has made
in the past decade is no less than phenomenal; and greater ad-
vancement will be forthcoming in the near future. Those of us
that are here in the next few years will see the veterinarians in
greater demand as sanitarians. They will become specialists in
this branch of veterinary science. ‘The veterinary colleges are
rapidly becoming better equipped to give students a more pro-
ficient course in sanitary police work. It is hard to prophesy
the changes that are going to take place in the future; but I feel
that when one is brought face to face with the situation and
thinks over it carefully, he can see that all that is needed is
patience.
Public sentiment will demand that the health of the commu-
nity is to be more closely and scientifically looked after; and
this will be brought about by legislation. The legislator needs
to become better educated along those lines. Something that has
not occurred to him in a large majority of cases. The public
press of to-day is one of the best agitators and educators. The
public are eager for knowledge especially if life longevity is
assured. Their slogan will be “ Better Health Facilities,” and
* Presented to the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association, at Syracuse,
November, 1913.
484
+?
VETERINARY LEGISLATION OF THE FUTURE. 485
that we can guarantee, if given an opportunity. When we look
over some of the different branches of our sanitary laws, and
the way they are carried out, it is, to my way of thinking, no
less than criminal. Why do not officials set aside politics and
look after the health and welfare of their constituents? I.hope
and trust that I may live to see the time when our state and local
governments can be run on such principles. The time must
come when it will be a case of the “ survival of the fittest,” as
far as those who have positions where the life of human beings
are to be considered. When meat and milk inspection is placed
in the hands of those who are competent, instead of laymen, who
have friends who are a power politically, the only part of whose
work they can do correctly is to draw their pay, the death-rate
of the human race will be infinitely small, as compared to the
present loss of life due to preventable death through disease of
our loved ones; of this I am positive. The trouble with a great
many of the cities is that they have too many men doing one
man’s work. The salary of the inspector, under the present
conditions, would more than pay a good compensation to a
man who is proficient and properly educated, and, in a very large
majority of our cities, milk and meat inspection could be looked
after by him. You bring this argument before one who has the
power to act—he will tell you all sorts of good things, says “ yes,
it must and will be done,” but when the budget is made out,
you will see your efforts to check death and disease has van-
ished. Go to see him, he will tell you that the people will not
stand for the expense. Now, how ridiculous on the face of it,
when we know that it is all politics. Money spent under the
present law is money wasted, so far as meat and milk inspection
is concerned. It costs money to run a city, but put it where the
best results will be forthcoming, then the voters will not find
fault. To prove what I have said is true, let the executive head
of a city take the trouble to look up the statistics of that city
(one that is progressive enough to employ veterinary inspectors)
and see what the death record is. There are a few cities in this
state that can show results obtained. Many times the state of
486 WALTER G. HOLLINGWORTH.
death has not fallen in his (that is, the city official’s) house-
hold, or else he has no conscience. He hears of a case of serious
illness, resulting in death, due to some diseased condition of an
animal, that was transmitted to some unfortunate person. At
the time he thinks of it, but soon it passes out of his mind. To
him it is only one more added to that awful death record, result-
ing from preventable diseases that have been contracted by eat-
ing or drinking food uninspected. We have no right to play
with human life. ‘‘ Prevention is better than a cure.” Our laws
in regard to inspection are not rigid enough. The one object
of a community ought to be the bettering of the health of its
people. If as much attention was paid to obtaining proficient
sanitary laws as is given to the subject of criminal laws, our
cemeteries would not be so crowded.
I] am in no position to say what percentage of death the
human race is subjected to, due to improper inspection; but I
am sure it would be appalling. Death records show, many per-
sons expire, “causes unknown.” Some of these cases, no doubt,
are due to infected food or water, and as these two absolutely
necessary articles of life come from the rural districts, that is
the place to commence to enforce proper sanitary laws. And
as there are so many diseases of animals that are transmissible
to man, and a very large majority of them are controllable, 1
say, without fear of contradiction, that the qualified veterinarian
of to-day is the most competent man to cope with this serious
situation.
The veterinarians are not consulted often enough by our mu-
nicipal officials in regard to the conditions of health. Their
advice has been ignored, but, mark me, their presence is bound
to be felt in the near future. To-day they are on equal footing
with the physicians who have been trying to officiate in the ca-
pacity of veterinary sanitarians in many places; and how few
have made good or accomplished anything in this line of work.
Why? Because the physician is out of his sphere. All that is
necessary is to establish proper legislation; give the veterinarian
the power of the law to back up his advice on matters of sanita-
tion, and the result would be less fat graveyards.
Ss OG, Ora to >
EO Ee: ar te
—
ae
VETERINARY LEGISLATION OF THE FUTURE. 487
If our legislative chambers were filled with men, who could
be free to act according to their honest belief, instead of by
dictation or command, what a pleasure it would be. Then men
would enter politics with energy and zeal, and valuable laws
would be forthcoming. It can be done, has been done and will
be done.
It is sufficient to say that from the days of antiquity, law-
makers and law-givers have recognized how important it was,
to keep the clean from the unclean, and throughout history we
find more or less reference to sanitary legislation, which only
too frequently was imperfect in the extreme, because based on
miserably crude notions as to the nature and causes of disease.
And right here I want to give an example of this. In years gone
by, the horse doctor, as he was then called, would receive a call
to see a sick horse suffering from pain. He would diagnose the
case as bots, and prescribe. The first thing that he would do
would be to cut a small portion of the hair of the said horse’s
tail off, chop it up as fine as possible, mix that with sweetened
water, then pour this mixture down his throat. Now what was
his theory? This sweetened mass would pass into the stomach,
the bots would partake of it, then those fine pieces of hair would
get into their mouths, that would cause pain, and they would stop
biting the walls of the stomach. When that took place, relief
came, a cure followed. I could go on and mention a great many
such crude and inhumane methods. I think that matters were
much worse in cattle practice; but, as I have said, thanks to
education for the elimination of such vile practices and the ele-
vation of our profession to its standard of to-day. And is it
to be wondered at why the horse and cow doctor were held in
such low estimation by the thinking community?
I am sorry to say that many of our municipalities are work-
ing just along these lines, no advancement accomplished. The
only thing to do is to bring the powers of the law to our aid and
apply the knowledge of the man of science to the end that those
slack methods in vogue can be checked. When the laws are
passed, then the great object will be to secure intelligent co-
488 WALTER G. HOLLINGWORTH.
operation to carry them into effect, and that can only be done by
securing the services of those who are competent to act. Indi-
vidual initiative; the one who can do the right thing at the right
time without being told. The idea of such work is to make the
public, and more especially those immediately concerned, under-
stand that sanitary legislation is not meant to be oppressive and
harassing, but is founded on the highest motives and based on
the most reliable knowledge obtainable. Its object being to pre-
serve and protect the domestic animals from disease, and to act
as guardians to the public health interests, to the end that con-
tagious diseases would be nearly unknown, or more easily and
promptly suppressed.
I am looking forward to great changes in live-stock raising
in the eastern states; and with the scarcity of steers in the west,
which is brought about by the great ranches being utilized for
agricultural purposes, it will become a profitable business for the
eastern farmers to go back to the methods of our forefathers,
and raise a few cattle for the market each year. In this country,
in the last six years, our population has increased 29,000,000
and our live stock has decreased 150,000,000. That is a very
serious proposition. Now, according to those figures we can
see that we are not raising enough live stock. And it is certain
that the meat cost of living will not be reduced much, as the
countries that now have a surplus of stock in time will be the
same as we are. They must take care of their present trade,
before they can take on such a meat-hungry country as this. So
I fear this importation of meat will give only temporary relief.
I believe that this country is capable of producing food enough
for this population. The only thing is, the producers have not
managed their affairs properly. The farmer of to-day, the king
of all professions, knows that farms without cattle on them are
the farms that are becoming exhausted, so they are going more
into stock raising, as they need the fertilizing for the farm, that
is produced by the live stock. And with the increase of cattle
and other live stock local abattoirs will be established, and these
will need to be looked after in a sanitary way. The result will
VETERINARY LEGISLATION OF THE FUTURE. 489
be that a proficient state meat inspection law, similar to our
federal law, would be established. One thing will lead to another.
I firmly believe that our agricultural law will be so amended
or a live-stock sanitary board will be established in various states,
the object of which will be to look after the sanitary conditions
of the rural districts.
That would necessitate the subdivision of a state into dis-
tricts, and each territory would be in charge of a veterinarian
who would be held responsible for its sanitary conditions; and
he, of course, will be under the state veterinarian. ‘This veteri-
narian should devote his whole time to this work and receive a
compensation sufficient to do it. He should devote some of his
time to educating the producer, being a recognized authority,
so to speak, on live-stock interests. When this condition takes
place as suggested, the department, which this veterinarian is
employed by or is acting for, will be in close touch with the live-
stock interests, and the saving to the state will be enormous.
Not only to the live-stock interest, but to humanity also. Many
oubreaks of contagious diseases would be nipped in the bud and
checked, especially those diseases known as germ carriers. Con-
valescents go to the country to repair their health, and uncon-
sciously start a chain of infection, through the milk and water.
Just as happened in New York City recently. The east-side
typhoid outbreak. This was traced to a farm. The patient, a
typhoid convalescent, not being cautioned, was careless and in-
fected the milk that was sent to the city from this farm, the
result being many cases, and some deaths occurred. My theory
would be, a case of snatching the community from the jaws of
death which, under the present situation, they are striving to
enter.
The trouble with the American race is that they see serious
things too late. Some calamity must take place before any se-
rious thought is given, but when that takes place, immediately
something is done. If it were possible that the death of indi-
viduals could be placed at the door of the objectionable ones
of the human race, we would look at this in a less serious light;
490 WALTER G. HOLLINGWORTH.
but unfortunately this is not the case. So I believe the thing
to do is to lock the door before the horse is stolen. I think that
the time has arrived to prevent the unnecessary loss of life, and
we as veterinarians should lend our knowledge to the thinking
community, to consider this serious situation, and ask them-
selves whether it is not time for action, to demand from the
authorities that the food and water that they partake of, to sus-
tain life, be more scientifically inspected. With the aid of the
press, results will be forthcoming.
AN ExpressioN OF APPRECIATION.—An Ohio subscriber
gives the following expression of opinion of an article by our
esteemed collaborator, Dr. John F. De Vine, which appeared in
our December number, beginning on page 350. ‘I wish to
heartily congratulate you for your able paper on page 350, AMER-
ICAN VETERINARY Review. I have read a great amount of
veterinary literature in 25 years, but | must say yours is the best
on the subject. So splendidly readable, your language so simple,
plain and sensible that it holds one’s attention to the last word.
I must say I thank you.”’
From Dr. C. D. McMurpo, Fort Ethan Allen, we have the
following items of news of army veterinarians: “I am about
to leave this station and accompany my regiment to Fort Hua-
chuca. Drs. Lusk and English will come here with the Second
Cavalry. Dr. Kron sails for Manila in January to join the Sey-
enth Cavalry, and Dr. Van Allstyne of that regiment takes his
place in the Tenth. Things look very propitious for the success
of the army bill next session, thanks to all our good friends who
are giving us such a strong helping hand.
We sail on the “ Kilpatrick’ from New York to Galveston
and will then go by rail to Huachuca, if we don’t wind up in
Mexico.”
A VERMONT SUBSCRIBER, in renewing his subscription to
the Review, writes: “I take great pleasure in reading it every
month, and look forward to its coming. I also appreciate your
great effort in producing the best veterinary journal published.”
teh ogedins co
|
LAMENESS OF THE HIP JOINT.*
By Davin W. Cocuran, D.V.S., NEw York, N. Y.
The hip joint is formed by the articulation of the femur with
the os innominata. It is an enarthrodial articulation, an articu-
lation which permits the most extensive and varied movements.
Every movement of the hip is the act of contraction of one or
more of the muscles of the part, which, as they act on the boney
levers, cause the movements of flexion, extension, abduction,
adduction, rotation or circumduction. Flexion is freer than
extension. Of the lateral movements, abduction is the freest,
unless flexion be combined with adduction, so that one limb
passes in front of the other, while circumduction is much less
free in the hips than in the shoulder. It is the rapid alterna-
tions of these movements which produce the different positions
and various gaits of the animal, and it is their derangement
from normal conditions, no matter from what cause, which con-
stitutes the pathology of lameness.
Lameness may be defined as any irregularity or derange-
ment of the function of locomotion, affecting one or more ex-
tremities involving the inability of the patient (according to the
extent of the injury) to sustain the body weight, due to pain
from disease or injury to muscular or nervous structure, disease
of synovial capsules, softening and disintegration of ligaments,
ulceration of cartilege, necrosis of bone. We may classify lame-
ness under two headings: One a swinging leg lameness, and
the other a supporting leg lameness. Under the first heading
will be disordered condition of muscular tissue under the sec-
ond, those which support the body weight, namely hoof ailments,
* Presented to the fiftieth anniversary meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, at New York, September, 1913.
491
492 DAVID W. COCHRAN.
rupture of tendons, luxations, fractures, synovial dilatations
(either thecal or bursal), nerve lesions. To summarize: In hip
lameness we may have the joint proper as the seat of disease,
also the ligaments, the tendons of the gluteal muscles and the
muscles themselves, the bones comprising the os innominata
as well as the greater and lesser trochanters of the femur.
Under this heading of swinging leg lameness we will con-
sider sprain. In defining sprain we may say it is the wrench-
ing of the structures which form a joint in which we have more
or less laceration or stretching of muscular fibre, tendons or the
sheaths surrounding or supporting them. It is probable that
there is in every case of severe sprain more or less injury
inflicted upon the parts in the immediate relation of the affected
joint. The muscles and tendons must necessarily participate in
the wrench. Ginglymoid or hinge joints suffer more than or-
bicular joints. Orbicular joints possess more latitude and free-
dom of motion. There is an essential difference in the struc-
ture of the ligaments themselves in the two classes of joints.
In orbicular joints the connecting media are of a fibrous nature,
comparatively thin, yielding and extensible. In the ginglymoid,
the ligaments are extremely firm and indisposed to stretch, or
when strained are incapable of withstanding rupture of their
fibres.
The causes which are likely to result in sprain of the hip are
sliding or falling on the ground surface, when the hind legs are
suddenly thrown into extreme abduction or any extreme effort
accompanied by a powerful contraction which may cause lacera-
tion of the soft structures, due to loss of control on the part of
the animal or held in forcible operative position, either by hobbles
or stocks, or due to holding back or backing up a heavy load or
a misstep followed by a powerful exertion of strength in prevent-
ing a fall. This is followed by inflammation and suspension of
function. Muscles are liable to wounds and lacerations, inflam-
mation, atrophy and hypertrophy. Laceration (rupture of
muscles) is often produced from slight injuries. The place
where the rupture occurs is near the junction of the fleshy fibres
LAMENESS OF THE HIP JOINT. 493
with their tendons. Occasionally a muscle may give way at its
middle or, in fact, at almost any portion of its extent. The
laceration is sometimes limited to a few fibres; at other times
it involves the entire thickness of a muscle and its aponeurotic
sheath. Finally cases occur in which a number of muscles are
ruptured. This is, as has been stated, the result of some violent
bodily exertion. Temporary lameness and inability to move
about for some time are generally the only serious consequences
to be apprehended until the reunion of the torn structures will
be sufficiently firm to justify their accustomed use.
In inflammation of muscles the sheaths of the muscles very
frequently, if not generally, participate in the morbid action.
One effect of inflammation of the muscles and their fibrous en-
velopes is contraction of their fleshy fibres, leading to marked
disorder of their function. We may have atrophy of muscles,
caused by defective circulation, inactivity, or whatever has a
tendency to impair the function of innervation, retard or dimin-
ish the supply of blood or induce inactivity in a muscle.
When contusion is severe, we may have a paralysis, due re-
flexly to injury of the articular terminal fibres of the obdurator
or branches of the sacral, or directly from contusion of the
sciatic as it passes behind the trochanter. The muscular spasm
may be reflex, and a sufficient cause is found if we suppose the
nerve terminals are injured. We have often associated with
hip lameness symptoms of stifle lameness through contiguity of
structure.
Wounds of tendons, when divided subcutaneously, readily
unite through the intervention of plastic matter without the oc-
currence of any considerable degree of inflammation. There
are many conditions in which not only the muscular and ten-
dinous structures are affected by sprain, but by contiguity of
parts the supplemental structures may be involved with compli-
Cations, as periostitis or callouses. The true seat of pathological
lesions are often uncertain, owing to the massive structure of
the parts.
Under the heading of the second division I will mention luxa-
494 DAVID W. COCHRAN.
tions of the hip. I have never had any in my practice, nor have
I ever seen one in the horse, although cases are on record where
the accumulation of synovia was so marked that the femur would
slip out of the cotyloid cavity. The diagnosis of this condition
would be difficult and would only interest the pathologist and
not the practitioner. It would seem almost impossible to have
luxation of the coxo-femoral joint, from the way the joint is
held in position by ligamentous structure.
Under the heading of fractures I beg to say that in looking
over several works on human surgery I found very little men-
tion of fracture of the pelvis, but there are volumes written on
fractures of the femur; for the human pelvis is stronger, more
dense and compact in proportion to its relative size than in any
other animal. Accidents to the human being in the pelvis are —
generally the results of railroad accidents, or they have been
run over by a heavy vehicle. Not so with the horse. We have
more fractures of the pelvis than the femur. In the coxal region —
we have the union of three pairs of bones, the illeum, the ischium —
and the pubis, forming the whole of the pelvis. Fractures in
these bones are caused by external violence and may involve the
ileum, the ischium and the pubis, the cotyloid cavity or several
of these parts together. The illeum is frequently injured at its ©
antero-external angle. Sometimes a single tuberosity is broken
off and remains attached to the bone; crepitation is hardly per- |
ceptible. Sometimes it is completely loose and is more or less
drawn downward by the contraction of muscular tissue. There
is generally no crepitation discernible, but there is a noticeable
loss of symmetry in the appearance of both sides. The lame-
ness is a peculiar one. One of the earlier symptoms is a side-
way progression, due to a slight curvature of the spinal column.
This, in turn, is caused by a loss of contractability of the illeo-
spinalis muscle, due to the fracture of the attachments of this
muscle at the angle of the illeum.
Secondly, the ischium. Fracture of the ischium is also the”
result of external violence, but I think most cases of this kind
are the result of powerful muscular contractions. I have seen
°-—— > a
teat ie
.
4
a
§
LAMENESS OF THE HIP JOINT. 495
several cases in cart horses that were compelled to back up heavy
loads. There is a peculiar deformity of the croup, a flattening
at the height of the ischial tuberosity, an abnormal projection
on a level with the articulation of the hip. The gluteal region
is larger and more prominent. The prominence is the result
of a luxation forward of the posterior portion of the long vastus.
While forward motion is limited, progression backward 1s almost
impossible.
Thirdly, the pubis. We have fractures at the symphysis
pubis. This is due to falls. The diagnosis is made by rectal
exploration, together with manipulation of the leg by an assist-
ant in all the varied movements of the hip to detect crepitation.
We have three other fractures which are of a more serious
nature; those in the vicinity of the cotyloid cavity: one of the
neck or shaft of the illeum; second, surrounding the obdurator
foramen; and third, of the cotyloid cavity. When the fracture
has taken place anterior to the cotyloid cavity, beside the lame-
ness, there is a shortening of the step forward, the foot resting
on the ground surface firm. If it is posterior of the cotyloid
cavity, there is pain and stiffness while resting; forward motion
is limited; backward motion is positively restricted. When at
the cotyloid cavity, the pain is intense and lameness severe. It
is generally complicated with arthritis. There is no flexion at
the hip.
While I have confined myself to the pelvis, I might say that
there are two fractures of the femur met with, those of the
greater and lesser trochanter.
Every variety of complication, including muscular laceration,
the formation of deep abscesses and injuries to the organs in
the pelvic cavity, the bladder, the rectum, the uterus, may be asso-
ciated with fractures of the hip. Fractures in and near the
cotyloid cavity may cause disability of the patient, as when the
reparative process has left boney deposits in the pelvic cavity
at the seat of union, which may induce local paralysis by pres-
sure on the nerves that govern the muscles of the hind leg. This
is a condition which is seen when callouses have been formed at
496 DAVID W. COCHRAN.
the floor of the pelvis near the obturator foramen, pressing upon
the course or involving the obturator nerve.
Treatment: In cases of sprain the treatment will depend on
the severity of the case. Hot-water applications and hot packs,
stimulating liniments, vessicants, setons, the actual cautery,
either superficial cautery or subcutaneous cautery, inter-muscular
injections of normal salt solution, tincture of iodine, spirits of
turpentine. For fractures, place the animal in slings to prevent
motion as far as possible. ;
MuLe BREAKS VETERINARIAN’S ArM.—Dr. A. O. Kennedy,
Columbia, Tennessee, recently sustained a fracture of the left
radius from the kick of a mule. We are glad to be able to report
Dr. Kennedy now convalescent.
ScratcH, Doctor Got IN Work, Proves Fatau.—Fort
Smith, Ark., October 17: Dr. H. A. Fry, Assistant State Veter-
inarian, and widely known throughout Arkansas, died Tuesday
from blood poison, the result of a scratch sustained a week ago
while operating on a horse.—(Clipped from Arkansas daily.)
THE VETERINARY MeEpIcAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW JERSEY
will hold its annual meeting at the Hotel Windsor, Trenton, N.
J., on Thursday, January 8, 1914. Secretary Loblein extends the
usual cordial invitation to the many friends of the organization
in the neighboring States.
ENTERS THE REALM OF GENERAL PRAcTICE.—Dr. H. O.
Moore, of Westfield, Indiana, has become associated with Dr.
Edgar Heiny, Hattiesville, Miss., in general practice. We con-
gratulate Dr. Moore in having embraced the practice of veter-
inary medicine, which holds so much of interest for those engaged
in it, and congratulate Dr. Heiny in having Dr. Moore associated
with him.
PROMINENT VETERINARIAN BECOMES SECRETARY OF CAT-
; :
TLEMEN’S AssociaATiIon.—Dr. Tait Butler, editor of the Progress-
ive Farmer, an active worker in the A. V. M. A., and known
to veterinarians all over the United States, was elected secretary
of the Southern Cattlemen’s Association, at their recent meeting —
in Memphis, Tenn.
REPORTS OF CASES.
AN OUTBREAK OF TUBERCULOSIS IN PIGEONS.*
By F. S. Jones, New York City.
In the early part of June a live pigeon was brought to the
laboratory for diagnosis. The owner stated that the bird with
some others was suffering with nodules on the wing, which he
thought might be cancers.
The bird was a female, five or six years old, of a fancy breed
and had been ill some time. Depression was not noted. The
eyes were bright, and emaciation was not apparent. The appe-
tite was good. At the humeral radial articulations of both wings
and on the tarsal joints of the legs were large irregular swellings.
The pigeon was chloroformed and a careful post-mortem
examination made. The following facts were noted at that time:
The bird is in good flesh.
At the humeral radial joint there is a large, irregular, lobu-
lated swelling, involving both the external and internal aspect.
It measures 4.5 cm. long by 3.5 cm. wide by 2.5 cm. thick. The
external surface is perforated by a large opening 2 cm. in diame-
ter. Protruding from this is a plug of caseous material. There
is a smaller opening on the external aspect. On cutting into the
nodule it is found to be made of yellowish-white caseous mate-
rial, having a disagreeable odor. The lesion not only involves
_ the subcutaneous tissue, but the tissue surrounding the joints
and the bones. The right wing and both tarsal joints of the
legs are affected, the pathological processes have not advanced
as far as those in the wings.
The heart, liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys and ovaries are ap-
parently normal. There are two small, round, yellowish-white
tubercles in the pancreas. Over the serosas of the intestines are
*This observation was made in the laboratory of the Department of Comparative
+ Pathology and Bacteriology of the New York State Veterinary College, at Cornell Uni-
he: versity, Ithaca, N. Y.
497
498 REPORTS OF CASES.
scattered a few small round nodules. One large irregular, yel-
low nodule is present in the mesentery.
Properly stained smears made from the caseous material of
the wing and mesentery revealed the presence of large numbers
of “ Bact. tuberculosis.” The organisms were long, slender and
beaded.
At the request of the writer two other pigeons were brought
to the laboratory. They were chloroformed and examined.
Number 2. =
REPORTS OF CASES. 499
made trom these and stained in hot carbol fuchsin, and treated
with acidulated alcohol, failed to discolorize the organisms.*
Pieces of the various pathological tissues were fixed in Zen-
ker’s and sectioned.
Fig. 1.
Fig. 3.
Figure 1. Tubercles on wing of pigeon No. 1x1.
Figure 2. Tubercles on leg of pigeon No. 1x1.
Figure 3. ‘‘ Bact. Tuberculosis’ in smear from lung of pigeon No. 3x 750.
The microscopic lesion is typical of avian tubercle. The
nodule consists of a necrotic centre surrounded by a row of giant
*JIn the 28th Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, 1911, pages 64-65, a ‘‘ lumpy ” or nodular disease of pigeons is briefly described.
The malady is apparently characterized by the formation of subcutaneous caseous nodules
involving the heads, necks and wings of pigeons. The etiological agent seems to be a rod-
shaped organism having some resemblance to ‘“ Bact. tuberculosis.” It resists decoloriza-
tion with mineral acids, but is decolorized by acidulated alcohol.
500 REPORTS OF CASES.
cells. Surrounding the giant cells is a thin connective tissue cap-
sule containing epithelioid cells. The outermost layer is com-
prised of lymphoid cells and polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The
lesion in the wing is made up of a large caseous deposit in the
subcutaneous tissue. The skin is generally normal, except
where the processes have extended directly through it, causing
a perforation. The lesion in the intestine involves principally
the serous and muscular layers.
In properly stained preparations the causative organism is
found to be in the necrotic material in large numbers.
The owner was advised of our findings and informed us that
within the last six months nine cases of the disease had appeared.
Three birds became badly affected at various times during the
winter. As soon as a case was noted it was isolated. The dis-
ease progressed slowly in all three birds, but finally the whole
side became involved, and it was decided to chloroform them.
Up to this time six other birds have become affected. Three of
them are well advanced, but the others have developed recently.
All of the birds revealed the nodules on the wings.
A clear record of how the disease gained entrance into the
flock is lacking. A large number of birds are exhibited at the
various poultry shows every year. Less than two years ago a
pair of highly bred birds were purchased for breeding purposes.
Several months after their introduction the female died of some
unknown disease. The owner was inclined to believe that this
bird brought tuberculosis into the flock.
The owner was advised to slaughter all pigeons showing
nodules on the wings or any birds that were emaciated. The
birds were valuable, and he was desirous of perpetuating the
various strains. It was suggested that the house be divided and
separate yards constructed. One part to be used only for young
stock hatched from the eggs of selected individuals and the other
side used for regular flock. Thorough disinfection of the houses
and coops and the liming of the yards were urged. The sug-
gestion was made that he mate the birds as usual. As soon as
the eggs were layed, they were to be removed from the mother
and dipped in alcohol and incubated under a common pigeon
obtained from a healthy flock and reared in the other side of the
coop. In this way it is hoped that a flock of sound birds may be
raised, and the original birds in which the disease is known to
exist, may be disposed of.
REPORTS OF CASES. 501
LYMPHO-SARCOMA IN THE DOG.
By A. SLtawson, D.V.M., New York, N. Y.
This paper presents in full a single case of lympho-sarcoma
in the dog and is not a treatise on this disease, as the title might
imply. However, a few general remarks-on the subject may not
be out of place, in bringing to your notice the case in question.
Lympho-sarcomata are claimed by many to be found only on
the external, visible, genital organs, viz., on the vaginal walls,
vulva and perineum of the bitch and on the mucous membrane
of the prepuce and penis of the dog, especially at the base of the
penis. They are infectious, being transmitted from one sex to
the other during the act of coition. While some investigators
were at first inclined to pronounce these growths lesions of a
venereal disease, similar to those of syphilis in man, no spiro-
chaete has been demonstrated. The general appearance of the
external forms of this cancer is granulomatous, varying in size
from a pinhead to a hazelnut and larger. There may be one
granuloma or several, which, as they enlarge, may become con-
fluent, forming a spreading growth. The larger growths are
often spongy in consistency and bleed easily. It is probable,
owing to the friable nature of the external forms of these lympho-
sarcomata, that they are transmitted because of the physical
strain to which the genital organs of canines are subjected dur-
ing couplation. On this account it would seem that these can-
cers are infectious in a pathological and not in a bacteriological
sense. Since they follow the usual course of malignant growths
in being metastatic, it is justifiable to believe that metastasis
occurs during sexual intercourse, when the organs of couplation
heing engorged with blood and under considerable pressure, con-
ditions are favorable for such transmission.
In the case now to be described it is interesting and impor-
tant to note that lympho-sarcomata may exist internally quite
independently of any external manifestation of the disease and
in animals where sexual intercourse has not taken place.
History: The patient, a Maltese terrier dog, one year old,
had been ailing about four weeks. He began losing weight, grew
perceptibly weaker, urinated infrequently—the urine having a
very yellow color and strong odor—and occasionally passed a
little blood with the stools. He had not at any. time been used
for stud purposes. His appetite was fair throughout his illness.
Symptoms: Pulse 110. Temperature 101. Great prostra-
tion. Rectal examination revealed large mass near right kidney.
502 REPORTS OF CASES.
Catheterization yielded little urine, but showed the urethra to
be unobstructed. The mucous membrane of the prepuce and
penis were normal. Palpation of the abdominal walls revealed
a firm mass in the abdominal cavity.
Diagnosis: The tumor was pronounced a malignant growth,
which involved the right kidney and possibly the bladder. The
prognosis was given as unfavorable.
Treatment: With the owner’s consent an exploratory opera-
tion was decided on, but it was agreed, if the case proved hope-
less, that the dog should not be allowed to come out of the
anesthetic.
After the usual surgical precautions had been carried out a
laporotomy was performed. Through the abdominal opening
a large growth was seen that involved the kidneys and was ad-
herent to the mesentery which was also affected. The growth
being inoperable, the dog was not permitted to recover from the
anesthetic.
Autopsy: The left kidney was cystic, the capsule and part of
the cortex only remaining, the medulla having been destroyed
The parenchyma of the right kidney, although abnormal in ap-
pearance on cut surface, proved normal on microscopical exami-
nation. The growth, beginning in the pelvis of the right kidney,
involved also the left kidney, and adhered to the mesentery, whose
lymph glands were enlarged. ‘The entire growth being about
four inches long, three inches wide and two inches thick, had
a nodular appearance. Microscopical examination of the tumor
showed it to be a lympho-sarcoma, the diagnosis being made by
Dr. Jas. Ewing, of the Cornell Medical College. The sub-lum-
bar, sub-sacral, bronchial and inferior cervical lymph glands were
enlarged.
Conclusions: The foregoing case shows that lympho-sarco-
mata may occur independently of any lesions of the external
genital organs and without the act of copulation having been
performed. In Dr. Ewing’s opinion, lympho-sarcomata may oc-
cur as primary growths, not necessarily involving the external
genital organs. They have been found in the skin and there is
a specimen in the museum of the Cornell Medical College of
lympho-sarcoma of the walls of a dog’s uterus, which resem-
bles in its external nodular appearance the growth now before
you.* Beebe and Ewing, in 1908, published a paper of their
work on this disease. They found it transmissible by coitus
* Preserved specimen shown,
SNAG aay Radic
1 ee i ety eri ot om,
ee ee Y
a el a
REPORTS OF CASES. 503
and on transplantation metastatic growths appeared. Pieces of
the tumor from this case were transplanted into other dogs, with
negative results. It is probable, according to Dr. Beebe, that
the tumor was too far advanced, the best results being obtained
in the earlier stages of these growths.
RIGID OS UTERL IN. A. COW.
By S. J. Atcatay, D.V.M., Cottonwood, Minn.
Dear Editor—I consider the Review as a meeting place
where the savant and the beginner, the professor and the student
meet together, the former to instruct and guide and the latter
to question or discuss. Or, as the French saying goes, “ Et du
choc des idées jaillit la lumiére”’ (a spark comes out from con-
cussion of ideas).
The case I want to submit to the profession through the
columns of the Review 1s as follows:
Quite a progressive farmer came to town Sunday and said:
“My cow has been calving for awhile and I fail to see her
expulse her calf. I wish‘you to come and try your ability.” 1
went and on exploration I found that the os uteri was so much
contracted that hardly the first and the second fingers could pene-
trate through. I explained the farmer what we were up against
(just to follow Dr. John McNeil’s advice, “Always explain the
farmer—and in the presence of a third party—what there is to
do.” ) The cow was strong and young and by palpation I lo-
cated the head, and over it made an incision. After this I made
an opening for the full hand, straightened up the legs which
fortunately were the front ones. I tried to keep cool and directed
my hand so gently as to cause the least injury to the mother
and the little one. After manipulation I brought limbs and head
to a normal presentation. After a short traction we had the
little fellow out, to the greatest happy surprise of the farmer
and not with a small satisfaction to the operator who had been
working for over two hours. But the cow made it disagreeable
enough, as at every five minutes she would evacuate feces over
the operator’s arms. This would necessitate the cleansing of the
genital overtures oftener. This was done with a smile, as los-
ing patience in a critical case, such as this, would mean a loss
504 REPORTS OF CASES.
to the farmer, and the principle of the writer has been to always
be honest in the work and sincere in talk.’
The farmer was so pleased that he thanked me very much
for the work and was very willing to advertise it in the local
paper, and this from his own will.
Undoubtedly many a brother veterinarian has had cases like
this. What I want to emphasize is the good results obtained by
keeping cool; the success of the operation and also the great re-
sistance of a cow for such an operation. I am glad to report
that the cow and the youngster are doing very nicely, it being
the fifth day at this writing.
AZOWTURIACGAS Hanae ean
By Jos. J. SmitH, D.V.S., Beaverton, Oregon.
Had a case of azoturia on the road, in a rainstorm. Treated
with stimulants, and externally plenty of hot water and blankets,
and managed to keep the horse on his feet. He was able to
walk home in the morning.
I treat a great many azoturia cases on this line of treatment,
and do not lose many. When they get down it sometimes takes
two or three days of treatment and careful nursing before they
Set-up.
AN ANTHRAX OUTBREAK—VACCINATION DOUBLE
METHOD.
By Grover V. Love, M.D.V., Chalmers, Indiana.
On September 19 last I was called to a large cattle ranch
to see a herd of 70 two and three-year-old steers that were
dying without showing any symptoms of sickness, according
to the owner and attendants. I found the cattle grazing on very
low, swampy land. The owner informed me that in former
years he had suffered heavy losses in the same pasture from
symptomatic anthrax or blackleg, but as these cattle had been
recently vaccinated for blackleg, he was at sea to know what
could be wrong. After careful post mortems, also microscopical
examination of tissues and blood, and guinea-pig tests, a diag-
nosis of malignant anthrax was made.
ee ae
i
REPORTS OF CASES. 505
The herd was quarantined at once, and I began vaccinating
with the double method of anthrax vaccine. The loss before
vaccination was eighteen steers and two horses; the loss after
vaccination was two steers and no horses.
I state the above because as far as I can find out this is the
first outbreak of this disease in Indiana. If this is not the first
in this state, I would like to know when and where the others
occurred.
The diseased herd are doing nicely at present. I have vac-
cinated 300 head in the infected district lately with no loss.
GLANDERS.
The above picture shows twenty-eight head of horses de-
stroyed, with glanders, at Eden Valley Ranch, Hearst, Mendo-
cino County, California, by Deputy State Veterinarian Dr. A.
Asbill, of Sacramento, and Dr. H. Bergh, of Suisun, California;
the latter acting as veterinarian to the owner of the horses. It
is a sad picture, but there is but one thing to do with a glan-
dered horse; just what the California veterinarians have done
with these.
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
ENGLISH REVIEW.
By Pror. A. Liautarp, M.D., V.M.
PARALYSIS OF THE INTERNAL POPLITEAL NERVE IN CATTLE
[R. H. Smith, M.R.C.V.S.|.—\Frequently observed by the author
in dairy cows, more frequently subsequent to parturition.
While standing, the animal can place little or no weight on
the leg and the digits are held in a state of plantar flexion. Hock
cannot be extended, but with each forward step it is over-
extended, so that the foot is jerked upwards and forwards with
the digits flexed backwards and the anterior surface of the fet-
lock finally comes to the ground. Recovery takes place spontane-
ously in about 75 per cent. of the cases. In other cases the animal
lies from one to several weeks and when rising shows great mus-
cular atrophy of the thigh. There seems to be no pain. Animal
loses flesh rapidly. Treatment has seemed to be of no avail. The
cause of the trouble is obscure, perhaps deficient blood supply
from embolism.—(Vet. Journ.)
INTUSSUSCEPTION IN A Buttock [W. D. Lindsay,
M.R.C.V.S.|.—Yearling bullock in thriving condition was dis-
inclined to eat and has tympany of the rumen.
Laxative treatment gives no result.
The animal was kept for three days and finally slaughtered.
At the post mortem a very interesting intussusception was dis-
covered. It measured 11 inches in length.—(Jbid.)
PARASITIC CysT IN THE BRAIN OF A HErFER [H. A. Reid,
F.R.C.V.S.-D.V.H.|.—Six months previously the animal was
noticed to present certain abnormal symptoms, more or less
erratic movements, tendency to incline the head to one side. No
real definite cause was made out. Later the manifestations grew
more marked. Heifer walked in circles, eyesight defective, loss
of condition. No bulging or softening of the cranial bones was
present. No pain on pressure over the region. Cystic brain
506
renee A ei f?
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 507
growth was diagnosed and the post mortem revealed a hydatic
cyst occupying the right lateral ventricle, with its wall composed
of greyish white fibrous tissue and studded with yellow granular
material. The cyst was about the size of a goose egg.—(Jbid. )
Wasp Stine [T. G. Palgrave, M.R.C.V.S.|—Large female
tabby cat was stung by a wasp. When stung she behaved as
though in a fit, rushing about wildly, running round, mewing
and finally collapsed. She breathes hurriedly and irregularly.
pulse is rapid almost imperceptible, pupils greatly dilated, muscu.
lar twitchings all over, animal in pain, cries pitifully but faintly
Chloral was given to allay pain and followed by aromatic spirit
of ammonia. This had a good effect, which lasted for an
hour or so when she was taken with a new set of symptoms.
Apparently no pain, respiration slow and deep, weak hind-
quarters, loss of control of hind muscles, cold body and limbs,
pupils less dilated, pulse fuller and regular, temperature 99.8
degrees Fahrenheit. She staggered about the room. Inhalation
of medicinal liq. ammonia, French brandy. She slept then and
gradually recovered.—(TJbid.)
PoIsoNING By BArtuM Nitrate [W. J. Moody, F.R.C.V.S.].
—Valuable thoroughbred mare had a cough for which was pre-
scribed 30 grams each of the powder of chlorate of potash,
nitrate of potash and glycyrrhiza. She had two powders six
hours apart, and was taken with violent colics and died before
the arrival of the writer. Post mortem showed stomach quite
normal, also first part of the duodenum, but small intestine is
more or less in a venous congestion. One of the powders was
the next day given to a colt. He had diarrhea for a week after.
The prescription was then made up by another druggist and the
new powders given to another colt with good results. The
powders made up by the first druggist were analysed and found to
contain 20 grams of nitrate of barium instead of the potassium.
The analyses of the contents of the intestines of the mare re-
vealed the presence of considerable quantities of barium. Suit
for damages was the conclusion of the case.-—(Vet. Record.)
AMPUTATION OF THE Limp IN A Cow [Peter Meicle,
M.R.C.V.S.].—Ayrshire, grey, aged two years was found one
morning with fracture of the off fore canon bone. The cow was
operated on, the leg being put in splints with dry dressing until
wound healed. Then about six weeks after an artificial limb was
applied, consisting of two iron splints attached to a round piece
508 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
of wood below, and to the limb below the elbow by a broad band
of leather which was laced tightly. The stump of the leg was
inserted into a leather pocket resting on a felt pad. The cow uses
her leg well, lies down and rises and can run with the rest of the
cattle —(Vet. Rec.)
ANTHRAX IN A Horse [Wm. J. Moody, F.R.C.V.S.].—Grey
mare, half bred, five years old, has been in good condition and
worked well since purchased. One morning she was taken very
ill with pains similar to colic. When the author arrived she had
died. On opening the cadaver there was found a great amount
of fluid in the abdominal and pleural cavities. The intestines
were in an infiltrated condition, like one finds in the muscles of
charbon symptomatic. Anthrax was suspected and confirmed by
microscopic examination. There are no sanitary laws of Board
of Agriculture or County Councils in Chili.
The sequel of this case was that the man who skinned the
carcass got inoculated and had to have his arm amputated to
save his life. The writer himself, nine days after, had pustules
developed on his right wrist and arm and had to be freely cauter-
ized with thermo and received injection of tincture of iodine
at the rate of 40 a day. Good recovery was obtained only after
three weeks of treatment.—(Vet. Record.)
ANEURISM IN A HIMALAYAN Berar [H. G. Ganouly, Bengal
Vet. College|.—A young bear was presented to the college. He
soon became quite tame and ran about.
He appeared comfortable and happy although was observed
having fits and vomiting on occasion. After a while he died sud-
denly without having shown any immediate symptoms of ill
health. At the autopsy the abdominal viscera were found very
anaemic. In the thorax there were two bloody effusions and a
large blackish clot of blood measuring 7 by 3 inches, and situated
between the left lung and the costal wall. When this was re-
moved two aneurisms of different forms and sizes were exposed.
One, the largest, had ruptured and caused the escape of blood in
the thorax. The lungs were collapsed and free from lesions.
There was no parasitic infection of the internal tunic of the
aortic arch, but degeneration and atheromatous condition. The
heart was to all appearance healthy.—(Journ. Comp. Pathol. &
Therap. )
GLANDERS IN Man [S. H. Gaiger, M.R.C.V.S.|.—Cases of
this contagion are fortunately rather rare, and yet they occur
— ere
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 509
too often. The author has been the victim of the fearful disease
and fortunately has escaped the usual termination. Infected in
March, 1911, he passed through a horrid period of sufferings
and of operations which did not end until June, 1913, when at
the time of writing he felt that he had never been in better general
health and believed he had made a complete recovery. Abscesses °
after abscesses, lymphatic troubles, incision of rebel fistulous
tracts, removal of phalanges, amputation of one arm, a tempor-
ary loss of one ankle joint, which, without counting the smallest
of the incisions, required forty-five surgical interferences, and
of those twenty-seven under a general anesthetic tell of the va-
rious manifestations of the infestation and of the many compli-
cations following it. The treatments that were followed have
varied of course with the condition and location of the lesions,
poultices, hot applications, morphia as indicated, antiseptic appli-
cations, belladonna, boracic acid, vaccination, iodoform, peroxide
of hydrogen, cyanide, iodine tincture, etc. During the whole
disease, the temperature offered various records, reaching one
day as high as 104 degrees Fahrenheit. Many cultures, inocula-
tions and microscopic examinations had left no doubt as to the
correctness of the diagnosis.
Written by the sufferer with all the minutiae of a scientific ob-
server, the article is very instructive and sadly interesting.—
(Journ. of Compar. Pathol. & Therap.)
FRENCH REVIEW.
By Pror. A. Lraurarp, M.D., V.M.
PuLMONARY CoL_Lapsus WitTH CALCIFICATION IN A CALF
| Martel.|——-A round mass as big as a child’s head was found by
a slaughtering boy in the abdominal cavity of a calf which he was
dressing at the abattoir.
The mass was very hard, enveloped by a thick fibrous en-
velope and inside presented a certain number of fibrous bands,
surrounding spaces invaded with calcareous deposits and form-
ing a characteristic lobulation. At the histological examination
the envelope of the tumor was formed of connective cells and
numerous elastic fibres resembling the arrangement of the
pleura. The interior was formed by numerous cavities more or
less ramified, with epithelium like that of the bronchia. Between
these there existed slits of various disposition, as if there had
510 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
been squeezed alveoli, as in collapsed lungs. Calcification was
spread all over, but there were no bony bands.
Was that mass a pulmonary lobe which had passed through
the diaphragm, presented all the characters of collapsus with
chronic peribronchitis, then return to the condition of bronchial
‘cells with diffuse calcification? The mass becoming then pedun-
culated and left free in the abdominal cavity.—(Sanit. Report. )
PHARYNGITIS—SUPPURATION OF THE MIDDLE CERVICAL
LyMPpH GLANDS—ULCERATIONS IN THE TRACHEA [Mr. Janin
and Fosse, Army Veterinarians |—A nine-year-old bay horse is
taken with pharyngitis and treated in the usual way. But the
diseased manifestations seem to hang on him and the horse re-
mains with marked dysphagia, dry and intermittent cough,
mucous nasal discharge. One morning there is a diffuse swell-
ing of the thyroid region. It is painless and not fluctuating.
Explorating punctures are made. The swelling increases some
but no suppuration is detected. The temperature has raised to
39 degrees C. Yet the animal appears lively, eats a little and does
not seen inconvenienced by the peritracheal swelling. One morn-
ing he is unexpectedly found dead. At the post mortem the im-
portant lesions were in the pharyngeal and tracheal region,
where a purulent collection elongated, ovoid, as big as an apple
was found between the trachea and the muscle longus colli and ex-
tending from the 3d to the 8th tracheal ring.
It had ulcerated and by two openings emptied itself into the
trachea, causing a fatal intoxication.—(Journ. de Zootech.)
HyYPOSULPHIDE OF SopA IN Doc DIstEMPER [Mr. Teppaz].
—The author first treated cases with intestinal form. The effect
was so wonderful that he decided to use the same drug in a
systematic manner for all cases, no matter what was the form,
intestinal or pulmonary, and without the use of any other drug.
In the beginning of the disease he gave first a purge of calomel
and afterwards in milk or sugared water hyposulphide 0.6 to 1
gram, divided in ro doses. One being given every day after the
purge. Revulsion of the chest is alsq indicated when respiratory
symptoms are present. Under that treatment the diarrhea of
the gastro-intestinal form is soon subdued. The cough and ex-
pectoration of the respiratory trait diminish. The treatment can
be renewed if necessary. For the author the treatment is to be
recommended as having given him always very satisfactory re-
sults.—(Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.)
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 511
Sus-AcuTE DIFFUSED MENINGO-ENCEPHALITIS IN A Doc
[MM. Royunet et Sellier|.—* If this affection in man seems to be
a sequela of syphilis, in dogs it looks as if it followed distemper ”
This remark of Prof. Petit and Dr. Marchand is confirmed by
the following case. Black cuniche has had distemper when 9
or 10 months old. A year and a half after he had a cutaneous
vesiculo-papulous eruption and a gastro-enteritis. Since, he loses
flesh gradually, he has paresia of the hind quarters, inco-ordina-
tion of movements, walks staggering with giving away of the
legs. With the paraplegia, he begins to check his head, has dys-
phagia by paralysis of the tongue and lips. He loses his voice.
Notwithstanding strychnia, electricity, points of cauteriza-
tion, the medullary paralysis progresses, the forelegs are affected.
There are convulsions, strabismus, contractions of the eyelids,
grinding of the teeth, hallucinations and finally death takes place
about one year after the apparition of the first symptoms. Death
occurred in coma.
At the autopsy and at the histological examination lesions
characteristic of sub-acute diffused meningo-encephalitis were
found.—(Journ. de Zootech.)
PECULIAR CASE OF CEREBRAL TUBERCULOSIS IN A STEER
[Mr. A. Rieussec|.—Five-year-old steer is taken suddenly with
violent excitement—is absolutely furious, jumps here and there
in his stall, tries to get up in his manger, he moans loudly, strikes
with his horns on surrounding objects. These accesses of vertigo
are followed with moments of quietness of short duration. Mus-
cular twitchings take place on the shoulder and thigh. The
general sensibility is abolished and the animal does not resent
punishment of any kind. Full bleeding, mustard frictions, pur-
gation, give some relief, and the animal is in a deep state of
quietness. The next day a convulsive movement of the jaws is
present, resembling those of rumination, but more rapid. Then
appear troubles of motion. The digestive apparatus is involved,
prehension of food is impossible, and deglutition slow. Death
takes place on the fifth day. Post mortem examination revealed
lesions of generalized thoracia and abdominal tuberculosis and
one tuberculous mass in the right cerebral hemisphere and several
small ones on the false cerebri. The tubercles were yellow and
caseous.—(Revue Veter.)
DIVERTICULUM OF FLOATING COLON CAUSES FATAL OB-
STRUCTION IN A Horse [MM. Moulis and Salmare].—Eight-
512 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
year-old gelding has colic; not severe. Treated with eserine, pilo-
carpine, etc., he remains the same for two days, although he has
passed no feces. Arecoline is given, also castor oil without re-
sult. The horse is no better, lays carefully down, sits on his
haunches, as dogs do. As no improvement appears, the owner
decides to send him to the butcher. At the dressing of the car-
cass, on opening the abdomen a strangulation of the small colon
is discovered. It was due to a diverticulum, finger glove in
shape, situated near the end of the colon. It was continued with
the intestine by a small cord, ten centimeters long, which had
formed a loop around the colon, which had then become a com-
plete obstacle to the exit of the feces. Rectal examination had
not been made, and, if it had, probably the nature of the trouble
might have been detected, although relief could not have been
given.—(Rev. Vet.)
APPENDIX AND APPENDICITIS IN A SMALL MuLE [Mr.
Belille-Betat|].—Forty-eight hours old, he has had colic for
twelve hours. He was born at term, was well the first day. He
died a few minutes after the author arrived.
No lesions to explain the colic were found except marked
congestion of the cecum. At the point of this organ there is
a cylindrical appendix, rounded at its end. slightly curved and
having the size and form of the index. It is a simple diverticu-
lum of the caecum, with which it corresponds and its cavity is
filled with reddish, putty-like meconium. It is evident that the
little fellow died with appendicitis——(Jbid).
Potycystic AFFECTION OF THE LIVER IN A BovINE [Mr. L.
Cauchemez|.—These lesions were found at the abattoir when the
animal was slaughtered. His liver weighed 40 kilograms (about
80 pounds). Its surface was extremely bosselated and presented
in its thickness a very large number of cysts of various sizes from
the head of a pin to that of a foetal head. They were not cysts
of echinococci, but were monolocular containing fluid, whitish or
rosy or dark brown. There were no indications of degenerated
parasite. It was a simple polycystic affection of the liver, whose
structure showed a marked sclerosis all through the organ.—
(Hygien. de la Viande et du Lait).
Grows BETTER ALL THE T1IME.—An Ohio subscriber, in re-
newing his subscription writes: ‘“ Every number of this valuable
-journal grows better, and I would not like to be without it in
my practice.”
CORRESPONDENCE.
ANIMAL INDUSTRY—AN UP-TO-DATE DEPART-
MENT.
THE VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES.
SYDNEY, October 18, 1913.
The Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:
DEAR Str—It occurred to me that the enclosed article from
the Daily Telegraph, one of the leading daily papers of this
city, might be of interest. It shows how the good work of
veterinarians in one part of the world assists their brother pro-
fessionals elsewhere by acting as a model to which attention can
be drawn.
Yours faithfully,
Max Henry, M.R.C.V.S., B.V.S., Hon. Sec.
A MODEL FOR AUSTRALIA.
In a recent number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
a writer refers to what he terms the National Veterinary De-
partment of the U. S. A. By this he means the department
which is officially styled the Bureau of Animal Industry, and
which, under that name, has gained such a world-wide reputa-
tion for the efficiency of its administration and the brilliancy of
many of the investigations carried out under its supervision.
In the United States of America the Federal Department of Agri-
culture is divided into a number of bureaus, the chief of which
are, in all but name and the major questions of policy, the heads
of independent departments. Of these bureaus, that of animal
industry is probably the best known, and all matters dealing with
live stock are considered as coming within its scope, whether
they be the breeding and management of stock generally, the
investigation and control of disease, the quarantine of intro-
duced stock, the inspection of meat, or the purity of milk. It
shows in probably its highest development the practical appli-
cation of the truth that it is undesirable to separate the State’s
work amongst healthy stock from the State’s work amongst dis-
513
514 CORRESPONDENCE.
eased stock, as the two must obviously so often overlap, and
where two equal authorities overlap confusion results.
The aspect of the bureau’s activities which has come most
forcibly before our notice recently is its work in the eradica-
tion of the cattle tick and tick fever, to study which a Royal
Commission was recently sent from this country. In the last
annual report of the bureau, received here, the release of thou-
sands of square miles from quarantine is notified, that is to say,
the bureau is of the opinion that ticks have been eradicated from
those areas. The report generally shows that the brilliant band
of veterinarians who control the board have carried out equally
good work in other directions. In meat inspection the Federal
department deals only, as in Australia, with meat for export,
and this inspection was practically forced on the United States
Government by the outcry following the revelations of the con-
ditions of the great slaughter-houses, just as the Australian Goy-
ernment was practically forced by the outcry in connection with
worm nodules and the demands of oversea countries for efficient
inspection to put into force our present more or less complete
system. Along with the examination of meat are carried out
investigations into the various diseased conditions met with, and
also into coloring matters, preservatives, etc., used in the prepa-
ration of meat food products. It is not sufficiently recognized in
Australia that the installation of a really efficient system of meat
inspection pays handsomely as an advertisement.
Amongst the diseases of stock into which extensive investi-
gations are recorded during the year under review, are Malta
fever in goats, “ measles’ in beef, swine fever, the ever-interest-
ing tuberculosis in cattle, the prevention of tetanus, which causes
a constant mortality amongst horses in the central-western dis-
tricts of this State, and chronic bacterial dysentery of cattle,
which is suspected of having been introduced into Australia. In
other ways, such as the carrying out of breeding, experiments
in various classes of stock, the bacterial contents of milk, and
the effect of various forms of feed on the milk of cows, the
bureau is evidently carrying out able work.
In looking at such an institution as the United States bureau,
we must take into consideration the men who have made it and
control it, to understand exactly why it occupies the position
it does in the agricultural life of the country. The present chief
of the bureau, as he is called, is a veterinarian of high standing
as an administrator, Dr. Melvin, and it is largely owing to his
work and that of another distinguished veterinarian, Dr. Salmon,
{
{
Oo
_
oO
CORRESPONDENCE.
that the B. A. I. holds its present proud position. Associated
with him in the disease section of his work are two veterinarians
distinguished as pathologist and experimenters—Dr. Mohler, in
charge of the pathological division, and Dr. Schroeder, in charge
of the experiment station. Many of the names of other mem-
bers of the staff are world-known amongst the scientific men
of other countries, and although it will, of course, take some
time before the staff of‘what is to be the Australian Bureau of
Animal Industry can make its mark, we are sure that it only
requires a little liberality in the way of salaries and a wise choice
on the part of those responsible for making the appointments
for the Commonwealth Government to obtain men who will
leave names behind them equal to those of their American
confreres.
There can be no doubt that in forming the proposed branch
of the Federal Agricultural Bureau to deal with live stock the
authorities might do worse than note the manner in which the
Americans have built up and maintained this splendid depart-
ment, since the conditions here are not unlike those in the United
States. The scope of possible investigations by a strong Federal
Veterinary Department is enormous in this State alone, and such
widely spread affections as the western or melon blindness of
horses would deserve considerable attention. Moreover, a Fed-
eral department could grapple especially well with the tick ques-
tion, since its sphere of action would not stop at. the border of
any State, and much loss could be saved to New South Wales,
were the question of pleuro-pneumonia in cattle made a Federal
one, for the same reason.
Brooktyn, N. Y., November 20, 1913.
Editors AMERICAN VETERINARY REview, New York City:
GENTLEMEN—In the November issue of the REVIEW nine
pages are occupied with the “ Report of the Special Committee
for the Detection of Glanders.”
The chemical analysis of the various agents used in diagnos-
ing glanders is comparatively unimportant to the busy practi-
tioner. It is universally admitted in the veterinary profession
that mallein is a perfectly reliable diagnostic agent in this dis-
ease. In the past sixteen years [ have found it an infallible test.
Until the chemical analysis was disclosed in the article. under
516 CORRESPONDENCE.
discussion I was not aware of its composition. I knew the un-
failing results of its use as a test agent. My point is this: To
the average busy veterinarian the chemical composition of these
tests is not the important factor; it is the knowledge by compe-
tent practitioners that they do show the presence of glanders.
I cannot understand why the efforts of this committee should
be limited to the “ reduction” of glanders when it is known to
the profession that the immediate destruction of the affected
animal is the ONLY effective method of successfully stamping
out this scourge.
There can be no “ best method for the reduction of glanders.”
It must be bodily removed beyond the possibility of disseminat-
ing contagion, for while one horse walks our streets exhaling
the germs of this disease, every animal in contact is highly liable
to infection.
Why give space to “reduction”? An impossibility! It
must be stamped out. And the stamping out must, to be effective,
be accomplished on the spot where the case is found; not traveled
the distance to the offal dock, as has been frequently done in
Brooklyn; and the premises, harness, blankets, etc., etc., must he
properly fumigated and disinfected.
If the prevailing methods of the Board of Health were suited
to the crying needs of the day, why should the necessity exist
for the destruction of eighteen horses in one stable and ten in
another, as was recently the case? Why was not the first case
discovered and dealt with summarily, thus saving great financial
loss?
The department is well paid for periodic visits to all stables,
for the very purpose of testing for glanders in its latent period.
Were this mode of dealing with the disease successfully car-
ried out, glanders would not to-day be on the increase, and the
efforts of the department would not show the ignominious fail-
ure attending the handling of this disease, now evident.
Yours very truly,
L. McLean, M-RGives
Tue HicH Crass oF THE REVIEW APPRECIATED IN MICHI-
GAN.—In renewing his subscription, Dr. H. Haynes writes:
“Please accept thanks for the class of the Review during the
past year, and our good wishes that success may crown your
efforts in the future.”
ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.
(DEATH OF A FRIEND OF OURS.
Dr. Franz Hell, veterinary general of the German army,
suddenly died from heart failure, on November 27, while lec-
turing to a class of veterinary staff officers, who were detailed
for a short course at the Military Veterinary Academy at Ber-
lin. The general was 64 years of age, but was considered to
be of excellent health, so that his unexpected demise was a
shock to his many admirers in the German army.
The personality and career of Dr. Hell were notable. Tall
and handsomely built, of clear and decisive mind, a scholar, he
was possessed of a broad knowledge of affairs veterinary at
home and abroad. Besides, nature had endowed him with a
heart full of human kindliness, and his cordial manners and
fascinating conversation captured the listener at once. Those
who knew him long showed a sort of reverence towards him.
Graduating at the Military Veterinary Academy at Berlin
in 1870, he went through the latter part of the Franco-Prussian
War, and then became an assistant veterinarian in a remount
station. Here he was soon recognized as an exceptionally keen
judge of horses, so that in 1887 he was chosen as instructor in-
hippology at the Military Veterinary Academy. While in this
position, he showed himself to be gifted in many ways. At that
time conditions at the academy and in the army veterinary corps
were turbulent, owing to a change of regime from a purely mili-
tary supervision to a more professional. He threw his personal-
ity between the battling factions and stayed them. Perceiving
that there was an immediate need of uniting all for a higher,
common purpose, he founded an army veterinary journal in
1888 as a medium for contributions from the rich field of army
veterinary practice, and he succeeded in turning the attention
of his army colleagues away from strife towards scientific labors.
He also secured authority to establish an army bacteriological
laboratory, wherein veterinary officers could secure special in-
formation and help, and undertake certain lines of research work.
He himself gave the example by plunging energetically into an
517
518 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.
investigation of the various micro-organisms supposed to cause
the influenza of horses and made himself a name as a noted
pathologist.
In 1895 he was promoted to major in the veterinary corps
and attached to the staff of an army corps, and in 1908 he was
selected as veterinary general, a newly created rank. In this
position he was in command of the army veterinary corps, as
also director of the Military Veterinary Academy, himself de-
Generalveterinar Dr, Franz Hell,
livering the lectures on “ Special Horse-Breeding for the Army.”
How skilfully and successfully he took up the reins of this
doubly responsible position is now being commented upon in
German veterinary journals. He had been decorated by the
Emperor with several orders of merit.
The burial services, as described from abroad, were excep-
tionally touching, owing to the general love shown the deceased.
Emperor William sent a floral tribute in the shape of a laurel
wreath with the dedication: ‘ Died on the field of honor.”
I have taken it upon myself to chronicle the foregoing, think-
ing that it might inspire those of our friends who are now bat-
ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT. 519
tling for the improvement of our own army veterinary service.
I further perform a duty by making the following statement:
When visiting Berlin in November, 1912, I called on Dr. Hell to
pay my respects to him as the head of the German army veterinary
corps. I had gone abroad to observe and to learn, and avoided
everywhere to comment upon our veterinary troubles at home.
But, almost at once, Dr. Hell turned the conversation to the con-
ditions of our army veterinary service. He knew of Huidekoper
and Hoskins, and, excepting details, he thoroughly understood
our situation, to my great surprise. When I asked for informa-
tion regarding the working of the German veterinary corps, he
explained the regulations with perfect frankness. He also
showed large maps, giving the organization of the veterinary
corps of all armies of the world. There was a blank left for
the U. S. army, which he hoped to be able to fill out soon. When,
a month later, I wished good-bye to him, he said with feeling:
“Please convey to your comrades in the U. S. army the
assurance of my deep interest in your struggle for recognition,
and I pray that you may soon be successful. When you win
you will find yourself cemented together into a corps, and then
your good work shall be recognized by your army, as it has been
recognized by all others. This is sure to come, and then your
army will wonder why you were not given sooner the right of
liberty in your chosen professional work.”
I had no opportunity to deliver this message, scattered as
we are over all the states and the insular possessions, but I can-
not withhold it any longer. I have also requested the editor to
give us the likeness of our dead friend, now resting unto eter-
nity after a well-spent life, so full of sympathy that he knew no
boundaries of earthly empires.
OLAF SCHWARTZKOPF.
RETIRED oN Account oF ILtLt-HEALTH.—Dr. Jno. Spencer
has retired from the Northwestern Hog Cholera Serum Manu-
facturing Company at So. St. Paul, Minnesota, on account of ill-
health. In expressing sympathy for the doctor in his illness,
and a hope that he may be speedily restored to health, the REVIEw
voices the sentiment of the entire profession.
THe NorwicH PHARMACAL COMPANY’S CHANGE OF AD-
DREss.—This drug house has changed the address of its New
York City branch, from 60 Beekman street to 57-59 East 11th
street.
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
UNITED STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY (ae
CIATION:
The 17th annual meeting of the United States Live Stock
Sanitary Association was opened in one of the assembly rooms
of the Hotel Sherman, Chicago, Ill., by President Bahnsen, De-
cember 2, 1913, at Io a. m.
The president introduced Dr. Colwell, president of the Chi-
cago Medical Society, who in a sincere manner complimented
the association on the high character of the work which it is
carrying on and assured us of the growing appreciation of our
worth by the medical profession and the general public.
Secretary Ferguson announced that Dr. Colwell and other
representatives of the Chicago Medical Society had requested
an audience to arrange if possible a joint meeting, whereby one
of the days of our next meeting, if held in Chicago, could be
given over to the discussion of correlated subjects. Later, dur-
ing the meeting, Drs. Colwell, Evans and Black, in behalf of the
Medical Society and Milk Commission, extended very courte-
ously an invitation to join them, and suggested that the presi-
dent of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association appoint a
committee, which would take up the matter with a committee
from the Medical Society and arrange for holding a public meet-
ing where speakers from both associations would discuss food
inspection, particularly meat inspection, and also that an arrange-
ment be made for a demonstration as to methods by which our
meat inspection is carried out at the abattoirs.
The reading and discussion of papers were carried out prac-
tically in the order as presented on the program, which was as
follows:
[NotE]—The Review was represented at the above meeting by Dr. John F. De Vine,
of staff, to whom its readers are indebted for this interesting report of its proceedings.
520
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 52k
“U.S. Government Meat Inspection,” V. A. Moore, Cor-
nell University; “ Investigations with Swamp Fever,” L. Van
Fs, North Dakota; ‘“ Measles in Live Stock and Its Relation
to Rural Sanitary Conditions,” B. H. Ransom, Washington, D.
C.; “ Comparative Value of Various Tests for Glanders,” Fete.
Mohler and Adolph Eichhorn, Washington, D. C.; “ Methods’
of Controlling Glanders in New York State, J. F. DeVine, New
York; “The Control of Hog Cholera—A Review of Four
Months’ Work by the Bureau of Animal Industry,” M. Dorset,
Washington, D. C.; “ Safest Point at Which to Inject Hog
Cholera Serum,’ W. H. Chrisman, Virginia; “How May a
State Most Effectively Combat Hog Cholera?” J. W. Connaway,
Missouri; “ Necessary Equipment of State Laboratories for the
Production of Hog Cholera Serum,” Paul Fischer, Ohio; free
discussion of above topics and all phases of hog cholera questions
open to the meeting; “ Demonstration Exhibit,’ A. T. Peters,
Ulinois; “The Purity of Farm Water Supply and Practical
Methods of Insuring Clean Drinking Water for Live Stock,”
H. A. Whittaker, Minnesota State Board of Health; “‘ Effects
of Poor Ventilation on the Health of Animals,” C.-C. Lipp,
South Dakota; “ Elimination of Sources of Contamination in
Milk,” Prof. W. D. Frost, University of Wisconsin; “ Con-
sideration of Report of the National Commission on Milk Stand-
ards,” presented by M. P. Ravenel, Wisconsin; ‘‘ The Present
Status of the Control of Tuberculosis by Vaccination,” S. H.
Gilliland and C. J. Marshall, Pennsylvania; “ The Possibilities
and Limitations of the Intra-Dermal Test for Bovine Tubercu-
losis,” C. M. Haring, University of California; “ Delayed Re-
action Following Injection of Tuberculin,” J. G. Wills, New
York; “Bovine Tuberculosis in Illinois—Modern Method of
Handling in Pure-Bred Herds,” O. E. Dyson, Illinois; ‘‘ Proper
Basis for Inter-State Recognition of Health Certificates,” S. H.
Ward, Minnesota; “ Present and Future Attitude of the Rail-
roads Toward Live Stock Sanitary Control Work,” F. S. Brooks,
general live stock agent, Santa Fe Railway; “ Control of Hog
Cholera by Slaughter Methods,’ Dr. Geo. Hilton, chief veteri.
nary inspector for Canada; “ Necessary Regulations for Inspec-
tion and Disinfection of Horses and Mules for Inter-State Ship-
ment,” C. E. Cotton, Minnesota; “ Official Inspections on Inter-
State Cattle,” C. J. Marshall and S. H. Gilliland, Pennsylvania;
“ Suggestions for Improvement in Method of Certifying to
o22 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
Health of Animals Shipped from Canadian Provinces into the
United States,” W. J. Butler, Montana, W. F. Crewe, North
Dakota, Jas. I. Gibson, Iowa, and O. H. Eliason, Wisconsin;
“Reasons Why Some Infectious Diseases Have Not Been Erad-
icated,”’ C. A. Cary, Alabama; ‘‘ The Most Successful Methods
-of Tick Eradication,’ Geo. R. White and J. A. Kiernan, Ten-
nessee.
The lack of discussion was noticeable and comments on the
loss of this part of the meeting were heard frequently through-
out the convention halls, until some of the members attempted
to remedy it by at least starting discussions on the various papers.
As a result of this effort the paper by Dr. Dorset on hog
cholera was freely discussed. It was Dr. Dorset’s opinion that
both the serum and simultaneous treatment have virtue, but must
be carried on in addition to the recognized cardinal principles of
sanitation. In the control of hog cholera Dr. Conway placed
education and sanitation first and serum last. Dr. Fischer de-
scribed briefly the arrangement and equipment of the Ohio
serum plant, which has been completed at a cost of $100,000 and
is said to be one of the most ideal in this country.
A paper by Dr. Shem on the control of hog cholera in Ger-
many was read by Dr. Stange.
The paper prepared by Drs. Gilliland and Marshall on tuber-
culosis and vaccination was presented by Dr. Gilliland. Among
other things this paper tended to show that the use of tuberculin
only produced toxic immunity and not immunity against the
tubercle bacilli, but that vaccination of living bacilli increased the
immunity against natural infection; he stated that there are some
problems yet to be worked out, such as the questions of early
exposure to infection and the duration of the immunity period;
also that vaccinated animals are certainly for a time—say, four
to six weeks after vaccination—more susceptible to infection
than unvaccinated animals, but that after this hypersensitive
period the resistance is surely increased, it is still a question
whether the immunity is carried sufficiently long to be of prac-
tical value. Continuing the immunity by repeated vaccination
of living tubercle bacilli is considered unwise, as the living organ-
isms appear in the products.
The conclusions drawn were that animals should be imme-
diately removed at birth from all sources of contamination and
during a period for eight weeks following vaccination especial
care should be taken as to the possibility of exposure to con-
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 523
tagion, that.after this period there is a pronounced increase in
immunity for a period of probably two years.
The paper by Dr. George Hilton on the control of hog chol-
era in Canada by slaughter methods was discussed, some being
of the opinion that this method seemed hardly feasible where
valuable pure-blood hogs predominate and where hog cholera
is extensive.
The question of disinfection for hog cholera brought forth
from Dr. Dorset.a statement which must have been interesting:
to every one, and was particularly so to the writer. Dr. Dorset
stated that in his opinion carbolic acid was not a satisfactory
disinfectant for the control of hog cholera, as blood kept six
weeks in contact with a two per cent. solution of carbolic acid
was found to be still virulent. Dr. Dorset prefers a three per
cent. solution of compound cresole. The necessity of burning
all carcasses seemed to be agreed on as the only safe method of
disposal. The burning of frame pens and the liming of infected
yards and fields, followed by plowing, is apparently a satisfactory
way of controlling the contagion.
Mr. F. S. Brooks’ remarks on railroad co-operation were
warmly received, and we predict a marked improvement in our
live stock movements, the exasperating annoyance of which un-
der past conditions can only be realized by those directly inter-
ested.
Following several delayed reports, the election of officers was
taken up. Dr. S. H. Ward, of Minnesota, was chosen president,
and when called upon for a speech, proved that the honors had
not awed his humor. Prof. Ferguson was again enthusiastically
chosen to fill the office which he has so commendably and kindly
taken charge of for so many years.
Following Prof. Ferguson’s enthusiastic remarks on the as-
sociation’s future, G. Ed. Leech, of Minnesota fame, moved
a vote of thanks for the able and congenial assistant secretary.
“To the manner born,” we all responded with a rising vote.
Leech’s exuberance again asserted itself and called for a speech,
and the young lady’s prompt retort, suggesting that it be in
order to have Dr. Leech taken from the room, brought forth
such a burst of applause that it was evident that ‘‘ she had made
a speech.”
Thursday, December 4, being the last day of the meeting,
and the work of the meeting now completed, President-elect
Ward declared the 17th annual meeting, which was one of the
most successful meetings of the association ever held, adjourned.
524 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
PRESIDENT WM. M. BURSON’S ADDRESS BEFORE
THE, GEORGIA STATE VETERINARY
ASSOCIATION.
Gentlemen of the Georgia State Veterinary Association—It
is with great pleasure that I rise to address you to-day. At the
last annual meeting I was honored by election to the office of
President; and while the duties of the office are not irksome I
appreciate very much the confidence in me as expressed by the
Association.
The veterinary profession is young in the South. While there
are among you some who have been located here for many years,
the average veterinarian of Georgia is either a newcomer to the
State within the last five years or is a recent graduate.
The properly qualified veterinarian is being appreciated at
his true worth by Georgia farmers and live-stock owners more
and more as time rolls on. I am sorry to state, however, that
there are many farmers in the State who never saw, much less
employed, a properly qualified veterinary practitioner.
This condition, I may also state, is undergoing a rapid change.
The many influences which are at work on the development and
protection of Georgia’s live stock industries are in great measure
to be credited with the increasing popularity of the veterinary
practitioner through acquainting the live stock owning public
with some features of veterinary work. In this connection I may
mention the work in tick eradication which for several years has
been in progress by the U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry in co-
operation with the State Veterinarian and the support and en-
couragement of the work by the State College of Agriculture and
various mercantile organizations. As an example of what is
being accomplished in this line, I may state that three years ago
several head of cattle of the College herd died of tick fever, and
outbreaks of the disease were common throughout this and ad-
joining counties. The College herds have now been free of ticks
for two years, and this and several other counties have been
freed of ticks and released from federal quarantine. Tick fever
is now unknown throughout these counties, and the cattle indus-
tries therein are placed on a better basis.
Tick eradication is the first great step necessary for the es-
tablishment of a well developed and profitable cattle industry ©
throughout the South and should have not only the approval
but the hearty support of the veterinary profession. The great
RA in td
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 525
shortage of cattle throughout the United States has drawn atten-
tion to the cattle raising opportunities of the South and has re-
sulted in enhanced interest in cattle by the southern farmers. It is
well that this interest be encouraged in order that the work may
be carried on more rapidly in the future than in the past.
The manufacture of hog cholera serum by the College of Ag-
riculture and its distribution by the State Veterinarian.
The various rules and‘ regulations of the State Department of
Agriculture governing the shipments, into and within the State,
of cattle and other animals.
The work in live stock improvement being carried on by
several railroads of the State, notably, The Southern Railway
and The Central of Georgia.
Last: but not least the distribution of pure bred and high
grade live stock throughout the State by and through the in-
fluence of the State College of Agriculture and farm demonstra-
tion agents.
Any and all influences tending toward the increased interest
in more and better live stock may be cited as being conducive to
the betterment of opportunities for the veterinary practitioners.
The value of live stock on Georgia farms increased from $35,-
200,000 in 1900 to $78,118,000 in IgIO, an increase of more
than 120 per cent.
The increase in numbers and value is proof of fact of in-
creased demand for the services of properly qualified men.
Some Georgia cities have come to the realization that munici-
palities require the assistance of the veterinary profession in the
proper performance of the duties of their Departments of Health.
Already three cities have installed municipal meat and dairy in-
spection under qualified veterinarians and I am informed that
several other cities of the State anticipate the a inauguration
of similar systems of inspection.
The work of inspection of abattoirs and dairies throughout
the State by officials of the State Department of Agriculture has
shown the need of the establishment of this work in many locali-
ties. In this line of work the profession does the general public
a great favor. “He who guards the nation’s food supply is in-
deed a public benefactor.”
The illegal practitioner we have with us always. He and his
kind are present in considerable numbers in this and every other
State. His elimination from the field is largely dependent upon
the education of the live stock owners and the rendering of
service of which he is not capable. All possible influence should
526 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
be exerted to keep out of his hands those medicines and biologi-
cal products used by qualified veterinarians.
The advertising quack and charlatan who flaunts his wares in
the face of the reading public from the pages of agricultural and
live stock papers must be fought at every opportunity. Some few
papers have taken a stand against such advertising and have
thereby voluntarily reduced their income. Such papers are of
great value to the profession and deserve its hearty support. I
may mention here one distinctly southern publication of this
class; The Progressive Farmer, published in Raleigh, N. C., and
Memphis, Tenn., of which our eminent colleague, Dr. Tait But-
ler is editor. I have been informed that the stand taken by this
paper reduced its advertising business to the extent of $20,000
annually.
I would like to see this organization pass a resolution of
commendatory nature and forward a copy to Dr. Butler.
During recent years biological products in great variety have
come into general use in the practice of veterinary medicine. The
great and sudden popularity of these preparations resulted in the
placing on the market by unscrupulous persons of products of
little or no value. This condition called for legislative interfer-
ence. I have pleasure in stating that Georgia and Alabama were
among the first States to pass bills regulating the sale of these
products. The recent legislation by the Congress providing for
regulation and inspection of plants preparing these biological
preparations will do much to provide for the practitioner a more
reliable supply.
The veterinarians of the South have the opportunity of doing
great work not only in aiding in the development and protection
of the live stock industries, but also in conserving the health of
rural as well as urban populations. As a sanitarian the practitioner
is qualified to give the farmer advice concerning farm and home
sanitation. He is able to offer advice concerning the construction
and arrangement of dairy barns and milk houses. He can in-
struct in regard to the things necessary to prevent contamination
of the water supply. He can inform the farmer concerning the
dangers incident to the improper disposal of sewage materials.
He can point out to the owner the dangers to himself and family
of the presence of animals affected with diseases and parasites
transmissible to people. In fact, I know of no field of human
endeavor which offers greater opportunities for beneficial service
than is granted to members of the veterinary profession.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 527
The greatest thing in life is the rendering of service to
others.
The greatest man is he who has been enabled to render the
most service to humanity.
Meetings such as this are beneficial in an instructional way
and serve to bring together the members of the profession for
closer acquaintance and better fellowship. Don’t be a clam.
Open up and freely discuss the matters brought before the meet-
ing. If you know of something new and good, out with it, that
all may be benefited. If it is information you seek, speak up and
let us discuss the problem. Perhaps we may be able to solve it.
I hope all who are here will be able to go home with the feel-
ing that what he has seen and heard while here has benefited him
and made him a better veterinarian, and with the firm resolve to
take a livelier interest than ever before in the Georgia State Vet-
erinary Association.
CENTRAL NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION.
At the St. Cloud Hotel, Syracuse, N. Y., on November 25,
1913, was held the fourth semi-annual meeting of the Central
New York Veterinary Medical Association. The following
members were present: Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, Dr. H. A.
Turner, Dr. W. B. Switzer, Dr. F. E. York, Dr. J. A. Pender-
gast, Dr. L. M. Currie, Dr. L. G. Moore, Dr. D. C. Papworth,
me W. M. Pendergast, Dr. E. E. Cole, Dr. J. G. Hill, Dr. E. E.
Dooling, Dr. Frank Morrow, Dr. W. L. Clark, Dr. C. R. Bald-
win, Dr. E. D. Hayden, Dr. R. C. Hurlburt, Dr. R. M. Weight-
man, Dr. A. H. Ide, Dr. J. C. Stevens, Dr. J. V. Townsend, Dr.
fee. Merry, Dr. E. W. Fitch, Dr. C. E. Morris, Dr. J. K. Boss-
hart. M. A. Switzer, attorney for the association, was also
present, and the guests were: Dr. P. A. Fish, of the New York
State Veterinary College, Dr. J. G. Wills, chief veterinarian of
the State Department of Agriculture, Dr. J. H. Taylor, Hen-
rietta, Dr. W. L. Baker, Buffalo, F. J. Switzer, Fulton, W. W.
Otto, representing Sharp & Smith, and M. F. Allen, represent-
ing DeVoe-Havers Company. Dr. C. R. Guile of Fulton, Dr.
W. F. Burleigh of Oneida and Dr. F. D. Markham of Port
Leyden were present and presented applications for membership,
which were favorably acted upon.
or
b
(o7)
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
The matter of the prosecution of illegal practitioners was
discussed at length and resoJutions were passed authorizing the
prosecuting committee to immediately commence proceedings
against one illegal practitioner, evidence of whose practice had
been secured, and providing for the prosecutions of others upon
the production of necessary evidence.
The visitors were given the privilege of the floor and took
part in the discussion of papers as well as in other matters of
interest to the members. Papers were presented as follows:
“‘Johne’s Disease,” Dr. Charles E. Morris; “ Case-Repare
on Rupture of the Stomach in Gray Gelding,’ Dr. W. L. Clark;
“Future Veterinary Legislation or Duties of the Veterinarian
of the Future,’* Dr. W. G. Hollingworth; ‘“ Intussuseption of
eum in Cow,” Dr. J. K. Bosshart; “Some Interesting Cases
in Canine Practice,” Dr. W. M. Pendergast.
The papers were all very interesting and were well discussed.
Following the completion of the regular program, an informal
discussion of matters of interest to the profession was held, at
which time the value of various drugs, as demonstrated in every-
day practice, was given careful attention.
Preceding the business session, a clinic was held at the in-
firmary of Dr. H. A. Turner, in South Salina street. Themen
operation was that of cunean tenectomy for the relief of spavin
lameness, performed upon the left leg of a large bay gelding
by Dr. A. H. Ide of Lowville, N. Y. Median neurectomy upon
the right arm of a bay gelding for the relief of navicular disease
was performed by Dr. F. E. York of Earlville, who also per-
formed a similar operation upon the right arm of a large white
mare, for the purpose of relieving lameness from a low ring-
bone. The ears of a Boston bull terrier were cropped by Dr.
W. L. Baker of Buffalo. The dog was anesthetized by a mix-
ture of chloroform and ether, the ears brought together over the
head and marked and cut with scissors. The last operation for
the relief of laryngeal stridor was performed upon a large black
mare by Dr. York of Earlville.
A banquet was held at the St. Cloud Hotel foilowing the
meeting. All things considered, this was the best meeting held
by the association since its organization. A pleasing spirit of
harmony prevails among the veterinarians of the territory, for
which this society was organized, and its success is thus assured.
W. B. Switzer, V.S., Secretary.
* Published elsewhere in this issue.
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App ae y
Ry abu, antag ym 4
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VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.
In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us
of the dates and places of their meetings.
Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included
in the following list :
Name of Organization.
Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass’n......)
Alumni Ass’n, N. Y.-A. V. C
American V. M. Ass'n
Arkansas Veterinary Ass’n........ cl
Ass'n Médécale Veterinare Frangaise.
“oe Laval”
B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago
B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha
Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n
California State V. M. Ass’n
Central Canada Y. Ass’n
Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n....... |
Chicago Veterinary Society
Colorado State V. M. Ass’n..........
Connecticut V. M. Ass’n............
Delaware State Vet. Society......... }
Hasex Co. (N. J.) V. M.A...........
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n..........!
Georgia State V. M.A..............
V. M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un'’y
Hamilton Co. (Ohio) V. A
Illinois State V. M. Ass’n
Indiana Veterinary Association
Iowa Veterinary Ass’n..............
Kansas State V. M. Ass’n...........|
Kentucky V. M. Ass’n..............
Keystone V. M. Ass’n
Lake Erie V. M. Association.........
Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n.........
Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n.
Maryland State Vet. oreo
Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n...........
Michigan State V. M. Maeno |
Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n...
Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n...
Missouri Valley V. Ass’n............/
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n
Montana State V. M.A............. |
Mepriska V. M.Assn.......:......
New York S. V. M. Soc’y...........
North - rag V. M. Ass'n
Ohio State V. M. Ass'n.............
Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med
Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass’n
Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n
Ontario Vet. Ass’n
Saevivanis Diate Va MA. a. 2.6.1.
Siitmpme V. M.A..:...........0..-
Portland Vet. Med. Ass’n...........
Province of Quebec V. M. A
Rhode Island V. M. Ass'n
South Illinois V. M. and Ass'n.
_ St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors
eel Valley V.M. A
ce. Vet. Alumni Univ. Penn..
a Dakota V. M. A
Southern Aux. of Cal. S. V. M. Ass'n,
South St. Joseph Ass’n of a Insp..
Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass
Seem Me Asa'n.....0.....0.65--
Twin City V. M. Ass’n
Utah Vet. ae As!
ee eeee
Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia
oa Ass'n of Manitoba
VM ase
Sees oe Sacraars |
| Feb. and July
| Feb. 3, 4, 1914
| July, 1913
| Sept., 1914
| November, 1914
Date of Next
Meeting.
April, 1914
Dec., 28-31, 1914 .
January, 1914.......
1st and 3d Thur. of
each month
2d Fri. each month. .
| 3d Mon‘each month. |
| St. Joseph and
Monthly
December 10, 1913..
June and Nov
2d Tues. each month.
May 28-29, 1913. .
Feb. 3, 1914..
Jan., Apl., July, Oct.
3d Mon. each month.
2d week, July, 1913.. |
1st Sat. eack month..
December, 1913. .. ..
Jan. 14, 1914
Pending
Oct. & Feb.each year.
2d Tues. each month.
ie Se”
Jan. 14. 1914
Aug. 29, 1913
June 30, July 1-2,'13.
Sept. 24, 25, 1913...
1st Mo. & Tu.,Dec.’13
June, 1914
Nov. 1913 Sr AS SOE
Jan. 14, 15, 1914..
Annually
1st Week in Feb.1914
Sept. 16, 1913.......
Call of President. . . .
4th Tues. each month.
Pe nding
| Aug. 56:7 1913.....
Ist Wed. fol. the 2d
Sun. each month. .
Dee. 17, 1913
Jan., Apl., July, Oct..
| 4th Tues. each month
ae ie
2d Thu. each month..
Spring of 1914
3d Wed. each month.
Feb. & July each yr..
January 8, 1914.....
1st Wed. each month.
Monthly: .. 6225.22.
July 10, 1913
1st & 3d Fri. Eve... .|
Jonewl914e= 2/2; -
3d Thu. each month..
| July 16-17, 1913..
June, Sept.,Dec. ,Mar.
| Dec. 22-23, 1913. ....|
Place of
Meeting.
Bir AM oso
141 W. 54th St..
New Orleans, La
Ft. Smith......
Lec. Room, La-
val Un’y, Mon.
vicinity
San Francisco.
Ottawa
Ft. Collins...
Hartford... ...
Wilmington.....
| Chicago
Indianapolis. . ..
Pending
Manhattan
Lexington
Philadelphia. . .
Pending
Lake Charles...
Portland
Lincoln, Neb...
Rochester
Toronto
Manila
Portland, Ore... |
Mon. and Que... |
Providence
Pendi
Fillmore
Madison
Los Angeles
407 Illinois Ave.
Nashvill
College Station..
St. P.-Minneap..
Salt Lake City... |
514 9th St., hi
..| Wm. Hilton, W
Winnipeg..
Trenton. . be
141 W. 54th St..
Jersey City
Old Point Comf’t,
Pullman........
Walla Walla... .
Pittsburgh .
Milwaukee.
Name and Address Secretary.
C. A. Cary, Auburn.
P. K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y.
Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood
Ave., Chicago, Ill.
J. B. Arthur, Russellville.
J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.
H. A. Smith, Chicago, Ill.
E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha.
F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo.
John F. McKenna, Fresno.
A. E. James, Ottawa.
W. B. Switzer, Oswego.
M. Campbell, Chicago.
.| IE. Newsom, Ft. Collins.
K. Dow, Willimantic.
S. Houchin, Newark, Del.
F. Carey, East Orange, N. J.
. H. Taylor, Henrietta.
. F. Bahnsen, Americus.
I. M. Cashel.
Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.
L. A. Merillat, Chicago.
A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis.
C. H. Stange, Ames.
| J. H. Burt, Manhattan.
| Robert Graham, Lexington.
| Cheston M. Hoskins.
Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio.
| Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La.
H. B. Wescott, Portland.
H. H. Counselman, Sec’y.
| J.B. Seale, Salem.
| W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens.
G. Ed. Leech, Winona.
Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada.
Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia.
S. Stewart, Kansas City.
A.D. Knowles, Livingston.
| Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City.
H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y
| J. P. Spoon, Burlington.
| C. H. Babeock, New Rockford.
E. V. Hover, Delphos.
| Reuben Hilty, Toledo.
Dz.
is
| B.
A.
J.
rosai$
y.| F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio.
| J. C. Howard, Sullivan.
| C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City.
L. A. Willson, Toronto.
.._ John Reichel, Glenolden.
| David C. Kretzer, Manila.
Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore.
Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q.
| J. S. Pollard, Providence.
| B. K. McInnes, Charleston.
F. Hockman, Iola.
Wn. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo
W. G. Huyett, Wernersville.
B. T. Woodward, Wash’n, D. C
S. W. Allen. Watertown.
J. A. Dell, Los Angeles.
H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph.
O. L. MeMahon, Columbia.
Allen J. Foster, Marshall
S. H. Ward, St. Paul, Minn.
E. J. Coburn, Brigham City.
G. T. Stevenson, Burlington.
C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat-
chewan, Alta., Can.
M. Page Smith, Washington, DACs
|
innipeg.
E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick.
R.S. MacKellar, N. Y. City.
T. F. O’Dea Union Hill, N. J.
Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia.
R. J. Donohue, Pullman.
Carl Cozier, Bellingham.
Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley.
‘| J. W. Beckwith, Shallsburg.
| E. S. Bausticker, York, Pa.
)
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530
AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.
FEBRUARY, Ig14.
EDITORIAL.
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Parts, 15th December, 1913.
Nervous Diseases 1N Domestic ANIMALS.—Continental
veterinary periodicals have recently published valuable observa-
tions and articles relating to the pathology of nervous affections
in animals. Mentioning only for the present, until further con-
sideration, those of Prof. G. Petit, of Alfort on Poliomyelitis,
I will extract to-day from an article translated in the Revue
Generale from the Archiv. fur Wistenschafticlae und praktische
Tierheitkunde and which is due to Prof. Sonnenberg, of Greifs-
wald, “ on the diseases of the spinal cord in our animals,” perhaps
principally dogs.
Beginning by some notions upon the structure and functions
of the spinal cord and on general and special neurology, Sonnen-
berg then gives the description of a case of mematomyelitts in
the region of the medullary cone and of the last sacral roots in
a dog. The animal had dropped from the second story of a
house, did not show any trouble of motility immediately, but a
few moments later his hind quarters refused to work and failed
to support him.
The next day the dog was lying down unable to get up. He
shows no pain. Held standing, he is supported by the forelegs,
but the hind ones only do so for a few moments. He can sit down
531
532 EDITORIAL,
on his rump. No abnormal sensibility is observed about the
thighs and there is no deformity of the vertebral column.
When pressure is applied over the lumbar region, the dog
cries and the pain is stronger if pressure is made, especially on
the muscles. The croup and the superior part of the thigh show
great sensibility. This however is less on a level with both faces
of the thigh, towards the anus and perineum.
The tendinous reflexes are exaggerated. Sonnenberg pro-
motes them as he indicated on previous occasions; the patellar
reflex, that of the Tendo Achillis, that of the flexors are ob-
tained in the same way. Same increase of the cutaneous reflex
inside and outside and also of the periostic reflex of the dorsal
vertebrae.
The whole leg is thrown backwards under the influence of a
slight pressure made upon the adductors of the thigh. Percus-
sion of the extensors of the patella throws the leg in forced ex-
tension, the thigh of the opposite side makes the same motion.
This position is held for a little time. Micturition and defeca-
tion take place with very little difficulty.
After five days, the paralysis disappeared and recovery took
place rapidly. It was complete a month later.
Sonnenberg attributes the recovery to injections of “ lacto
solutio,” a preparation of an albuminoid substance extracted
from milk, which injected sub-cutaneously gives rise to a vaso-
dilatation of the small arteries, specially of the skin, tendons and
muscles. Lacto solution is injected in dogs in the doses of 2 c.c.,
and in horses of 10 c.c. .
Continuing on his subject, Sonnenberg relates a case of
traumatic myelitis of the lumbar region with hematomyelia in
a dog six years old, which became suddenly sick and became
paralyzed in a few hours in the hind legs. He was supposed
to have received a blow against a door. He had opisthotonos
of the neck and poll, being indifferent to all surroundings,
oe
EDITORIAL. 533
whether when standing or lying. The opisthotonos was not per-
manent, at times slight, at others quite severe, principally by the
slightest touch. There was no motor trouble in the muscles of the
poll or of the neck, but only a condition of contraction, marked
also about the masseters. The forelegs were readily moved, but
the contraction of the extensors more marked than that of the
adductors. ;
The hind quarters were paralyzed. The dog unable to stand
up, fell down at every attempt with the hind legs taking any ab-
normal position, of which the dog seems to take no notice.
Excitation on the extensors, principally round the patella,
brought about an extension lasting thirty or sixty seconds. Dur-
ing that condition, it was difficult to bring the leg in relaxation.
The patellar reflex persisted on both sides.
Reaction to pain was limited in the hind legs and on the
level with the last dorsal vertebrae. Exactly opposite the last
there was a zone of hyperesthesia. Urine escapes drop by drop.
Eight days after, opisthotonos had disappeared. The spas-
modic paralysis had become permanent. The sensibility returned
little by little, the cutaneous and tendinous reflexes returned.
At that time “ lacto solutio’ was injected and recovery occurred
by degrees. The dog however died from infection following
lesions of long decubitus.
Two other observations, still more interesting, are then re-
corded.
Since two months a slut shows trouble in the locomotion of
her hind legs, which began during a period of gestation. Over
the lumbar region she has a hairless bluish spot, probably some
traumatism. But since four weeks, on the back, and specially
the rump, all the hairs have fallen without cause to explain it.
The animal is lively and acts as a healthy dog. Yet, in walking,
the lumbar region moves from side to side, the hind legs flex,
there is true ataxy of the left side.
534 EDITORIAL.
Local examination reveals nothing but exaggerated patellar
reflex. Cutaneous sensibility is normal. Injections of “ lacto
solutio’ are prescribed. Improvement takes place and soon the
walking of the dog is normal. Fifteen days after, relapse, urina-
tion is very frequent, in small quantity and by drops. There is
great weakness of the hind quarters. The muscles became
atrophied, the reflexes are no longer present. The animal is
killed and while there is no anatomical change in the spinal cord,
histology revealed a condition of disseminated myelitis.
For the other case, it is one of hematomyelin of the lumbar
region—swelling of the cord. Ten hours before he is seen a
dog has been run over, he has been able to make a few steps and
then dropped—paralysis. General aspect is good, appetite pres-
ent, no appearance of pain. When the animal tries to get up,
the hind quarters are scarcely raised. Patellar and anal reflexes
are present. Percussion of the extensors of the patella produces
convulsive contraction of the leg. Sensibility to pain is absent
in the hind quarters as far as the last dorsal vertebrae. No zone
of hyperesthesias.
Two days after treatment is begun. Patellar reflex is ex-
aggerated, so is the abdominal. About the first lumbar and last
dorsal vertebrae a region of hyperesthesia is observed. Sensi-
bility to pain has disappeared. There is retention of urine and
constipation. After two months of treatment with “lacto so-
lutio” incomplete recovery took place.
The long article is concluded by the concise relation of a
spasmodic spinal paralysis in a horse, and those of other cases re-
lating to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, all of which Sonnenberg
compares with similar cases observed in man.
*
* *
INBORN oR SpeciFIC APTITUDE WitH TuBERCULOsIS MI-
CRoBE.—Professor A. Chauveau, at the Academie des Sciences,
has lately related the researches that he has made to determine if
there can exist a difference between human and bovine tubercu-.
EDITORIAL. 535
losis, from the point of view of the inborn or specific aptitude of
robust individuals to receive or cultivate the microbe of tubercu-
losis. And from his researches the learned Professor was
brought to the following conclusions :
I. There cannot exist any difference between the two
species, human or bovine, from the point of view of the inborn
or specific aptitude of robust individuals to receive or cultivate
the bacillus of tuberculosis.
This is the necessary consequence of the scientific principle
which imposes the unity and permanence in the laws that govern
the manifestations of life, as all the other natural phenomena.
2. Thanks to this inborn aptitude, common to both species,
and reserve made of possible, although little probable, meeting of-
individuals spontaneously immunized by unsuspected interference
of a prophylactic classical influence, all human or bovine sub-
jects, in perfect health, which would have received in like condi-
tions active tuberculous bacilli would become infected in about
the same manner.
3. Therefore, in the experiments of transmission of tuber-
culosis from cattle to cattle, all the subjects, without any excep-
tion, having contracted the disease it would necessarily have
been the same if the experiment had had in view the transmission
of tuberculosis from man to man.
4. Anyhow, clinical observations, only sources from which
can be obtained the elements of a material evidence of the results
of such hypothetical experiment, give indications which agree
with those imperiously imposed by general laws of contagion.
5. Indeed, these clinical observations furnish a great number
of examples of the most vigorous subjects which contracted tu-
berculosis as well as weak individuals in contaminated centers.
6. They also show with the same value that among the
large number of individuals which escape infection in contamin-
ated centers there are always weak organisms mixed with the ro-
bust. To find the cause of this resistance to contagion it is not
in the conditions of the soil of the culture of the bacillus that it
must be looked into. It is to the bacillus itself and to the more
536 EDITORIAL.
or less favorable conditions that it may offer to the success of its
implantation in the soil of the organism.
7. These are propositions firmly established, which com-
plete in characterizing the non-value of the theory of the em-
poverishment of the organism soil as the essential cause of the
propagation of the bacillus-germ.
8. At any rate, among the cases of localized centers of tu-
berculosis kept up by this upheld cause, there is not one where
the aggravations or relapse of the disease which were attributed
to the introduction and to the suppression of causes of physiolo-
gical defects have not been connected at the very time with: re-
laxation, the severity of the selection and the elimination of in-
fecting subjects, relaxation and severity which are fully sufficient
to explain the oscillations of the curve in the mortality of tuber-
culosis in human agglomerations.
g. Finally, this last study issued of the comparison between
human and bovine species, from the point of view of the aptitude
of robust subjects to contract tuberculosis, arrives at the same
scientific and practical conclusions. Practically, there will be
nothing done in the organization of the anti-tuberculous fight, if
the efforts of hygienists do not particularly declare “ war to
death” to the infecting microbe and provide for the means to
render the germ-carriers harmless towards sound subjects which
might be exposed to infection.
%*
ae %
MorPHIA AND Opium IN Horses.—In the Annales de Mede-
cine Vétérinaire, published in Brussels, Professor A. Vanden
Eeckhout has recorded an experimental contribution to the study
of the effects of these two drugs in horses.
Recalling first the various results obtained by the admin-
istration of morphia and of opium in the different species, he
reviews those obtained in the experiments made by him and Pro-
fessor Gottlieb on the action of these medicamentous substances.
All those experiments having been made on laboratory animals,
arg
EDITORIAL. 537
Professor Vanden Eeckhout has thought, with good reason, to
carry them out on large animals, and more particularly on horses.
The experiments were numerous and resume in the two princi-
pal following conclusions:
I. ACTION OF MorPHIA AND OPIUM ON THE NERVOUs Sys-
TEM OF HorsEs.—Writers admit generally that morphia, admin-
istered to horses in normal doses, produces a general nervous
stimulation, rendering him at the same time less sensitive to pain
and principally to that due to sharp instruments. Professor Van-
den Eeckhout has never observed after the administration of
morphia any analgesic action, but always excitement, even hyper-
esthesia increasing with the dose given. Under the influence of
morphia, horses supported operation with difficulty, and the
operator was often obliged to resort to intravenous injections of
chloral. The exciting and hyperesthesic action appears every
time morphia or ordinary tincture of opium is injected. It is
not present when morphia has been taken off from the tincture of
morphia revealing itself as a substance almost without action.
Morphia promotes specially nervous excitement, while tincture of
opium provokes before all muscular stiffness and fibrillar contrac-
tions.
2. ACTION ON THE DIGESTIVE CANAL.—First of all the
author considers the numerous difficulties that one meets in
studying the action of these two drugs in horses. To reach a
result, he has searched if morphia and opium can reduce the
quantity of feces expelled in twenty-four hours after their ad-
ministration. From the experiments made in the best conditions,
it results that the two agents are constipating when given to
horses, the quantity of feces expelled in twenty-four hours is
diminished. Tincture of opium with morphia taken off is posi-
tively less constipating, while it had remained without influence
on the nervous system; ordinary tincture of opium seems to be
more efficacious than the two other products.
These experiments are interesting to bear in mind. Indeed,
they demonstrate that in horses, whose stomach plays but an ac-
cessory part in the phenomena of digestion, morphia gives rise
538 EDITORIAL.
to constipation by direct action upon the intestines and not by an
exciting effect upon the pyloric sphincter.
*
* *
TENTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS.—A meet-
ing of the Organizing Committee was held on the toth of Oc-
tober, 1913, to carry on general business relating to this great
event, and reported in the English professional journals.
Before a large number of members present, the minutes of
the previous meeting were read and a large correspondence pre-
sented by the Hon. Secretary.
The treasurer made his report concerning the condition of
the new subscriptions and recorded that he had received sub-
stantial subscriptions from many parts. He had at present in
hand £1,050, and urged all members should send their con-
tributions.
The question of the place of meeting was also considered and
a sub-committee appointed to make inquiries and engage the
necessary rooms.
Our confreres are aware of the very important step that was
taken by the English Committee of organization in suggesting
the formation of Propaganda Committees in the various coun-
tries of the world, where veterinarians could organize themselves,
in view of an attendance at London, where the Congress will be
held. Answering to this suggestion from the English Committee
of organization, several of the Continental States have already
made known the result of the formation of Propaganda Commit-
tees. France, Germany, Italy, the United States have already
published the names of their constituents, and if all the members
whose names are published do come to London next August, the
gathering will certainly be tremendous.
Asa member of the French Committee we could not very well
belong to another, to that of the United States for instance, and
on that account could not very well get directly important news
from the Committee of organization, but whenever their official
se
re a a
pe See
aera i om
So, Chl PRG Re P= <7
Reni ss
EDITORIAL. 539
information is made public, | shall allude to it at once, although
probably the offices of the Review in New York will have al-
ready announced them. For the present, I have to wait, as I
have seen nothing recent, but cannot fail to take into considera-
tion the special opportunities that our American confréres will
have by joining the “ Study Tour of Europe,’ which has been
organized in Washington, with Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, of the
Bureau of Animal Industry as director of the tour. The pro-
gram is excellent, the itinerary most inviting, the arrangements
perfect, and when one considers the many various opportunities
which are offered, instructive as well as enjoyable, there will be
no hesitancy, and “ I] am joining ”’ will be the conclusion. Come
on friends and colleagues, and do not let the chance go by with-
out benefiting by it.
If I can be of any assistance to any, let him write to me.
*
* *
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—I/ wenty-eighth An-
nual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. This recent pub-
lication which is the report for the year 1911 has just been issued,
or at least has just been received. It is, as all the preceding, a
valuable work. The fact that many of the bulletins which are at
various times published by the Bureau and have no need to be
again in the final report gives the explanation why the twenty-
eighth report forms a small volume in comparison with those
that were published before; but with all that it 1s a book of nearly
350 pages, with quite a number of illustrations, 36, of which
3 are text figures.
The contents of the Report are as usual very interesting,
and after the general report of the Chief, Dr. A. D. Melvin,
there are several which call the special attention of veterinarians.
First comes that of Dr. R. W. Hickman, on the Government’s
inspection and quarantine service relating to the importation and
exportation of the stock.
This is followed by a masterly article on Measles in Cattle, by
540 EDITORIAL.
Dr. B. H. Ranson, which is illustrated by seven handsome plates.
The article is a good addition to the general knowledge of the
cysticercus, from the point of view of the general practitioner and
of the inspectors of meat.
Doctors J. R. Mohler and Adolph Eichhorn have furnished
in the report a long article relating to Malto fever, with special
reference to its diagnosis and control in goats. Three plates are
illustrating the thorough and complete article of the Chief and
of the Senior pathologist of the Pathological Division.
Infectious abortion of cattle and the occurrence of its bac-
terium in milk follows, with an interesting statement of Dr. A.
D. Melvin, to the article of Drs. F. C. Schroeder and W. E. Cot-
ton on the presence of the bacillus of infectious abortion found in
milk, the Bacillus abortus. This is a very interesting subject with
which the readers of the Review have already been made ac-
quainted by the published papers of the authors in that journal.
This article is completed by another from Drs. J. R. Mohler
and Jacob Traum on Infectious Abortion in cattle, where the com-
plete review of the disease is considered.
Finally, as subjects of veterinary interest, the Chief and the
Senior bacteriologists of the Pathological Division write an
article on the Jmmunization tests in tetanus, where the standard-
ization of the antitoxin, its applications, and its curative effects are
considered, and where the subject of treatment of tetanus by
magnesium sulphate calls from the authors the suggestions that
more extensive application of the treatment is desirable to judge
of its value.
The balance of the report is made up of subjects and miscel-
laneous information, similar to those that are generally found
in this publication.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC IrEMS.—Preventive measures against equine
influenza based on its bacteriology, by N. S. Ferry, from the Re-
search Laboratory of Parke, Davis & Co.
Sete ee ae Ss
BES ORE ROR, Oh Re ly SPO eas Penn
iO” i ol
i i I es ee ee
EDITORIAL. 541
From the same, Correcting Water, methods of treating hard
and alkaline waters. How to remove objectionable ingredients,
etc., etc., by H. C. Hamilton.
U. S. Department of Agriculture—ZIJmportant Poultry Dis-
eases, by D. E. Salmon, D.V.M.
Bureau of Animal Industry. Regulations relating to products
intended for use in the treatment of domestic animals.
Agricultural Journal of the Union of South Africa.—October,
EOI 3.
Album of Anti-cholera serum plant—Department of Agricul-
ture of Tennessee, D. G. R. White, State Veterinarian.—( Nash-
ville). AT:
THE VETERINARY CONFERENCE AT ITHACA.
The sixth annual conference for veterinarians was opened
‘in one of the lecture rooms of the New York State Veterinary
College, Ithaca, N. Y., at 9.15 a. m., January 8, 1914, by Di-
rector Moore, who made some general remarks in reference to
the unsatisfactory condition in which tissues are sometimes
_ received at the laboratories for examination, and also explain-
ing that in some instances, if the condition of the tissue be ever
so favorable, positive information is sometimes impossible. He
then gave a splendid talk on contagious abortion, reviewing the
disease and pointing out that at present most pathologists were
- of the opinion that the cause is the bacillus abortis, and that
its distribution is in the uterus, foetus and milk, with the prob-
ability of fodder, litter, etc., acting as carriers. He said that the
Virus is probably confined to the animal, but that the organism
may live in exposure for a varying length of time. However,
as it is not spore forming, it is the present belief that it is not
particularly hardy and that a 2% per cent. solution of cresote
is sufficient to destroy young cultures in 242 minutes, the thermal
death point being about 59 degrees Cent. for ten minutes, or
2 -—.~
_thereabout. As to its pathogenesis, it does not produce any
542 EDITORIAL
morbid condition other than abortion and the sequelae, such as
diseased ovaries, and retained placenta in the cow, but it does”
affect nearly all the organs of the guinea pig.
As to ways of infection, this is one of the difficult aspects
of the disease which we are not clear on. It is a question ie
the bull acts as a carrier or actually becomes infected.
attempt has been made at the Veterinary College to ee
the methods of infection, and accordingly five pregnant cows —
were injected in the jugular vein with the virus. All aborted
in from seven days to a few months after injection. In another —
similar experiment, one out of three aborted, and in still another,
where two were injected, neither of them aborted. Four cows—
fed the organism, all aborted. Others similarly fed, since, all —
resisted the virus. Others have been experimented on by sub-
cutaneous injection and by infection per vagina, with varying
results. At present we know of no way by which we can take
a culture and produce abortion with any certainty in the bovine,
but we are almost always successful in the guinea pig by subcu- |
taneous injection, being able to again recover the organism in |
the uterus. The general belief is that cultivation lessens its |
virulence. |
MeEtHops oF DISSEMINATION.—It 1s probable that the dissemi-
nation of the virus from the infected animal begins at the time —
of abortion, but it has not been determined how long it remains |
in the uterus thereafter. It is believed to be present in most ~
cases for 60 days, but, as with nearly all bacterial diseases, it
may in some cases be a much shorter or longer period. It may |
be present in the milk for a long time, and as to the way of udder |
infection, most authorities are of the opinion that it occurs |
through the teat from the infected stable, or vaginal discharges. —
This would explain its presence in the milk of animals which
have not or do not abort. The various methods of diagnosis”
which have been tried, are the precipitin test, which is not satis- ©
factory, and the abortin test, which is analogous to the tuberculin |
test. This likewise has not proven satisfactory for general use. ~
The complement fixation test is very complicated for practical ©
EDITORIAL. 543
purposes. But any of these reactions may mean that an animal
is infected and may abort later, or that an animal may be affected
and has aborted, or that an animal may be affected and never
_ abort.
4 Our present knowledge of vaccine as a treatment has not
proven satisfactory. It is Dr. Moore’s opinion that strict
_ hygienic measures is the best method of control known to-day.
Following Dr. Moore, Dr. Rich, of the Vermont Experiment
| Station, stated that while he could not add much to the informa-
Btion given in the bulletin which was issued a few months ago
relative to the virtue of methylene blue in treating contagious
abortion, it was still his opinion that methylene blue has some
advantages in the treatment of this disease, but that we have
not sufficient information to base any conclusion as to its being
a specific remedy. It is his present belief that small doses, given
more constantly, a heaping teaspoonful (about one-third ounce '
for four or five months and beginning in early pregnancy, is
the most efficient way of using it.
Dr. Williams stated that he had not found a bull in any breed-
ing herd whose blood did not react to the agglutination test.
and that in his judgment we have no evidence to show that the
bacillus in the udder, vagina or the digestive tract causes abor-
tion, and that, further, it is his opinion that no treatment, either
medicinal or vaccine, can reach the utero-chorionic space which
in his contention is the seat or origin of abortion.
Prof. S. H. Gage then gave a very interesting and instructive
lecture upon eye refraction, stating that the art originated with
the astronomer Kepler in 1604. The inversion of the image on
the retina and the accommodation of the iris and crystalline
lense was very intelligently and simply explained by the use of a
lantern and the focusing of the different lenses.
The next speaker was Dr. Theobald Smith, professor of com-
arative pathology at Harvard University. The world-wide
ecognition of Dr. Smith as a bacteriologist, and his clear, plain
way of expressing the great role which vaccines are playing in
clinical medicine to-day, made Dr. Smith’s address, in our opin-
.
:
544 EDITORIAL.
ion, was one of the most interesting discourses that a body of vet-
erinarians have ever had the good fortune to hear. He pointed —
out that much of the knowledge of immunity and its application |
to the human family has been derived from animals. Using hog —
cholera as an illustration of how even though a virus may be |
peculiar to one species, that there are various phases which influ- |
ence even the most specific virus, such as suscpetibility of an ~
individual, breed, food, temperature, virulence of the organ-
ism, etc.; how that some diseases may be self-limited by acquir- —
ing immunity and how that some contagious diseases are very —
virulent and others rarely fatal. He pointed out the value of |
vaccine even in such mild diseases as typhoid, where ordinarily —
but about Io per cent. of the victims die when the virulence is of ;
the average type, and that vaccines have practically driven the ©
disease from our American army where it was a thing of great |
dread. His expression of vaccines was that they increased the —
body’s resistance against disease and aid recovery by giving |
nature a push, so to speak. It was said that the Chinese used — .
direct inoculation to mitigate certain diseases thousands of years —
ago, and that a close study has shown that the introduction of a
virus into a body in a way other than through the natural chan-
nels is quite likely to decrease its virulence. Following inocula- —
tion of the virulent material, an improved method was demon- —
strated by Smith and Salmon (Theobold Smith), where the |
virus was attenuated or killed by heat, and it is by use of dead ©
vaccines that the vaccination for certain diseases has been made _ i
possible and useful. There are, however, certain diseases where |
immunity can only be produced by the living organisms. This —
is our present opinion, for instance, with reference to tubercu- —
losis. Then, there are some diseases where vaccine is of some 7
value even after the virus has entered the body. Such, for in- |
stance, as smallpox, if the vaccine is applied within three days —
after the infection. And so with rabies, where the cha
and location of the bite does not make possible an extremely —
short period of incubation. 4
His explanation of how in certain chronic cases surgical
EDITORIAL. 545
interference oftentimes opened up the walled-in tissues which had
been deprived of the body fluids where the natural anti-bodies in
these fluids could not perform their functions; also that surgical
interference produces a hyperemia, augmenting the blood supply
to these parts and greatly assisting the work of the vaccines.
Some vaccines will not work satisfactorily when of a differ-
ent strain or group, and an, effort to overcome this is attempted
in polyvalent serums and vaccines. The autogenous, of course,
is the most scientific and useful and should be used in preference
to the others.
Speaking of autotherapy, it is Dr. Smith’s opinion that giv-
ing the discharges per os is contrary to our knowledge of diges-
tion, where substances are supposed to be broken up and torn
apart.
The meeting was then adjourned for luncheon. Following
luncheon, we inspected the magnificent new buildings which
have recently been erected, and it was the opinion of everyone
that the splendid arrangement and the substantial and sanitary
construction displayed great merit on the part of those who had
to do with the planning; and as a whole are a pride to the vet-
erinary profession and a credit to the state.
In the evening we were favored by the delightful presence
of President Schurman, who occupies a warm spot in the heart
of every veterinarian who knows him. It seems that each year
his personal sacrifices add to our great admiration for him. On
this occasion, instead of taking an afternoon train to New York
City where business exacted his presence the following day and
_where he might have spent a comfortable night in the hotel, he
deferred his trip so that he might welcome the veterinarians,
and then crawled into one of those things termed sleepers that
make some of us feel anything but happy who are accustomed
to less comforts than is the president.
President Schurman expressed his desire to make the worth
of the New York State Veterinary College felt throughout the
state. He reviewed the history of the university and stated that
the truly modern university was developed in this country, Cor-
546 EDITORIAL.
nell being the type, where, as expressed by Ezra Cornell, every
one can get an education on all sciences taught to-day.
He emphasized the fact that science does not stand still and
that such subjects as chemistry, physics and biology have been
broadening, which in turn necessitates the broadening of the —
college curriculum, and that Cornell stands to meet any advance-
ment and is ready to extend its curriculum to a four-year course |
at such time as conditions seem to require it.
In closing he most cordially invited the veterinarians to re-
turn another year.
The next speaker of the evening was J. C. Buckley, of ©
Detroit, editor of the Horseshoers’ Journal. This paper was |
illustrated by lantern views which were very interesting, show- |
ing different types of conformation of legs and feet, and also |
various shoes used in orthopedic shoeing.
During the lecture several times when the subject of ortho- |
pedic shoeing was being discussed, it occurred to us just how far |
the shoer could be trusted to carry the paring knife and the hot
iron into the domain of surgery, and where the art of shoeing |
under such conditions would end and veterinary surgery begin.
We personally know of a certain shoer in a town where some of
the highest class horses in America are cared for; this shoer is |
recognized as one of the most expert in the country, a man of
good education and excellent judgment, but he would not think
of attempting to remove the side of a foot or otherwise surgically
treat a serious quarter-crack, always advising the owner that—
such work can only be reliably done by a man trained in veteri-
nary science. ‘There are other shoers in this same town who if
they had even a smattering of some of the principles set forth |
by Mr. Buckley in his paper, to give them a shop full of horses |
would be like turning ‘a bull loose in a china shop.” We are:
wondering if conditions of this kind are not quite universal.
We adjourned at 9.30 and enjoyed a most delightful smoke
where we were liberally treated to good music and singing, good”
cigars, and a buffet lunch served by a body of bright young men,
that any college might be proud to call its students.
EDITORIAL. 547
On the morning of January goth, Dr. Frost read a paper en-
titled “ Fistulus Withers,” describing in detail a method now in
vogue at the college for this operation.
Dr. Frost was followed by Dr. Udall, who read an ex-
haustive paper on “ Indigestion in Cattle,’ which was of great
interest to the country practitioner.
At 11 o'clock, Dr. H. J. Milks discussed the subject of hog
cholera. He spoke of how within the last few years conditions
_ had so changed in our eastern states that particular attention
to infectious swine diseases had become very necessary, which in
turn has lead up to the necessity of the preparation of hog
cholera serum. He wished to have it clearly understood that
the value of the serum is confined to the specific disease, hog
cholera, and pointed out that the only positive method of diag-
nosis would be the inoculation of a well pig with virulent blood,
but as this is a pretty expensive method of diagnosis, we must
in a measure rely on presentations associated with the disease.
He enumerated the symptoms which are fairly constant and reli-
able, and mentioned the pecechia of the kidneys as one of the
most constant lesions. He also conceded that when a virulent
type of the disease gets into a herd of swine, it is disastrous, as
it is not confined to the ones that die immediately, but that the
chronic cases are of no value owing to the fact that they do not
do well or amount to much, even though they recover, and they
remain a source of virus spreaders for such long periods that
_ it is probably better judgment to destroy them at once. He also
_ spoke of how in the acute type some animals die suddenly, de-
veloping no positive lesions, and that a post mortem under such
- conditions may be quite negative.
- As to the serum and simultaneous methods, it was his opinion
_ that where the disease is not prevalent and we wish transitory
‘ protection, serum alone would seem the safest and sanest, it
giving a protective immunity for several weeks. The simulta-
neous method establishes immunity for life, but it is his judg-
“ment that the simultaneous method is best adapted to states
where hog cholera is more widespread than in our own, and that
548 EDITORIAL.
we should ever keep in mind the danger of the virulent blood —
spreading the disease in free localities. If for any reason the
simultaneous method seems warranted, he believes it would be
better procedure to first immunize with serum alone, to be fol-
lowed later by the simultaneous treatment.
We adjourned at noon and the meeting of the various alumni
associations took place until one o’clock. A light luncheon was
served at one p. m. and we returned to business again at two.
Hon. Calvin J. Huson, Commissioner of Agriculture, was on
the program for an address at this time, but, owing to an emer-
gency of great importance which demanded his presence else-
where, he requested Assistant Commissioner Flanders, of the
Agricultural Department, to attend the conference in his stead.
Mr. Flanders, who is known as a very happy speaker, discussed
the agricultural law and the relation of the veterinary profession
to agriculture, and made very clear the operation of the statute
and our duties as veterinarians in controlling communicable dis-
eases. He said the magnitude of our calling could be estimated
by the fact that one species of the animal kind alone produced
in the United States five billion dollars’ worth of butter per
year, these animals being distributed over five million farms.
Mr. Flanders was in good form and was enthusiastically
received.
Following Mr. Flanders, Senator Godfrey addressed us in
encouraging words for the future of the profession, and con-
gratulated us upon the excellent methods of teaching now in
vogue.
Prof. Williams read a paper on ‘“ Retained Placenta.” Wil-
liams-like, he attacked the question from all points and advanced
some very good arguments, as well as going minutely into the |
structure and functions of the uterus and foetal membranes. The
very clear manner in which he pointed out the freedom of the
foetal membranes from the maternal calyledons during early
pregnancy, which allows the expulsion of the foetal membranes —
and the foetus in all cases of early abortion, say up to four or
five months, would seem to us a very good and practical point ~
—_ = .— vr
=e eee oe
wae Te eee
leapt 2:
EDITORIAL. 549
‘to lay before the general practitioner. His contention is that
whenever we have retained placenta it is always due to an in-
flammation which exists prior to the abortion and not after,
and that the adhesion of the membrane is occasioned only by
the inflammatory processes of the cotyledons incarcerating the
chorionic villi. It is unfortunate that time did not allow a dis-
cussion on this phase of the question, as it is an important one
and we are of the opinion that many would like to have ex-
changed ideas on the subject.
The last speaker was Dr. John W. Adams, his subject being
“Veterinary Dentistry.’ The way in which Dr. Adams re-
viewed dental history and the anatomical and histological struc-
tures involved in dental work, as well as his expression of good
practical ideas, left little to be said upon the subject. Drs. Berns,
Williams, Hollingsworth and Gill made some very practical
remarks that were appropriate and useful in actual practice, and
our friend, Ben Pierce, from Springfield, Mass., explained in
no uncertain terms that he had some knowledge of the attention
that horses’ teeth ofttimes need when honestly applied for the
comfort of the animal.
We then adjourned from this most successful conference and
reassembled at the New Ithaca Hotel, where we took part in a
delightful banquet of the Society of Comparative Medicine and
the Association of College Alumni. We are not certain just how
many attended, still it seemed as if the dining-room was filled
in every nook and corner, and while we were obliged to leave
before the function ended, we know from the list of speakers
scheduled on the menu cards that many good and witty things
were added to this pleasant occasion. BS eh
MARK YOU THIS—THE ARMY AND NAVY JOURNAL
SAYS THE ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE BILL
MALL LIKELY PASS.
The Army and Navy Journal, which is the organ of the army
and navy services and of the militia, and knows what it is talk-
550 EDITORIAL.
ing about, because all the secrets of these services are whispered
into its ear, says that there are excellent prospects of “ Mr. Hay’s
veterinary corps bill,” as it names it, that is the army veterinary
service bill, as we call it, passing this session of congress. Edi-
torially, in its issue of January 34, it tells us:
“Immediately after the Christmas holidays the House Com-
mittee on Military Affairs will take up the army appropriation
bill and put it in shape to be reported to the House. All hear-
ings have been held, and the committee is now ready to take up
the bill section by section. The only new legislation that has
received any consideration from the committee up to this time
is Chairman Hay’s veterinary corps bill. It has been practically
decided to report this measure out at the first session of the com-
mittee after the holidays that it can receive early consideration
by the Senate. An effort will be made to pass it at an early date
through the House, as there is considerable sentiment for the
bill outside of the army, and there are excellent prospects of its
being passed at this session.”—(Army and Navy Journal, Jan.
3, 1914.)
This news makes us rosy with gratification coming from The
Army and Navy Journal, which more than “has its ear to the
ground”: it is linked in arms with the War Department and
knows, barring political accidents, just what army legislation is
going through and which is going to be “ Bristowed”’; that is,
which is to be given a dose of the political prussic acid which
will end it. All, absolutely all, official information concerning
the army and navy, which it is possible to make public without
a breach of lese majeste, meaning the sin of publishing official in-
formation ahead of time, is to be found in its columns. Invari-
ably it knows which way the wind is blowing for army legisla-
tion, for its articles are submitted to the War Department for
censorship, if there is any doubt of their offensiveness to the
Department, and in all ways it endeavors to publish facts about
the Department as they are, or as they are to be. The statements
of The Army and Navy Journal, when it comes to army legisla-
tion, are dependable. It would not have published the editorial
|
sacie Sete Sea AAA RN TLIO Te
ae aeamlaneaaadhiial 4)
EDITORIAL. 551
note we have quoted, unless it knew that there was something
behind its words.
Remember, too, that what is gazetted in the columns of The
Army and Navy Journal is read by every army officer, wherever
he may be, sooner or later, and that its utterances are taken as
gospel. Such scrutiny of its columns by military men, as it
knows takes place, makes it know whereof it speaks before it
puts anything into cold type. Hence it is conservative to the
very verge of stiffness and obduracy. Every veterinarian in the
country knows that the army officers, taken as a majority, have
never had an embarrassing fondness for the veterinary profes-
sion. Consequently there has never been a time when The Army
and Navy Journal has burdened its conservative files with pro-
posals for improvement of the veterinary service of the army;
for it reflects every hue and shade of thought in the army serv-
ice and knows that the average army officer did not take proposals
for veterinary legislation seriously. Moreover, it has always
published the news of the transfers from one regiment to an-
other, from one part of the country to another, from one detail
to another, of every commissioned and non-commissioned officer
mentioned in army orders; but never so much as a word came
out on orders for veterinarians.
Why, then, this change of front on the part of ‘‘ our esteemed
contemporary, to use the cant of newspaperdom? ‘The reason
is because it has learned that the plea of the veterinary profes-
sion for its rights in the army has found favor with the present
administration. It has been told the lay of the land and knows
that the veterinary profession has found favor with the present
government leaders in the Senate and House and in the War
Department itself; yea, can reach the White House, through its
friends in the President’s cabinet and through intimate friends
belonging to his Princeton University lifelong relationships.
No longer is the veterinary profession to be roughly pushed aside
and sniffed at. There is indeed meat and meaning in the an-
nouncement in the quoted remarks of this newspaper of the army
and navy services.
552 EDITORIAL.
Look at that quotation. Read it again. It says, towards the
close, ‘there is considerable sentiment for the bill outside of
the army.” That harks back to what the profession did for the
army veterinary service bill in the last session of congress, and
refers particularly to the furor of our agitation, that of our
friends and the friends of our friends, in favor of the bill. This
statement of The Army and Navy Journal is proof positive that
our drive was an iron drive and that at last we have hit the mark.
Even the conservative Army and Navy Journal expresses as news ,
the fact that our agitation has been effective in Washington.
Gleeful news, isn’t it?
What has been quoted in the beginning of this article is un-
questionably true. But the excellent prospects for “ Mr. Hay’s
veterinary corps bill” (H. R. 4541) may be negatived by our
inertia and here this legislation is fraught with the greatest
danger. Do not forget that the personal touch is the influence
which is most powerful. If you personally know a senator or
representative to congress, or have a dear personal friend who
knows him, reach him through this personal touch by speaking
to him or writing to him about H. R. 4541, which is the official
designation of the bill aiming to commission veterinarians in the
U. S. army. There are about a hundred new representatives in
the present congress, and missionary work is needed that they
may be schooled in our deserts. The senators need even more
attention. The man who knows Senator or Congressman
is the man who can reach him. H. R. 4541 is the bill to
be spoken of. Your personal touch is the winning hand which
brings the senator or representative to the proper attitude towards
this legislation. Ge
THE LOBECK BILL.
We are pleased to direct attention to the Classification Bill
introduced into the House by Congressman Lobeck, of Nebraska,
on November 14, 1913, published on page 653 of this issue.
oa)
EDITORIAL. 553
This bill benefits all employees of the B. A. I. service, but as the
REVIEW is especially interested in the veterinarians in the service,
we will only comment on that part of the bill which affects them.
It provides that the entrance salary of veterinary inspectors
shall be $1,400 per annum; and that those who at the date of July
I, 1914, may be receiving a salary of less than $2,400 per annum,
- shall thereafter, from said date, receive an annual increase of
_ $100 until their salaries shall amount to $2,400; further increase
in salary to be made at the discretion of the Secretary of Agri-
culture. This seems very encouraging for our brothers in the
B. A. I. service, and the benefits that will accrue to the Federal
Government, through an increased interest that will be created
in those now in its employ, and the attraction to that branch of
_ the Federal veterinary service, of men of the first quality, will
_ repay the increased expenditure manifold, should this bill become
a law. It therefore behooves every member of the profession
throughout the country to use his influence for the passage of
_ this bill by the same congress that will make the Army Veterinary
Billa law. Thereby placing all the veterinarians in the Federal
service on a better footing and increasing the efficiency of the
services they render to the Government.
NOFFICIAL TOUR OF EUROPE OF THE AMERICAN
VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
This official tour of the A. V. M. A. to attend the tenth inter-
_ hiational veterinary congress in London, August 3 to 8, 1914,
under the direction of Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, is attracting very
general attention amongst the members of the American Veter-
inary Medical Association, their families and friends; and it
would seem from the present outlook that a very large body of
Americans would make the tour and arrive in London to attend
the congress. A copy of the itinerary and cost of tour was pub-
lished in the August, 1913, issue of the Review (price there given
as $505 should be $595, as corrected in September) and can
554 EDITORIAL.
be referred to in that issue; or a copy of the itinerary can be
obtained by writing Dr. Eichhorn, Bureau of Animal Industry,
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., Dr. C. J. Mar-
shall, 39th street and Woodland avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.,
or the Bureau of University Travel, Trinity place, Boston, Mass.
The prospect of a summer spent in such a pleasant and educa-
tional manner is sweet to contemplate, and for all those who can
look forward to such an enlivening prospect, we urge to complete
their arrangements with the business management whose arrange-
ments for your accommodations are awaiting your decision. And
those who decide late may find that they can no longer be booked.
Do not let that be your fate.
Tue Horses Won.—The following happened a short time
ago in Boston: Mr. A. wanted to sell Mr. B. a five-ton auto-truck.
Mr. B. said, * If your auto-truck can do as much as my span of —
horses, and do it at less expense, I'll buy it, but you must prove i
that it can.’ Just at this time Mr. B. had a large shipment of
butter arrive which must be transported from the freight depot
to North Market street. Team and auto-truck started in at the
same hour and worked all day. The team delivered five tons more
during the same time than the truck, in spite of the fact that the
truck had one more man.
Mr. A. asked for a second day’s trial. This was granted, %
only Mr. B. said, “ I must have the same number of men on my ~
team that you have on your truck.” Agreed. That day the team
delivered ten tons more than the auto-truck. :
If any one questions these statements we shall be glad to
furnish names, dates and witnesses. Also the name of a prom-
inent firm in Boston that bought two handsome delivery cars at
$3,000 each. After an experience sufficient to determine their
value the order was given to sell them and replace them with —
horses. One sold for $125, and the other for $100. When asked
why the effort was not made to get more for them, the answer |
was given, ‘“ We grew so sick of having these in the shop when
we wanted them that we were glad to get rid of them at any
price, and have something we could depend on.” |
We only mention these two cases out of others that have come ~
under our personal observation to confirm our claim that the ~
horse is not yet in any danger of becoming a memory of the past. ~
—(Our Dumb Animals.)
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
os
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA.°*+
By Wa ttTer E, Kine, F. W. BagsLAck, AND Georce L. HorFMANN, DETROIT,
MICHIGAN, RESEARCH LABORATORY, PARKE, Davis & Co.
.
Introduction—The terms “ filterable virus” and “ ultrami-
croscopic organisms’ are frequently used in the descriptions of
some 30 important infectious diseases of man and animals.
These terms constitute a convenient form of expression, as in
certain cases it would otherwise be necessary to state “ specific
cause unknown.”
Among the important diseases which fall into this class, as
enumerated and briefly described by Wolbach,’ are yellow fever,
molluscum contagiosum, denuge fever, verruca vulgaris, tra-
choma, sand-fly or three-day fever, acute anterior poliomyelitis,
measles, typhus fever and scarlet fever, which affect man only;
rabies, foot and mouth disease, variola, and vaccinia affect both
man and animals; whereas hog cholera, fowl pest, cattle plague,
sheep pox, African horse sickness, swamp fever of horses, and
Rous’s chicken sarcoma are among those affecting animals only.
Canine distemper, which Wolbach mentions as being produced
by a filterable virus, has been demonstrated by Ferry? to be due
to a bacillus termed by him B. bronchisepticus.
Since the recognition of the filterability of hog cholera virus
by De Schweinitz and Dorset, 1903-1905, very little progress has
been made in elucidating the nature of the specific etiological
factor involved.
Dinwiddie,* from a series of carefully planned centrifugation
* Reprinted from the Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. XII, No. 2, March, 1913.
* Received for publication February 15, 1913.
+ Read before the Society of American Bacteriologists, January 2, 1913.
500
556 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
experiments, concludes that the infectious agent involved in hog
cholera is more or less closely associated with the red blood cor-
puscles. Aside from the report of Dinwiddie, the knowledge
accumulated in regard to this subject is relatively meager and
scattered.
The filterability of a given virus does not preclude the pos-
sibility of the presence in that virus of relatively large micro-
organisms at certain periods, according to the stage of develop-
ment in their life cycle. Borrel* demonstrated a protozoan,
Michomonas mesnili, which, during certain stages of its de-
velopment, would pass through the Berkefeld and Chamberland
filters.
Loeffler also has shown that a flagellate belonging to the
genus Bodo would pass through Berkefeld filters, which were
capable of preventing the passage of B. prodigiosus, even after
an hour’s filtration. Thus, filterability cannot be taken as an
indication of the size of a given organism, because the passage
of organisms through filters depends also on their plasticity and
their ability of accommodation to the pores of the filter. In
this, the smaller forms of motile parasites differ from bacteria
of relatively the same dimensions. It therefore seems possible
that some of the filterable viruses causing disease may have a
stage in the cycle of their development which is visible under the
microscope.
Betegh® of Hungary has succeeded in retaining hog cholera
virus by means of the Bechhold ultra-filter. His experiments
consisted in the filtration of two different strains of virus and
the injection of each of the filtrates into three susceptible pigs.
The six pigs remained well and the conclusion was that the virus
had remained in the ultra-filter.
In 1910,° a comparative histological study of the blood of
normal hogs and cholera-infected animals was conducted. In
this work, the blood of hogs suffering from cholera, in compari-
son with normal blood, was studied in a routine way on the
hemocytometer and with the ordinary blood stains, but at the
same time much care was exercised in attempting to find any
betel ial
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 557
differences which might indicate the probable nature of the cau-
sative factor. Aside from the data obtained relative to the
ordinary blood examinations, nothing of note was observed in
the specimens of hog cholera blood.
A few months ago a comparative study of normal hog blood
and blood from animals suffering from hog cholera was under-
taken, in order to determine whether any differences could be
detected by means of the dark field method of illumination. A
preliminary report’ of this work has appeared.
The fresh blood of normal and diseased hogs was collected
aseptically in sterile sodium citrate solution and kept in the incu-
bator until the examination was completed. The blood was
obtained from the caudal artery after a small portion had been
clipped off with a sterile instrument. In this way bacterial
contamination was reduced to the minimum.
In the blood of both normal hogs and animals suffering from
hog cholera, as in the blood of any animal, many peculiar struc-
tures are observable. The blood of normal hogs thus examined
on the dark field may show, in addition to the normal structures,
a few granular bodies, sometimes a few bacterial cells from
possible extraneous contamination and filaments. The latter
may assume the form of “ dumb bells,” “ chains,” “ droplets ”’ or
flexible filaments, which by an untrained observer might easily
be mistaken for spirochetes. An excellent description of these
bodies as well as others found in the blood of normal animals is
given by Balfour.§
Betegh, in examining the hog lymph and serum respectively,
from two animals dead from hog cholera, evidently has mis-
taken some of these filaments, described by Balfour, for bodies
of some possible significance. In his very recent article on ultra-
filtration experiments, Betegh® describes, in a rather confused
way, his limited dark field findings as follows:
“Series I. January 16, 1912. Animal infected and died
with hog cholera under natural conditions. Pathological
changes: Typical stratification (button ulcers) in cecum and
colon; edematous infiltration along the arteria coronaria cordis;
558 W. E, KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
infiltration in the right apex of lung; disseminated infiltrated
areas in the right lung; parenchymatous degeneration of the
kidneys; hemorrhagic inflammation of the lymph glands. Diag-
nosis: Hog cholera. Microscopic findings: Scattered bipolar and
other (colon) bacilli in the organs. In the lung lymph beside
these, small slightly stained bodies. In the dark field examina-
tion, actively motile, massed bodies from 0.3 to 0.5 microns in
size are visible, which are strongly light-refractive. Many ap-
pear to have a small apophysis. Very often dumb-bell like forms
are seen, and further, spirochete-like micro-organisms, which
have at each end a light-refracting round knob. Cultural: On
alkaline agar these have grown at 37 degrees after 24 hours,
many coli, bipolar and bacterial colonies similar to the B. swpe-
stifer”’
‘Series I]. April 16, 1912. Swine sickened and died under
natural conditions. In colon a typical button ulcer of the size of — i
a small coin. Several lentil-sized ulcers at the point of anasto-
mosis of the small intestine into the colon. The mesenteric
lymph glands swollen and hemorrhagically inflamed. The apex
of both lungs infiltrated, atelectasis. The pleura was weak and
covered with pseudo-membranes. Surface of incision of the
lungs marbled; beside yellow necrotic groups, different stages
of hepatization of partial pneumonia were visible. Diagnosis:
Hog cholera. Microscopically with diluted carbol fuchsin solu-
tion, numerous, short bacteria, rounded off at both ends, occas-
ionally typically bipolar colored, were visible. With the Giemsa
staining, in part, the same form. Numerous 0.3 to 0.5 micron
sized, ovoid or round forms were seen, which seemed to arise
from a chromatin substance. In colored streak preparation from
the button ulcers, intra- and extra-cellular typical spirochetes
were seen. Similar bodies were abundantly visible with the dark
field in the serum. They were actively motile. Between small
dumb-bell shaped forms were seen also spirochete forms.”’
From the above description it is quite evident that Betegh
based his observations on the fallacies to which Balfour has so
aptly called attention. In the blood of different species of normal
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 559
animals, filaments may be observed which at times closely simu-
late spirochetes. Most of these “ pseudo-spirochetes,” as seen in
blood on the dark field, present a knobbed appearance at each
pole. After one has become accustomed to the appearance of
these filaments, one can readily distinguish the lack of motility,
in spite of a flexuous distortion, which is assumed as the fila-
ments are carried by a slight current in the fluid of the prepara-
tion. These filaments are also lacking in refractibility and are
relatively slender in comparison to the spirochetes recognized in
this work.
Bacilli are easily recognized in the dark field by the com-
plete rigidity of the cells and, when flagella are present, by the
characteristic tumbling motion.
Results from the dark field examinations of specimens of
blood from some 50 normal hogs indicate that, as a rule, the
blood is relatively free from granules. Under ordinary condi-
tions, and with few exceptions, the blood of normal hogs ex-
amined has been designated in our notes as “ clean.”” There have
_ ‘Fic. 1.—Microphotograph of spirochete in blood of Hog 504. India ink preparation.
been some few instances in which the blood of hogs unexposed
to cholera, and in apparent normal condition, have shown the
presence of numerous granules. The presence of these granules
in normal blood, in the majority of cases, has been traced to
ruptured leukocytes.
560 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
In the specimen of blood from all infected hogs, which have
been observed by means of the dark field, a relatively large spi-
rochete has been found. It averages from five to seven microns
in length and one micron in width. The body of the organism
is flexible and round at its ends. It presents no knobbed ap-
pearance at its poles. Actively motile, it revolves about its longi-
tudinal axis. Its motility is undulating in character and its
spirals are fixed. A few of these organisms have been observed
dividing longitudinally. In one permanent microscopical mount,
prepared by india ink fixation, one of these organisms apparently
shows a polar flagellum. On the dark field this spirochete is
readily distinguished from bacteria on account of its lack of
rigidity and its characteristic motility, and from “blood fila-
ments” by its greater refractive properties and characteristic
morphology.
This spirochete has not been found in large numbers, in any —
of the blood preparations. However, in nearly every specimen
examined, more than one has been observed and in many cases
five or six have been found with little difficulty. As a rule the
organisms have been found to be more numerous at the height
of the disease. The specimens of blood examined have been
diluted in the proportion of about one to ten or fifteen with
sterile sodium citrate solution, which factor should be considered
in contemplating the number observed in a given positive speci-
men. Moreover, it is suggested that this organism, when ob-
served as a spirochete form, constitutes only one stage of its
development.
Certain types of granules appear to be characteristic of blood
from cholera hogs. It usually contains many granules, some
very fine, yet more distinct than blood dust, some larger still,
and some very distinct, highly refractive bodies. In many speci-
mens of cholera blood were observed innumerable small granules,
which were much more definite and distinct in outline than blood
dust, and easily differentiated from the whitish, partially refrac-
tive granules from ruptured leukocytes and from the more highly ~
refractive and larger bodies composed of débris, bacteria and
eae
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STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 561
filaments. In this work the presence of these granules appeared
to be so characteristic of blood from cholera hogs, that it became
an invaluable aid in finding the spirochetes. While these par-
ticular bodies may be disintegrated blood elements resulting
from disease processes, yet it may properly be suggested that
some of them may represent certain stages in the life cycle of the
spirochete which has been observed.
The majority of the hogs used in these experiments were
inoculated with virus which was diluted 1 to 4 with sterile
physiologic salt solution and filtered through Berkefeld filters.
In the filtrates only a few granules were visible when studied on
the dark field.
- In this connection it should be mentioned that the majority
of the dark field examinations which are included in this work
have been checked by each of us. In addition to the above
fieans. of controlling the results, specimens of blood were at
times collected by an assistant who designated the specimens by
symbols. As the daily examinations often included specimens
from both. normal and diseased animals, the results were put to
a practical test, and in no instance did the results from the dark
field examinations deviate from the clinical conditions of the
animals whose blood was examined. In some instances, as will
be shown by the following detailed results, the presence of hog
cholera infections was practically detected by the dark field ex-
amination before it was known that the animals showed any
symptoms of the disease.
_It is interesting to note that in 1894 Dr. Theobald Smith?°
submitted the following brief report on “Coarse and Fine
Spirilla in the Intestine of a Hog”’:
“The recently published articles on fine spirilla in the ex-
crement of cholera subjects prompt me to communicate an ob-
servation from animal pathology. Early in 1889 I found non-
liquefying comma bacilli in small abscesses of the large intestine,
in a hog which I have briefly described in this journal. In
streak preparations of the same, stained with alkaline methylene
blue, I found, besides large quantities of vibrios, also a great
562 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
many fine spirilla, of two to three wave-lengths. The wave-
lengths of fixed form are about two microns. A preparation,
now more than five years old, still shows the tiny sspirilla very dis-
tinctly. At that time they never appeared again in cultures.
Further investigations concerning the presence of this organism
in other animals have not been made.”
Betegh, in a lecture and demonstration given before the Vet-
erinary Congress at Budapest in May, 1912, called attention to
Fic. 2.—Microphotograph, spirochete Fic. 3.—Microphotograph of spirochetes
eee from intestinal Hoste culture, from cecal ulcer of
the spirochets which were demonstrable in the ulcers of animals
dead from hog cholera.
Little difficulty has been experienced in finding spirochetes in
the intestinal ulcers of hogs dead from cholera. In the present
work, the ulcers, as found in the cecum of cholera-infected hogs,
have been obtained as free from contamination as_ possible,
washed with sterile water, and intermittently scraped with sterile
instruments. Portions of the scrapings from the diseased sub-
mucosa, after the above treatment, have then been examined on
the dark field and in stained preparations, preferably by the
Giemsa method. While it thus appears possible to demonstrate
spirochetes in hog cholera ulcers with uniformity, yet a large
variety of bacterial species of course constitute the flora. With
present methods of study, therefore, the recognition of these
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 563
spirochetes in the intestinal lesions cannot be taken as of great
significance. Whether or not some of these spirochetes in the
intestinal lesions bear any relation to those present in the blood
of cholera hogs is, of course, an open question. It is possible
that the spirochetes found in the blood enter the lymph and blood
stream at an early stage of the ulcer formation. This would
offer a possible explanation of their comparatively small number
as seen on any one blood mount.
The details of the experiments may be better understood by
a study of the following temperature charts and laboratory notes.
The temperature charts include the time of inoculation, death or
release of each animal, and other necessary data, including brief
notations of clinical conditions and changes observed after death.
The results of the dark field examinations are indicated by
positive and negative signs placed above the temperature curves
on the dates when the observations were made. In some in-
stances the presence of granules or freedom of the blood from
granules is indicated by abbreviations, gr. (granules) and c.
(clean).
B.AJ. strain of virus—The history of the strain of virus,
designated in these notes as the ‘‘ B.A.I. strain of virus,’’ was
supplied by Dr. Giltner of the Michigan Agricultural College
as follows: “ This is a representative of the original strain of
Bureau of Animal Industry virus secured by Dr. Marshall at the
conference at Ames in May, 1908. We have never kept any
other strain of virus in the laboratory for any length of time.
Practically all of our serum has been produced on the basis of
this virus. It would be possible but very difficult to trace the
passages through which this virus has gone since we first began
FO tise it.”
Beginning with Hog 446 the blood of practically all animals
used in these experiments was carefully examined before inocula-
tion in order to control the results.
Hog 446, inoculated with the B.A.I. strain of virus (Hog
444), manifested symptoms of the acute type of hog cholera
after an incubation period of seven days. Three positive findings
were made in the blood of this animal.
i
564 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
Hoe No. 446. B.A.I. StraIn oF VIRUS.
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER 1912.
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Remarks: September 20. Animal inoculated with 3 c.c. from 444 (B.A.I.).
September 27. Symptoms appeared.
October 10. Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Skin on ventral “surface of body purple in color; hemor-
rhagic areas in subcutaneous and muscular tissues. Lym-
phatic glands enlarged and hemorrhagic. Kidneys show a
few petechia, ulcers in cecum.
Results from the dark field examinations of the blood of
Hogs 453 and 454 afforded most interesting data. Both of
these animals recovered after a mild course of the disease fol-
lowing a relatively long period of incubation. As the symptoms
Hoe No. 449. B.A.I. STRAIN oF VIRUS.
TEMPERATURE FAHRENHEIT
Remarks: September 27. Inoculated with 4 c.c. B.A.I. virus.
October 5. Symptoms appeared.
October 18. Animal found dead.
Purple hemorrhagic areas extending over greater portion of
body externally and into subcutaneous tissue internally.
Lymphatic glands enlarged and hemorrhagic. Ulcers
cecum. Kidneys petechiated. Areas of fatty degeneration
in liver, right lung, upper lobe solidified.
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA, 565
Hoe No. 453. B.A.I. STRAIN oF VIRUS.
TEMPERATURE "AHRENHEIT
Remarks: October 24. Inoculated with 4 c.c. B.A.I. (filtered virus, filtered through
Berkefeld.
November Symptoms appeared.
November Blood positive.
November 19. Animal recovered.
December 15. Animal released, immune,
und
in both animals disappeared, dark field examinations failed to
reveal the presence of the spirochete and the numerous character-
istic granules. These hogs were kept under observation during
a period of one month following recovery and were ultimately
‘
released as “ immune.”
Hog 455 was kept in a separate room in the experimental
Hoe No. 454. B.A.I. STRAIN oF VIRUS.
TEMPERATURE FAHRENHEIT
Remarks: October 25. Inoculated with 4 c.c. B.A.I. virus (unfiltered).
November 2. Symptoms appeared.
November 19. Animal recovered.
December 15. Animal released, immune.
VIRUS.
566 W. E. KING, F, W. BAESLACK AND G. L, HOFFMANN.
Hoc No. 455. B.A.I. orn MicuicgAN (DEMERICK) STRAIN OF
TEMPERATURE FAHRENHEIT
Remarks: Control, October 28. Appearance of “rash” on abdomen and flanks. Ani-
mal eats well and shows no symptoms of cholera. Diag.
nosed as parasitic skin affection.
November 10. Recovering hogs (not dipped) 446, 447, 448 placed in in-
closure with 455.
November 16. Animal sick.
November 21. Pig moribund, bled and examined.
Typical lesions in cecum, lymphatic glands, and lungs.
stable from October 26 until November 10 for the purpose of
serving as a control on the methods used in isolating the experi-
mental lots of hogs. During a part of this period Hog 455 suf-
fered from a parasitic skin affection, but dark field examinations
Hoc No. 506. B.A.I. STRAIN oF VIRUS.
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ReMarKS: October 30. Inoculated with 4 c.c. B.A.I. virus.
November 4. Symptoms appeared.
November ro. Animal found dead and examined.
Cecum, lymphatic glands, spleen, kidneys, and lungs show
typical lesions of cholera.
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STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 567
Hoc No 507. B.A.I. StraIn oF VIRUS.
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Remarks: October 30. Inoculated with 4 c.c. B. A. I. virus.
November 4. Symptoms appeared.
November 11. Animal found dead and examined.
Lymphatic glands, cecum, lungs, kidneys, and spleen show
typical lesions.
demonstrated a “clean” blood, free from granules and the
spirochete. On November 10 the animal was exposed to the
disease and developed symptoms in six days. His blood then
showed positive findings and autopsy revealed lesions of cholera.
The charts of Hogs 506 and 507, inoculated with the B.A.1.
strain of virus, need no further explanation.
Michigan (Demerick) strain of virus—On September 24, a
farm at Roseville, Mich., was visited for the purpose of exam-
ining the herd of hogs. Several sick hogs of this herd, which
had been isolated, manifested symptoms similar to those of hog
cholera—malaise, anorexia, high fever, and diarrhea. A few
purple areas were observed on the abdomen and ears.
With the permission of the owner two of the animals were
bled from the carotid artery and careful examinations made.
Typical lesions of hog cholera were found in the large intestines,
lymphatic glands, lungs, kidneys and spleen, and a positive diag-
nosis of the disease in the acute form was made.
On September 26 two animals affected with hog cholera were
brought to the laboratory. The blood of one of these hogs was
examined immediately and the spirochetes were found with little
difficulty. This animal was moribund, and was bled and ex-
568 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L, HOFFMANN.
amined on the same day. The other hog, No. 448, ultimately
fully recovered from the disease. An examination of the tem-
perature chart of Hog 448 will show the logical results obtained
from the study of his blood on the dark field.
Three hogs, Nos. 450, 451 and 452, were inoculated with the
Michigan (Demerick) strain of virus. The results of the dark
field blood examinations appear in the charts below and were
clearly confirmatory of previous findings.
Michigan (Rochester I) strain of virus—On November 9,
eight apparently normal pigs were received from Rochester,
Mich. No particular notice was taken of these animals as the
blood of other hogs suffering from cholera was at the time under
close observation. The eight susceptible pigs were received in
an isolated pen, at some distance from the experimental stable,
and cared for by an attendant who never entered the experi-
mental stable. This was the routine procedure when normal pigs
were received. |
Hoc No 448. MicuiGAN (DEMERICK) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
TOBER 1912
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Remarks: October 12. Animal fully recovered. Released as immune.
On the evening of November 12, Hog 503, one of the eight
apparently normal pigs from Rochester, was removed to the ex-
perimental stable, inoculated with Michigan (Demerick) strain
of virus and placed alone in a disinfected room. In this in-
stance no dark field blood examination was made before inocu-
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 569
lation, owing to the lack of time. It was planned that the
examination of the blood, for the purpose of control, should be
made the next morning following the inoculation. Likewise no
temperature observation was made until the next morning. On
November 13, the day following the inoculation of Hog 503, the
dark field examination of the blood revealed the spirochete. The
organism was again found on November 14. At this time the
temperature of the animal was 104.2° F. and it showed symp-
toms of hog cholera. An inspection of the remaining hogs of
this lot, which were still in the isolated pen used for receiving
susceptible animals, showed that practically all were suffering
from the disease. Among the apparent symptoms were diar-
rhoea, anorexia and listlessness.
Mechanical error in clinical chart of Hog No. 450—Michigan
(Demerick) strain of virus—the animal was inoculated on Sep-
tember 27th; on October 5th symptoms appeared. During the
period between September 27th and October 5th no temperatures
were taken of this animal and the temperature curve on the chart
should begin October 5th and extend until October 14th, when the
animal was found dead. The dotted lines should extend from
Hoe No. 450. MicuiGAN (DEMERICK) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
ical 9s WAR GHs Feo xNM RNMOEMOTOBUOT
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TEMPERATURE FAHRENHEIT
2R Seen s, SPER S ERE RRAE TAS SRR
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Remarks: September 27. Animal inoculated with 4 c.c. Demerick virus.
ctober 5. Symptoms appeared.
October 14. Animal found dead and examined.
Large areas of congestion and hepatization in lower lobes of
both lungs, kidneys contain a few petechiae. Spleen en-
larged and gorged with blood. Mucosa of large intestine
congested. Lymph glands enlarged and hemorrhagic.
570 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
Hoc No. 451. MiIcHIGAN etaeews STRAIN OF VIRUS.
Remarks: October 24.
November 1.
November 4.
Demerick virus (filtered through Berkefeld).
Symptoms developed.
Animal found dead and examined.
Lesions in lymphatic glands, spleen, lungs, and cecum typical
of cholera.
September 26th until October 5th. The error is purely a mechan-
ical one on the part of the individual who drew the graphic rep-
resentations on the clinical chart.
Careful inquiry was made as to the source of this lot of pigs
and it was found that they were purchased from a stock buyer,
who had kept them for 10 days previous to receipt, in an en-
Hoc No. 452. MuicHiGcANn eee STRAIN OF VIRUS,
Bem AER CECERD ADAP CHRP
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REMARKS: October 24.
November 1.
November 17.
December 15.
Inoculated with 5 c.c. of Michigan (Demerick) virus (un-
filtered).
Symptoms appeared.
Animal recovered.
Animal released, immune.
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 571
closure which received all hogs purchased. Thus, it was clear
that these pigs had been subjected to one of the most common
methods of exposure to the disease, and that an incubation period
of 10 days had elapsed before they were delivered at the labora-
tory.
In this instance a diagnosis of hog cholera was practically
made by means of the dark field.
The autopsy findings in Hog 503, which was bled two weeks
after being taken under observation, could not consistently be
Hoe No. 503. Micuican (ROCHESTER) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
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Remarxs: November 12. Inoculated with 4 c.c. virus from Hog 450 Michigan (Dem-
erick) strain.
November 14. Found pig showing symptoms. One of Rochester hogs.
November 17. Typical symptoms.
November 20. Typical symptoms.
November 26. Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Lymphatic glands, lungs, kidneys, and heart muscle show
typical lesions.
|
used to verify the diagnosis of cholera in this lot of hogs, because
of the fact that this animal had received an inoculation of Michi-
gan (Demerick) strain of virus.
Hog 504 was killed and examined on November 16, after
two positive dark field examinations were made. The lesions
were not pronounced because of the fact that sufficient time had
not elapsed for typical lesions of cholera to develop.
The disease in this lot was of the subacute or chronic type, as
is shown by a study of the following charts of Hogs 505, 5009,
572 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L, HOFFMANN.
Hoa No. 505. MicHIGAN Or STRAIN OF VIRUS:
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Remarks: November 15. One of Rochester pigs. Not inoculated.
November 20. Symptoms of chronic type.
December 10. Animal very weak and emaciated.
December 19. Hog died on bleeding table.
Lymphatic glands, heart muscle, lungs, kidneys and cecum
show typical lesions of cholera.
510, 511 and 513. ‘The clinical conditions and autopsy findings
left no room for doubt as to the nature of the disease.
In further confirmation of the diagnosis of hog cholera in the
above animals, when received at the laboratory, attention should
be called to the chart of Hog 514. This animal remained in the
isolated pen for susceptible hogs at the time the Rochester pigs
were received. Hog 514 had been kept for a period of several
weeks in the pen for “ susceptibles ” previous to this time and was
in a healthy condition. The animal was not otherwise exposed to
the disease, but promptly developed cholera about six days after
the Rochester pigs were placed with it. The blood of Hog 514
showed the presence of the spirochete on three different examina-
tions, and autopsy revealed typical lesions of the disease.
REFERENCES:
Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., 1912, 167, p. 419.
Jour. Infect. Dis., 1911, 8, p. 399.
Bull., Arkansas Exp. Sta., 1912, Ry 11.
Ann, de Il'Inst. Pasteur, 1903, 17, 81.
Ber. thierarztl. Wcehnschr., 1912 fr I Dp. 969.
King and Wilson, Bull., ansas Exp. Sta., peas No. 171.
King and Baeslack, Jour. Infect. Dis., 1913, 12, P. 39- .
Fourth Report, Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories, I9QII, p. 109.
Berl. thieraérztl. Wehnschr., 1912, 28, p. 972.
o. Centralbl. f. Bakt., 1894, 16, p. 324.
HO DMIDIPWN H
(To be continued in next issue.)
ae |_|
BREE ERPAgNENar
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THE CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SLAUGHTER
_ METHODS.*
By Grorce Hitton, Curer VETERINARY INSPECTOR, Orrawa, CAN.
This policy was inaugurated in Canada by Dr. Duncan Mc-
Eachran more than twenty-six years ago, when preventive in-
oculation was unknown; and while it has naturally undergone
certain changes, its more drastic provisions still prevail, it being
found in the opinion of the veterinary authorities in Canada, the
best means of combating the sporadic outbreaks with which we
are called upon to deal.
As you are quite familiar with this method of controlling in-
fectious diseases, I will not take up the time of this meeting by
going into too much detail in dealing with this subject.
A glance at the annual reports of this association indicates
that the control of this disease is a very live issue in your
country. You have evidently given the question careful consid-
eration, and you have fully discussed the more modern methods
of immunization.
Although opinions may differ with regard to the most suit-
able methods of control, and existing conditions may make any
method practicable or impracticable, it is generally admitted
that the more drastic the measures the greater the success in re-
ducing the number of outbreaks, and that the disease increases
and decreases according to the strictness of laxity of any regula-
tions governing the movement of hogs in infected districts.
In dealing with such a highly infective malady it is essential
to obtain the co-operation of those whose interests are concerned,
as otherwise the very important secondary factors in the spread
of the disease would seriously interfere with control work. Tt
is a very difficult matter indeed to deal with outbreaks in dis-
* Presented to the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association, Chicago, December,
1913.
573
574 GEORGE HILTON.
tricts where the natural immunity of hogs has been overcome by
improper feeding and filthy, unsanitary surroundings. Individ-
uals who are content to raise hogs under these conditions are
themselves a grave source of danger and require very careful
attention.
All possible steps are therefore taken to enlighten the owners
with regard to the nature of this disease. Copies of the regula-
tions and hog cholera bulletins are freely distributed, and special
care is taken to give clear and definite instructions.
The Canadian hog raisers, after years of education, are be-
coming accustomed to our methods, and the opposition which
formerly existed is now seldom met with.
The necessary authority for adequate action in the enforce-
ment of this policy is fully provided for by the Animal Con-
tagious Diseases Act and the regulations made thereunder. Noti-
fication of suspected cases is made compulsory, and failure to re-
port punishable.
We have found that in localities where the disease has been
seen outbreaks are reported promptly, as hog owners naturally
prefer to realize all they can on their infected stock, and as they
are familiar with our regulations they fully appreciate that it is
in their best interests to advise the Department directly they sus-
pect the existence of this disease. They are generally very anx-
ious to obtain the services of an inspector with the least possible
delay, as they understand that compensation is not paid, under
any circumstances, for hogs which succumb to the disease.
Little difficulty is, therefore, experienced through owners con-
cealing the disease and disseminating it by shipping hogs from
infected farms.
In dealing with an outbreak, an endeavor is made to wall off
the infected territory by prohibiting the movement of hogs from
adjacent farms. The size of the restricted area naturally varies,
according to the nature of the outbreak and the existing condi-
tions.
The most serious outbreak with which we have had to deal
occurred some years ago in Western Ontario. The conditions in
CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SLAUGHTER METHODS. 575
the infected territory were exceedingly favorable to the propa-
gation of the disease, and it was necessary to prohibit the move-
ment of hogs ina very large area. As this action seriously inter-
fered with trade conditions, the shipment, under official supervis-
ion, of healthy hogs direct to abattoirs was permitted, and proper
attention given to the cars in which they were conveyed.
A great deal of difficulty was experienced in controlling this
outbreak, but this was finally accomplished and the spread of
contagion to outside points prevented. It has since been possible
to suppress outbreaks by the formation of infected circles of com-
paratively small areas.
Premises on which this malady is suspected, as well as ad-
jacent ones, are promptly quarantined and measures taken to es-
tablish a diagnosis. Directly this is accomplished, all infected and
contact hogs are slaughtered. The carcasses of the hogs which
have shown evidences of the disease, together with all debris,
are cremated, and when this procedure is impracticable they are
covered with lime and deeply buried. The apparently healthy
hogs are suitably slaughtered on the owner’s premises, the car-
casses carefully inspected and a license issued, permitting the
removal for sale purposes of any which are considered whole-
some. It is, however, not customary to remove the carcasses of
hogs which have been in direct contact with those showing
symptoms of the disease.
As soon as all carcasses and contact matter have been satis-
factorily disposed of, the cleansing and disinfection of the prem-
ises is proceeded with; this is done under the supervision of the
Veterinary Inspector in charge of the outbreak, and must be
performed in a manner entirely satisfactory to him. Cheap,
crudely constructed, insanitary hog houses are burned, while
proper measures are taken to effectively disinfect the more modern
structures. The yards to which hogs have had access are covered
with lime and carefully ploughed under, and the trees in the
orchards or yards, and fences, are also disinfected from the
ground to a suitable height.
No hogs are permitted to be brought onto any farm until a
576 GEORGE HILTON.
period of three months has elapsed from the completion of dis-
infection. At the termination of this period the inspector re-
visits the premises, makes a careful inspection and if satisfied
forwards a recommendation for their release to the head office.
Compensation is always withheld until this release is received and
honored, and if the inspector’s orders have not been carefully
followed it is forfeited. Compensation is also forfeited in cases
where the owner persists in feeding raw garbage after due warn-
ing has been given. ¢
This provision was found necessary owing to the frequency
with which outbreaks of this disease occurred in swill fed hogs,
where the origin of infection could not be traced to any other
source.
A maximum valuation of fifty dollars is allowed for registered
pure bred hogs, and fifteen dollars for grades, the value in each
case being adjusted by the inspector, whose decision is final.
During the first few years this policy was in force, com-
pensation was paid at the rate of one-third of the appraised value
for diseased hogs and three-fourths of the appraised value for
healthy contacts. It was found, however, that this method of
awarding compensation frequently resulted in friction, as it was
often impossible to satisfy the owner that his hogs were actually
diseased, unless the post mortem appearances were most pro-
nounced. The necessary measures were therefore taken by Dr.
Rutherford to have the Act amended. This was done in 1904,
and two-thirds of the appraised value has since been paid for all
hogs destroyed whether diseased or in contact, with the excep-
tion, of course, of carcasses which are considered suitable for
food purposes.
This change has removed a great deal of friction which pre-
viously existed, has made the enforcement of the policy more
practicable and has enabled the inspectors to gain the confidence
of those interested in the hog industry.
I have briefly outlined the procedure generally followed by
our field officers, but 1 would like to add that the strictest precau-
tions are taken to prevent the spread of contagion in any known
CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SLAUGHTER METHODS. 577
manner. The usual measures are, therefore, followed by the in-
spectors with regard to their wearing apparel. Dogs on infected
farms are chained, and steps taken to prevent traffic over con-
taminated ground.
In addition to the measures already mentioned, it is of course
necessary to protect Canadian hogs from infection imported
from other countries. A quarantine of thirty days is imposed
on all swine imported from the United States, and these animals
must be accompanied by a certificate of health from the district
in which they originated. Inspectors are employed to superin-
tend the disinfection of stock cars entering the country, as also
to enforce our regulation that transit hogs passing through
Canada are shipped in cars specially fitted with 10-inch foot-
boards. Inspectors are also stationed at important interior traffic
points throughout the country to ensure the proper cleansing and
disinfection of all stock cars arriving either from your country
or any part of Canada. This work is very closely supervised and
has been so arranged that stock cars automatically cleansed and
disinfected upon arriving at our important centres. Any cars
which escape detention at any of these points are quickly caught
at some other point, where the inspectors are located, and properly
dealt with. Stock yards, chutes and other facilities required for
handling hogs receive close attention. Experience has also rend-
ered it necessary to prohibit the drenching with water of transit
hogs while in Canada.
The prompt, effective destruction of the virus is of course the
keynote of the whole situation. This, as you know, is an ex-
ceedingly difficult undertaking, owing to the strong resisting
power of the organism outside of the animal body and the un-
certainty which exists with regard to the many channels through
which it may be carried.
The hog industry in Canada is receiving every consideration
by the Federal Government and Provincial legislative bodies, as
it has been found that the rapid increase in our population, due
Jargely to the enormous development of our country, has re-
sulted in the demand exceeding the supply. Our national produc-
ATS GEORGE HILTON.
tion does not meet our requirements, and the price of these
animals has consequently attained an unprecedented figure.
All possible measures are therefore taken in our control work
to prevent reckless destruction. With this end in view, all
marketable hogs in the vicinity of infected centres are slaughtered
and their carcasses utilized while fit for food purposes. This pro-
cedure assists materially in case an extension of the outbreak
occurs, and also diminishes the loss to owners. We have found
that an educational campaign is invaluable, and that directly the
hog owners realize that their interests are being guarded they
are only too willing to follow the advice of our officers. Little
difficulty has, therefore, been experienced in reducing to ad-
vantage the number of hogs in any district when it is considered
advisable to do so.
The number of live hogs in Canada during the past seven
years, as shown by the census returns compiled on June 30th of
each year, totals 22,040,000. During this period we have de-
stroyed, in the enforcement of this policy, an approximate total
of 17,950 diseased and in contact unmarketable hogs for which
we have paid in compensation, $107,260. We have, therefore,
destroyed .o81 per cent. of the 22,040,000 hogs, or 81 per hun-
dred thousand, and have paid an average price of $6 per hog.
As the maximum compensation paid for grade hogs is $10, the
low average paid per hog, which includes the pure bred animals
for which $33 is allowed, indicates that the majority of the hogs
destroyed were immature or of inferior type. If we figure the
compensation paid on the total census stock, we find it has cost
.48 of a cent, or practically half a cent per hog to protect our hog
industry.
The hogs slaughtered yearly in the Dominion for food pur-
poses must, however, not be overlooked. Our meat inspection
records show that 8,600,000 hogs have been slaughtered in Goy-
ernment inspected abattoirs in a period of five years and seven
months. It is estimated, however, that this service only covers
about 50 per cent. of the hogs slaughtered, and it is therefore evi-
dent that there has been an approximate total of 17,000,000
_es Ee ee hee ee
a aa
CONTROL OF HOG CHOLERA BY SLAUGHTER METHODS. 579
slaughtered for food purposes in that period. By extending
this period to seven years, we have an estimated total of 21,517,-
626 hogs slaughtered for food purposes. It will, however, be
evident to you that a large percentage of these hogs could not
have been included in the census returns. If, therefore, we in-
clude 50 per cent. of these animals in our figures, this policy will
have cost the Canadian Government one-third of a cent per hog
to control this disease.
I have not, of course, taken into consideration the expenditure
incurred in the enforcement of this policy, as it is a common one
necessitated by the maintenance of an adequate veterinary sani-
tary force essential to any country for the protection of live stock.
Our yearly returns naturally show considerable fluctuation ;
there are periods in which the disease breaks out suddenly in
widely separated districts and becomes troublesome, and others
when it seems to have almost disappeared.
There has been an increase in the number of outbreaks dealt
with in the last few years. They, however, have occurred with
few exceptions in districts where the disease had not previously
been encountered.
Hog cholera broke out almost simultaneously in the vicinities
of cities and towns in several provinces of the Dominion in I9II
and 1912, outbreaks occurring for the first time in Saskatchewan
and Alberta. A very serious outbreak also occurred in Manitoba,
in which province the disease had not been detected since 1889.
A most searching investigation was made by experienced officers,
who reported that these outbreaks were undoubtedly due to the
feeding of raw garbage.
We have, with few exceptions, been able by energetic action
to confine outbreaks to the districts in which they originated, as,
owing to compulsory notification, prompt attention is as a rule
possible.
Although carcasses entering establishments under inspection
showing the slightest evidence of hog cholera are condemned by
the Federal Meat Inspectors, they have only detected this dis-
ease on four occasions during the last five and one-half years.
580 GEORGE HILTON.
By this means the possible dissemination of the disease, through
feeding pork scraps in garbage, is practically eliminated. As
large quantities of the American product are imported into
Canada, we are glad to note, in a recent ruling of your bureau,
that the same action will now be taken with regard to infected
carcasses of animals slaughtered in your Government inspected
abattoirs. '
The compulsory slaughter and compensation policy has not
by any means been a simple undertaking. The public, as you
know, do not take kindly to drastic measures, and difficulties
have therefore frequently arisen which have required diplomacy —
and tact. Under Dr. Rutherford’s guidance, however, this policy _
has survived and our experience has shown that it gives an ex-
cellent opportunity to effectively dispose of known contact mat-
ter, removes the possible carriers, lessens very materially the
period of the existence of the contagion and, therefore, enables
the conscientious inspector to render. the best possible service in
eradication.
The conditions in Canada have, fortunately, been suitable for
the effective enforcement of these measures, as the outbreaks have
not at any time assumed an epizootic aspect.
You will readily understand, however, that in order to retain
full control of the situation throughout ‘the Dominion it is
necessary to prevent the possible introduction of unauthorized
methods of control. The importation, therefore, or manufacture,
sale or use of hog cholera serum is prohibited. I can assure you,
however, that while the circumstances, peculiar to our country,
have necessitated this action, we are watching with a great deal
of interest the results published from time to time by the many
able and earnest hog cholera research workers in your country.
Onty TRULY SCIENTIFIC VETERINARY PUBLICATION IN
Tuis Country.—An Alabama subscriber says, in renewing his
subscription: ‘‘ The Review is the only truly scientific veterinary
publication we have in this country.”
pads
HORSE BREEDING IN NEW JERSEY.*
By M. A. Pierce, D.V.S., Paterson, N. J.
Any suggestion relating to improvement in the breeding of
horses involves consideration, particularly of the sires in service,
inasmuch as such individuals exert their influence through so
many breeding matrons. The activities of the Live Stock Com-
mission as the agency in New Jersey for promoting interest and
activity in the feeding, breeding and management of live stock
have been centered around definite purposes directed to eliminate
the mongrel sire and to emphasize the importance of more rigid
selection of the females. Our endeavors have been directed along
three definite lines:
First: Toward disqualifying from service mongrel or un-
sound stallions that are lacking in either breeding or individuality
or both—beasts that have failed to sire useful or marketable
types.
Second; Toward unifying type by selection based on utility
within the breed, rather than originating new breeds based on
mere fad, fancy, theory or beauty.
Third; Toward organizing breeders’ associations and creat-
ing live stock shows that will localize interest, stimulate activity,
demonstrate principles, and combine efforts directed toward per-
manent improvement in the breeding, feeding and general man-
agement of pure-bred live stock.
The authority for such activity was outlined by the law es-
tablishing the Live Stock Commission as follows:
First: To purchase and maintain stallions of the draft and
coach type for distribution and use in the several counties of the
state through breeders’ associations duly organized, which pro-
vided dams for breeding that conform to certain fixed standards
of excellence.
ee the Veterinary Medical Association of New Jersey, at Trenton,
January 8, 1914.
581
582 M. A. PIERCE.
Second: To aid in the selection and distribution of breeding
sires and dams of other classes of live stock.
Third: To constitute a Stallion Examining and Registration
Board.
This system of personal examination of every stallion by the
Examining Board has given most excellent results, and does away
entirely with the objection always prevailing, more or less, when
the stallion owner is permitted to obtain his certificate of sound-
ness from his local veterinarian to be used as a basis for granting
a license service certificate. Furthermore, owners of mares as
well as the owners of stallions congregate at the place where the
examinations are held, and are able to compare the stallions side
by side, which inspections prompts the stallion owner to have his
animal in the best possible breeding condition throughout the
entire season. The Commission makes tours of inspection, and
the Secretary’s time for the most part is used in mingling with
the stallion and mare owners in a united effort to encourage the
breeding of mares to stallions closely resembling in type and con-
formation of that of the mares; and in this way the Commission
is able to further pass upon the usefulness of the stallion as a
breeding sire. In addition this regular and personal inspection
makes it possible to weed out not only the unsound horses, but
those whose colts are not uniform or of high order.
New Jersey is a small state, comprising twenty-one counties,
and requires approximately fifty examinations by the Board each
year, and while the practice might not be feasible in a larger state
it seems to me that a state could be divided into sections, and pro-
vision made for individual examination by a competent Board |
of every stallion in the state. The results obtained thus far after
five years of inspection and examination are decidedly en-
couraging.
At the outset many of the stallions were presented before
the Board in miserable condition. Not only were many of them
unsound, but they were poorly fed, their feet had been badly
neglected, they were not accustomed to work or regular exer-
cise, many of them having never been taken from the breeding
—
HORSE BREEDING IN NEW JERSEY. 583
stall or yard after entering the stud. During the season of 1909,
seventeen per cent. of the stallions examined by the Board were
barred from service. During 1910 twenty per cent. were found
to be unsound and were refused certificates, while in 1913 only
eight and four-tenths per cent. were disqualified, and during this
entire period many stallions that were in service previous to the
enactment of the law were unsound by the farmers on general
principles. Each year the Board has been able to note marked
improvement in the general appearance, and the breeding con-
dition of the stallions. Reports from practicing veterinarians in
various parts of the state show that they have emasculated an
unusually large number of undesirable stallions that were con-
demned by the farmer himself as not being worthy of presenta-
tion before the Board, let alone being used for public service.
Further advice from the veterinarians was to the effect that prac-
tically all of the stallions that were rejected by the Board were
unsexed. ‘The owners presenting their stallions in poor condi-
tion were cautioned against repetition of such practice; were
given advice as to the proper method of caring for, feeding and
managing a breeding stallion, and requested to present the ani-
mal before the Board in better condition next year. The Board
has been very rigid in the issuing of license service certificates to
young stallions, and few owners cared to bother with the stud
colt until three years of age if there was any question of not
securing a license, due to their failure to qualify as to breeding
and individuality, therefore only the very best stud colts were
kept for the stud. Statistics were gathered at the time of each
inspection to determine the number of mares bred; the service
fee charged; whether or not the stallion was regularly worked or
exercised ; the number of living colts resulting from his previous
activities, and the exact location of his field of service in the
various counties, and whenever possible a list of the owners’
mares bred to a certain stallion were secured to be used as a guide
while inspecting the colts sired by this particular stallion. Within
a short time information will be a hand suitable for publication
giving in tabulated form valuable information relative to the
584 M. A. PIERCE.
economy and usefulness of working breeding stallions, and the
effect of such exercise on the character and number of the foals
sired.
The legislation relative to the registration and licensing of
stallions is very popular with the owners of commendable stal-
lions, and enforcement of the law comparatively easy, inasmuch
as the Executive Officer has the co-operation of licensed stallion
owners, and it is almost impossible for the owner of a mongrel,
unsound or disqualified stallion to obtain sufficient patronage,
such as will tempt him to violate the law, and suffer the penalty
provided for such offense. There was some objection among
owners of stallions living in distant parts of the county where
the examination was held in the central part of the county; the
grievance being that it was a hardship to bring the animals so
far for inspection, and the Board has found it advisable to hold
two examinations in the larger counties, preferably one in the
spring and one in the fall, which has almost entirely done away
with the objection mentioned, and the owners are eager to present
their charges before the Board.
The mere fact that this public assemblage of breeding stal-
lions is largely attended by owners of mares as well as stallions
is a good advertisement for the owner of a sound stallion pre-
sented in first-class condition, and likewise undesirable publicity
for the owner of unsound or undesirable stallions; for comparison
is made with those of superior conformation and more desirable
qualities. In a great many instances owners of inferior stallions
have had their animals gelded, as they did not care to experience
the embarrassment of presenting their inferior stallions along
with desirable stallions for official approval. This fact alone more
than outwits any objection to the public assemblage of stallions
resulting from owners living at a distance; and as the number of
stallions increase, additional examination points will be added to
the list by the Board.
The present framing of the law designates certain unsound-
nesses and diseases that disqualify stallions from service. It is
the judgment of the Board that it is equally important that stal-
HORSE BREEDING IN NEW JERSEY. 5S5
lions of undesirable conformation, even though they are sound,
should likewise be refused a license service certificate; for the
presence of such defects as are noted on many of the stallions
is far more objectionable than some of the unsoundnesses men-
tioned in the law that disqualify from service. In many cases
the Board was required to issue certificates and commend stal-
lions that were decidedly inferior in conformation and individu-
ality, and possessed of defects that are known to be equally as
transmissible as those specified by law; furthermore, such stal-
lions while in service have failed to sire creditable foals. Unfor-
tunately the Board is compelled at this time to license pure-bred
or grade stallions that are sound, even though they lack indi-
viduality, and it is known that their colts are inferior. It is
exceedingly difficult to convince the average farmer that a stal-
lion possessed of the best breeding, and a sire of good colts, is
unfit for service due to the presence of a light unsoundness as
defined by law, while his neighbor’s stallion being free from any
of the unsoundnesses mentioned in the law possesses notable
defects, is of relatively unknown breeding, and does not possess
any commendable breeding points whatsoever, is worthy of a
license. Therefore the Board is unanimously of the opinion that
authority should be vested such as will enable them to recognize
superior individuals of known usefulness, even though their
breeding may be relatively unknown, and likewise to refuse a
license service certificate to inferior animals regardless of their
known breeding. It is doubtful if there is anything gained by
defining certain unsoundnesses as disqualifying a stallion from
service, for too many times it is a matter of judgment and indi-
vidual cases require separate decision. The Board should be
vested with authority to issue or refuse certificates as their judg-
ment prompts after a careful examination and thorough investi-
gation of each individual case.
As regards the selection of the females it would be safe in
asserting that this is one of the big problems facing the eastern
horse breeder. With the stallions owned by the state, many
_ of the western bred mares proved to be shy or irregular breed-
586 M. A. PIERCE.
ers; others were old and had not raised a colt for several years;
while the greater portion of the local bred mares were of the
roadster type, and not suited for mating with draft or coach
stallions. With such specimens at hand it was easy to question
the potency of the sire, especially in sections of the state where
draft horse breeding was looked upon with disfavor by those
accustomed to breeding for speed and beauty. Owners of such
mares were irregular in returning their charges for re-trial or
service, and in many cases expected far too much from the stal-
lions in service while others used hasty judgment in condemning
his usefulness. The old saying that “a lie will travel a mile,
while truth is putting on its boots”
horse-breeding district.
must have originated in a
The Breeders’ Associations were live wires in collecting suit-
able mares, and in several cases grouped their orders and brought
in select individuals of known usefulness from adjourning states.
Reports from secretaries show in several instances farmers dis-
posed of three or four misfit roadsters, and purchased in their
place two blocky, drafty mares. This exchange enabled them
to accomplish far more farm work at much less cost for feed and
care; moreover, there is much more pleasure in working two
trusty draft mares than in worrying along with three or more ~
light, flighty, nervous roadsters, as is the case when high-spirited
animals are hitched to modern farm implements. There is also —
noted activity among farmers having suitable pasture land in
purchasing draft weanlings and fillies, the object being to grow
and develop them for breeding purposes under New Jersey con-
ditions.
It is seldom that a single enterprise creates such universal
interest and prompts so many followers as-is the case with draft-
horse breeding in our little state. Several importations of stal-
lions and mares have been made by private breeders since the
state’s quota of sires arrived, and in other instances where stal-
lions could not be supplied by the state, companies were formed
which purchased stallions outright for use in their neighborhood.
In addition to this activity among county or neighborhood organi-
zations, individual farmers have purchased high-priced draft
HORSE BREEDING IN NEW JERSEY. 587
sires for public service or private stud; while in many other sec-
tions of the state public-spirited citizens have contributed to the
purchase and maintenance fund of imported sires offered for pub-
lic service at nominal cost in their respective localities.
Nor does such activity subside at the mere instance of pur-
chasing sires for stud purposes. Colt shows are promoted and
liberal cash premiums, with appropriate cups or medals offered
for the top notchers, with the result that the entries are numerous,
the foals well grown, properly fed, and the young stock a real
credit to the breeder. Any money over and above the amount
needed for the actual maintenance of the stallion collected by the
treasurer of the Breeders’ Association is offered as premiums for
the best colts sired by the stallion in service, while horsemen gen-
erally were eager to offer substantial prizes for creditable indi-
viduals. It has been said that this plan was paternalistic, and
the legislation requiring inspection, examination and registration
of stallions was interfering with personal liberties. In my judg-
ment there is no ground for such assertions. Business enterprises
of every nature are regulated by laws far more drastic than these
proposed destined to eliminate serious drawbacks affecting live
stock breeding. Distribution of stallions might not be feasible
in a large state where the draft-horse industry is on a footing by
itself. However, under the conditions that exist in New Jersey
there is every reason to believe that the move was justified, and
surely there has been prompt response from the breeders them-
selves in a united effort to produce the farmer’s horse on the farm.
Public sentiment strongly favors a continuation of the method of
improvement, and | feel sure that steps will be taken at an early
date, such as will stimulate activity in the breeding and selection
of other classes of live stock as well. There is no room for doubt
when consideration is given to the matter of registration and
licensing of stallions. No one can deny the fact that it is a means
of eliminating from service unsound as well as undesirable stal-
lions, and while there is great room for improvement in the laws
thus far enacted regulating live stock breeding, it is evident that
forces that work will accomplish beneficial results. There is dan-
ger from too much legislation, but education knows no bounds.
THE CONTROL OF GLANDERS IN NEW YORK STATE.*
By J. F. DEVINE, CONSULTING VETERINARIAN, New York StaTE DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE.
In submitting the title of my paper to your secretary | advised
him that my remarks would be confined principally to the title,
since I consider that the history, distribution, cause and pathology
of glanders have been sufficiently discussed for the time being,
at previous meetings of this association. This paper will there-
fore be brief, with an attempt to explain the views and policies
of our State Department on this subject, and with the hope of
soliciting criticisms and aid on this perplexing problem from the
able members of this organization.
We have recognized in New York State for some time that —
elanders was uncomfortably prevalent, both for human and equine
safety and life. We have also felt that our knowledge of its
dissemination and diagnosis was inadequate to set in force any
radical system of control and eradication that would be equitable
to the public and the horse owners, particularly where valuable
horses are kept in great numbers, such as in New York City. We
also recognized the fact that if we could control glanders in these
large centers, its eradication in smaller towns and rural districts
would be comparatively simple, as most every new outbreak in
the latter places was traceable to one of the large cities. Some of |
the perplexing questions which were ever confronting us were:
The accuracy of mallein if it indicated glanders, and does mal-
lein detect all cases of glanders? Here, as in many other things,
the efficiency and reliability of the human element were so inter-
woven with nearly every strand of the entire technique and de-
ductions, that, after all, the findings of the reagent were depend-
able in every step upon “the man behind the gun,” beginning
with the selection of the culture and medium and not ending
until the inoculation and observation of the equine animal in ques-
tion were completed. I think we are all pretty well agreed that
* Presented at the meeting of the U. S, Live Stock Sanitary Ass’n, at Chicago, Dec., 1913.
588
ee
é
CONTROL OF GLANDERS IN NEW YORK STATE. 589
where properly prepared, mallein, carefully and properly applied,
positively indicates the presence of glanders, that a carefully con-
ducted post mortem will, in practically every case, substantiate
the verdict, and that any carelessness or inefficiency on the part
of the one applying the test might make the results worse than
useless; but even with the greatest care and skill, we were ever
’ finding cases styled suspicious. These indefinite cases were con-
stantly crippling the advancement of control work, embarrassing
officials and honest veterinarians, as well as exasperating horse
owners and being pleasing and useful to dishonest dealers and
veterinarians.
When mallein had once been used we were not certain how
_ soon the test might be repeated with any reliability, and with the
advent of the serological tests the disadvantages of the indefinite
results with mallein were lamentably increased, owing to the fact
that after a few days following the injection of mallein into the
animal body, it, like vaccine, produced or increased certain sub-
' stances which we speak of as agglutins and anti-bodies, which in
turn caused great confusion in the sera findings; and while
McNeil, of New York City, states that mallein in a healthy horse
will not produce more than a 2 plus complement fixation, but that
vaccine is apt to give as complete a fixation as true glanders, still
it seemed as if the blood examinations were doomed to lead us
into greater darkness. There was still another phase of this prob-
lem viewed from economy; that was the proper disposition of
the highly suspicious and positive reactors that exhibited no evi-
dence clinically of the disease, it being the opinion of some that
|
+
-
5
;
nearly every positive reactor, let its physical condition be ever
so fine, was always a dangerous animal at some time, and the
chances of such animals entirely recovering and forever ceasing
to spread virus were highly improbable. I confess that from
practical observation I am not entirely converted to this doctrine;
but from post-mortem observations I am forced to conclude that,
with rare exception, attended with unusual circumstances, it is
false economy to delay the destruction of a horse in which glan-
ders has been clearly diagnosed.
590 J. F. DE VINE.
After giving all these questions careful consideration, and
being encouraged by the advancements made in sera test work,
particularly the complement fixation, the Department of Agri-
culture, in co-operation with the New York City Health Depart-
ment, decided to make careful observations on the reliability of
the complement fixation test, supplementing it with either the
ophthalmic or subcutaneous mallein test, or both, and verifying -
the results where glanders was indicated by post-mortem exami-
nation. The errors in technique in both the field and laboratory
were carefully watched and checked, with the result that after
we had received assurance from the City Health Department that
they would adopt a system of licensing all stables in New York
City where equine animals are stabled, thereby insuring proper —
sanitary supervision of all stables and the closing of others as ©
undesirable, as well as establishing a disinfecting corps under
official veterinary supervision and the enforcement of the city
ordinance of tagging all horses sent to the dead dock, so that in
case animals dying from accident or disease other than glanders
should be found to be affected with glanders, the stables from
which such animals came might be located for further necessary
inspection, we felt justified in submitting the following recom-
mendations to the Commissioner of Agriculture:
First: That prompt and positive action be taken in all cases
where glanders is clearly diagnosed, and that such animals be
promptly destroyed or held under strict quarantine.
Second: That we favored the complement fixation blood test,
iin dine
a
Seay
veh
since after the first few days of infection we believed definite
results more constant during the entire course of the disease than —
with the agglutination, and more certain of detecting all cases”
of glanders than any other known test, and that where this test
indicated a four plus reaction, supplemented by a coroborative
ophthalmic reaction, such animals should be considered as posi-
tively glandered.
Third: That a capable veterinary pathologist be placed at the
dead dock to autopsy all equine animals brought there, for rea-
sons stated above.
CONTROL OF GLANDERS IN NEW YORK STATE. 591
Fourth: That both the State Department of Agriculture and
the City Health Department co-operatively extend the present
method of inspection, by careful examination of all known ex-
posed equine animals in any stable where a glandered animai is
found, with a view of determining whether or not such animal
or animals are affected with glanders.
Fifth: That every animal so examined shall be identified by
a tag, cord with a seal, or any other practical method of satisfac-
tory identification, and that a record be kept of such examination,
and that character of examination by both the State and Health
Departments, and the reinspection of such animals, be made at
such time or times as these departments deem wise or necessary.
Sixth: That this work could be carried on with greater
efficiency if the use of mallein and vaccine were restricted, for
the present at least, to official veterinarians, or if by others, to
be used in co-operation with an official veterinarian.
Seventh: To prohibit the use of vaccine, mallein, or the appli-
cation of any agent or substance that could act or interfere with
the accurate results of mallein or sera-mallein tests, except under
official direction.
These recommendations were approved by the Commissioner
of Agriculture and have gradually been put in force during the
past three months, and while all detail is not as complete as we
hope to have it after a little more experience, we were greatly
gratified with the report of the special committee of the American
Veterinary Association on the detection of glanders, presented at
the annual meeting, September 2, 1913, as it substantiated in prac-
tically every detail our recommendations and policies. I here
quote that report, in part:
“APPEARANCE OF THE REACTION OF THE VARIOUS TESTS AFTER
INFECTION.
“Agglutinins reach their appearance in from 4 to 5 days and
continue to increase in the early stages of the disease and dimin-
ish as the disease becomes chronic.
592 J. F. DE VINE.
‘ Specific amboceptors of the complement fixation test may
be demonstrated in from 7 to 10 days in quantities of diagnostic
value, and their presence may be demonstrated during the entire
course of the disease.
‘Subcutaneous mallein test may, as a rule, be relied upon
15 days after infection.
‘Ophthalmic mallein test may be relied upon 3 weeks after
infection.” .
“The ophthalmic test not only meets all these requirements,
but is without doubt the most convenient diagnostic method at
our command.
“Its reliability compares favorably with any of the other
available tests.
“The reaction is usually distinct, and doubtful or atypical
reactions are rather infrequent.
“The ophthalmic test does not interfere with subsequent
serum or other mallein tests if such are deemed necessary.
“The test may be repeated within 24 hours on same or con-
trol eye, and final retest in not less than three weeks.
“The ophthalmic test should be recognized by state and fed-
eral authorities, since its reliability can no longer be doubted.
“Tn all atypical and doubtful cases of the ophthalmic test the
combined complement fixation and agglutination or subcutaneous
mallein tests should be utilized for confirmation. Such a proced-
ure should minimize the failures and assure the best results in
the control of the disease in a single stable or in an entire com-
munity.”
“ Effect of One Test on the Others. All blood serum tests
are influenced in 3 to 6 days after a subcutaneous injection of
mallein or any glanders antigen, including glanders vaccines, for
a period varying from 6 to 8 weeks following injection of mal-
lein and up to 3 months and even longer following injection o
elanders antigen or vaccines. All blood samples therefore should
be taken prior to or at the time of the mallein injections.
“The subcutaneous mallein test or injection of glanders an-
tigen and vaccines may influence the ophthalmic mallein test.
vad
CONTROL OF GLANDERS IN NEW YORK STATE. 593
The ophthalmic mallein test should therefore be withheld for 30
days after application of the subcutaneous mallein.
“Control. In the reduction of glanders all clinical cases
should be immediately destroyed. All suspected and exposed
animals should be tested and the positive reactors destroyed. The
remaining contact horses held under restrictions subject to fur-
ther test after the expiration of at least 15 days. All infected
premises should be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected.”
In conclusion I will give you the results of our short expe-
rience in this special effort to control glanders, with particular
reference to New York City. While I have brought with me
data covering details of each animal inspected, I have not incor-
porated it in this report, since, in my opinion, it would only add
to the burden of printing and reading, without adding useful
information. I therefore give the summaries, and will be glad to
furnish a copy of detail to anyone sufficiently interested to
request it.
SUMMARY.
Bempereennionses exantined 22... e.. eee eeee 776
Number rejected: As result of examination............. AI2
RE CY cc ec wo oe ces a ws wee 57
Number rejected as result of re-examination............. ie
Examination—
Number diagnosed by clinical symptoms... .. I7I cases
Memumenigat WXAMOn 2205... . es oe ee 8S 302 cases
MERE MOTI LCS re nile wae Bac wi. ow E eS we 398 cases
CD LIST STIS Va 2 5) lO eg ea ae ar 237 cases
MCMC Ee) ee ia nc ge. aig ene ooze eral 293 cases
The four last-mentioned methods were duplicated in practi-
cally 400 out of 600 cases where it was necessary to apply tests,
until confidence was established in a 4+ blood reaction. Most
cases are now unhesitatingly destroyed on a 4+ reaction. The
exceptions being where the owner or his veterinarian are not
594 J. F. DE VINE.
sufficiently acquainted with the accuracy of the complement fixa-
tion test; and perhaps the splendid physical condition of the ani-
mal argues against the blood findings. Such cases as well as cases
where the blood reaction is indefinite are held in quarantine for
further examination either by retaking the blood or supplement-
ing one of the other tests or both. This is comparatively easy
under our tagging system.
Re-examination—
22 cases
16 cases
4 cases
48 cases
Number diagnosed by complement fixation in. .
Apolitiqation test int) iii2te 2420)! eee
Ophthalmic test in 2 eee
Maileni test amie ay 05s Ak ore ss vee ee
Here again two or more methods were used in some cases.
Results of Post Mortem: Generalized cases, 259; non-gen-
eralized cases, 147; no-lesion cases, 3; clinical cases killed and
no post-mortem report made, 15.
PERIODICALS RECEIVED
Semi-Monthly Bulletin—Live Stock Sani-
tary Board (Penn.)
Bulletin Washington
College.
Canadian Medical Association Journal,
Quarterly Bulletin—Chicago Veterinary
College.
The Bacterial ‘Lnerapist,
The Veterinary Journal (London).
The Live Stock Journal.
AT THE REVIEW OFFICE
ae Veterinary Alumni Quarterly (O, S.
New York University Calendar (Weekly).
The Ebilippitte Journal of Science.
Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture
in India Oe Series).
Proceedings Washington State V. M. Pe.
Proceedings Colorado State V, M.
Ae Kansas City Veieciaeal
ollege
State Agricultural
The Pacific Dairyman,
Hoards Dairyman.
Farmers Advocate.
The Breeder’s Gazette.
gre zunericnn Journal of Clinical Medi-
The Cornell Veterinarian.
The Philippine Agricultural Review,
The Agricultural Journal (South Africa).
The Rider and Driver.
The Annals of Surgery.
Second Sieauet Commission on Milk Stand-
ards, Ss.
Public’ Health Service. '
Annual Report Inspector of Animals, Law-
rence, Mass.
Our Dumb Animals.
Journal of Experimental, Medicine (Rocke-
feller Institute, New York).
pei rt Station Record, U. S, Dept.
Nakenivaey Notes,
Expt, Station Kenort, Massachusetts,
Bevieves Ir Grows Betrer ALL THE TiME.—A Kentucky
subscriber,
in renewing, says: “
Could not practice without the
REvIEw, and I do believe it grows better all the time.”
OPERATION FOR INTUSSUSCEPTION OF ILEUM IN COW.*
By JoHn K. BossHarpt, D.V.M., CAMDEN, N. Y.
Defimtion—T elescoping—Invaginating: Intussusception is a
sudden narrowing or closure of the intestinal passage due to tel-
escoping of one part of the intestine into another, which results
_ in a venous stasis of the telescoped parts.
i Occurrence: This is not a frequent condition, but it occurs
' chiefly in cattle and in the dog, rarely in horses.
Etiology: This condition may come about when a portion
of the gut contracts somewhat more powerfully than usual, due
to some cause or other, and remaining somewhat longer con-
_ tracted—it slipping into the posterior portion of the bowel that is
wider in lumen at the present time. When the circular muscles
of the intestinal tube contract, this becomes narrower, but is
elongated, and when the longitudinal muscles contract, it becomes
_ wider but shorter.
Since peristalsis is a wave-like motion of the intestines from
before backward, brought about by alternating contractions and
relaxations of the longitudinal and the circular muscles, some
causes favor the entrance of an anterior portion of the gut that
is contracted circularly into the next part of the continuous tube
contracted longitudinally.
_ Even in normal peristalsis invagination may occur, but is re-
duced again if contractions do not continue.
Stationary telescoping occurs only in abnormally active and
energetic contractions. Therefore anything influencing peristal-
‘sis may influence the occurrence of invagination.
_ Frozen grass, roots, ice-cold water, intestinal catarrh, enteri-
is, or the presence of parasites, foreign bodies or intestinal
umors or constrictions. In antiperistalsis the same thing may
* Presented to the Central New York Veterinary Medical Ass'n, at Syracuse, Nov.,
1a 13,
q 595
596 JOHN K. BOSSHARDT,
occur, the posterior portion however entering into the anterior
one.
Pathogenesis: Whenever a part of a gut enters into another,
it necessarily takes along its mesentery. This results in stasis,
causing swelling and serosanguinous infiltration of the inclosed
parts. Some of the infiltrating liquid passes through the mem-
branes into the intestinal canal and into the space between the
serous coverings.
The rapidly increasing venous hyperemia causes intense and
sometimes cramp-like contractions of this part, which are mani-
fested by intense pain and may cause the part to invaginate still
more.
Peristalsis is increased in the anterior part of the intestines
with moderate pain, while in the posterior part it quiets only after
the invaginated part has ceased to contract due to paralysis, necro-
sis or inflammation. Peristalsis will persist in anal parts be-—
cause the motion is transmitted to it from the part invaginated.
These contractions, even if very weak, will move the serous
or bloody exudate into posterior parts.
The intestinal bacteria escaped with the exudate into the ab-
dominal cavity may be the cause for a peritonitis. Toxins may
be absorbed into the general system and cause a general inflam-
matory condition or infection.
It is believed that in a few cases the invaginated parts
sloughed off and an recovered.
Anatomical Changes: The invaginated parts form sausage-
like, firm, fluctuating, straight or twisted cylinders of blue or
bluish-red color and are usually painful upon pressure. Parts—
may be released with little effort.
Symptoms: Usually sudden, colicky pain, continuous from
start to finish, or after pauses, according to the contractions.
Kicking with the hind legs at the abdomen, as in strangulations
of the bowels. Looking at right flank, laying down and getting
up; restlessness, shaking of the head, etc.
Restlessness ceases after 6-12 hours, peristalsis diminishes,
animal is not bloated or only moderately so. Feces are passed
OPERATION FOR INTUSSUSCEPTION OF ILEUM IN COW. 59T
only for a few hours after onset and then cease entirely. Strain-
ing considerably. Only a few more feces, but considerable mucus
or slimy exudate is discharged.
Rectal examination usually reveals a painful, sausage-like
mass; rectum is empty, but sticky with slimy discharge. Appe-
tite is entirely wanting, animal soon becomes weak, eyes sink in,
and an animal is ganting, up rapidly.
The pulse soon rises to 120-130, and peripheral parts become
cool. Temperature usually is not high.
Duration: From 6-9 days to 2 weeks. Recovery in some
cases where parts slough off if stenosis does not follow.
_ Diagnosis: Only positive upon findings of a rectal examina-
tion. In rare cases the passage of pieces of the gut in the later
stage assures diagnosis. Bloody feces mucus or fibrinous dis-
charges in concert with signs of stenosis of the gut and general
symptoms only permit of the suggestion of the condition. Ex-
ploratory laparotomy not dangerous and probably only method
for detection.
Differential Diagnosis: Impaction of small intestines of color.
Parts are felt hard or doughy, of inelastic consistency, not pain-
ful and their surface is uneven. Uterus is of small intestine.
Membranous Enteritis: May reveal thick, painful, elastic
loops, but signs of stenosis are absent.
Stenosis due to clotted blood or twist are difficult to diagnose,
which however would not matter, since the gravity of conditions
are equally serious and procedure the same.
Torsion of uterus in pregnant animal must also be considered.
Operation: Patient may be given chloral hydrate 5i-ii dis-
solved in H,O by mouth, or Fl. Ex. Belladonnze 5Siii-iv, if stand-
‘ing in stanchion and the light is sufficient. Have at least two
men to assist you (their hands ought to be clean).
Instruments: Razor, scalpel and artery forceps; Two pieces
of cloth 2 feet long, 2 inches wide; catgut and needles; two pails
of hot water and salt, viz., one teaspoonful to one quart; one
smaller dish or pitcher; wash-dish and soap and water; one dish
598 JOHN K. BOSSHARDT.
with an antiseptic solution; several clean towels; ropes for —
hoppling or for slip-noose above hock if in stanchion.
Treatment: 1. Operation: (a) Explor. lap; (6) reduc
tion; (c) resection.
2. NuHCO, 3 25 in H,O, followed by HCI solution, diluted.
Hold hand over anus to prevent CO, from escaping.
Proceedings: Prepare field of operation in right flank and —
make incision 5-6 inches long. Introduce left hand along the
mesentery of the double colon backward toward pelvis and pal- —
pate for small intestines or for part previously felt by rectum.
Grasp it gently and deliver it from the abdominal cavity. Draw
apart and examine closely. If necrosis has set in and perfora-
tions are present, decide to remove all the affected portion.
Squeeze fecal or other contents into the parts intact anteriorly
and posteriorly to amputation or resection. Wash the parts with —
salt solution. Let assistant hold the parts with a towel soaked
with warm salt solution. Separate the mesentery posteriorly at
the point of resection for about two inches. Then take your
narrow strip of cloth or bandage two feet long and tie it around
the gut, firm enough to permit no intestinal contents to discharge.
Let one assistant then hold the two ends of the cloth. Proceed
likewise over anterior part. Then separate the entire mesentery —
from part to come off, and after that resect the gut. Grasp the —
mesentery now into a bunch and tie a catgut around so as to
hold it together. Havea needle at end of catgut and stitch across
to prevent the catgut from coming off.
Now cut the gut to come away about 1! or 2 inches from
where it is tied; clean parts off with salt water and begin sewing
the ends together, employing catgut and making Lembert’s
suture, viz., to bring the serous surfaces together. Be very par-
ticular that the sewing is done well and especially at the mesen- —
teric border. Remove cloths and see if any material oozes
through. If so, grasp some serous membrane on each side of
suture and suture it over. Then suture the mesentery to the
dorsal part of the gut, or rather to its serous membrane sleeve.
Wash parts clean of blood with salt water and return to abdomi-
nal cavity.
ee ee—e—eeeEer wee CO
OPERATION FOR INTUSSUSCEPTION OF ILEUM IN COW. 599
Suture peritoneum and muscles with catgut and use silk or
other strong sutures for skin.
‘The passage of feces may occur after 4-6 hours, with gradual
return of appetite and recovery.
Guittard, a Frenchman, states that the operation is an every-
day affair in his country.
MINNESOTA STATE LivE Stock SAnitTARY Boarp.—At a
recent meeting of the Minnesota State Live Stock Breeders Asso-
ciation the secretary of this association, who is at the same time
Professor of Animal Husbandry at the State Agricultural Col-
lege, was, under a new law, elected to membership on the State
Live Stock Sanitary Board as official representative of Minnesota
Live Stock Breeders. His connection with the State Agricultural
College and Experiment Station should result in still closer har-
mony and co-operation between the three bodies interested and
give the sanitary board direct organization with and the backing
of both the State Live Stock Breeders Association and the Agri-
cultural College and Experiment Station of the State University.
Dr. M. H. Reynolds has represented the Agricultural College
and Experiment Station on this board from its beginning. For
several years those who have been especially interested in this
work have worked toward harmony and co-operation and there
appears to be in Minnesota a very pleasant spirit and unusually
satisfactory condition so far as harmonious co-operation between
Agricultural College, State Agricultural Society, Live Stock
Breeders Association and the State Live Stock Sanitary Board.
This recent move on the part of the Breeders Association must
- necessarily strengthen the work and further the movement to-
ward harmony and united effort.
SPECIAL Course FOR LICENSED VETERINARIANS.—In our
December issue, on page 329, we announced a special course at
the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,
under the above heading, and were pleased to learn from a Phila-
delphia veterinarian on the 8th of January that 79 veterinarians
from all over the country had responded to the call, and were at
that time taking the course.
BOVINE COCCIDIOSIS.
By H. B. F. Jervis, Houtton, ME.
During the present month, November, a client from some_
distance came to me with the following tale of woe.
Out of a herd of about seventeen head of cattle, ranging from
calves to aged cows, four yearlings had recently died, following
an illness of short duration, with dysentery, blood being passed
with fluid faeces. At the time of the interview he also had a
cow just coming along in precisely the same way as the dead
yearlings had, and he was very much afraid that she would not —
iast more than a few days at most. He had made a diagnosis _
himself after the yearlings had died, viz., Paris green poisoning, —
he having remembered that early in the fall about a pail and a ©
half of the latter, in solution, had been spilt in the basement of the
barn.
On the.appearance of identically the same disorder in the cow,
which positively had had no access to this basement, he was “ up
a stump,” and began to fear that a neighbor with whom he was
on by no means good terms had been poisoning his herd.
I at once thought of coccidiosis and requested him to send
me a sample of fresh faeces from the above mentioned cow as
soon as he reached home. This he did, the faeces arriving at my
office the following morning. On making smears from the fluid
faeces, and blood coagula, and shred of mucous, I had no diffi-
culty in finding vast numbers of round and subspherical oocysts
of a coccidium.
This left no doubt as to the trouble, viz., “‘ red dysentery,”
“coccidiosis intestinalis,’ etc., etc., so well known in certain
European countries. To the writer’s knowledge, no previous re-
ports of this disease have been made from this quarter of the
globe, and in reporting it he has nothing new to bring forth in re- |
gard to it but does so purely as a matter of interest.
600
BOVINE COCCIDIOSIS. 601
In regard to the dimensions of the oocysts found in this in-
stance, they ran from 16 to 18 microns in their long diameter,
whilst a very few ran to 20 microns.
The writer, in 1909, had the privilege of making a quite ex-
tended study of coccidiosis of rabbits, caused by the coccidium
caniculi, under that eminent scientist, Prof. Sir John M’Fadyean,
in London, and from notes taken from lectures by that gentle-
man we shall draw very tully as to the development of coccidia.
Coccidia.—The coccidia belong to the sub class of sporozoa
of protozoa, or unicellular protozoa. They are microscopic
bodies, ovoid, round or sub-spherical. One can distinguish in
them two poles, one rounded and the other rather flattened at its
apex. They are limited by a thick, double contoured envelope,
which is somewhat reduced in thickness at the centre of the blunt
pole. Inside this envelope are found the contents, which are
granular in character and which nearly always fill up the whole
interior, with the exception of a space at either pole, which is
seemingly filled with a colorless liquid. A nucleus can usually be
plainly distinguished. The cocidia found in the intestines are
already fertilized female parasites. In appropriate circumstances,
after they have been expelled with the faeces, these fertilized
female parasites, or oocysts, produce 8 sporozoites in the follow-
ing manner:
The central contents divide into four bodies which are called
sporoblasts. Each sporoblast changes from a round to a hair
shape and provides himself with an external resistant envelope,
and this becomes a cystospore. Each cystospore develops within
its interior two somewhat comma shaped bodies, and these are the
sporozoites. The disease is spread by healthy animals taking in
with the food oocysts in which the process of sporulation has
been completed. When the oocysts reach the intestine, the sporo-
zoites escape from the cystospores, and in virtue of their power of
movement they each pick out an epithelial cell, either of the in-
testine or bile duct. After penetration, each sporozoite rounds
itself up and begins to live at the expense of the cells.
The sporozoite has now been turned into a trophozoite. The
602 H. B. F. JERVIS.
trophozoite continues to grow, and its nucleus undergoes re-
peated division and has now become what is known as a schizont, ~
and its protoplasmic substance falls into as many pieces as there
are young nuclei in it.
In this way there is found a variable number of comma-shaped
nucleated bodies, not unlike the sporozoites, and they are termed —
merozoites. ‘The process by which they have been formed is an |
asexual one, and is called schizogony. ‘The first generation of
merozoites, when set free, seek out a new epithelial cell, and re-
peat the process of schizogony, and this process is repeated in the —
asexual way for an indefinite number of generations. After a
time, some of the merozoites instead of becoming schizonts are
set aside to take part in a process of sexual generation, or spor-
ogony. Some of the merozoites develop into oocysts, and while
they are undergoing this process they are known as macro- —
gametes. Other merozoites develop into what are called micro-—
gametescytes, and these are the large cells, or coccidia, which fall
into a multitude of motile bodies known as microgametes, and —
these correspond to the spermatozoa of the higher animals, and the
macrogametes are fertilized by the penetration of one micro-
gamete into them. A microgamete may be found as a motile
body in the intestinal contents. It has a body substance which
is in the form of a curved rod, and has two long flagella, by the
active movements of which it is able to pick out ripe macro-
gametes.
Historical —Zurn (1878) was the first who found cocidia in
the intestines of a calf. In 1892, Zschokke pointed out the etio-
logic relation between coccidia in the intestines and red dysentery.
The parasite was first discovered by an English doctor by the
name of Hake, in 1839, but for a number of years its real nature
was not known. They were looked upon by many as the eggs
of some worms. In 1842, certain oval parasites of fishes were
discovered and called psorosperms, and in 1845 Renak suggested
that the objects first discovered by Hake were of the same nature.
Occurrence.—The disease usually occurs during the warm
weather, and especially in wet years, though it may be observed
xe
sl ee.
ea ae ee
ee —.)
BOVINE COCCIDIOSIS. 605
es Se Sa el ee
in the fall or even winter. In this region we have had a particu-
larly wet fall.
Symptoms.—The disease begins with diarrhea, and shortly
the feces show an admixture with blood and mucous. The feces
are fetid and have been described as having a cadaverous odour.
Intense tenesmus and even prolapse of the rectum may appear.
The younger the animals, the more fatalities are met with
The animals rapidly fall‘ off in condition, and often die in con-
vulsions. The pulse and temperature gradually rise, the animal
shows staggering gait, deeply sunken eyes, and finally dies from
prostration.
Course.—The acute course runs from five to ten days, but oc-
casionally an animal dies in twenty-four hours. In mild, favor-
able cases recurrent attacks are not infrequent, but they usually
take a benign course. s,
Diagnosis.—The occurrence of the disease during the time
that animals are pastured, the fact that the majority of animals
affected are young, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and rapid emaciation
and finally the finding of the oocysts, microscopically, makes the
diagnosis easy.
Treatment.—Bring the animals in from pasture and put onto
dry feed. Disinfectants such as creolin and lysol have been used
and recommended from ages past.
If complete anorexia be present the animals must be drenched
with sustaining agents. From a prophylactic point of view the
animals must be debarred access to dirty or stagnant water, such
as one finds in boggy or marshy land. Healthy animals, at the
appearance of the outbreak, should be brought up from the pasture
to the barn and fed on dry food. Infective feces can be made
sterile by soaking in solution of sulphuric acid. In the seem-
ingly mild cases the administration of eggs beaten up and other
demulcent agents tend towards recovery.
LITERATURE CITED.
Notes from Lectures by M’Fadyean.
Law, Veterinary Med., vol. 2.
Hutyra & Maeek, vol. 2.
Walter Jowett, Jour. Comp, Path. & Therapeutics, vol. 24.
Neumann—MacQueen, Parasites, 2d edition.
TETANUS. *
By Dr. M. D. De Turk, OLey, Pa.
This disease is described as a rigid spasm of the muscles of
the body, both voluntary and involuntary.
E:tiology—This disease is caused by a bacillus that is found
in the soil, in manure and in dust. This germ is anaerobic, grows
only in the absence of oxygen. It produces a powerful nerve
poison, which causes the symptoms of tetanus. This germ is
drum-stick shaped, with the spore in one end. The germ itself
multiplies at the point where it is introduced, but its poison is
absorbed, and is carried by the blood to all parts of the body,
and thus the nervous system is poisoned. Deep wounds in-
fected by this germ are more dangerous than superficial wounds,
because in them the ‘germ is more remote from the oxygen;
hence nail pricks, etc., are especially dangerous. Horses with a.
nervous, excitable disposition are more predisposed than those of
amore sluggish nature. The period of incubation of this bacillus
is very indefinite, from twenty-four hours to several weeks. All
animals are subject to this disease, but it is more common in the
horse than in all the other genii put together. Different parts of
the body are affected.
It is called orthotonos when the whole body is affected, tris-
mus when only the masseter muscles are affected, tetanus laterolis
when one side of the body 1s affected most, opisthotonos when the
upper side of body is most affected, emprosthotonos when the
body is generally affected. Orthotonos and trismus are usually
the most common.
Semeiology.—The attacks may be acute or sub-acute. The
first symptoms which attract attention of the owner is difficulty
in chewing and swallowing, an extension of the head and pro-
tusion over the inner part of the eye of the membrana nictitans,
inability to open the jaws to their full extent, endeavoring to do
so will produce great nervous excitability and increased spasm
* Read before the Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association.
604
TETANUS. 605
ci the muscles of the jaw and neck. The muscles in general
usually becoming rigid. The slightest noise or disturbance usu-
ally causes the animal to become greatly excited. The tail is
usually elevated and held immovable, the bowels become con-
stipated early in the attack. The temperature and pulse are
usually not changed. Acute symptoms become rapidly aggra-
vated until in a state of tonic spasm, a cold perspiration breaks
out on the body; the breathing becomes painful from the spasm
of the muscles used in respiration; the jaws are completely set,
eyeballs retracted, lips drawn tight over the teeth, nostrils dilated,
and the animal presents a picture of extreme agony. In the latter
stages the pulse then becomes quick and hard. In the sub-acute
cases the jaws may never become entirely locked; the nervous
excitability and rigidity of the muscles are not so great. All the
Symptoms may gradually increase in severity for a period of ten
to fifteen days, and then gradually diminish under judicious treat-
men:
The desire for food and water remains good. When death
does occur it comes through one of two channels: First, con-
traction of the heart, causing syncope; second, contraction of the
muscles of the throat, and he dies from asphyxia. Death usually
occurs in from two to ten days.
Prognosis.—lf the animal is able to eat and drink a little
from time to time, and you can keep bowels moving, you may
have a recovery, but if all the severe symptoms are present, then
you have a stubborn case in hand.
Prevention.—Where a valuable horse has sustained a wound
that it is feared may be followed by tetanus, it is well to admin-
ister a dose of tetanus antitoxin. This is injected beneath the
skin with a hypodermic syringe. A very high degree of protec-
tion may in this way be afforded.
Treatment.—From the nature of the case it is easy to see
there is no specific. The animal should be placed in a box stall
without bedding, as far away as possible from other horses.
Place the animal in an outbuilding or shed, where the noise of
other animals will not reach him. The attendant must be very
606 M. D. DE TURK.
careful and quiet about him to prevent all unnecessary excitement
and increase of spasm.
No one but the doctor and attendant should see him, no loud
talking, no clubbing, no spectators, can’t lay too much stress on
this. It may be good policy to place animals in slings. Bear in
mind that a horse with tetanus can’t recover in the recumbent
position.
Medicinal Treatment.—Use such drugs as have a tendency to
quiet the nervous system, as belladonna, prussic acid, morphine,
ether, chloral-hydrate, lobelia, gelsemium. Canabis Indica is
sometimes given, also carbolic acid. Tetanus antitoxin is also
used.
Antitetanic serum and lobeline are sometimes used in trau-
matic tetanus. .
The per cent. of mortality is less in the horse than in man.
Post-Mortem.—To the close observer there is congestion of ©
the neurilemma of the nerve leading from the wound; the vessels
of the spinal cord and brain are congested; usually there is an
effusion in the arachnoid space. Bacteriologists say they find
the germ in the nerve filaments and sometimes in the spinal
cord.
Theory of Transfusion or Inoculation—Serum of a recoy-
ered case of lockjaw will sometimes cure a case in its acute stage.
This must be administered in doses of from four to sixteen
ounces, either in the jugular or peritoneal cavity. The blood is
drawn and let coagulate, the serum is drawn off, then warm that
and inject into the peritoneal cavity.
In summing up the foregoing: First, cleanse the wound thor-
oughly and cauterize; second, place animal in dark box stall,
plenty of ventilation, good hygienic treatment and practise quiet-
ness. Place animal in slings in the early part of the disease, so
he becomes accustomed to the same; third, administer nerve
sedatives. You may give tetanus antitoxin occasionally. Don’t
try to do too much. Dark box stall, animals in slings, quietness,
with plenty of fresh water and feed on hand and you may have
the very best results.
| PROPOSED ELIMINATION FROM THE UNITED STATES
Paria thesia err
PHARMACOPOEIA.
By T. B. Rocers, D.V.S., Woopsury, N. J.
It may be of interest to veterinarians to know that consider-
able pressure is being brought upon the Committee of Revision
of the Pharmacopoeia, to the end that they remove useless, inert
remedies from its pages. To this proposition we must all give
unqualified assent. But who shall say what drug is useless or
inert?
The veterinarian would certainly regret to see Grindelia,
Guaiacum, Phytolacca, Quassia, Uva Ursi, Cerium Oxalate,
Monsel’s Solution of Iron, Donovan’s Solution of Arsenic, Ni-
trate of Pilocarpine, Basham’s Iron Mixture, Brown’s Mixture
removed from the official list; but these are but a few of a list
of more than 200 drugs and their preparations that one physician
would cut out.
What would be left of the Pharmacopoeia after the entire
medical profession of the United States “ had had a lick at it”
may be left to the imagination, possibly the cover; still there
would be no use for even a cover.
The tendency in certain quarters to restrict our Materia Med-
ica is to be regretted. Cocksureness is nowhere more out of
place than in medicine.
To infer that the action of a drug as demonstrated upon an
animal of experiment, under the influence of one or more potent
drugs, will be duplicated when given to an ailing man or animal
is eminently unsafe. It is much to be regretted that we cannot
practice exclusive physiologic therapeutics with safety. The
work of the laboratory is essential; it furnishes short cuts to our
knowledge of the action of drugs; it gives us standardized prepa-
rations of value, but it leaves much unexplained. The actions of
607
608 T. B. ROGERS.
Colchicum, of Quinia, of Ipecac, of Calomel have not been ex-
plained in the laboratory, but worked out clinically with fear and
trembling by many generations of observant practitioners.
It would be an undoubted gain if we could adapt the stand-
ardized and physiologically tested remedy to the patient’s needs
with mathematical accuracy, but unfortunately we cannot do so,
and until we succeed in eliminating errors of observation on the
part of the practitioner, and the personal equation of the patient,
there is no prospect of our so doing. In other words, regret it
as we may, we must still practice medicine empirically.
It is therefore evident that efforts to limit our Materia
Medica must be looked upon with distrust, until the eliminators
have very much more than their personal opinions to back up
their intentions.
In taking leave of this matter we would suggest that at least
one veterinarian be added to the Revision Committee, or that
we get together and issue a Veterinary Pharmacopoeia.
THE Story IN A NUTSHELL.—A certain storekeeper in a
western town was importuned to buy a motor delivery wagon,
but, strange to say, he “ had taken the precaution of comparing
the’ so-called ‘‘ two methods,” real horse power and theoretical
horse power, and did not fall for the truck agents’ “ startling
arguments.”
That same day a customer of the store, with a house free of
all inctimbrances, came to the owner of the village emporium
and borrowed $1,500 at 6 per cent. per annum; of course mort-
gaging his house to the merchant, who could afford neither a
pleasure nor a business car,
The borrower of the $1,500 within a few days was riding
about with his family ina new automobile. \Vithin three months
the owner of the car was carrying a charge account at the store
where he formerly paid cash; his purchases had dwindled
monthly, and it was apparent that he was laying by no sinking
fund to take care of the mortgage. “Ich ga bibble,” murmurs
the storekeeper as his customer calls daily in his car, which is
reducing the cost of living —(Nat’l Ass'n Allied Horse Inter-
ests).
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REPORTS OF CASES.
mRRESTED DEVELOPMENT OF A TOOTH FANG IN
ABITCH DUE TO. eth PUR Y =
By W. M. PENpeERGAST, V.S., Syracuse, N. Y.
History—Patient, an Irish setter, was brought to the hos-
pital suffering froma fistula of the left superior maxillary region.
This bitch was about three years old. When she was about three
months old she was bitten by another dog in the left superior
maxillary region. The wound did not heal and continued to
discharge pus up to the time when she was received at the hos-
pital.
Treatment—The wound was thoroughly cauterized several
times and dressed daily with tincture of iodine and chinosol solu-
tion, but did not show any improvement. Finally one day, after
four or five weeks’ treatment, we noticed that the large tooth
fang on the left side was missing. This suggested to us that
possibly the tooth had been broken off and that the root was
diseased.
Decided to operate, and the bitch was placed under anesthesia.
An incision was made down to the bone at the afflicted part.
Using a small probe, a fistula was discovered running inward and
forward, and the probe seemed to strike against a solid object.
Removed a piece of bone about one-half inch square and dis-
covered the missing tooth fang firmly imbedded in the bone. The
fang was just about natural size and showed signs of necrosis.
It was about three-fourths of an inch long. The surrounding
bone was cut away aid the fang removed. The bone surround-
ing the fang showed considerable necrosis, and after removing
as Smuch of it as possible the wound was dressed with tincture of
iodine.
In a few days the wound began to improve and the discharge
grew less. The wound was dressed daily with tincture of iodine.
The wound had to be scraped two or three times and patient was
discharged about three weeks after the operation. I talked with
the owner about six months later and he said that the wound had
entirely healed.
* Presented to the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association at Syracuse,
November, 1913.
609
610 REPORTS OF CASES.
INVAGINATION OF THE SMALL INTESTINE ING
DOG.
By THE SAME.
History—Patient, a large St. Bernard dog, was brought to
the office on July 30. This dog had been in the habit of eating
out of garbage pails. On July 30 the dog became sick and the
owner gave him a strong purgative and emetic. He said the
purgative and emetic worked pretty severely on the dog.
Symptoms—On the 29th there was no action from the bowels
but animal continued to vomit. When we received him on the
30th he was still vomiting and could not retain any medicine.
The animal would lie on its stomach and showed great de-
pression. He did not seem to show any pain at this time. The
owner had the dog taken home that night and I was called to
see him the following day. He appeared about the same, only
weaker, and still continued to vomit. I told the owner there was
no hope for him. The dog died that night. The owner said he
suffered considerably towards the end.
Post mortem—About a foot of the small intestine was in-~
vaginated, and it had the appearance of blood sausage. It re-
quired considerable traction to reduce the invagination, owing to
the gangrenous condition of the parts.
Conclusion—This invagination was probably caused by the
strong emetic and purgative which the owner administered. This
is the first case of invagination I have seen in a dog, but I think
we would see more of them if we performed more post mortems.
GASTRIC TYMPANY IN A HORSE.
By T. B. Harrtgs, V.S., Calgary, Canada.
I was called one day to see a horse which on a cursory exam-
ination presented the following symptoms: Horse in acute pain,
abdomen greatly distended, eructations df gas from stomach. I
did not have my stomach tube with me, so gave, with dose-
syringe, drench composed of salicylic acid, spts. ammon.
aromatic and aqua. As soon as I had given the drench, the horse
plunged forward with his mouth wide open, and appeared to be
trying to vomit, but no ingesta was returned. After that he
stood quietly with his head hanging down, pulse was impercep-
tible, and the extremities became quite cold. I thought that a
rupture had occurred and that death would ensue, but continued
esl te anata
Piamed (omy *
as gh ial” Sap eeepc i. ani ey OR ROHS
REPORTS OF CASES. 611
giving him stimulants. The tympany gradually subsided and
the horse was working again in a few days.
DYSTOKIA IN COW—PARAPLEGIA.
By THE SAME.
On another occasion I was called out to the country to attend
to a cow which could not.deliver her calf. The history was that
she had been in labor several hours. I found the cow lying down,
full length, and in a comatose condition. I delivered the calf,
which was dead, without much difficulty. Then gave the cow
a hypo. of strychnine. Left a few doses of stimulants, with in-
structions that it be given to her if she seemed able to swallow.
I asked the owner to let me know, the next morning, how she
was. I expected to hear that she was dead. I went out again
next day to see her at the owner’s request. I found her looking
a good deal better, but still unable to get up, so I pumped her
udder full of (sterilized) air, gave her another hypo. of strych-
nine, and left a few doses of tinct. nux to be given to her. I
heard later from the owner that she got up two hours after I left
and made an uneventful recovery.
DIVERTICULUM OF THE RECTUM OF PSEUDO-
PERINEAL HERNIA.
By Cuartes H. Beere, M.D.C., Waterbury, Conn.
In writing this I wish to present a case that I could not find
a good description of in any of the works that I have at hand.
History—Boston bulldog, age nine years, fat and always
around the house, suffered from chronic constipation. By con-
stant straining caused a dilatation of the rectum or diverticulum
about one and one-half inches from the anus. It was impossible
for the animal to pass feces.
Operation—Circular incision immediately inside of the anus,
pulling out of the dilated portion of the rectum, excising it and
sewing the intestine to the anus with twenty-day chromatized
catgut sutures, using round needles.
With careful preparation of the dog before and after the
operation this method will be found very satisfactory in this con-
dition.
612 REPORTS OF CASES.
RUPTURE OF STOMACH IN HORSE CAUSED ia
BLOCKING THE OUTLET OF INGESTA i3hee
TERMINING INGESTION.*
By W. L. Crarx, D.V.M., Seneca Falls, N. Y.
Patient was a large gray gelding, weight about 1,300 and
in good condition. Client stated that the animal had not been
ill, to his knowledge, in over a year. The animal had been fed
green corn fodder the night before, and in the morning owner
found the horse vomiting. Was called, but before reaching the
place the horse had died and the owner wanted a post mortem.
This is what I found: The seat of the rupture was on the
great curvature’ and extended nearly the whole length. The
lacerations were most. extensive in the outer coats and the
“mucosa.” The edges of the wound were more or less shredded
and of a dark violet color from blood extravasation and clots.
Some of the ingesta was diffused through the abdominal cavity
between the convolutions of the intestines. The pyloric end of
the stomach was filled with “ bots,” as well as about two feet of
the duodenum and were so packed in same that nothing could
pass. :
A.PECULIAR CASE OF OBSTETRICS IN Cer
By SAME.
Was called to see large Durham cow with labor pains, so
prepared, as you all know, to deliver those parts of the foetus
which present themselves at the pelvic inlet.
As it is written, “ Seeing is believing, but feeling is the naked
truth,” so I had the pleasure of feeling and found a very interest-
ing case of “ Schistocormus reflexus.” On entering the pelvic
cavity, I found four feet presenting with head, and also some of
the viscera of the calf. Taking both front legs off at the knee
I delivered calf, and to my astonishment found calf to have only
one posterior limb, and where the second posterior limb should
have been, there was a front limb perfectly formed; and the pos-
terior portion of his body turned wrong side out.
After antiseptically treating the uterus, I made an examina-
tion, and found a sac containing thirty-two hair balls, ranging
in size from a walnut to a baseball.
Here is a question I would like to ask: Were these hair
balls a piece of the ectoderm of another foetus or of the same
foetus ?
ce
* Presented to the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association at Syracuse,
November, 1913.
~~ aad
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
ENGLISH REVIEW.
By Pror. A. LrautTarD, M.D., V.M.
INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE CoOECUM IN A Horse [Capt. S.
Black, A.V.C.].—Seven-year-old gelding had colic, which, mild
at first, gradually increased so that the horse became very violent,
plunging and striking with his forefeet. Linseed oil, oil of tur-
pentine and nitrous ether were given and also three repeated doses
of chloral hydrate. After an illness of some seventeen hours the
animal died. At the post mortem, intussusception of the coecum
and a rupture of this organ, about two inches long, close to the
ileo-coecal valve were found. The coecum had passed into the
lumen of the double colon, being turned completely inside out
like the finger of a glove. The coecum was strangulated and
of a deep red color. The walls were fully an inch in thickness,
due to a yellowish-red infiltration of the connective tissue. The
small intestiné showed enteritis and in its walls were embedded
numerous sclerostomes, which the author thinks were the indirect
cause of the trouble, having set up an inflammation which caused
abnormal peristalsis, resulting in the coecal intussusception.—
(Vet. Rec.)
Some INTERESTING CasEs [Wm. Hepburn, F.R.C.V.S.].—
Under this heading the following were presented at one of the
English societies:
1. Chondroids of the Guttural Pouch. After an attack of
influenza, a gelding had a chronic nasal discharge, which had
rémained rebellious to all treatment. He had pain and swelling
on left parotid region, occasional cough and discharge from both
nostrils. After some time the discharge has disappeared, but as
the animal was kept under observation, loud breathing was no-
ticed, with also muco-purulent matter thrown from the left nos-
tril. Exploring the guttural pouch with a fine needle, hard con-
cretions were detected. A sharp seton needle was then intro-
duced to penetrate through the membrance and when the finger
was introduced and the entrance enlarged, a quantity of chon-
droids, amounting to about 30 0z., were removed. Daily irriga-
A12
614 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
tions of antiseptics and astringents brought about a complete re-
covery in a short time.—(Vet. Record and News.)
2. TUBERCULAR LARYNGEAL TuMoR IN THE Horse [By the
Same|.—Mare had been ailing for two months and treated for
sore throat. Between the parotid glands a mass was felt. Breath-
ing was stertorous. Chest revealed nothing wrong. Prepared
for an operation, tracheotomy was about to be performed to re-
lieve difficult breathing. Exploring, a tumor-like formation was
detected, dovetailed in between the parotids and adhering to the
posterior walls of the guttural pouches. With careful dissection
a fleshy-looking tumor was removed, which on being cut into
had an appearance not unlike tuberculosis and was found such on
microscopic examination. The mare was then destroved and the
post mortem revealed her lungs full of tubercular nodules, as
also were the small bowels.— (Ibid. )
3. TUBERCULAR BRONCHIAL GLAND FROM TEN WEEKS OLD
Catr [By the Same].—Born of an apparently healthy cow, she
was, when a week old, tied up alongside a cow with pulmonary
tuberculosis. When calf was a little older he showed signs of
the disease. He was killed, and both lungs proved to be a mass
of tubercular nodules, and the bronchial glands were much en-
larged.—(Jbid. )
SNAKE Bite (?) [Sydney Smith, Jr.]—Was it or was it not?
asks the writer by his interrogation point.
A cow was turned out and next morning was found lying and
had great difficulty to rise; she then moved very stiffly and the
left hind quarter of the udder was practically black. The other
three quarters were normal. When the cow was taken home,
she fell down and did not rise for some days, appearing par-
tially paralyzed. The affected quarter had a hole about half way
up the teat, as if it had been punched out and was about the
diameter of the ordinary teat opening, which was in the usual
place. The cow showed signs of severe systemic disturbance
for some days, but eventually got better after the quarter had
been injected with chinosol solution. However, the affected quar-
ter became gangrenous, and practically the whole of the gland
substance sloughed away, leaving a large cavity to fill. The
other quarters never showed any alteration and gave milk as
usual. The writer believes the case was one of snake bite, although
nothing definite could be traced.—(Vet. Record.)
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ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 615
TREATMENT OF Poti Evi, WitHout Operation [J. M.].—
—A gelding had a bad poll evil. Head very depressed, nose
almost touching the ground. The region is much swollen and
several fistulas on each side are discharging bloody pus with most
offensive odor. As treatment, instead of opening the fistulous
tract, thorough cleaning is made with peroxide of hydrogen fol-
lowed by injections of “ Philacogens”’ of Parke, Davis & Co.
After three days the discharge is reduced and the odor almost
gone. The treatment was kept up with much improvement. Ne-
glect in carrying it out was followed by slight relapse. More
attention is then recommended and the treatment thoroughly
applied, when after two more weeks the wounds were all healed,
the horse put to work and had no relapse up to the time of
writing.— (Vet. Record.)
CANKER OF THE Foot AND ARSENIous Aci [ Lieut. J. J. Hil-
lard, A.V.C.]—TYwo Australian horses were put under that
treatment.
One has a bad forefoot and was very lame—it was a chronic
case, which had been twice treated with only partial success. The
other had the four feet diseased.
The treatment consisted in the administration of arsenious
acid in bolus with an interval of seven to fourteen days between
each of the three courses the drug was given. The doses, ten in
number, in each case, were given in alternate days, commencing
with one gramme and gradually increasing to three. Both cases
recovered and no return of the disease. The local treatment was
only pressure and dry antiseptic dressing. The treatment lasted
about 3% months for each case.—(Vet. Rec.)
EXTENSIVE RUPTURE OF THE StomMacH [C. Greene,
M.R.C.V.S.|.—Foal six or seven months old is ailing. She
stood, head hanging down, has no inclination to move, tempera-
ture 101.7° F. Pulse and respiration quite normal, no pain ap-
parent, no nasal discharge, no sign of vomiting. Tonics and oil
are prescribed. She dies suddenly after a few hours’ sickness.
Post mortem revealed quantity of gas escaping from the perito-
neal cavity and a large quantity of ingesta covering the bowels,
amounting to about four gallons. The stomach was ruptured
along the great curvature to the extent of fourteen inches and
almost empty. The case was unusual, taking into consideration
the absence of any symptoms suggesting the stomach trouble, its
extent and the amount of ingesta in the peritoneal cavity.— (Vet.
Record.)
616 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
FRENCH ‘REVIEW,
By Pror. A. Lraurarp, M.D., V.M.
ACUTE POLIOMYELITIS IN A Mare [Dr. Marchand and Prof.
G. Petit |.—With the collaboration this case is recorded as rarely
observed in equines. It corresponds to the ascending acute para-
lysis of man or.syndrom of Landry as it is also known.
A nine-year-old mare, in good condition, has an imperfect
gait forward, motions are jerky and legs carried in abduction.
The animal carried the head high and straight on a rather stiff
neck. Walking, she seems to have springhalt on her four legs
and has a tendency to go to the left. She turns with great dif-
ficulty and seems ready to fall. She moves as an animal which
has a cap over her head and she seems feeling hesitatingly for
her steps. If the right foreleg is raised, she inclines the body to
the left and is ready to fall, but standing is more firm, if it is the
left foreleg which is raised. Soon the walking becomes stagger-
ing. Paralysis is complete on the fourth day of the sickness.
The temperature varied between 37.2°, 38.3°, 39.3°. Examina-
tion of the blood shows a marked polynucleosis. No microbes
of importance, coagulation slow. After eight days of illness the
mare died, and the post mortem completed by the histological
examination revealed the nature of the case, viz., an acute polio-
myelitis.—(ltec. de Med. Vet.)
LARYNGO-PHARYNGO-OESOPHAGEAL SPASMS IN Horses [J.
N. Ries|—Many morbid conditions are yet far from being
entirely explored, says the author, and relates the following:
First Case—Three-year-old gelding had been treated for dis-
temper, and there remained a little difficulty in the deglutition
of solids and liquids, some of which are returned by the nostrils.
Although the animal is properly treated, the case is not doing
well and little by little the horse is emaciated and yet leaving in
his manger his ration, partly chewed balls which are left as in
the case of a horse with defective dentition. At times the horse
takes hold of food, chews it, but when he is about to swallow it,
he pulls back in his stall, has a fit of coughing and food is re-
jected by the mouth or the nose. With liquids it is the same.
All manifestations of choking. The temperature is around 39.3°.
Feces small and dry. Great functions normal. Nothing is de-
tected about all the apparatuses. It is a case of inanition by dys-
phagia.
Oesophagotomy is performed and a probang is introduced
Pay soe soe ations At
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 617
with difficulty on account of the contraction of the organ, and
secured to the skin to remain in permanence. Through this,
artificial feeding is carried out, so well that when three weeks
later the horse having pulled the probang out, the prehension and
deglutition are performed well and gradually the horse improved.
He seemed about well when, the first time he is taken out,
harnessed to an empty cart, he is taken with an acute attack of
suffocation, true roaring which threatens his falling. Taken in
his stall, after a short time all bad symptoms disappear. After
one week’s rest, new return to apparent health and return of
similar symptoms after a short walk, accompanied this time with
a fall on the ground.
New rest of two weeks—new return of the spasm as the
animal is taken out, taking place with greatest severity. The
horse drops and tracheotomy has to be performed while down.
Fifteen minutes after he is eating and looking in perfect health.
A month is allowed for the cicatrization of the tracheotomy
wound, and after it is complete a new trial is given, followed by
same result and severe spasmodic manifestations.
The horse is destroyed. No lesions could be found at the
careful examination of the head and neck.
Second Case—Occurred in a three-and one-half-year-old mare
which, having presented similar symptoms to the first case, had
oesophagotomy performed, was fed artificially through it, and
after three weeks took her food naturally and was well in a
month. Sold at a good price, she never had another attack.
Third Case—Ten-year-old mare had same trouble; oesopha-
gotomy with remaining tube brought recovery in a month.
Fourth Case—Three years filly showed similar difficulty of
deglutition and other symptoms, but milder. Recovered by simple
local treatment round the throat.
Fifth Case—One-year-old colt has shown intermittent roar-
ing and an operation is demanded. Laryngeal hemiplegia is not
present, however. Examination of the fauces is about to be
made, a twitch is about being applied, when sudden roaring takes
place and asphyxia threatens. The animal drops, breathing is
stopped ; free incision of the trachea and introduction of a tube
saves the animal’s life. An hour later the colt is eating, and
breathing as usual.—(Rec. de Med. Vet.)
AUTO-SEROTHERAPY IN VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGY
[Dr. Pruneau, Army V eterinarian].—This method of treatment
in iritis and kerato-conjunctivitis has been recently applied in
618 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
human medicine. The writer has resorted to it in a case of
periodicophthalmia and obtained excellent results. He has also
employed it in conjunctivitis. Hus technique is as follows:
1. With an aseptic syringe of 20 c.c. draw blood from a
superficial vein; transvase it at once in a wide-mouthed sterilized
glass vial and cork it hermetically. Place the glass in a cool
place.
2. Twelve hours after getting the blood, a sufficient quantity
of serum is formed to allow immediate use, if the case is pressing,
but it is better to wait twenty-four hours.
When it is to be used, take with an aseptic hypodermic syringe
3 to 4. c.c. of serum. Close the glass immediately to keep its
contents for three or four days in a cool place.
3. Anesthesia the eye with 5 or 6 drops of sterilized cocaine
solution at 4 p./ and wash it with tepid sterile physiologic serum.
This step is carried out standing or the animal cast according
to its condition and the anesthesia.
4. Raise the upper eyelid and introduce the needle of the
syringe under the conjunctiva of the bulb, as far as possible from
the sclero-corneal limb. Push the fluid slowly in. A small cedema
is formed and resorbed in less than twelve hours.
5. Draw the needle quickly and wash the eye with physio-
logic serum.
A second injection can be renewed twenty-four hours after.—
(Rec. de Med. Vet.)
UTERINE Cyst In A Cow [M. M. Grimal.|.—This cow has
aborted, but the membranes have not been expelled and the writer
is called. On entering the vagina to examine the condition of
the parts, a fluctuating tumor is detected on the left wall of that
cavity. Of little importance, it does no interfere with the process
of separating the colytisans. But as the hand is carried further
in, it comes in contact with a large mass which occupies the centre
of the vagina. It is pushed back in the uterus and at that moment
a large quantity of foetal fluids escaped. In the right uterine
horn the big mass is found, elongated, flattened from one side
to the other, as big as a large melon, about 40 centimetres long,
fluctuating and attached to the uterine wall by a thick peduncle.
It is a large cyst whose ablation was carried out with the ecrasuer,
after being emptied of its contents, a citrine liquid. The small
cyst of the vagina was simply punctured. There was no return
nor bad sequele.—(Revue Veter. )
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ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 619
ELECTRARGOL IN TETANUS [Major Velu, Army Veter-
imarian |.—When one of his horses is out of sorts, the owner of
the one which is the subject in question lets him rest and purges
him. It generally works well, but in this case, after the usual
rest and purge, he stood with all the symptoms of a marked case
of tetanus. An intravenous injection of two doses of serum and
chloral rectal injections are followed by violent crisis. An intra-
muscular injection in the pectoral muscles of 5 c.c. of electrargol
is followed by noted relaxation. The injections are continued
until six are given, when the animal is in full convalesence and
treatment stopped. Too early, as two days later there is severe
relapse. It required nine more injections of electrargol to obtain
a permanent recovery. It is evident that electrargol is an agent
of choice, says the writer, which would have given more eff-
cacious results if it had been given intravenously, or, better yet,
by the intra-rachidian way.—( Rev. Gen. de Med. Vet.)
CANINE Hemoporetic SERUM witH HemorrHacic EN-
TERITIS IN A Lioness [C. Roelland.|.—Bought a few months
previously, she has been in good health for some time, when she
ate with less appetite and in three days there is complete refusal
of food. Her feces are liquid and yellowish gray in color and
with repulsive odor. Belladone, opium and Bismuth gave but
little relief, but the day following she passes blood in small red
clots. Mustard on the abdomen is added to the treatment. But
the bloody diarrhcea continues. There is extreme weakness, loss
of flesh is great. The animal is indifferent to the presence of a
live pigeon placed in her cage which perches on her chest. Fatal
ending is expected. Fifty c.c. of canine serum and 45 centi-
grammes of sulphate of hordeine are injected subcutaneously,
back of the shoulder. The next day the diarrhcea has stopped;
there has been no evacuation of blood. The animal is better.
Forty c.c. are again administered, followed by 20 later. Then the
improvement is marked and the general condition improves; the
lioness growls. With gradually increasing rations of new milk,
recovery is complete ina few days.— (Kev. de Pathol. Compare. )
PYELONEPHRITIS AND CysTITIS BY GASTRIC FOREIGN Bopy
In A Cow [Prof. Douville|.—A cow three years old was sent to
the writer, said to be suffering with vesical tumor. Her general
appearance is rather satisfactory and she is put under observa-
tion. She is tuberculined with negative result. While she is
watched, it is noticed that when having lain down she is made
to get up, or when the thermometer is introduced in the rectum,
620 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
she stretches up as to urinate and expel spasmodically by small
jerks about a glassful of urine, yellow, cloudy, muco-glairy and
thready. It contains no sugar, no albumin. Left ina glass tube,
it gives a deposit containing pus, some hematies and various
species of microbes. By vaginal exploration, the miatus is found
red, bladder twice as big as normal, and hard. Rectal examina-
tion is negative. Original diagnosis is confirmed; vesical tumor
complicated with cystitis. After being kept some time the cow
is killed and presented the following lesions: Rumen intimately —
united to the left kidney by fibrous band, 3 centimetres long and
about the size of a 2-franc piece in diameter. In its centre is a
small canal containing pus. Left kidney is twice its normal size,
and on a longitudinal section shows five purulent cysts, two of
which communicate with the pelvis. Right kidney is normal.
Bladder hypertrophied and, as its mucous membrane shows, the
lesions of chronic cystitis complicated with abscess of the vesical
wall.
The foreign body, cause of the lesions, could not be found,
but it is very likely that it was a sharp or pointed object of very
small dimensions, which from the rumen had found its way into
the left kidney, through the ureters and the bladder, where it
promoted the various suppurative lesions.—(Rev. Gen. de Med.
V et.)
* ABDOMINAL EvENTRATION [Major Ducher, Army Veter-
inarian |.—Thirteen-year-old officer’s horse is knocked down and
hurt by a runaway tram. One of the shafts penetrates imme-
diately back of the last left rib, towards its inferior border, and
enters the abdomen. A mass of intestines bulges out, fortunately
protected by a thick mesentery which covers it. The whole forms
a tumor as big as a man’s head, greatly congested. The horse
manifests only slight colics. After careful washing with warm
physiologic water, vain attempts are made to reduce the eventra-
tion and the horse has to be cast. After minute toilette, the
intestines are then comparatively easily returned. Muscular ears
are nipped off and suture proceeded with in three layers. A deep
sero-muscular with catgut, separated stitches, a second muscular
with catgut, and finally a third with silk, by stitches close together
involving the skin and above two fenestrated drains. A some-
what loose bandage round the body ends the operation. Low
liquid diet is prescribed for five days. The drains are taken off
after six days. Cicatrization complete in short time, leaving but
insignificant trace of the accident.—(Revue Gen. de Med. Vet.)
> 63 be
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 621
ROUMANIAN REVIEW.
By Pror. A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M.
GOITRE AND ROARING IN /HorseE Prof. T. Poenaro].—
Eight-year-old horse has hypertrophied and fibrous thyroid glands
forming tumor as big as an orange which surrounds in an incom-
plete circle the first tracheal rings.
Although conglomerated, the glands are yet united by the
" narrow isthmus that exist in youth. The thyroid tumor extends
upwards towards the larynx, passing over the first tracheal ring
and pressing with force against the crico-tracheal ligament and
the recurrent nerve—thus narrowing the lumen of the trachea
and interfering with the nerve, producing paralysis of the dila-
tator muscles of the larynx. The horse breathes laboriously
when at rest and in action severe dyspnea with whistling; roaring
' is manifested and threatens asphyxia if trotting is carried out
for a certain time. |
3 With this exception, the horse shows no other disturbances
and seems in perfect condition; he has simply a typical hyper-
trophy of the thyroid, occasioning roaring, for which a resolutive
treatment was prescribed, applications of bi-iodide of mercury,
_ and cauterizations. lodide of potassium and injections of strych-
nia and administrations of arsenic gave no satisfactory results.
—(Arhiva Veter.)
ANTE-DIAPHRAGMATIC OESOPHAGEAL JABOT RESEMBLING
| PutMoNnARY EMPHYSEMA IN Horse [Lieut. C. Th. Nicolau,
Army Veter.].—The horse Verishor shows colic, makes vomiting
efforts, has gastro-oesophageal spasmodic contractions, with
normal temperature, accelerated circulation, jerky, irregular
respirations and makes attempts to vomit. After a short time
these symptoms subside and the animal is quiet but placed under
observation. He is ‘seen standing quiet in his stall and only shows
the alarming symptoms at the hour, when feeding time has come
and the rations distributed. In fact every time the appetite of
the horse is stimulated, the symptoms appear. Hungry, the
~ animal, which neither eats nor drinks, then shows great excite-
ment, tries to swallow what little food or liquid he has grabbed
in his mouth, but is taken with violent efforts to vomit and mani-
fests great pain. In the jugular region on the right side the
oesophagus, powerfully contracting, forms a cord which appears
and disappears. After many struggles, when the horse lays
down, gets up, rubs his nose on the ground and so on, breaks out
622 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
in perspiration, foams at the mouth and rejects through the nose
the liquid or food that he- has swallowed. After a few minutes
all that condition has subsided, and the animal is quiet with only
its jerky respiration.
After some days these symptoms could no longer be produced |
at will as at first; it seems as if the animal, aware of his inability
to eat or drink, had given up the attempt and then refused entirely
to take or try to take anything. He died of inanition after ten”
days of illness.
At the autopsy there was found in the thoracic cavity, on the
course of the oesophagus, immediately in front of the anterior
face of the diaphragm, a hard dilatation, larger than a child’s
head, an intra-thoracic oesophageal jabot, weighing 2,680
grammes, and measuring 53 centimetres in its longitudinal axis.
It contains a hard mass of green food, obstructing the entrance
to the stomach; the oesophagus between the cardia and the jabot
being, so to speak, strangulated.— (Arhiva Veterin.).
GENITAL ANOMALY IN A Doc [Prof. G. Udrisky and G. M.
Iliesco|.—Six-months-old pup, when urinating, moans and cries.
The abnomaly of his genitals is peculiar. The sheath, instead of
being narrow and elongated, has the form of a vulva. Like the
sheath, the penis is situated in the lower part of the perineal
region. The penis is only 2 centimeters long and has a penian
bone also very reduced. The urethra ends about half the length
of the organ and opens in a mucous fold, covered with erosions,
causing the pains manifested by the dog when micturating. The
penis remains outside the sheath. ‘There was no indication of
testicles; perhaps it was a case of true anorchidy. Placed under
observation, the animal by its general disposition showed that he
belonged to the male sex.—(Jbid. )
ANAL IMPERFORATION—ABSENCE OF RECTUM AND OF THE
Last Loop oF THE COLON—RENAL LymPpuisis IN A Pic [ Prof.
G. Udrisky and G. M. Ilicseo|.—This little pig was thirty-five
days old. Since birth he has not defecated and the cause has not
been detected until he is brought to the writers. His general
condition is very poor. Respiration 4, pulse 80, temperature
38.8°, mucous membranes icteric, jaws tightly closed. The
operation for imperforated anus is urgent. The cross incision
is made at the proper place, the tissues dissected; no extremity
of the rectum is found, and the pelvic cavity is so narrow and
small that scarcely a grooved directory can be introduced. Lap-
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 623
arotomy is decided for the formation of an artificial anus. The
abdomen is open in the left inguinal, the peritoneal cavity entered ;
no rectum is found, nor is the last flexure of the colon. This
organ ends by a blunt cul de sac, attached in the right lateral
portion of the pelvic cavity. With great difficulty and 1 most deli-
cate dissection the organ is made loose and drawn towards the
incision of the abdomen. The fecal matter was removed. It
_ was liquid, thick, yellow greenish in color and had a very offensive
odor. The intestine was sewed to the skin and a rubber tube
placed in the opening to avoid its flattening, which would pre-
vent the exit of feces. The animal died the “day after the opera-
tion.
Post Mortem—Peritoneal cavity contained extravasated sero-
bloody fluid, hemorrhagic spots on the course of the digestive
canal, which was very congested, valvular endocarditis renal
symphisis by union of the two kidneys, which are situated in
the lumbar region and found on the median line as a semi-lunar
mass with normal blood vessels and nerves and two ureters, dis-
tinct and opening asy metrically in the bladder, one reaching it
only at the neck near the origin of the urethra. —( Arhiva Veter .)
THE Missourrt VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION held its
semi-annual meeting in Kansas City, January 27-28-29, which
‘Was exceptionally interesting and instructive. The hog cholera
_ question, such a vital one in the Middle West, received a very
great amount of time and attention. Another important subject
_ in the West that received considerable attention, in which Secre-
_ tary Mayo, of the A. V. M. A., took an active part, was forage
q poisoning; particularly as it relates to foodstuffs. Prof. Meril-
lat, of Chicago, was an active factor in the surgical clinic. De-
tails of this great meeting will be given in our next issue.
INFORMATION WANTED.—I desire the correct addresses of
the following newly-elected members of a =, V. M. A., whose
letters have ‘been returned “ Unclaimed ” “ Unknown ” 7 Wie:
George E. Potter, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Dr. ‘Aine Edward Cameron,
Regina, Sask. ; : Dr. John M. Courtright, Easton, Penn: ; Dr. Or-
ville E. McKim, New York City; Dr. Bruce Blair, Jersey City,
N. J.
PLEASE SEE THat Your Appress Is Correct ON THE
SECRETARY'S Fite. Give street address or post office box.
N. S. Mayo, Secretary,
4753 Ravenswood Park, Chicago, IIl.
CORRESPONDENCE.
A NEW “BURSA:
Fort CoLtuins, Coto., December 26, 1913.
Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:
DEAR S1r—It seems almost absurd at this time to try to add
anything to the anatomy of the suspensory ligament of the horse,
but I find a bursa, undescribed in our text-books, occurring with
sufficient regularity to be worthy of record.
The bursa in question lies under the branch of the suspensory
ligament that leaves the sesamoids to attach itself to the ante-
rior extensor tendon, and the lateral ligament of the fetlock joint
is deep to it. It is approximately circular, and its centre is barely |
a quarter of an inch below the proximal edge of the os suffraginis |
or first phalanx. It occurs both in fore and hind legs, and on |
the inside and outside of the joint. I have seen it as small as a
dime, and nearly as large as a half-dollar, with the average size |
of a quarter. In one case of over forty examined, this bursa was _
absent. There is no mention of the structure in Chauveau, —
Strangeways, Sisson, McFadyean, or Montané and Bourdelle. —
No doubt it must have been observed, but dismissed as trivial. —
However, a penetrative wound would bring synovia, and, not |
knowing, of the bursa, a practitioner would be forced to the
diagnosis of open fetlock joint, a very serious error. I feel that —
no synovial structure in the legs is unimportant. According to |
the common-sense system of nomenclature, under which you and ©
I, sir, learned our anatomy, this structure will naturally be called
the lateral sesamoidean bursa; according to the B. N. A. and their |
misguided veterinary followers I suppose it will become the col- —
lateral sesamoidean bursa.
Yours truly,
A. W. WHITEHOUSE,
Professor of Veterinary Anatomy,
Colorado State Agricultural College. —
624
CORRESPONDENCE. 625
Branksmere, Barbados, West Indies, Sept. 10, LOLS
_ To Editor of AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:
Dear Sir.—As the following clipping from Barbados Ad-
_vocate of this date may be interesting to some of the readers of
_ the Review, I am sending it to you for publication.
I may also add that several kids have been born here from
which pure milk was taken when they were only a few weeks old.
I am yours truly, foe Sroure, 1. V.S.,
Gov. Vet. Surgeon.
SOMETHING LIKE A Recorp.—Mr. J. A. Jemmott, who is a
~ member of the local Goat Society, reports that in January last his
goat, “ Brownie,” a half-bred Toggenburg, gave him four does
and a buck (these are the terms used by “ Pegler’s Goat Book sa
for Wallace, the thoroughbred imported by the Society, but now
owned by Mr. H. A. Edwards. A few days ago, “ Brownie”
again dropped four does and a buck also for Wallace. Tt would
be interesting to hear whether there is any local record of pro-
lificness that beats this case.
Ia BE oe ge
Some Lrapinc ArticLes ror Our Next Issur—The
Diagnosis of Dourine by Complement Fixation (Mohler and
Eichhorn); A Preliminary Report on the Value of Leucocytic
Extract from a Therapeutic Standpoint (R. A. Archibald) ;
The Present Status of the Control of Tuberculosis by Vaccina-
tion (S. H. Gilliland and C. J. Marshall); The Significance of
Pus and Streptococci in Milk (F. H. Slack) ; Impaction of
the Cecum in the Horse (A. T. Gelyard) ; and several others.
Unitep States Civir Service EXAMINATION FOR VETER-
-INARIAN, FEBRUARY 4, 1914.—From the register of eligibles
resulting from this examination certification will be made to fill
vacancies in the position of veterinary inspector in the Bureau
of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, and vacancies
in the Quartermaster Corps, at entrance salaries ranging from
$1,200 to $1,400 per annum, unless it is found to be in the in-
_ terest of the service to fill any vacancy by reinstatement, trans-
fer or promotion.
This examination is open to all men who are citizens of the
United States and who meet the requirements.
Persons who meet the requirements and desire this examina-
tion should at once apply to the United States Civil Service Com-
mission, Washington, D. C.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, MUK- |
TESAR, INDIA. 4
IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, MUKTESAR, INDIA. By Major J. D.
E. Holmes, M.A., D.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., Imperial Bacteriologist.
A pamphlet describing the Imperial Bacteriological Labora-
tory at Muktesar, India, its work and products, has recently been
issued by Major J. D. E. Holmes, M.A., D.Sc., M.R.C.V.S:, tm
perial bacteriologist and director of the laboratory.
The author became associated with the institution in 1901,
when he was appointed assistant bacteriologist, Dr. Lingard, —
under whose direction the laboratory was inaugurted, being then
imperial bacteriologist. On the retirement of Dr. Lingard, in
1907, Major Holmes was appointed imperial bacteriologist.
The work is very interesting, showing, as it does, the high |
state of perfection attained in the equipment of the laboratory,
and in the arrangement of its several divisions in such manner
as to carry out the purposes intended, with the greatest degree
of safety and efficiency. A particularly attractive feature is the
wealth of beautiful photographic illustrations, thirty-three in
number, showing, besides several of the officers, the principal —
buildings with surrounding landscape, and the more important |
laboratory rooms. The text comprises 47 pages and is divided —
into five chapters.
Chapter 1 gives a short history of the laboratory, beginning
with the appointment of Dr. Lingard in 1890, when the first step
was taken toward providing facilities for the investigation of the
diseases of live stock in India. Dr. Lingard’s duties were thus —
defined :
“To investigate diseases of domesticated animals in all prov-
inces in India and to ascertain, as far as possible, by biological
research, both in the laboratory and, when necessary, at the place
of outbreak, the means for preventing and curing such diseases.””
In 1893 the laboratory was removed to its present site at Muk-_
tesar, where it has gradually grown in size and importance until,
at present, it registers a permanent staff of a score of scientists
626
_
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 627
and assistants, with numerous attendants, and has 27 chief
buildings.
In addition to the regular work of the institution, a course
of instruction in tropical veterinary diseases and in serum thera-
peutics, usually occupying about two months, is given for offi-
cers of the army and civil veterinary departments. Each month
a class of about six native veterinary graduates is instructed in
the methods of serum injection and in the practical application
of serums and vaccines. Quarters are provided for members
of the staff and for visiting students.
Muktesar is situated at the summit of a hill on the inner
Himalayas, at an elevation varying from 7,500 to 7,702 feet, and
is 21 miles from the railway terminus at Kathgodam.
The laboratory estate comprises 7,000 acres, about half .of
which is forest. The main building is two stories high, is con-
structed of stone and is practically fireproof. All rooms are thor-
oughly equipped with all necessary apparatus and provided with
water, gas and electric light. The walls are lined with glazed
tile and the floors laid with marble slabs. The library contains
some 3,500 volumes and subscribes to 1o1 scientific journals.
All the work connected with serum preparation and investi-
gation in anthrax, blackleg and glanders is carried on in their
respective out-laboratories to prevent the risk of contamination.
Each of these out-laboratories consists of two large rooms; one
contains incubators and sterilizers, the other is equipped as a
microscopic room.
There is also provided a fully equipped port-mortem house,
an operating house consisting of three rooms with modern ap-
pliances and a series of barns for the accommodation of animals
used in the preparation of serum. Six pastures situated one to
two miles from the laboratory provide accommodation for a re-
serve supply of animals and for animals under observation.
A branch laboratory situated outside Bareilly Cantonment is
used for the purpose of carrying on certain investigations during
the winter months.
Chapter 3 is devoted to a résumé of the research work done
at the laboratory since its foundation, and cites a long list of pub-
lications issued as a result.
The investigations cover a large field, including all the im-
portant tropical diseases, and deal with etiology, treatment, serum
immunization and associated scientific problems.
In chapter 4 the author discusses the practical application of
serums and vaccines in combating infectious diseases of live stock
628 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
in India, and points out the difficulties encountered in the sup-
pression of epizootics, owing to the prejudices and feelings of
the majority of native farmers and the vast areas where segrega+
tion and police restriction cannot be imposed.
No direct attempt at the total eradication of any enzootic
infectious disease is made, the operations of the Government Vet-
erinary Department being directed only towards the suppression
of outbreaks as they occur. The Veterinary Service relies solely
on the aid of serums and vaccines, and these can be used only
when the owners consent, as measures of segregation and disin-
fection cannot be imposed without the consent of each individual
~ owner.
Glanders, surra, lymphangitis, epizootica and dourine are the
only diseases for the control of which legislative measures are
in force; however, the practical demonstrations of the benefits
of serum injection in outbreaks of rinderpest, during the past
ten years, have caused the use of serum to be accepted without
opposition: in most districts of India.
Rinderpest is the most prevalent and destructive disease of
live stock in India. Hemorrhagic septicemia is also very preva-
lent and accounts for a large loss of stock. Blackleg and anthrax
are more or less confined to certain areas. Glanders is very
prevalent throughout India, and mallein is in all suspected cases
used for diagnostic purposes. Tuberculosis is not a common dis-
ease of live stock in India, and tuberculin is consequently not
much in demand.
A successful method of curing surra in horses by means of
arsenic and atoxyl has been worked out and instructions regard-
ing the doses and methods of administration are issued from the
laboratory.
Chapter 5 takes up individually the various sera and vaccines
prepared at the laboratory, giving the method of preparation and
the list of instructions sent. out with each shipment as a guide
to the method of operation and to the fixing of suitable doses.
These instructions are quite complete, giving a list of instruments
required, dosage under varying conditions, period of time elaps-
ing before immunity is acquired and duration of immunity. In-
structions accompanying diagnostic preparations give minute
directions for the reading of reactions.
Directions for collecting and packing material for laboratory
diagnosis are included in the pamphlet, as numerous specimens
are received annually.
As a whole the publication is illuminating in showing the
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 629
great amount of work which has been accomplished since the
foundation of the laboratory; and the officials who have been
connected with the institution deserve well-merited commenda-
tion for the high position which the laboratory has attained in
the investigation and treatment of diseases of domestic animals.
J. R. M.
foe DESCRIPTION -OF “THE IMPERIAL. BACTERIO-
EOGICAL LABORATORY, “MUKTESAR’
ITS WORK AND “PRODUCTS.
A DEscrIpTION OF THE IMPERIAL BACTERIOLOGICAL LABORATORY, MUKTESAR:
Its Work AND Propucts, by Major J. D. E. Holmes, M.A., D.Sc.,
M.R.C.V.S., Imperial Bacteriologist.
Major J. D. E. Holmes has recently issued an attractive pub-
lication giving in detail a description of the Imperial Bacterio-
logical Laboratory, Muktesar: Its work and products. “In
1890 the first step was taken towards providing facilities for the
investigations of the diseases of stock in India. Dr. Lingard
was appointed as imperial bacteriologist in connection with the
laboratory at the College of Science, Poona.” His duties were
to investigate diseases of domesticated animals in all provinces in
India and to ascertain if possible the means for preventing and
curing such diseases. In 1893 the laboratory was removed to
Muktesar. In 1895 a part of the laboratory and quarters for the
bacteriologist and his assistant were completed. It was at this
laboratory, in 1896, that Prof. Koch, at the request of the Gov-
ernment of India, visited Muktesar and demonstrated his bile
method of inoculation against rinderpest. In 1898 Dr. Lingard
was, because of ill-health, forced to take a leave of absence. In
1899 the main building of the laboratory was destroyed by fire.
It was promptly rebuilt. The work has continued to grow until
at present there are some 27 buildings for different purposes.
“A course of instruction in tropical veterinary diseases and in
serum therapeutics was commenced for officers of the army and
civil veterinary department. A bungalow for their accommoda-
tion was built.’”’ At present Major Holmes is the imperial bac-
teriologist, Mr. H. E. Cross, assistant, Dr. P. Hartley is the
physiological chemist, and Mr. M. Kriebel, head European lab-
oratory assistant.
This report shows that a small body of men are actively
engaged in the effort to solve the problems connected with trop-
630 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
ical animal diseases and sanitation. In addition to the diseases
peculiar to that climate, they have anthrax, black-leg, septicemia
hemorrhagica, glanders and tuberculosis to contend with. They
are preparing serums or vaccines for rinderpest, anthrax, hem-
orrhagic septicemia, black-leg and tetanus. A successful treat-
ment for surra is reported. They also prepare mallein, tubercu-
lin and various other serums.
It is hard for us to understand or appreciate the difficulties
with which this group of men have to contend. They are to be
congratulated in the advances they have made and the valuable
service they are rendering to the people of that country and
indirectly to the world at large.
The report contains a large number of illustrations of the
buildings and laboratories now in use. V. A.M.
CLINICAL: BACTERIOLOGY, AND) VACCINI=
THERAPY:
CLINICAL BACTERIOLOGY AND VACCINE-T HERAPY FOR VETERINARY SURGEONS, by
William Scott, F.R.C.V.S.; over 200 pages, with 49 illustrations, including
12 plates. Chicago, Alexander Eger, 1913. Price, $2.50 net.
Clinical Bacteriology and Vaccine-Therapy is surely an at-
tractive title to a veterinarian of the present day. Bacteriology
plays an important role in modern medicine; no matter whether
it is applied to the practice of human or veterinary medicine, and
clinical bacteriology, or a discussion of the application to prac-
tice, attracts the attention of the practitioner, who welcomes a
work that has condensed the matter lying between the laboratory
and the patient. This is especially welcome to a practitioner
when the work emanates from a practitioner, and the work in
question is particularly welcome to the veterinary practitioner,
having emanated from a veterinarian. The value of bacteriology
to present-day therapeutics in either branch of medicine is un-
questioned, but in its application it would seem that the veterina-
rian has some advantages over the physician. Not that serum-
therapy is any more effectual in the treatment of animals than
when applied to human patients, but there is the prejudice on the
part of the patient, in the first place, against having a hypodermic
needle stuck into them, and secondly of receiving the material
(the source of which they are more or less cognizant) into tlieir
systems; which prejudice in many instances prevents the physi-
cian from getting the full benefit of the treatment for his patient,
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i Keystone Veterinary Medical Association.
The treasurer’s report was now received and accepted.
Dr. C. J. Marshall, the newly elected president of the Amer-
ican Veterinary Medical Association, being called upon by the
_ chair, gave an interesting address.
. He referred to recent legislation, which modified some of the
meat and milk inspection laws, mentioning also that the Act of
March 25, 1903, known as the Butchers’ Indemnity Act, has
_ been repealed. Two bills relating principally to milk and meat
inspection were defeated, but one which proves to be of general
interest was passed.
He says, the handling of interstate cattle was not satisfac-
tory to the board under the old law; that many drovers, in some
manner, managed to transfer shipments of cattle without hav-
ing them tested. Upon modifying this law, all foreign cattle
intended for shipment into Pennsylvania should be inspected
and tested before being brought into the state, otherwise they
,
|
may be brought in only under supervision of a member, officer
or agent of the board, after due notice of such shipment, has
been given. When cattle have been brought in under the latter
clause, they are inspected and tested by duly appointed agents of
the board at the expense of the state; thus the permit system,
formerly in vogue, allowing cattle to be brought in under quaran-
tine to be tested at destination, has been discontinued.
In reply to questions from members, Dr. Marshall said, the
testing of interstate cattle and the compensation received for
such work by the local veterinarian was in many instances a
matter for consideration; the dealer usually secured the cheap-
est veterinarian, regardless of competency, and that three-
fourths of the practitioners would not do the work at such com-
pensation, hence at present, if cattle are brought into the state,
they are looked after by authorized men of the board, which
step also proves more economical to the state.
Again, if native cattle are tested prior to the day of sale, the
dealer will be unable to secure indemnity for such cattle, should
some react, but the owner from whom the dealer bought can
secure some, provided he signs the contract of the board and
lives up to its obligations.
Dr. Fitzpatrick enlivened the association with his remarks,
relating his varied experiences with the use of mallein and
tuberculin.
Ali the members present took a keen interest in these discus-
644 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
sions. A member declared that all left-over mallein or tubercu-
lin, after a test had been made, should either be returned i imme-
diately to the office of the board or destroyed.
Dr. Marshall replied that the strength of retest tuberculin
was about five times the strength of the regular tuberculin, and.
that advanced cases of tuberculosis may be given three or four
times the ordinary dose in testing cattle.
An invitation was extended to this association to participate
in the European tour, under the auspices of the American Veteri-
nary Medical Association and directed by Dr. Adolph Eichhorn
next summer, as a preliminary to the tenth international veteri-
nary congress, which will be held in London in August. Tour-
ists leaving Saturday, June 13, and facades on August 23,
1914.
ESSAYS AND PAPERS.
Dr. A. R. Potteiger being absent, the next essayist, Dr. R.
L. Berger, was called upon to read his paper on ‘“ Tetanus.”
This was a very practical paper, he having related his expe-
rience with the serum tréatment, having had good results. Much.
general discussion took place. Dr. Noack says, there are more
failures in using the serum than in not using it, and, besides, the
expenses of the drug is a matter of consideration with the client. —
He prefers the phenol treatment, and thinks 50 per cent. of
tetanus cases can be cured in this manner if administered at the
proper time.
Dr. Marshall claims you can get more recoveries by leaving
the patient free from all medicine, but strongly advocates the |
use of the anti-toxin as a preventive in every instance of opera-
tion or other wounds where the tetanus germ may gain exit.
Dr. Fitzpatrick proposed a new remedy for the treatment
of tetanus in todolvin, a preparation of iodine, and suggested
the members give it a fair trial in their cases. A member an-—
nounced that all tetanic wounds should be thoroughly cleansed —
and then rendered aseptic by the use of tr. iodine.
Dr. Fetherolf now presented his paper, namely, “ The Ag-
glutination and Complement Fixation Test for the Diagnosis
of Glanders.” The explanation was made with carefully pre-
pared charts, illustrating every process of laboratory work in
conducting the test, which proved very instructive to the
audience. Much discussion followed. This test was declared —
the best diagnosis for glanders, and does not fail in one out of
a thousand cases.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 645
A motion was made and seconded that a vote of thanks be
tendered Drs. Marshall, Fitzpatrick and Kerns for their pres-
ence and assistance in making this session a good one. Motion
made and seconded to adjourn.
Next meeting June 17, 1914, at Reading, Pa.
W. G. Huyert, Secretary.
VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORE: CITY.
November Meeting.
The regular monthly meeting of the V. M. A. of New York
City was called to order in the lecture room of the New York
American Veterinary College, Wednesday evening, November 5,
1913, at 8.30 o'clock, Dr. McKinney presiding.
The minutes of the October meeting were read and approved.
Dr. John A. McLaughlin read an interesting paper entitled
“The Tissue Medicine.” This paper advanced some new ideas
in physiology which were rather startling to most of the mem-
bers and visitors present.
Dr. Duncan (M.D.), who was present, said that this article
had started him thinking, and he hoped to profit by having
heard it.
Dr. J. F. DeVine, of Goshen, said that Dr. McLaughlin's
paper has shown a great deal of thought and study, and he was
gratified to have heard it read.
It was suggested that a committee be appointed to study and
discuss this paper at a future meeting. Acting on this sugges-
tion, Dr. McKinney appointed Drs. Gill, Coates and Blair.
Dr. Gill suggested that physiologists of prominence, such as
Drs. Carrel and Lusk, should be consulted.
After some further discussion it was decided to defer further
talk on this subject until the committee appointed could report
at a future meeting.
Dr. Brotheridge asked for information regarding cocaine and
the refusal of druggists to fill prescriptions containing this drug,
issued by veterinarians.
Dr. Griessman read an opinion of the attorney general rela-
tive to this drug which stated that physicians only are allowed to
write prescriptions for the same. Veterinarians and dentists are
allowed to handle cocaine in the original package only.
646 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
Some discussion as to the advisability of having a specific and
definite agreement with counsel for the prosecuting committee
was then brought up. Dr. Smith stated that the committee had
an agreement with its present counsel to render services for fifty
dollars for three months.
No further business appearing, the meeting adjourned.
R. S. MacKeE rar, Secretary.
VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION OF NEW
YORK (CUDDY.
(December Meeting. )
The regular monthly meeting of this association was called
to order by President McKinney in the lecture room of the New
York-American Veterinary College, December 31, at 8.45 p. m.
The minutes of the November meeting were read and ap-
proved.
The annual report of the Prosecuting Committee was read
and, on motion, was ordered received and spread in full on the
minutes. It follows:
December 3d, 1913.
Mr. President and Fellow Members.—Herewith I beg, on behalf of the
Prosecuting Committee to present.a brief report of the work done during
the current year.
Upon investigation of the conditions which affect the practice of veter-
inary medicine in New York State your Committee found the following
classes of men competing with the regularly licensed veterinarians.
1. Those who attended the prescribed course of study and received a
diploma, but never passed the necessary State Board examination for a
license.
2. Those who took.a more or less complete course in a veterinary college,
but did not receive a diploma nor a license.
3. Foreign graduates who never took the State Board examination.
4. Veterinarians from neighboring States who never passed the .State
Board examination and are therefore unlicensed here.
5. Undergraduates who practice under the protection of a licensed vet-
erinarian.
6. A large class of men who have had little or no training at all, like dog
fanciers, horse shoers, grooms and the advertising patent: medicine faker.
The investigation by your Committee disclosed the fact that owing to the
large number of these illegal and often ignorant practitioners, much harm
is being done to the animals treated, and, furthermore, that the public is en-
dangered by the unchecked spread of preventable contagious disease.
Your Committee also is of the opinion that the educated, trained and
skillful licensed veterinarian should be protected in his calling from the
unfair competition of these quacks, who necessarily bring the whole pro-
fession into disrepute,
—S sy hm lh
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 647
In view of this, your Committee put forth their best efforts to combat
the evil as far as their limited finances would permit.
Something like 15 meetings were held and about 39 appearances in Court
made. In one case your Committee withdrew the complaint because after
arrest the defendant made a plea for time in order to pass the examination.
Several convictions were obtained and fines of $25 to $50 imposed.
Others qualified and complaints were withdrawn; and in still others, sentences
were postponed for one reason or another.
It will be remembered that conviction is difficult because these offenders
usually obtained learned counsel to defend them, and they are often the
object of mistaken sympathy and occasionally they bring to bear in their
favor the weight of political influence.
Furthermore your Committee has at the present time under investigation
the cases of 53 supposed illegal practitioners.
The average cost of prosecuting such a case is $29.50.
Upon instalment of your Committee the sum of $243.95 was recived from
the Committee of 1912. The expenditures were as follows:
The sum of $206 was paid out for counsel fees, searchers in the County
clerk’s offce, photographs for court exhibits, printing, postage and sundries.
The itemized account of these expenditures are fied with the treasurer.
Balance on hand, $37.95.
From the above it will be apparent that the work thus begun will be
greatly impeded unless the necessary funds can be put at the disposal of
your committee to go on. The task the Committee have set themselves is
to rid the profession of veterinary medicine in the City and State of New
York of the horde of illegal practitioners, which are like a canker gnawing
at its vitals.
In order to obtain funds for a similar purpose other organizations have
hit upon various plans.
Some have raised money by a per capita assessment of its members.
This your committee does not advocate.
Some, like the County Medical Society, have had a law passed which gives
them all cash fines obtained from convicted offenders by process of law.
Of this more at some future time.
The thanks of the Prosecuting Committee are due to our esteemed Presi-
dent, Dr. W. J. McKinney, also to the officers and members of the society
for their loyol support.
Respectfully submitted,
Dr. CHAs. JAIMESON, Chairman,
Dr. Marritr SMITH,
Dr, Louts GRIESSMAN,
Next in order the discussion of Dr. J. A. McLaughlin’s
paper, read at the last meeting, was taken up.
Dr. R. W. Ellis said that Dr. Thos. B. Kenny (M.D.) had
kindly consented to review this paper and had prepared a criti-
cism on the same.
Dr. Kenny was then introduced and read his analysis of Dr.
McLaughlin’s paper, “ The Tissue Medicine.”
Both Dr. McLaughlin’s paper and the analysis of the same
by Dr. Kenny have been published in the AMERICAN VETERIN-
ARY REVIEw, so it is needless to give detail in these minutes.
At the conclusion of Dr. Kenny’s analysis, Dr. McLaughlin
648 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
expressed himself as highly gratified and well repaid for having
written his paper. |
Dr. A. Slawson, of New York City, then read an interesting
paper entitled, “‘ Lympho-Sarcoma in the Dog,” and exhibited
specimen of the same in which the members and visitors were
much interested.
Drs. Kenny and Slawson were tendered a unanimous vote of
thanks for their contributions to the program of the evening.
The Secretary-Treasurer then read his annual report. The
auditing committee having examined the financial statement, this
report, on motion, was ordered received. (A balance of $60.65
was reported in the treasury). Nine regular meetings had been
held during the year. Interesting papers have been read and dis-
cussed, and pathological specimens exhibited. The total mem-
bership is sixty-one. Six new members were admitted during
the year.
This being the annual meeting the next order of business was
the election of officers for the ensuing year.
The election resulted as follows: Dr. W. J. McKinney, re-
elected President; Dr. P. Burns, Vice-President; Dr. R. S. Mae-
Kellar, Secretary and Treasurer
Dr. T. E. Smith and Dr. Chas. V. Noback, having made reg-
ular application for membership and having been duly approved
by the Board of Censors, were unanimously elected to member-
ship in this Association.
Dr. Clayton moved that a committee be appointed to revise
the By-Laws, and that copies of the same be printed, after ap-
proval of the revision of the same—seconded and carried.
The President appointed on this committee Drs. Ellis, Blair
and MacKellar.
No further business appearing the meeting adjourned.
R. S. MAcKELLar, Secretary.
VIRGINIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION,
The twentieth annual meeting of the above association was
called to order by the president, Dr. R. R. Clark, at Richmond,
January 9, 1914.
Twenty-five answered the roll-call. After the usual routine
business the following program was presented:
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 649
An exhaustive paper by Dr. D. E. Buckingham, of Washing-
ton, D. C., on “ Therapeutics of the Eye.”
A paper by Dr. S. C. Neff, of Staunton, on “ Obstruction of
the Diaphragmatic Flexure of the Large Colon.”
A paper by President R. R. Clark, of Hampton, on “ Hemor-
rhagic Septecaemia in Cattle.”
All of these papers were replete with valuable information.
The profession in the “ Old Dominion” is on the move. The
members of the association are wide awake and are making their
influence felt all over the State.
The officers for the next year were elected as follows: Presi-
dent, Dr. R. R. Clark, Hampton; First Vice-President, Dr.
B. B. Glover, Lexington; Second Vice-President, Dr. H. H.
Adair, Bristol; Secretary-Treasurer, Dr. Geo. C. Faville, North
Emporia.
The annual banquet was held at Murphy’s Hotel, and the
members showed the good effects of an active out of doors life
by the manner in which they attacked the good things to eat.
Covers were laid for thirty. The association adjourned, to meet
in Staunton, Va., on the 2d Thursday in July.
The Board of Veterinary Examiners meets at the same time
and place. Geo. C. FAVILLE,
Secretary-Treasurer.
OHIO STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
The above association held its thirty-first annual meeting at
the College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, on
January 14th and 15th. The meeting was the largest in the his-
tory of the Association, 227 being in attendance. The principal
items of the programme were as follows: The Inaugural Address
by President Cooly; an address by Dean White of the Ohio State
Veterinary College, on “ The State and Veterinary Education ”’:
a lecture by Prof. W. L. Williams, of Cornell University, on
“Retention of Placenta”; a lecture by Dr. R. P. Lyman, of the
Michigan Agriculture College, on “ Health Disturbances Conse-
quent Upon the Invasion of the Digestive Tract by Animal Para-
sites.
The dinner was held at the Ohio Union on the evening of the
first day of the meeting and almost two hundred enjoyed this
social feature.
650 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
The officers elected for the ensuing year are. Professor Sa
Sisson, President; Dr. F. F. Sheets, Vice-President; Dr. R. Hilty, —
Toledo, Ohio, Secretary; Dr. D. S. White, Treasurer. |
ReuBEN Hitty, Sec’y.
ADDRESS. BY DR. A. JOLY, LIVE STOCK SANTA
COMMISSIONER.
AT A BANQUET OF THE MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIA-
TION, AT PORTLAND, JAN. 14, I9QT4.
Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen—I1 wish to congratu-
late the banquet committee upon the success of this gathering,
and the happy thought of having the ladies present. a
I do not believe that we could begin the year in a better man-
ner than to have our wives and sweethearts participate and assist
us in forming resolutions for the year 1914.
I am sure that the ladies feel greatly interested in our enter-
prises and in all the problems which confront the veterinary
profession.
I suppose that you have all seen or heard of the play called
‘“ Brewster’s Millions ’’—the task he had to get rid of a fortune
in a certain length of time, in order to inherit a second fortune.
I was in about the same predicament after the legislature of
1913 had granted my office an appropriation of $50,000 a year;
but with your able assistance, Brother Veterinarians, I have
succeeded in spending it all. I am left with a balance of $132,
just enough to pay for the printing of my annual report.
I must have been right when a year ago I told the committee
on agriculture that $50,000 was needed, and bear in mind that
all my bills had to be scrutinized by the commissioner of agri-
culture and approved by the state auditor.
Nevertheless I have reverted to the state treasurer the sum
of $8,637, net proceeds received from hides and carcasses. Such
amount could have been added to my appropriation if needed.
I feel that our sanitary laws have been carried out as they
read; our mission has been well filled, I can assure you it will
stand criticism, and our aim has been, at all times, to give every-
body a square deal.
We have condemned 1,026 animals which were a menace to
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 651
public health and to the live stock industry. We have cleaned
out 643 herds infected with tuberculosis. Right here in Port-
land the milk supply came from the most dangerous sources.
From the middle of November to the first of January, in six
weeks’ time, 52 herds were found infected and 192 head of cattle
were condemned.
But such conditions do not exist all over the state. We
have some other data which is more encouraging. [or instance,
out of 5,572 milch cows shipped from Maine to Brighton Market
and tested there, only 136 were condemned; a percentage of
about 2'4 per cent. I believe that these 5,572 head of cattle
came from as many different and scattered herds of the state,
and the percentage is very gratifying.
Our work shall go right along, and I do not worry about
spending another $50,000 during this year, for we must have a
clean milk supply; we owe it to the public.
It is not a question of how many persons out of a thousand
take the disease or die from bovine infection. The fact has
been established that it is communicable to man, and it is our
duty, both as an association and as individuals, to use all our
efforts to protect our citizens from this source of danger.
By the honest and intelligent work of its members, the stand-
ard of the veterinary profession in our state has been raised in
the esteem of the public. It is up to us to bring it abreast with
the practitioners of human medicine.
Neither horse jockeys nor cow jockeys should have any in-
fluence in our midst. There is only one way of testing cattle.
There should be not one method when an animal is sold and an-
other when it is purchased.
Let us be honest in our daily purpose, and without being mis-
taken, I can prophesy a great future and remarkable possibili-
ties for the veterinary profession of Maine.
Inside of two years we shall have a meat inspection law all
through the state. Maine is awakened and will raise beef.
The’ 35,000 calves which are being shipped every year to
Watertown and Brighton Markets will be kept on our Maine
farms, and inside of five years Maine will have its own stock-
yards. Municipalities shall have their milk supply from tested
herds, yearly inspected by a local official.
With our other sanitary laws in relation to the importa-
tion and exportation of live stock, there will be ample occasion
for the honest and able veterinarian to prove to his community
his indispensable usefulness.
652 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
RHODE ISLAND VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION.
The annual meeting of the Rhode Island Veterinary Medical
Association was held at Elks’ Hall afternoon of January 15,
1914, and much interest was taken in the proceedings, as many
interesting topics pertaining to the welfare of the profession
were discussed, especially the present milk situation; legislative
bills pertaining to improvement of same, better sanitary laws,
and enforcement for meat, milk and provisions. Statistics were
read from several states and cities, showing that Rhode Island
was practically alone in lax laws regarding hygienic conditions,
as only two veterinarians were officially employed to assist in
improving sanitation, while in nearly all states and cities veteri-
narians are appointed on state and municipal health boards.
Evidently the “ Heads ” of said boards are not aware of the fact
that the educated veterinarian of to-day is better qualified to cope
with the situation than officeholders in “ Little Rhody.” Sev-
eral communications were read from other states, pertaining to
association progress along the up-to-date methods being used in
meat and milk inspection. The election of officers resulted in
Dr. U. S. Richards, of Woonsocket, as president; Dr. G. L. Salis-
bury, Lafayette, first vice-president; Dr. E. J. Sullivan, Georgia-
ville, second vice-president ; Dr. T. E. Robinson, Westerly, treas-
urer, and Dr. L. T. Dunn, Providence, secretary.
The new president made the following appointments for the
ensuing year: Executive Committee, Diseases, etc.: Drs. Pol-
lard, Robinson, Cole; Legislative Committee: Frey, Jones, Pol-
lard, Salisbury ; Finance Committee : Robinson, Sullivan, Dunn.
After adjournment, refreshments and lunch, with reports of
interesting cases, concluded the meeting.
L. T. Dunn, Seca:
O. S. U. Proressor Dies oF GLANDERS.—Prof. Jansen Con-
tracted Fatal Horse Disease in Laboratory Research Work.—Co-
lumbus, January 5.—Prof. Andrew M. Jansen, of Ohio State
University, infected during laboratory research work, is dead to-
day of glanders, a disease common to horses. He was ill 25 days.
The real cause of illness was not established until three days aga.
—(Dayton Evening World).
NEWS AND ITEMS.
mt LOBECK CLASSIFICATION BILL FOR B. A. L
EMPLOYEES.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after July first,
nineteen hundred and fourteen, the Secretary of Agriculture shall classify
| the salaries of the veterinary inspectors, the meat inspectors, the inspectors’
assistants, the stock examiners, .the skilled laborers and the clerks as herein-
after provided.
Sec. 2. That all veterinary inspectors within the classified service and
actually employed as such in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture now established—first, that the entrance salary of said
veterinary inspectors shall be $1,400 per annum, and those who at the date of
July first, nineteen hundred and fourteen, may be receiving a salary of less
than $2,400 per annum, shall thereafter, from said date, receive an annual
increase of $100 until their salaries shall amount to $2,400 per annum; further
increase in salary to be made at the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture.
Meat Inspectors’ MAXIMUM, $1,600.
Sec. 3. That all meat inspectors within the classified service and actually
employed as such in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of
Agriculture now established—first, that the entrance salary of said meat
‘inspectors shall be $1,000 per annum, and those who at the date of July first,
nineteen hundred and fourteen, may be receiving a salary of less than $1,600
per annum, shall thereafter, from said date, receive an annual increase of
_ $100 until their salaries shall amount to $1,600 per annum; further increase
in salary to be made at the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture.
Sec. 4. That all inspectors’ assistants within the classified service and
actually employed as such in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture now established—first, that the entrance salary of said
inspectors’ assistants shall be $840 per annum, and those who at the date of
July first, nineteen hundred and fourteen, may be receiving a salary less than
$1,600 per annum, shall thereafter, from the said date, receive an annual
increase of $100 until their salaries shall amount to $1,600 per annum; further
increase in salary to be «made at the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture.
Sec. 5. That all stock examiners within the classified service and actually
employed as such in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of
Agriculture now established who, at the date of July first, nineteen hundred
and fourteen, may be receiving a salary of less than $1,600 per annum, shall
thereafter, from said date, receive an annual increase of $100 until their
salaries shall amount to $1,600 per annum; further increase to be made at
the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture.
Sec. 6. That all skilled laborers within the classified service and actually
employed as such in the Bureau of Animal Industry in the Department of
Agriculture now established who, at the date of July first, nineteen hundred
and fourteen, may be receiving a salary less than $1,200 per annum, shall
thereafter, from said date, receive an annual increase of $100 until their
salaries shall amount to $1,200 per annum; further increase in salary to be
made at the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture.
Sec. 7. That all clerks outside of the executive offices in the city of
Washington, District of Columbia, within the classified service and actually
employed as such in the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of
Agriculture now established—first, that the entrance salary of said clerks shall
be $000 per annum, and those who at the date of July first, nineteen hundred
and fourteen, may be receiving a salary less than $1,500 per annum, shall
thereafter, from said date, receive an annual increase of $100 until their
653
654 NEWS AND ITEMS.
salaries shall amount to $1,500 per annum; further increase in salary to be
made at the discretion of the Secretary of Agriculture.
ADDITIONAL APPROPRIATION.
Sec. 8. That there be, and is hereby, appropriated such additional sums
to the $3,000,000 annual appropriation provided for in the meat-inspection Act
approved June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and six, found in the Thirty-fourth
Federal Statute, page six hundred and seventy-four, as may be necessary to
carry into effect the provisions of this Act, and that such additional appro-
priation shall be deemed an annual appropriation.
Sec. 9. That all Acts and parts of Acts, except the meat-inspection Act
approved June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and six, inconsistent with this Act
be, and the same are, hereby repealed.
REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE ADMISSION OF LIVESTOCK TO
PENNSYLVANIA.—Horses, mules, asses, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs,
cats and poultry must be free from transmissible diseases.
Bovine Animals.—Those for immediate slaughter and ap-
parently healthy calves under six months of age, except southern
cattle and those for temporary exhibition purposes, may be
brought into Pennsylvania without restriction. Southern cattle
for immediate slaughter and all bovine animals for temporary —
exhibition purposes can be admitted only on a special permit from
the State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania. All other bovine ani-
mals must be accompanied by a health certificate and a tuberculin
test chart. Those not accompanied by the health certificate and
tuberculin test chart as required by law can be brought in under
the direct supervision of a member, officer or agent of the State
Livestock Sanitary Board. For the present, such supervision
shall mean that where the purchaser cannot make satisfactory ar-
rangements in another State for the health certificate and tuber-
culin test, he may bring them in subject to the following regula-
tions :
“The shipper must communicate with the Harrisburg office,
giving the number of cattle and stating when, where and how
they are to be brought in. If they are to be shipped in, he must
give the shipping station, the railroad or railroads over which
they are to be shipped and the destination in Pennsylvania. He
will then be notified by mail or telegram to drive or ship such ani-
mals, subject to regulations at destination. Arrangements have
been made at the Union Stock Yards in Pittsburg and Lancaster
for the examination and test of such stock by an agent of the
State Livestock Sanitary Board. Apparently healthy steers will
not be submitted to a tuberctlin test, provided they are not to
be kept with dairy or breeding cattle.”
Bovine animals brought into the Commonwealth under con-
ditions not set forth above may be quarantined at the expense
of the owner at any point in Pennsylvania and submitted to the
NEWS AND ITEMS. 655
physical examination and a tuberculin test by an agent of the
Board.
Wao May MAKE THE PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND TU-
BERCULIN [TrEStT.—State Veterinarians, inspectors of the Bureau
of Animal Industry, officially certified veterinarians in the State
from which the cattle originate and agents of the Pennsylvania
State Livestock Sanitary Board.
EveN VETERINARIANS:—Ever vigilant in guarding the in-
terests of our profession, Dr. Dalrymple was aroused by a dis-
cussion at a meeting of the Louisiana Pharmaceutical Associa-
tion and sent the following letter to the Editor of The Times
Democrat, New Orleans:
“In a discussion which took place at the meeting of the
Louisiana Pharmaceutical Association, Dr. Asher is reported to
have made the following remark: ‘Even nurses and veterin-
arians are trying to raise the standard of their profession by in-
troducing elevating legislation.’ This is quite true with reference
to the veterinary profession in Louisiana, where it has only been
known as a profession less than two decades. but it is so known
now throughout the entire United States and Canada, and, in
the case of some of its members, on the other side of the Globe.
However, I am not writing this in any spirit of criticism, as I
do not believe any reflection was meant by Dr. Asher’s state-
ment. At the same time, that little adverb, ‘ even,’ has an infer-
ential significance tending to produce the impression on the
public mind that the veterinarian is a somewhat lower order of
being who is only now trying to obtain public recognition. And
it is to endeavor to correct this impression that I am sending you
this communication.
“In European countries the veterinary profession stands on
equal footing with all of the other so-called learned professions,
and the course of study is similar in length and requirements to
that of other branches of medicine.
“ Parenthetically it might be mentioned here that when the
writer came to Louisiana some twenty-four years ago, he had
passed a college course in veterinary medicine and surgery of
about twice as long as that then required by the majority, at least,
of the southern medical colleges to graduate practitioners of
human medicine.
. “Coming over to our own country the United States and
Canada have some very fully equipped veterinary schools. The
University of Pennsylvania has its splendid veterinary school as
it has its medical institution, with a course of study running
656 NEWS AND ITEMS.
through three years of eight or nine months each. Cornell Uni- |
versity also has a very fine veterinary institution with a course |
running similar to the other university courses in point of time. |
Many of the State universities and colleges throughout the |
country have their regular veterinary schools occupying the time —
of a full university or college course of eight or nine months ~
each year. In fact the private schools, of which there are but a
few now, are required by the Association of American Veterin- |
ary Colleges and examining boards to extend their courses to
at least three years of not less than eight months each. And, ~
unless they do so, their graduates are not eligible to membership
in the American Veterinary Medical Association, nor to civil
service examinations for positions in the United States govern- —
ment service.
“The American Veterinary Medical Association, as an or-
ganization, is one of the most ethical in the country, and its con-
stitution and by-laws as strict as any other society that has to
deal with the subject of medicine. And, further, some of the
most renowned pathologists of the day are members of the vet- —
erinary profession, a number of whom have been knighted by
their sovereigns for exceptional services rendered in the cause
of humanity, and in the interest of agriculture in its broadest
sense.
“ As stated at the beginning, this is not written in a spirit of
criticism, but to checkmate, if it will, the impression that may
have been left on the mind of those reading that part of Dr. |
Asher’s discussion referred to, in relation to the veterinary pro- —
fession. However, although that little word, ‘ even,’ might, with —
all justice, have been omitted in connection with Dr. Asher’s |
reference to, and praise of, if you will, the veterinary profession
for what it was endeavoring to do, it is not at all surprising when —
one thinks of the appalling lack of correct information that pre-
vails in some quarters with regard to the general standing of the —
veterinary profession in all civilized countries, notwithstanding |
it dates back to the days of Hammurabi, 2,100 years before the |
Christian era; and the more modern school, from about the |
middle of the eighteenth century, where the eminent French —
jurist, Bourgelat, established the Lyons (France) school, which |
was subsequently patronized by royalty, and to which students ©
flocked from almost every civilized country of Europe. From ©
the foregoing, therefore, it may be inferred that the veterinary ©
profession of to-day has a standing that full entitles it to every |
protection and elevation that a State, or the nation, is able to |
afford it.” W. H. Datrymp te, M.R.C.V.S.,
Baton Rouge, La.
NEWS AND ITEMS. 657
AMERICAN SURGEON'S SLIGHTING STATEMENT IN REGARD
TO’ VETERINARIANS AROUSES RIGHTEOUS INDIGNATION OF EMI-
NENT LONDON VETERINARIAN.—The following clipping from
the London Times suggests the narrowness of the views of some
_men in regard to other callings, even though standing at the top
in their own. Sir John McFadyean so valiantly defends our pro-
fession that we have reproduced it, feeling sure all our readers
will enjoy reading it:
VIVISECTION AND VETERINARY SCIENCE—To the Editor of
the Times.—Sir: According to the report which appeared in
The Times of Friday last, Professor Harvey Cushing, in the
course of an address which he delivered on the previous day to the
members of the Congress of Medicine, made the statement that,
“Most veterinarians have profited not at all by the advance in
general medical knowledge of the past generation,” and exclaimed
that it was little wonder that people preferred to have their pets,
when in need of surgical care, operated upon in an experimental
laboratory rather than in many of the established veterinary hos-
pitals. I hope you will allow me to enter an indignant protest
against the public affront which was thus put upon the veterinary
profession. Even if it had been true that the majority of veter-
inary surgeons of the present day are as ignorant as Professor
Cushing asserts them to be, the fact would not have furnished
any argument in favor of the practice of vivisection with a view
to the advancement of medical knowledge. But, Sir, the state-
ment is grotesquely untrue, and it therefore deserves to be de-
nounced as a wanton libel. Professor Cushing is an eminent
surgeon, but the references to animal diseases which are con-
tained in his address prove that he does not possess the knowl-
edge which would justify him in sitting in judgment on the pres-
ent state of veterinary science. With your permission, I will
challenge him to bring in support of the view expressed in the
‘sentence quoted above the opinion of any surgeon, physician, or
pathologist whose name carries weight in Europe.
The suggestion that people in general prefer to have their
pets operated upon by human surgeons needs no refutation. Per-
haps, however, Professor Cushing only meant that that was the
state of things in Baltimore. I am, etc., J. McFapyeEan.
Royal Veterinary College.
Marriep.—Dr. Ross Allen Greenwood, Painesville, Ohio,
was married December 31, 1913, to Miss Katherine Lillis of that
place. We wish the young couple all the happiness that the
married state can bring them.
658 NEWS AND ITEMS.
WISCONSIN STATE VETERINARY SociEtTy.—The report of
the last meeting of this association reached us too late for ptb-
lication in present issue. The next meeting will be held in Mil-
waukee, February to and 11, 1914.
Twins—GirL AND Boy were presented to Veterinarian
Walter R. Pick, First Cavalry, U. S. A., Presidio of Monterey,
California, by Mrs. Pick on January 12th. Further reason why
the Army Veterinary Bill should pass.
COLORADO VETERINARY MepicaL AssoctaTion.—The asso-
ciation held its annual meeting in Denver, January 22 and 23,
1914, and enacted a most excellent program. Secretary New-
som’s report will probably appear in our next issue.
KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL Ass’N’s report of Jan-
uary meeting reached us too late for publication in present issue.
Amongst the guests present were Drs. Chas. A. Cotton, of
Minneapolis, and Dr. John Turner, of Washington, D. C.
THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSO-
CIATION will hold its thirty-first annual meeting in Philadelphia,
March 3 and 4. Secretary Reichel extends a cordial invitation
in behalf of the association to veterinarians in neighboring
States.
Envists Hts HEARTY Support IN THE COMING YEAR.—A
Michigan subscriber, in renewing, thanks us for reminding him
that his subscription had expired, as he believes it the best veteri-
nary periodical ever published and says that it has been suff-
ciently appreciated by him to enlist his hearty support in the
coming year.
DEATH VISITS THE FAMILY OF PRESIDENT SWITZER OF THE
New York -STATE VETERINARY MeEpICAL Society.—Within
two days of each other, in the second week of January, death
claimed the mother of Dr. W. B. Switzer, and the mother of Mrs.
Switzer, of Oswego: The mother of Mrs. Switzer, who was
Mrs. Diantha Peer Skellenger, was 85 years old, and was taken
sick suddenly while visiting her son. Dr. Switzer’s mother died
on the same day of the month, and at the same hour as her hus-
band, who departed this life 36 years ago. Dr. and Mrs. Switzer
have the sympathy of the profession in their bereavement.
NEWS AND ITEMS. 659
Countess AN ANIMAL Nurse.—Was a cab driver and then
a barber, now in a dogs’ hospital. (By Marconi Transatlantic
Wireless Telegraph to The New York Times).—Paris, Decem-
ber 25.—The Countess de la Gueriviere, who in 1907 appeared as
the first woman cab driver in the streets of Paris, has since then
twice changed her “ profession.”’
After a brief success as a “ cabby,” the Countess, who at one
time was very wealthy, but is now forced to earn a living, be-
came a barber’s assistant. She then opened a barber’s shop on
her own account, but this venture did not last long. A few
months ago a third change took place and the Countess became a
nurse in a Paris hospital for dogs, cats and birds.
Our Poetic SUBSCRIBER IN GETTYSBURG AGAIN RENEWS
IN VERSE:
My subscription please renew
To AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW;
Enclosed my check made payable to you
You grand old AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW;
You are welcome to the subscription price
That is only a mere sacrifice ;
Uncle Sam will bring you to my door,
So come along for the year I 9 I 4;
With a few happy hours spent in clover,
This Country Vet. will look you over.
E. D. Hupson.
IMPORTANT TO BuyeRS OF STOCK-FEEDS.—The Massachu-
setts Agricultural Experiment Station has just issued its Bulle-
tin 146, Inspection of Commercial Feed Stuffs. It is the first
bulletin issued under a new feeding stuffs law. The chemical
analyses of about 1,000 feeding stuffs found for sale on the
Massachusetts markets are shown, and in the case of mixed or
compound feeding stuffs a statement of the ingredients is given.
The Bulletin also contains several pages of interesting com-
ments on the different classes of feeding stuffs, which should be
of use to every practical feeder.
The Bulletin is completed with a table of average wholesale
prices of the standard feeding stuffs for each month of the year,
September I, 1912, to August 31, 1913.
The Bulletin will be sent to anyone requesting it. Address
communications to
Director, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION,
Amherst, Mass.
660 NEWS AND ITEMS.
THe MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASsSOCIA-
TION held its seventeenth annual meeting at St. Paul, January
14th to 16th, with a most interesting program. Secretary G.
Ed. Leech’s report will be published in a subsequent issue.
Dr. E. THomas DrEap.—Dr. E. Thomas, a subscriber to
the Review for some years, died at his home in Arlington, S. D..,
on January 1, 1914. A sad beginning of the New Year for his
family, to whom the Review tenders its sincere sympathy.
Dr. Mertttat Returns to McKiLiip VETERINARY COL-
LEGE.—Dr. L. A. Merillat, prominent in veterinary circles as
practitioner, teacher and author of veterinary text-books, has ac-
cepted the position of professor of surgery in the McKillip Vet-
erinary College. For the past twelve years Dr. Merillat has held
the chair of surgery in the Chicago Veterinary College. Prior
to that time he was connected with the McKillip Veterinary Col-
lege as secretary of the institution and professor of anatomy and
therapeutics, having been with that school since its inception and
active in its organization. The addition of Dr. Merillat to the
McKillip faculty very greatly strengthens the teaching power of
the institution.
THe VETERINARY MeEpIcAL AssocIATION OF NEW JERSEY
held its thirtieth annual meeting in Trenton on January 8. After
the business session and election of officers, luncheon was served
in the dining-room of the Hotel Windsor; Mayor Donnelly of
Trenton occupying a place next to President Smith at the head
of the table. After luncheon the afternoon session was opened
with an address from Mayor Donnelly of a very interesting char-
acter; the mayor being a man of a very fascinating personality.
The papers were then presented, beginning with a most excellent
one entitled “‘ Horse Breeding in New Jersey,”* by Dr. M. A.
Pierce, of Paterson. This was discussed with considerable inter-
est. Prominent amongst the discussionists were Drs. McDon-
ough and Rogers, of Montclair and Woodbury, respectively.
Among other papers and discussions, was a talk by Dr. Wm. Her-
bert Lowe, of Paterson, on the tuberculosis problem. The meet-
ing was nasty closed with an instructive discussion on “ Hog
Cholera” by Dr. D. B. Fitzpatrick, of Philadelphia. Several
visitors were also present from New York City.
* Published on page 581 of this issue.
VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.
In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted that some neglect to inform us
of the dates and places of their meetings.
Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included
in the following list :
Sy = Date of Next Place of
Name of Organization. Meche. Mercere Name and Address Secretary.
Alabama Veterinary Med. Ass’n...... June, 1914..........| Birmingham....| C. A. Cary, Auburn.
Alumni Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V. C.. wal) April 19145 5 J yan 141 W. 54th St..| P.K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y.
American V. M. Ass’n....... Dec., 28-31, 1914 ....| New Orleans, La} Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood
i ’ Ave., Chicago, Ill.
Arkansas Veterinary Ass’n........ ...| January, 1914....... Ft. Smith...... J. B. Arthur, Russellville.
Ass'n Médécale Veterinare Frangaise.| 1st and 3d Thur. of| Lec. Room, La-
Selienuealisreycts ers eistane cic kine alcseraiais.0-00,e each month....... val Un’y, Mon.| J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.
B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago......... 2d Fri. each month. .| Chicago........ H. A. Smith, Chicago, Ill.
B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha...... 3d Mon. each month.| S. Omaha, Neb..| E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha.
Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n..........-- Monthlysee-eeeee St. Joseph and
vicinity ....| F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo.
California State V. M. Ass’n......... December 10, 1913..| San Francisco..| John F. McKenna, Fresno.
Central Canada V. Ass’n...........- Feb. and July....... Ottawa... A. E. James, Ottawa.
Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n....... June and Nov....... Syracuse. . W. B. Switzer, Oswego.
Chicago Veterinary Society.......... 2d Tues. each month.| Chicago.... D. M. Campbell, Chicago.
Colorado State V. M. Ass’n.......... May 28-29, 1913... .| Ft. Collins......| I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins.
Connecticut V. M. Ass’n..........-- Feb. 3, 1914........| Hartford........| B K. Dow, Willimantic.
Delaware State Vet. Society......... Jan., Apl., July, Oct..| Wilmington..... A. S. Houchin, Newark, Del.
Bissex!Oo. (N.J.) V. M. A.........3. 3d Mon. each month.| Newark, N. J....| J. F. Carey, East Orange, N. J.
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n..........| 2d week, July, 1913..| Rochester...... J. H. Taylor, Henrietta.
Georgia State V.M.A.............. Dec. 22-23, 1918.....| Atlanta........ P. F. Bahnsen, Americus.
V. M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un’y........ 1st Sat. eack month..| Wash., D. C I. M. Cashel.
leeraairrate Gan (Oita We Mons doce cou [Nehoacetsiote core Siolereve ctclelp) a eistajete mlehalaterareleis Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.
Timo Vet. Med. Ass’n.............- Mars 1914) ace: Belleville, Ill....| L. B. Michael, Collinsville, Ill.
Illinois State V. M. Ass’n...........- December, 1913. ....| Chicago........| L. A. Merillat, Chicago.
Indiana Veterinary Association....... Jan. 14, 1914....... Indianapolis....| A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis.
Iowa Veterinary Ass’n.............- Pendinee- caceeence (Pending was. C. H. Stange, Ames,
Kansas State V. M. Ass’n..........- Jan. 6-7-8, 1914..... Manhattan..... J. H. Burt, Manhattan.
Kentucky V. M. Ass’n............-- Oct. & Feb.each year.| Lexington...... Robert Graham, Lexington.
Keystone V. M. Ass’n............-- 2d Tues. each month.} Philadelphia. ...| Cheston M. Hoskins.
Lake Erie V. M. Association......... Pending:.:<2.<.<(s.c;s03 Pending ....... | Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwalk, Ohio.
Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n......... Sept. Ole ch ecas er Lake Charles...| Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La.
Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n.............- Jars T4s 1904 oe cee Portland ....... H. B. Wescott, Portland.
Maryland State Vet. Society.........| ..-.s-seeeeseeeeese Baltimore... ... H. H. Counselman, Sec’y.
Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n............ 4th Wed. each month.| Young's, Boston.| J. H. Seale, Salem.
Michigan State V. M. Ass’n......... Feb. 3, 4, 1914......]| Lansing. ....... W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens.
Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n........| Jan. 14-15-16, 1914..| St. Paul . G. Ed. Leech, Winona.
Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n........ AER OD ill Binsro sae Starkville....... Wn. P. Ferguson, Grenada.
Missouri Valley V. Ass’n............ Jan. 27, 28, 29, 1914] Kansas City,Mo.| Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia.
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass’n............| July, 1913.......... Kirksville...... S. Stewart, Kansas City.
Montana State V. M. A............- Sept. 24, 25,1913...| Helena......... A. D. Knowles, Livingston.
Nebraska V. M. Ass’n............-- Ist Mo. & Tu.,Dec.’13} Lincoln, Neb...) Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City.
New York S. V. M. Soc’y........... Depts 19145225. S252 Rochester ...... H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y.
North Carolina V. M. Ass’n......... June 1914s oo os cer WalSon'sc fsiacis 2 J. P. Spoon, Burlington.
North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.......... Augs6-7, 1913 s2055s Warg0seaccsoe oc C. H. Babcock, New Rockford.
North-Western Ohio V. M. A........ NovilOlsiececc.cee Delphos. ....... E. V. Hover, Delphos.
(hie: State V..M. Ass'n.........0. 6% Jan. 14, 15, 1914....| Columbus...... Reuben Hilty, Toledo.
Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med....... Anmiuallys.-...2< ae Upper Sandusky.| F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio.
Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass’n.........| .-....--2cececeeeee| secesececessecs J. C. Howard, Sullivan.
Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n.. ..........- WAM Sloe sc aeene er Oklahoma City..| C. E. Steel, Oklahoma City.
Ontario Vet; Ass'D.. os... .0.6s000600% 1st Week in Feb.1914| Toronto........ L. A. Willson, Toronto.
Pennsylvania State V. M. A......... Mar. 3, 4, 1914...... Philadelphia....| John Reichel, Glenolden.
CELDT O GN a ee Call of President....| Manila......... David C. Kretzer, Manila.
Portland Vet. Med. Ass’n........... 4th Tues. each month.| Portland, Ore...) Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore.
rovineeot Quebeo Vi. M.A... 2202! 202- coe cece cece esis Mon. and Que...| Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q.
Rhode Island V. M. Ass’n..........- Jan. and June....... Providence..... J.S. Pollard, Providence.
South Carolina Ass’n of Veter’ns..... ONIN ge 6-5 siesta ss Pending....c.0 << B. K. McInnes, Charleston.
South Illinois V. M. and Surg. Ass’n..| Aug. 5-6-7 1913..... Fillmore........ F. Hockman, Iola.
St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors...... 1st Wed. fol. the 2d .
Sun. each month. .| St. Louis....... Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo.
Schuylkill Valley V.M. A........... June totter ee Reading........ W. G. Huyett, Wernersville.
SERVEES ALUM UIMIVs POM s<..¢ c1c.c0.0 || sie c.ccicsices acccece cs Philadelphia. ...| B. T. Woodward, Wash’n, D. C.
South Dakota V. M.A.............. Pang ne} oat anaes 2 Madison ........ S. W. Allen, Watertown.
Southern Aux. of Cal. S. V. M. Ass’n.| Jan.. Apl., July, Oct..| Los Angeles..... J. A. Dell, Los Angeles.
South St. Joseph Ass’n of Vet. Insp...) 4th Tues. each month| 407 Illinois Ave. | H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph.
Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass’n.......... November, 1914..... Nashville....... O. L. McMahon, Columbia.
C0) BS eo ee Nov: 19133. s5ec2<8 College Station..| Allen J. Foster, Marshall
iitwin City V. M. Ass'n.........22-6. 2d Thu. each month..| St. P.-Minneap..| M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn.
Utah Vet. Med. Ass’n............... Spring of 1914....... Salt Lake City..| E. J. Coburn, Brigham City.
SUreITI CAV Ebe Meds AGS I 2 cvata crete crarell|, wisveracese|s 1a a/0:* o1n c\e/e)s/s\]/ asa o10[e/slepalnlalstnle oje G. T. Stevenson, Burlington.
Veterinary Ass'n of Alberta..........| ...c.e-ecececeneese| cereeeresencens C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat-
Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia.........
..| 3d Wed. each month.
Vet. Med. Ass’n, Geo. Wash. Univ...
1st Sat. each month.
Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba............. Feb. & July each yr..
Vet. Med. Ass'n of N.J............. January 8, 1914.....
V. M. Ass’n, New York City.........| 1st Wed. each month.
Veterinary Practitioners’ Club....... IMonthl yeas: oc cscs
Virginia State V. M. Ass’n........... July 9-10 1914......
Washington State Col. V. M. A...... Ist & 3d Fri. Eve....
Washington State V. M.A.......... June 19142 oo eee
Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n.......... 3d Thu. each month..
Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad............ Feb. 10, 11, 1914....
Mork Co.(Pa.) Vi.M.A.. ce ccc cece June, Sept.,Dec.,Mar.
Jersey City.
Staunton...
Pittsburgh... 3s Ef
Milwaukee.....
Worker acienetecs's'-
chewan, Alta., Can.
M. Page Smith, Washington, D.C.
J. M. Cashell, 2115 14th Street.
Wm. Hilton, Winnipeg.
E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick.
R. S. MacKellar, N. Y. City.
T. F. O’Dea Union Hill, N. J.
Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia.
R. J. Donohue, Pullman.
Carl Cozier, Bellingham.
Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley.
W. W. Arzberger, Watertown
E. §. Bausticker, York, Pa.
PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT.
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Wuy Nor Screntiric Doc Freepinc? In this age of advancement it is
only proper. Besides, your clients will appreciate your interest if you will
write the F. H. BeEnNetr Co., whose address you will find on page 26 (Adv.
Dept.) of this issue, for their literature on the subject, and nearest place at
which you can procure their wonderful dog, puppy, and cat foods. Mention
the Review when you write and insure a prompt reply.
Horses ARE BEGINNING TO SHOW THE EFFECTS OF THE WINTER Work and
veterinarians are noticing it as they visit the stables. You know the value
of molasses to the digestive system of a horse; call your clients’ attention
to the Atlas Horse Feed, the ideal molasses ration, and write the MEopDER-
AtLAs Co. yourself for literature with which to enlighten your client. Men-
tion the Review when you write and get prompt attention. See address on
page 5 of this issue.
A First Impression A LAstinG One. The impression of the superiority of
their. preparations, and of their ideas in packing and presenting them to the
purchaser, made upon the veterinarians at the A. V. M. A. convention in
New York, by the Pitman-Myers Company has been a lasting one with those
who have purchased and used their goods. Send them an order, no matter
where you live, it will reach you in good shape, and do you good. See ad-
dress on page 3 (Adv. Dept.). Send for price-lists and samples, mentioning
the Review, and you will get a prompt reply.
662
AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.
MARCH, 1914.
EDITORIAL.
EUROPEAN CHRONICLES.
Paris, January 15, 1914.
GENERAL A. BARRIER, VETERINARY INSPECTOR.—A_ few
months ago there took place in France in the organization of the
ranks of military veterinarians, changes which will not be with-
out interest to our American confréres of the Army.
Indeed, through a law passed by the Government the rank
and pay of the army veterinarians were all changed; and with
them the corresponding rank in grade, definitely established.
It is thus that now the conditions of those officers are desig-
nated, as. their education, their duties and the services they
render demanded.
The law designates that there will be one veterinary inspec-
tor, five principal veterinarians of the first class, eighteen princi-
pal veterinarians of the second, sixty-five veterinary majors of
first class, two hundred of the second, two hundred and thirty-
three assistant major veterinarians of first and second class, form-
ing a total of 522—without counting those that remain yet in
the Cavalry School of Saumur.
4 As for the rank of these various grades, the Inspector holds
: that which corresponds to the General of Brigade, the principal
veterinarian of first class to that of Colonel, those of second class
to that of Lieutenant-Colonel, the Majors of first class to that
663
664 EDITORIAL,
of Major, those of second class to that of Captain and the Assist-
ant Major of first and second class, to that of First and Second
Lieutenant.
I am pleased to offer our readers the photo of General A.
Barrier, with his biographic notes, showing that he deserves well
to be the first Veterinary General of France.
Belonging to a family of veterinarians, his father being an
old retired army veterinary surgeon and his elder brother, G.
Barrier, late director of the Alfort School, at present General
Inspector of the French Veterinary Schools. Alphonse Barrier
was born in 1855 at Eprig, Department du Bas Rhin.
Military student at Alfort, he graduated in 1877 first of his
class out of 75 candidates. He entered the class of the Cavalry
School of Saumur and in 1878 came out first out of 34 candi-
dates.
Promoted Assistant Veterinarian in 1878, was by choice made
Second Veterinarian in 1881, again by choice in 1891 promoted
as First, appointed Veterinary Major in 1902, Principal Veter-
inarian of Second Class and Director of the Veterinary Depart-
ment of two Army corps in 1906, promoted Principal Veterin-
arian of First Class in 1910, named Chief of the Technic Veteri-
nary Section by the Secretary of War, and Veterinary Inspector
the 7th of September, 1913. In this last capacity, Barrier is
permanent Inspector of the entire veterinary service of the whole
Army, member of the Committee of Epizootics and of the Con-
sulting Commission.
During his long and brilliant career, M. le General Barrier has
obtained from the Secretary of War for his numerous scientific
works numerous high flattering notices, several complimentary
letters and a special official mention directly from the War De-
partment.
His studies and writings on the nymphomany of mares, on
ovariotomy, on the necrosis of bones, on invaginated necrosis, on
the infectious pneumo-enteritis, on the morvo-farcinous infec-
tions, etc., brought him several times prizes and honors in scien-
tific professional societies,
GENERAL A. BARRIER.
Veterinary Inspector af the French Army.
666 EDITORIAL.
Collaborator to the Professional press of France and corre-
sponding member of the Société Centrale de Medecine Veter-
inaire, General Barrier is Chevalier in the Legion d'honneur and
officer in the order of the Merite Agricole.
SARCOSPORIDOsIs.—Although, 1f | am not mistaken, this sub-
ject has already been treated some time ago amongst the publica-
tions issued by the Bureau of Animal Industry, I feel that the
review that Prof. Cadeac has written for the Journal of
Zootechny will prove for our readers of great interest, giving as
it does the history of the parasite and its manifestations in our
domestic animals. I give it almost in full:
‘ Sarcosporidosis is a parasitic disease, generally mild, of
warm blooded vertebrata and is characterized by the presence in
the connective tissue of sporozoars, known as sarcosporidies.
These parasites can irritate the tissues infested by their presence
and the toxines that they secrete.
‘Discovered in 1843 by Miescher in the muscles of mice, the
parasites were successively considered as alterations of the mus-
cular fibres, as vegetal parasites or as the first stage in the de-
velopment of cysticerci. In 1863, Lenckart made out their re-
lation with microspordies, and Balbiani in 1883, classified them
finally among the sporozoars under their present name. These
animal parasites form the gender sarcocystis, in which are in-
cluded all the sarcosporidies known to-day.
These organisms, sometimes visible to the naked eye, and
whitish, are ordinarily elongated and sometimes globular, sur-
rounded with a thin and delicate cuticule, sometimes with fine
striae, They are divided in their inside in small lodges (sporo-
hlasts or sporosperimes), somewhat regularly circular and dis-
tinct, containing reniform or falciform corpuscles called sporo-
-oids. These fill all the lodzes in the parasite, except on the level
with the extremities, where there is a closed space between the
EDITORIAL. 667
body and the cuticle. JLhis retringent space contains sinau,
shining elements. ‘he sporozoids have a central nucleus and
have very active motions; they may contract or spread in ener-
getic contractions. The sarcosporidies appear first as filiform
bodies, lodged in the muscular fibre or the connective tissue.
As the parasite develops, the nucleus divides in a certain
number of secondary nuclei, round which is deposited the proto-
plasm, thus forming as many sporoblasts, which become indi-
vidualized by separating travae. The presence of the parasite
gives rise to the distension of the muscular fibre, whose diameter
becomes double or treble the normal and stimulates round itself
the formation of a reacting membrane.
“ The parasite grows bigger, the sporoblasts divide and give
rise to a great number of sporozoides. When the muscular fibre
is entirely destroyed, the parasite drops in the connective tissue,
becomes round, distended and may burst and let sporozoids
escape, which will make as many parasites.
“The parasite can be studied in the infested muscles; with
or without coloration, the dissociation gives almost positive re-
sults. Acetic acid at 20 per cent. makes the research easy as
it reduces the color of the muscular fibre. Fresh or hardened
tissues can be used, the parasite coloring easily with pierocarmine,
methyl blue, gentian purple and eosine-hematoxylic.
“The entrance of the parasites in the organism is by the
digestive canal. Mice fed with muscles of diseased mice are in-
fested after forty-five days.
Feces of mice whose muscles are infested are also infesting
from 13 to 50 days after ingeston. The young of infested mice
are free.
“ Sarcosporidies have been found in the muscles of deer,
cattle, calves, sheep, horses, goats, lamas, buffaloes, rabbits, hares,
monkeys, kangaroos, seals, dogs, cats, mice and rats. They have
also been found in birds: crows, blackbirds, magpies, fowls.
Finally, exceptionally, some fish, one reptile and even one inverte-
brata have been found infested.
“Considered for a long time harmless, recent studies on
668 EDITORIAL.
horses and cattle have shown that they may give rise to cachexia,
resulting in death, by their presence or their toxines.
*
* *
A Few WorDs ON THE PATHOLOGIC SCENERY.—“ In Horses:
With them the disease is characterized by the presence of the
Sarcocystis Bertrami in the muscles of the lips, pharynx, neck,
diaphragm or other regions. It has been observed by Bergmann,
Friedberger and Frohner, Moule, Siedamgrotzky, Putz, Hoflich,
Hendrickx and Lienaux, Moussu and Coquot, Sabrazes, Marchal
and Moratel.
“ Symptoms and Lesions: The invasion is manifested fre-
quently by lardacous swellings, interstitial myositis, diffused
nodosities and indurations of different parts of the body but in- —
teresting principally the fore quarters and the extremities. It is
principally the subcutaneous layer of the muscle which is infested,
the muscles have a pale characteristic coloration; and their infer-
ior tendinous extremity or their aponeurosis are more affected.
At any rate the parasitic infestation can attack any region of the
body.
“The inferior lip is often taken and swollen. It is three
times its normal size and is very rigid. Its internal face is cov-
ered with hard nodules of various sizes, projecting on its sur-
face. The swelling of the lip spreads gradually and when the
head is glanced at sideways, it has the appearance of that of a
horse with purpura, thick, infiltrated and deformed.
“The tongue may be four times its size at its lower extrem-
ity, it protrudes in the lingual canal and prevents the closing of the
mouth, its lateral movements are interfered with, salivation is
abundant. The tongue gives the sensation of hardness well
marked, it is a true “ wooden tongue.’
“The lateral and inferior faces are rough, irregular and
bosselated by the presence of parasitar nodosities, yellow-reddish
with a center undergoing caseo-calcareous degeneration. In the
EDITORIAL. 669
center of each nodosity, there is a shying spot, a dead and altered
_ sarcospordic surrounded with epithelial cells as in pseudo tuber-
culosis. abi
“The surface of the body is sometimes covered with symme-
trical swellings or subcutaneous plates of various size, hard,
wooden-like, painless and giving in some points the sensation of
cartilaginous or calcified tissue, perhaps adherent to the skin or
again not.
“ The legs are stiff, moving slowly and with difficulty, flexion
of the joints being very hard. The muscles of the various regions
are hard and with abnormal rigidity. Some times lameness is
quite marked.
“In some cases the animals lose flesh, become cachectic.
In many, however, they recover, the parasites being invaded with
calcification. However, the disease is not as mild as it has been
supposed till late.
“ Microscopic examination reveals the true nature of the
nodosities.
“Todine treatment improves but is not followed by radical
recovery. Other medications are inefficacious.”’
Ruminants—B ovines.—In cattle this disease is characterized
by the presence in muscles and inter-fascicular connective tissue
of the Sarcocystis Blanchari, whose dimensions may reach one
centimeter in length. It is a rather common parasite. The heart.
muscles of the eyes, the cremaster are often the seat of the para-
site. In Sweden, where it is quite frequent, all cattle of two
and a half years and older are affected. The oesophagus is often
diseased (one case was recently recorded in the Veterinary
Record).
The skin round the nostrils, on the face, the eyelids, the
lungs, the udder, and principally the lower part of the extremities,
is covered with irregular bosselated warty elevations of various
670 EDITORIAL.
sizes, sometimes as big as a pigeon’s egg. In the extremities
they look like lesions of grease. Examined by the microscope,
they are found consisting of an extraordinary number of para-
sites, rounded or slightly oval, grouped in mass, which ulcerate
through the skin and enter the circulation; they are covered
with a thin membrane surrounded by a cyst of inflammatory re-
action. a
Sheep.—The sarcosporidiosis of sheep is due to the sarcocys-
tis tenella, occupying principally the oesophagus, the heart, the
muscles of the eye, the connective tissue of the pharyngeal mus-
cles, the cheeks, neck, thorax, tongue, subscapular and crural
muscles, serous membranes and even the dura mater.
“ Those of the connective tissue have the form of whitish
nodules, sometimes as big as a hazel nut.
“ The evolution of these sarcosporidies is no better known
than that of the other domestic mammalia. Their pathogenous
action has been much’ exaggerated, as they ordinarily live as
harmless parasites. By exception they may become the cause of
more or less extensive inflammatory lesions, with destruction of
the muscular tissue, when death may follow as when the heart is
affected.
Goats.—Those animals are affected like in sheep. The sarco-
sporidies invade the muscles and the connective tissue. They
are less common but more voluminous, and as frequent in animals
in good condition as well as in the cachectics. They cause no
injury.
Swine.—W ith swine, sarcosporidies are relatively common
and belong to the Sarcocystis nuescherina. It is an elongated
organism, thin at its two extremities, containing spherical corpus-
cles, each one filled with round and then reniform bodies. This
sarcosporidie is found in the interior of muscular fasciculi,
where it may develop sometimes an interstitial myositis, without
rendering the meat unwholesome, when the infestation is not to
a very high degree.
ee
EDITORIAL, 671
SILVER WEDDING OF THE Pasteur [NstiruTE.—On the 15th
of November last was celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of
the foundation of this great institution. It was a grand occasion
for all those who are partisans of the Pasteurian school to pay
their ‘grand master a noble tribute of admiration.
After a magnificent speech made by the President of the Re-
public, Mr. R. Poincaré, who had been a member of the Admin-
istrative Board of the Institute, the life secretary of the Academy
of Sciences passed in review the general organization of the
Institute and of those which were born from it and then gave
the floor to the Director of the Institute who had kept for him
the hard task of examining the principal scientific works which
had been realized through the various laboratories of the Insti-
tute.
The long speech of Dr. Roux was a masterpiece of interest-
ing literature, some parts of which I can only allude to in this
concise article.
‘Tf since the foundation of the Institute, Pasteur had the
direction of all the entire management and of the work of all the
laboratories, the Institute was poor, investigators were not
wanted, capital only was very small and on that account many
of those who worked at the Institute did it without remunera-
tion, and were willing to stand great sacrifices, following the
noble example given by the Master, by Pasteur himself.
“The question of immunity is of great importance in the
history of infectious diseases. Pasteur had it always in his
mind and was very glad to have Prof. Metchnikoff to bring to the
Institute not only the prestige of his universal renown, so well
justified by his researches, which have opened up new lines of
investigation for embryologists and also a new doctrine of im-
munity.
“Tt is not only upon immunity that the theory of phagocy-
tosis has thrown out new lights, but it has also illuminated patho-
logical anatomy by new interpretaton of the phenomenas of in-
flammation and of degeneration.
“Tt is in the laboratory of Metchnikoff that Bordet had dis-
672 EDITORIAL.
covered the existence of sensibilisatrices in the serum of im-
munized animals. A discovery from which was born the method
of the deviation of the complement, the method of Bordet and
Gengau which has endowed medicine with means of diagnosis so
remarkable and positive, of which the reaction of Wassermann is
an ingenious and useful application.
“ Another unexpected fact was also brought out from Metch-
nikoff’s laboratory, viz.: That discovered by Vailland and Vin-
cent, the tetanic spore as it exists in nature is alone by itself un-
able to produce tetanus. As soon as it is introduced in the organ-
ism it is taken up by phagocytes and to grow it needs either the
protection of a foreign body or the help of other bacteria which
accompany it in the ground.
“ After the great discussion that followed the announcement
of the phagocytose theory, Metchnikoff gave his attention to tissue
degeneration, which outside of accidental infections takes place
surely with the advance of age.
“And again the discovery of the bacillus of syphilis by
Schaudinn and the specific treatment of Prof. Ehrlich are but the
results of the researches made by Prof. Metchnikoff with his in-
oculations of syphilitic germs to anthropoid monkeys.”’
But the great works of Prof. Metchnikoff are not the only ones
realized in the laboratories at Pasteur’s. With the modesty that
characterizes the personality of Director Doctor Roux, he makes
a concise allusion to his discovery and application of the anti-
diphtheric serum. The bacillus of diphtheria has been signaled
by Klebs-Loeffler makes careful study of it, Fraenkel has im-
munized animals against its toxine; Behring discovers that those
immunized animals give a serum which is the counter poison of
the diphtheric toxine. All these facts are taken up by the staff of
Pasteur’s workers and after three years of labor, at the Congress
of Budapest, the history of three hundred cases of diphtheria
EDITORIAL. 673
treated with the serum with perfect success, gave the demonstra-
tion of the efficacy of the anti-toxine of Behring and admitted
the new treatment of diphtheria in general practice.
The institute prepares also the anti-tetanic serum discovered
by Behring and Kitasato, the antivenomous of Albert Calmette,
three antitoxic sera, the anti-microbians of Ch. Richet, the anti-
pestous of Yersin, Calmette and Borel, the antistreptococcic of
Marmoreck, the anti-anthrax of Marchoux, the anti-meningo-
coccic of Dopter and the anti-dysentric.
The Doctrine of Pasteur has gained its wide development; a
great deal by the many’ branches that have been established almost
all over the world. Almost every civilized country has Bacterio-
logical Institutes, many of which were formed by missionaries
issued from the mother home in Paris or sent by her to different
parts of the world. The most important of those is the one of
Lille in the north of France, where Doct. A. Calmette, well known
in the scientific societies, is the Director and one of the most
assiduous workers. [Everyone knows of his investigations on
tuberculosis.
In conclusion of the compte-rendu given in the Presse Med-
cale, Dr. F. Jayle considering from Roux the principal causes of
the prosperity and success of the Institute: ‘‘ One amongst those
“is the constitution that directs it. It is as liberal and free as
“possible. With us the importance of everyone is measured by
“ the services rendered and the best title to advancement is to pro-
“duce good works. We admit everyone who brings an interest-
“ing idea and we do not hesitate in sustaining it, even if the
“work is not done with us.”’
*
* *
On CuHronic Roartnc.—Professor O. Navez, of the School
of Cureghem, has published in the Annales de Medecine Veteri-
naire, of Bruxelles, a contribution to the study of the etiology of
chronic roaring by laryngeal hemiplegia.
First of all he has made a résumé of the different theories ad-
674 EDITORIAL.
vanced on the etiology of roaring. Ile examines successively
the predisposing and producing causes, after having given a
minute anatomical description of the course of the recurrent
nerves. Then Prot. Navez recalls that in roaring by laryngeal
hemiplegia, the muscles of the left side of the larynx innerved
by the inferior laryngeal are in state of marked degeneration, and
inquires into the reasons for this kind of special affinity of the
left muscles of the larynx for such degenerative lesions. His
conclusions are based on the anatomy and histology of those
muscles and that of a certain number of nerves (pneumogastric,
superior laryngeal, recurrent), which he has made upon such as
taken from animals affected or not with roaring.
1. The condition of tension of the left recurrent back of
the aorta must be considered as a predisposing cause of first
order; the state of tension is exaggerated at each cardiac pulsa-
tion and as those pulsations are stronger in heavy draught horses
and stallions than in small-sized horses and mares, it is explained
why roaring is more specially observed among the first of these
animals.
2. The determining cause is the degeneration of the fibres
of the left recurrent, already predisposed to trophical troubles by
the pullings to which it is submitted behind the aortic cross; this
degeneration is accompanied by similar lesions of the posterior
and lateral crico-arytenoideus and thyro-arytenoideus muscles
This change is found especially on the terminal fibres of the left
inferior laryngeal of roarers; it is also noticed in the middle
region of the nerve involving a less number of fibres; it is never
observed in the portion situated before the cross of the aorta. It
is the fact of a special affinity of the microbian toxines, secreted
in the course of some diseases (sore throat, distemper, typhoid
fever), which exist in the terminal fibres of a nerve, weakened
already by the predisposing cause referred to above.
3. Roaring is hereditary, at least in the sense of heredo-
predisposition, as long as the predisposing cause, mentioned by
the Professor, is an anatomical disposition transmissible by
heredity. Av Te
=
EDITORIAL. 675
fai PROFESSION REJOICES AT THE PASSAGE,
UNANIMOUSLY, OF THE ARMY VETERINARY
SERVICE BILL BY “THE HOUSE MILITARY
COMMITTEE.
History is being made fast these days. Last month we
quoted The Army and Navy Journal as authoritatively saying
that the Army Veterinary Service Bill had bright prospects of
passage in this session of the 63d Congress, and we stated that
we had reliance in that paper as knowing what it is talking about
when referring to military bills in Congress. This was borne
out by the news, telegraphed to many parts of the country from
Washington by Dr. Hoskins, that on February 2d the bill favor-
ably passed the House Military Committee. That was only half
the truth, for the fact is that the House Military Committee voted
unammously in favor of the bill. On February 2d, Drs. John
R. Mohler, Adolph Eichhorn, Gerald E. Griffin, J. H. Haynes,
Ingild Hansen, Jos. Hornbaker, J. C. McNeil, F. A. Bolser, J. R.
Turner and W. Horace Hoskins, assisted by Messrs. Hull and
Reeve, who were associated with the House Military Committee
for over fifteen years, all appeared before that Committee. A
full and free discussion of the merits of the bill was followed by
the Committee’s unanimous vote in favor of the measure with
one slight modification. We advise every veterinarian who reads
this editorial to write at once to his Congressman and ask him
for a copy of the hearing on the bill (H. R. 4541), and the
printed report of the House Military Committee on the subject.
At the same time the thing to do, while you are writing to him,
is to remind your Congressman of your interest in the bill to
which you invite his attention and for which you ask his favor-
able consideration. In this way you can get a chance to read
these fascinating documents and at the same time interest the
Congressman in the bill.
The next step is to do everything possible to roll up a big
vote for the bill when it is called up by the Speaker on the floor
of the House, at the time when it is assembled as a Committee of
the Whole on the State of the Union for the vote. Having been
676 EDITORIAL.
so favorably considered by the House Military Committee, the
bill will be on the calendar of that body awaiting an opportunity
when it can take its turn and come to a vote on the floor. lis
interests will be looked after on the floor of the House by Mr.
Hay, the Chairman of the House Military Committee, who in-
troduced it May Ist last and who ever since has made it his
special, particular business to do everything for it. The duty
of every veterinarian on our wide continent is now to make the
most earnest appeal possible to every member of the House and
- Senate to support the bill in every way possible. For, in order
to lose no time while this measure is waiting the hour when it
shall come to a vote on the floor of the House, which will be,
however, very soon, on February 2d, after the hearing before
and vote of the House Military Committee, Drs. Bolser, McNeil
and Hoskins waited upon Senator Kern, of Indiana, leader of the
Democratic majority in the Senate and President Wilson’s.
spokesman, and put in a strong plea for him to introduce into the
Senate the same Army Veterinary Bill as is favored by Mr.
Hay in the House. The appeal of these veterinarians won Sena-
tor Kern’s consent. The Army and Navy Journal, in its issue of
February 7th, accordingly announces that Senator [ern intro-
duced the bill into the Senate, where it is known as S. 4331.
Having in mind the chloroformirg of our bill in the 62d Congress
Sub-committee of the Senate Military Committee, our profes-
sional representatives did everything possible to avert a like dis-
aster for the present bill. The routine of the Senate legislature
work is to place such a bill as ours.in the hands of a sub-commit-
tee for consideration before it comes before the whole Senate
Military Committee. We wanted fair play and nothing more.
Our representatives seem to have been successful, for when Mr.
Kern’s bill (S. 4331) was placed in the hands of the Senate Mili-
tary Committee, it was by the Chairman, Senator Chamberlain,
of Oregon, placed in the hands of a sub-committee where fair
treatment will be given it.
From now on the hardest possible work will be necessary to
carry through this legislation to final success. There will be work
to be done by every veterinarian whose soul is in his profession;
ee
EDITORIAL. 677
to whom its progress is his very life blood. Our leaders in
Tennessee, in Colorado, in New Mexico must know that the bill
may yet be ship-wrecked if they do not bring pleas from all over
those States upon the members of the sub-committee of the Sen-
ate charged with the first consideration of the bill for that body.
Those of you who have influence you can use upon a Represen-
tative, bring it to bear upon him. Better still, those of you who
can reach a Senator, especially one who is a member of the
Senate Military Committee, you owe it to your profession to put
your right foot forward for the purpose.
We give here the lists for your information and guidance.
The House Bill is H. R. 4541. The Senate bill is S. 4331.
63D CONGRESS.
Sub-committee of the Senate in whose hands is placed the
Army Veterinary Service Bill, S. 4331:
Senator Luke Lea, Nashville, Tenn., Democrat, Chairman;
Senator Chas. S. Thomas, Colorado (Dem.), Denver, Colo. ;
Senator Thomas B. Catron, New Mexico (Rep.), Santa Fe,
N. M.
Senate Committee on Military Affairs (603d Congress ).—
Chairman, Senator George E. Chamberlain, Oregon (Dem.),
Portland, Oreg.; Senator Gilbert M. Hitchcock, Nebraska
(Dem.), Omaha, Neb.; Senator James P. Clark, Arkansas
(Dem. ), Little Rock, Ark. ; Senator Luke Lea, Tennessee (Dem.),
Nashville, Tenn.; Senator Duncan U. Fletcher, Florida (Dem.),
Jacksonville, Fla.; Senator Henry L. Meyers, Montana (Dem.),
Hamilton, Mont. ; Senator Charles S. Thomas, Colorado (Dem.),
Denver, Colo. ; Senator James K. Vardaman, Mississippi ( Dem. ),
Jackson, Miss.; Senator Henry A. DuPont, Delaware (Rep.),
Winterthur, Del. ; Senator Francis E. Warren, Wyoming (Rep. ),
Cheyenne, Wyo.; Senator Thomas B. Catron, New Mexico
(Rep.), Santa Fe, N. M.; Senator James H. Brady, Idaho
(Rep.). Pocatello, Idaho; Senator William S. Kenyon, Iowa
(Rep.), Fort Dodge, lowa; Senator Nathan Goff, West Virginia
(Rep.), Clarksburg, W. Va.; Senator Joseph L. Bristow, Kansas
(Rep.), Salina, Kansas. Gos:
678 EDITORIAL. i
HOUSE “Breer o2zge:
This bill, which was published on page 653 of the February
issue of the Review under the head of The Lobeck Classification
Bill for Bb. A. 1, Employees, and also referred to editorially on
page 552 of the same issue, under caption The Lobeck Bill, is
worthy of the consideration of every veterinarian in the country,
as it recognizes the worth of the veterinarian in the field of sani-
tary medicine and as an important factor in a safe food supply.
That is a national recognition in every sense of the word. A
recognition that every veterinarian, no matter in what field he
labors, desires and must help to establish.
The benefits that this. bill will bestow upon the veterinarians
in the B. A. I. service, and the resultant advantages to the Fed-
eral Government, were set forth editorially in the February Rr-
ViEW, 1n addition to the publication of a copy of the bill itself;
and all veterinarians are further urged at this time to write their
respective congressmen and senators, calling their attention to
the objects and merits of H. R. 9292 and soliciting their favor-
able consideration of it. Refresh yourselves on the objects of
the bill by referring to the February Review, and you can obtain
a copy of it for yourselves by requesting it from your congress-
man or senator when writing him. For your further informa-
tion and guidance we have published on page 789 of this issue
a list of the representatives in the different states, and their
addresses, which have been furnished us by Dr. S. J. Walkley,
secretary of the NATIONAL ASSOCIATION BUREAU OF ANIMAL
INpustrY EmpLoyees, whose interest in the bill has been so well
demonstrated to the national body that its executive committee
has seen fit to appoint him the representative of the association
at Washington while the bill is pending. Dr. Walkley has sug-
gested, in addition to veterinarians communicating with their
representatives at Washington, that any veterinary students at
the veterinary colleges write to the representatives from their
homes, letting them know that they are interested in it, in as much
as that, if it becomes a law, it will provide for reasonable com-
4
j
j
EDITORIAL. 679
pensation for them, should they enter the government service
in the B. A. I. Dr. Walkley also suggests that any one learning
from interviews or correspondence that any particular congress-
_man or senator does not manifest the proper interest in H. R.
9292, or is even lukewarm regarding it, will kindly report that
fact to his office, which’ is 185 Northwestern avenue, Milwaukee,
Wis. That is an excellent, suggestion, as Dr. Walkley will be in
‘Washington when the bill comes up for action and can direct
all the influence possible towards those particular representatives.
_ Asa last word, refer to page 780, and act promptly—at once.
VETERINARIANS AND HORSE BREEDING.
We have always been strong advocates of careful and thor-
ough instruction in breeding problems at veterinary schools, be-
lieving that the veterinarian is the logical person for the scien-
tific direction of the breeding of domestic animals. We have
also encouraged veterinarians to take an active part in the con-
sideration of such problems wherever possible to do so, and to
discuss plans amongst themselves through articles in veterinary
periodicals, thereby broadening each other’s knowledge on this
all-important subject, which the agricultural and breeders’ jour-
nals are now conceding to the veterinarian as his logical work.
We quote from The Live Stock Journal, Chicago, in support of
this statement. In its January number it says: “ Expert veteri-
narians who understand the principles of breeding should pro-
mote horse breeding, encourage and assist the farmers in get-
ting better, pure-bred stallions to drive out the grade scrub and
unsound stallions that will make horse breeding more profitable,
with big, sound geldings and big farm teams, the greatest pros-
perity of the farm.” We also publish on page 787 of the pres- -
ent number a resolution passed at the recent meeting of the New
York State Breeders’ Association at Rochester, covering prac-
tically the same points mentioned by The Live Stock Journal.
680 EDITORIAL.
That resolution was sent to the Review, with a request for its
publication by a veterinarian whose interest and enthusiasm along
those lines is known to every veterinarian in his state, where he
has repeatedly introduced similar resolutions before the state
veterinary organization. We refer to Dr. Walter G. Holling-
worth. And at the same meeting of the Breeders’ Association,
where the resolutions referred to were presented, Veterinarian
Carl W. Gay, author of “ Productive Horse Husbandry, pro-
fessor on breeding at the veterinary school of the University of
Pennsylvania, and an authority on breeding problems, gave an
address on “ Market Horses,’ and Veterinarian John F. Dé
Vine, consulting veterinarian to the N. Y. State Department of
Agriculture and lecturer on cattle diseases at the New York State
Veterinary College at New York University in New York City,
gave an address on “ Some Common Diseases of Domestic Anm-
mals and Their Treatment.” Dr. N. S. Mayo’s enthusiastic ae-
count of the close relationship between the stockman and the
veterinarian in Minnesota, on page 785 of this issue of the RE-
view, and Dr. M. A. Pierce’s article entitled “ Horse Breeding
in New Jersey,” on page 581 of the February Review, are fur-
ther evidences of the fact that the veterinarians of this country
are gradually taking their places as directors and guides in stock- —
breeding questions, the most important industry in this country
We are informed by those conversant with the facts that Euro-
pean veterinarians are regarded as authorities on horse breed-
ing, and the Review hopes to see the day when the same will
apply in this country; as we believe that it will mean not only the
elimination of the scrub and unsound sire, that are such a menace
to universal interests, but will tend to overcome other conditions
that are responsible for the dearth of horses that exists to-day.
The resolution referred to from the New York State Breeders’
Association shows that in that state it requires 80,000 horses —
outside of those bred in the state to supply the demand each year,
at a cost of $20,000,000; and we assume the same thing applies
to a greater or less degree in other states. The production of
those 80,000 horses is a pretty nice industry in itself, and that
EDITORIAL. 681
multiplied by similar necessities in other states throughout the
nation must aggregate a tremendous shortage in the demand for
horses in this country, and should, as The Live Stock Journal
says, receive the assistance and encouragement of the skilled
veterinarians who understand the principles of breeding, and
their assistance to the farmers to overcome it. Let them present
ideas and suggestions for each other’s criticism in veterinary
literature, with the object of rounding out plans for the improve-
ment and advancement of horse breeding. The REviEw’s pages
are at their disposal, and do not think for a moment that these
plans will escape the attention of horse breeders because appear-
ing in a veterinary paper, as they are watching veterinary litera-
ture very closely for just such matter. The veterinarians in
New York State also have a specific duty to perform in seeing
that the present legislature enacts a Stallion Service Law along
the lines suggested in the resolution adopted by the Breeders’
Association, and the veterinarians of all other states that have
not a proper law regulating stallion service, have a similar specific
duty which they must not overlook.
ApDENDUM.—A\fter the above was in type, we received from
Collaborator DeVine, an article entitled Breeding of the Proper
Type of Horses Should be Encouraged. This article, pithy and
to the point, is published on page 728 of this issue.
TENTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS,
LONDON.
Under the caption of Official Tour of Europe of the Amert-
can Veterinary Medical Association, editorially, in our February
issue we referred to the dates of the INTERNATIONAL VETERIN-
Ary ConGcRESS IN LonpDON as August 3 to 8 (in fact, we pub-
lished the dates and an outline of the programme last summer),
and this month, on page 778 we are publishing a preliminary pro-
gramme, furnished by Sir Stewart Stockman, Honorary Secre-
tary of the Congress. This programme also contains the names
682 EDITORIAL.
of the reporters, as they term them, on each subject, some 85,
representing all the countries of the world, the names of eight
from our own country being amongst them. We have not found
it possible to publish these names at this time, but will give them
space in a later issue. We are proud of the number and character
of the representation from the United States, and feel sure that
their presence at the Congress will impress the older countries
with the advancement, the dignity and morale of American vet-
erinary medicine; and we feel sure that when the Tenth Inter-
national Veterinary Congress becomes a matter of history, our
colleagues of the older countries will be fully convinced through
the information that American veterinarians possess on the sub-
jects contained in the programme, that their interests are keenly
alert on all phases of veterinary science. And we are certain that
their interest and alertness, while mingling with the great scien-
tists of Europe and other parts of the world, is going to be of
incalculable benefit to veterinary science in this country. We
would therefore urge every American that can possibly do so to
attend the International Veterinary Congress in London in Au- |
gust next. Let the American delegation be impressive in num-
bers as well as in its personnel. The visits to noted studs and the
royal herds at Windsor, mentioned by Sir Stewart Stockman
under the head of entertainment in the programme, is very in-
viting. Another point that he touches upon that should receive
prompt attention, even from those who cannot see their way clear
to attending the Congress, is that of membership. All those de-
siring to become members of the Congress, irrespective of
whether their intentions are to attend or not, may do so by send-
ing $5 to Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, at Washington, D. C., who will
see that it gets into the hands of the Honorary Treasurer and that
the subscriber is duly enrolled a member and properly receipted.
The programme instructs you to send your subscription to the
Honorary Treasurer, Mr. F. W. Garnett, J.P., M.R-C.V.S., No:
10 Red Lion Square, London, W. C., but the Honorary Treas-
urer is perfectly willing to receive the subscriptions in bulk from
the National Secretary of each country, and it is much simpler
EDITORIAL. 683
for us here to send it to Dr. Eichhorn, who holds that position
for the United States. Another very important thing for Ameri-
cans, important to themselves because it affects their comfort, is
that everyone whose intention it is to attend the Congress notify
Dr. Eichhorn of the fact, as it would seem to be of material ad-
Vantage to representatives of the United States to engage rooms
in a selected hotel that may be used as headquarters for the Amer-
_ ican representatives; and in order to perfect these arrangements.
Dr. Eichhorn, who, as Secretary of the National Committee of
the United States, represents you, will want to know how many
he shall arrange for at the earliest possible moment. Give these
last two matters of membership and intention to attend your im-
mediate attention. Then, Ho! for London in August!
VETERINARIANS FROM FIFTEEN STATES AND THE DISTRICT
or CoLumBta attended the special course for licensed veterina-
_fians at School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsyl-
_ Vania, in January. We stated in our February issue that 79
veterinarians had responded to the announcement made in our
December number of the special course referred to above, and
im correcting that statement will say that that was what we were
told; but through the courtesy of our esteemed confrére, Dr.
Charles E. Cotton, of Minneapolis, we have since seen the list
_ of names of those in attendance, which numbers eighty-five (85).
Forty-three (43) were alumni of the school, twenty-eight (28)
were graduates of other schools, and fourteen (4) were non-
_ graduate practitioners. Every one attending was enthused and
went home feeling amply repaid, and with the determination to
_ Teturn whenever the school would give a similar opportunity.
They appreciated to the full the earnest effort on the part of each
professor to give all that he could in his branch, in the time allot-
ted him. As a token of their appreciation the gentlemen pres-
ented the school with a memorial in the form of a picture of
Dr. Simon J. J. Harger, professor of anatomy, to be placed in
Leonard Pearson Hall. We congratulate the Veterinary School
of the University of Pennsylvania on the success of its project,
_ and we also congratulate the American veterinary profession on
the ambition of its members for something more than mere dol-
lars ; an ambition for greater knowledge in the great science which
they have made their life study-
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA.
By Watter E. Kine, F. W. BAEsLAck, AND GEORGE L. HoFFMANN, DETROIT,
MicHIcAN, RESEARCH LABORATORY, PARKE, Davis & Co.
(Continued from Last Issue.)
Indiana strain of virus—This virus was secured from Mr.
Delplane and was originally supplied by Dr. R. A. Craig, who
reported that this strain was secured by him in the field some time
ago end did not represent the B.A.I. strain of virus,
Hog 501 was inoculated with 5 c.c. of Indiana I virus on No-
vember 7, after having made a dark field examination of the nor-
Hoc No. 509. MicHiGAN (ROCHESTER) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
DEt
SRS RRMRM NE
BERRERERES 2
Remarks: November 16. Rochester pig. Not inoculated.
November 20. Symptoms of chronic type.
December 9. Animal found dead.
Lymphatic glands, lungs, spleen, heart muscle, and kidneys
show typical lesions.
mal blood. On the seventh day after inoculation the spirochete
was found in the blood of this animal, although symptoms, with
the exception of a beginning rise of temperature, were not ob-
684
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a s
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. OS5
Hoc No. 510. MicuiGANn (ROCHESTER) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
TEMPERATURE FAHRENHEIT
Remarxs: November 16. Rochester pig. Not inoculated.
November 20. Symptoms of subacute type.
December 10. Animal very weak and emaciated.
December 12. Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Spleen, lymphatic glands, and cecum show typical lesions of
cholera.
served until the following day. Attention should be called to the
fact that on the ninth day after inoculation no spirochetes could
be found in the blood, but characteristic granules were present,
while on the tenth day the spirochete was again found. This
phenomenon, observed in other cases as well, suggests that the
Hoc No. 511. MicHiGAN (ROCHESTER) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
Remarxs: November 16. Rochester pig. Not inoculated.
November 20. No marked symptoms, looks fairly good.
December 1. Symptoms of subacute type.
December 10. Animal very weak and emaciated.
December 16. Found dead.
Typical lesions, lymphatic glands, kidneys, lungs, and cecum.
686 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
Hoc No. 513. MicHican (RocHESTER) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
seainentererenteuterneetgentrentantl
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TEMPERATURE FAHRENHEIT
Remarks: Rochester pig, not inoculated.
November 20. No marked symptoms, but not doing well.
December 5. Subacute or chronic case.
December 10. Animal weak and emaciated.
December 18. Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Lungs, heart muscle, lymphatic glands, kidneys, and cecum
show typical lesions.
spirochete under observation represents one stage in the life cycle
of the organisms, and that the granule formation is possibly an
important factor in its development.
Califorma (Hall) strain of virus—Dr. Ivan C. Hall of Cali-
fornia supplied this virus and the following history:
“We have just bled a hog originally injected with a virus ob-
Hoc No. 514. MicHican eaueseic STRAIN OF VIRUS.
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Remarks: November 9-11. Rochester pigs were placed with this hog, which was normal,
November 25. Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Typical lesions, lymphatic glands, kidneys, lungs, and spleen,
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 687
Hoe No. 501. InpIANA I STRAIN OF VIRUS.
\
3
.
TEMPERATURE FAHREMHEST
Remarks: November 7. Inoculated with 5 c.c. of Indiana I Virus.
November 12. 4 P.M. Animal showed symptoms.
November 18. Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Purple areas of discoloration on abdomen, nose, and ears.
Subcutaneous blood extravasations. Lymphatic glands en-
larged and hemorrhagic. Both kidneys petechiated and con-
tain retention cysts. Hemorrhagic areas in heart muscle,
lungs practically consolidated in both upper and lower lobes.
Ulcers in cecum.
tained from one of our California towns. This virus was in-
jected after being filtered and proven bacteria free, as it originally
contained a pure culture of B. cholera suts.
“The hog became very sick about 10 days after and, appear-
Hoc No. 502. CatirorNiA (HaLi) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
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Remarks: November 18. Inoculated with 15 c.c. California (Hall) virus (diluted 1-4)
and filtered through Berkefeld. ;
November 26-30. Slight symptoms.
December 3. Animal apparently normal. ° ‘ 4
December 5. Animal killed by large male Hog No. 400. No lesions.
638 W, E, KING, F, W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
ing moribund, we bled him to death. The virus which | am send-
ing you is some of this, after it had been diluted to one part in
four and filtered through a Berkefeld filter.”
Hog 502, which received the above strain of virus, had been
kept for several days as a control on the isolation of the experi-
ments and on the dark field examinations of the blood of normal
and diseased hogs. Nine days after inoculation this animal ex-
hibited mild symptoms of hog cholera, with temperature of 103.5°
F. The spirochete was found in its blood. Fifteen days after
inoculation its blood was free from spirochetes and characteristic
granules. On the 17th day it was killed by large male Hog 400,
and at autopsy no pathological lesions could be found.
Ohio (Pettigrew, Hazen and Heinz) strains of virus—The
viruses, obtained through the kindness of Dr. Paul Fisher and
Dr. A. D. Fitzgerald, were taken from three different outbreaks
and represented mixtures of blood samples from the number of
pigs indicated on the labels. Ohio (Pettigrew), Ohio (Hazen)
and Ohio (Heinz) represented mixtures of virulent blood from
three, five and six pigs respectively.
A dark field examination was made of the undiluted Ohio
Hoc No. 515. Onio (PETTIGREW) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
Seca fee ee SU EeEUUCCEEEES
Remarks: November 20. Inoculated with 15 c.c. filtered (Pettigrew) Ohio virus, di-
luted with normal saline 1-4.
November 29. Animal quite sick.
December 4. Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Spleen, kidneys, lymphatic glands, liver, lungs, and cecum
show typical lesions.
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 689
Hoc No. 521. Onto (HEINZ) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
Nov.
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Remarxs: December 2. Hog in good condition.
December 5. Inoculated with 15 c.c. Ohio (Heinz) virus, Berkefeld fil-
tered and diluted 1-4.
December 10. Symptoms appeared.
December 15. Condition of animal improving.
December 19. Animal suffered relapse.
December 23. Animal died.
Ventral surface of body deep purple color. Extravasations
in subcutaneous tissue. Inguinal glands large and hemor-
rhagic. Lungs, both involved in all portions, highly con-
gested, partially consolidated in smal] areas. Bronchial tubes
filled with exudate. Heart, petechiae in auricles and the
heart muscle. Both kidneys show small petechiae. Liver,
passive congestion. Mesenteric and retroperitoneal and in-
guinal lymph glands enlarged and hemorrhagic. Cecum
shows ulcers.
(Pettigrew) virus, as found in the original container, and one
spirochete was observed.
The spirochetes were found in the blood of hogs inoculated
with all three strains of Ohio virus, as shown on the following
charts. The blood of Hog 521 (Ohio, Heinz strain) on the fifth
day after inoculation contained relatively numerous spirochetes.
On the seventh day none could be found, while on the eighth day
the organism was readily found. By the eleventh day the clinical
condition was much improved and the findings were negative,
but the animal suffered a relapse, and on the day of death the
organisms were again present in the blood.
Hog 525, inoculated with the Ohio (Hazen) strain of virus,
manifested symptoms on the fifth day after inoculation, and on
that day the findings were positive. This animal is now fully re-
covered and no spirochetes are present in his blood.
Kansas I strain of virus—Professor L. D. Bushnell supplied
690 W. E., KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
Hoc No. 525. Onto (HAzEN) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
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TEMPERATURE FAMAEPHEIT
ReMarxKs: December 4. Susceptible pig; fine condition.
ecember 14. Inoculated 15 c.c. Ohio (Hazen) virus diluted 1-4 and Ber-
kefeld filtered.
December 20. Anorexia, listless.
this virus and described it as follows: ‘I sent you a couple of
ounces of hog cholera blood, which was collected from an out-
break about a mile east of Manhattan, Kan., by Doctor Gingery.
This animal was killed and showed typical lesions. It had a
temperature of 108°. Twelve animals had died when the herd was
vaccinated.”
This virus, when received, was examined on the dark field.
It was found to contain numerous granules, some bacteria, but no
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STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CILOLERA. 691
Hoc No. 516. Kansas I STRAIN OF VIRUS.
ie veya KANN ANON POBEOEEREEEOER
TEMPERATURE FAHRENHEIT
Remarks: November 21.
November 29.
December
Inoculated with 4 c.c. Berkefeld filtered Kansas I virus.
Animal very sick.
Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Typical lesions, marked in lymphatic glands, kidneys, cecum,
spleen, and lungs.
spirochetes were observed. The blood of Hog 516 inoculated
with this virus showed the presence of the spirochete.
Unknown strain of virus—On November 25 and 26, Hogs
517 and 518 were inoculated with California (Hall) and Cali-
fornia (University) strains of virus respectively. Before inocu-
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Hoc No. 517. UNKNOWN STRAIN OF VIRUS.
Remarks: November 25.
November 26.
December
3-
Inoculated with 15 c.c. California (Hall) virus, Berkefeld
filtered and diluted 1-4.
Animal shows symptoms, evidently due to previous natural
exposure.
Animal moribund, bled and _ examined.
Cecum, lymphatic glands, spleen, kidneys, and lungs show
typical lesions.
o>
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W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN,
lation, blood from these apparently normal animals was collected
in sterile sodium citrate solution for control examination. In the
case of Hog 518 the dark field examination of the assumed nor-—
mal blood revealed the presence of the spirochete. Subsequent —
developements clearly indicated that these animals were in some
way exposed to the disease before inoculation, ‘as clinical evi-
dences of the disease were clearly present in both cases within a
day or two following inoculation, an interval of too short duration
Hoc No. 518. UNKNOWN STRAIN OF VIRUS.
TEMPERATURE FAHREMHETT
ReMARKS: Inoculated November 26, with 15 c.c. University of California virus, filtered
and diluted 1-4.
November 28. Not eating well, red spots on ventral surface of body. Prob-
ably infected with natural exposure previous to inoculation,
December 3. Animal moribund, bled and examined.
Small blood extravasations in muscular and_ subcutaneous
tissue. Spleen slightly enlarged, dark gorged with blood.
Capsules of both kidneys loosely adherent, and both kidneys
filled with small urinary cysts. Both lungs show areas of
consolidation. Inguinal and mesentery glands enlarged and
hemorrhagic. Ulcers present in cecum,
to correspond with the incubation period which should follow the
injection of virus. Moreover, Hogs 517 and 518 were both in a
moribund condition, eight and seven days respectively, following
the inoculation, periods relatively shorter than the average dura-
tion of the course of the disease of cases included in this work.
California (University) strain of virus—Dr. C. M. Haring
and Dr. F. J. Mitchell kindly furnished this specimen of virus.
The history of the material follows: ** This particular virus I
am sending comes from an outbreak of a not severe type. but the
%
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 693
Hoc No. 524. CALIFORNIA (UNIVERSITY) STRAIN OF VIRUS.
DECEMBER
REMARKS: December 4. Susceptible pig; fine condition.
ecember 14. Inoculated 15 c.c. California (University) virus, Berkefeld
filtered and | 1, diluted I-4.
December 18. ‘“‘ Off feed Symptoms appeared.
virus has been killing pigs now in from seven to twelve days for
the last four months. Pigs showed petechiae in the lungs and
kidneys, very few on the intestines. Ulcers are sometimes pres-
ent, sometimes not.”
This strain of virus was injected into Hog 524 after having
established three negative dark field examinations of his blood.
As shown on the chart the spirochetes were observed at three
different times during the course of the disease. Again, in this
Hoe No. 524—Continued.
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Remarks: January 8. Found dead.
Typical lesions, Jungs, liver, kidney, spleen, cecum, inguinal
glands, large intestine, and subcutaneous tissue.
694 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
case, the spirochete was found about 24 hours before any clinical
symptoms or rise of temperature occurred.
Michigan (Rochester II) strain of virus—On January 10,
1913, I5 apparently normal hogs were received from Rochester,
Mich. These pigs, averaging about 40 pounds in weight, while
not in thrifty condition, did not appear to be diseased.
On January 11, dark field examinations of the blood of two
of these animals revealed the presence of the spirochetes. The
temperatures of these two animals were each 103.8° F. and a
tentative diagnosis of the chronic type of cholera was made. On
January 13, three days after the receipt at the laboratory, the
temperatures of seven of the 15 animals ranged between 104°
and 105.5° F. and, from other symptoms, there was no doubt but
that the diagnosis of cholera was correct. Investigation showed
that on January 1 these animals were placed under such condi-
tions that exposure to hog cholera might result. As they were
received at the laboratory on January 10 and symptoms definitely
established by January 13, there existed a period of incubation
corresponding to that usually present in the chronic or subacute
types of cholera.
These animals are under observation at the present time. A
summary of the dark field findings is presented in the following
table :
TABLE I.
Michigan (Rochester II) Strain of Virus.
Number Dark Field
Hog. Examinations to Presence of Spiro- Remarks.
Date. chete in Blood.
G3 Wiota\ereis 3 ooo Temp. range from 102. —104.8° F.
basemen 3 +++ a ‘* 101.2—104.1 .
Oe oceAe 3 + ef es ‘© 102.2—105.5 |
GA Osysreave I — ss ~ “ 101.6—103.5 “*
Baixectsi I + of “« yor.6—103.2 “*
eis a 3 +4. wi s 02, —104.6 **
Agni 72 I ae fe ‘* 102, —=103.5 64
CV enae 2 ++ * on ‘© 102.4—105.5
BIG sae I —- «i oh “101.8 —103. .
yon Bae I — Ye “101, —104.5 ;
BAG i ss 2 — Vs x “101.5103. e
PARC So s 2 + +- a es «102. —-105. Ka
BB Oiisve tom I — me “ ‘* 101.5—103.
BEMe tails I == a oe “ 102, 103.5 “*
Patan sais I ~~ cf
—— el
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 695
DARK FIELD EXAMINATIONS OF THE BLOOD OF NORMAL HOGS.
In addition to the control examinations which were made in
practically all cases, as shown on the charts above, additional data
relative to negative findings in normal blood have been secured.
TABLE 2.
Dark Field Examinations of the Blood of Hogs not Suffering
from: Hog Cholera.
; Number Dark Field Spirochete ,
Hog. Examinations. Present or Absent. Condition of Animal.
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A number of hogs, planned for material to be used in the
work, became badly infested with intestinal parasites (chiefly
Ascaroides suella) and were not utilized except for control blood
examinations.
Some of these animals exhibited temperatures as high as
106° F. at the time of the dark field examinations. The negative
findings in these cases, therefore, present valuable data in that
they show that the presence of the spirochete, observed in the
blood of animals suffering from cholera, does not depend merely
upon a febrile condition of the blood.
Several immune hogs not included in the above data also
served as donors of normal blood specimens. These additional
negative findings in the blood of hogs not infected with hog
cholera are shown in Table 2.
696 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
HORSE SERUM VIRUS PHENOMENON.
Horse serum virus may be produced by securing blood from
a horse one to two hours after the animal has received an intra-
venous injection of approximately 150 c.c. of virulent hog
cholera serum. The character of this material and the results of
experiments, which demonstrate that it is not a mere dilution of
hog cholera serum, have been reported in former publications."
It may be concisely stated that hog cholera virus undergoes some
inexplainable process of activation after approximately one hour’s
residence in the circulatory system of the horse.
On October 25 the blood of Horse 1 was examined on the
dark field. Nothing other than erythrocytes, leukocytes and some
blood dust was noted. At 1.45 P. M., on October 25, Horse 1
was given an intravenous injection (jugular vein) of 150 c.c.
B.A.I. strain of virus. A specimen of this hog cholera serum was
examined on the dark field and no spirochetes were found, al-
though the material did contain many characteristic granules.
The animal was led from the stocks and immediately became
groggy and weak, the pulse was weak, respiration labored, eye
dull and listless and peristalsis violently active. ‘The animal be-
came covered with a profuse cold perspiration and frequent
watery evacuations followed. Three-fourths of an hour after the
injection of the horse it was bled under aseptic conditions and the
blood examined by dark field illumination. The spirochetes were
found with ease, six organisms being found in a few minutes.
Blood drawn from the horse one and three-fourths hours after
injection also contained the spirochete when examined on the
dark field. The one and three-fourths hours virus also contained
a marked increase in the number of granules. A specimen of the
blood of Horse 1 drawn two and three-fourths hours after in-
jection upon careful dark field examination revealed only gran-
ules and refractive bodies—no spirochetes could be found.
The virulence of the three-fourths-hour horse serum virus
which the above animal yielded was tested by the inoculation of
Hog 4501. The result of this animal inoculation conformed
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STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 697
with extensive data previously reported, in that the hog became
the subject of a more acute type of cholera after a relatively short
period of incubation, as compared with the average case follow-
ing the injection of hog cholera serum itself.
On November 22, Horse 2 was utilized in duplicating the
above experiment, after establishing a normal condition of the
blood in so far as absence of spirochetes was concerned. This
Hoe No. 4501. B.A.I. StrRAIN oF Virus. Horse SERUM
VIRUS.
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Remarks: October 26. Inoculated with 4 c.c. activated horse serum virus.
November 2. Symptoms appeared.
November 7. Animal found dead and examined.
Many subcutaneous blood extravasations. Muscle of right
ventricle contains blood extravasations. Lower lobe_ left
lung consolidated. Areas of red hepatization in upper lobes
of both lungs. Spleen soft, dark, and gorged with blood.
Kidneys show numerous petechiae. Large ulcer near ileo-
cecal valve. Extensive areas of congestion in intestinal
mucosa. Lymphatic glands enlarged and hemorrhagic.
animal was injected intravenously with 180 c.c. of B.A.I. and
Indiana I strains of virus mixed. The symptoms were of the
usual character, but were more retarded and less pronounced
than those recorded in the first experiment with Horse 1. In our
experience,’? more pronounced reactions following injection and
more uniform horse serum virus result, when the animals have
been subjected to one or more repeated injections with the hog
cholera virus, a condition in all probability not depending upon
anaphylaxis as shown by previous results. Horse 1, above, had
698 W. E. KING, F. W. BAESLACK AND G. L. HOFFMANN.
been repeatedly used on the work; Horse 2 had never been sub- —
jected to the treatment before.
The three-fourths-hour horse serum virus of Horse 2 showed —
the spirochetes on the dark field. In the two-hour virus only one
spirochete could be found.
The above data must be verified by repeated experiments.
However, assuming that the spirochete under observation, in dif-
ferent stages of its life cycle, might represent the etiological
factor in hog cholera, it would not be impossible to explain the
horse serum virus phenomenon by the results obtained above.
SUM MARY.
The results may be summarized as follows:
I. Dark field examinations of the blood of 48 hogs, all
normal, excepting some which were infested with intestinal -
parasites, have revealed no spirochetes. All of these specimens
have been relatively free from granules, with the exception of
some instances, when it was usually possible to determine that
the granules were liberated from crushed leukocytes.
2. The examination of the blood of all hogs—4o animals—
which were suffering from hog cholera, revealed the presence of
a spirochete. All specimens of blood from these animals, during
the height of the disease, contained characteristic granules.
3. Negative dark field findings followed positive findings in
the case of six hogs which recovered from the disease.
4. The blood of two naturally immune hogs was free from
spirochetes and granules.
5. The spirochetes and granules have been oben in hogs
infected with 12 different strains of virus, as follows: B.A.L.,
Michigan (Demerick), Michigan (Rochester I), Indiana I, Cali-
fornia (Hall), Ohio (Pettigrew), Ohio (Hazen), Ohio (Heinz),
Kansas I, Unknown, California (University), and Michigan
(Rochester IT).
6. Hog cholera was diagnosed in two small herds of hogs
after receipt of the animals at the laboratory, by means of the
STUDIES ON THE VIRUS OF HOG CHOLERA. 699
dark field examination of the blood. In other instances, positive
dark field findings were secured a few hours before any symp-
toms appeared.
7. The spirochetes were found with less difficulty in the
blood of hogs suffering from the acute form of the disease.
8. In two experiments the spirochetes were demonstrated
in horse serum virus. ,
g. Spirochetes are uniformly demonstrable in the intestinal
ulcers of hogs dead from cholera.
CONCLUSIONS.
Without cultures with which to inoculate susceptible animals
it is, of course, impossible at this time to definitely ascribe to the
spirochete under observation any pathogenic properties or etio-
logical significance. Nevertheless, careful consideration should
be given to the results which are consistent and uniform through-
out, and which, in some particulars, strongly suggest the rela-
tionship of this spirochete to hog cholera, as a causative factor.
As this organism has not been previously reported and described
the name Spirochaeta suis may properly be suggested.
REFERENCES.
11. King and Wilson, Bull. Kansas Exp. Sta., 1910, No. 171. Jour. Infect. Dis.,
1912, 11, p. 441; Ztschr. f. Immunitatsf. u. Exp. Ther., 1913, 16, PD. 367.
12. Grateful acknowledgment is made to Dr. R. H. Wilson, who for several years
has been associated with the senior author in this work, and who rendered valuable
assistance in carrying out the horse serum virus experiments included in the present
investigation.
ALABAMA VETERINARY MeEpicaL AssociaTIon.—The sev-
enth annual meeting of this association will be held March 5, 6,
7, 1914, at Auburn, Ala., in the Veterinary College of the Ala-
bama Polytechnic Institute. A meeting of the veterinarians of
Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, Tennessee, North and South
Carolina, Florida and Alabama is also called at this time and
place to consider methods of preparation for the next meeting
of the American Veterinary Medical Association at New Orleans
the last week in December, 1914.
SOME OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIENCES WITH
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE.*
By R. R. CLARK, VETERINARIAN TO HAMPTON INSTITUTE, HAMPTON, VA.
Hemorrhagic septicaemia has not received the attention which
its prevalence and high mortality entitles it to.
In March, 1906, I was called to see some cattle with this
history: One yearling heifer found dead in the field; another
died in the lane going to the stables; an old cow looked over her
shoulder and dropped dead; one down in the barn, two yearling
heifers in a box stall, crazy. Poisoning was suspected.
On my arrival at the farm I found the cow that was down
with a sub-normal temperature and scarcely any pulse; vaginal
mucous membranes bleached. One of the heifers in the box
stall was caught and held for examination. She had a tempera-
ture of 105; pulse weak, about 90; respiration very irregular and
fast. With a little excitement this heifer would fall to her knees
very similar to a case of hydrophobia, except that she paid no
attention to chickens. The other heifer was unable to rise, but
was very nervous. Blood in the faeces was found in this stall.
I went to the cow that was down and as she was then in a
comatose condition the owner agreed to kill her as I was not sure
of my diagnosis. The post mortem lesions revealed a typical
case of hemorrhagic septicaemia, but as I was a stranger in this
neighborhood and the owner a man of very fixed ideas who had
already diagnosed the trouble as “ cerebro-spinal meningitis,” I
made a diagnosis of suspected hemorrhagic septicaemia, arriving
at my conclusion by the process of elimination. To confirm my
diagnosis and to make sure of my position with the owner who,
by the way, is probably one of the most influential men in the
*Read before the Virginia State Veterinary Medical Association, at Richmond,
January, 1914.
700
——- -!}
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE. 701
country, I telephoned to Dr. Faville at Norfolk, who was then
in the employ of the Bureau of Animal Industry.
The next day he came over, went out to the farm and found
another aged cow just gasping. Before posting her we visited
the stall where the two heifers were confined. They were ex-
tremely nervous and showed similar symptoms to those described
when I first saw them, except one of them was dribbling urine.
Dr. Faville was inclined to believe the trouble was hydropho-
bia as hydrophobia was very prevalent that fall. After post
morteming a cow his diagnosis was the same as mine; but as the
owner had published in the daily papers that his cows were
“ dying of cerebro-spinal meningitis we carefully packed some
specimens from this cow and sent them to the Pathological Divis-
ion of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington. In about
thirty days I received a letter from Dr. Melvin stating that the
bact. bovisepticum was found and the diagnosis had been con-
firmed by a guinea pig test. Then and then only was the owner
convinced that we were right.
There had been no new cattle on this farm for about thirteen
months and the only reasons that I can assign for the cattle in
the pasture contracting the disease, while the milk cows kept at
the house did not contract it, was this:
The ditches passing through the fields furnished the water
supply for the cattle in the pasture. The ditch banks were cov-
ered and the ditches themselves contained the carcasses of
chickens and turkeys which had died, as the foreman said, of
cholera. Buzzards were feasting early and late.
The well animals were well purged out and given ounce doses
of hyposulphite soda in their feed night and morning. The two
heifers that were so nervous in the box stalls made a slow re-
covery. Fifty per cent. of the cattle on this farm died inside of
a week. I heard of farms in the same county losing cattle with
history very similar to this outbreak, but did not see the cattle.
In 1908 I was called to a large dairy farm to investigate the
death of “ springers ” which was occurring in a certain pasture.
This is very low land, about seven feet above sea level, but con-
702 R. B. CLARK.
tained rather a large pond of fresh water that had no outlet.
This was a very dry season and the water had receded from its
banks and was full of flora.
The calves and yearlings in this pasture were never sick, but
the cows which were turned in here when dry were those affected.
In this outbreak there was a loss of four cows in five days, which
was all the cows in the pasture. I diagnosed it as hemorrhagic
septicaemia and the diagnosis was confirmed. Ninety per cent.
of the cows at this dairy farm are what we call foreign cows,
i.e., they were shipped in from New York, Buffalo or Baltimore.
In the season of 1912, being short of pasture and thinking
there would be no danger, the owner turned into this field twenty-
four or twenty-five fine large grade Shorthorn springers. They
were fat, sleek and a beautiful sight to look at. The first cow |
they noticed sick aborted and apparently made a recovery. The
herdsman put her into the large barn with eighty-five other cows.
They had a loss in this field of about eighteen or nineteen head
and they thought it was due to various causes, but chiefly to
“ milk fever,’ as the cows would apparently calve a week or ten
days ahead of time, get wabbly and go down. Once in a while
one would linger along for three or four days.
This farm adjoins one of the Hampton Institute farms. As
a matter of protection, permission was asked and authority given
me to make an investigation of the trouble. I was taken into
the field where a cow had been dead about twenty-four hours—
a big, red Shorthorn weighing about 1,400 pounds. They were
sure this cow died of milk fever, because “ they had inflated her
udder and then had found air beneath the skin around the left
shoulder and thought they had put too much pressure on the
pump, ruptured the bag and the gas had made its way beneath
the skin.”
This emphysematous condition is found frequently in cattle
with hemorrhagic septicaemia. The owner was standing by
while I made the post mortem, as I exposed the viscera and al-
lowed the serum in the peritoneal cavity to escape, made the
remark, “ She looks like those that died four years ago.” How-
ever, he was not willing to accept my diagnosis.
———"
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE. 703
Previous to my visiting the herd he had written to the
Bureau of Animal Industry for assistance. The next day Dr.
Christopher, of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who was then
stationed at Noriolk, came over. We iound a cow that had come
down the night before. She showed the following symptoms:
Visible mucous membranes bleached, udder and teats a saffron
color, listless, sub-norma] temperature, pulse 20 to 24, respiration
of 8 to 10. Only one heart sound could be detected; the forma-
tion of an ante-mortem clot was predicted.
Dr. Christopher reserved his diagnosis to the owner until his
immediate chief, Dr. Owen, could be called in. This was on
Saturday. On Monday Drs. Owen and Christopher came over;
Dr. Kelsey, of Newport News, was also called in. We proceeded
to the farm and were given permission by the owner to post the
cow which Dr. Christopher and I had examined on Saturday.
She was scarcely able to walk and you could scarcely detect the
heart beat. Temperature was 94.
Dr. Christopher and I made the post mortem under the direc-
tion of Dr. Owen. Specimens were taken, packed and sent to the
Pathological Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry at
Washington. No diagnosis was made by Dr. Owen.
The owner being very skeptica] of my diagnosis asked me to
pick out a suspected case of the remaining few cows in the field.
The conditions were almost exactly as the outbreak in the field
four years previous. From the bleached appearance of her eyes
and the color of her teats and udder, I picked out a large roan
Shorthorn cow which to him was the picture of health, and they
knew then that I was wrong. Nevertheless, in four days the
cow was dead.
In about a week the owner received a letter from Dr. Melvin
confirming my diagnosis of hemorrhagic septicaemia. Then
the herd was turned over to me.
About this time a cow was taken out of the large barn and
died in about two days. When I went through the large barn I
noticed a cow being sick, and it was then, I learned, that the
first cow that was sick had apparently made a recovery and been
704 R. R. CLARK.
put back in the barn. I immediately had her taken out and called
the herdsman’s attention to her teats and udder. As we passed
down the barn a little further, I noticed another cow with
bleached eye membranes. We passed through the stanchions to
get back of her and found her teats and udder saffron color. I
called the milker and found that this cow gave no milk that
morning. On examination of her vagina found the membranes
bleached. The cow died in forty-eight hours. This cow ate her
feed the night before and the milker declared she gave her usual
amount of milk.
This herd of cows was turned out daily in a large lot where
they were allowed to pick over the corn stalks and stalks of soy
bean hay which had been fed them in the barn earlier in the
morning. In all my post mortems I have found the characteristic
bladder lesions, 7.e., hemorrhagic areas over the internal mem-
brane, the bladder distended with red or bloody urine. My
reason for the cows in this barn coming down with hemorrhagic
septicaemia is this: The first sick cow which apparently made
a recovery was turned out with the cows in the barn, and it
stands to reason that some of the food eaten by these cows had
been contaminated with the urine from this supposedly well cow.
We lost three head out of this-barn, besides the cow that made the
apparent recovery.
I immediately gave the eighty-two remaining cows in the
barn an ounce capsule containing 50 per cent. solution of forma-
lin. The next day they were fed night and morning in propor-
tion to the weight, taking a 1,000 pound cow as the basis, an
ounce of hyposulphite of soda. The second day each cow re-
ceived an ounce capsule full of coal tar product. The cows were
kept in the stable, only one case developed after treatment
started.
Of the cows in the field that aborted and were infected four
made a partial recovery and were kept for a month or two.
They were emaciated, did not respond to treatment at all, so were
destroyed.
The last cow that I took out of a stable you could pick out at
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE. 705
least half the length of the barn when you saw her udder and
teats. I inimediately had her taken to a quarantine shed and gave
her an intravenous injection of sixteen ounces of normal salt
solution. Repeated this the next day. In the interval she re-
ceived strong heart and nerve stimulants. My object in giving
the intravenous injection was, if possible, to destroy the ante-
mortem clot, as | have never post mortemed a case of hemor-
rhagic septicaemia in which | did not find an ante-mortem clot
in heart and blood vessels. This cow died on 4th day.
So far, my experience with hemorrhagic septicaemia, with
the exception of the one heifer mentioned, has been contrary to
the teachings of our text books, as I have never found but one
animal in forty cases where there was not a sub-normal tempera-
ture and the membranes were not bleached. Instead of the ani-
mals being excitable, they have been very drowsy and in a more
or less comatose condition within a few hours after the trouble
was noticed.
In July, 1913, I received a call from a German settlement in
an adjoining county to come at once as they had two sick cows.
As this call came on Sunday, and from a German Mennonite, I
knew it must be urgent, so I drove out the fifteen miles to see
the cows. One was down gasping. She had aborted about four
o'clock Saturday afternoon. The other was on her feet and had
aborted some time the preceding Friday night, so as nearly as I|
could gather one case was about twenty-four hours old and the
other about thirty-six. The cow on her feet showed symptoms
which are to my mind characteristic of hemorrhagic septicaemia,
i.e., udder and teats saffron, visible mucous membranes bleached,
temperature sub-normal, pulse slow, respiration slow and diff-
cult, with a generally dejected, drawn, gaunt appearance. Before
I could turn around the cow that was down straightened out dead.
As is usually the case, a number of neighbors were present.
While they were dragging this cow out getting ready for my post
mortem, I learned the following: About three miles from this
farm another German had lost twelve cows in the past two weeks.
He said, “ The tick man tells me it is Texas fever.’ To the east
706 RB. RB. CLARK.
of this farm about three or four miles, there had been a heavy
loss of cattle. Bloody murrain was the cause, so they said. On
this particular farm there had been no deaths to my knowledge,
since 1906 when they lost with Texas fever all of the Ohioan
raised cows which they possessed. On the farm where the
twelve cows died there had been no deaths, to my knowledge,
for five years, and as the dead cows were native raised cows
reared with ticks, the theory of Texas fever was very much ex-
aggerated.
I made a careful post mortem of the cow. When'I was
through one of the old Germans said. ‘‘ She looks just like the
other cows that have died in this neighborhood.” They had all
noticed in particular the peculiar color of the udder and teats,
but could not furnish any reason why it only seemed to attack
those cows in advanced pregnancy.
In June, while on a visit to the Pathological Division of the
Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington I had asked for their
co-operation and made arrangements for them to furnish me
serum in my next outbreak of hemorrhagic septicaemia. On
my return home from this outbreak, I immediately telegraphed
for serum. It arrived on Monday.
I went to the farm and injected all of the remaining animals.
The one that was sick on Sunday was alive, apparently about the
same. I gave her double the dose recommended by the Bureau
of Animal Industry. The membranes of two other cows in ad-
vanced pregnancy were commencing to bleach. Nevertheless, I
gave them the serum. In eight days I went up to give serum
No. 2. I fully expected to find at least one dead cow, but the
first thing the farmer said to me was, “ She is eating, Doctor,
and has come back to her milk. She is gaining in flesh and is
milking fairly good, but one of the others has aborted.” That
was surely good news to me as I had known of this same man
having every horse and mule on his farm die with the “ so-called ”
cerebro-spinal meningitis. Two years from that time I saw it
strike him again, causing heavy loss. In the same year he lost
six fine Ohio reared cows from Texas fever. I gave serum
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICAEMIA IN CATTLE. 707
_No. 2 and to date he has not lost another animal. The first cow
that was sick which received a double dose of the serum is milk-
_ ing, so far as they can tell, as well as she did last year.
In September, 1913, the manager at one of our farms tele-
phoned me that he had a sick cow. I went out and started in at
the east end of our barn. This cow was standing about the fit-
teenth stanchion from the door. She was back far enough so
that when | glanced down the line I could see her udder and
teats. She was a small red cow with flesh colored udder and
teats, when normal. What I saw was the peculiar saffron col-
ored udder and teats, and | began to say things not taught me
in Sunday School! Just then the herdsman came up and wanted
to know what 1 was so “het’’ up about. He wanted to know
“ how I knew it was that particular cow,” as he had not told me.
I told him to examine her mouth, eyes and vagina and that he
would find the membranes bleached. He thought I was a little
far-fetched and laughed as he started to do as I had instructed,
but when he found them as I told him he would he was greatly
amazed. An examination of our milk sheet showed this cow
had given her average amount of milk the night previous, but
that morning only about half, and it was this which called the
milker’s attention, who in turn notified the herdsman.
With us, the “ first loss is the least,” so I took the cow out,
destroyed her and held a post mortem. She showed very few of
the characteristic lesions, except the urine. The urine was bloody,
I carefully selected some of the specimens, packed them, drove
home and caught a boat for Washington. Outside of the janitor
I was the first person in the Pathological Laboratory that morn-
ing. As soon as the force arrived they went to work. The
bacillus bovisepticus was discovered and a diagnosis made of
“ hemorrhagic septicaemia.”
Not waiting for a confirmation of a diagnosis on the guinea
pigs, Dr. Eichhorn gave me all of the serum he had. About ten
o’clock that night T had given serum No. 1 to 127 animals. The
next morning I treated forty head at our other farm. ihe next
day, going to the outside farm where the first case developed, T
708 R. R. CLARK.
found four of our best cows with bleached membranes. The
herdsman had discovered three of them himself before I ar-
rived. I thought surely we were in for a great loss. I kept the
cows in the stable but did not give any internal treatment. On
the third day some of the cows were very stiff from not being
accustomed to standing on the floor so long, as our cows are in
the stable only long enough to receive their food and be milked,
and as the udders of the four cows had commenced to clear up
and they were eating good we turned them out. I did not go
near the farm again until the eighth day, when | returned to
give serum No. 2. The four cows were, so far as I could ascer-
tain, perfectly normal. The herdsman said that he thought “ one
other cow had been off for a day or two as her milk record
showed she was decreasing a little,” but outside of that, I could
notice no difference in any of the cows.
Without the serum I firmly believe that we would have had
a heavy loss in this barn as there are about ninety cows running
in one yard and a great deal of the roughage is fed out in racks,
some of it is pulled out and some eaten from the ground, conse-
quently it would have been easy for the roughage to be con-
taminated from the infected cows’ urine.
I desire to take this opportunity to congratulate the Patho-
logical Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry for its great
achievement in manufacturing the serum; to thank them for the
serum furnished, and for their aid in diagnosing this very fatal
disease.
VETERINARIANS OF New YorK STATE, ATTENTION: During
the meeting of the New York State Breeders’ Association, at
Rochester, February 4 and 5, a resolution was adopted, the object
of which is to have a bill presented to the present legislature to
improve and regulate stallion service throughout the state. Read
the resolution on page 787 of this number and get in touch with
your representatives at Albany and do not let up on them until
there is a proper stallion service law on the statute of the Empire
State!
SOME THOUGHTS ON VETERINARY EDUCATION.*
By T. B. Rocers, D.V.S., VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, H. K. MuLForp CoMPaAny,
PHILADELPHIA, Pa.
Education is life long. It commences when the child first
learns that warmth and sustenance may be found at the mother’s
breast, it ceases only when he sinks into the lap of the mother
nature in old age.
All men, all animals have a tincture of it and their comfort
and success in life is entirely dependent upon the education they
acquire and the use they make of it.
To cut short this preamble we may say that a good education
consists in the acquirement of such knowledge as best adapts the
individual to his environment. It follows therefore that the
value of acquired knowledge is relative—for example, the ability
to skate or travel long distances on snow shoes, while essential
to the dweller in the north would be useless to one abiding under
the equator. [Equestrian training would be wasted unless animals
of burden were at hand to be ridden. Proficiency in instrumental
music would yield no pleasure to one unable to hear. Now we
have traveled far from the day when Sir Francis Bacon wrote to
his kinsman that he ‘“ had taken all knowledge to be his pro-
vince.” Huxley in one of his addresses on Medical Education
realizes this and remarks that “ if a man could live to be as old as
Methuselah and could spend about four hundred years in the
pursuit of a medical education he might be considered when his
period of study had been completed to be a fairly qualified young
general practitioner.”
If we read the announcement of one of our higher class veter-
inary schools and contrast the scope and variety of instruction
offered with the much more meager curriculum at the disposal of
students of an older day, we are driven to the admission that
*Presented to the Veterinary Medical Association of New York City at its February
meeting.
709
710 T. B. ROGERS.
progress along the lines of veterinary teaching has been great
indeed during the last quarter of a century.
Unfortunately, those among us who have had experience as
members of State Boards of Examination or who have had to
play the part of guide, philosopher, and friend to some of the
present day alumni have often been compelled to stop and ask
ourselves what is the reason for the lack of clean cut informa- |
tion so often shown by some of them. Why this pennysworth of
the bread of knowledge to the large amount of sack of offered
instruction? Is the pupil at fault, the teacher at fault, or shall
we be compelled to look back of the period of technical instruc-
tion and find that the trouble lies with imperfect or ill-directed
teaching in the public schools ?
Commencing at the bottom let us examine educational condi-
tions in the past and as now obtaining during the early years of
school life.
In the past, as soon as the child reached an age at which profit-
able instruction was deemed possible, he was sent to school, com-
pelled to stay there and subjected to a discipline somewhat harsh
in character. If he applied himself assiduously he escaped with a
minimum of corporal punishment, if he did not he was whipped
until he underwent a change of heart. If the school was a good
school its traditions involved deference to older pupils and fag-
ging, the junior was a servant of servants, he was taught to
fetch and carry, to act on the last sound of the word, and to
keep silent. He was disciplined alike by teachers and older
pupils. In due time he meted out the same treatment to /is
juniors. Now it is evident, while the treatment was harsh, that
it tended to the effacement of self and that it resulted in the ac-
quirement of a good deal of knowledge of sorts. At sixteen our
school boy had done a good deal of Virgil and Caesar, had
wrestled with algebra through quadratic equations, had struggled
through enough Euclid to enable him to use his own mind to
work out his own problems, had learned to write a decent letter
and to spell correctly. Of physical science he was absolutely
ignorant, his history was a collection of dates, he knew no foreign
S10 Se ea ee
a Ot PS oh Oe
SOME THOUGHTS ON VETERINARY EDUCATION. real
language, his acquaintance with English literature was confined
to gleanings from his casual reading out of school. Enforced
study of the Bible and Prayer Book had taught him somewhat of
the charm of the English language at high water mark, and it
was with this preliminary training that he was sent as an articled
pupil to a veterinarian.
Let us examine the advantages and disadvantages of this
period of pre-collegiate instruction. The advantages are, the
pupil learns to handle animals, becomes familiar with methods
of restraint, personal observation on the cadaver familiarizes him
with many gross pathological conditions, he learns how to make
an examination for soundness, how to make a post mortem ex-
amination, how to remove a shoe. He becomes more or less ex-
pert in applying bandages or dréssings to the various parts of the
body. His work in pharmacy furnishes information as to the ap-
pearances of the more common powdered or crude drugs and
their preparations, he is taught to dispense. Assisting his pre-
ceptor in obstetric cases he acquired a knowledge of dystokia and
the many complications and accidents incidental to parturition.
Practice in auscultation and percussion is afforded him and be-
fore he enters a veterinary school he has had a training in the
art of medicine that is of inestimable value, and that must other-
wise have been obtained at the expense of his clients and of his
own reputation.
What are the disadvantages? I have heard teachers of vet-
erinary medicine argue that such pre-educated pupils were cocky,
that it was necessary that they wxlearn much before they could
profitably sit at the feet of Gamaliel, that pupilage tended to
make practical men having contempt for the science of medicine,
indeed that it tended to make quacks.
I do not think there is much to be said for this view.
During the first few years of a man’s professional career
his clients judge his proficiency in the science of medicine by his
proficiency in the art of medicine, and many enthusiastic young
men have been driven from their field of labor and indeed from
their profession through their lack of practical knowledge.
712 T. B. ROGERS.
Having passed his period of pupilage and entered a veterinary
school the embryo veterinarian finds himself at an advantage,
he recognizes a good many clinical conditions, knows a little of
the methods of making an exhaustive diagnosis of lameness and
is (compared with the pupil coming direct from school life) a
pretty handy man.
He is able to make a good impression on the client and has
learned ‘‘ how to doctor the owner.”
When he goes out with his sheepskin he can fire neatly, cast
horses handily, castrate and spay, dress teeth, give boluses (a
somewhat rare accomplishment with the unapprenticed young-
ster), pass male or female catheter, and to cut things short, has
acquired enough practical knowledge to enable him to get busi-
ness and hold it.
He is not a scientific man, perhaps he never will be, but his
education has been of such character as will allow him to build
well on the substantial foundation he has already obtained should
he determine to do so.
Our modern education begins in the kindergarten, the child
is tricked into work, which wears the guise of play, care is taken
that he is not subjected to mental fatigue. In the primary school
he comes under methods bearing little resemblance to the case
hardening discipline to which his grandfather was subjected.
The school is mixed, boys and girls, and the teacher is a woman
who sometimes feels that life would be a blank if she could not
teach, more often she is a normal school graduate who is fulfill-
ing the obligation laid upon her at graduation, i. ¢., that she teach
for a pre-determined number of years as part payment for her
normal school instruction. The bulk of these school women
regard their occupation as a stepping stone to matrimony and
under these conditions we cannot expect their efforts at teaching
to be as richly rewarded by their pupils’ progress, as it would be
if they attacked it as a life work, grimly determined to succeed.
If their pupils can get a passing mark—he shoved along to the
next grade—well and good, and this grading on a passing mark
goes on until the boy at about 18 receives his high school diploma.
SOME THOUGHTS ON VETERINARY EDUCATION. 713
He knows a little of everything on the earth and under it, his
German will not usually allow him to converse with a German,
he can be depended upon to mispell a few words in a two-page
letter, the said letter being badly constructed; having crammed
for examinations and passed them he has found it convenient to
forget as far as possible their subject matter, and concentrate his
mind temporarily on something else, his mathematics have not
developed his mind to the extent that he can apply the principles
of the science to problems arising in every-day life. We cannot
blame him, attention has been principally confined to getting him
through on time, reminding us of the story of the western stage
driver: “ As he drew up to the change station one of his horses
dropped dead, and on a bystander remarking that the animal died
suddenly, the driver said, ‘ Suddenly nothing, he died at the top
of the hill a mile and a half away but I wouldn’t let him down
until he finished the trip.’ ” |
In the modern veterinary school we find the same process re-
peated ; the course consists of a hasty preparation for mid-year
and end of term examinations. Here is about what happens:
“For Sale—A histology, biology and inorganic chemistry, in
good condition, owner having passed his examinations on the
above subjects has no further use for the books.”
Every energy is concentrated on passing marks. Occasionally
a teacher who demands that the examinee be letter perfect, gives
a little variety to the program by appropriating a disproportionate
amount of the student’s time.
Now this kind of system results in the inferior minds making
the best records. The creative brain is at a discount, the man
who wants to know why, gets lost in the scuffle, while the youth
with a mind like a phonographic disk, a mind that can pour out
just what is poured into it—this and nothing more—walks off
with the honors at Commencement, and rarely does anything
afterwards. I am assured that any state examiner of experience
will bear me out in the statement that present methods result in
the acquisition of a most interesting melange of misinformation
and in all too many cases the system brings about a distaste for
study in after years. .
714 T. B. ROGERS.
Does it give a veterinary education? It does not. It cannot,
and unless enough time is added to the curriculum to allow a
more leisurely absorption of knowledge, I do not see that the
education of to-day will give any better results than the education
of forty years ago. .
Fundamentally | do not think the new one is as good as the
old; the old system recognized its own limitations, realized that
the best it could do was to place the student in a position where he
could educate himself.
It seems questionable whether the amount of time given to
bacteriology and sanitary science in the modern American veter-
inary school is justifiable. The subjects are of great importance,
are necessary to the well-rounded practitioner, furnish an entree
to governmental, state and laboratory positions, all things desir-
able in themselves, but to dwarf anatomy, shoeing, thereapeutics,
obstetrics, in order that sanitary science may wax great, is to
defeat the purpose of the veterinary school.
The function of the veterinary school is to make veterinar-
ians, and unless we change their name and purpose, we have a
right to expect that if we send our boys to them to acquire the
rudiments of veterinary practice they will be equal to their re-
sponsibilities.
I do not wish to be misunderstood, the modern veterinarian
must be thoroughly grounded in bacteriology, bacteriotherapy,
helminthology and hygiene; but should we not, like our English
brothers, furnish opportunities outside of the course for the de-
gree, for a thorough training in these branches?
So far this paper is destructive—it is a kick. What can we do
to improve things? .
In my opinion the English system of “ articled pupils” is a
good institution, if for no other reason than to act as a filter for
the removal of young men who are not suited for the environ-
ment furnished by the practice of veterinary medicine. Many of
these unfortunates, believing that the profession opens the way
to a life of ease and much readily gained remuneration, enter it
and leave it in a few years, realizing that their idol has feet of
clay.
wt he
aoe a ar er
a
SOME THOUGHTS ON VETERINARY EDUCATION, 715
It is not easy work, it is not easy money, and no man should
enter upon it unless he loves the work. Secondly, we must ask
the schools to devote more attention to sound instruction in the
practical branches.
A man might be a better bacteriologist than Pasteur and
starve to death in a country practice through his utter inability
to perform every-day surgical operations in a satisfactory man-
ner. A system of education that allows a graduate from a three-
years’ school to state that a salient symptom of cystitis is pain
in the region of the cyst, or that allows a physician to qualify as
an expert and then make the statement that the blood is re-
turned from the heart by the descending colon, leaves, perhaps,
something to be desired. Again, the lack of clinical facilities in
some of the state schools should if possible be remedied. Often
these institutions are located in small towns that of course offer
a minimum of clinical material. In the future, too, we may be
in a position to consider a more rational method: of filling the
chairs in the schools; are we not at present too prone to regard
availability from the financial standpoint, the question of the
appointee being an alumnus of the particular institution, etc.,
rather than his experience and qualifications as an instructor ?
I have touched upon the danger of too much sanitary medi-
cine, and return to it here only to suggest that steps be taken to
provide post-graduate instruction with a certificate of study,
for veterinarians desiring to devote themselves to laboratory or
research work.
I have considerable correspondence with English veterinar-
ians and must admit their letters evidence that both their school
and collegiate education, as demonstrated in their correspondence,
give better results than ours.
I think it is worth while to inquire why? We cannot in the
time at our disposal give a veterinary education, the best that we
can do is to place our students in such a position as will enable
them to build on the foundation we have provided, and in my
opinion the sooner all of us realize this the better it will be for the
veterinary medicine of the future.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PUS AND STREPTOCOCCI IN
MILK.*
By F. H. Stack, M.D., Boston Boarp or HEAttuH, Boston, Mass.
The story is told of a certain physician who was intensely
interested in diagnosis; that he was summoned one night to the
bedside of a patient who was seriously ill; as a result of his
physical examination the learned M.D., in the presence of the
anxious relatives, went into ecstasies over what he called a “‘per-
fect ’ case of the disease in question; with increasing animation
he dilated on the presence and significance of each diagnostic
symptom and finally, in his abstraction over this perfect disease
picture, left the house without prescribing for the patient or the
giving of any directions for his ease or recovery.
Now we all laugh at this poor, absent-minded fellow, but
after all his is a common fault. As a general thing it is easier
to locate the trouble than to bring forward the cure. Correct
diagnosis is almost indispensable, but not of much benefit without
the remedy.
Public health officials have long and justly been concerned
about the condition of the milk supplies, to which have so often
been traced the responsibility for outbreaks of disease. It has
been their aim to locate the causes of such misfortunes and to
remove them; in other words, to diagnose and cure the case if
possible.
Of course errors have been made in both directions. Some
of our medicines have been too drastic; some symptoms once
regarded as diagnostic we now ignore. Laboratory workers who
never milked a cow have collided with dairy men who never saw
a microscope. The theoretical and the practical have met on
* Read before the Massachusetts Veterinary Association, Boston, September, 1913.
716
ee ee
SIGNIFICANCE OF PUS AND STREPTOCOCCI IN MILK. ly
the arena and much milk has been spilled, and now with honor
satisfied they find to their astonishment that their interests are
the same and that the solution of the milk question rests in their
cordial co-operation.
There has been a gradual increase in real knowledge on both
sides; a gradual acquirement of common sense from repeated
examinations and inspections. Fair dealing is still demanded for
the consumer, but the rights of the producer are also recognized
and we now realize that mutual understanding and co-ordination
of effort is far better for all concerned than misunderstanding,
antagonism and recrimination.
With no milk test has there been such wide variation of
opinion, both as to methods of making the test and significance
of the findings, as with the test for leucocytes or “* pus.”
Since Stokes of Baltimore in 1897 published the results of
his first tests, together with his estimate that the presence in the
milk of an individual cow of five cells per field of the oil immer-
sion lens was justification for excluding the animal from the herd
an immense amount of work has been done by careful investi-
gators. Dr. Stokes would probably be the first to condemn so
rigid an exclusion test to-day; he deserves great credit as a
pioneer in this important branch of milk inspection and his early
conclusion is mentioned simply as an indication of the knowledge
or lack of knowledge of this subject sixteen years ago.
I cannot do better than quote Stone and Sprague’s admirable
summary of work from 1897 to 1909:
“ Various methods of enumerating leucocytes have been used
by students of the subject, each establishing an arbitrary stand-
ard based upon a method of counting; Stokes and Wegeforth
were the first to establish a standard based upon the following
method of enumeration: A definite quantity of milk was cen-
trifugalized, the sediment spread over a definite area, stained ana
examined with a one-twelfth inch lens. They considered that
five cells to the field of the microscope indicated pus. Bergey
regarded ten cells per field as the limit; Stewart adopted twenty-
three cells per field as a standard; Slack considered fifty cells
718 F. H. SLACK.
per field the maximum. ‘The above investigators used different
modifications of Stokes’ method. Doane and Buckley employed
the following method: Ten cubic centimeters of milk were cen-
trifugalized, the cream removed, the milk drawn off nearly down
to the sediment, two drops of methylene blue added and then
water to make up to one cubic centimeter. This was thoroughly
mixed and a Thoma Zeiss blood counter used for enumerating
the cells. They considered 500,000 leucocytes per cubic centi-
meter as an indication of pus and expressed doubt as to whether
this was high enough.”’
Russell and Hoffman found that cows without the slightest
indication or history of udder trouble frequently had leucocyte
counts as high as one million or even higher.
These and other investigators have shown that there is a wide
variation in the leucocyte content of milk even when taken from
the same cow day by day.
In an effort to throw more light on this question Stone and
Sprague made daily tests of the milk of two healthy Jersey cows
during the entire period of lactation. They say: ‘ During all
this time both of these animals were kept under exactly similar
conditions, on regular feed, with the exception of a change (on
May’ 23) from dry feed to grass. They were carefully watched
and subject to frequent veterinary inspection and during the
entire period were pronounced to be in perfect health.
“One and one-fifth per cent. of the entire 1,167 samples
showed leucocytes 10,000 per cubic centimeter.
“7 per cent. between 10,000 and 20,000 leucocytes per c. ¢.
61 per cent. between 20,000 and 100:000 leucocytes per c. Cc.
29 per cent. between 100,000 and 500,000 leucocytes per c. Cc.
and only I per cent. above 500,000.”
They say: “ The most surprising fact noticeable in our work
is the remarkable sudden fluctuations which occurred occasionally
with no apparent cause. Thus July 15 Tansy (one of the cows)
showed a count of 10,000 and 75,000, rising on the 15th to
535,000 and 1,440,000, dropping again in two days to 90,000.
“ Doris (the other cow) on the same day showed no increase.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PUS AND STREPTOCOCCI IN MILK. 719
Again on the evening of July 27 Doris’ milk contained 75,000
leucocytes, suddenly increasing to 134,000 and 950,000 in the
next two milkings, dropping again to 90,000 on the second day
after. During this time the other cow showed no increase, regis-
tering 60,000 on the day of Doris’ maximum.”
Prescott and Breed worked out a new method for counting
leucocytes and drew the conclusion that much larger numbers of
cells are normally present in milk than has been supposed. Con-
cerning their findings they say: “ The average number of cells
present in the samples examined is approximately 1,500,000 to
the cubic centimeter, while numbers less than 100,000 per cubic
centimeter are uncommon.”’
The A. P. H. A. Committee on Standards of Bacterial Milk
analysis recommend that a leucocytic count of 500,000 or more
to the cubic centimeter in mixed milk be taken as sufficient evi-
dence to warrant exclusion of the milk from the market until
satisfactory veterinary inspection of the herd has been made,
using either the Doane Buckley or the smeared sediment method.
Attention should be called to the significance of a grouping
of the leucocytes. When garget is present we expect not only
to find great numbers, but to find them massed, while in a normal
condition the cells, even 1f greatly increased, lie separately.
An intelligent use of the low-power lens in addition to the
examination with the twelfth oil immersion is of great assistance
in sizing up a suspicious sample. In the Boston Laboratory we
recognize four grades, which we report as normal leucocytes,
increased leucocytes, greatly increased and pus.
The cause of pus, 1. ¢., over 500,000 leucocytes to the cubic
centimeter, cannot always be demonstrated as a physiological con-
dition, which seems demonstrated as a possibility, it may be pos-
sibly due to some change of food or environment; I have often
noticed an increase of such milks in the spring when presumably
the animals are turned out to pasture. An increase of leucocytes
is also common when the cows are “ drying up.”
My first case of “ garget’’ was a staphylococcic infection.
I have also found “pus” due to the presence of the tubercle
720 F. H. SLACK.
bacillus. It is probable, however, that the most common causa-
tive factor is a long-chain streptococcus. a
Skilled observers are unanimous in agreeing that the presence
of long-chain streptococci twined among massed leucocytes is
evidence of a diseased condition of the cow’s udder. The A. P.
H. A. Committee report says: ‘* Long-chained streptococci are
sometimes found in the smeared sediment, especially in pus milks.
The presence in such smears or when found by the plate method
in numbers of over 100,000 to the cubic centimeter should be
considered sufficient evidence for exclusion of the milk until after
satisfactory veterinary examination of the cows.”
It is not necessary for this condition to be found in all parts
of the smears, especially in the examination of a mixed milk, a
few typical masses of leucocytes with streptococci are evidence _
that milk from a diseased animal is present in the mixed sample.
Individual samples from the herd will then usually show one or
more which give a typical picture. It is probably true that milk
of this type is a serious menace to public health and the causa-
tive factor in some outbreaks of tonsillitis. Of course we recog-
nize that good milk from healthy animals may become infected
from a human case of tonsillitis and an outbreak result due to
human carelessness rather than to disease of the animal. In
studying such epidemics both the human and bovine sources
should be considered.
I have no excuse to offer for the dairyman who, to make a
few cents, imperils the welfare of the public by including milk
from a known diseased animal in his supply. The symptoms
of garget or other udder disease are often manifest, and dairy-
men of to-day know that the use of such milk is fraught with
danger. It is my sincere belief that one proven guilty of know-
ingly including such milk in the public supply should receive all
possible penalties.
While it must be acknowledged such persons occasionally are
found, we are thankful to believe they are exceptional, and that
the average dairyman would refuse to stoop to an action so
despicable.
——- =. ee ee
SIGNIFICANCE OF PUS AND STREPTOCOCCI IN MILK. 721
Chronic disease conditions may exist in the udder and no
external evidence be available. Milk from such an animal would
unwittingly be mixed with the market supply, unless detected
by bacteriological examination. Such a case is one for co-opera-
tion rather than prosecution, and the dairyman is usually willing
to dispose of such a cow,, meanwhile withholding her milk from
the market.
During nine years of such co-operative work between the
Boston Health Department and producers of milk, infected milk,
as shown by our tests, has decreased from 10.83 per cent. of all
samples collected in 1905 to .8 per cent. in I9I2.
The majority of these cases of infected milk have been inves-
tigated either by the Bureau of Milk Inspection or the Dairy
Division, with results which indicate in nearly every case ‘the
value of the microscopic findings. I quote from Prof, Jordan’s
report for IQII:
Each year, whenever infected milk was found, an attempt
has been made to ascertain the cause for the abnormality. This
has involved an investigation, when possible, at the farm where
the milk was produced. Much of this information is procured
through the dealer, from whom the original samples were ob-
tained,.but it has not been possible in all instances to secure the
desired data.
These inquiries have, however, supported the contention that
some producers are willing to sell milk from cows where the
evidence of disease is apparent. Fortunately this condition does
not hold good with the majority of farmers. This claim of non-
attention to health of animals is further upheld by the results of
the inquiries during 1911, by which the following information
was gleaned:
1. Cow with inflamed udder.
2. Cow with injured udder, caused by being kicked by an-
other cow.
3. Cow with a sore on udder.
4. Cow with a so-called spider or a hard bunch on one teat.
=I
bo
bo
F. H. SLACK.
5. Cow affected with garget.
6. Two cows with bad teats, “hard milkers.”
In conclusion I wish to emphasize the importance of all work-
ing together on these tests, so that milk excluded from one place
will not be put on sale elsewhere; also the importance of efficient
pasteurization to prevent outbreak of disease, for while inspec-
tion should continue and the clear production of milk be in-
sisted upon, only by final pasteurization of the market milk can
we hope to eliminate outbreaks of milk-borne contagion.
Dr. Ray J. Stancliff, veterinarian 8th Cavalry Camp, Stotsen-
burg, Pampanga Province, Philippine Islands, has been trans-
ferred to the 15th Cavalry, Fort Bliss, Texas.
A Mirtion Dotiars WortH oF Docs went onto the benches
in the New GrAND CENTRAL PaALace, New York, when the
Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show opened on Washington’s
Birthday. An extraordinarily large entry had been received,
and the outlook for an exceptionally satisfactory week, both from
a social, sportsman’s and educational viewpoint, was promising.
A Goop TROTTING SIRE REACHES THE EMPIRE STATE.—Guy
Axworthy, 2.0834, formerly at the head of Senator J. W.
Bailey’s stud, Lexington, Ky., has reached Poughkeepsie, N. Y.,
where his present owner, Mr. Leo Oettinger has Lady Worthy,
2.11%; Belle Gibson, 2.2114; and several other trotting mares
which he will breed to him. Guy Axworthy is the sire of some
good ones, and has excellent conformation, and at his mature
age should leave his mark in New York State.
New Cuter VETERINARIAN TO THE NEW YorK City BOARD
or Heattu.—It will please the many friends of Dr. E. B. Acker-
man, of Brooklyn, who has been connected with the Department
of Health in Brooklyn for nearly twenty years as chief veterinar-
ian in that Borough much of the time, and as chief of the Sani-
tary Division for the past year, to learn that he has succeeded Dr.
S. K. Johnson, who retired on the last day of the old year, as
chief veterinarian of the department, with jurisdiction over all
the Boroughs. We congratulate Dr. Ackerman, and especially
congratulate the New York City Board of Health on having so
earnest and capable a man as chief of its veterinary bureau.
JOHNE’S DISEASE.*
By CuHares E. Morris, D.V.M., Canastota, N. Y.
Name.—Johne’s disease or chronic pseudo tuberculous en-
teritis. This disease is named after the man who discovered its
cause; namely, acid-fast bacillus in cattle. It is principally a
foreign disease, but is far from being rare in this country.
Definition.—A chronic specific enteritis affecting cattle, more
rarely sheep, deer and goats, caused by the multiplication in the
intestinal mucous membrane and mesenteric glands, of a specific
micro-organism known as Johne’s bacillus, and which produces a
diffuse thickening of the bowel and an interference with food ab-
sorption which leads to diarrhoea and wasting.
Aistory and Distribution—Old writers on veterinary sub-
jects devoted most of their attention to horses and horsemanship,
and of these old writers, however, some did mention that in
cattle certain forms of diarrhoea were very chronic and incurable.
A Frenchman who, in 1826, compiled a dictionary on the Veter-
inary Art, mentioned under the head of enteritis in cattle, a thick-
ening of the mucous membrane of the large and small intestines,
which was asociated with a chronic diarrhoea. In 1831 Farrow
and Cartwright both mention diarrhoea and wasting in cattle,
and describe lesions which leave very little doubt but that the
disease existed in England over eighty years ago. In 1881 Bang
states that certain cattle were brought under his notice in which
chronic diarrhoea was accompanied by a thickening of the in-
testines. In 1895 Johne, Professor of the Veterinary School at
Dresden, and Frothingham, an American doctor working with
him, first drew attention to the presence of an acid-fast bacillus
in the thickened intestine. Harms, a veterinary surgeon of Olden-
burg, applied the tuberculine test to a six-year-old cow suffering
from diarrhoea, which he thought was tubercular in origin. The
*Read before the Central New York Veterinary Medical Association at Syracuse,
November, 1913.
723
724 : CHARLES E. MORRIS.
animal gave a slight reaction and was slaughtered. On post
mortem the lungs and lymphatic glands were found to be normal.
The caecum and small intestines were sent to Johne at Dresden.
He found the ileum to be thickened in a manner which is now
regarded as characteristic of Johne’s disease; and on staining
portions of the bowels he discovered the acid-fast micro-organism
which were then believed to be the tubercular bacillus. The con-
dition was therefore described as a hitherto unrecorded form of
tubercular infection of the intestines and they conclude from their
researches that the condition was a previously unrecognized
form of tubercular enteritis due to an infection with the tubercle
bacillus or a variation of one of the micro-organisms brought
about by some change in nutrition. Such a change they thought
might be responsible for the alteration in virulence and for the
negative or very slight reaction produced by the inoculation of
the ordinary diagnostic dose of tuberculine into the affected ani-
mal.
In 1904 Markus stated that in Holland the disease had been
recognized for many years. Repeatedly attention had been
drawn to the thickened intestines of emaciated cattle which
showed no gross lesions in any other cattle. He also states that
in some districts this condition in cattle was known as “ Scheis-
ser,’ and which is probably equivalent to the English term
‘““Scowers.”’ In 1905 Bang published an account of his inquir-
ies into this disease in Denmark, and his authority must be
credited with making the first real advance in our knowledge of
this condition since the discovery of the acid-fast bacillus by
Johne-Bang first established the fact that the disease was a
specific infection, distinct from tuberculosis and he suggested the
name “chronic pseudo tuberculosis enteritis.” He showed the
existence of the disease among red Danish cattle and other native
breeds as well as in imported tubercular-free Jerseys. By feeding
two calves with mucous membranes of the intestines of an af-
fected animal, he was able to reproduce the disease. His at-
tempts to cultivate the bacillus and produce lesions in guinea
pigs and rabbits were negative and he decided that the condition
JOHNE’S DISEASE. 725
was not a true tuberculosis. He also demonstrated its chronic
nature and the long period of incubation. The same year Bang
gave an account of the disease before the National Veterinary
Association at Liverpool and showed specimens for an illustra-
tion. He predicted that it would be recognized in this country
and mentioned that he had found it in the tubercular-free Jersey
cows imported from the ‘channel islands. In 1907 McFadyean
gave an account of six cases which occurred in Shorthorns, Sus-
sex and Jersey cattle. Since this date very many cases have been
recognized and it is now generally admitted that the disease is
prevalent all over England. Chase has seen it in imported Jerseys
in South Africa, Beebe, Pearson and Melvin have reported cases
in North America. In Germany, Switzerland and India the dis-
ease has also been reported.
Cause, is acid-fast bacillus. In the later stages of the disease
the bacilli are discharged in large numbers in the feces of the
animal, and it is with these bacilli that the food supply and water
become infested, and the disease conveyed to other animals. The
bacillus may also attack sheep, deer and goats and possibly allied
animals. It occurs in animals of both sexes and all ages, though
from its chronicity it is never observed in the very young. Damp,
marshy districts seem to predispose to infection, possibly by al-
lowing the specific bacillus to retain its vitality for a longer period
outside the animal body. The length of time the bacillus can live
and remain infective outside the body has not been accurately de-
termined, but it is probably quite considerable; although it is
highly improbable that the bacillus can multiply in the soil, it is
quite conceivable that the dung hauled in large quantities on to
land that is used for growing roots, etc., that it is capable of in-
festing the roots so by this means the disease may be. spread.
Many authors are inclined to consider certain breeds of cattle
more susceptible than others, also housed animals more than
pastured.
Symptoms.—In the early stages there are no symptoms from
which a positive diagnosis can be made. It usually starts in with
the animal becoming unthrifty. In the course of time they have
=I
to
or)
CHARLES E. MORRIS,
slight attacks of diarrhoea, lose more flesh and give less milk.
In cases of pregnancy the additional strain generally hastens
the progress of the disease, sometimes diarrhoea is not shown
until after calving. The course of the disease depends somewhat
upon the diet and general hygiene, but ordinarily it lasts about six
months, varying in well-kept animals, those in pregnancy, tuber-
culous, etc. The temperature is normal or subnormal. A rise is
probably due to some co-existing disturbance. There is no cough,
the muzzle is moist, the eyes bright, although they may be sunken
in, due to the absence of intraorbital fat.
In advanced cases the mucous membranes are pale and
anemic. The pulse is sometimes weak and may be fast. As a
rule the appetite is unimpaired and the animal ruminates to the
end. In spite of the absence of fever there is generally great
thirst. Oedematous swellings sometimes appear in the intermax-
illary space and under the sternum. The color of the feces is
unchanged, although undigested particles of food can be detected,
and when the diarrhoea is very acute, blood-stained mucus may
be seen in the ejecta. The diarrhoea is often intermittent in
character and in some cases appears to recur at more or less regu-
lar intervals of about three or four weeks, between attacks the
animal improves somewhat in condition; no marked abnormal-
ities are found in the urine; also the milk remains unchanged ex-
cept in quantity.
Diagnosis is made by finding the acid-fast bacillus with the
aid of the microscope; also an autogenous vaccine is quite re-
liable only that it is hard to procure.
Differential Diagnosis—The causes that may give rise to
diarrhoea in cattle are varied and include errors in feeding,
frosted roots, moldy material, various mineral poisons, intes-
tinal parasites and tubercular enteritis. The irritants which arise
from unsound food, poisonings, etc., may be considered to-
gether. There will probably be several animals attacked at once.
The symptoms as a rule are acute and the diarrhoea is well
marked before the animal has suffered sufficiently from the toxic
effects to become emicated. It may be accompanied by fever, loss
ici ai
calli" al pele al
Oe a. or cE Ls ee P= om
a
es ee!
JOHNE'S DISEASE. (CHE
of appetite, cessation of rumination and an examination into the
dietetic and the hygenic management of the farm will soon re-
veal the cause. The chief characteristics which distinguish this
from the intestinal parasites are the high temperature a more
rapid course, and on post mortem the finding of these parasites.
Tubercular enteritis will react to the tuberculin test while Johne’s
will not. ;
Prognosis.—Recovery from this disease is very rare, al-
though age, sex and care figure to quite an extent in prolonging
life.
Treatment.—There is no specific treatment for Johne’s dis-
ease, no drug is known that will kill the bacillus in the patholo-
gical lesions or neutralize the toxins which they produce. More-
over, the risks that one diseased animal will infect others on the
farm is so great that by far the safest and cheapest course is to
kill all infected animals. Curative vaccines are being experi-
mented with at the present time. The prophylaxis is of much
greater importance than the treatment. All material which is apt
to carry infection should be burned. All other should be thor-
oughly disinfected with some strong disinfectant.
Tue NortuH DaKkota VETERINARY ASSOCIATION.—At the
last meeting of this association the members were fortunate in
having with them Prof. Septimus Sisson, of the Ohio State Uni-
versity, who presented a paper entitled Anatomical Surgical Land-
marks, illustrating his subject with slides and also by demonstra-
tions on the living animal. Prof. Sisson’s ability as an anatomist
bespeaks the great pleasure and benefit his discourse must have
been to his listeners. After electing Dr. F. L. Cusack, of Car-
rington, president, Dr. F. H. Farmer, of Wahpeton, vice-presi-
dent, Dr. B. C. Taylor, of Hillsboro, treasurer, and A. F. Schalk,
of Agricultural College, secretary, the meeting was adjourned
to meet in the week of July 20, 1914, during State Fair Week.
We are indebted to the retiring secretary, Dr. C. H. Babcock, of
New Rockford, through whose courtesy we received the above
data.
PHILADELPHIA HorsE OwNeEeRS AWAKE To Facts; others
awakening. See pages 792-94, present issue.
BREEDING OF THE PROPER TYPE OF HORSES SHOULD
BE ENCOURAGED.
By J. F. DEVINE, VETERINARIAN, GOSHEN, N. Y.
There appeared in the December issue, No. 3, Volume 44. of
the AMERICAN VETERINARY REviEw, a timely article from the
pen of Mr. T. Butterworth, Editor of The Live Stock Journal,
Chicago, and in the same issue an editorial on Veterinarians and
the Allied Horse Interests. In the February number of the same
periodical we had the pleasure of reading a very practical article
by Dr. M. A. Pierce, of Paterson, New Jersey.
This has prompted me to add a word of support to the opin-
ions set forth in the articles mentioned.
Those of us who have been interested in veterinary matters
for fifteen or twenty years, have seen great changes in veterinary
education and in animal industry, and I think it can be said with
due modesty that these changes have been for the betterment
of mankind in every way. But I think we are reaching a point
where possibly a criticism of our lack of natural interest in the
question of practical horse and stock raising may be justified.
It would seem that in our attempt to get away from the short-
comings of the old style “ horsey ” veterinarian we have jumped
almost too far. I often stop and wonder if it is an impossible
composite to be a practical horseman and stockman and to still
be a learned and cultured veterinarian. The dogma, as laid down
in the article by Mr. Butterworth, that the veterinary profession
should be more interested and active in such matters, is good
teaching. All veterinarians should affiliate themselves with or-
ganizations which have to do with the betterment and regulation
of stock-raising in general.
728
BREEDING OF THE PROPER TYPE OF HORSES. 729
While conditions differ in different localities there are certain
fundamental principles which can be applied generally to most
any horse-breeding community, some of which are:
Keeping in touch with what the market wants. The markets
vary as to the requirements of weight, style and finish of a horse
more than the average man can appreciate, unless he keeps in
touch with the market.
Encouraging and creating what is termed community interest
in horse breeding, which will have the effect of producing a cen-
tralized point where the advantages of varied* experiences, suc-
cesses and failures can be shared by many rather than by the
individual struggling to make perfection, and where the burden
of expense necessary for this work is likewise shared by many
rather than one. This centralization also has the advantage of
bringing buyers to a certain point and builds up shipping facilities.
Breeding the type of horses that are popular and salable at
your nearest market.
In determining upon the class of horse to breed it might be
well to keep in mind that at the present time the influx of autos
of various styles has largely usurped the work of certain types
of horses.
The market value of the draught horse was never higher
than to-day. The motor truck will probably replace long hauls
and freight service, but it is not replacing and probably never
will replace the short hauls for town service.
There is still a demand for saddle horses, and it would seem
that the popularity of this class is as great in our large cities as
it has ever been.
The good trotter was never more sought for than he is to-day.
We must recognize the fact that road cars have largely dis-
placed the ordinary road horse, but that the heavy harness horse
is still popular and in vogue in a measure.
In breeding any type of horses remember that the trite saying
of Robert Bakewell, “ Like produces like, breed the best,” is as
true as ever.
730 J. F. DE VINE.
Read occasionally the rules laid down in some of our text-
books on the question of breeding. The following is a good
illustration :
“7. Breeding to a standard of excellence, ideal or real.
“2. Breeding only from parents which conform to this
standard in a marked degree. |
“3. Breeding from parents, more especially males, which
have long been bred without intermixture of alien blood.
“4. Mating animals so as to correct the defects of the parent
in the offspring.
“sc Practising a selection at once rigorous and persistent.
“6. Giving due attention to environment, sanitary condi-
tions, feeding and handling.”
Statistics show that about 2 per cent. of all animals in the
United States are pure bred, and that authentic pedigrees do not
date back more than 75 years. When we compare this informa-
tion with the advantages in type, individuality and quality that
have been brought about in the pure bred as compared with the
mongrel in such a short period, we do not have to argue long
with a man of average intelligence as to the advantages of the
purely bred animal. As a practical illustration of the value of
breeding, we may refer to the thoroughbred which is the highest
type of domestic animal ever bred by man, and it has been stated
that no thoroughbred with a 1-32 of cold blood ever won the
derby.
The opinion seems to prevail that on large farms and in the
corn belts is the only place for the heavy draught horse. It might
surprise some to know that in Belgium, the country that produces
our heaviest draughters, the farms average about three acres in
size, and that the large mare ofttimes performs the work of our
ordinary team, as well as supplying the family milk. In France,
the home of the Percheron, most of the breeding farms are not
larger than ten acres. Compare this with New York State where
there are 215,597 farms with an average acreage of about 100
a ae
BREEDING OF THE PROPER TYPE OF HORSES. 731
acres, and with a ratio of about two and one-half horses of all
ages, including colts, to a farm.
The advantages of breeding and individuality are so appre-
ciated in Belgium that the government subsidizes their champion
stallions, paying a premium of $1,200 per year in addition to the
regular service fee which the owner collects, so as to induce the
keeping of these stallions in their own country and preventing
the exportation of the best. A similarly plausible condition exists
in Scotland, where a committee of farmers and breeders solicit
the standing of a stallion in a community, guaranteeing a certain
number of mares each year at a certain sum. In this way they
get an option on a stallion of great quality and the stallion owner
is assured a reasonable fee for his expensive holdings.
Think of the profit that would accrue annually to our New
York State farmers, when we consider the fact that we purchased
last year 80,000 horses at an average price of $250 each, which
approximates twenty million dollars. Assuming that it costs
$155 to raise a colt to the age of three years in New York State,
as computed ($110 being the federal estimate of all states for
the same period), and further assuming that one-half the colts
were sold at three and the other half at four years of age, this
would mean a revenue of many million dollars to our farmers
and breeders, without the expense of shipping and acclimating.
At the present time about one stallion in seven in New York
State is pure bred, but with the present outlook for a stallion
law to regulate and properly protect the pure-bred meritorious
stallion, it should be but a short time when the greater number
of our stallions which are allowed to stand for service will be
pure bred and with the proper selection of mares and the excel-
lent grass land and climate, New York should be one of the
greatest horse-producing states in the union.
In conclusion, it is our opinion that veterinarians should look
into the advantages of horse breeding in their respective states,
and when conditions warrant it should assist in the selection of
sires and mares and encourage the raising of marketable horses
of the choicest type.
HOG CHOLERA SERUM IN PRACTICE.*
By CuHas. L, Cotton, V.M.D., Hartrorp, Conn.
In preparing a paper two requisites present themselves. First,
original research; second, careful compilation of the original
work of others along the line one wishes to exemplify. For the
former, few of us have time or facilities, while for the latter, I
for one, lack the adaptability; therefore in complying with the
request jor a paper, | have fallen back on a report of work in hog
cholera during the past six months as practised with hog cholera
serum, thinking it may be helpful to some placed as | have been.
Early last December, over the phone came the usual message :
“T’ve a sick pig! Won't eat anything; eyes and nose running!
Constipated. How many have I? Oh, 17 weighing about 25
pounds. Better let you see them? May have hog cholera? Not
a bit of it, besides if they had it they will die anyway. Don’t
like to pay good money to veterinarys for dead hogs. Just send
me a physic anda tonic. [ll soon fix them myself.”
On February tst, this client called me to see one dead hog
and the six remaining of the original 17 he had in December.
Post mortem clearly revealed typical hog cholera lessions ; but no
argument could induce the owner to inject the few left, as no
guarantee could be given of cure and the expense, for the weight,
would have been high.
Careful inquiry has led me to the conclusion that to the ordi-
nary owner, the pig is looked on as the producer of clear profit; it
can be neglected to a certain beautiful, dirty degree; for a large
part fed on feed otherwise thrown away, and finally show a
profit from seemly nothing, and we all like to get “ something for
nothing.” Therefore medicine costing 50 cents to 6 dollars per
dose is not very popular.
* Read before the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association at Waterbury, August,
1913.
1382
=)
ve
nd
HOG CHOLERA SERUM IN PRACTICE.
Always I have met the same old “ dare.” “ If you wish you
may inject the well ones. If they live I'll pay, but if they die
you stand it all.” At last, on this ground I injected five pigs of
85 pounds average weight with hog cholera serum at the ratio
of 40 c.c. per 100 pounds. These pigs were from a lot of six
bought at the average price of $6.50. One had died, showing
hog cholera plainly developed when I arrived. Three were run-
ning from the eyes and snuffling; the purple spots well marked
and all were very dumpish. Temperatures from 102 to 105.
One so near dead that it seemed like throwing the serum away
to treat him. One with temperature of 101, but seeming well,
making five in all.
The sick ones improved at once and the dead one was boss
of the pen in two weeks, when he broke his leg, which put him
out of the running for a big pig like his brothers now are, for
even he is doing well. Two developed abscesses at the point of
injection, subsequently causing death from neglect, as I was
called away for three weeks and we were not informed of the
condition until one morning the owner presented himself at my
elboy with, “‘ Well, I pay for three live pigs, you pay for two
dead ones.”
Blood poisoning was, I think, the cause of death in these two
pigs, judging from his description. He was more than pleased
and so was I, as it was a good demonstration of the value of
the serum. Next year he intends to buy more and inject while
the animals are young, about 15 pounds, thus we may get five
pigs injected (on the basis of 40 c.c. to the 100 pounds, from a
cost of $2 for a 50 c.c. package of serum.
In another case, 21 pigs had been reduced to 7 while the
owner was “a waitin’ ter see sumpin’,” finally by agreeing to do
the work at cost he allowed me to inject the remaining seven;
average weight was 32 pounds and the dosage on the basis of
30 c.c. Improvement was noticeable on the second day, none
were lost, all growing up finely. Here also next year will a large
‘nvestment be made, as this man is a hog raiser and now that he
feels somewhat assured he will invest and inject at about 15
(od. CHAS. L. COLTON.
pounds weight. His father’s hogs were all wiped out because
“Fle guessed he’d see what [d’s did on the stuff,’ and while
waiting slowly, one at a time, burned up the few he had left
of his once fine pen.
The most satisfactory test was at the Jacob’s Egg Factory,
in West Hartford. Here again owing to the by-product refuse
idea, although the stock was pedigreed, ten days elapsed from the
first symptoms to the death of a 300-pound future prize winner
when I was called in. This pen originally consisted of 14 pigs;
I was dead showing hog cholera lesions; 5 average weight 15
pounds; I, 152 pounds; 7, average weight 300 pounds—13 in
all and every one sick with cholera. The purple spots were much
more marked than in any previously treated. Injections were
made on the basis of 40 c.c. per 100 pounds, excepting a 250- —
pound boar, very badly affected, bleeding from the nose and
almost dead; remembering my other “almost dead” hog I in-
jected him with 150 c.c., but although he rallied he, with two of
the 15-pound pigs, died on the third day. These latter were para-
lyzed at time of injection. Thus out of 14, four were lost, one
before and three after injection, ten being saved.
To sum up, in all 42 pigs were originally purchased by three
widely separated farmers, with pens and surroundings we may
designate as poor, good, fine; 17 died before treatment, 25 were
injected and returned at once to their pens. 5 died after injec-
tion even counting in the so-called blood-poisoning cases and the
dying boar, so that if the ratio had been maintained 7 instead of
17 would have been lost had the serum been used.
In doing this work one must be more than ordinarily careful
about infection, as everything favors contamination, even to the
serum itself before you can get it injected.
Judging from the above, we may safely assure a client that
for a dose cost of .o2 cents per pound plus our fee, which for this
class of work must be as low as possible, that four out of every
five pigs can be saved if injected shortly after the first symptoms
are noticed.
wiNe S
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he bs
110G CHOLERA SERUM IN PRACTICE. 735
Don't stint the dose, rather figure on 50 c.c. than 4o c.c. Al
ways take the large amount when handling small pigs.
It is difficult to make the farmer understand how infection
can take place, but as you all know flies, cats, dogs, rats, previous
infection and using old infected pens. Keep everything, man
and beast out of the pens. Boil the swill food, as the first out-
break mentioned was caused by a hired man throwing the remains
of an uncooked ham into the pigpen of the 17 pigs; at least so
I think, for I have been unable to discover any hog cholera
within ten miles of that pen and the animals were on the place
three months before the disease manifested itself and there had
had not been any trouble of the kind on the place before.
Last, and well to remember, is the Sunday afternoon call of
the other fellow’s hired man, who, after mussing around his sick
hogs, goes over to see “If Jim’s hogs is actin’ like ourn.” Into
the pen he goes, and if it is not already there, it requires only the
classical time to make ‘‘ Jim’s pigs like hisen.”’
THE BANQUET AND DANCE OF THE B. A. I. ASSOCIATION OF
Cuicaco was held at Stock Yards Inn, Chicago, on Saturday
evening, February 14, 1914. Among those invited to address
the body were Dr. V. A. Moore, director of the New York State
Veterinary College, Cornell University, principal speaker of the
evening. (Dr. Moore was a member of the committee appointed
by President Wilson to make a tour of inspection of the packing
houses under supervision of the federal government.) Other
speakers were Dr. Maximilian Herzog, professor of pathology
and bacteriology, Chicago Veterinary College; Dr. S. E. Bennet,
inspector in charge, B. A. I., Chicago, and the new president of
the Veterinary Association of Chicago.
Dr. Adolph M. Casper, toastmaster. Dr. Casper is one of
the oldest veterinary inspectors in point of service at that station.
Tue B. A. I. Vetrertnary INSpPEcToRS’ ASSOCIATION OF
SoutH OMAHA held a very interesting meeting on the roth
of February. The question of “‘ Hog Cholera ” was discussed to a
considerable length, Dr. F. Jelen leading the discussion. This
association now has about 40 members.
REPORTS OF CASES,
IMPACTION OF THE CECUM IN THE HORSE
By A. T. Gityarp, D.V.M., Waterbury, Conn.
‘* Careful observation makes a skillful practitioner, but his skill dies with him. By re-
cording his observations, he adds to the knowledge of his profession, and assists by his
facts in building up the solid edifice of pathological science.”
The subject of cecal impaction is one upon which there seems
to have been little written. To the best of my knowledge the
first description of this condition was written by Prof. Gofton, of
the Royal Dick Veterinary College, Edinburgh, and published in
the May, 1912, edition of the leterinary Record. In this article,
Prof. Gofton gives a very fine and complete description of four
cases of subacute obstruction of the cecum, which fully establishes
this as a distinct form of so-called colic.
The next literature on the subject is from the pen of the well-
known colic specialist, H. Caulton Reeks, F.R.C.V.S., and ap-
pears in the January, 1913, number of Mulford’s Veterinary
Bulletin. In this paper the subject is dealt with in that most
thorough and comprehensive manner characteristic of all of the
valuable writings of Mr. Reeks on the common colics of the
horse. Mr. Reeks describes one additional case of this trouble
and advances some very plausible theories.
It has been my privilege to meet with two cases of impaction
of the cecum in the horse. Strange to say, these two cases of
this apparently rare disease occurred within a month, and conse-
quently impressed me quite strongly.
I must confess that during the life of the patients I did not
locate the exact portion of large intestine affected, and thought
both cases to be impaction of the great colon, but realized that
they were atypical. Fortunately, owing to certain extraordinary
manifestations, I conducted thorough post-mortem examinations
in both cases, the results of which amply pay for the time and
labor involved.
My observations during life and after death in these two
* Presented to the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association.
736
|
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REPORTS OF CASES. 737
cases will, I feel positive, enable me to make an early diagnosis
should I again meet with one of these cases. As an excuse for
my failure to differentiate cecal from colic impaction, I will say
that while handling the first I was unaware of the possibility of
impaction of the cecum, and in the second case I formed a strong
impression that the unusually long duration of the impaction was
due to adhesions or deformities of the colon, and failed to give
weight to symptoms which‘! now recall.
The symptoms in my cases differ in some minor details from
those in the cases chronicled by the above writers.
I will describe the course of the disease as I have seen it,
after which I shall attempt to draw conclusions, which will, I
hope, tend to elicit discussions from you which must necessarily
increase our knowledge of this disease.
Unfortunately I did not see the first case until eight hours
before death, which took place on the sixth day after the onset of
the attack. Consequently part of this description is history,
which by much questioning I have tried to make complete in the
important points. |
The subject was a sturdy gelding, one of a farm team, weight
about thirteen hundred pounds, age eight years. This team was
subjected to hard work and irregular heavy feedings of grain,
they were rarely watered between the evening and morning meals.
The owner wished water given during the evening, but as is too
often the case this was neglected. Relative to the system of
watering I will insert an excerpt from Prof. Gofton’s writings
on this subject.
He says, “I attributed my cases of cecal impaction to one of
_ two causes, but I am not able to assess the relative importance
of each nor to say how far they acted jointly.
“Colic cases were of great frequency in this particular stable,
and they all ceased suddenly, their cessation coinciding with the
simultaneous removal of what I considered the causal factors in
operation. The first was the system of watering.
‘All of the horses were watered when they returned from
work at night and before feeding. From then until they turned
out to work on the following morning they had no chance of a
drink of any kind. This was altered by giving the horses the
offer of a drink after feeding at night and before feeding in the
morning, in addition to the existing arrangements.
“ Secondly, molassine meal was mixed with the food when
prepared.
“ Food sufficient to serve 3-7 days was prepared at one time.
738 REPORTS OF CASES.
“TI think the damp molassine lying in the dry feed for 3-7
days injuriously affected it. This was altered by feeding the
molassine with each meal instead of mixing it and allowing it to
lie for days with dry food.”
It is interesting to note that one of these contributing causes,
namely, the absence of water between the evening and morning
meals, was present in the case under consideration. Also, the ex-
citing cause in this case may be likened to the second contributing
cause cited by Prof. Gofton, in that it was such as to bring about _
fermentation in the alimentary tract, as will be seen by the fol-
lowing:
On the afternoon of Saturday, June 8, a large quantity of
green rye was mowed and given to this pair of horses. In a few
hours both were showing distresing symptoms of acute indiges-
tion, with both gastric and intestinal flatulence and quite violent
pain.
A veterinarian, who was immediately called to treat the ani-
mals, exhibited arecoline and resorted to puncture of the intestine
in both cases. The mate growing rapidly, regurgitating gas and
fluid from the stomach, and suffering again from intestinal flatu-
lence which could not be relieved by the trocar, died late that
evening.
Our subject improved, it was said, and after the passage of
considerable feces and flatus the pain seemed to stop. The at-
tending veterinarian administered a quart of oleun lini., and,
believing the animal to be out of danger, dismissed the case.
On Sunday, June 9, there occurred purgation from the ol. lini.,
there was evidence of intermittent dull pain, but the horse ate
some bran and hay and drank a bucket of water during the inter-
vals of rest.
The presence of abdominal pain was shown by the animal
lying at full length on the left side and occasionally lifting the
head to the right flank. The signs of suffering were so slight and
the horse appeared so well during the intervals that the owner
did not consider the condition at all serious and attributing the
pain to the action of the oil, did not call a veterinarian.
On Monday, June 10, the periods of dull pain and the inter-
vals of apparent ease were about the same as on the previous day.
The appetite was more vigorous and there were two practically
normal bowel movements. More water was taken and urination
was said to be frequent, and again professional advice was not
sought.
On Tuesday, June, 11, the only change noted was in the ap-
i, at tet tly its jp eel
ee
REPORTS OF CASES, 739
pearance of the urine, which was described as thick and cloudy,
being voided frequently in small quantities.
On the morning of Wednesday, June 12, the horse showed
evidence of having suffered more acutely during the night. The
head, knees and hips were bruised. The periods of pain were
longer and the intervals of rest were shoiter. There was consid-
erable straining to micturate, but the appetite was not entirely
absent.
Another veterinarian was called, who, after having admin-
istered an hypodermic purgative, from the action of which there
resulted quite a free passage from the bowels, left a stimulant
and arranged to call again on the following day.
On Thursday, June 13, there was less pain and more appetite
than on Wednesday. The attending veterinarian found sensi-
tiveness in the region of the bladder on rectal exploration, and as
the urine was very cloudy prescribed a refrigerant and alkaline
diuretic.
Palpation of the bladder seems to have produced so much
straining that further exploration was impossible.
On Friday, June 14, I saw the case for the first time. On
being hurriedly summoned, at 8.30 a. m., | found the horse in a
serious condition. The owner said that there had been a decided
change for the worse during the two hours previous to my ar-
rival. The symptoms were very puzzling, the pain was then of
the type which causes the horse to step quickly back and forth,
look anxiously to one flank and then the other, crouch as if to lie
down, then straighten up and paw. The respiration was of the
puffy type. There was patchy perspiration, but still the pulse
was fairly soft and smooth at sixty per minute, and the general
circulation seemed good, with no chilling of the extremities.
As neither the history nor the external manifestations enabled
me to make a diagnosis, I then proceeded with a thorough rectal
exploration, which soon revealed to a certain extent the nature
of the trouble. The rectum was empty and dry, the intestines in
the pelvic region were flaccid, on advancing to the right flank
region the hand encountered a very severely impacted large in-
testine, which was sensitive to palpation. The posterior and
lateral faces of this bowel, as far as could be reached, were irregu-
larly rounded.
Superiorly the viscus seemed to be attached to the roof of
the abdomen in the sublumbar region.
Judging from the form, location and attachments of this ob-
structed portion of intestine, | immediately mistook it for the
740 REPORTS OF CASES.
voluminous extremity of the great colon which so suddenl
draws in to join the anterior extremity of the small colon. Often
having found this part of the great colon impacted, I thought it~
nothing out of the ordinary.
In view of the sensitiveness on palpation and the long duration
of the attack and the seriousness of the general condition, I con-
sidered the outcome quite doubtful, and so informed the owner.
However, as the owner believed very strongly in the old
adage, “ where there is life there is hope,” he insisted that I give
treatment.
The stomach tube was passed, and after having emptied the
stomach of two or three gallons of fluid, in which floated a small
quantity of food, we pumped in three gallons of warm water, in
which had been disolved 24 ounces of magnesium sulphate and
8 ounces of sodium chloride.
After having withdrawn the tube | administered a regulation
aloetic cathartic bolus and left nux to be given every four hours.
The foregoing has been for the past two years my never-fail-
ing treatment for subacute impaction of the colon when the cases
have been seen at a reasonably early date. |
At four p. m. the owner again phoned that he wished me to
come immediately; on my arrival | found that a decided change
had taken place since the morning. Horse was covered with per-—
spiration, the pulse at the jaw could not be counted, and the artery
felt like a small hard cord. The extremities were cold and the |
shoulder muscles were in a constant tremor. Per rectum I de- —
tected the presence of ingesta floating free in the peritoneal
cavity; this I attributed to intestinal rupture and told the owner
that the horse must surely die in a very few hours. &
I then made arrangements to hold a post mortem the next
day at six a.m. Soon after my departure the owner had the —
animal led to a field, where he died after about an hour’s suf-
fering.
At the autopsy I was surprised to find the cecum instead of
the colon impacted and ruptured, its walls were darkened and
easily torn. The remainder of the intestinal tract was practically
empty save for a small quantity of ingesta of the consistency of
pea soup.
My second case occurred in a twenty-year-old mare weighing —
about 900 pounds. This mare was one of a stable of nine horses
used for delivery purposes by a grocery firm. _ )
These horses were fed oats, bran and hay, and were allowed
water when brought in from work just before the evening meal,
REPORTS OF CASES. 741
but received no more until after breakfast when harnessed for
tne day’s work.
On the morning of July rst, this mare and an old gelding
from the same stable were driven to the hospital within an hour
of each other; both showed symptoms of colic.
By auscultation and percussion of the flanks I determined
the presence of too much gas in the intestines. This acute fer-
mentative indigestion I attributed to faulty food.
Each horse received subcutem one grain of physostigmine
salicylate and per orem a capsule of betanaphthol and powdered
nux, and both were sent home to be placed in box stalls and
await results.
After about two hours I made a visit and found that the
eserine had in both cases caused the evacuation of large quanti-
ties of feces and flatus, but the pain still persisted, although it
was not as severe as while purgation was taking place.
When I again saw the cases in the afternoon both were still
uneasy and I| had them taken to the hospital.
The gelding soon eased up after the walk from the stable,
but the mare continued in dull pain, with pulse full and soft at
forty per minute and respiration slow but slightly labored, and
temperature normal. In the evening, per rectum, I discovered in
the right sublumbar region an impacted intestine, large, round
and very hard, and seemingly attached superiorly.
This I took to be the last portion of the colon and confidently
administered the magnesium sulphate and sodium chloride treat-
ment through the stomach tube and followed this with an aloetic
pill.
During the following day, July 2d, there were several watery
evacuations accompanied by some pain, which I attributed to
the purgatives. As there was some appetite for hay and water
I gave the case little attention.
On July 3d the dull pain continued, although the mare ate
some bran and hay and drank a pail of water.
I made a rectal exploration to determine the cause of the
pain and found the impacted intestine apparently unchanged
since July Ist and was sorely puzzled. I repeated the treatment
given on the first evening. On the next day, July 4th, the mare
again purged and the stools contained a few whole oats, but the
impaction was not perceptibly changed.
From the first until the seventeenth of July I tried, except
laparotomy, every means within my knowledge to remove that im-
paction; all to no avail.
742 REPORTS OF CASES.
T
I used eserine, arecoline, barium chloride, aloes, aloin, mag-
nesium sulphate, sodium chloride, oleum lini, etc., augmented by
large quantities of water by the stomach tube and by rectal in-
jections both hot and cold. In the application of the rectal in-
jections | sometimes attached the tube to the city water and
continued it for hours, this I think, gave better results than any-
thing else used, sometimes bringing away quite a quantity of
whole oats, none of which had been ingested since the beginning
of the attack.
During these seventeen days I continued stimulation in the
form of strychnine and powdered nux vomica, twice I pushed the
latter to the limit, once until the mare was unable to gain her
feet for a period of four hours.
On the evening of July 17th the mare seemed to be in about
the same condition as she had been since July Ist, but on the fol-
lowing morning she was much worse, in great distress, labored
breathing, rapid wiry pulse and patchy perspiration.
Per rectum I discovered the presence of ingesta in the peri-
toneal cavity, denoting a rupture; whereupon I[ shot the poor
creature. The post mortem showed the cecum to be full of almost
dry, closely packed ingesta with an eight inch rent near its base.
The remainder of the intestinal tract was practically empty.
From my observations in these two cases I firmly believe
that impaction of the cecum is caused, primarily and fundamen-
tally, by the lack of water in sufficient quantities and at the proper
time to keep this reservoir of the system filled with fluids.
We know that horses coming from work at night and expect-
ing food will not, as a rule, drink water in very great amount
until this appetite for food has been satisfied. We know that
horses will drink eagerly and at length if water is offered them
two or three hours after the evening meal; how many times we
have seen a horse stop eating hay during the evening and refuse
to eat more until after having had water.
Physiologists agree that the contents of the cecum are always
fluid or of the consistency of pea soup. I know that I have at
post mortems, except in these two cases, always found this to be
true.
I think that Frank Smith, in his work on Physiology, hits
upon a most plausible theory when he suggests that the ingesta
may pass directly from the ileum to the colon without entering
the cecum. To accomplish this the firm, muscular, nozzle-like
extremity of the ileum would have to be carried upwards and
REPORTS OF CASES. 743
into the entrance of the colon, there to discharge its solid
contents.
I will go one step farther and suggest that if the above be
true, and I have reason to believe that it is, may not this muscular
extremity of the ileum or so-called ileo-cecal valve, possess a
selective power on solids, semi-solids and fluids similar to that of
the oesophageal pillars of ruminants?
This would enable tlie ileum to discharge its coarse, practi-
cally indigestible solids directly into the colon and its fluids,
containing the great majority of the soluble and diffusible mat-
ter, into the cecum, where it could be quickly taken up by the
blood.
Presuming this to be possible we may assume that in the ab-
sence of water in sufficient quantities to keep the cecum at its
normal status of distention, collapse of its walls would occur and
disturbance of this presumed selective power of the ileo-cecal
valve could result and solids be discharged into the cecum until
this reservoir became distended.
Following this, whatever diffusible fluids were mixed with
these solids would be quickly taken into the blood in the natural
way and a firm, dry impaction of the cecum would be the re-
sult.
The very form of the cecum, with its outlet close to and
higher than its inlet, makes it impossible for this organ to get
rid of a large solid mass in any manner that I can at present
conceive of.
When we have an impaction of an intestine through which
the ingesta pass as through a tube and are carried along by the
peristaltic movements of the bowel walls, the proposition is en-
tirely different. Ina case of this kind it is easy to see that fluids
taken by mouth or secreted by the intestines would be carried
along to the solid mass, which upon being softened by the me-
chanical action of these liquids could be moved on by the action
of a peristaltic stimulant.
On the other hand, in the case of the cecum, we have what
may be practically termed a blind pouch, and we may not depend
upon this, what I choose to term, washing action of the fluids.
In the tube-like intestine, the liquid with peristalsis forcing
it along must work its way into the impaction and disintegrate it.
But in the case of the cecum, when we have this large reser-
voir entirely filled with an impacted mass, it seems to me that the
most natural course for any fluids entering through the ileo-cecal
valve is directly out by way of the nearby entrance of the colon.
744 REPORTS OF CASES.
This theoretic sudden discharge of an abnormally large quantity
of liquid into the colon, I think, accounts for the prodromic
diarrhoea described by Gofton and later by Reeks.
So far as I could determine this looseness of the bowels did
not precede my cases, but I think that I saw its counterpart in the
acute colicky symptoms shown at the onset of the attack, which I
attribute to the colon’s receiving this unusual quantity of in-
gesta whose ingredients were not of a type upon which the colon
is capable of acting. Consequently, fermentation rather than
digestion ensued, and flatulence was the consequence.
In the event of my again meeting with a case of impaction of
the cecum I have decided that I shall depend principally upon
water to remove it. After having made a positive diagnosis, I
shall first thoroughly empty the remainder of the alimentary
tract by saline purgatives administered through the stomach
catheter and withhold all food. Following this I shall use the
tube not once but many times a day and each time | shall pump
in just as much water as I may judge, by back pressure on the
pump, that the horse will stand.
If this fails, after having thoroughly washed out the rectum
I shall carry in through this clean gut a trocar which I shall
plunge through the rectal wall into the impacted cecum; to this I
shall attach a tube and pump in a lot of water in an endeavor to
mechanically loosen the obstruction.
These two methods may seem rather far-fetched and the
latter of course is risky, to say the least, but I am satisfied that
no common means will do the trick.
In defence of my plan to introduce a large quantity of water
through the stomach tube I will cite a similar condition, that of
true impaction of the rumen in bovines, in which I have had
very pleasing results from the use of this method.
I never had a true case of complete impaction of the rumen
recover until I conceived of the idea of passing a tube far into this
great reservoir, which I consider is in a great many ways similar
to the cecum of the horse, and of introducing as high as twenty
gallons of warm water, containing saline purgatives.
This treatment has so far never failed to effect an evacuation
of this organ except in one case, which I afterwards found to have
been caused by tuberculosis.
Likewise, in this disease I considered that water in such
quantities as the subject could be induced to drink or that could
be given by drench would pass by the full rumen and enter the
other stomachs and consequently fail to reach the mark, as would
also any medicaments dissolved or suspended in the water.
REPORTS OF CASES. 74
td |
When conventional treatments continually failed in this almost
parallel condition this treatment was successful; and I think it
not improbable that it will also do the work in impaction of
the cecum; although in this case of course the tube can not be
introduced directly into the affected organ.
I hope now to hear candid opinions from all of you on the
disease in question, and I realize that I have treated this large
subject in a superficial manner. Please do not hold any good
ideas back just because I seem to have made some wild state-
ments.
Note—In the literature on the subject, the author has overlooked a valuable contri-
bution from Willis Wilson in the May, 1913, issue, page 151, AMERICAN VETERINARY
Review, under the caption Equine Typhiitis with Impaction; in which the post-
mortem findings, as we remember them, are identical with those of the author. Dr.
Wilson described the symptoms observed very carefully, having met fifty cases up to
that time. We invited a discussion on this interesting phase of “colicky ’’ conditions
at the time, and now, with this excellent report of Dr. Gilyard’s, feel sure that dis-
cussions will continue. [Eprror.]
A HEART ANOMALY.
By Anprew Enc.isu, B.A.I., Veterinary Inspector, South Omaha, Neb.
Nature’s laws are very certain and it is not often that the
various organs of the body are found outside of their prescribed
limits.
Cervical ectopia cordis is the technical name used to signify
that the heart is situated in the cervical region.
This powerful complex muscular structure has a very simple
beginning. The heart-fundament is normally formed in the
cervical region in the early stages of embryonic life. As the
splanchic walls approach each other, they bring together the two-
tube-like structures, which coalesce and form a single straight
mesodermic tube in what will later be the cervical region of the
body. This tube by bending, by unequal growth and by differ-
entiation of its structure will be the future heart. The unequal
growth of the surrounding structures usually change the situation
of the developing heart to the thoracic cavity.
Thus an explanation for the unusual situation of the heart in
the neck of a three- or four-year-old cow must be given as of
congenital origin.
Besides the peculiar situation of the heart in the neck, this
case presented other anomalies which will be briefly described.
The neck gradually turned to the left until at the atlas the
turn to the left was quite sharp. See Photograph I. The heart
was situated in the shorter curvature of the torticollis. The first
few ribs curved unequally in their length and with the sternum
Puotocrary I. PuotocrapH IIT.
Back View.
Carcass hanging from hooks with the neck
downward. ‘‘H,” situation of the heart,
REPORTS OF CASES. | 147
Protrocrarn II.
Front View.
Carcass hanging from hooks with neck downwards as in Photograph I. “H,” heart.
oe
P,” pericardium.
formed a very broad and flat chest. The forelegs were wide
apart. See Photograph II.
The opening between the anterior thoracic walls being very
748 REPORTS OF CASES,
large gave ample room for the entrance of the large blood ves-
sels to and from the heart into the chest.
The pericardium extended eight or nine inches outside of the
thoracic cavity and was attached on the left side of the bodies of
the cervical vertebrae. The trachae and oesophagus were situ-
ated on the right side of the heart sac and were attached to it.
The oesophagus turned gradually in its relation to the trachea
and as it entered the thorax was on the right side of the trachea.
The diaphragm turned sharply as it left its rib attachments
to become attached about midway on the sternum.
The lungs had on the left side two lobes, the diaphragmatic
and one small lobe while on the right side was four lobes, medias-
tinal, diaphragmatic and two well detached small lobes. The
normal position of the heart was occupied by lung tissue.
The heart was nearly cylindrical in form. See Photograph
III. The heart lay on its side in the cervical region, the apex
anteriorly and the blood vessels to and from the heart poster-
iorly.
Cow killed February 23, 1912.
BOVINE F@:TUS AFFECTED WITH HYDRG
CEPHALUS.
By Veterinary Surgeon DesmMonp, Adelaide, South Australia.
The following notes on an interesting case may be of value
in placing on record a remarkable abnormal condition of the
head of an unborn calf. This remarkable abnormality was re-
ceived by me from the dairy farm at which I| treated the out-
break of epizootic abortion reported in the September, 1913,
number of the AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW.
The following notes are the particulars, which are as com-
plete as can be made without dissecting the head, a proceeding
which would destroy its value as a specimen. The head alone
was brought to me in a sack, and had an incision in its most
prominent part of more than six inches long, which, [ am told,
was a cut with a butcher’s knife, made to see what the head con-
tained.
These are the facts related by the owner of the dairy farm:
The cow was of a very common breed, and the foetus was the
second calf; the first calf was healthy, and was born without as-
sistance.
2 “
ee ee ee ee
REPORTS OF CASES, 749
The cow was irrigated with the others in the treatment pur-
sued tor stamping out the outpreak OL epizootic abortion, and
was one of those whose genital organs admitted the tull lengtn o1
the pipe.
>ymptoms of pregnancy were noticed about the seventh
month, but after a few days they suvsided, when the hair ap-
peared to be rough, and the anima out of condition, with a faint
trace of the pelvis becoming smaller. Atter a few weeks the cow
was noticed to be very swollen in the flanks, in fact, abnormally
swollen; the vulva was contracted, and the anus drawn in. This
puzzled the owner very much, as the cow had gone beyond her
time to calve. Lhe cow became so large that an opinion was
formed that she must have twins. The animal was kept under
observation in a small paddock near the house, in case assistance
would be required. \Vhile under observation the cow did not
seem to suffer any pain, and partook of her food in the usual
manner.
The owner was much surprised on going one morning to see
how the animal was to find her dead. Death, seemed to have
taken place without a struggle. He at once decided to remove
the hide and cut up the carcase to ascertain the cause of the
phenomenon, and then burn the remains; burning is resorted to
in all cases of death on the farm, as a means of preventing the
spread of contagious diseases. After removing the skin an open-
ing was made in the flank, as the cause of death appeared to be in
that region, through its being very much swollen; and he was
surprised to find a large quantity of clear fluid in the uterus,
estimated to be not less than fourteen gallons. When he had
opened up the flank sufficiently to see the calf, he was struck with
the size of its head. It was a male calf, and in a natural position.
When he had taken the calf out, he ran the knife across its head
and found a clear fluid exactly resembling that in the uterus.
The calf, with the exception of the head, appeared to be like any
other calf, and did not seem larger than one dropped at full term.
After the calf was examined, the cow was cut up to facilitate its
burning, the carcase of the calf being thrown upon the heap, dry
wood piled on top, and the whole set fire to. The fire had been
burning for some time when a neighbor, the same who brought
me the head, came over to see the cow, and was so much inter-
ested in the strange appearance of the head of the calf, which
the fire had not yet reached, that he took up an axe and severed
the head from the body just behind the ears. When the farmer
was asked why he did not keep the cow and the calf for me to
750 REPORTS OF CASES.
examine, he replied, “ I was disgusted with my losses and thought
that some new disease was going to break out in my farm.”
The following is a description of the head, with measure-
ments :
The color of the hair is red on the lower part and white on
the upper part; and the hair is much longer and stronger than is
usually seen on a calf at full term.
The shape in that portion of the head which is abnormal ap-
proaches a spheroid, the largest surface being the top. The
bones in the abnormal portion appear to be one-eighth of an inch
thick, and they terminate with the red-colored hair (as indicated
by the dark shading in the accompanying illustration), where
they are very thin and more like cartilage, with an undulating
edge—that is, high in the front, running up to a point, with a
base 4 inches wide opposite the nose, then for 5 inches running
upwards to the highest point at the sides.
There is a V-shaped: cleft at the back, with a measurement
of, top, 514 inches; sides, 534 inches. Diameter across the head
REPORTS OF CASES. Tol
from front to back is 12 inches, and from side to side at widest
part 15 inches. .
the following are the measurements of the stuffed specimen,
as shown in the plate: Irom bottom of lower jaw to top ot head,
taken at an angle from upright position, 18 inches; from front to
back, 14 inches; trom side to side at widest, 18 inches.
‘Vhe most curious features are the torehead, with its rough,
curly hair appearing to be at the back of the head, and the ears
which, although they look forward, are upside-down. A dissec-
tion is the only means of telling if the bones at the back which
look like the forehead are really the bones of the forehead or not.
The front teeth are very large tor a {fcetus, the middle teeth meas-
uring across the upper surtace half an inch. The mouth is com-
plete, with teeth, tongue, palate and pharynx normal; the ceso-
phagus and trachea are to be seen in a normal position. While
the eye-lids with long eyelashes are perfect, the eyes are rudi-
mentary and sunk below the bottom eyelids. The measuremnt
across the eyes from the anterior edges is 8 inches. ‘The ears are
large and long, measuring 2!4 inches broad and 4 inches long
from base to tip. Measurement from tip of nose to base of ear
g inches.
Description and measurement of the cranial cavity: On
viewing the inside of the head, what comes prominently into view
is the end of the spinal cord, which has the appearance of a num-
ber of fine woolen threads of irregular lengths, some 3 inches
long, others not more than half an inch. Dura mater and pia
mater intact; no trace of brain to be seen. The membrane lining
the cavity is perfectly smooth and of a dull color.
No trace of the optic nerves can be seen; in fact, the mem-
brane is as smooth as a dried bladder.
On the floor of the skull, at the point where the spinal cord
passes through, is a triangular cavity that would hold about 8
fluid ounces, with sides measuring 5 inches; it is formed by a
thin membrane extending from a rounded point facing the an-
terior aspect and running upwards, joining the head at the back ;
the walls of this membrane are 2 inches high.
The specimen measures from the bottom or floor, at an angle,
to the top of the undulating edge of the bones, at the highest part
16 inches: from the lowest part in the V-shaped cleft in the back
part of the head, 18 inches. In giving these measurements it is
to be noted that the back part of the head is lower than the
bottom jaw.
The following measurements may serve to gauge the capacity
(av REPORTS OF CASES.
of the head: I‘rom floor of cavity to top of head, distended, 16
inches; diameter at widest part across the head at the highest
point oi the bones, 18 inches. ‘aking the diameter at the part
above mentioned will give a fair average, as the base is smaller
than the top; the top part of the head, above the bones, projects
forward when it is distended with fluid and holds between 4 and
5 gallons.
SCHISTOCORMUS REBEE ALS;
By A. S. Topp, D.V.M., Stevenson, Ala.
On arriving at a farm some five miles from my office, | found
a cow in labor, and with such severe pains that she would bellow
almost continuously.
She was standing but was very weak.
On examination | found one head and two forelegs presented,
as though they belonged to one calf, and two hind legs presented
above the head, with the points of the hocks against the roof of
the pelvis.
L concluded by that that I still had two calves to deliver, al-
though the cow had given birth to a nice heifer calf about forty
hours before I was called, and at once haltered the head and
secured both forefeet.
It seemed that traction, would not remove the one presented
until the hind legs were disposed of; so with a repeller | pushed
everything back.
W hen I had room enough to pass my hand and arm around
the body, imagine my surprise at what confronted me.
It was impossible to force the hind legs back into any position
favorable for delivery, so I had to bring the whole mass together.
It was only the work of perhaps ten minutes to complete the
delivery.
The calf was completely wrong side out.
The picture No. 1 shows the spots on the hide with the legs
spread well apart.
Picture No. 2 shows the ribs devoid of hair, running length-
wise of the body and to the edges of which the hide had grown
fast.
The heart, lungs, stomach, liver, spleen and bowels were com-
pletely exposed.
It weighed 32 pounds.
REPORTS OF CASES. 753
The first position shows cali spread open This is the second view showing the ribs
to show spots on hide. Bowels show from devoid of hair and entrails a// exposed.
behind. Vulva is located where udder Heart, lungs, stomach, liver, spleen and
should be. bowels. The ribs appear to run horizon-
* tally. The hide was grown fast to the
borders of the ribs.
The vulva was where the udder should have been.
The cow made a good recovery and the first calf is living and
healthy.
ACUTE INDIGESTION IN A COW-RUMENOTOMY.
By CuHaAs. H. Hart, M.D.C., Hankinson, N. D.
Was called hurriedly to a farm about three miles east of
town, the farmer stating that he had an awful sick cow; and sure
enough he had. On arrival I found the worst case of acute in-
754 REPORTS OF CASES.
digestion it was ever my good fortune to see. The cow had
already been “ tapped ” with a pocket knife by the owner, but he
said. ‘I cannot get any gas.”
History.—Vhey had been threshing the day before on this
farm, and the cow had been feeding round a straw stack and had
eaten an enormous amount of weed seeds, broken grain and
straw.
Symptoms.—lLhe cow was bloated to an enormous size, her
eyes seemed to be sticking out of her head and she was making a
kind of moaning noise. | considered for a moment what to do;
pass the stomach tube or perform rumenotomy. I decided on
the latter.
The Operation.—It was a pitch-dark night, threatening to
rain (which it did before I got through), and no convenience for
such an operation. \Vith the assistance of the farmer, I securely
tied the cow to the side of a wagon and operated.
The usual operation was performed. On cutting through the
rumen, a stream of semi-liquid food in a state of fermentation
gushed out and continued to run for two hours; at least one hun-
dred and fifty pounds ran out before it stopped. I then removed
by hand probably fifty pounds more.
The wound was then thoroughly cleansed, the paunch sutured
with catgut, and the skin with thread. The cow made a good
recovery. Just six weeks after the operation she gave birth to a
fine, healthy bull calf and both have done well.
WEA WAS) Tite
By Wa ter Lawson,,D.V.S., Hollister, Cal.
Eleven puppies and one older dog died.
Three recovered after same symptoms.
Probably half of them had discharge from eyes and nose in
the beginning; one was wormy, and after a purge, many worms
came away; then the symptoms which I will describe followed.
Frothing at mouth during fits, champing of jaws, no appetite,
running or walking in a circle, sometimes running away, hiding,
or wandering away in delirium.
No symptoms of lower jaw hanging, or biting.
One head sent to laboratory and examined by some student
(I think) was reported rabies. Report on second head was,
no Negri bodies found. Report on third head, rabies.
REPORTS OF CASES. fvv
These puppies were from two to four months old.
Some had never seen a dog since weaned from the mother.
The heads were examined three to four days after death.
Nothing furious or violent about the puppies.
I have had one of them since December 24; it had fits many
times, but is well now, except partially blind.
I assume that these symptoms are from worms, indigestion
and distemper.
If rabies is contagious or spontaneous, probably that is the
cause.
Another fact 1s, that nothing but puppies are affected, and no
rabid dog has been known here to date.
Please give your opinion.
Nore—Our inference from your account of these puppies and the older (young) dog
is, that they were suffering from intestinal parasites and distemper, with epileptiform
convulsions as a result of those conditions. The laboratory report of rabies notwith-
standin These convulsive symptoms are not uncommon in puppies that are poorly
fed, Badly nourished, or teething. It also. frequently occurs as a consequence of reflex
irritability, such as might result from a catarrhal disease of the digestive tract (distem-
per) or intestinal parasites. [Epiror.]
PREACENTA FOUND IN RUMEN OF COW.
By Watrter Lawson, D.V.S., Hollister, Cal.
I was called eight days after a cow had calved.
She was staggering; temperature 101; ears, horns and legs
cold.
I diagnosed digestive trouble. The next morning she was
dead.
On post mortem I found the placenta in the rumen, and it
had collected around it hay to the size of a stove pipe.
No sign of decay, tough as when shed from the uterus.
I have read of and seen cows eat the placenta, and think some
of the cases that have no appetite after calving are probably due
to that cause.
The Bureau of Animal Industry Employees of South Omaha
held a farewell reception on the evening of the 20th instant, in
honor of Dr. F. Jelen who has been transferred to Cedar Rapids,
Iowa, as inspector in charge of the meat inspection station in
that city.
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
ENGLISH REVIEW.
By Prof, A. Liaurarp, M.D., V.M.
A Curious AccipEntT [W. W.].—A large retriever has
thrown to him to fetch a walking stick some 2 feet long with a
crook handle. All at once, while running with the stick in his
mouth, the stick disappeared in his throat, with the exception of
the handle. With difficulty is was pulled away. A little blood
only followed, and the dog seems. all right, remaining so for a
week, when he seemed ill, showing rigors, general disturbance,
no appetite and a temperature of 104. Examined, the dog was
found to have a large ulcerated wound in the left side of the
tongue and a big cyst near the upper part of the postea-spinatus
muscle. This was opened, the sore in the mouth attended to
and the dog made a rapid recovery.—(Iet. Record.)
A TERRIBLE ACCIDENT To A Race-Horse [F. B. Eve,
M.R.C.V.S.].—The illustrated concise record of the case of a
race-horse, which, whilst finishing the course in a race, ran into
the end part of the fence on the inner rail, and this entered inside
and under the shoulder blade, the impetus carrying it through the
body and causing the pole to protrude for fully 3 feet beyond the
hip. The horse swayed for a few moments and dropped dead.
It was a terrible and certainly a unique accident.—(Vet. Journ. )
SKIN LeEsION oF THE Horsk RESEMBLING DERMATITIS Ery-
SIPELATOSA [Mr. W.-G. Berry, M.R.C.V.S., and W. W. Noel
Pillers, F.R.C.V.S.|.—A case illustrated with photos, the subject
being a cart gelding, aged II years.
After a severe febrile attack which was followed by double
pneumonia, which the animal pulls through, and while a few
days of convalescence was given before being returned to work,
the animal one night has a peculiar skin rash, with a febrile reac-
tion of 102° F. Then came marked swelling of the hind quar-
756
=|
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
ters, inflamed and sore. The inside of the thighs below the peri-
neum were moist and steaming. The body was scattered with
number of large patches, painful blotches. Small elevated areas
were on the lips and face. The hair first became erect, then there
was an accumulation under the skin. The size of the lesions
varied. Ina few days the raised skin became hard and dry, and
crusts formed with pus-like fluid underneath. After two or three
weeks the lesions gradually disappeared. During the disease the
pulse had been first very irregular and later more steady. The
general condition, however, remained fair. Examination of the
lesions for acari and ringworms were negative, and positive diag-
nosis was not made. The treatment consisted in light diet, iron
sulphate and vegetable tonics being given internally. Local appli-
cations on the sores did not seem to do much good. Eventually
all the crusts had fallen off and after some time the horse was
able to resume his work.—(I’et. Rec.)
AN ABDOMINAL Lesion [/t. F. Stirling, F.R.C.V.S.|.—Valu-
able mare of five years had been turned out and partook of a too
large quantity of stacks of barley, resulting in colic which was
enly temporarily relieved, and the writer was called to see her.
Temperature 104.8° I. Pulse 90 small. Membranes injected.
Face was “ drawn” and there was frequent turning up of the
lips. Spasmodic colics now and then. Borborygms barely notice-
able. Rectum dilated and empty. Treatment oil, digalon hypo-
dermically, chloral. This was followed the next day with strych-
nia and digalon and enemata repeated. Rectal examination re-
veals the presence of small feces in the rectum and on pulling if
out it proves to be a perfect cast of the bowel containing hardened
feces. The cast was 4% inches long, had the shape of a tube,
fairly tough and black in color. After the removal of this cast,
liquid feces came out, mixed the following day with blood. Nux
vomica, digitalis were prescribed and the enematas continued.
Gradually the mare made a perfect recovery.
The interest of the case for the writer was that he had never
seen such in horses, although he had witnessed it in cattle on
several occasions.—(Vet. Rec.)
RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS IN A Cow—A Warninc! [L.
W. Wynn Lloyd.|—A five-year-old cow has been off her feed
for some days and constipated.
Temperature is subnormal, pulse weak, extreme dullness and
enlargement of the abdomen. The animal moans every few sec-
758 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
onds. On examination of the uterus, the os is found fully dilated
and a little further, on the left side towards the floor of the womb,
there is a rupture, large enough to admit a calf’s head. The foetal
membranes were ruptured and to all appearance the calf had been
dead several days. After giving a bad diagnosis, which the
owner did not seem to accept, the calf was removed, not without
some difficulty, and the animal left to herself. Wonderful as it
seems, the cow got well, much to the satisfaction of the owner
who had a good joke on the veterinary attendant.
FRENCH REVIEW.
By Prof. A. Lrautarp, M.D., V.M.
FrLARosis OF Horses [Dr. Monbet|.—The toxic property
of permanganate of potash towards Filaria irritans of horses has
caused it to be recommended in the treatment of the cases of
dermatitis, summer wounds, which are so difficult to cure and so
rebellious to remove radically. The writer has used it in one
case where instead of waiting for the moment where the para-
sites were in their maximum of vitality, he applied the treatment
before the wound would be fully developed, namely in the ugly
cutaneous surfaces where this was likely to appear. It is known
that these summer wounds leave contracted cicatrices and that
under the stiff and rude skin the palpation will detect the en-
veloped filaria feeling like small encysted shots. ‘The writer in a
gelding which for several years had been laid up for filariosis,
injected all round and in different spots of the cicatrix, 60 c.c. of
aqueous solution of permanganate of potash, I p. 1,000 and
massed the surfaces towards the center. The injections were fol-
lowed by an oedematous swelling which disappeared after a few
days.
Result—-No more new granulating wounds were formed,
some old cicatrices became more supple and if the cysts of the
filaria were still detected by palpation, the parasites were dead.
Although but one case, it suggests its application in other fila-
riosis.— (ev. Gener.)
NyMPHOMANY IN Cows [Mr. Ivendiesse|.—As treatment
clitoridectomy and ovariotomy are recommended; the first is easy
but not without failures. The second is the choice operation even
with its objections. The author has resorted to the method of
Mr, Eloire, which consists in the introduction of a conical lead
a a,
———
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. ; T5o
ball weighing 20 to 30 gramms in the uterus. With this treat-
ment he has observed that the genesic excitement of the cow
would radically pass off for 10 or 15 days, but would reappear
after, although less severe. Ivendiesse has modified the method.
He introduced 5, 6 and 7 balls of 30 to 40 gramms each. Every
time he obtained perfect success. Thin, worn-out cows would-re-
turn to healthy condition in a few days. The operation is simple,
especially if one operates in full stage of the crisis when the
uterus is sufficiently open at the neck. The trouble is said to
never return.—( Prog. Veter.)
SEPTICEMIA ForLowING INFECTIOUS PHLEBITIS OF THE
Ricut Hinp Lec [ Doct. Attal and Chicon, Army Veterinarians].
—dA four-year-old horse walks stiff. The right hind leg is a little
swollen, painful on palpation, temperature is high, 40°3. There
is no external wound detected. On examination of the chest pul-
monary congestion is detected on the right side with a small point
of dullness. The heart shows myocardic insufficiency; there is a
little tachycardia. Ocular mucous membranes cyanotic. A diag-
nosis is made of phlebitis with embolus having caused a focus
of infection on the right lung. Treatment, bleeding at the jugu-
lar, salines, purgatives, mustard on the chest, digitaline and
caffeine. After four days improvement is marked but the heart
keeps on weak, the swelling of the leg increases. The animal,
however, keeps laying down, when standing he does not rest on
the lame leg. Pains increase, abscesses and fistulas open on the
course of the saphena veins, yellow pus mixed with blood escapes.
After a few days the horse dies. Post mortem. ‘The right hind
leg is infiltrated, especially on the shank and thigh. Old bruises
are found on the upper part of the canon. Above the hock are
two fistulas from which bloody pus is squeezed out. In the
abdomen the lymph glands are enlarged and hemorrhagic. Liver,
spleen and kidneys congested. Slight lesions in the lungs, peri-
cardium contains fluid, myocardium and endocardium show
bloody effusions, specially on the left ventricle—(Journ. de
Zootech. )
New TREATMENT oF Sarcoptic MANGE IN Horses :[Myr.
Perot|.—The mangy horse is placed in a stable, heated to a
temperature of 20-to 25 degrees C., where he is left for two or
three hours. After this lapse of time, a good washing is made
with castille soap and warm bareges (sulphurated water) solu-
tion at I p./ with rincing with pure bareges and leave the animal
760 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
to dry by the heat of the stable. No case of mange will resist the
treatment which in five sittings is followed by recovery. Five
or six days must be left between each washing to allow the eggs
of the parasite to hatch and before the new parasites can lay any
more. This mange transmissible to men is readily cured with
the same bareges solution.— (Bullet. de la Soc. Cent.)
OSTEOMAS OF THE SHOULDER [Mr. A. Chageau. |.—Under
this name the author calls the attention to growths which develop
only in equines at the regions where cold abscesses are observed.
Although the name of osteoma is scarcely proper as these growths
are not bony but their clinical characters justify this denomina-
tion. The difference between these tumors and cold abscesses is
that they never contain pus and that no matter how many ex-
plorating punctures are made, and no matter how deep, pus has
never been detected in them. At the onset and during its devel-
opment, they are very large and hard, appearing suddenly with-
out edematous swelling round them. They are not painful and
if the collar worn by the animal is sufficiently wide, he can work.
They are so hard that puncture with the hot iron is even some-
times difficult. The treatment is long, generally demanding two
months for the growth to be resorbed. From four to five punc-
tures, 5 and 6 centimeters deep, with a large old fashioned
pointed firing iron with injections of tincture of iodine diluted
with half water is necessary.—-(Fev. Gen. de Med. Vet.)
ITALIAN REVIEW.
By A. Liraurarp and E. CErsart,
GrossicH’s METHOD IN VETERINARY SuRGERY [Dr. O.
Porrt|.—The disinfection of the field of operation with tincture
of iodine, recommended by Grossich, in 1908, is without doubt
superior to all the other methods that can be used in the practice
of veterinary surgery. The writer has used it for three years
and can appreciate its superiority. All that is required is to paint
the skin over, two or three times, with an alcoholic solution to
obtain a complete disinfection.
The author has obtained surprising results in the following
surgical interferences that he used it: Two phalangeal disarticu-
lations, two castrations in dogs, several castrations by ligature of
the cord in horses and calves, two neurectomies, three tracheoto-
re =
ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES. 761
mies in horses, four paracenthesis in cattle, one enterocenthesis in
a donkey, two patellar dermotomies, several foot operations, re-
moval of tumors, etc.
With some subjects there was a peculiar susceptibility to
iodine. In one dog, which was castrated, the tincture gave rise
to serious squamous dermatitis. Such accidents are rare and do
not modify the result of the operation.
For some authors they are due to the presence of iodohye
and, which forms in the old preparations, hence the indications
of using only recently prepared tincture —(/1 Nuovo Ercolain. )
SURGICAL ANTISEPSY WITH TINCTURE OF IODINE [A. Macel-
lari]|—The writer claims the priority of the use of tincture of
iodine as cutaneous disinfecting agent, in favor of V eterinary
Professor Aruch, an Italian, who published in 1894 in Clinica
Veterinaria an excellent paper on the subject.—(J1 Moderno
Zooiato. )
On Banc’s Bacitius [A. Arcoli]_—The specificity of the
bacillus of epizootic abortion, discovered in 1897, by Bang and
Stribold, has been confirmed by the works of the English com-
mission, by Preisz in Hungary, Mowack in Austria, Zwick in
Germany, McNeil and Meyer in North America.
The culture of the bacillus presents some difficulties, and
those made with Bang’s method (on agar-gelatine serum without
layer of agar) give many failures. Nowack improved the method
by keeping the culture in confined atmosphere in common with
a reducing germ, the bacillus subtilis.
Theobald Smith rendered the isolating of the bacillus easier
in showing that rabbits and guinea pigs were susceptible of the
B. of Bang-Stribold, which produces in those animals lesions of
the spleen in which the germ is found in a pure state.
Arcoli has first used a method of culture analogous to that
of Nowack, but changing only the agent of symbiosis by the
bacillus anthracis. The suspect material is first inoculated to
rabbit and cultures made with splenic lesions of this animal.
According to the author, a method that gives excellent results
consists in making a culture with a small piece of spleen in a
tube, sealed with the spirit lamp afterwards. Or again in a tube,
containing a piece of spleen, from a non-infected animal, always
sealing it with the spirit lamp after the sowing is made. The
medium used by the author is ordinary gelose containing a few
762 ABSTRACTS FROM EXCHANGES.
drops of horse serum in water of condensation.—(La Clinica
leterin. )
RARE CASE OF RECOVERY FROM FRACTURE OF THE NAVICU-
LAR BoNE IN A Horse [Dr. G. Ranzani|.—The fracture was
due to a punctured wound of the foot. The animal was treated
and operated only ten days after the injury was received. After
partial removal of the sole and entire extirpation of the frog, the
operator made on a level with the fistula that existed, a large
incision, infundibuliform in shape, which arrived to the aponeu-
rotic expansion of the deep flexor of the phalanges, which had
itself been perforated by the street nail, in its anterior part. The
probe then, introduced in the wound, revealed that the navicular
bone was rough and movable. [Exposed by removal of tissues
covering it, it “appeared completely fractured on a level with its
internal extremity. A drain was applied, passing by the hollow
of the coronet region and after irrigation of the w ound a simple
compressive dressing was applied. “After -treatment consisted in
daily antiseptic irrigation.
About a month and half after the operation, cicatrization was
complete and, radically cured, the animal resumed work.—(J]
Nuovo Ercolain. )
‘“ SECRETARY'S OFFICE OF THE PERMANENT COMMITTEE FOR
THE INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESSES AT THE HAGUE
S7vATIONSWEG 74 (INT. TEL. 848).” (Under patronage of the
Dutch Dept. of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce ).—Corre-
spondence, printings, etc., as far as they are not sent to the Presi-
dent of the Committee, the Privy Conseillor Dr. A. Lydtin at
xaden-Baden, or to the Secretary Prof. Dr. D. A. De Jong at
Leyden, are immediately to be addressed to the Secretary's office
mentioned before.
3ARNYARD SANITATION is the title of the subject treated in
Extension Bulletin No. 44, Minnesota Farmers’ Library, by Dr.
H. Preston Hoskins, assistant veterinarian, University arm, St.
Paul, Minn. A very valuable little bulletin of 16 pages, dealing
with the principal contagious diseases and the prevention of their
spreading, etc., in his characteristic, interesting accuracy, yet con-
cise manner, which must be of inestimable value to stock raisers
of the State of Minnesota.
————_ ee a
CORRESPONDENCE.
‘
ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, December 12, 1913.
Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:
Srr—Having received many kind messages from veterina-
rians in the United States of America conveying their hearty
congratulations for my article on ‘* Epizootic Abortion of Dairy
Cattle,’ published in the September, 1913, number of the AMER-
ICAN VETERINARY REvIEw, which I appreciate very much, many
of the correspondents—especially those engaged in a cattle prac-
tice—have asked for further particulars in the treatment on the
lines suggested. I shall be pleased if you can grant me space in
your journal to publish the answers to the leading questions.
In acknowledging the numerous communications I have re-
ceived in reference to my article on “ Epizootic Abortion in the
Dairy Herd,” 1 can assure my correspondents that it will be a
duty and pleasure for me to supply, as far as my ability will en-
able me, all the information which has been asked for.
The lines of treatment suggested in my article are only suit-
able for extensive outbreaks of epizootic abortion in dairy herds
and are too expensive for single cases on dairy farms.
In reference to the leading questions, the following are my
suggestions :
1. ‘I have always removed the placenta mechanically,
but if you have a better way, should like to know.”
For eight (8) years I was engaged single-handed in one of
the largest cattle practices in the world, and certainly the largest
in Australia. These were my methods:
1. If the case was only a short distance from my headquar-
ters, after removing the foetus, the uterus was irrigated with a
bucketful of warm water (about 100° F.), to which was added
a small quantity of tincture of iodine. A large funnel and six
(6) feet of 34-inch rubber hose (a necessary part of the outfit
required in a cattle practice, See Post) are used in making this
form of irrigation. The addition of the iodine has a twofold
763
764 CORRESPONDENCE.
object: (1) It is a good antiseptic; (2) it prevents the cow eat-
ing the placenta, thereby removing all doubt that the after-birth
has been expelled. There is no argument that a cow should not
be allowed to eat the normal placenta; it is natural for them to
do so; when eaten it acts on the system as a purgative. A dairy
man having a herd of over one hundred (100) cows cannot
afford the time to note if the newly calved cow has expelled the
placenta or not. In cases a long distance from headquarters the
after-birth should be removed after the delivery of the foetus;
this obviates all risk of having to make a second visit to the
recently calved cow.
‘How long after parturition do you use the irri-
gation for retained placenta? ”’
In the summer one (1) day. In the winter two (2) to three
(3) days.
3. “ How often do you irrigate to remove a retained
placenta? ”’
In such cases I fill the uterus with a hot aqueous solution of
one (I) per cent. carbonate of soda, commercial, 7. ¢., washing
soda. This loosens up the membranes, and by its weight causes
the cow to exert an expulsive effort to expel the contents of the
uterus. In the majority of such cases all the membranes come
away at once; provided there is no decomposition of the pia-
centa, no further treatment is required. Should the membranes
be retained after such an irrigation of the uterine cavity, it is to
be anticipated that they are retained through being wound round
the maternal cotyledons, or adherent to the walls. of the uterus.
The correct procedure in such cases is to remove the retained
placenta by mechanical means, bearing in mind that the first
principles are—the maternal cotyledons must not be injured,
thereby preventing any absorption of septic conditions which
may accompany such cases. In the removal of the placenta from
the uterine walls, the fingers and short finger-nails only should
be used; no surgical instruments are admissible; should the mem-
branes be wound around the maternal cotyledons great care
should be exercised, and they should be removed in the manner
which one exerts in undoing a button of a garment. Should
there be a septic condition of the contents of the uterus, before
their removal liberal irrigation with hot water and iodine should
be adopted. After the membranes are removed another flushing
is required; if the uterus has lost its tone, 7. e., the contents are
OORRESPONDENCE. 765
not expelled, it is necessary to use the hose as a syphon, and
remove all the fluid from the uterine cavity with a clean sponge.
If the first manipulation is done in a thorough manner, further
exploration is not necessary; flushing with hot water and iodine
once a day is all that is required until the uterus is in a normal
condition. Under such conditions the following must be remem-
bered :
(1) The long limb of the hose, when using as a syphon,
should be filled with solution before the short limb is placed in
the uterus.
(2) The hose requires to be guided by the hand when enter-
ing the os uteri.
(3) Clean hands and arms are necessary in such manipula-
tion. Although the uterus and the membranes are in a septic
condition it is not necessary to add a new strain of micro-
organisms by hands and arms which are not clean enough to be
heyond suspicion.
(4) Cuts and scratches of the hands and arms should be
treated with liniment of iodine; many obstetricians in veterinary
practice have regretted not adopting this necessary precaution.
When called in to treat a cow, in my outfit are a six (6) feet
length of three-quarter (34) inch rubber hose; a funnel; a light
hardwood mouth gag, with a hole in its middle large enough to
pass the hose through, and a blocked saline purge. If the cow
requires a purge, the blocked saline purgative powder is added
to three-quarters (34) of a bucket of hot water and well stirred,
the mouth gag is fixed in the mouth by means of a strap with
buckles on both sides placed behind the horns and ears, while
straps over the nose and under the lower jaw keep it in post-
tion. The end of the hose is passed through the hole in the
gag to the back of the mouth, then gently pushing it into the
oesophagus, making sure that it has not entered the trachea—
by feeling its passage along the jugular furrow on the left hand
side of the neck, then pass into the entrance of the rumen. An
eructation of gas will be an indication that the hose has entered
the rumen. The hose in position, fix the funnel in the other end,
and pour in the contents of the bucket from an elevated position,
i. e., by standing on a box. The same hose and funnel can be
used for the irrigation of wounds; flushing out the uterus, the
administration of rectal injections, as a syphon to remove fluids
used in flushing out the uterus, and for irrigating and syphon-
ing medicated solution from the stomach in cases of poisoning.
J. DESMOND.
766 CORRESPONDENCE.
Cuicaco, ILu., February 7,191
Editor AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW:
On page 612 of the [february number appears a title preten-
tious enough to be sure, Rupture of Stomach of Horse Caused
by Blocking the Outlet. of Ingesta in Determining Ingestion.
The ordinary, poor, illiterate fellow glancing at that stupendous
effort has a fleeting impression that he will read of new physio-
logical research of some interest to him. After brief reading
the substance of all the turmoil is that a horse died with a rup-
tured stomach. The rupture occurred in the great curvature.
I have posted only a few cases of ruptured stomach, but when
I find one case presenting the rupture in a location other than
the great curvature I will be surprised. The fact that at the
seat of rupture there were congestion and extravasation of blood
simply indicates that the stomach ruptured some time before the
animal died; this was the reason he vomited. Jf urther, the state-
ment that the pyloric end of the stomach was filled with bots
together with an impaction of bots in the anterior portion of the
duodenum is nothing to marvel at. The horse taking sick a short
time after the ingestion of fermenting food, green corn fodder,
resolves itself to a simple piece of logic. A fermenting condi-
tion of the gastric contents and its subsequent dilatation causes
displacement of the borders of the stomach beyond their normal
boundaries. This causes a stenosis or perhaps a complete closure
of some part of the S-shaped curve of the duodenum, which lies
on the visceral surface of the liver, the part of the intestine called
duodenal trap by Reeks. The bots that are in the stomach at
this time, and they are generally in the pyloric end, are forced
toward a point of least resistance. They become impacted in the
duodenum anterior to the closure or stenosis produced by the
extreme dilatation of the stomach and are of secondary consid-
eration in attaching the cause of death; the title has no connection
with the case.
W. J. Ratican, Chicago Veterinary College ‘14.
Tue bureau employees who will be affected by legislation pro-
posed in H. R. 9292 are engaged in meat inspection, tick and
scabies eradication, tuberculin testing of cattle, mallein testing
of horses, hog cholera-serum demonstration, and the 28-hour law
in the US. Beer ALT:
FP LILO
ow ae
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
MANUAL OF THE PRACTICE OF VETERINARY
MEDICINE.
MANUAL OF THE Practice oF VETERINARY MEDICINE, by Edward Courtenay,
M.R.C.V.S. Third Edition; Revised by Frederick T. G. Hobday,
F.R.C.V.S., F.R.S.E., Honorary Veterinary Surgeon to His Majesty the
King; Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine; Honorary Member of
the American Veterinary Medical Association; Membre Correspondant
de la Societe de Medicine Veterinaire du Brabant; Late Member of the
Examining Board of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, and
formerly Professor in the Royal Veterinary College, London. More
than 450 pages, with 77 illustrations. London, Balliere, Tindall and Cox,
1913. Price, 1os. 6d. net—$2.75.
This handsome volume (“ Dedicated to Professor A. Liau-
tard, M.D., V.M. (a Distinguished Graduate of the Alfort
(Paris) Veterinary School), Whose Untiring IV ork for the Pro-
fession in America Has Always Had the Admiration and Appre-
ciation of His Colleagues in Great Britain,” ), was recently re-
ceived at the Review office with an inscription on the fly-leaf by
the editor, presenting it to the Review editor, expressive of the
donor’s friendship and kindliest feelings; and its perusal has
given us a great deal of pleasure. Its thirty-two chapters em-
brace Diseases of the Respiratory System; Respiratory Diseases
of the Ox; Stangles; Lymphangitis; Affections of the Skin; Dis-
eases of the Eyes; Diseases of the Nervous System; Inflamma-
tion; Diseases of Bone; Wounds; Diseases of the Feet; the
Teeth; Injuries, etc., in the Region of the Mouth; Injuries, etc.,
im the Oesophageal Region; Diseases of the Stomach and Intes-
tines; Diseases of the Liver; Diseases of the Spleen and Pan-
creas; the Ox; Diseases of the Urinary System; Diseases of the
Male Organs of Generation; Glanders and Farcy; Variola; Cas-
tration; Diseases of the Female Organs of Generation; Preg-
nancy, Parturition, and Their Results; Azoturia; Cardiac Dis-
eases; Black-OQuarter and Swine Fever; Tuberculosis and Johne’s
Disease. The foregoing headings suggest in the briefest possible
manner the field covered. It must of necessity be a brief sug-
gestion, since one heading may embrace upwards of twenty dis-
767
768 BIBLIOGRAPHY.
eases of everyday occurrence among domestic animals. Each
condition is described in a clear, concise manner, going direct to
the point in regard to cause, symptoms, treatment, prevention,
etc., with as few words as possible, thus avoiding confusion and
holding the reader’s interest. Wherever the surgical interfer-
ences of everyday practice are indicated, the particular opera-
tions, whether they be major or minor, are described. We in
America, are fully appreciative of the carefulness and thorough-
ness of the English veterinary practitioner and enjoy listening to
his interesting portrayal of a case or reading his lucid descrip-
tion of a condition, and therefore must find Courtenay’s Vet-
erinary Medicine of unusual interest and value; especially as Pro-
fessor Hobday, in this third edition, has intermingled the
work of American veterinary surgeons with those of Great
Britain, as we observe the names of Blattenberg, Cary, Merillat
and Williams amongst his list of references to the literature on
roaring, one of the operations that is described in his chapter on
Diseases of the Respiratory System. It is probably the author’s
thorough appreciation of the trend of the times towards speciali-
zation and his careful avoidance of it, that has enabled him to
present the veterinary practitioner and the veterinary student
with so excellent a résumé on the practice of veterinary medicine.
Strictly modern, Hobday’s Third Edition of Courtenay’s Vet-
erinary Medicine is filled from cover to cover both in text and
illustrations with just the conditions that the general practitioner
meets in his daily work and so frequently desires a little light
on without wading through pages of irrelevant matter to get it.
And for the student, who is getting a full share of detail in the
lecture room, it is a great assistance.
The publishers have executed their work with excellent taste;
the paper is smooth, the type good and the cuts clear; and the
book in cloth binding in dark blue, lettered in gold, makes a nice
appearance in the office or library.
We Ask THE INDULGENCE OF READERS AND CONTRIBUTORS.
—This being the index number to Volume XLIV, more demand
is made on our already crowded number, which will make it nec-
essary for us to withhold a number of excellent articles, several
of them already in type; and we ask the further indulgence of our
readers, and of the authors of the articles, assuring both sides
that they will all appear if they will have patience with us, as
we feel sure they will.
ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.
“NOW FOR A VETERINARY ”—A DIATRIBE ON
MAJOR GENERAL LEONARD WOOD.
Under the caption, ‘“‘ Now for a Veterinary,” the Chicago
Daily Journal, on its editorial page February 2d, prints a vile
diatribe on no less a person than the highest officer of the mili-
tary establishment, Major General Leonard Wood, Chief of Staff
of the Army. We would let it pass as beneath our notice, vulgar,
bungling, semi-satirical as it is, were it not for certain coinci-
dences noticeable and under-currents of suggestiveness betrayed
in the article which reveal the face behind the mask of the writer
of it.
This is the article:
“Now For A VETERINARY.
“When the detail of Gen. Wood, M.D., as Chief of Staff
of the United States Army expires next April, why would it not
be a good plan for Secretary Garrison to extend the Roosevelt
precedent and appoint a veterinary surgeon to this important
post ?
The Journal believes that this suggestion should receive
thoughtful, not to say prayerful attention from the war depart-
ment. It would fill a long-felt want, as ad writers used to say.
Everyone admits that General Wood, M.D., is a “ perfect saint
for a liver complaint”; but think how he would have been handi-
capped in dealing with such military emergencies as glanders and
farcy! Imagine his distress in the presence of an invasion of
ringbone, his helplessness before a flank movement of spavin or
bots!
“There be old fogies who insist that when General Wood
retires the post of Chief of Staff should be given to some first-
class soldier, some trained, professional fighter from West Point,
who can organize our land forces in time of peace and lead them
in case of war. The Journal trusts that such back-number no-
tions will not prevail. We could capture an invading army with
ice-cream freezers—Andrew Carnegie says so, and surely he is
an expert in martial affairs. What is needed is a chief who can
769
770 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.
keep our soldiers from getting the heaves, and will know what to
do if the men in khaki eat too much alfalfa.
“ Exit General Wood, M.D., and hooray for General John
Doe, veterinary surgeon, and Chief of Staff of the Army of the
United States!”
It is a remarkable coincidence, is it not, that this editorial
should appear on the very day that the Army Veterinary Service
Bill, H. R. 4541, unanimously passed the House Military Com-
mittee? It is not often that there is spread upon the editorial page
of a great metropolitan daily an article referring in a guised, in-
direct way, as this seems to do, to the veterinarians in the army.
But when a vile diatribe appears on an equally dignified and noted
military character like General Wood, at the very time that
legislation is pending for the veterinarians for the army, and in
which mud is thrown at his record and screams of laughter is
expected to be provoked by suggesting that he be succeeded in the,
post of Chief of Staff by a “ veterinary,” it is perfectly obvious
that the masked hand of the man who wrote the article, or indi-
cated that it might be written, was that of a man who knew some-
thing more about the Army than appears on the surface of this
article.
There is no love for the democratic party to be found in the
hearts of most of the men of the Army now in high rank or in
high command. There are two excellent reasons for this as the
average military person sees them: First, the present government
is against expansion of the Army and its policy is to abbreviate
rather than enlarge its power; second, it has tended to squelch
the promiscuous attempts on the part of many persons in the
Army opposite in political faith to the party in power to form
public opinion in favor of such expansion, which to the present
government means increasing the burdens of the public, that is,
is against the policy of economy. Consequently this class of
Army men has taken, more than ever, to influencing the public
mind through the press either through anonymous contributions
or else by suggesting topics for anonymous contributions.
The fact seems to be that the slur in this editorial, as far as we
are concerned, is less upon General Wood than it is upon the
veterinary profession of America. The article is written in
Bowery English and its thought is murky as the Bowery mind.
It is, as it were, a street urchin criticising a person so remote
from his ken of thought as this military dignitary—General
Wood—-must be. Shakespeare has written in Twelfth Night,
“ Even a cat may look at a king,” and it might be added that even
ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT, CTL
a dog might criticise one. It seems manifest that the person who
suggested the writing of this editorial had read his Army and
Navy Journal this year or two and knew something about the
legislation pending for veterinarians in the Army, perhaps knew
the attitude of General Wood towards that legislation. The sug-
gestor was probably a line officer who hated General Wood, a
physician who had risen by sheer merit to be head of the Army,
and he was also a man jealous of the Army medical corps and the
power it wields in the military establishment. Besides the edi-
torial is a slur on our honorable profession, which aspires to noth-
ing in the army but justice to itself. The sling at the veterinary
profession in the editorial is of the same kind as the sling of the
deposed Speaker Cannon, who, at the time the Army Veterinary
Bill went through on the floor of the House in the 62d Congress
by unanimous consent, January 6, 1913, rose with the object of
making the profession the butt of laughter and said, “ Do they
want to be major-generals? ”
GARRISON STEELE, M.D., D.V.M.
fe TORS DOCTOR AND THE MAN DOCTOR.
In the memorandum of the late Surgeon-General Torney to
the Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, in which he recommends that
the veterinary service be established as a corps and attached to
the Medical Department, appears some interesting statements.
At the outset the general says: “ Veterinary medicine is a
learned profession, with a voluminous periodical and permanent
literature of its own. For efficiency, there is the same necessity
that the horse doctor should be learned as for the man doctor,
etc.” The latter sentence has provoked the displeasure of a few
oversensitive colleagues. I cannot help but think that it is one
of the cleverest expressions yet heard. It restores this old, pure-
English term to its proper meaning; it apprises the laity of its
true significance; it satisfies the pride of the veterinarian and also
makes the surgeon, as the man doctor, feel his relationship to-
wards us in the light of a broad comparison. It took a man of
ripe learning, of real wisdom, to coin such a paraphrase at a mo-
ment when bigoted officials were apt to smile with derision at the
endeavors of the veterinary profession to raise itself to a more
dignified standing in our army, using, no doubt as they did, this
time-honored term in contempt.
Looking back a short time only, there was some alarm when
-I
(2 ARMY VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.
it became known that the veterinary service would be attached
to the medical service of the army. Anything new, out of the
order of old routine ways, seems always to disturb the equilibrium
of the ultraconservative. Happily, sober second thoughts have
changed doubts into acquiescence with this proposition. We re-
alize that it will take time for both parties to the deal to find
their proper relationship. For one thing, we never had a con-
nection with our friends, the “ medicos,” except in a jocular way,
yet we always were on fair terms with them privately. It is cer-
tain that as far as our official affairs in the army will go, we shall
have to adjust ourselves to a greatly changed situation. But
changes were apt to occur in disposing of our bill in Congress,
and it was known for some time past that the tendency was to
attach the veterinary service to one or another large department.
Policies are changeable, but those who are responsible for their
making generally act upon the impulse of what is best for the
general good of the service. It would be imprudent for us to
buck at the inevitable change, small as it 1s, immaterial as it ought
to be, as long as we gain the coveted price, which we should
steadily keep before us, irrespective of little side issues that may
come and go.
Finally, as ever, history repeats itself. While it is hardly
known to the War Department, yet it is a fact that in a number
of smaller European armies the veterinary corps is a part of the
medical department. In the Swedish army, for instance, there
are only 32 veterinary officers and 92 medical officers, and both
have worked together in the “sanitary service” of their army
since its incipiency, more than one hundred years ago. The
Swedish army veterinarian stands well towards the top of effici-
ency, if compared with his colleagues of the other European
armies, and enjoys the enviable record as being the only one who
actually is in charge of the remount depot and of the govern-
ment stud. This ought to be looked upon as good omen for our
future record of efficiency and general usefulness in our own
army. Ors:
Dr. C. C. Middleton, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. L.,
has removed to Collirene, Alabama.
Dr. E. V. Hover, of Delphos, Ohio, has taken up the practice
of the late Dr. Gehres, at Convoy, that state.
(SOT EIR ORC,
OBITUARY.
ANDREW M. JANSEN, D.V.M.
Dr. Andrew M. Jansen died in the Protestant Hospital, Co-
lumbus, Ohio, on January 4, 1914, after an illness of 22 days,
as a result of glanders infection. He graduated from the veteri-
nary school of the Ohio State University in 1910, and was
assistant in the bacteriological laboratory of that institution at
the time of his death. He was a member of Alpha Chapter, of
the Alpha Psi Fraternity. He is survived by a widow and both
his parents.
MARTIN GEHRES, D.V.M.
Dr. Martin Gehres, Convoy, Ohio, died on January 12, 1914,
by being struck by a fast freight train while returning from a
call in the country. He was killed instantly. Dr. Gehres grad-
uated from the veterinary department of Ohio State University,
class of 1910, and in less than four years had built up a large
practice. He is survived by a wife and one son.
Chan iibse. w. McGILLICUDDY, V:S.
Dr. Charles H. McGillicuddy, of Bath, Maine, died Saturday
morning, January 24, 1914. He was 48 years, 3 months and
2 days old. He was born in Lewiston, Maine, and received his
early education in that city. Dr. McGillicuddy graduated from
the Toronto Veterinary College in 1896. After graduation he
went to Bath, where he has been in practice ever since. The doc-
tor is survived by a wife and daughter 18 years old.
The funeral services at his residence were attended by many
relatives and friends. The services were conducted by the Rev.
H. A. Corey, of the Wesley M. E. Church, and the pall bearers
were Dr. George F. Wescott, of Portland; Dr. Chester L.
Blakely, of Augusta; Dr. Carr W. Watson, of Brunswick, and
Dr. George R. Inglis, of Auburn, members of the Maine Veteri-
nary Medical Association. Dr. William H. Lynch, of Portland,
was also present. There were many beautiful floral tributes, in-
cluding large floral pieces from the Maine Veterinary Medical
Association, Bath Aerie F. O. E. and Congressman D. J. McGil-
licuddy, of Lewiston, a cousin of the deceased. Interment was
in Oak Grove Cemetery.
RE IE EM
773
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
°
MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION:
RESUME OF THE Kansas City MEETING IN JANUARY.
A new record was made by the Missouri Valley Veterinary
Association in its midwinter meeting at Kansas City, Mo., Janu-
ary 27, 28 and 29, from the viewpoint both of attendance (there
being 350 veterinarians present) and of keen interest in the pro-
ceedings. The meeting room was fully occupied during the two
days’ session at the Coates House, Tuesday and Wednesday, and
no standing room could be had during the all-day clinic at the
Kkansas City Veterinary College on Thursday. Visiting laymen
remarked upon the keen interest displayed in the program by
those in attendance.
The first day was devoted to discussions of medicinal agents
and food poisoning, there being several good papers in each divi-
sion. ‘“ Fifteen Years'of Observation,’ by Dr. L. L. Crossysot
Clinton, Mo., developed a number of interesting practical points
from the position of an experienced practitioner. A treatise on
“ Quinine,” by Dr. Geo. Judisch, of Ames, Iowa, was very in-
structive and well rendered. Dr. H. Jensen, of Kansas City,
offered his usual goodly store of information relative to medica-
tion, confining his remarks chiefly to the methods of administra-
tion. Dr. D. O. Knisely, of Topeka, Kans., reported a number
of interesting tetanus cases.
The evening session on Tuesday was given over to food poi-
soning and practically every phase of the subject was discussed.
A paper by Dr. R. P. Poage, of Shelbima, Mo., carried the
thought that some of the toxic effect from food stuffs were due
to acidity because of insufficient alkaline salts. He based his
statement upon his observations that most of the trouble in his
locality is found in localities where the soil is deficient in alkaline
salts. As a prophylaxis, Dr. Poage recommended feeding lime
salts with the faulty food stuffs, especially ensilage.
“Silage Poisoning ’’ was the subject of a paper by Dr. D. B.
Morgan, of Neosho, Mo., and he blamed much of the ill-effect of
774
—
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OT
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
silage to the improper method of curing and storing the food stuff.
The thought was brought out that silos are practically a new idea
and that much must be learned concerning the use of them before
highest efficiency can be secured and dangers to the animal over-
come.
Dr. T. T. Christian, of Texarkana, Texas, offered a paper on
cotton seed meal poisoning, which drew lively interest from the
southern veterinarians. A great deal of attention is being given
to this important food stuff in the South, and recently some prog-
ress has been made in the attempt to overcome the ill-effects of
the food fattening stock.
All day Wednesday was devoted to the discussion of anti-
hog cholera serum. The following papers were offered: “ § laugh-
ter Rather Than Tail Bleeding in Manufacture of Potent Serum,’
G. A. Johnson, Sioux City, lowa; “ Hog-Cholera Serum Manu-
facture,” illustrated by lantern slides, Herbert F. Palmer, Phila-
delphia, Pa.; “ What Is a Reasonable Percentage of Abscesses
When Properly Done?” F. M. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo.; “ The
Dependability of Commercial and State Virus,’ F. H. Hueben,
Kansas City, Kans.; “ The Dependability of Commercial and
State Serum,’ D. W. McAhren, Des Moines, Iowa: “ Is It Neces-
sary to Take Temperatures in Supposedly Healthy Herds? When
Is Serum Alone Indicated?” J. H. Oesterhaus, Kansas City, Mo.
“Effect of Serum-Virus on Pregnant Sows, on Pigs, on Sows
with Suckling Pigs,” C. J. Sihler, Kansas City, Kans.; “ Maxi-
mum and Minimum Dose of Virus and Its Effect on Duration of
Immunity,’ G. I. Blanchard, Kansas City, Kans.; “ What Is a
Just Charge for the Administration of Serum and Virus?” B. A.
Robinson, Kansas, E. A. Shikles, Missouri, Henry Hell, Iowa;
“Care of Herd After Treatment, Especially Feeding,’ P. Juck-
niess, Omaha, Nebr.; “ The Place of Anti-Hog-Cholera Serum
in the Control of Hog Cholera,’ M. Dorset, Washington, D. C.;
“ Preventive Measures Other Than Vaccination in Combating
Hog Cholera,” J. W. Connaway, Columbia, Mo.
Dr. Caldwell favored the injection of serum into the sub-
scapular region, as he contended abscesses were less likely to form
in that region. He contended the percentage of abscesses should
not exceed one-half of oné per cent.
Both papers relative to the dependability of state and com-
mercial serum were interesting and carried out the thoughts that
state serum should at least be as good as commercial serum, as
the state had the advantage in equipment and finance; and that
laws applying to one should apply to the other. .
+]
-1
or)
SOCIETY MEETINGS.
Dr. Sihler suggested the economy in giving simultaneous
treatment to pigs at the age of about three months, thus reducing
expense of losses and cost of serum.
The discussion of charges for administering serum drew a
wide range of opinion. In substance it was agreed that mileage
and a reasonable charge for service is justifiable, circumstances
making it difficult to fix a definite charge.
Dr. Connaway advocated serum-alone treatment and rigid
quarantine as the only sure means of controlling cholera. This
theory is being tried out by the federal government at the pres-
ent time.
The chief paper of the day was that of M. Dorset, upon “ The
Place of Anti-Hog-Cholera Serum in the Control of Hog Chol-
era.” In reality his treatise was a preliminary report of the find-
ings of the Bureau in its experiments with serum in Dallas
County, Iowa; Montgomery County, Ind., and Pettis County,
Mo.
Dr. Dorset, in outlining the plan of experiments being made
by the government, stated that in addition to the use of serum,
rigid quarantine and an active educative program are being em-
ployed. As the work was started in July, after the cholera infec-
tion was wide-spread, lack of men and serum prevented com-
plete fulfilment of the plan; hence the results are not as certain
as they might otherwise be.
The sources of infection, as shown by the chart made by Dr.
Dorset, were somewhat surprising. By far the greatest percent-
age of infection came from persons and the next largest from
birds. The chart showed that 45 per cent. of the infection came
through agents which it would be very difficult to control; for
instance, birds, wind and flowing water.
In conclusion Dr. Dorset offered the following suggestions:
““T have now described to you the plan followed by the Bureau
of Animal Industry in attempting to control hog cholera; I have,
furthermore, presented a summary of certain features of this
work. In concluding, I wish to once again emphasize the impor-
tance of education and sanitation in the control of hog cholera.
Consider hog cholera in connection with smallpox and diphtheria
in man. We have for smallpox a reliable vaccine and for diph-
theria a potent serum. Yet we find that the best medical authori-
ties the world over insist upon the enforcement of rigid quaran-
tine against all cases of smallpox and diphtheria, and they do
not depend upon the immunizing agent alone. If this is neces-
SOCIETY MEETINGS. CHALE
sary in the case of these two human diseases, it is certainly neces-
sary in the case of hog cholera.
“ We should endeavor through education of the farmer con-
cerning the nature of hog cholera and the ways in which it 1s
spread, to limit the number of outbreaks. We should further,
by the enforcement of sanitary regulations and quarantine, en-
deavor to confine the disease to its original center.
“ The anti-hog-cholera serum either injected alone or accord-
ing to the simultaneous method should be used to save hogs in
herds that become infected notwithstanding our sanitary and edu-
cational measures, and also to prevent the disease in animals
which are so clearly exposed that reliance cannot safely be placed
upon quarantine pure and simple.
“T believe that no campaign against hog cholera in this
country can be successful unless we employe the anti-hog-cholera
serum, and likewise I believe that the anti-hog-cholera serum
alone without the enforcement of proper quarantine laws and
without the co-operation of farmers secured through education
will surely fail of success.”
On Wednesday evening a banquet was held at the Coates
House and following the service Dr. John S. Barbee, food in-
spector of Kansas City, offered a resume of the progress of food
inspection and some suggestions for more uniform regulations.
Following his talk he answered any questions relative to inspec-
tion which the guests cared to ask.
Thursday was devoted to clinic in the Amphitheatre of the
Kansas City Veterinary College. The following cases were
presented :
A eryptorchid with complications, operated upon by Dr. L. D.
Brown, of Guthrie, Okla.
A cryptorchid, operated upon by Dr. L. U. Shipley, of Shel-
don, Iowa.
A non-infective post-operative tendinitis, Dr. S. S. Dykstra,
of Manhattan, Kans., and Dr. G. H. Roberts, of Indianapolis,
Ind., clinicians.
An open perforans tendon sheath, as a result of nail puncture,
Dr. G. H. Roberts, of Indianapolis, clinician.
A demonstration of wound suturing, by Dr. L. A. Merillat,
of Chicago.
A case of chronic necrosis of perialveolar tissue and extrac-
tion of third lower molar, Dr. J. H. Slater, of Richmond, Mo.,
operating.
778 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
A liberal discourse on the conditions present, and a discussion
of various procedures which could be adopted, with the operator’s
reasons for one selected in each case, made the clinic of more
than passing value. .\ series of questions concerning the cases
and operations presented by members present and answered by the
clinicians added to this instructive feature of the meeting.
Se
TENTH INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONGRESS}
LONDON.
The Tenth International Veterinary Congress will be held in
London from the 3d to the 8th of August, 1914.
This is the jubilee congress, and it is being held in London
by the express desire of the veterinarians of the world in honor
of a distinguished English veterinarian, John Gamgee, at whose
suggestion international veterinary congresses were first insti-
tuted.
Although it is not customary for British governments to
finance international congresses of any description, the British
government is taking a great interest in the coming congress,
and invitations in the following form have been issued by the
3ritish Foreign Office to the various countries, inviting them to
send official delegates :
(Copy.)
ToREIGN OFFICE,
September, 1913.
His Magesty’s REPRESENTATIVES
Abroad.
Sir—I transmit to you herewith copies of the programme of the Tenth
International Veterinary Congress, which it is proposed to hold in London
from August 3d to 8th, next year, with the request that you will communicate
it to the Government to which you are accredited, inyiting-them at the same
time to send delegates thereto.
The history of these congresses is as follows:
Forty-nine years ago, at the suggestion of a distinguished British veteri-
narian, John Gamgee, the first International Veterinary Congress was held.
Gamgee’s suggestion was put forward on account of cattle plague, which had
traveled from Russia practically all over Europe, devastating the herds, and
he recognized that the control of animal plagues could not depend entirely
upon each country itself, but must be the common care of all. The wisdom
of Gamgee’s suggestion was immediately recognized by all the European
countries. These congresses interalia discuss all international questions in
relation to animal plagues.
Arrangements could not, unfortunately, be made to hold the first or any
of the other congresses in Great Britain, but they have been by arrangement
held every five years in various capitals of Europe. The governments of the
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 779
various countries concerned have always issued invitations to other govern-
ments to send delegates.
The ninth congress was held at the Hague in 1909, and on that occasion
the governments of Argentina, Austria (including Bohemia, Croatia and Sla-
vonia), Bavaria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Colombia, Cuba, Denmark, Germany
(including Saxe-Weimar), France (including Algeria and Tunis), Greece,
Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Luxemburg, Mexico, Norway, Netherlands,
Roumania, Russia, Saxony, Servia, Sweden, Switzerland, United States of
America, Uruguay and Wurtemberg were represented, as well as Great
Britain and certain of the British oversea dominions.
Although the congress is not promoted by His Majesty's Government,
they take a great interest in the objects for which it is being summoned,
and would learn with pleasure that the invitation had been accepted. They
would also view with satisfaction the separate representation at the congress
of such educational, scientific or other bodies in foreign countries as are
interested in promoting the veterinary and kindred sciences.
The British Committee of Organization extend a hearty invi-
tation to their foreign colleagues in every country, and they
desire to inform visitors to the congress from abroad that it will
be more convenient if they try to arrive in London on Saturday,
the Ist of August. It is the intention of the British committee
to hold a preliminary reception on the evening of Sunday, the
2d of August, to enable members to meet each other, to discuss
the arrangements for the official opening of the congress, and
to obtain any further information regarding the arrangements
they may desire.
The official opening will take place on Monday, the 3d of
August, 1914, when the committee hope to secure the patronage
of an exalted personage to open the congress, but arrangements
with regard to this matter have not yet been completed.
PLace oF MEETING.—The meetings of the congress will be
held at Central Buildings, Westminster, London, which offer
exceptional facilities for the purpose.
The place of meeting is close to the Houses of Parliament,
and the position is exceptionally convenient in relation to hotels,
restaurants and amusements.
ENTERTAINMENTS.—The Foreign Office has consented to
give an entertainment in honor of the congress. The arrange-
ments for the other banquets and receptions which will be given
in honor of the congress have not yet been completed, but full
particulars will be circulated to the national committees for pub-
lication at as early a date as possible.
The British committee are also organizing excursions of the
following description :
(1) Visits to noted herds and studs within easy reach of
London. They have already been informed that permission will
be granted to visit the royal herds at Windsor.
780 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
(2) Visits to the quarantine and research stations of the
Board of Agriculture.
(3) Excursions after the congress to places of historical
interest and places noted for beautiful scenery.
In designing the itineraries due regard will be paid to the
wishes of those who may desire to combine pleasure with instruc-
tion by visiting districts in which there are noted studs, herds and
flocks.
TRAVELING.—The committee are trying to arrange with vari-
ous railway and steamship companies in Great Britain and abroad
to allow special concessions to those attending the congress, and
_they have thought it advisable to seek the advice of Messrs.
Thos. Cook and Son, who have undertaken to give every assist-
ance and to provide interpreters at the various railway stations
on Saturday, the 1st of August, for the convenience of those
arriving from abroad who are not well acquainted with London.
These arrangements will form the subject of a further publi-
cation when they are completed.
Hore AccoMMopATION.—There is an enormous number
of good hotels and restaurants within a stone’s throw, as it were,
of the meeting place. Hotels and restaurants in London are
excellent, and the tariffs are very moderate. The tariff in good
hotels varies from 5s. upwards for a single room, bath and En-
glish breakfast. Visitors who do not desire to take pension will
have no difficulty in obtaining rooms in first-class hotels at prices
from 5s.
It is not possible in this article to furnish a complete list of
good hotels which are situated conveniently for the place of
meeting. A full list, however, together with their tariffs and
approximate distance from the place of meeting, will form the
subject of another publication when the arrangements with the
various proprietors have been completed.
SUBSCRIPTION OF MEmMBERSHIP.—The British committee
have fixed the amount of. the subscription for ordinary mem-
bers at one pound = 5 dollars 20 marks = 25 francs. The
subscription for lady members has been fixed at five shillings
= 1 dollar and 25 cents—5 marks 6 francs 25 centimes.
Subscriptions should be sent to the Honorary Treasurer, Mr.
F. W. Garnett, J.P., M.R.C.V.S., 10 Red Lion square, London,
W.C. It has been suggested by several of the national commit-
tees that the various secretaries of these committees might col-
lect subscriptions in their own countries and forward them in
bulk. The honorary treasurer desires it to be known that while
wsicd
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 781
he thinks it would be simpler for the purpose of accounting that
each individual should send his own subscription, he has no ob-
jection to the subscriptions being sent in bulk, provided full de-
tails in connection with each subscription are furnished by the
secretary of each national committee.
SuBjyEcts For Discussion.—The following is a list of the
subjects which will be discussed:
GENERAL MEETINGS: Foot and Mouth Disease; Tuberculo-
sis; Epizootic Abortion; Public Control of the Distribution and
Sale of Milk in the Interests of Public Health.
Section I. VETERINARY SCIENCE IN RELATION TO PUBLIC
HeattH: Meat Poisoning—lts Pathogenesis and the Measures
Necessary to Guard Against It; General Principles to Be Ob-
served in the Inspection of Carcases and Organs of Tuberculous
Animals, with a View to Determine Their Safety as Articles of
Human Food; Disinfection of Wagons.
Section IJ. PatrHotocy anp BacTertoLocy: Johne’s Dis-
ease; Bovine Piroplasmoses (European) ; Ultra-Visible Viruses ;
Distemper—Etiology and Vaccination.
Section III. Epizootiotocy: Anthrax; Swine Fever; Glan-
ders; Sarcoptic Mange of the Horse.
Section IV. VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY: Anaes-
thesia; Laminitis; Surgical Treatment of Roaring; The Use of
Drugs in the Treatment of Disease Caused by Nematode Worms.
Section V. Tropicat Diseases: Diseases Transmitted by
Ticks; Their Classification, Treatment and Prevention; Diseases
Transmitted by Winged Insects; Their Classification, Treatment
and Prevention.
“MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
The quarterly meeting of the M. V. M. A. was held in Port-
land at the New Chase House January 14, 1914. The meeting
was called to order at 3.30 p. m. by the president, Dr. Jervis.
The following responded to the roll call: Drs. W. H. Corey,
See Davis, beOayinal, J. B. Darling, H..N. Eames, R. E-
Freeman, E. E. Gibbs, F. W. Huntington, G. R. Inglis, H. B. F.
Jervis, A. Joly, W. R. Jackson, W. S. Lord, W. H. Lynch, A.
L, Murch, C. H. Newton, J. L. Parks, C. W. Purcell, E. E. Rus-
pelt. Salley, Wo H. Spear, H: L. Stevens, C. L. Ryan, W.
H. Robinson, H. B. Westcott, W. L. West.
The following were welcome visitors: Dr. H. S. Irish, of
782 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
Westbrook, Me.; Dr. E. V. Estes, of Portland, Me.; andi
A. D. Howden, of Presque Isle, Me.
The minutes of the October meeting were read and accepted.
The committee on the revisal of the schedule of fees, con-
sisting of Drs. West, Eames and Lynch, reported they had a
report drawn up. Dr. Lynch read the report of the committee.
This report brought forth a good discussion. Dr. Purcell made
a motion that the report be laid on the table, but this motion was
lost. After much discussion the report was adopted and passed
with two amendments. _
Dr. Robinson moved that the business be suspended, so that
the election of officers might take place. This motion was sec-
onded and carried.
Dr. Purcell nominated Dr. H. B. F. Jervis for president and
Dr. Robinson seconded the nomination, and as there were no
other nominations Dr. Jervis was declared elected to another
term.
Dr. Robinson’s motion that the vice-president, treasurer and
secretary be renominated for a second term, which is customary,
was seconded and carried. The secretary was instructed to cast
the vote of the association for the nominees. The secretary cast
the ballot and declared Dr. C. W. Purcell re-elected vice-presi-
dent, Dr. I. L. Salley treasurer, and Dr. H. B. Westcott secretary.
The executive committee reported favorably on the applica-
tions of Dr. A. D: Howden, of Presque Isle, Me,; Daieaae
Estes, of Portland, Me., and Dr. F. W. Boland, of Kittery, Me.
The ballot was cast in favor of these gentlemen, and they were
declared members of the association.
Dr. W. L. West, secretary of the State Board of Veterinary
I-xaminers, gave a very interesting talk on the work the board
is doing and outlined the policy of the board. Dr. West said
that most of the other state boards were willing to reciprocate
with the Maine board. The association extended Dr. West a
vote of thanks for his valuable remarks.
Dr. C. F. Dwinal read a very interesting paper on “ Dysto-
kia’ and a few cases met with in general practice. This paper
was discussed freely.
Letters of appreciation of the honor bestowed upon them by
the association by their election to honorary membership were
received from Dr. H. F. Palmer, of Philadelphia, Pa., and Dr.
W. M. Simpson, of Malden, Mass. It was voted that the letters
be received and placed on file.
The executive committee audited the books of the secretary
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 783
and found them correct. It was voted to hold the next meeting
at Bangor, April 8, 1914. The meeting adjourned at 6 p. m.
The ladies attended a matinee at the Jefferson Theatre in the
afternoon.
At 7 p. m. a banquet was served in the American Room of
the New Chase House. The following were seated at the tables:
Dr. and Mrs. W. H. Robinson, Dr. and Mrs. W. S. Lord, Dr.
and Mrs. W. H. Lynch,. Miss: Eleanor S. Moody, Dr. H. B. F.
Jervis, Dr. A. Joly, Mrs. G. F. Wescott, Dr. H. B. Wescott, Dr.
and Mrs. W. H. Spear, Miss D. Parlin, Dr. C. F. Davis, Dr. H.
pete or. HN. Eames, Dr. J. L. Parks, Dr. H. L. Stevens,
meee. Newton, Dr FE. EB. Russell, Dr. C. L. Ryan, Dr. E. V.
Estes, Dr. F. W. Huntington, Dr. W. L. West, Dr. C. F. Dwinal,
Meet, Salley, Dr. W. H: Corey, Dr..W. R. Jackson, Dr. A.
D. Howden, Dr. J. B. Darling, Dr. R. E. Freeman.
Dr. F. E. Carmicheal, chairman of the Portland Board of
Health, gave a very interesting talk on the work the board is
doing in cleaning up the city milk supply and thanked the veteri-
narians for the able assistance they have given the board. After
the remarks of Dr. Carmicheal all present adjourned to the par-
lors where there was an orchestra and dancing, and a social time
was spent until a late hour. This first ladies’ night was declared
a success, and all present hoped it would be made an annual
affair.
A.B. Wescorr, Secretary:
THE WISCONSIN STATE VETERINARY SOCIETY.
The above society held its third semi-annual convention and
banquet at Sheboygan August 19, 20, 1913, having the follow-
ing program: ‘Opening Address,” Pres. J. T. Hernsheim;
“ Address of Welcome,” Mayor Dickmann, of Sheboygan, who
in few and selected words welcomed the society to his city and
gave an interesting history of the city, stating that the “ Four
C’s”’ explained or signified the things that Sheboygan was noted
for, viz.: Children, churches, cheese and chairs. Papers pre-
sented: Municipal Milk and Meat Inspection—Dr. S. L. Pil-
erim, city meat and dairy inspector of Milwaukee; Surgical
Relief for Contortion of the Uterus in the Cow—aA. H. Hartwig,
Watertown; The Good of the Frofession—Dr. H. P. Clute, Mil-
784 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
waukee; Dairy Inspection—Dr. G. Ed. Leech, Winona, Minn. ;
The Hog Cholera Problem in Wisconsin (Discussion).
Detailed report of experiment with anti-abortion serum
(Mulford’s) on twenty-four head of cattle conducted at the
clinics of the last semi-annual convention. The following report
was given: “ Out of twenty-four cows which had aborted the
previous year, two again aborted, one of which was slaughtered
and the other received a second treatment with the serum and
carried her calf the normal period of gestation.”
Each paper and subject on the program was followed by
lively discussions.
The following veterinarians applied for membership and
were elected: Dr. Edward Boessewetter, Dr. B. H. Segoedde, Dr.
EK. L. Morgenroth, Dr. Jas. O’Donnell,-Dr. H. L. Eddysaiam
A. C. Stoltzmann and Dr. A. J. Matthias. Dr. A. H. Baker and
Dr. L. A. Merillat, of Chicago, were elected honorary members of
the association.
Dr. L. C. Tasche, of Sheboygan, was elected vice-president,
the chair formerly held by Dr. J. S. Atkinson, of Marinette,
whose death caused the vacancy. Dr. Atkinson was one of the
charter members of the society and signers of the articles of cor-
poration. His support and aid toward the advancement of the
veterinary profession will never be forgotten.
At seven o'clock the members of the convention gathered
around the banquet table at the Hotel Foeste, spread with tasty
viands. Dr. G. Ed. Leech acted as toastmaster, calling upon
most members for remarks, making it an enjoyable evening of
business, music and merriment. Dr. A. H. Baker, of Chicago,
was one of the distinguished guests present.
The meeting adjourned shortly before midnight to continue
the program and clinic the following day.
The clinic was in charge of Dr. L. A. Merillat, of Chicago,
who performed several major operations. Dr. Merillat’s demon-
strations and skill as a surgical operator were greatly appre-
ciated by everyone present.
Dairy stock judging brought out very interesting methods
and valuable discussions.
Dairy hygiene was further discussed at the farm with prac-
tical dairy buildings, and cattle for discussion and inspection.
The meeting adjourned at I p. m. with an expression from
every veterinarian present that the meeting was one of the most
instructive, ‘pleasant, business-like meetings ever held in Wiscon-
sin. W. W. ARzBERGER, Secretary.
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 785
NOTES ON THE MINNESOTA STATE VETERINARY
MEDICAL ASSOCIATION.
The Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association held
its annual meeting at the Merchants’ Hotel, St. Paul, January 14,
15, 16, 1914.
The meeting was largely attended and was a model of how
valuable and interesting such an association can be.
After the dispatch of routine business President M. R. Hig-
bee, of Albert Lea, gave a very interesting report of the clinics
held at the summer meeting, describing briefly the cases, method
of operating and the after-results of the operations. This was
very valuable, as at most clinics the results of the operations are
known to but few.
The first evening meeting was devoted entirely to a discus-
sion of “ Hog Cholera and Methods of Control.’ This is a very
important part of the veterinary practice in Minnesota, and a
lively discussion followed, which brought out many practical
points.
Thursday morning Dr. F. FE. Palmer read an excellent
paper on the “ Management of the Breeding Stallion,’ which
brought out the close relationship between the veterinarians and
horse breeders of Minnesota. Dr. W. Lewis read an excellent
paper on “ Standardizing Disinfectants,’ and urged some fed-
eral regulation that should compel the manufacturers to indicate
the strength of the disinfecting solutions sold. A paper on “ /n-
ternal Antisepiics” was read by Dr. N. S. Mayo. Dr. C. C.
Lyford gave an exceedingly practical talk on “ Herniae of Vari-
ous Kinds.” Dr. Lyford’s long and varied experience as a prac-
titioner enabled him to speak as an expert. For scrotal hernias
in young foals he uses pads made by stuffing long stockings, tying
the toes together and fastening in a V-shape on either side of the
sheath.
Dr. S. H. Ward told in a very interesting way how dourine
has been eradicated from Minnesota and the difficulties expe-
rienced in diagnosing this disease. “ Contagious Abortion” was
ably discussed by Dr. W. L. Boyd and brought out an interesting
discussion.
Minnesota veterinarians are to be congratulated not only on
the splendid papers and discussions, but upon the prompt business
way the meetings are conducted. N.S. M.
Note—The above (as the initials indicate) are some impressions made upon Secretary
Mayo, of the A. V. M. A., by the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical, Association, and
the manner in which our brothers in that state conduct organization affairs.
TS6 SOCIETY MEETINGS.
MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION,
The regular meeting of the above association was held at
Boston December 16, 1913. About thirty-five members and
guests were present. \We had an honored guest, Prof. Theobald
Smith, who gave a most instructive lecture on the subject of
Facts and Problems of Human and Bovine Tuberculosis.
President Perry called the meeting to order and announced
that the reading of the previous meeting’s records would be de-
ferred until Prof. Smith had delivered his lecture. Dr. Burr
then introduced Prof. Smith. He elaborately illustrated his
subject by numerous stereopticon views of the several types of
the tubercle bacilli and pathogeny, and held the close attention
of all present for over two hours. In conclusion, Dr. Howard
moved, and was seconded by Dr. Abele, that a vote of thanks be
extended to Prof. Smith, which was made manifest by a rising
vote. President Perry then requested the secretary to read the
December meeting records, and after their acceptance announced
that the meeting was open for discussion of case reports. In
quick response, Dr. Dodge presented a teratoma from a cow
which was situated near the trachea. Dr. Playden reported a
case in a cow showing piysical symptoms of tuberculosis, and
after subjecting her to the tuberculin tests three times at proper
intervals, with no reaction, he cast the animal, inserted a trachea
tube and removed a retropharyngeal lymph gland, which he sent
to Dr. Frothingham, but at the time of this meeting he had re-
ceived no report. Discussion then arose as to the subject of en-
tertainment for the January meeting; and on a motion by Dr.
Peirce, seconded by Dr. Pierce, an illustrated lecture on the sub-
ject of certified milk was unanimously accepted. Adjournment.
W. T. Puan, Secretary.
KEYSTONE VETERINARY MEDICAL “ASSOCIATIGN:
The regular monthly meeting of this association was held in
Leonard Pearson Hall at the University of Pennsylvania, Janu-
ay be, hors:
The meeting was called to order at 8.30 p. m. by President
Yunker. Over thirty members were in attendance, and as guests,
Dr. Charles Cotton of Minneapolis and Dr. John Turner of
SOCIETY MEETINGS. 787
Washington, and as visitors, about fifty veterinarians who were
attending the special course at the University at the time.
The president introduced Dr. Cotton as the first speaker for
the evening, who considered that old and interesting disease,
glanders, touching mainly upon its diagnosis and its eradication.
Up until the present time they have been using mallein in the
State of Minnesota in testing for glanders, and have been able
by the use of this diagnostic agent to keep glanders well under
control and are rapidly eradicating it from that state. In the
“year 1904 there were 554 cases of glanders; in 1910, 213, and
in 1913 there were 128 cases. The discussion on this paper was
opened by Dr. C. J. Marshall, followed by Drs. Reichel, Crocker,
Hardenberg and Fitzpatrick, and closed by Dr. W. H. Hoskins.
The president next introduced Dr. John Turner of Washing-
ton, D. C., who addressed the association on useful information
about a dairy farm. He called particular attention to the physical
examination of cows, stating that while it was not an accurate
means for the detection of tuberculosis, yet in making this exami-
nation you find very frequently conditions which were ofttimes
just as injurious as tuberculosis. Adjournment.
CuEeston M. Hoskins, Secretary.
NEW YORK STATE BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.
The following resolution was adopted at the New York State
Breeders’ Association while in session at Rochester in February:
Whereas, The scarcity of colts bred in this state is due to
scrub stallions and lack of sound, pure-bred sires; and
Whereas, It requires at least 80,000 horses, at a cost of
$20,000,000, bred outside of the state, to supply its demand; and
Whereas, Our present Stallion Law is inadequate; be it
Resolved, That it is the sense of the New York State Breed-
ers’ Association that a suitable bill be drafted to improve the
stallion service in this state, and same be introduced at the present
legislature that will gradually eliminate the use of the scrub and
monerel. sire.
Wovutp Pur a Crown ON THE Epirors.—A Nebraska sub-
scriber, in renewing his subscription to the REviEw, writes:
“ Keep the good work up. You shall wear a crown,”
NEWS AND ITEMS.
Dr. S. J. WALKLEY, SECRETARY OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIA-
TION OF THE B. A. I., furnished the following news items: The
Annual Agriculture Appropriation Bill has been reported out of
committee. I think it was on the 13th instant. Therefore ar-
rangements are being rapidly perfected for my departure for
W ashington to appear before the House Committee on Agricul-
ture.
Weekly statements regarding the progress of our association
work in general and particularly relating to H. R. 9292 are be-
ing made i in the columns of Civil Service News, which is a paper
devoted exclusively to news regarding the employees in the pub-
lic service and which is printed at 623 Reaper Block, 105 North
Clark. street, Chicago, Ill.
Officers and members of the N. A. B. of A. I. E. in different
sections of the U. S. have extended invitations to all senators and
congressmen to visit packing houses, stock yards and dipping vats,
in order to witness bureau employees engaged in their official
duties. Many of the solons have accepted these invitations and
have expressed themselves as being amazed at the great volume
of work performed by the bureau inspectors and were well pleased
with the accuracy of the inspectors, and in many cases they mar-
velled at the speed that must necessarily be acquired by the
inspectors in order to detect diseases as the carcases rush by them.
In many cases the congressmen and senators confessed that they
had no idea prior to their visit of the magnitude or import of the
work and were shocked to learn of the meager salaries paid to the
bureau men upon whom such great responsibility rests. Corre-
spondence on file in this office shows that the bureau work is
classed as hazardous by accident insurance companies, and vari-
ous congressmen upon witnessing the work have stated that they
regarded the work as being of a hazardous nature.
This association also has the backing of the Wisconsin Anti-
Tuberculosis Association, of which Dr. Hoyt E. Dearholt, 314
Goldsmith Building, Milwaukee, Wis., is the executive secretary.
Dr. Dearholt, in company with Dr. M. P. Ravenel, president of
the Anti-Tuberculosis Association of Wisconsin and director of
the Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, recently visited sev-
eral of the meat packing plants in Wisconsin.
788
NEWS AND ITEMS. 789
House CoMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE IN THE 63D CONGRESS,
2p Session, WuHo Have CHARGE OF THE LoBECK BILL
—H. R. 9292.
Democratic Representatives—Asbury Francis Lever, chair-
man, South Carolina, 7th District, Lexington, S. C.; Gordon Lee,
Georgia, 6th District, Chickamauga, Ga.; J. Thomas Heflin, Ala-
bama, sth District, Lafayette, Ala.; James T. McDermott, Illi-
nois, 4th District, Chicago, Il.; John A. Maguire, Nebraska, Ist
District, Lincoln, Nebr.; Thomas L. Rubey, Missouri, 16th Dis-
trict, Lebanon, Laclede Co., Mo.; James Young, Texas, 3d Dis-
trict, Kaufman, Texas; H. M. Jacoway, Arkansas, 5th District,
Dardanelle, Ark.; Ralph W. Moss, Indiana, 5th District, Center
Point, Ind.; John V. Lesher, Pennsylvania, 16th District, Sun-
bury, Pa.; Michael Reilly, Wisconsin, 6th District, Fond du Lac,
Wis.; Benjamin Taylor, New York, 25th District, Harrison, N.
Y.; Dudley Doolittle, Kansas, 4th District, Strong City, Kas. ;
Ezekiel S. Candler, Jr., Mississippi, 1st District, Corinth, Miss.
Republican Representatives—Gilbert N. Haugen, Iowa, 4th
District, Northwood, Worth Co., Ia.; James C. McLaughlin,
Michigan, 9th District, Muskegon, Mich.; Willis C. Hawley,
Oregon, rst District, Salem, Ore. ; Joseph Howell, Utah, at large,
Logan, Cache Co., Utah; Chas. H. Sloan, Nebraska, 4th District,
Geneva, Nebr:; Henry T. Helgeson, North Dakota, 1st District,
Milton, N. Dak.; Chas. E. Patton, Pennsylvania, 21st District,
Curwensville, Pa.
Republican Territorial Delegate—J. Kuhio Kalanianaole,
Honolulu, Hawaii, Honolulu.
SENATE COMMITTEE ON AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY IN THE
63p ConGrEss (2D SESSION).
Democratic Senators—Thomas P. Gore, chairman, Lawton,
Okla. ; George E. Chamberlain, Portland, Ore. ; Ellison D. Smith,
Florence, S. C.; Hoke Smith, Atlanta, Ga.; Morris Sheppard,
Texarkana, Texas; John F. Shafroth, Denver, Colo.; Joseph E.
Ransdell, Lake Providence, La.; William H. Thompson, Garden
City, Kan.; Joe T. Robinson, Lonoke, Ark.
Republican Senators—Francis E. Warren, Cheyenne, Wyo. ;
Carroll S. Page, Hyde Park, Vt.; Coe I. Crawford, Huron, S.
Dak.; Wm. O. Bradley, Beachmont, Ky. ( Suburb Louisville) ;
Asle J. Gronna, Lakota, N. Dak.; James H. Brady, Pocatella,
Idaho; George W. Norris, McCook, Nebr.
790 NEWS AND ITEMS.
THE ROUTE OF THE OFFICIAL TouR OF EUROPE BY AMER-
ICAN VETERINARIANS, under the direction of Dr. Adolph Eich-
horn, of Washington, D. C., is shown by the map below. Only
two months intervene between the present one and the month in
which the party sails. It is scarcely necessary for us to repeat
mherg
~
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Hamburg
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- enicel 4 qriatic Seay
a 5
ND
“Munich 5
Ny)
al:
Heidelberg
fo~ sl am ee
~ Lucerne
ot
Hannover
YEN WA R
I
SWITZENRLA
erne
4
ie
Bruss
i els
4;
rte}
/ %,
B D 3
me
lL. : =
t
Longitude East
By °
senwich) .0°
English Channel
ude West D
10° Long t
OFFICIAL TOUR
Association
the great advantage to those who are going, of early booking,
to say nothing of the necessity of it to those having the matter
in charge. The Bureau of University Travel, 31 Trinity place,
Boston, Mass., are receiving bookings from quite a number of
veterinarians throughout the country, which indicates that it is
to be a good-sized party.
NEWS AND ITEMS. 791
Ba Ta as Cares
FREDERICK H. OSGOOD, M.R.C.V.S.
After our forms had been made up for the present issue we
learned of the sudden death from heart trouble of Dr. F. H.
Osgood, of Boston, on February 21. Dr. Osgood is known to
veterinarians all over the country, having been several times
elected vice-president of the United States Veterinary Medical
Association, and was elected president of that organization in
1896, presiding at the Nashville meeting in 1897; and by some
chance did not attend a meeting between that time and the
golden anniversary in New York in 1913. He was the original
mover in organizing the veterinary profession in the State of
Massachusetts; having called together all the veterinary prac-
titioners in that State in 1884 for organization, which resulted
-in the Massachusettes Veterinary Association. Dr. Osgood was
a native of that State, having been born in Newton April 16,
1857. After finishing at Cambridge, he attended the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural College, where he was graduated in 1878.
He studied veterinary medicine in the Royal Veterinary College,
Edinburgh, and on returning to his native State started in veter-
inary practice in Springfield. He afterwards became connected
with the Harvard Veterinary School as lecturer on cattle pathol-
ogy and later as professor of veterinary surgery. He was also
appointed by the Governor a member of the Cattle Commission,
and was an active worker in the control and attempt to stamp
out bovine tuberculosis. He at one time had one of the highest
class veterinary practices in this country. He was president of
the Massachusetts Veterinary Association from 1884 to 1887.
In 1891 he was made veterinary surgeon to the M. V. M. and
was Jater retired with the rank of major. He was at one time
associate editor of the Veterinary Magazine, published in Phila-
delphia. The doctor is survived by a widow, two sons and a
daughter.
JOHN BROOKS.
John Brooks died at his home, 236 West 134th street, New
York, on February 20, after but two months absence from his
duties at the veterinary school where had been constantly em-
ployed—formerly by Professor Liautard and later by Dean
Coates—for upward of forty years, and was known to and re-
membered by every graduate during those years. And what was
more wonderful, was his memory of the graduates, whom he
792 NEWS AND ITEMS.
would recognize after twenty or more years on their return to
the college. John Brooks was a man of excellent habits, his
home life was of the best, he was a good citizen and held in high
esteem by his neighbors. His admiration for and faithfulness
to Dr. Liautard was very striking; he never ceased to speak of
him with the highest regard to the end. His health began to fail
last spring, and while he appeared to be convalescent during the
meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association in New
York in September, where he came to meet the old graduates of
the veterinary school, on resuming his duties at the college
building, soon found that his days of usefulness had ended, and
turned over his work to his two sons, one of whom had been
assisting him.
MRS. ‘GEORGE W.-DUNPEHY.
At the last moment we are in receipt of the sad news of the —
death of Mrs. Dunphy, wife of Dr. Geo. W. Dunphy, at their
residence, Quincy, Michigan, from pneumonia, after an illness
of one week. Dr. Dunphy was made State Veterinarian last
October, having been for some years previously, connected with
the Parke. Davis Farm at Rochester, Michigan. We voice the
entire profession in expressing deep and heart-felt sympathy for
our bereaved brother.
Don’t BE MISLED, THE Horse Is Stitt KING—TRUE FACTS
REGARDING Horses vs. AUTO TRUCKS.
A few of the patrons of our sales have volunteered to ex-
press the following remarks relative to the efficiency of horse-
drawn vehicles 1n comparison to the auto truck:
Newton Coal Co.—‘‘ Use 835; horses, 2 trucks. Horses
very satisfactory; sorry we can’t say the same of the trucks.”
Kolb Baking Co.—‘‘ Work 400 horses, 6 autos. No trouble
at all with the horses, and you can’t make that assertion too
strong; all sorts of trouble with the autos; bought more horses
to-day.”
Freihofer Baking Co.— 284 horses, 20 autos. Every horse
working except three; most of the autos out of repair.”
Gimbel Bros.—* 276 horses at work, 11 automobiles.
Haven’t had an unsuccessful trip with the horses during the
storm, nor a successful one with the autos.”
NEWS AND ITEMS. 793
Umted States Express Co.—“‘259 horses; no trucks. And,
best of all, not going to have any; have profited by the experience
others are having with their trucks.”
Strawbridge & Clothier.—* 198 horses, 30 trucks. Have not
had a trip delayed with the horses; not an accident; trucks not
dependable; lots of trouble with them; many of them had to be
abandoned on the roads all night.”
N. Snellenburg & Co.—* 128 horses at work; 15 trucks. All
horse delivery made satisfactory. Many of the trucks had to be
unloaded and towed home.”
Lit Bros.—“ 235 horses, 37 trucks. Horses all in excellent
condition and making prompt deliveries.”
National Biscuit Co‘ 93 horses, no trucks. Horses so sat-
isfactory no danger of us substituting them.”’
D. B. Martin & Co.—*“ 112 horses, 14 trucks. The trucks
absolutely worthless during the snowstorm; horses working every
day.”
S. & S. Beef Co.—‘ 28 horses; all at work. Had 3
trucks, but found them so undependable and so thoroughly mis-
represented, returned them.”
Acme Tea Co.—“ 88 horses, 16 mules, 10 trucks. Horses
and mules going at it every day. Oft times compelled to send
out for the trucks.”
Samuel Bell Sons.—‘ 80 horses, 2 trucks. No trouble at
all with the horses; trucks very unsatisfactory, get stuck nearly
every time they go out in the storm; horses much the better.”
Union Traction Co—*‘ 250 horses, 4 autos. Horses giving
great satisfaction during the storm; no trouble whatsoever.”
U. G. I. Co—* 89"horses, 6 autos. Horses very efficient,
autos rather troublesome.” '
Jno. J. Felin & Co.— 97 horses, 1 truck. Horses out every
day, truck in the shop every other day; cost as much to run the
truck as eight horses.”
Finley Acker Co.—* 33 horses, 3 trucks. Horse service very
satisfactory; one truck in the shop, one truck returned (unde-
pendable), the other truck Saturday got out as far as Jenkintown,
gave out, were compelled to hire horse and sleigh and deliver
goods that way.”
Peter Cavanaugh—* 80 horses, 1 truck. Horses can make
delivery anywhere; truck a source of trouble and expense since
the day I purchased it. Would that it would only jump over-
board or burn itself up without doing any other damage; no
794 NEWS AND ITEMS.
more trucks for me, but resolve to stick to horses, as I could
always use them to great advantage.”
Alsover’s Express Co.— We are working 20 horses. Have
no trouble at all with them. Had six auto trucks. Done away
with five of them. Lost $13,000 in seven months experimenting
with auto trucks. Horses for us in the future.”
People Bros.—** Work 300 horses. No automobiles. Horses
have always been satisfactory to us; the auto man has never
been able to convince us differently.”
James Irvin.—*‘ 200 horses; all at work during the storm.
No auto trucks, and, what is more, won’t have any; saw too many
good fellows go broke trying to keep them up. You would want
to be a millionaire to pay repair bills on them.”
S. D. Hall.—* 200 horses at work every day. No trouble
whatsoever, wouldn’t have an auto truck in my place.”
Atlantic Refining Co—* 250 horses working, 10 auto trucks.
Trucks not doing any good, cost so much more to operate than —
horses ; absolutely worthless 3 in the storm.”
Adams Express Co.—‘‘ The auto delivery is much more ex-
pensive than the horse-drawn vehicles; found it necessary to
equip all our autos with shovels in order to dig machines out of
snow when occasion required.”
Showell & Fryer—‘“ We are working 65 horses, 4 auto
trucks. Horses doing well, auto trucks all out of commission.
Wished that we had never owned one.” ;
Knickerbocker Lime Co.—‘‘ 70 horses. Have given good
satisfaction through the snowstorm; all at work; none standing
in. Our automobile in shop laying there for repairs.
“'W. B. IRvINE.”
Frank Curran— Working 300 horses in a municipal con-
tract; no auto trucks.”
Jas. D. Dorney.— Working 325 horses. No auto trucks.”
A Customer living at Bryn Mawr, in driving from Philadel-
phia to Bryn Mawr on Wednesday, discovered 19 auto delivery
wagons abandoned along the Montgomery Pike; they bore the
name of different Philadelphia merchants. No such conditions
as this exists among the horsedrawn vehicles.
Moral.—lf these keen business men find the horse the most
efficient mode of delivery, why not you?
Morcan & SULLIVAN, Auctioneers.
Fhila. Record., (Feb. 22, 1914).
ee ere ere
————— a ee
VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION MEETINGS.
In the accompanying table the data given is reported by many Secretaries as being of
great value to their Associations, and it is to be regretted ‘that some neglect to inform us
of the dates and places of their meetings.
Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are properly included
in the following list :
Name of Organization. D oe Peed Name and Address Secretary.
Alabama Ecennary Med. Agsitiveens aMar. 5-6-71914..... Nuburnesseeeee C. A. Cary, Auburn.
Alumni Ass'n, N. Y.-A. V.C......... Aprils 1914 ee 141 W. 54th St..| P. K. Nichols, Port Richmond, N.Y.
American V. M. Ass'n.............. Dec., 28-31, 1914 ....| New Orleans, La | Nelsen S. Mayo, 4753 Ravenswood
Arkansas Veterinary Ass’n...........
Ass’n Médécale Veterinare Frangaise.
“Lav. at 26 C On ee
B. A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicago.........
B. A. I. Vet. In. A., So. Omaha......
Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n............
California State V. M. Ass’n.........
Central Canada V. Ass’n............
Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ass’n.......
Chicago Veterinary Society
Colorado State V. M. Ass’n..........
Connecticut V. M. Ass’n............
Delaware State Vet. Society.........
Bese OoaNe we) Ve M. A... oc. nae
Genesee Valley V. M. Ass’n..........
Georgia State V.M.A..............
V. M. A. of Geo. Wash. Un’y........
Hamilton Co. (Ohio) V. A...........
Tilmo Vet. Med. Ass’n..............
Tilinois State V. M. Ass’n............
Indiana Veterinary Association.......
Towa Veterinary Ass’n..............
Kansas State V. M. Ass’n...........
Kentucky V. M. Ass'n..............
Keystone V. M. Ass'n..............
Louisiana State V. M. Ass'n. ...
Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n..............
Maryland State Vet. Society.........
Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n............
Michigan State V. M. Ass’n.........
Minnesota State V. M. Ass'n........
Mississippi State V. M. Ass'n
Missouri Valley V. Ass’n............
Missouri Vet. Med. Ass‘n..
Montana State V. M.A.............|
Nebraska V. M. Ass’n..............
New York 8. V. M. Soc’y...........
North Carolina V. M. Ass’n.........
North Dakota V. M. ‘ar
Ohio State Wawel: ...:........
Ohio Soc. of Comparative Med.......
Ohio Valley Vet. Med. Ass’n.........
Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n..............
ONtATIONVEU MARS Ils acc nics esiees's 80:0
Pennsylvania State V. M. A....
Philippine V. M. A
Portland Vet. Med. Ass’n...........
Province of Quebec V. M. A.........
Rhode Island V. M. Ass’n...........
South Carolina Ass’n of Veter’ns.....
South Illinois V. M. and Surg. Ass’n..
St. Louis Soc. of Vet. Inspectors......
Schuylkill Valley V. M. A...........
Soc. Vet. Alumni Univ. Penn.........
South Dakota V. M.A..............
Southern Aux. of Cal. 8. V. M. aay
South St. Joseph Ass’n ji of vee Insp..
Tennessee Vet. Med. Ass’n..........
ERAS UIE ABS Ths wc. oie:0 bs os cle nator
Twin vay V.M. Ass'n eid ie*alccaysvaeolar
Vet. Ass’n Dist. of Columbia. .
Vet. Ass’n of Manitoba......
Vet. Med. Ass’n of N.J...... S
V. M. Ass’n, New York City.........
Veterinary Practitioners’ Club... ....
Virginia State V. M
Washington State Col. V. M.A......
Washington State V. M. A..........
Western Penn. V. M. Ass’n..........
Wisconsin Soc. Vet. Grad............
January, 1914.......
Ist and 3d Thur. of
each month..
2d Fri. each month. .
3d Mon. each month.
Monthiy's.202..02%
December 10, 1913..
Feb. and July.......
June and Nov.......
2d Tues. each month.
May 28-29, 1913....
Aug. 4, 1914........
Jan., Apl., July, Oct..
3d Mon. each month.
2d week, July, 1913..
Dec. 22-23, 1913. ....
Ist Sat. eack month..
Oct. & Feb.each year.
| 2d Tues. each month.
Jan. 14-15- 16, 1914..
Aug. 29, 1918°. 2.5.
Jan. 27, 28, 29, 1914
My POS ce ea cetee
Sept. 24, 25, 1913...
1st Mo. & Tu.,Dec.’13
Seu lO laa scree
| June, 1914..
| Week of July 20, "1914
Nove lOls ie. ack se
Jan. 14, 15, 1914....
Annually osc. eocce os
aa EONS o orerePrarctares-
Ist Week in Feb.1914
Mar. 3, 4, 1914......
Call of President... .
4th Tues. each month.
Pending............
Aug. 5-6-7 1913.....
1st Wed. fol. the 2d
Sun. each month. .
Sime 17) 19142 5.0...
Lng Nivea eee gia ers
Jan.. Apl., July, Oct..
4th Tues. each month
November, 1914.....
RW) LOUD! s ye eset aie
2d Thu. each month..
Spring of 1914....... ;
.| 3d Wed. each month.
Vet. Med. Ass’n, Geo. Wash. Univ... eal
1st Sat. each month.
Feb. & July each yr..
January 8, 1914.....
Ist Wed. each month.
Juiy 9-10 1914......
Ist & 3d Fri. Eve... .|
June 1914........
3d Thu. each month..
Feb. 10, 11, 1914....
June, Sept..Dec.,Mar.
Lec. Room, La-)
val Un’y, Mon. |
Chicago........
S. Omaha, Neb..
St. Joseph and.
vicinity
San Francisco..
Syracuse.......
Chicago........
Ft. Collins......
Waterbury......
Wilmington.....
Newark, N. J.... |
Rochester... ...
Chicago........
Pending........|
Lexington......
Philadelphia. ...
Pending
Lake Charles...
Baneors ec. ste a-/|
Baltimore......
.| Young’s, Boston.
Starkville. .
Kansas City, Mo.
Kirksville......
Helena.........
Lincoln, Neb...
Rochester
Delphos. .......
Oklahoma City..
Toronto
Philadelphia....
Manila.........
Portland, Ore...)
Mon. and Que...
Providence... ..
Pending........ ]
Reading........
Philadelphia. ... |
Madison ........
Los Angeles.....
407 Illinois Ave.
Nashville.......
College Station.. |
St. P.-Minneap..
Salt Lake City. . |
514 9th St.. N.W.
Wash'ton, D.C.
141 W. 54th St.
Jersey City.....
Staunton.......
Pullman. y 25...
Walla eae Says
Pittsburgh...
Milwaukee..... 2H
VOrnkeeecen: |
Ave., Chicago, Ill.
| J. B. Arthur, Russellville.
J. P. A. Houde, Montreal.
H. A. Smith, Chicago, Il.
| E. J. Jackson, So. Omaha.
F. W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, Mo
John F. McKenna, Fresno.
A. E. James, Ottawa.
W.B. Switzer, Oswego.
D. M. Campbell, Chicago.
I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins.
B K. Dow, Willimantic.
A.S. Houchin, Newark, Del.
J. F. Carey, East Orange, N. J.
J. H. Taylor, Henrietta.
| P. F. Bahnsen, Americus.
I. M. Cashel.
Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati.
L. B. Michael, Collinsville, Ill.
L. A. Merillat, Chicago.
| A. F. Nelson, Indianapolis.
C. H. Stange, Ames.
J. H. Burt, Manhattan.
Robert Graham, pestieson:
Cheston M. Hoski
Phil. H. Fulstow, Noiwealk: Ohio.
Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La
H. B. Wescott, Portland.
H. H. Counselman, Sec’y.
J. H. Seale, Salem.
W. A. Ewalt, Mt. Clemens.
G. Ed. Leech, Winona.
Wm. P. Ferguson, Grenada.
Hal. C. Simpson, Denison, Ia.
S. Stewart, Kansas City.
A. D. Knowles, Livingston.
Carl J. Norden, Nebraska City.
H. J. Milks, Ithaca, N. Y.
J. P. Spoon, Burlington.
| A. F. Schalk, Agricultural College.
E. V. Hover, Delphos.
Reuben Hilty, Toledo.
-| F. F. Sheets, Van Wert, Ohio.
J. C. Howard, Sullivan.
C. E. Steei, Oklahoma City.
L. A. Willson, Toronto.
John Reichel, Glenolden.
David C. Kretzer, Manila.
Sam. B. Foster, Portland, Ore.
Gustave Boyer, Rigaud, P. Q.
J.S. Pollard, Providence.
B. K. McInnes, Charleston.
F. Hockman, Iola.
Wm. T. Conway, St. Louis, Mo.
W. G. Huyett, Wernersville.
B. T. Woodward, Wash’n, D. C.
S. W. Allen. Watertown.
J. A. Dell, Los Angeles.
H. R. Collins, South St. Joseph.
O. L. McMahon, Columbia.
Allen J. Foster, Marshall
M. H. Reynolds, St. Paul, Minn.
E. J. Coburn, Brigham City.
G. T. Stevenson, Burlington.
C. H. H. Sweetapple, For. Saskat-
chewan, Alta., Can.
M. Page Smith, Washington, D. C
| J. M. Cashell, 2115 14th Street.
Wm. Hilton, Winnipeg.
E. L. Loblein, New Brunswick.
R. S. MacKellar, N. Y. City.
T. F. O’Dea Union Hill, N. J.
Geo. C. Faville, North Emporia.
R. J. Donohue, Pullman.
Car] Cozier, Bellingham.
| Benjamin Gunner, Sewickley.
W. W. Arzberger, Watertown
E. S. Bausticker, York, Pa.
Mormon) VeMa A... oc co ences
PUBLISHERS’ DEPARTMENT.
Subscription price, $3 per annum, invariably in advance; Canadian subscriptions, $3.25;
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their address. Make all checks or P. O. orders payable to American Veterinary
Review.
Tere Heroin AND Drosera Foster’s is just what you need at this season
for both your horse and dog patients with coughs, bronchitis, laryngitis, ete.
Do not wait until the last minute, stock up and be the man who is prepared to
take care of those troublesome conditions promptly. Write them to-day and
mention the Review. See adv. on page II of this issue.
WHEN You NEED A DISINFECTANT you do not need a bad, disagreeable
smell. How would you like a disinfectant the potency and reliability of
which is A 1 and the smell of which is not only not disagreeable but posi-
tively pleasant. And when you put it in the water it produces a softness to
it that is positively beneficial both to your hands and your instruments. Your
hands continue to get softer and smoother when you use it regularly. And
once you use it, you will use it regularly. We refer to Therapogen, and
what we say is not hearsay, but from experience dating back a number of
years. Write Mr. THrEopore MEyeER about it, whose address you will find on
page 27 of this issue. Things are always pleasanter when properly intro-
duced to a person, so use the Review as an introduction when you write.
MoLticopDLEs is the name of a new dog biscuit, composed of meat, wheat
and milk; the last-named ingredient being new, an addition to those already
contained in the Spratts Dog Cakes and Puppy Cakes. This addition—milk—
adds to the palatableness of the biscuit, and is therefore a great advantage
in the case of convalescents, and for naturally dainty feeders. Spratts are
said to have a biscuit for every breed, and are earning the reputation of
providing a biscuit for every appetite. These biscuits are not yet actually
on the market; but you can get them by writing direct to the Spratts people,
and specifying Mollicoddles as spoken of in the March number of the
AMERICAN VETERINARY Review. We had some of the first bake and our
cats ate them up—most of them at least—while we tried them on dogs of
different breeds and temperaments. They all liked them. You will find
Spratts’ address on page 17 of this issue.
796
Mid
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Rev ie > :
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SF American Veterinary
601 Medical Association
A5 Journal
v.44
cop.2
Biological
& Medical
Senals
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