es oe yee ey) Siphon + Romeliae ar SRY Pr Ae ae roan ee et SP of the University of Coranto by The Ontario Research Foundation Bed JOURNAL | OF THE _ American Veterinary Medical ‘ee uf . . . Association eae FORMERLY & AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW . et (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n) aes EDITED AND PUBLISHED FOR The American Veterinary Medical Association ys BY aks PIERRE A. FISH, ITHACA, N. Y. ane COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL y F, Torrance, Chairman G. R. WHITE _ Ne MOTT -AULOMODUO PLANE S053 %. o 5 Le, bias a\p’oln cre te Ob Diglineta See oh ge ae ea ; i PCR Gr. PITTA soe 5 bine nd 3 OK Lelcace ooo Nae SAE TGs ete see - HypoperMAL ANAPHYLAXIS nice he fy We EF AMOI YUAN oe. Foo ios do o's Set s'e 50.6 SERENE Oe The ae Fig. 2, Anaphylaxis, Edema of Anus ......+.......++++5 pipe Ret Melanotic Sareoma of the Myocardium and Endocardium (cow) Enormous Intra-auricular Melanoma (horse) ..... b tee kan ss ee ge eae Demonstration.of Intrapalpebral Test .........6...-...4.. Sosa trie AND IN Situ FYrxatTIon OF VETERINARY ANATOMICAL SUB- * \.. gecrs BY INTRAVASCULAR FIXATION ' AME eee) tte. 4, Hotne suspended), . F685. fy iG eevee Ges boo gs ant BSB, Pat see | Pig. 2 Jasocting Apparatus: (2's nike aida ce Nice sierra ops pejernit Sef, SOR tae _. REMOVAL of THE NasAL SEPTUM Nat eas 3 Pie. XY rontal section in’ Bity’ 4. 0s vj. eos ye) os (Ree Oe 398" Sar ; e> Wig. 2. Krontal seetion removed 5.65.6. see tyne ov oe ee 308 cae _ Fig. 3. Frontal séction, Septum thickened and deflected ........... . Gait withiut Bronte Legs 0. cs. Sevan « ov a oS os oe slene) eRe ale eee eer URESORE COORG, 55S -c6 UD cc. s)- in’. ov cigiph wath nie so pains 6 oy,» Olen ovp SOR naa Autoclave used in Field Serum Laboratory . Drawing Blood with Vacuum Apparatus .......... Pee Pi y ee a tie MPRA SEM CIBDOPEUOLY” .v3svm ses «oa 0 8 veers ato o oth ob 62 dow Serine /_._ LyMpxHo-SarcoMA or THE FowL me Fig. 1. Tumor of Rectum and Menghtery. FIO ey AME PRAM ph PE SU HY Beet bo ' Fig. 2. Lymph Vessels and Sarcoma Cells ........-..6.00e04 ys was, 416 ae Bear aTe Of OG hw bo in 5, 5 esis Fn th teaming ¥ sb wie soc sa oie, olve Sah Paley 480 7p: ~ Liver of O. Columbianus............ VEN alppel s bleleale bob ao sje 69 wivin a bine dele 6124 Vs Bheep’s Liver ..... 1... s dee e eee ene e reece cent see re eres verte rtn sees 13> ce" UOIO RMAMOOE.” 5 & 9.54 5 5 5 Chacala ice. AB aidikinigeg mat dMES D+ 4 0b Slop 0 0c UR ier ae 513_ : ; Fasciola Hepatica .........+.6seeeeus EBs: b)'s oo pisinde Ole b wie dbreled Shetek 613 Sheep afflicted with Fasciola .....6.sccce eect e tree neeetnaes doe son's 6 91 R. A. Archibald, President A.V.M.A. Frontispiece............-4..0005 620, assnsnd dire AND 118 Most CoMMON CAUSE ‘ Nev ag (,Horse’s Hoof %s.. cece etseceseseteereevesecesvenncevitnd 654. aes “ GZ, “Woot supported on three piers .......6 ee cece ee aeee Leer 664 fH aS Piet | tfoof with shoe on three pierS .........0- sce evens Shea .. 655 a Fig. 4. “Fioof with shoe with three calks\..........+.seseeervees Pe | Rare Fig. 5. ‘Hoot with shoe with five calks «1... .6sseeeceeeees ta cand 656 oe 6. wanes Ween ive) GOARD | praise 0 si ate abies etintay. + Shenae Pls isl wheats 657 — Aig ee a ee er | er Cages nae Droats oF Raa ieee Se, 2 3ectic ppocampus from Brain of Dog oe ene te as J ‘egri Bodies and Nucleoli. Plate I Ree ee F - Section of Normal Ganglion Nodosum. Plate IT ......... 668 GPa b Boton ‘tow never nae te rn rea an . Bection from another case ehowing _ further degeneration, Beis eo, 4 Section sF0n a third case showing advanced Cogeneration: = ; y Cor n- FO eat HIER ete eer c} OPER IES on Ngee 1 gee aE WROb remmeeen POR Py x. Benita bre ye. ; arenes esta es sho yon st ngs des «doer Gene manne Tame 672. maector Taking Milk Samples be CE LSd 1 whic ct ea ee 1 wits UD ES SS Rane Ae tite t entre scene setae heeeaerers 676_ we bed bone. .'(Congenital) Rt i er ear Dis BOR sss byaak on PS aR eal 1500 kn ee ee Amputation of left leg in dog showing periostitis of end of bone 835. Sysonsae ing tas “uae aad ae: sg zomalaa Bs a j x -~ - 7 . “ ~ ~ 7 \ _ ; 5 7 : . ig ' - > b., Fe " _ v + : he . \ \ ~ i . & - oa me j De - ‘Fae ~~ -_ ae 2 < * “ ° Be ae fin ae . es: i ee \ prot - f rie : 3 = om i ay -_ * we E. SESE EE STEAM Hage Sonning 446 _ Archibald, R. er utes rahe 855 Babson, ACE Astin as vowels 70 OMIM Pe Pye ey ey Ss, sw say spe ae 397 CTO Sh © Sta Sp Seat crapery 3 wee a 86 capa SW pe RBIG, 5555 oe ou p< Jane bs 520 Boerner, Tae (A. 213 MN ner St hl 55 Brady, a RESIS oe i 3 704 =o rannonpare. TOs. . S.tGuaae 840 Pree Gler, Lath. lisa fare o'y be oes 854 . * _ Dakin, FP sthig Ages te keen ig Moke eld 94 A Daapiciy, J gpa] Nie FOP Ss GAS pe Mapa at 648 SIMA OOE EG. I bs So cals vce ans oe es 259 ~~ Dehelly as Hokey Sates Sate 94 RAS eee is 5 gra bv be ool 2 © 85 MEIN NOR okt 08s 2f0 gin gS oP 94 Dumas, Boeke As apeee a, GAN ie Asin to. o ghe we 94 Ellis, Robert Wea Pe sie Vira a Mie 790 MILD POs sic 9S Foote, 183 tS BRS Se pain Ce 399 RE AMO 05305, Wek 04 pt wee re 870 Flowers, Tite us Sie oca VG ak 100 ls gO RR PES my Cm Pai Mt RO a 309 AOL Tes Were sop o's: lone Vee Om 523 SPIGINN/ WV AT i sci yak 0 Sos wales 320 Greenwood, R.A. .6.-..ee eee 400 >. Griessman. Lonis~....../.... 014. 830 Nyy OAS Ps hy Pe eee 218 _ Hadwen, Seymour a Pe eh oh er ee 511 renaniarl MES, are. kof 9, « pee op 320 Hardenbergh, J. B. .........55, 663 Hart, George H, ........4% 659, 678 SOM SINE Is 25-5 eGo Wiest e oa pee 841 RE MOUOES ills. "Mr tle le'o.' o's nih & 0: !benge 48 93 PLANT SIOUOGR Ble kek ctd's e400 > 6 019 41 483 BEES ee Nae ks > > 1 Cw ik se ted 101 Hoskins, H. Preston ........ 478, 817 BOWELO, Fee 70 6 ded Or a 259 Bruyett, Wai Gites oho brit ce pas 257 Pohnson, Vy Bis sd die new vieiele'e 400 Iv t Leibold, A. A. Kaupp; Bi Fy 3.003). 37 Aaa eee Kinsley,A. T. ssl. 4, ea ee Klein, ‘Louis As 30. O55: eis Knowles, A.3D.s0.. 3.03 a Peas 3b | Lambert, FLA; ues. 2. Ase 381 Lauterecken, Steiget Lee, \ James: He. 220 atts es Leneveu, G. Liautard, Au Se ee McDonough, James ete ewes Mackie, G. W. Maloney, Ts Mayers. Rs oo 1 Say edeny Se Meyer, K. #. -<., Mohler, J. R. N. 8. M. Newton, Richard Cole Pee as ae P.'A. F, £: G. B. ee iz gnhs Pie iy Sa # Reynolds, pO: Kee Br. Pe Yk: Rhea, Rs De ses the te rae Oka Riley, William A. ......... near» Roadhouse, : Oy: aa pai» Roberts, Ge Aw). es Bere ee Re PA Ort . hiee's) a.» oo pales Perpnen aen Riitige, Pawl | .\.\1 5 aiskeetis re PW Bw Re Set ay. hee onc Sallade, J. W. . 3 te A i Schlenker, Lawrence ........ i Schwarzkopf, O. ... 0s cease chee Pheets, BB. sds, wleetsersselees bev ache Smith, WwW Vv. ae ee ee Hoare eee Steckel, Lee M eee wena . ee ia Stewart, 8, see eee of . td My Mavlory NV. dD, 2 0s od shale wh bees BE rents OS's sb Vis pees 17, 254, 678 Underhill, B. MM, .4's nth okve Dt Wome . 663 — Vans Agnew, R. ...... debe ye nde Waugh, James A, ....s peyton Ward, Archibald R. ..... Ay Wehrbein, ss 9's Siw erate A Weston, EB, Ayo... .0eees Sa sesoe “Williams, Wi L. «2. se! Blaavea ven Wright, L, A, oreo een eee teens ate from Recent one ddress of Welcome deno-Carcinoma of Undescended Testicle. Abstract Amputation of Prolapsus Reeti in ee ee ey ;houncement, Local Committee. “s Veterinary Legislation .. lus Pseudo-Tuberculosis, Ro- dentium. A Comparison of arious Strains of the, with Bpecial Reference to Certain é ariation Phenomena, Ab- e% stract MOLE RE atone erat s ria of Milk Freshly Drawn rom Normal Udders. Abstract ‘Stings in a Horse. Rapidly _ Fatal. Reaules ¢ of. Abstract. ; K REVIEWS 2.2152, 438, 623, 771, Wiecanie of ‘the Dog and their {i _ treatment. Miiller- Glass ... ieee Manual in General i Cd i re or a a a i re ortem and Post-Mor- tem Inspection of Food Pro- ~ dueing Animals. — Richard ' Edelmann Text Book of Pathogenie Bac- teria and Protozoa. Joseph AGP MNODA 2 veh.) oe. ‘eterinary Handbook and Vis- iting List, ; Thomas B. Rog- ROY ao Of ee ee : terinary” WPhabersen tice. E. ; _ Wallis: Hoare ; See Pes see ew eee eee senen eee eee OF We whee 88 Ce ere a tle ween se eee es PAGE 840 844 852 538 272 293 . 121 882 883 771 a ates Volume 2, PAGE. - Camphor. The Use of Intraven- ous Injections of. Abstract. Cancer of the Tail. Abstract... Carcinoma of the Adrenal Gland in the Horse, with Hemorrhage into the Abdominal Cavity. Abetraes Wiotcis cs eae eee Catarrhal Fever, Stock ' Yards ; Fever or Shipping sats Bae- ferinlogy of 3 iV. den. tuh one 179. * Cattle Abortion. The Outlook Ps for the Control of ........... 199 ~~ Cestode Infection in Chickens, — ne Studies on the Transmission "4 and Prevention of .......... 218 Chloral Hydrate for Operative Purposes. _ Intravenous Injee- tions of. Abstract .......... 268 Chondro-Sarcematous Growth. 4 PN | Sr SM Geant 114 CHRONICLES, EUROPEAN ..5, 161, . 528 715 312, 450, 641, 783° Another Treatment for Tetanus 455- Bacteriotherapy and Wounds. . 450 Bibliographic Acknowle dg. MANE a. . S Vias dateses 647, 7 89 Botal. About the Foramen of 787. Diagnosis. Palpebro-Intrader- | ~~ pT Rp Nera VREY ALPS cup, 4 318 Difficult Diagnosis ........... 163 _ Equine Strongylidosis ....... 161 ~ Glanders in Man ............ 783 Glanders, Remarks on .,..... 785 ‘* Humanity, Above all Nations ~~ * ee Sy Sameer eben bole 788 Intraspinal Injections of Gases 454. Fi Ligature of Blood Vessels in Foot Diseases .......,-.... 642 5 Mallein Test, . Intrapalpebral :. 9." Malanogia: eo). 2sG0 s 4s wh ales 312 Polyvalent Serum Again ..... 641 Pyoculture Again ........... 165, Rabies, Hereditary :.....2..: 316 | Tuberculosis, Swine .......... 5 Wounds and Sera .....: hee Combating of Glanders in the Field by Immunization. Con- cerning the Pfeiler Proposal . — 536 far. -Abetreet: 2; see 7m 2 Ss Commercial Pasteurization in Safeguarding Milk Naturally Infected with Tubercle Bacilli, The Value of Efficient...... ste 533... = ty INDEX OF VOLUME XLIX, NEW SERIES, VOL. It - PAGE 148, 301, 436, ee ey COMMUNICATIONS . From Brazil Hemorrhagic Septicemia Moving Pictures Necessity of a Live Stock Sani- tary Commission or Bureau in the State of New York.. Organizations Interested in Our Food Suppl Salmon Memorial Fund Trans-Atlantic Shipment Horses Transporting Horses and Mules Death from Lightning Stroke Abstract Demodectic Mange of the Dog. The Bordet-Genou Reaction in the. Destruction of Diseased Animals to Protect Public Health .... Diaphragmatic Rupture in Dogs. PAMRITACE ES: atc y's a ote Distemper, Formol in Severe Cases of. Abstract ....... Distomiasis, The mode of Infee- ~ tion in Pulmonary. Abstract. Dropsiecal Uterus and Rachitis of Fetus. Case Report ...... Drugs, Cecal Administration of Abstract ' Echinococcus Cysts in the Lungs Cause Pneumothorax in a Cow. PRIMO 7 Sai pas ow eer Eprrortav. .1, 157, 305, 443, 629, Above all Nations i is "Humanity Anntal Meeting at Detroit, The Appointment of Committee on _ Livestock Sanitary Affairs. Assaults on Legislation Final Appeal, A Forecast, A Free-Martin, The Sterility of.. Hypodermal Anaphylaxis .. Immature Meat....../...... Impairedness or Preparedness Improvement in the Prepara- a rd ee oe ee ote ee | set eee ee ee er 266 120 777 158 777 . 640 159 638 443 781 . B09 448 444 tion of Anti-Hog Cholera Serum 446 Journal for the Profession, The Man Behind the Gun, The. Official Program of the AN. M.A. for the Detroit Meeting Prepare for the A.V.M.A. Meet- ing at Detroit ......1.+..... Poultry Practice U. 8. Veterinary Inspectors. . Veterinary Legislation for the Army Veterinary Service in the Army een eee nnn ee ee oN Why Join the AVA... Worthy Tribute to a Worthy Man, A a | Entamebic Dysentery in the Dog. Abstract Epidemiology of Equine Influenza. (Pink Eye, Brustseuche.) Ab- strachss x siete oe es ee ee Epitheliosis Infectiosa Avium Contagious Epithelioma, Chick- en Pox, Diphtheria, Roup, Can- ker. Abstract Epizootie Lymphangitis Microor- ganism, The Culture of the. Abstract Eradication of Tyiberedinun Cat- tle from Mileh Herds, Ab- Abraeh i esl aed eas eee Eversion of the Rectum and Va- gina in a Sow. Case Report .. ee e ) Eyersion of the Rectum, Excision. | Abstract Examining Boards Fasciola Magna, Bassi, A new Host for, Together with Obser- see eee ee ee vations on the Distribution of © Fasciola Hepatica, L. in Canada Feeding Cotton Seed and its Pro- ducts to Swine, Effects of.*.. Fight Against Tuberculosis, ‘An nt Appeal to the Veterinarians to — Help in the Fistulous Withers’ in the Horse and its Operative Treatment, Case Report Flagellates of Insects in the Evo- lution of Disease in Vertebrates, The Significance of Certain Na- tural. Abstract Flexor Pedis Perforatus Tendon Slipping off the Os Caleis. APSA HN ao ete ee ee Foreign Bodies in the Digestive — Tract of Bovines. Case Report Fowl Typhoid, A Report of an Outbreak of : Fracture of the Jaw in Dog. Ab- GUTAOG,, » Dovid > die'o-0. sae pial Ve d Free Martin, The Theory of the Giant Nematode, Diocthyme Renale (Bustrongylus) in the United States and Canada, The Oceur= rence of the Glanders in Man, to the Diagnosis of. Abstract Glanders in Wild Animals Kept ee in Zoological Gardens ........ Goats, Peeuliar Breed of, Ab-- stract . ./ nie, eaeigte Voy voli sila Contribution — TB eres: 399 ate vies JOS BE As hes. ~ p a, 810,21 . 708 ara . \ é e 850. oi : : S 409 6 i 838" ous , pis , RE areie 410. en 4 713. hail mL 09 Shy re siting or Lameness in the Horse rrhagic Septicemia, Vaccina- a tions Against : Hog Cholera Hog Cholera Serum and Virus. _ Experimental Work. Abstract Hog” Cholera Virus, Observations _ on 2800 Pigs Inoculated with. Horses. Injured by Bee Stings. _ Abstract ae | ee ee ad orse, The National ‘in War, The Changed ee eet w Many. Lives Has a Cat? Case Report ydrocele in a Yearling Bull. Case Report .... Ate gees Hypertrophy — Dilation of the — Heart, Abstract _ Infected Wounds, On the Use of Certain Antiseptic Substances in the T eatment of, Abstract Infectious — Abortion in Cattle, OO ae ectious Diarrhea in Calves, The illus | Enteritidis as the pRi Me ee se else me ale we ee ee ee ee or | Settee ep tis we eee eine wee es with ~ Liquid Tar. -—Abstrae Meet Pe ee wee towne ene ee rr ed on in “the Horse.» eRe ce wets esa a Se oe e Ms hne s Disea Dog? Abstract — Laceration of the Vagina in a OW CADBtOARE vee cs ess. “eran and its Most Common ee ee ed FRO Se ee ee mew eewee eee a Siekta. Pathological Investi- gations’ into. Abstract ...... ‘Fluke Disease, Its Treat- ment and Control. Abstract . uxation of the Radio Ulnar- Humeral Joint. Case Report. . Lymphangitis in Cattle Caused b van Acid-Aleoholie Fast Or- ey 119 PAGE Lympho Sarcoma of the Fowl. Maceration and Decomposition ‘of the Fetus in Mares. Case 5 Report ......- +0. cers eee eee 259 Mange in Army Horses, Treat- ment of. Abstract. .......... 271 Milk Fever (?) Abstract ..... 845 . Milk Fever Case, An Unusual. , ~ Case Report: 5 i. ois 6j.5 es nee 523 Milk Fever Four Months After Calving. Abstract ~.....+...« 4, Milk Production, Problems in. 796 Milk Secretion, Some Aspects. of the Physiology of Milk Supply of New York City, . The—A Lesson in Municipal Sanitation Miscellaneous . Moist Eczema in the Horse, Ab- stract 483. 670 re a i. 470° <— \ ‘ 154, 303, 440, 773, 885 ewes NECROLOGY. . .302, 439, 623, 772, 884 — % Abele, Francis, Jie Ac eee 302. er Bagnell, Charles H. .........: "627 ~ Brodje, Thomas Gregor ...... 884 — Carpenter, Henry Gay ..:... 0 627 - Coreoran, Riehard B.......... 303. ! 7" Dipak, meee IN sore Sinp vice cee 627 FYasierieOun so.) duis) Sete 172; sk Gallagher, John Joseph ...... 72. = Hoigneton,- A. Li ..55,28) vee 627 F HoldenjWe.C.n on Fad OOS 439 *s Davalos 46. 3+: Sats. Loa 884 Paquin, Paahs 655% free 772 ‘ Peck; Ndwan ad. Ss SE ee 884 x Perkins, Romanzo ........... 8840 -~ Potter, Charles Beecher. ...../ 884 “4 Rice, B28. cant ss eee ae Hike, HAQey iW. 5 Give aot 439 Smith, A. Me is... coy eo ed ‘ewe New Disease in Ducks, Is Leuco-— Brith cytozoon Anatis the Cause of a. . Aa 9 Ate Reet oS Rae aE AS, Le 264 2 Nicotine Poisoning. Abstract .. 407 ~ Nymphomania in a 16 year old. 7 eS. Altres Aso cae 541 7 Obstetrieal Case, An Unusual. — ‘Cane’ Report. 715... < 0 oi 409 Odd Obstetrical Cases. Case Re- ~ art. 6s ea eo 22 tee Oesophageal Obstruction, Oesoph-- agitis Following. Abstract... 113. Olec1anon Process of the Ulna, sr Fracture of the. Abstract... ./ 848. Paralysis of Page 602... So 238. Parasitic Affeetions of the Horse, Contribution to’ the Study of. - SOG: ODOT i Vis ve cg Ss es wh ee 102 Parietal Bone in a Dog, Fracture , or the. Abstract 2.4)... 22. 714 Pasteurization i is nota Substitute - for Dairy Hygiene a Be Peaipatization of Skim Milk and ae Whey as Food for Calves, The _ Perforated Bowels in the—Horse. Case Report : asic tinitis and Traumatic Peri- ‘carditis in the Camel. Abh>*~set _ Persistent Constriction oc. ¢ Cervix Uteri in the Cow ap- ee er ee ce | proaching Parturition. Ab- Tig GRR RRO gS gta Hea Sr ie -Petechial Fever and Endocarditis : Complicated — with Articular “Rheumatism in a Horse. Ab- REPRO shh. oo Oa as, te. _ Petechial Hemorrhages in the - Larynx and Kidneys in Hog ~ Cholera, Notes on the Occur- rence of bere -Examination of Dairy Cattlein Accordance with the _ Regulations of the State and _ City Codes, The requirements of ee ” polies of the Profession. A Pub- ae 8 ep SO A eS ae ee ; - Polypus of the Larynx. Abstract a ieepsraien and Use of Anti- Rinderpest Serum, The Develop- “ment of Ideas Regarding the. . © Preservation and In Situ Fixa- . tior of Veterinary Anatomical Subjects by Intravascular In- a ree MEEPION fo 85 in stile ns epee koe Ha:s Arzog a Presents Address, A.V.M.A.. 4 We President's Address, N. Y. State sth ja: Vet, Med. Soc.,....:.. 5 CREE _Prowernixe is oF THE A. V.M.A. rs 125, 274, 415,' 544, ; ~ Business Session, Fifth & _ Business Session, Sixth Business Session, Seventh .... “Dirbotory of Members -. Honorary Members 7 Px Honor Roll Members ........; Meetings of the Association .. . ‘Officers and Committees 1915- gi “: 1916 1 Presidents te) ep Report, Committee on Necrology Ay ‘Report, Committee on Resolu- : tions Report, Committee Salmon Me- MIOFIGA C3 006 605s BBA Report, Committee on Veteri- ies) Mary TLIGCOrY «op ohaa Ke nh hag Report, International ‘Tuberen- a5. losis Commission a IE i's yy me te toe! * oes eee ee eee eee eee eww nee ee ee ee ee ee | ee etee PAGE 49 365 85 846 { 411 541 478 836 340 t 111 "LV MLA, pepe 2: Resident Secretaries ... Secretaries... .f... 005 Prolapsus of the. Reetum in 1 ‘igs Two Cases of. Case Report . ti Prolapsus Reeti, Mas iseae : “stract . Prostate Abscess. in a Do ormously Enlarged. Abst Pelmonary Tuberculosis in Canadian Horses A Purpura Hemorrhagica, — Purpura Hemorrhagica 1 with Normal Home: Case Report : ; Rabies, The Reliability of Proliferative snecn in _ Diagnosis of. Rabies in Cattle, A> ‘Gon to the Study of. ‘gone Rachitis in Calves. Case Recent Deve opments — in nary Science? Should the St Board Examinations Lagoa: Reciprocity Rectum and Bladder, Paralysis of the... “Abstract: . 2.5: fans fas Red Blood Cells in ‘Vibros “The Preservation of Living. | Ab 7 ee See ee ta ee eS ewe eee ee or Removal of the -Nasal tu ean nee sedy a su * . sie Epa to Address of : Welcome. - 854 — Rheumatism and its Treatment, Bacterial Infection as a Cause of. Abstract...) .... i ba Rose Chafer Upon Chickens, ' Poisonous riecta of the. BOLACE Yeibig ie tite y MORRIE. as. t Round-Celled Sarcoma Pe he Heart of a Dog. Case Report. 520 2( Scapular Wound by Obus, Ab stract es Ue ‘*Serapie’’, Investigation into the " ‘, Disease of Sheep Called. & oh Tn a a Fil SBP) Secretary ’s Office tite Sheep Disease Hemorrhagica. ; ticemia, A Further Contributio e) JG to the Knowledge of-—and its Control we Serum Vaccination, Abstract Ly ' et ee ee ery ee eee ee ee ere oe A : 7 Pi "y aie “ik na SeP ay shun Se Es “4 4 4 / IxX.,- gi ‘PAGE PAGE Birt ny Racal Districts, Splenetic Tiek ives in Cattle, eatment and. Management Some .Experiments with Bac- ff PRN ihe st aay. Fipiy bia de 183 terial Vaceines for the Cure of. 361. 'P a Fover of Horses ....,. 169 Spore Bearing Microorganisms, A Paro, fohag of Horses, Modern. Re- Note on the Extreme Resistance ~— ay “quirements in the—Especially Of: TWO se aciectcs oS. mein’ ay Na Fra piMplbid «6 hd e.0''s s'plee 791 | Spotted Fever, Rocky Mountain. Y MEETINGS at sia 187, 294, ‘ Abstract: Sa Aciiaw 4 eiadine eal oe : 432, 614, 761, 852 | Streptococcus Pneumonia in Cat- = bama. Veterinary Medical tle. Abstract .......... ie 707 % Pet angte sib y’s a. 139 | Stricture of the Esophagus. Case . erican Veterinary Medical Report’: . 1-24 tous abe bn Wee ) he nee t balae at, ig opiates « £ 852.) Strongylidosis, A Clinical Study Se . _ Arka nsas_ Veterinary Association 298 of Equine. Case Report ..... 102 ni ell ih Pigs Veterinary As- Strychnine Poisoning. Abstract 264 ~~ pan ave ds tie be ve © 614 | Sulphur Poisoning. Abstract .. 530 — al New York Veterinary Sulphuret of Carbon Against Gas- a a odical Association ....... 766 trophilus Equi. Abstract .... 418 ~ rado Veterinary Medical ‘Suppurative Arthritis of the Hoek. \ tet PA ga We Heh oik:s Aaele 137 Abstract’... ..). 00. cc3 sagen ces eticut Veterinary Medical Synovitis and Tendinitis, Radium nae gino Vat sith weal > 874 Used in. Abstract .......... oT Me ae Valley Veterinary Mea- Tetanus Antitoxin, The Treat- _ A i fical-Bociety -......., 0... 147 ment of -Tetanus with. Case : con Association of Veteri- HenOPr tk. one apeeima Scientific Wall as Impaction Colie of the CASE TS “g peneree tetas eye V0.2 769 Horse, ‘Three Cases of. Ab-» 5) #5, Pe ther Tier Veterinary | Medi- th Oe Se ee, Speen, Smt 0 8 apes nes ¢a Association, igh ees .765 | Twinning in Cattle, With Special zo ee Veterinary Medical ~ Reference to the Free Martin. Ping sso¢iation ............... 880 Abetract: isu HAs, os ean 117 : : hington State Veterinary Twins in the Uterus of a Cow, Sant “yiteteat Association ......” 765 The Fate of. Abstract ...... vg cere : SR Veterinary Medical Twist with Unusual Symptoms. pemesition te eer 875 eres Se ae ec, one i Deed Ie 533 x INDEX OF VOLUME XLIX, NEW SERIES, VOL. il PAGE Two Headed Calf, A. Case Re- POLE. eee ee hee ee ee Urethral Obstruction in a Foal. Abstract Vaginal and Uterine Secretions of the Mare and its Influence in Coitus, Chemical Reaction of. Abstract Verminous Thrombosis of the Me- senteric Artery Causes Intestin- al Obstruction. Abstract ... S aiave, 6:Srs eve siang sg Whee Be ©. 257 410 ao 8 Wy PAGE Veterinary Education, The Prac- tical Part OL. . 8: sivas aos 699 Veterinary Faculties and State Examining Boards ........... Veterinarians in Practice and Membership of the A.V.M.A... 618 Visual Examination of the Blad- 392 der.: -ADStract 6 i. censor ontes 540 Wound Infections, Abortive Treat- ment of. Case Report .....-. 94. X-Ray Diagnosis. in Vetermary Medicine, Further Studies in. > 830 JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S, Vet. Med. Assn.) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Committee on Journal F. Torrancog, Chairman, A. ErcuHorn, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R, Buarr, R. A. Arcurpatp, M. Jacon, N. 8. Mayo, G. R, Wuire, V. A. Moore, L. Froru- INGHAM, ©. H. StancE, H. JENSEN, G. H. Roperrs, R. P. LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal OC. J. MarsHa.u, Chairman, R. P. LyMan, A. E1cHHoRN, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. Vor. XLIX. N. S. Vor. II. APRIL, 1916. No. 1. Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Veter- inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary C. M. Haring, University of California, Berkeley, California. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. WHY JOIN THE A. V. M. A.? We have occasionally received letters relative to joining the A.V.M.A. Exceptionally the question is hinted at on a commer- cial basis: what is there in it for us in return for our initiation fees and annual dues? What of value is there in membership in any fraternal, religious or insurance organization where expendi- ture is involved? The underlying principle is the same in these as in a professional organization—an interest in something outside of one’s self, an interest in one’s profession and fellow man. We may conceive, however, that there are some people who would prefer to buy a book of sermons and read them rather than go to church and bear their share of its support. This would im- pose a tax on the religious spirit. A tax would be imposed upon the dramatic spirit if some preferred to procure a copy of the play _ to read rather than to see it performed at the theater. A tax a. would similarly be imposed upon the professional spirit if any num- ' ber of the members preferred merely to read the printed transactions of the organization’s activities rather than to take part in them. _ Money is essential in the support of any organization, but it ' is not the only essential. Above money is purpose, high ideals, and be EDITORIAL a desire for the betterment of conditions that can be improved. The financial factor is necessary in carrying them out but it ought not to obscure them. —~ In working for the advancement of common interests no organi- zation has probably made extensive progress, without at some time — or other along its course, having made blunders of a more or less . serious nature. Not to have done so would have required super- human qualities. To err is human; to emphasize the blunders and forget the worthy motive which inspired the effort retards rather than promotes progress. We believe that the majority of the veterinary profession of this country has high ideals. We believe that, aside from his own | personal activities, the progressive veterinarian has an interest in his profession and desires that it shall attain as high a rank in the minds of the public as any other profession; that commercialism | does not overshadow his ideals; that he is not imbued with the idea that he lives for himself alone but is ready and willing to contribute to the good of others; that greater and more substantial gains can be made toward these ideals by working in mass formation than as isolated individuals. P.A.F, —~-0—— THE MAN BEHIND THE GUN The past two years have been epoch making in the history of the veterinary profession in the United States. During this time the profession has grappled with, and successfully combated, in spite of the opposition of ignorance, one of the great animal plagues of the world. . There are relatively few outside of the veterinary profession who realize what the eradication of this plague means to the live- stock industry of America, and the welfare of the people. » In deal- ing with such a plague as this, it is natural and proper that the Bureau of Animal Industry, and the state veterinary authorities should receive a good deal of publicity, and much credit for the ex- cellent results accomplished. A great deal of credit is also due to the profession as a whole. We want to commend the splendid stand taken by the veteri- narians in private practice who have been true to the high ideals of our profession. In those regions where foot-and-mouth disease EDITORIAL 3 prevailed the sacrifices made by the private practitioners have been great—they have given their services freely; they have been com- pelled to neglect their practice, and in a number of instances their practice has. been ruined because of the efforts they have made, not only to assist the authorities, but by their own individual efforts to stamp out the disease. Some day in the not distant future, when the stockmen realize what the veterinarian has done for them, those who have been loudest in their condemnation will rise up and call the veterinarian blessed. We believe that both the federal and state authorities appre- ciate the cordial support given them by the profession as a whole. It is a credit to the profession that only a very few veterinarians have crucified their ideals for,a few pieces of silver, the ninety and nine have been loyal in the great battle. It is to this every-day practicing veterinarian ‘‘bumping the country roads’’, who has had no champion in the public press, that we wish to pay a feeble, but just tribute for the service he has so freely and efficiently given in this crisis, and for the professional ideals he has upheld. N.S. M. —o-—- THE JOURNAL FOR THE PROFESSION Not long ago a prominent veterinarian asked us seriously if it was planned to publish anything in the Journal besides the material pertaining to the American Veterinary Medical Association. The thought has occurred to us that if one so prominent might take this view of the situation there might be others. In our first editorial in the November number we stated ‘‘there must be space for con- tributions if the periodical is to be a Journal in fact as well as -name’’, and that we wished to ‘‘have a sufficient variety of articles of timely interest to appeal to the progressive practitioner, who, after all, is the bulwark of the profession’’; and again that ‘‘for community of interest there must also be due consideration for the ordinary and every day affairs that touch all practitioners’’. We reiterate the sentiment. We do not regard the A. V. M. A. as a body outside of the profession but. of it and in it for the best interests of all veterinarians whether members or not. We wish _ to reach all who are interested in the progress of the profession (and if there are any who are not, we wish to reach them too and, i if possible, get them interested). The reaching out process cannot 4 EDITORIAL be confined to the efforts of any one individual, it needs the co- operation of many and especially those.on the firing line.,There are, perhaps, various methods of cooperation but that which appears to us most effective is for each veterinarian to feel a partial responsi- bility and ownership of the Journal and contribute to it case re-— ports or some of the experiences which have been of interest in a clinical or practical way and which will therefore probably interest other practitioners. , The association is not for itself alone, it is for the profession and the Journal as its official organ must of necessity be for the pro- fession also. If erroneous ideas have been or are held on this sub- ject we trust that each reader will do his share in dissipating them. Prbi Py! AOE aN Bar VETERINARY SERVICE IN THE ARMY If the present legislation increases the Cavalry and Field Artil- lery there will be needed two veterinarians for each new regiment of Cavalry and Artillery. Veterinarians who wish to enter this. regimental service will have to pass an examination in the regular subjects taught in veterinary colleges and high schools, and in equitation. Antecedents and moral character will have to be ex- cellent. Also, if the present Army Veterinary Bill passes both Houses, it is proposed that another bill be enacted to form a Veterinary Re- serve Corps on the same lines as the Medical Reserve Corps which accepts medical men who pass a prescribed examination and who are then subject for duty whenever called upon. Immediately they are put on duty they assume the position of an army officer in the Medical Corps and receive the rank, pay and allowances to which they are entitled. Failing the passage of the Army Veterinary Bill it is proposed that a committee of members of the American Veterinary Medical Association be formed for the purpose of collecting the names of veterinarians who offer to serve in case of war. The duties would be inspecting meat, hay, grain, horses, mules, and regular veterinary work at hospitals located at base and mobile depots behind and along the battle lines. It is advised that only members of the A.V.M.A. will be accepted by the War Department, because it will give the preference to men = ee ae ee EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 5 who belong to a credited and recognized organization that is in a position to vouch for each veterinarian accepted as a member. Army veterinarians at present receive the pay and allowances of a Second Lieutenant of Cavalry, viz: $1700 per year with house, light, fuel and $150.00 per year if he buys a horse suitable for an officer’s charger and $50.00 more if he buys another horse, making $200.00 per year for two horses. Every five years, up to 20 years, he gets an increase of 10 per cent of his pay. He and his family receive free medical and dental services. Veterinarians who wish to join the new regiments of Cavalry and Field Artillery that may be formed in the coming Army legis- lation, should send in their applications to the QUARTERMASTER GEN- ERAL, U. S. Army, WASHINGTON, D. C., stating their special quali- fications, ete. Veterinarians who wish to enter the Veterinary Reserve Corps, should join the American Veterinary Medical Association, if they are not already members, as soon as possible. Then every member who desires can fill out a blank similar to the following and send it to Dr. R. Vans AcNew, Fort Leavenworth, Kans. : eee ere eee ewe weer eereereene EAE. wise ag eS oS « 1916 PU Th 249 ok POO y ie as W040 ss 0 acne EGA A SO ac oles lke & sie beak No oe NES pee ER ies ee MEOITION- OF BINION. O30. sss eee ee oS he a er rs SIE RINE CN Ne ok a StS eld sy bide Uaclao « Knowledge of riding (good, poor, nO) ............ 06. eee eee eee mre voma motner ofthe AV. M. ALP. cas i oc inn ce vc elas Will you serve in the veterinary department in case of war?....... (Name) ——0—_ R. V. A “EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. Swine TuBercuosis. The importance this affection has in re- lation to meat inspection is sufficient to explain the interest that it has promoted in many countries, where the trade or the consump. tion of swine is extensive. For this reason perhaps, from many foreign countries valuable communications have been produced although the literature on the subject may not be very fully sup- 6 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES plied, yet one can read interesting articles from the pen of Belgian, French, and German writers without neglecting those also from American investigators such as Mohler, Bea 8 shee Moore, Dawson and others. Mr. Chaussé, a French veterinarian, a great investigator of the subject of tuberculosis, has recently published in the Annales de Pasteur Institute (November and December, 1915) a long article on ‘‘Swine Tuberculosis and Comparative Pathology and Evolu- tion,’’ which is illustrated by a number of plates conrespendang to the various parts under consideration. In the first part the author presents the history of this affec- tion as far as it has been observed and as cases have been recorded. Ostertag, Nocard, Moule, Volkel, Stubbs, Moore, Dawson and many others are receiving due credit for their observations, their opin- ions are discussed, and references are given to their publications. Statistics are presented relating to the morbidity of tubercu- losis among cattle and swine. In one table, the French abattoirs furnish the material for comparison with steers, bulls, cows, calves and pigs. In another, the proportion of meat condemned. In a third, other countries of Europe furnish the statistics: Belgium, Prussia, Germany, Luxemburg, Holland, Italy. From this recap- itulation and comparison the author, who treats of his subject es- sentially because of investigating the disease comparatively in France, says in conclusion: this contagious affection prevails with less intensity in that country among both cattle and pigs, that tu- ‘berculosis is always more frequent in cows, that of calves being from 30 to 100 times rarer, and that swine hold a medium position, the disease being from 4 to 20 times less frequent than in cows. The problem of the channels of entrance for infection in swine tuberculosis is considered under five chapters:: 1—entrance through the tonsils and cervical lymphatics, 2—by the intestines through the chyliferous vessels and the thoracic duet, 3—by the di- rect air passages or inhalation, 4—through the genital tract by castration. oid = ¥ S ® £ Sp 2 ug sf ‘ on —_ ona | oma | oma | ona | ona | ond | ona | oma = = g | oma & € i) tt = e 9omase 5 2 = setmojoo| we tas : : & | &B | & | wrmta) 5 mans | oma | oma | oma | oma | ota | oma | oma = | =e | & | one] . |. 8 , & = 2 Ss | wor wor} ee eS E. seS sus -BULIOJ ~BULLOJ 5 = > 3 3 101} 9 WOT} sea ses «= | & : -ejnse -eynse 9 pre | sed ON | y prow $ & posuvye | -oo ‘But | poSuvyo | -oo But | oSueyo At At A4t SOTMUO[OD “Uj -woppey | -uq | -woppoy | on | -prammg, | -prqany, | -prqang, : S89[10T0D T ie ond soins pal-fe.yney WOI}NjOS YOs}ay) || MOyaIsIeg | | MOyaISIEG MW WyOlg BSOyeW | YyOIg @S0\9e7 |yjOIg asoINjg | “yopuy | moig | auyeyeg | sey sndeopey | a8j28] rye eg si] SOMSIYALOVAVHD IVYALIAN “][ AAV, = % Tt pre %0r't Pree BWOFT | pre %¢6'0 Pree %0E'T pre %Or't S[O.1}10L) WOUF pre % TO | ourpeyre %cr'o| pwe %eers pre %cre pre %cos |t “ON JB [eyuousodxgy % VF PE %Os"0 | Purpeyve %es"o | pre %O0P's pee %Or'e pre %09°3 OLS sypyiwajqua “g_ % FE OUTPEATS Wer'o | ourpeyxre %WoOroO | pwe %ee's pre Were Pre %0L'S TIZl sipyisaqua “g_ % OF 00°O | CULLERTe %09'0 | Pre %OLs pre %00'E Pre %0L'S OBST SIpI402U0 “ET — Pree %Os'O | ourpeyre %eco | prwe %01s pre %¢s'e pre %0Ls BVSl SpI4eqUa “g_ WOE pre %0¢'0 OO} pre %ors pre %0s'e pre %09°% GEST SIpiiiajqua “g_ %t V1 %T - tT %t MI rurBayg jo LoTyeUstsoqy asourquiy ULdgxXoqT mptTeg ssouure ty asopIUTeH) yng | SULVUGAHOGUV() JO NOLLVENGWUG *("JU0D) TI AAV], pre %0t pre %3'T pre WoT | pwe %0s't Pre Ws t| pre %Gs't pre % CT S[O1}U0D pre %09S oureyre = %s'0 | ple %0¢E's 0°0| pre %sre pre %Orr |t “ON Jeo [eyuourrsedxgy pre %oos —— jourpeyye %3°0 | pre %cs'¢ - 070} pre %ose pre %cr's OSL SIpip4eqUa “g_ PHY %06'3 —— | oureyre %s'O | Pre Bees | oueYle % 10; Pre woes | Pwe WOry TIZL Swuliajua “ge pre %063 —— |oureye %10 | pre % FE 0'0| - Pe Bors pre %Co'F OBSL SIPiI4aQUa “gT pre %eo's pre %6¢'O =| ourpeyye %TO | pre % og ourpeyye % go} pe %ceE'e pre % 6s Bssl SIpytsaqUa “g_ PPE %06S PLE 60 | ouBye %Z0 | PHY % OE | OUTTBALe % C0) PPB %09'E pre % OF GEL SIPYIwaqUa “g_ L : ‘ - Ms oe ST MI %T Mr. | Bt %t %1 :uTedys Jo agate oFTUTe AL osoulgey 280398'T aso} BT BSOIBYIIVY aso[nAaaT Scat "HO®8N ‘N 00/T WU pozeajty wey} pue skep ¢ JOF poyeqnout e19M “poyzR[ost sureays . oy} WIM eastiorer ‘soyeapsyoqtes aAtpedset 9} eee BIpout ad: qesus om; hielo se yno eeen otoM ene om, 28 . MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE The fermentation of the arabinose was very characteristic, in- — asmuch as only after several transplants an arabinose fermenting ‘‘mutant’’ was obtained. The strains behaved in every respect like the Bacillus enteritidis described by Titze and Weichel, Christian- sen and others. For further identification, the bacillus was tested with various agglutinating sera and the following results were ob- . tained : ! Tasie IIT Antisera Bacillus isolated from calf 1239 B. Typhosus (Cross) 1:200 B. paratyphosus A (polyvalent 1, 2, 3) 0 B. paratyphosus A (G) 0 B. paratyphosus B (4 & 5) 0° B. paratyphosus B (homo) 0 , B. suipestifer (G) 0 B. suipestifer (V) <2 B. enteritidis (A.M.N.S.) (1:10,000) 1:10,000 B. enteritidis (G) (1:10.000) 1:10,000 B. typhi murium No. 1. 1:10,000 B. abortivuis equarius 0 B, typhi suis , 0 ‘ B. Voldagsen 0 | Taste IV Strains of calves No. | 1211 1229 | 1222 | 1230 | 1239 | 1239(P) Antiserum B, enteri- . 5 tidis (GS 1:40,000) | 1:10,000 | 1:8,000}1:20,000}1:20,000}1 :10,000)1:20,000 Antiserum B, enteri- tidis No.18(1:6,000)| 1:2,000 | 1:1,000| 1:1,000} 1:2,000) 1:2,000) 1:2,000 INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES TABLE V Examination to determine the existence of carriers among the remaining calves. *Feces examination enriched — ‘Clinical symptoms and temperatures | Agglutination No. Calf | Lot No. on following dates io as in bie broth 1 1201 | IVa {104.6 (11-XIT-14), 103.0 Staphylococci, B. coli . (12-XIT-14) 0} and streptococci - 2 1210 | IVa |106.2 ( 9-XIT-14), 103.0 ((12-XIT-14) 0| B, Coli, staphylococei 3 1213 | IVa |No symptoms Oo wins CURE aed nd «0 4 1215] III |No symptoms 0 we rep cs and B. coli 5 1216 | IIL |No symptoms 1:100) B. coli & staphylococci 6 1217 | IIL |No symptoms 0} B. eoli -7 1218 | IIL |No symptoms Chk ods oo Ke BT ere ban 8 1219 | III |Visibly sick, blood-tinged diarrhea; 107 (7-XII-14) 106.2 (8-XII-14), 106.8 (9-XII-14), 106 (10-XIT- 14, and remained high 1:100| B. coli, staphylococci for several days and B. alkigenes 9 1228} I. |No symptoms 0|B. coli and B. meta- : coli 10 1229 | IVb {104.6 (8-XII-14) weak, 104 (9-XIT-14) 0| Staphylococci, strepto- hl cocci and B, coli 11 1231 | IVb |No symptoms 0| Staphylococci and B, 12 1234 | IVb |Sick and scouring, 103.6 coli (11-XIT-14) 104.5 (13- XII-14) 1:100) B. coli and B. alki- 13 1235 | IVb |Visibly depressed and genes blood-tinged feces, 103.7 (30-XII-14) 103 (7-1-15) 103 (12-1-15) 1:200| B. eoli 14 1241 II 103.6 (11-XII-14), 103.8 (13-XII-14), 103.4 (23- XIT-14), 102.3 (25-XIT -14) 0| B. coli and B. staphy- lococei Control, Healthy, non contact NEEL aie or esto eRe *Bacteriological examination of feces made by Miss Grace Griffith, The isolated bacteria are pathogenic for guinea pigs and rab- bits. They produce exceedingly active toxins. doses when repeatedly applied to rabbits will cause loss in weight Even the smallest and a predisposition to secondary infections to which the animals invariably succumb. The organisms isolated from the various calves i? are typical representatives of the Bacillus enteritidis Gartner group, 30 ; MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE Pathogenicity tests on calves: To strengthen the bacteriologi- — a cal findings and the conclusions that the enzootic among the calves was caused by the Bacillus paracolon, two feeding experiments were carried out. These experiments, of which records are given below, demonstrated the high pathogenicity of the isolated organisms for calves. Both animals promptly developed clinical symptoms, but only the first calf, which was three weeks old, succumbed to the in- fection; the second one—38 days old—was temporarily sick, but recovered. Since the serum examination of the second ealf re- vealed an agglutination of 1:1,000 with the Bacillus enteritidis Gartner, 14 days after feeding, it may be safely assumed that this animal was really infected, but survived, in the same manner as the six other calves which were affected in the outbreak and recovered. III. Frepine Experiments: (1) Calf No. 1, raised at the University Dairy, 17 days old, was fed (J.T.) with pasteurized milk containing 25 c¢.c. of a broth eulture of sean 1239, January 14, 1915. On January 15, 1915, the animal showed a feiupevettiees of 106.0, a very severe diarrhea of repulsive odor and was very depressed. January 16, 1915: The animal was somewhat more active; maximum temperature 103.0; the diarrhea was still very marked and of bad odor. January 17,1915: found dead in the stable. . Autopsy (by K.F.M. and J.T.): Rigor mortis was still pres- ent. The muscles were slightly icteric. In the peritoneal cavity there was a small amount of fluid. The intestines were deeply red- dened, swollen and content was blood-tinged and slimy. The mu- cosa was edematous and studded with hemorrhages; the hemor- rhagic inflammation was found in the jejunum and ileum. The cecum was slightly reddened and had a slimy content. The spleen . was small and dry. The liver was dark-brownish, architecture indistinct and showed a few focal necroses. The kidneys were slightly swollen and turbid. Mesenteric lymph nodes were consid- erably enlarged, even for the age of the animal; soft and grayish on section; in the cortex there were a few hemorrhages. The lungs were collapsed and grayish-red; the myocardium, grayish, turbid; the blood, well coagulated. : Pathologic-anatomical diagnosis: WWemorrhagic enteritis, lym- phadenitis, degeneration of the parenchymatous organs, INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 31 Bacteriological examination of experimental calf: The en- riched cultures from the various organs gave the aeens results : Mesenteric lymph nodes: B. paracolon. Liver: B. paracolon. Spleen: B. paracolon. Heart blood: Streptococcr. Bile: Streptococci. Small intestines: B. paracolon, streptococci and B. coli. 4 Control test of feces from University Dairy calves on 18th, 19th and 21st of January, 1915, enriched in bile, were negative for the B. enteritidis. (2) Calf No. 2: age 38 days, was fed (by J.T.) 25 c.c. of 1239 on January 27, 1915; showed a rise in temperature and diarrhea, but apparently recovered in a short time. Jan. 28th—105.3, drank all the milk fed. Jan. 29th—105.0, drank well, blood stained feces. Jan. 31st—102.6, blood-streaked feces. Feb. 1st—104.0, diarrhea and very depressed. : ' Samples of feces examined on 4th and 5th of February, 1915; negative. Blood examined February 13th, 1915, gave an agglu- . tination 1:1000. The two calves were raised at the University and neither had been sick nor directly exposed to the infection before entering this experiment. They were under our observation from January 11, 1915, and at no time before the feeding of the cultures did these 4 _ ‘animals show a rise of temperature or other indication of disease. While under our observation the calves were fed pasteurized whole milk and skim-milk with a little grain and hay. . IV. Discussion OF THE OUTBREAK FROM AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL _ Virwpornt: We attempted to explain in what manner the infec- _ tion was introduced. It is the general belief that paracolibacil- liosis is a stable infection, or is introduced either by milk or by means of apparently healthy carriers. That the disease was the result of stable infection could naturally not be investigated inas- much as the calves used in the feeding experiments came from vari- ous dairies. The suspicion was then directed toward the milk, but _ only indirect evidence is available that this food was responsible for the introduction of the infection, since from the moment the milk was pasteurized only two new cases developed, which, however, may as — _ well have been infected previous to the pasteurization of the milk, 32 MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE At the same time, thorough disinfection was carried out. That the milk occasionally harbors the Bacillus enteritidis Gartner, has been shown by Zwick?, Hubener*, and Klein‘, ete., particularly when col-— lected from animals which are suffering from various forms of mas- titis. The report of the government veterinarians for the State of - Oldenburg in Germany® mentions that in 1902 the number of cases of calf scours was very small. Several veterinarians and farmers attribute this result to the obligatory pasteurization ofthe milk in the creameries. According to Tapken the infectious diarrhea has fre- 4 quently been spread by the use of unboiled, skimmed or whole milk. To what extent carriers were responsible for the infection, we could not determine, since we had no opportunity to investigate this point before the calves were placed in the feeding experiments and are, therefore, unable to express a definite opinion on the de- batable question, whether or not calves can harbor the paracoli organisms. The reports in literature are contradictory on this point. Titze and Weichel and Ammann have examined over 304 healthy calves, but failed to find paratyphoid or paracoli organ- — isms. Morgan and Eekbert, Horn and Huber and Christiansen, however, state in their reports that they have isolated paratyphoid- like organisms from healthy calves. Christiansen, therefore, draws the conclusions that the paracoli organisms are constant inhabi- tants of the intestinal tract and acquire pathogenic properties under certain conditions and are then responsible for the enteritis. It is quite apparent that the explanation given by him is following close- ly the ideas of C. O. Jensen, brought forward by this writer to explain the coli infections in calves. We have no experimental evidence to support or refute this contention, but feel justified from observations in laboratory epidemics in mice in calling attention to this possibility, even though in our limited feces examinations from healthy calves we failed to find the organisms. Titze and Weichel on the other hand have shown that calves, recovering from paracoli- bacilliosis frequently eliminate the specific organism for at least 14 days. The danger caused by such temporary carriers is quite ap- parent and does not need further discussion. In this outbreak we were interested to know if such a condition (1) Oldenburgisher Veterinirbericht 1912; reference. Berlin tierarzt Wochensehr. XXI. 1915, page 354. (2) Arb, ad. Kaiser Gesundhamte Bd. 33, 1910, (3) Deutsche Med. Wochenschrift 1908, No. 24, (4) Centbl. f, Bakt. Abt. IL Bd, 38, 1905, cl coy gt =e ee Se = = =—— = = = ie a a Eigen s Pm oe > pe eee Redes An A RS git: We z 2 z ene = == ern eat ee Se —s ei om ~ i Local eee ? . — Le rid os cnn ely a = < ‘ MS get suirees ee = i eo eee shea ae 7 “ a > ~ ” il So as z ae See INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA IN CALVES 33 existed among the remaining 14 calves and two months after the first death among the calves was recorded, a serum test and a bac- teriological examination of feces of these bovines were made. The results are tabulated in table V. None of the animals showed para- typhoid-like organisms in the feces; four animals (1216, 1219, 1234 and 1235) showed agglutinins for the B. enteritidis and the isolated causative agent of this outbreak. Three of these ani- mals, (1219, 1234 and 1235) were clinically diseased and doubtless infected. The bacteriological examination was only carried out once and is of slight significance, since the organisms of the para- typhoid group are frequently eliminated in intervals only and one examination is insufficient to permit the conclusion that these ani- mals were not latent carriers. The manner by which the infection was introduced in the feed- _ ing experiment could not be determined, but we feel that the raw milk was probably responsible for the enzootic. VY. Ipentitry or THE [sOLATED B, PARACOLON WITH THE B. EN- TERITIDIS (GARTNER) AND THE MEAT POISONING ORGANISM. The fact that the isolated organism gave all the identity reactions of the B. enteritidis Gartner and behaved serologically as such opens also the question whether or not this organism is identical with the meat poisoning organisms. Most of the German investigators conclude that the B. enteritidis is identical with the B. paracoli of calves, be- ' cause one is unable to separate the organisms of the Gartner group according to their pathogenicity for laboratory animals. Through epidemiological investigations we have gradually become accustomed to believe that cases of meat poisoning are due to intravital infee- tion of the meat or. food stuffs and not post-portem contamination by carriers, but from observations in recent years upon paratyphoid B. infections in man, on the other hand, we know that meat is only responsible for infection in a small number of cases and one feels in studying the recent literature that the early conceptions are 4 gradually being modified. _ Paratyphoid infections of pork are so common in countries where hog cholera exists that paratyphoid epidemics would be more frequent than is actually the case were the paratyphoid organ- _ isms from these species pathogenic for man. The same may hold true relative to the paracoli organisms of calves; and even if they are biochemically and serologically identical with the B. enteri- _ tidis Gartner, they are as a rule little virulent for man and rarely 34 ¢ MEYER, TRAUM, ROADHOUSE possess as high a pathogenicity for man as the true meat poisoning organisms. oe Among the staff of investigators, assistants, stablemen, ete., all of whom came in very close contact with cultures, post-mortem material, feces, etc., only one individual, who suffered from chronic mucous colitis and was therefore abnormally predisposed, contract- 4 ed a severe enteritis in which the paracoli bacillus isolated from calf 1239 was found to be the cause. Inasmuch ‘as the patient completely recovered, and was found to be no longer a carrier, the — question of how animal pathogenic B. enteritidis occasionally be- come modified to a human pathogenic organism could unfortunately not be solved. We suspect, however, that under practical epidem- iological conditions the susceptibility of the individual plays an. important role in transforming animal pathogenic paracolon to a human pathogenic one. : We feel that the above discussion concerning the relation of animal diseases to human infection was appropriate and hope it will stimulate further and more accurate investigations than we were able to conduct. CONCLUSION a B. enteritidis (Girtner) is responsible in the United States for a certain forms of infectious diarrhea in calves. Our knowledge con- cerning B. enteritidis and paracoli infections, especially in bovines in this country, is very limited. Mohler and Buckley! report an enzootic among adult cattle from which they isolated as the causa- tive agent, an organism which belongs to the paratyphoid-enteritidis group. During the course of their extensive investigations they infected a five months old calf by intravenous injection, producing | visible indications of the disease including scours. The animal died within three days after inoculation. The subcutaneous in- jection into another calf caused local and thermic reactions. This calf they subsequently fed with a culture without causing any ill effect and they state ‘‘It was unfortunate that this feeding experi- ment should have been made with an animal previously inoculated with this bacillus, as it seems highly probable that a more or less immunizing was occasioned thereby’’. Reports of human infec- tions due to B. enteriditis (Gartner) are also rare in this country, Hogan’ reports food poisoning in California which he attributed 9 (1) Nineteenth Annual Report of the B, A, T., 1902, p, 297-331. 7 a 2) California State Board of Health-Bulletin, Vol. IV, Dec., 1908, p- 67-69, AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 35 to the meat poisoning bacteria, but since serologic tests were not conducted it is not definitely established whether these cases which were thought to be due to the consumption of beef were actually caused by B. enteritidis (Gartner). Torrey and Rohe® in their studies in canine distemper mention B. enteritidis as an important secondary invader. + Our observations do not permit definite conclusions as to the prevention and treatment of infectious diarrhea occurring in calves | after the first few days of their lives; they do, however, suggest _ that when milk of an unknown quality is fed to calves it should be _ fed in a pasteurized condition. 7 Symptomatic treatment is, as a rule, not satisfactory and not much can be expected from either serum or serum and bacterin _ treatment unless the specific organism is employed in the production of these biologic products. (3) Jrn. of Medical Research XXVIT, 1912, p, 315, P an , Sane A REPORT UPON AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID* WaALtTer J. TAYLOR Assistant Professor of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, University of California. ‘ Although fowl typhoid has been recognized as such in but few x instances in the United States, we believe that in many eases of so- called fowl cholera, fowl typhoid was the real cause of loss and was not recognized because this disease has not received the attention * accorded to fowl cholera. ¥ Attention was first called to this disease in 1894 by Theobald - Smith who found it to be present in Rhode Island. The following BS _ year Moore studied the same disease in Virginia and the first graphic _ account of an organism as a causative factor coupled with a deserip- _ tion of the symptoms, morbid anatomy and the specifie organism _ was presented by him at that time. He isolated and described an _ organism which he named ‘Bacterium sanguinarium’ and which he rae Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A., Rection on Sanitary Science 1a and Police, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915. 36 WALTER J. TAYLOR showed to be the specific causative factor. He suggested the name ‘Infectious Leukemia’’ for the disease. Further investigation, however, has shown that the disease is not a true leukemia, but rather a leucocytosis brought about by the infecting organism. Curtice studied an outbreak of the disease in Rhode Island in 1902 and gave it the name of ‘‘Fow!l Typhoid.’’ This latter nomencla- ture seems to be more applicable and was accepted by Moore in a later publication. In 1913 Pfeiler and Rehse described the organism anew under the name B. typhi gallinarum alcalifaciens. a A brief history of the outbreak which led to the investigation of the disease in California is as follows: In the spring of 1912 a poultry raiser in San Francisco lost several fowls rather suddenly | from a disease which seemed to occur sporadically, but which did not spread to other members of the flock. The birds of the flock were kept in small lots of 12 to 25 each. Seven or eight mature hens succumbed to the first attack. A post mortem revealed yolk of eggs in various stages of development and all appeared to be rup- tured. Considerable yolk substance was also present in the abdom- = inal cavities of the birds. The owner informed the writer that he attributed the cause of death to ‘‘broken eggs’’ and thought nothing further about it. The carcasses were buried in one of the yards where the dirt was loose and no further trouble oceurred during the year. At the time our attention was first called to the disease the owner gave the following history : ‘On May 5, 1913, I had 70 hens and pullets one year old and — over, 6 a a males, and 260 chicks of various ages. The birds commenced to die about the 7th or 8th of May, 1913. The first to succumb were laying hens which had been allowed to run outside the yards and had access to the burial place of those which died last year. The birds did not seem to become affected in any regular sequence, but came down in bunches of 6 to 10 at a time and at in- tervals of several days. The yolk condition noted in those which died last spring was present, also a peculiar pale condition of the ’ kidneys which led me to suspect poisoning. The birds having been given quite a quantity of water cress for green food, I attributed this as the cause of death, because the contents of the intestines had a more or less greenish tinge. ‘‘An interval of two weeks elapsed before any more birds showed symptoms and these were observed more closely. The first AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 37 . symptom noticed was the drowsy or sleepy appearance of the af- fected birds. Soon after, the droppings became soft and of a yel- Jowish color, occasionally streaked with green. They were espec- if uw ially green from one male bird. The birds showed a disposition to stay on the roost, unwilling to move about, sleepy most of the time, head down into the ruff or hanging pendent. They would be sick for 5 to 10 days then die. Both males and females were affected. ‘*Postmortem examination showed kidneys to be from clay to terra cotta colored, sometimes streaked with red showing capillary . q congestion and the ureters were filled with a semi-solidified urine. ' __ Quantities of free yolk were present in the abdominal cavity of the ~ hens and occasionally the mesentery would be dotted with dark spots. Still believing the birds to be dying from some form of - poisoning especially affecting the kidneys, I sent the backs contain- 3 ing the kidneys from several birds to the chemical laboratory for | 4 analysis, but no evidence of poison was found.”’ It was at this time that the writer was asked to make an inves- ’ tigation of the disease. On visiting the place July 25, we found about twenty-five birds consisting of Rhode Island Reds, Barred _ Rocks and White and Brown Leghorns, both male and female. _ Nine Rhode Island Red hens were sick at the time. The runs and | houses were dry and free from any decaying matter. The sani- _ tary conditions were far above the average. The roosts and drop- _ ping boards were clean and the dropping boards had been freshly dusted. The nine affected hens were housed by themselves and ; showed the same symptoms as those already described. They had been affected three or four days at the time we saw them. The 2 most striking symptom observed at that time was extreme sleepi- _ ness and a tendency to remain on the roost. Diarrhea was present in about half of the cases. No young birds were seen as they had 3 been sold for slaughter in an attempt to reduce the economic loss as far as possible. Only a few of the younger birds had died. They _ appeared to be less susceptible to the disease than the mature fowls. ‘J In young chicks, however, the disease seemed to be very rapid- ly fatal. A large percentage of several hatches died in from a few days to several weeks of age, all showing the same symptoms ob- 2 served. in the older birds and upon postmortem no pronounced lesions were found, save a peculiar paleness of the intestines and Seis 38 WALTER J. TAYLOR Disinfection of the pens was advised, also permanganate of potash in the drinking water. Instructions were left to send the first dead bird to us for examination. PostmorteM Notes. July 31. Adult Rhode Island Red hen in good condition. Died on the 12th day after symptoms appeared. Comb and skin about head pale.and anemic. Visible mucous mem- branes pale. Peritoneum pale and, showed a yellowish exudate. . Intestines pale, contents normal, oviduct somewhat congested. Nu- merous egg yolks present, varying in size from one to two milli- meters in diameter. Some of the larger yolks ruptured. Liver slightly enlarged, very friable, dark red in color with darker red markings occurring in streaks. Indistinct areas of necrosis one to’ two millimeters in diameter, color of clay evidently under liver cap- sule. Kidneys swollen, of a clay color with a few narrow red streaks on the surface. Spleen slightly enlarged, lungs normal, heart muscle pale with a peculiar irregular mottling of a light gray color. Blood of heart all contained in auricles very thin and watery. Cultures were planted on slant agar from liver, oviduct and heart blood. In 24 hours the cultures from the liver and heart blood showed a growth of a short rod-shaped organism, 1 to 2 mi- crons in length with rounded ends. It grew singly or in pairs. It took the aniline stains but feebly showing a dark periphery and lighter center. It did not take the polar stain shown by certain | species of the Pasteurella group. Cultures from oviduct mixed. Aug. 4. Barred Rock adult hen in good condition. Died on the 15th day. Dead 48 hours when received. Organs practically * same as in the first bird except liver and kidneys. Liver still more enlarged, very friable, red streaks more pronounced. Clay col- ored necrotic areas absent. Kidneys chocolate brown in color and showing pronounced red streaks and congestion. Mucous mem- branes, and peritoneum pale. Cultures made on slant agar from auricular blood showed pure culture of the same organisin found in first. dead bird. The morphology of the organism isolated from the dead birds, . its cultural and biochemic properties, together with the symptoms and morbid anatomy led us to suspect the presence of fowl typhoid. We made a visit to the place where the disease had existed for the purpose of studying the blood of the affected birds, but found that the entire flock had been destroyed, AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 39 In order to ascertain the period of incubation, study the clini- cal symptoms of the disease, carry on some inoculation experiments and verify our pathological findings, we secured a number of fowls of various breeds from a local poultry supply house. Inasmuch as this disease had been described as affecting the normal blood content, the examination of the blood was begun as soon as the experimental birds were inoculated. The results of these examinations were as follows: ‘TasLe No. I _ Experimental Fowl No. 1. White Leghorn Cockerel. Date | Temp. | Red Cells | Leucocytes Remarks Aug. 8 | 108.1 3840000 20220 Injected 1 ¢.c. 30 hour bouillon culture in wing vein at 6 P.M. Aug. 9 | 107, 3468000 45220 Aug. 10 | 109.4 3332000 * 35600 Diarrhea present. Aug. 11 | 108.6 3036000 31000 , Aug. 12 107.2 2888000 61000 Aug. 13 | 107.8 Aug. 14 107. 2592000 89440 Aug. 15 | 107.2 Writer ill, no further blood Aug. 16 | 106.5 count made for some time. Aug. 17 |. 106. Aug. 18 | 106.2 Aug. 19 | 106.4 _ Aug. 20} 106. 2780000 62320 - Aug. 21 | 106.4 2924000 51280 ~~ Aug. 22] 106.5 At this date we learned that this c bird had been fed viscera ! from a fowl out of the affect- = flock a couple of weeks be- ore. This bird was in apparently perfect health at the time it was _ killed and a postmortem examination made. (Aug. 29). The only - _ pathological lesion found was a slightly enlarged and dark colored - liver. Cultures were made on slant agar from spleen, liver and kidneys. A pure culture of the organism under observation was obtained from the spleen. The tubes inoculated from the liver and |; a _ kidneys remained sterile. Plate cultures in series made from the rectum showed, among many others, probably colon, several colonies resembling those of the — organism causing fowl typhoid. From one of the colonies, Bac- terium sanguinarium was recovered and was shown by the cultural characteristics and the morphology. . 40 WALTER J. TAYLOR Taste No. II Experimental Fowl No. 2. Rhode Island Red hen 1 yr. old (fat) Date | Temp. | Red Cells ‘Leucocytes Remarks Aug. 9 105.9 3068000 27600 Inoculated in wing vein with 10 min. 24 hour bouillon culture at 3 P.M. Aug. 10 108.4 2872000 92000 Aug. 11 108.2 2800000 178000 Indifferent to food. Aug. 12 108.1 ; ine Aug. 13 107.6 2392000 192000 Many blue stained red cells ob- served Aug. 14 | 104.6 Aug. 15 | 105.6 At this date writer was taken ill Aug. 16 108.4 : and only temperature. of bird Aug. 17 110. eit was observed. Aug. 18 | 110.8 Aug. 19 | 111. ; Aug. 20 Found dead at 8 A. M. PostMorRTEM. Comb and skin of head somewhat darkened. Mucous membranes pale and anemic. Liver greatly enlarged and ' showed numerous necrotic areas. Spleen enlarged to about five times normal size, dark color and of the consistency of the spleens of cattle which have died from anthrax. Intestines pale, petechial hemorrhages on serous and mucous surfaces, kidneys muddy yellow color showing congestion of the capillaries. Lungs normal, heart covered with fat and normal. Blood all in auricles, thin and watery. Examination of smears made from spleen, liver and kid- neys showed the presence of the organism. Pure cultures of Bac- terium sanguinarium were obtained from liver, spleen, kidney and heart blood. TasLe No. III Experiment Fowl! No. 3. Spangled Wyandotte Hen. Date Temp. | Red Cells | Leucocytes Remarks Aug. 20 | 106.4 3740000 21282 Fed spleen and portion of liver and kidney of Exper, fowl No. 2. Aug. 22} 107.8 3268000 32300 Aug. 24 109.5 2017000 74680 Indifferent to food, Aug. 26 | 108.9 2628000 35620 Aug. 27 107.2 3332000 32540 Blue stained red cells observed, Aug. 28 | 107.5 Aug. 29 107. 3028000 19100 Aug. 30 | 107.6 Aug. 31 107.4 Sept. 1 107.1 3356000 22440 Apparently healthy, Sept. 4 107, Apparently healthy. Sept. 15 Remained well. overed., AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 41 TasBLeE No. IV Experimental Fowl No. 4. White Wyandotte hen (Very fat) Date | Temp. | Red Cells | Leucocytes| Remarks Aug. 24 | 106.8 3274000 20220 Fed culture of Bact. Sangui- narium at 9 A. M. Aug. 25 107. 2113000 21000 Aug. 26 107. 2042000 34400 Aug. 28 108.1 Aug. 29 109.8 2000000 98700 Aug. 30 110.2 Comb pale. Slight diarrhea. Aug. 31 111.2 1720000 138670 Visibly sick. Many blue stain- ed red cells seen. Sept. 1 Found dead at 9 A, M, PosrmMorTEM. Mucous membranes of head very pale. Intes- tines pale and abdominal cavity contained quantity of straw colored liquid. Contents of intestines apparently normal. Liver somewhat enlarged, very friable, and showing areas of necrosis. Spleen dark colored, greatly enlarged. Heart muscle pale, blood thin and watery and all contained in auricles. Cultures planted on slant * agar showed in 24 hours pure culture of the organism.. TaBLE No. V Experimental Bird No. 5. White Leghorn Cockerel. Date | Temp. | Red Cells | Leucocytes Remarks. Sept. 1 | 107.8 2874000 17330 Fed culture of Bact. sanguinar- ay. ium from rectum of Exp. bird a . No, 1. - Sept. 2] 108. 2532000 47280 Sept. 3 | 108.4 2068000 72300 *Sept. 4 *At this date the writer was called to another part of the state so did not have a chance to make daily observations upon this bird. On Sept. 20, however, we learned that this bird died on Sept. 9, 1913. ' . . . * . . .* . _ During our investigation of this disease we made differential leucocytic counts upon the blood of fowls affected with the disease and that of healthy fowls. The appended tables show a comparison of our results: Taste No. VI __ Differential Leucocyte Counts upon the Blood of Diseased Birds. -BirdNo. | Red Lenco | "Percentage of Varieties 4 ; Cells cytes q4 eae SU eT Iv iv ‘ Lympho-| Large Polynu- .< | Mast cyten [omer cea {| ett I 2592000 89440 23.2 4.2 67.2 1.8, 3.5 oT 2392000 192000 18.3 2.7 77.1 0.4 1.5 Til 2017000 74680 31.6 7.8 53.1 5.7 1.8 IV 2047000 |. 138670 21.2 3.6 88.1 2.2 4.8 Vv 2068000 72300 20.5 15.7 63.5 0.1 0.1 42 WALTER J. TAYLOR Taste No. VII Differential Leucocyte Counts upon the Blood of Healthy Fowls. Bird ead Breed Pb : Percentage of Varieties , Lympho- eon Polynu- | posing Mast : cytes nucl. clears Cells No, I Wh. Wyan..... 20220 56.7 650: B32 1.9 2.6 No. II Wh. Legh.... 17330 42.7 10.2 41.6 2.3 3.2 No. IIIT Wh. Wyan... 22440 60.1 8.2 25.5 34 2.8 No. IV B. Rock.... 28372 42.2 14.2 35.6) {543.9 4.1 No. V B. Rock..... 30017 54.6 - 6.6 29.3 6.8 2.7 The above tables show that the increase in leucocytes is con- fined almost entirely to the polymorphonuclear variety which of course affects the total percentage of the other varieties. In view of the fact that our findings differ somewhat from those = of Moore and Dawson, we give below what we found to be the mor- phological, cultural and biochemiec properties of Bacterium sangut- narium. fO3 MorpHo.ocy. The individual organisms are short rods with rounded or somewhat pointed ends. They usually occur singly but in clumps or masses from tissue, While in culture they may appear in pairs united end to end. In size they vary from .3 to .5 microns broad and 1 to 2 microns long. There seems to be a peripheral ar- rangement of the protoplasm observed when stained with fuchsin or methylene blue. This is especially noticeable in smears made from diseased tissue. It is Gram negative. CULTURAL AND BiocHEMIC Properties. The organism is aerob- ic and facultative anaerobic. It grows readily at from 34 to 37.5 degrees centigrade, somewhat less vigorously at room temperature. Plain Bouillon. Uniform cloudiness in the media appears at the end of 24 hours. Slight friable sediment but on further incu- bation sediment becomes more pronounced and viscid, showing pel- licle. The reaction is slightly acid during the first 24 hours of growth, later it becomes alkaline. Sugar Free Bouillon. Uniform cloudiness is seen in the tube at the end of 24 hours. Sediment somewhat pronounced and slight- ly viscid. The reaction is at first alkaline but at 48 hours distinetly acid with more sediment, viscid in character. Indol is not pro- duced in this medium, Agar, On agar slant cultures at the end of 24 hours the growth is vigorous and spreading. Growth appears to be made up of indistinct and coalesced colonies. The border is entire and the AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 43 growth slightly raised. With the hand lens a granular appearance is observed. It also shows some viscidity when touched with the needle. On 1% agar plate cultures, the colonies appear as smooth, round, glistening discs, 5 to 8 millimeters in diameter. They are of a very light chocolate brown color by reflected light, slightly - raised and with entire borders. Under a two-thirds objective there is a dark center, outside of which is a finely granular zone shading off into a transparent outer border. Gelatin stab. The growth is moderate, appearing granular all along the line of the needle puncture, slightly spreading at the sur- face. In 48 hours the growth is vigorous along the line of the needle puncture with feathery like projections into the substance of the medium, the surface growth is not more than at 24 hours. Milk. There is no visible change in this medium until a long - period of incubation has taken place. The reaction tends as time - goes on to become more and more alkaline, and at the end of 32 days distinct saponification has taken place and the reaction is very - strongly alkaline. Litmus Milk. The growth in this medium is.quite similar to _ that in plain milk although no saponification has taken place even at the end of four weeks. ' / - Potato. A moderate brownish yellow raised growth appears at _ the end of 24 hours. At 48 hours the growth is darker in color, glistening in appearance, and old cultures show a muddy brown ' color. The growth on this medium very closely resembles that of the glanders organism. | Egg Medwm. Very slight blistery appearing growth at the _ end of 24 hours. In 48 hours the character is unchanged. my Action ON SuaGar. Dextrose. There is uniform cloudiness _ throughout the tube in 24 hours. The reaction is acid but no gas is formed. On further incubation the acidity becomes more pro- nounced but no gas is formed even at the end of 72 hours. it Lactose. A slight cloudiness appears in the open arm and curvature of the tube in 24 hours although the closed arm remains perfectly clear: no gas is formed. The reaction is slightly alka- line, becoming more alkaline upon further incubation with slight « sediment. 44 WALTER J. TAYLOR Saccharose. A very slight cloudiness appears in the open arm of the tube in 24 hours: the closed arm is clear. No sediment oe- curs: the reaction is at first neutral becoming alkaline in 72 hours: no gas is formed. RESISTANCE OF THE ORGANISM. The action of direct sunlight upon the organism destroyed it in 25 minutes. It will live for 32 hours in the dark in the dried condition. It is killed by a tempera- ture of 60 degrees C. in 10 minutes. Reif A 3% solution of phenol destroyed it in 8 minutes. INOCULATION EXPERIMENTS ON OTHER ANIMALS. Guinea Pig. A female guinea pig of 460 grams weight was inoculated per sub- cutem with .3 ¢.c. of a rich bouillon culture of Bact sanguinarium on Aug. 15 and was found dead at 8 A. M. on Aug 20. The organ- ism was recovered from the tissues. Rabbit. A good sized rabbit inoculated intraperitoneally with 1 «.c. of a 24 hour bouillon culture showed for the first 24 hours a slight rise in temperature, profuse watery diarrhea, and dumpish- ness, but soon recovered and remained well. During the past few years quite a little attention has been ac- corded to a disease of fowls which although primarily being stud- ied as a disease of young chicks is now recognized as affecting adult fowls. This disease is known under the names bacillary white diarrhea in chickens and also as fatal septicemia of chickens. In 1908 Rettger and Harvey published their findings upon the study of this disease and announced the discovery of an organism which they named Bacterium pullorum. In 1912 Jones reported finding this organism in a fatal outbreak of disease in adult fowls. Since Jones reported his findings it has become a well established fact that young chicks which have recovered from this disease may harbor the germ and when mature transmit it through their eggs as adult fowls. Because of the similarity to a certain extent of the morbid an- atomy in the disease caused by Bacterium sanguinarium and that produced by Bacterium pullorum in adult fowls, we give below a comparison of the morphology, cultural, biochemic properties, and the resistance of the two organisms: AN OUTBREAK OF FOWL TYPHOID 45 Bacterium sanguinarium Bacterium Pullorum Morphology Staining Agar Plates Agar Slant Gelatin Stab. - Potato Milk Glucose Bouillon Lactose Bouillon Saccharose Bouillon Indol Resistance Rod shaped, 1 to 2 microns in length, ends rounded or pointed. Oc- curs singly or in pairs, Takes a peripheral stain. Colonies smooth, round, glisten- ing, 5 to 8 millimeters in diameter, slightly convex, finely granular. Growth vigorous, spreading. Moderate, granular, becoming feathery. Non-liquefying. Growth moderate, becoming vig- orous with age, dark brown color. Not coagulated, saponification. Acid and no gas. Remains alkaline. Sediment. Reaction at first neutral becoming alkaline, Indol is not produced. Killed in 25 minutes by direet sun- light. Killed in 8 minutes by 3% ear- bolic acid. Rod shaped, average 3.5 microns long, ends round, oceurs singly or in pairs. Stains uniformly. Colonies round, 1 to 2 millimeters in diam- eter, convex, finely granular. Growth moderate, restricted to needle track. Uniform, filiform, non-liquefying. Very slight or no growth at all, — Not coagulated, be- coming slightly acid. Acid and gas or acid and no gas. Remains alkaline. Alkaline throughout. No indol produced. Killed in 5 minutes by 1% ecarbolic acid. Summary. —-. PASTEURIZATION IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR DAIRY HYGIENE* Louis A. KLEIN, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. The most noticeable development in milk hygiene in the last | two or three years has been the growth of sentiment in favor of pas- _ teurization. At one time there was considerable prejudice against pasteurized milk, partly because the process was first used secretly by milk dealers to preserve unclean milk. In the first attempts iE } to make the process really effective in the destruction of harmful i. *Presented at the meeting of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, Pittsburgh, Feb. 23, 1916, 50 LOUIS A. KLEIN bacteria, the milk was exposed momentarily to temperatures suffi- — ciently high to destroy the bacteria immediately. This method is 4 known as the ‘‘flash’’ or continuous process. The degree of heat necessary to make this method effective gives the milk a cooked taste, prevents the cream from rising, renders the milk less diges- “? tible by coagulating the albumin, and precipitates the soluble phos- - phates, the latter change being held responsible for the occurrence of Barlow’s disease and rickets in infants nourished on such milk. It also destroys all of the lactic acid bacteria while permitting the spore-forming peptonizers to survive, so that the milk does not sour like raw milk but undergoes putrefaction. The process therefore met with considerable disfavor on both commercial and hygienic grounds. Later, it was found that lower degrees of heat continued | a for a longer time exert a destructive action upon the harmful bac- teria equal to that produced by higher temperatures acting momen- tarily. At the same time, if the temperature does not exceed cer- tain limits, the milk is not changed in any way and some of the lactic acid bacteria survive. Milk pasteurized by this method, which is known as the ‘‘holder’’ process, was much more favorably received, the distributors being particular to keep the temperature below the point at which the cream line would be affected or a cooked taste produced. Perhaps the greatest factor in the growth of sentiment in favor of the pasteurization of milk was the approval of the, process by the Commission on Milk Standards of the New York Milk Committee in 1912. Another important influence was the fact that pasteuri-— a zation offered to local health authorities a practicable means of pre- venting the spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria and scarlet fever through milk. The infection of milk with typhoid bacilli through the use of infected water to wash the milk vessels or through in- fection carried by returned bottles can be prevented by suitable measures. It is possible also to prevent the direct infection of milk by persons in which typhoid fever, diphtheria or scarlet fever is well-developed, or by persons attending such patients and by econ- valescents, but there is no certain method of guarding against in- fection of milk by ambulatory cases and bacilli carriers. Tubercle bacilli are more frequently present in milk than bacilli of typhoid fever and diphtheria or the virus of scarlet fever, but the effects produced by tubercle bacilli do not become apparent for some time after infection and are usually of a mild, chronic type, while the PASTEURIZATION IS NOT A SUBSTITUTE FOR DAIRY HYGIENE 51 occurrence of typhoid or diphtheria bacilli or scarlet fever infection in milk is manifested almost immediately and in a pronounced form ; a large number of the persons ingesting the milk are affected with an acute disease of a serious character and usually some die. Conse- quently, the general public as well as health officials is profoundly impressed with the importance of protecting milk from contamina- tion with the infectious agents of these acute infectious diseases. The approval of pasteurization of milk by the Commission on Milk Standards was qualified by certain requirements, all of which - are equally important. It seems to be quite well-known that the Commission stipulated that the milk should be heated to at least 140°F. for not less than 20 minutes and that it provided that the time of exposure can be reduced one minute for each degree the temperature is increased until the temperature reaches 155°F. and the time of exposure is reduced to 5 minutes. But it does not ap- pear to be so well-known that the Commission also laid down certain requirements regarding the cows from which the milk is to be ob- tained, the conditions under which it is to be produced and the . _ bacterial content before and after pasteurization. For Grade A milk it is required that the herds shall be examined every six months by a qualified veterinarian; that the sanitary conditions and methods shall seore at least 65 on the Bureau of Animal In- | : dustry score card, and that the milk shall contain not over 200,000 bacteria per c.c. before pasteurization and not more than 10,000 per ¢.c. at the time of delivery to the consumer. Milk from dairy farms which do not meet these requirements may be sold as Grade B pasteurized milk provided the cows are submitted to a physical "examination once a year, and provided also that the bacteria do & not exceed 1,000,000 per c.c. before pasteurization and 50,000 per ¢@.e¢, at the time of delivery, but is is urged that these farms be brought up to the A grade as soon as possible. These requirements are too important to be overlooked or ig- nored. The minimum temperature and holding time approved’ by "the Commission is based upon the results of pasteurization experi- ments made by American investigators with the tubercle bacillus. _ The tubercle bacillus was used in these tests because an amount of heat sufficient to kill this organism will also kill the bacilli of ty- : _ phoid fever and diphtheria and the virus of scarlet fever. Russell ____ and Hastings found that tubercle bacilli added to milk from arti- ficial cultures were killed by a temperature of 140°F. in 10 minutes, 52 LOUIS A. KLEIN Theobald Smith found that tubercle bacilli suspended in physio- logical salt solution were killed when heated at 140°F. for 15 min- utes, while Rosenau found it necessary to heat milk for 20 minutes ~ 4 at 140°F. to kill tubercle bacilli added to it from artificial-cultures. — a These experiments were all made in the laboratory with small quan- tities of fluid heated in a water bath. Subsequently, Rosenau ex- perimented with artificially infected milk in a commercial pasteur-— izing plant and came to the conclusion that in commercial pasteur- ization a temperature of not less than 145°F. for 30 to 45 minutes a was necessary to kill tubercle bacilli. The Commission on Milk Standards therefore recommended that in order to allow a margin ~ % of safety, milk pasteurized under commercial conditions should be exposed to a temperature of 145°F, for 30 minutes. The experi- ments of Hewlett, in England, confirmed those of the American in- vestigators. But a number of other European investigators ex- oe perimenting with naturally infected milk obtained different results. In some of Woodhead’s experiments a temperature of 140°F. killed — the tubercle bacilli in 25 minutes but in others 8 hours were required. © In Foster and Rullmann’s experiments, tubercle bacilli remained alive after exposure to a temperature of 140°F. ‘for 45 minute’, while Yersin, Bitter and Bonhoff found that this temperature could ~ not be depended upon to kill tubercle bacilli in less than one hour. The marked differences in the results obtained by the American and European investigators is due to the fact that the former worked with artificially infected milk and the latter used naturally infected milk. In artificially infected milk the bacilli are naked while in- naturally infected milk the organisms are embedded in masses of mucus, clots of fibrin or shreds of tissue and this albuminous cover- ing protects them to a certain extent from the action of the heat. On the other hand, the European investigators experimented with. milk from individual tuberculous cows whereas in practice milk from such cows is diluted with the milk of cows which are not tu- — > bereulous. In neither series of experiments, therefore, did the milk used correspond to infected milk produced under natural conditions, Nevertheless, the number of experiments in which a temperature of 140°F. for 20 or even 30 minutes failed to kill tubercle bacilli, demonstrates that a physical examination of the cows producing milk to be pasteurized is very necessary. An examination of this kind, if properly carried out, will eliminate the cows infected with tuberculosis which are most concerned in infecting milk with tu- bercle bacilli, RESISTANCE OF TWO SPORE BEARING MICROORGANISMS 53 Bacteria which gain access to milk grow and multiply and in their development decompose the milk constituents into various substances, some of which are harmful to the milk consumer; they also form toxins, both endo- and ectotoxins. The extent of this de- composition and the quantity of toxins formed will depend upon the number of bacteria which get into the milk primarily, and the temperature at which the milk is kept. Pasteurization cannot re- pair the damage done to the milk by the operation of the decompo- - sition processes nor can it destroy all of the toxins. Hence the limi- tation placed on the number of bacteria permissible in milk to be . pasteurized and the requirement that the sanitary conditions and ; _ dairy practices on the farms where the milk is produced shall be up _ __ to a certain standard. In an effort to guard against inefficient pasteurization and to | a p dnauire the prompt and continued cooling of the milk, the number of ~ bacteria which may be present in the milk at the time of delivery is ~ limited to 10,000 per c.c. for grade A and 50,000 for grade B. There _ is some chance of pasteurized milk being reinfected during cooling and bottling and for this reason pasteurization in the bottle is to be preferred. Merely heating milk at 140°F. for 20 to 30 minutes is not a substitute for dairy hygiene but is only an additional safeguard 7 against the spread of typhoid fever, diphtheria and scarlet fever through milk. ——o—— ia A NOTE ON THE EXTREME RESISTANCE OF TWO SPORE BEARING MICROORGANISMS WALLACE V. SMITH From the Laboratory of the Department of Animal Husbandry, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. 5 The spore form of the Bacillus anthracis has long been recogniz- _ ed as one of the most resistant forms of micro-organic growth. The organism has been widely used to determine the efficiency of germi- 2 cides and other destructive agents. The spores will resist drying at least ten or twelve years. They are killed by dry heat in three hours at 140°C., and by steam or boiling H.O in five to ten minutes, although some resist for much longer periods. A ten per cent so- lution of ereolin does not kill the spores and they are able to main- 54 WALLACE V. SMITH tain their vitality in a sixty per cent solution.* The spores of the Bacillus anthracis in a dried state and in the presence of albuminous a matter, such as blood, will tolerate a temperature above 100°C., and resist the action of absolute alcohol, of wipes ie oxygen, complete absence of oxygen, exposure to sunlight, ete.* In the Animal Husbandry laboratory of the Kentucky hues cultural Experiment Station, a culture of Bacillus anthracis was desired on short notice. At the time, there were no cultures of the — ;. bacillus on hand. There was, however, a slide on the cover glass of which a stain of the organism had been made from a pure cul- ture nine years previously. This slide on being viewed under the microscope showed both vegetative and spore bearing organisms. The organism had been fixed on the cover glass with heat as per the usual technique and stained with plain fuchsin stain. The stain which originally was deep red was not very deep in color when viewed at this time. This was also an indication of its age. The cover glass had been mounted in Canada balsam. The exterior of the slide was washed thoroughly with alcohol. The slide was immersed in warm sterile water for several hours to loosen the cover glass. The cover glass was broken while attempt-- ing to remove it from the slide, and the broken pieces were placed directly in plain bouillon. After having been incubated for the a usual length of time, a luxuriant growth appeared in the bouillon which upon examination proved to be a’ pure culture of the Bacil- lus anthracis. Thus, after having been subjected to a severe direct flame (in fixing on the cover glass), after having remained in contact with the fuchsin stain and Canada balsam for nine years, without oxygen, the spores being brought under favorable conditions grew readily and luxuriantly. The Bacillus subtilis is very closely related to the Bacillus an- thracis. The spore form of Bacillus subtilis is more resistant to heat than the spore form of Bacillus anthracis. The importance of “@ thorough sterilization of linen when used in special cases and the care with which the sterilization is done should be emphasized. A hanging drop slide was partly filled with agar culture of Bacillus subtilis which showed spores. This slide was wrapped with six small hand towels and placed in the hot air sterilizer. The steri- *General Bacteriology, Edwin O, Jordan, p. 226, Z ee Bacteriology, Microbiology and Serum Therapy, A, Besson, p- 526. ' ; VACCINATIONS AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 55 _ lizer was heated to 175°C., and the thermometer ranged from 175° to 200°C. for two and one-half hours. The heat was so great as to char the exterior of the roll of towels. After allowing the sterilizer _ to cool, the bundle was removed and the slide taken out. A blister -_was burned on an assistant’s hand in removing the slide. Some of the crisp, hard culture was removed from the slide and transferred to plain bouillon tubes and plain agar slants. After twelve hours incubation, a very heavy growth was obtained in each case, which completely covered the agar slants and clouded the bouillon medium. The two cases mentioned above are concrete cases of the very great resistance of spore bearing organisms and should emphasize the importance of using care in the handling of pathogenic organ- isms of this type. ——o-—_—- _ VACCINATIONS AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA* J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED. BOERNER, JR. From the Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board Philadelphia, Pa. One of the diseases which annually causes considerable loss to stock owners and which according to some reports seems to be in- creasing, is hemorrhagic septicemia. This disease may occur any- where especially during summer, either sporadically or enzootically and appears to be more prevalent in especially rainy seasons which are followed by hot weather and which is especially favorable for the growth of rank vegetation. - Cattle.on mountain pastures or on pastures in which swampy | land gives rise to this rank growth are apparently more often affect- ed than are animals which graze over well cultivated areas. It is not our purpose to incorporate in this paper a history of the disease, giv- ing its symptoms, anatomical changes, diagnosis, ete., but to set forth briefly some experiments which have recently been conducted; with the idea of eventually arriving at some form of treatment which will give veterinarians who have until within the past few years been unable to successfully cope with the disease, something which may prove of value in its control. *A brief summary of this paper was given at the Pennsylvania State Vet- erinary Medical Association Meeting, Pittsburgh, Pa., February 23, 1916. 56 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED. BOERNER, JR. In December, 1912, Mohler and Eichhorn reported on some work done in immunizing the buffalo herd in Yellowstone Park against hemorrhagic septicemia. One year prior to that date these animals were reported a8 dying, and autopsies with subsequent bac- teriological investigations revealed the presence of B. bipolaris _ bubalisepticus and established the identity of the disease. For their work two vaccines were used, the first being prepared by growing the organism five days at 42.5°C., while the vaccine for | the second vaccination was attenuated at the same temperature but — for only two days. Different preparations of these vaccines after being tested thoroughly on laboratory animals and on sheep were used subcutaneously in the amount of 1 ¢.c. to the dose. During their experimental work at the laboratories these men also demonstrated by means of the complement-fixation test that vaccinated animals responded after vaccination with the production of immune bodies — and reactions were noted even three months following these vacci- nations. At the time they reported these experiments, 1e., one year later, there had been no indications of a recurrence of the di- sease among the buffalo. In March, 1914, Dr. R. R. Clark of Hamp- ton, Va. reported favorably on results obtained by him in controll-_ i ing the disease with a similar vaccine prepared by the Bureau. With this information at hand it was decided to undertake the vaccination of herds in Pennsylvania from which we had reports by different veterinarians as to the extent of the disease. During the experimental work at the Laboratory of the Pennsylvania State Livestock Sanitary Board for the past two or three years it was found that strains of B. bovisepticus recently isolated and grown for but one generation on culture media, while highly virulent for laboratory animals failed to produce anything more than a slight local swelling when injected subcutaneously in 1 to 2 ¢.¢: doses into calves two to three months of age. This experiment followed pre- vious work done in the attempt to attenuate our strains for vacci- nation purposes at five and two days with a temperature of 42.5°C. as outlined by Mohler and Hichhorn. In these experiments vaccine No. 1, grown at 42.5°C. for five days and inoculated subcutaneously into a rabbit in the amount of 0.2 ¢.c. caused the death of the animal in three days with charac- teristic lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia. The same vaccine was continued at this temperature, and rabbits injected daily with the same dose, with the result that they continued to die up to and in- 2, _-vaeeinated : VACCINATIONS AGAINST HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA 57 cluding the seventeenth day, after which injections were discon- tinued. Three attempts to attenuate strains of B. bovisepticus failed as we were not successful in so reducing the virulence of the strains that rabbits did not succumb to the disease when injected subeutaneously with 0.2 ccm. The rabbits injected with this amount of a vaccine incubated for seventeen days also died on the third day following the injections, with typical lesions of hemor- rhagic septicemia. Having demonstrated that 48-hour cultures of the organism were not virulent for calves when injected in small doses, although killing rabbits in from 18 to 24 hours, it was therefore decided to use a similar culture as a vaccine with the idea that such a vaccine should give a greater and more lasting immunity. The vaccine was prepared as follows:—Approximately 100 ¢.c. of glycerin bouillon ~ - was inoculated with one loopful of a strain of B. bovisepticus, the flasks placed in the incubator and grown at 37.5°C. for 48 hours, being shaken every 12-14 hours to insure equal distribution of growth. At the end of this time it was placed in sterile, rubber-stop- pered, amber colored glass bottles, ready for shipment with instrue- tions to use 1 ¢.cm. subcutaneously for cattle and 0.5 ¢.cm. for sheep. -. Several veterinarians thoroughly familiar with hemorrhagic septi- cemia were forwarded the material. The following table shows the number of herds and the number of animals in each herd which were TABLE 3 q |: s| 3 : ee cod = = Ss C = S or be | f£ies| I | é Seas | 4s | 8 3 |281¢ 5 3 oS z ae > = 7 s e A be os a § a a “ al — | a | ef letite| ¢ | = feel as 5° a= . = : i i ai | 2s | Bal % a z2\ Be ¥ Cattle a7O:- 30 3 140 9-14-15 5 135 2 Cattle 36 2 0 34 9-20-15 0 34 3 Cattle 31 4 0 27 9-21-15 0 27 \ Sheep. 74 0 0 74 9-21-15 0 74 4 Cattle 43 3 0 40 10-— 2-15 0 40 25 Cattle 35 1 1 34 10— 4-15 0 34 6 Cattle 44 0 0 44 10— 4-15 0 44 7 Cattle 24 0 0 24 10— 5-15 0 24 8 Cattle 19 2 2 17 1- 5-16 0 17 9 Cattle 46 1 0 (og Te eae 0 45 10 Cattle 20 -0 1 OS Gt. Boa 0 20 11 Cattle 18 0 1 . iat SSE : 18 12 Cattle 40 7 0 Bee er Os Sa 33 Dose for cattle 1 ¢.c., Sheep 0.5 ¢.c. subeutaneously. 58 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND FRED. BOERNER, JR. Herd No. 1, of 170 animals was pastured on a mountain pasture of several hundred acres in which was a swampy area recently cut over by lumbermen and which showed plenty of rank vegetation. Thirty animals had died prior to vaccination, three were showing — * clinical symptoms when vaccinated and five died following the vac- cination, including the three which were sick. It is not unlikely that had temperatures been taken the other two animals which died would have showed increased temperatures. This was the only herd in — e which any deaths followed the vaccination; although in herds No. 5 : a and No. 12 three sick animals were injected. In herds No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5, the disease was immedi- ately checked without further losses. Herds No. 6 and No. 7 were on farms adjoining that of No. 5 ‘ and were given the vaccine as a prophylactic against the disease. In herd No. 8 the outbreak was checked and the sick animals recovered following the vaccination. One animal only was sick and died in herd No. 9. In herds No. 10 and No. 11 a sick animal in each case was treated with iodine internally and both recovered. No further cases developed nor were they vaccinated. In the case of herd No. 12 the veterinarian made a diagnosis of anthrax and they were vaccinated for the same, but the deaths continued and the second veterinarian was called and found a typi- cal case of hemorrhagic septicemia. Seven young heifers in the pasture where seven others had died, were sold. No further cases developed nor were they vaccinated. The reports in connec- tion with this herd were incomplete and did not show whether, the remaining animals on this farm were exposed to the infection. In summarizing we find that the total number of animals in the infected herds that were vaccinated was 476; number of animals dead prior to vaccination 42; number of animals vaccinated 484; number sick at time of vaccination 6; number of deaths following vaccination 5; leaving a total of 429 healthy at the present time. — It is to be regretted that the last four herds not vaccinated and used as control herds did not develop the disease to a greater | extent. This may be due to a mistaken diagnosis or they may simply have been sporadic cases,—probably the latter. Meyer be- lieves that a clinical diagnosis is extremely difficult and depends upon autopsies and bacteriological findings. In the case of but two herds only did we have specimens submitted for a bacteriological THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 59 examination. The others were confirmed by autopsists familiar with the disease. i The herds will be watched during the coming summer for any "new cases which may occur and other experiments undertaken in - order to further perfect these vaccines and establish if possible the relative values of the immunity conferred. CONCLUSIONS ie The use of 48-hour cultures of B. bovisepticus subcutaneously in the dose of 0.5 c.em. for sheep and 1 ¢.cm. for cattle is harmless. 4 The immunity conferred by this vaccination has not been thor- "oughly demonstrated, but the sudden checking of losses in several herds may be evidence of some value. ' —_ Incubation at 42.5°C. for seventeen days failed to render the ’ strains avirulent for rabbits in the dose of 0.2 ¢.m.* *We are indebted to Drs. Super, Dick, Barnes, and Mitterling for the hearty " cooperation and records furnished in connection with this work. 4 ——-0—— THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR* By Otar Scuwarzxkopr, Veterinarian Third Cavalry. Fort Sam Houston, Texas. _—__~*When the present great war broke out in all its fury, one — * could hear and read almost everywhere, that this was to be a con test of machines. The gasoline engine particularly was to revolu- _ tionize the old-fashioned fighting on land by speedily moving men "and supplies to the front in automobiles and motor trucks. The ' picturesque fight in the air by aeroplanes was at once enthusiasti- | ally cheered by the excited peoples of the world, both belligerent and neutral. It seemed as if the old and beautiful martial phan- toms of despairing soldiers who perceived in the skies angels with H 4 flaming swords astride white horses, and leading hosts of armor- _ elad warriors against the enemy to crush him, were to be superceded __ by a panorama of wasp-shaped flying machines spitting fire, con- |. veyed by infantry in armored, tomb-like cars and by artillery drawn by awkward tractors, all spreading destruction. At least Lo *Printed by permission of the Secretary of War, abstracted from Journal] __ of the U. 8. Cavalry Association, January, 1916. 60 . OLAF SCHWARZKOPF + such were the cartoons seen in our magazines and daily papers, — and they fired the imagination of the uninitiated populace, draw- ing with them not a few of our less experienced friends in the army. Reduced to its absurdity, this was to be a horseless war, almost. a manless war. ae Little of this fantastic idea has come true. No doubt, this — war has developed mechanical combat further than ever before, just as it has reverted to methods of fighting long since obsolete. 3 Military critics have pronounced this struggle not as an evolution — of warfare, but as a revolution. Whatever truth there may be in this | dictum, we may well investigate and weigh some particular topic as presented by this war, that stands out prominently to men of — expert knowledge. There are enough of reports on hand, thrown — here and there in our military and other professional journals, to warrant an examination of the subject matter of this article, which os we shall consider under the following points: a - I. The established value of the gasoline driven vehicles for army transportation and their limitations in war. : II. The horse promptly fills the gap left open by the motord car service in this war, and his value increases accordingly. III. The combatant capacity of the horse is once more estab- — a lished and leads to a new status of his humane protection and eco- — nomic preservation. ¥ I. The established value of the gasoline driven vehicles for — army transportation and their limitations in war. a To summarize the first point of this article, the question of — mechanical haulage in war, is about as follows: Just as the steam — engine is dependent for speed upon a prepared road-bed and steel _ rails, so the various gasoline driven vehicles can travel only on improved roads and highways. Automobiles, motor ambulances a and motor trucks have become valuable auxiliaries in military transportation, because they are able to save time by shortening dis- tances—if favorable conditions prevail. Under unfavorable con- ditions of weather and roads no motor car can be depended upon for reliable service. They deteriorate rapidly by the undue wear and tear demanded in war service, and they are very vulnerable to _ missiles. Their usefulness in war, therefore, is restricted to well defined road-beds, beyond which other facilities for transportation must be provided. THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 61 II. The horse promptly fills the gap left open by the motor car service, and his monetary value increases accordingly: Numerous reports from the theatre of war clearly state that in order to provide transportation for the endless network of country roads to supply the smaller military units with food and ammu- nition, the horse drawn wagons, horse carts or pack horses were ' found to be essential. Occasionally even men carriers had to be i - employed to supply the high mountain trenches. . Thus it appears as true as ever that man and horse, the two animated machines that have fought side by side since the dawn of mankind, do still supply the only safe means to draw or carry - loads over muddy roads, over ploughed fields, through streams, across ditches, hedges, and up mountains. The motor car, an in- # genious machine constructed of inorganic parts and wanting suf- ficient suppleness, was found helpless here. As regards the comparative traction power of machines and _ horses, mechanical experts have never ceased to figure this out by mathematics. We prefer to consider this question in the light of results obtained by comparative tests. Professor Henry, University of Wisconsin, has lately made such experiments with agricultural tractors and horses and he very briefly concluded as follows: ‘The energy developed by the horse in proportion to the fuel or feed consumed, ranks him very high in comparison with the best modern engines. The horse is a very flexible motor, able to work at varying speeds and to develop an extremely high power for a | short time if occasion requires. The ‘motor with the brains’ shows | a much higher rate of efficiency that the horse power developed would indicate. : Much has also been said by the favorites of the new machines - about the great mortality of horses in this war; yet war has always _ killed men and horses and destroyed all kinds of equipment of the i q adversary because that is its purpose. The report going through some dailies that two million horses had been killed on the western _ front can only be judged as a wild speculation. In December, _ 1914, a French statistician, taking in all the figures made public _ during the first six months of the war, computed in the Figaro that the average life of a man in this war is six and five-sixth days, and } q ‘ that of a horse four and one-third days; aeroplanes and automobiles lasted three days, and motor trucks less than one day. While these Ae data were perhaps correct for the first rush of the armies, against 62 = OLAF SCHWARZKOPF each other in open fields, they are undoubtedly too high and sub- _ ject to revision after the termination of the war. Still, they may 4 favorable for the latter. 3 There is much rejoicing among interested parties about the @X- a portation of so many horses to Europe. The deal is being looked upon as a good business, particularly as we are told by our gov- ernment officials, that there are left today in the United States, ap- proximately 21,000,000 horses and 4,000,000 mules; but again numbers do not tell the truth as far as the interest of our army is concerned. Only a comparatively small number of the millions a of animals would be found to be serviceable in case of need. About half of this number consists of immature horses and of aged horses, and the rest would show a preponderance of the heavy draught — breeds in our fertile agricultural districts. Among the light and active breeds of horses great numbers are unfit and unsound, and these always glut our markets or are retained on the poorer farms _ and ranches. Our horse breeders believe, that the horses exported toa were of medium class only, and the horse dealers acclaim that prices _ for ordinary horses, such as the army consumes, have correspond- ingly increased. That is as far as breeders and dealers can see. Worst of all, from the army standpoint, little is made in our stock papers of the fact that we have now on hand over a hundred thous- _ and horses rejected by the foreign buyers. Any officer, who has served on a horse purchasing board, knows that such rejects are utterly valueless. Yet we must retain and absorb them, and the — rejected mares will produce that many more worthless horses. 4 Whatever may be the ultimate result of the exportation of so many. horses, more or less suitable for our own army, we should re- member that the United States exported only 109,839 horses and $1,524 mules during nearly three years of hostilities of the Boer War, and that ever since we have experienced difficulty in procuring __ suitable horses for our cavalry. That horses will price much higher is certain, and horse breeders already predict that, if the exporta- _ tion of horses to Europe continues for a year or more, army horses will be worth $250 to $300, as they were toward the end of the Civil War. III. The combat capacity of the horse is once more established and leads to a new status of his humane protection and economic preservation: THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 63 The foreign governments importing our horses for the need of war, may or may not have especially considered the $130,000,000, or more expended for this purchase. Judging from foreign press comments, however, the armies at war realized again the old value of the horse as a combatant factor, otherwise the strenuous efforts to secure sufficient numbers of serviceable horses cannot be ex- plained. A letter by an American with the British army states: _ ‘After making a study of horses and motor cars in this war, I am of the opinion that horses, even though erratic, may be de- pended upon to a greater extent than motor vehicles and have proved their worth in this war. Having seen horses in action with the Royal Field Artillery of England, it seems that the horses have more brains than some of the men controlling them. They stand still where their mates have been wounded or killed, while under similar circumstances men lost their heads. In rushing over a battlefield a horse will never step upon a wounded or dying man. I heard this before, but did not believe it until I saw it myself.”’ A German officer expressed himself to an American reporter as follows: ‘‘The horse is absolutely necessary at the front to haul heavy ordnance into position. Our tractors are excellent, but we keep now always horses in reserve. While I have seen horses trembling from the smell of blood or the sight of other horses disemboweled and writhing in agony on the ground, those in harness kept enough will power and courage to perform the heaviest work with the ut- most assistance tothe men. I am not a horseman, but I have learned ' to respect the horse for his behavior in this war, and they are treated by us as comrades.”’ a This old truth apparently learned anew in this war, must have been one of the reasons of the sweeping change made by all the | belligerent armies, one after the other, for the preservation of horses. The great armies of Europe, well organized as they are in _ _ the smallest branches of the service, have always expended consider- able effort to protect horses from the ravages of war. Yet, never before has any army adopted such painstaking methods, or applied so thoroughly practical arrangements for the care and prompt treat- ment of wounded horses than in this war. = It is interesting to note how this new care of the horse in war has indirectly been brought about by the influence of humane soci- eties. Always present and persistent in their laudable endeavors, 64 OLAF SCHWARZKOPF . they promptly offered their assistance in the care of wounded horses _ on the battlefield. Of course, horrible tales of suffering of horses — had come to their knowledge. An American woman, Clara Barton, admired the world over, contributed perhaps not a little to this ; new work of mercy in war, for a letter written by her several years ago, was quoted abroad as follows: g ‘*T have often said, that among the shocking and) heartrending ae scenes on the battlefield, the screams of wounded horses lingered _ more painfully in my ears, if possible, than the moans of wounded men. I think it is necessary that the veterinary surgeon is com- missioned to follow the army and put an end to the agonies of the a poor, wounded animals which from their great vitality and strength will live long to suffer. They die slow and hard if left to them- selves, and I myself have seen the vultures hovering over and tear- ing at them while life yet remained.”’ ‘ As now constituted, the arrangement for the care of wountien horses on the British—French front, reported by English Veteri-- nary Journals, is as follows: The British army maintains Mobile Vet- erinary Sections for the purpose of relieving field units of wounded - and inefficient animals. One mobile section is attached to each di- vision and to each cavalry brigade, and consists of one officer and twenty-two enlisted men of the Army Veterinary Corps, mounted ko and equipped for emergency treatment. This section is controlled by a senior Veterinary officer serving at Division Headquarters, and is divided into two sub-sections, each with the following duties: Sub-section I. Collects the wounded horses from the line of battle and applies such first aid as cireumstances may permit, or — destroys seriously wounded horses, ; Sub-section IJ. Conveys the unfit horses by leading or by horse ambulances to the nearest railroad station, and thence to the _ Advance Veterinary Hospital. a There are ten hospitals in operation, located along the lines of communication. Those nearest to the front are designated as Advance Veterinary Hospitals, and they are only fitted for about — one hundred cases. Horses received here are sorted according to the severity of wounds. Those needing prolonged or special treat- ment are transported to one of the Base Veterinary Hospitals with- a capacity for about one thousand cases. From the Base Hospital such horses as have fully recovered are discharged to the Remount Depot for reassignment to troops, while those needing further re- THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 65 le -euperation are sent to the Convalescent Horse Depot, location not _ given, but which is reported to cover an area of twenty miles, pro- vided with pastures and sheltered paddocks. The personnel of the British Army Veterinary Corps, which is performing such fruitful services at the front, is constituted as follows, according to Royal Warrant, dated October 9, 1903: - One Major General, Director Army Veterinary Corps, two Colonels, ten Lieutenant Colonels, twenty-three Majors, forty-seven Captains, sixty Lieutenants, a total of 143 Veterinary officers. There is also an enlisted force consisting of non-commissioned officers and men, graded as staff-farrier-sergeant, farrier-quarter- master-sergeants, farrier-sergeants, shoeing-smith corporal, shoeing- smith privates. There are also organized Territorial Army Veteri- nary Corps for Canada, India, Australia and Egypt, which have sent mobile veterinary sections to the various British fronts. : The arrangements for the care of wounded horses of the French ‘Army are not as well known as that of the British. There appears to have been less preparation in the French Army in this respect at the beginning of the war, but this has been rectified as far as veteri- nary hospital accommodations are concerned, by the assistance of the Blue Cross Society, which is a branch of Our Dumb Animal League _ of London. A large convalescent station for about two thousand disabled horses has been established at Chantilly, from which cured and recuperated horses are returned to the front as needed. The German Army originally mobilized 1,230,000 horses but if : owing to the gigantic scale assumed by the Russo-German campaign, ' _ this strength was raised to 1,830,000 horses. There have been great cavalry movements over the plains of the Eastern front, and the use of motor trucks on the unimproved roads in Poland is imprac- _ ticable except for a brief time in summer. The use of aeroplanes is limited on account of the stationary fogs during fall, winter and _ spring, and cavalry scouting had to be resumed on a large scale. _ Each German Army Corps has 30,000 horses in war strength; a cavalry division about 7,000 horses. The value of a cavalry horse before the war was 1,500 marks (about $300). According to the Berlin Veterinary Weekly, each Army Corps is provided with one horse hospital (Pferde-Lazaret) and two Horse Depots. The regulations prescribing the administration and work of these hospitals are as follows: I, The horse-lazaret is a collecting station for wounded or 66 OLAF SCHWARZKOPF unfit horses and a dressing station. It is to hold itself mobile an for this purpose is attached to the first étappe. (Gefechtsaffel It is flying the red- star flag for the orientation of those needing i help. Il. The rai of wounded horses is the regulation shelte or evacuated and disinfected stables or barns, as circumstances ma permit. (The movable regulation or shelter consists of prepar piping, screwed together by joints, with canvas roof and curtain to windward. O.S.) III. Horses quickly cured in the lazaret and serviceable a returned to their organizations. Seriously wounded horses in agony and incurable eases are destroyed. The corpses are shan or. buried well off the lines of communication. “a IV. Wounded or sick horses requiring more than three ros of treatment are conveyed to the Horse Depots, which serve as Veterinary Hospitals and Remount grading section combined. The housing of the Depots is to be found in evacuated army stables of occupied cities having railroad facilities if possible. Horses cured ~ and further serviceable are reissued to the troops; those recovered _ but unfit for further field service are condemned and so branded. They are transported home, mares to be sold to farmers, the rest to” traders. i? V. Veterinary officers in charge will make running “reports 4 to the Corps Staff Veterinarians of the number of horses treated, recovered, reissued, destroyed or transported home for sale. , VI. Utmost diligence is enjoined to preserve the horse supply — in reserve at the Depots. The assistance of the Animal Protective — Societies (Thierschutz-Verein) has been most liberal in furnishing moneys or supplies of woolen horse blankets for winter camps, y and many kinds of medicines and dressing that could not be obtained — in the oceupied territories. In Jena even a hospital for invalid war dogs has been instituted, of which more than 1,500 are employed by — 4 the Hospital Corps in searching for wounded soldiers. The ten- dency of the military authorities is to let all this good work go on — to its fullest extent. a The loss of German Army horses during the first six months 4 of the war has been 9 and 91/100 percent. most of it traceable to— the great destruction wrought by artillery fire, which has been often specially referred to in reports; yet this loss is less than in former E : wars, and it is explained by the painstaking professional care of ‘a THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR 67 | wounded and unfit horses in the field hospitals, as no saving of life of horses is authorized to officers of mounted contingents while _ on forward marches on the battlefield. The number of horses mobilized by the Austro-Hungarian army has been unofficially estimated as one million, and this num- ber also has been considerably increased during the war by re- ' cruiting from the listed horses. From the Central Veterinary | Journal Vienna, it is learned that each army corps is provided with three field hospitals (Feldspital fiir Pferde.) One of these is an | advance ‘section, following the battle lines, the other two are of a | more stationary character. Several large convalescent depots are _ located in the plains of Hungary, where over 10,000 horses were _ kept for recuperation during the summer of 1915. E The Animal Protective Societies of Vienna and Budapest have been very active in collecting and forwarding warm horse covers, _ flannel bandages and other horse protecting equipments to the front in endeavoring to mitigate the suffering of horses in winter camps. } As regards the care of wounded horses of the other armies at war, nothing definite has come to our notice. | . It is a pity, that beside the exalted example of the volunteer | work of Humane Societies for the rescue of horses wounded on the: | battlefield, stands the regrettable fact, that there has been misuse of horses in this war. One of the brightest and well known captains of the mounted service of our army, recently said to the writer: i “If we take the report as correct that the cavalry on the West- H 4 ern theater of war was practically dismounted within a month, - some hard criticism will be heard at the end of this war of the ne useless attempt to overrun the enemies country with cavalry pa- i: 4 trols that lost connection and were bound to be captured; and on ine the other hand of the adherence to the ancient ethics of dashing lt a _ charges against unshattered infantry and artillery. If the horses \ 3 killed by such misuse would have been saved for dismounted cavalry action, the scene on the Western front might look differently.’’ ea Extreme hardship to horses is also produced by changed meth- _ ods of marching. The cavalry is ordered off the road and has to | ride over ploughed fields to give precedence to the endless caravans | of automobiles, motor trucks, ambulances, field artillery batteries, He - signal corps units, pioneer companies and aeroplane sections. | Continued nian marches particularly have resulted in heavy 68 F OLAF SCHWARZKOPF losses from breakdowns. It is reported by authentic sources that. on arrival in camp in the morning, horses were seen to fall asleep so hard that they could not be aroused, a condition of extreme fatigue termed by soldiers sleeping sickness. Night marching is also extremely injurious to the hoofs and legs of horses. Artillery horses have been reported as having been for seventy-two hours in harness, the batteries only making enough stops to, feed the horses’ from nose bags. Cavalry horses have been kept under saddle for three days or more to guard against an attack by surprise. It ap- _ pears that the armies at war are more or less guilty of some form of sinful waste of horses, but for reasons: . expediency we ou further details. We must also omit the discussion of the peculiar injuries and diseases of horses observed in this war, as this subject does not properly come under the scope of this article. It may be briefly mentioned, however, as of general interest, that British Veterinary officers report great trouble with gangrenous wounds caused by the entrance of dirt from certain soils in France, particularly of the Valley of the Aisne. Shrapnel wounds are often fatal on ac- count of tearing of tissue with consequent infection or from the tedious operation of dissecting out large numbers of fragments, as” many as forty splinters having been found in a single horse. The greatest trouble to German Army horses on the eastern front are a the indigenous lice of Poland, which once contracted are never got- _ F ten rid of during a campaign. Numerous outbreaks of glanders — have been reported as suppressed from nearly all the fronts, and great vigilance is necessary to prevent the development of an epi- 4 demic of this most insidious disease of the horse in war. Anaes- thetics are administered in all painful operations in the hospitals, most of the drugs for this purpose being donated by Humane So- ~ cieties. 4 In summarizing the second and third points of this article, which explained the reasons for the increased demand of the horse at the front and his changed status in war, the salient features ap- pear to be as follows: i The horse was found to be essential in properly supplying — military units which are disconnected with railroad, stations and great highways; horse wagons, horse carts and pack horses remain - the surest and most economic means of transportation available on country roads, in hilly sections, and during the seasons of fall, i sf THE CHANGED STATUS OF THE HORSE IN WAR P 69 winter and spring. The need of artillery horses, train horses, rid- ing horses and pack mules became so urgent after a few months of hostilities, that British and French government agents purchased in this country half a million horses and mules at a cost to the for- eign governments of approximately $130,000,000 which took away from us a large number of horses more or less fit for our own army. - The combatant capacity of the horse, revealed once more by his willing conduct under fire, leads to a methodical veterinary care of those wounded and unfit, with results appreciated as humane and economic. The saving of lives of horses is accomplished by emergency care performed by mounted veterinary sections follow- ing the battle lines; by mobile veterinary field hospitals and by stationary convalescent horse depots. The Animal Protective So- cieties of the various belligerent countries have received govern- mental permission to collect funds and supplies for the care of wounded and unfit army horses, and their assistance is now appre- ciated by army authorities. In conclusion it may be stated that the results obtained in this highly methodical care of wounded horses in war, appears to be ful- ly appreciated by the foreign governments concerned, if public utterances of high officials are accepted as testimony. For instance, Lord Lonsdale, after visiting the front on a tour of inspection ex- pressed himself on this subject as follows: **T think it is only due to all those in the Veterinary Depart- ment and the Remount Department to express the extraordinary energy, the love of the animal, the time, hard work, and forethought displayed by all those connected with these two departments. It certainly was a surprise to me, and I went into every detail, and had every facility granted me, and saw every horse, and I do think that we should be not only satisfied, but most grateful to all officers - concerned.”’ 7 This and other similar reports have had the result of lessening the fear and horror of sympathetic people about the reported suf- fering of horses in war, and they have also led to a due realization of the value of the saving of the great numbers of trained and valu- able horses that otherwise would have been lost to the armies. Impartial reflection, however, must convince our officers to ~ Whom such methodical care of disabled horses is novel, that it de- pends upon a properly functioning Veterinary Service. Such we 70 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON Congress. We cannot plead for the extension of such efficient pro- fessional care of disabled horses to our army, unless we obtain an expert Veterinary Branch, that is permitted to work seriously and fulfill its beneficent mission. This is by right humane in its ten- dency and economic in its effect, as has been exemplified by the new status bestowed upon the horse in this latest and greatest of conflicts, which is rocking the civilized world to its very foundation, spread- ing unspeakable pain, but also producing sublime fortitude and lofty acts towards men and animals. ——0--—_—- EXAMINING BOARDS* THOMAS E, MALONEY, Fall River, Mass. E, W. Basson, Gloucester, Mass. The work allotted to your committee, by vote at the joint meeting of Veterinary College Faculties and Examining Boards of North America, held in New York City during the Fiftieth Annual Meet- ing of the American Veterinary Medical Association, September Ist to 5th, 1913, was to inquire into the methods and practices of Vet- = erinary Examining Boards in the several states and the scope and 4 character of education given at the veterinary colleges of North America. From the information gathered we were directed to present a report embodying a plan for standardizing veterinary examinations, which shall determine the qualifications of per- sons to practice veterinary medicine in all of the states of North America. The committee wishes it to be understood that it purposely re- frains from discussing in this report information received from col- lege faculties and examining boards. We believe that the purpose of our appointment will be best served by presenting an arbitrary plan for the conduct of Veterinary Examining Boards, which we submit for your consideration and discussion, as follows: Kirst. A form of a law, which may be adopted by every state is here with presented. See pages 72 to 75, The enactment of a uniform law by all states is a very impor- tant and necessary step in forming a standard for state veterinary “Report of the Committee on amacrine, oC of the Association of Vet- . erinary Faculties and Examining Boards, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915, i 1 is H } } i He {a | : 4 ‘ EXAMINING BOARDS 71 examinations; because every board is limited in its work by the law under which it operates, it therefore follows, that if every board conducts its work under the same law it will be practicable to es- tablish a standard uniform method of determining the qualifica- tions of persons to practice veterinary medicine in all of the states. Srconp. The character and scope of veterinary examinations shall be the same in every state. The method of conducting, judg- ing and marking examinations, and examination papers, shall be the same in every state. ' The subjects in which candidates are to be examined shall be sufficiently comprehensive to cover the entire field of veterinary science, and they shall be limited as detailed in table on page 76 The number of questions which may be asked in a given subject and its sub-divisions shall be limited as detailed in table on page 76. A prescribed method of judging and marking examinations and examination papers shall be adopted and followed by examining boards in every state. See table on page 76. The principle to be applied in state veterinary examinations is that a person applying for the privilege of practicing veterinary medicine shall be given reasonable opportunity to demonstrate that he has a competent knowledge of veterinary science and that such demonstration shall be fairly judged. Veterinary science is divisible into essential and supplementary studies; the essential studies being the important ones should be given greater weight in determining the character of the knowledge presented by the applicant. The following form (see page 76) is designed to show the scope, division of subjects, relative value of division and method of mark- ing. It is suggested that this schedule be revised by a committee appointed by the Association of Veterinary Examining Boards of North America and reported biennially to the American Veteri- - nary Medical Association for publication. Tuirp. A standard form of reports, application blanks, reg- istration certificates, examination books, and stationery shall be — adopted. Forms for same are herewith presented. See pages 77 to84. _ The work of compiling and filing reports and documents for record, reference and exchange will be greatly facilitated if all are of a uniform size and character. It is to be noted that this report and all forms submitted are of a size which we find used by most states for their public documents, and we recommend their adoption, i. e., 534” x 9144” and 8” x 1014”. 72 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON . In presenting this outline as a standard for the conduct of state veterinary examining boards the committee does not assume that it is perfect. We believe that in presenting as our report a con- — crete subject for discussion the desired end, namely, ‘‘standardizing _ veterinary examinations,’’ will be sooner and more satisfactorily at- tained. We suggest that each proposition in the outline be discussed Be separately and after such changes and modifications. as may seem necessary have been made it be re-drafted, and copies submitted to every examining board for their consideration, and that they be re- a quested to suggest such changes as they may think proper and re- turn it to the chairman of this committee on Veterinary Education __ and Admission to Registration, of the Association of Veterinary Examining Boards of North America, who shall re-draft it accord- — : ing to the changes suggested and present it at the next annual — joint meeting of the College Faculties and State Examining Boards for further consideration and possible adoption or to take such Be : action as it may. It is further suggested that each board be requested to submit the form of law presented to its respective state’s legal department to consider and suggest such changes as will permit its adoption in that state. Respectfully submitted, | Tuomas E. MALoney, EvmMer W. Basson. I LAW RELATING TO THE REGISTRATION OF VETERINARIANS Chapter , Acts of AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR ESTABLISHING A BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE : Be it enacted, etc., as follows: Section 1. The governor, with the advice and consent of the council, shall appoint five veterinarians, residents of this.......... ioe cee and graduates of a school of veterinary medicine recognized by the American Veterinary Medical Association, who shall con- stitute a board of registration in veterinary medicine, Their terms of office shall begin on the first day of January in the year........ and they shall hold office, one for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years and one for five years, or ea Beh: EXAMINING BOARDS 73 their successors are appointed; and the governor shall appoint an- nually thereafter, before the first day of December, beginning with the year ........ , one veterinarian, qualified as aforesaid, who shall hold office for five years from the first day of January next of the treasury of the ..............--- 4 Section 2. The members of said board shall meet on the sec- ond Tuesday of January in each year, at such time and place as they shall determine, and shall immediately proceed to organize by electing a chairman and a secretary, who shall hold their respective offices for a term of one year. Said board shall hold regular meet- ings on the first Tuesday of March, July and November of each year, and such additional meetings at such times and places as they may determine. Said board may make by-lays and rules not in- consistent with law necessary to carry out the provisions of this act. Secrion 3. Said board shall notify all persons practicing veterinary medicine im this .............-+. , of the provisions of this act by publishing the same in one or more newspapers in this WOU, yo 6's 5 «9 , and every such person who is a graduate of a recognized school of veterinary medicine, and also every person who has been a practitioner of veterinary medicine in this ............ .... for a period of three years next prior to the passage of this act, shall, upon the payment of a fee of $............ , be entitled to registration, and said board shall issue to him a certificate thereof signed by its chairman and secretary. Registration under the pro- visions of this section shall cease on the first day of ............ MCB PORE 34 e0 os All applications for registration under this act shall be made upon blanks furnished by the board, and shall be signed and sworn to by the applicant. Section 4. Any person not entitled to registration as afore- said who is twenty-one years of age shall, upon the payment of a POG OL Bic Ook calle es , be entitled to examination, and if found qualified by the board shall be registered and shall receive a certifi- _ cate of registration as provided in section three. Any person who fails to pass a satisfactory examination and is therefore refused registration may be re-examined at any regular meeting of the board within two years of the time of such refusal, without addi- tional fee, and thereafter may be examined at any regular meeting upon the payment of a fee of $............ for each examination. 74 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND/E. W. BABSON The fees received for examination and registration of applicants before the board shall be paid monthly by the secretary of the board into the treasury of the .........4... Pri Said board, after a hearing, may by unanimous vote revoke any certificate issued by it ~~ and cancel the registration of any veterinarian who has been con- victed of a felony or crime in the practice of his profession. . Section 5. Examinations shall be wholly or in part in writ- ing in the English language, and shall pe of a scientific and prac- tical character. They shall include the subjects of anatomy, phys- iology, pathology, diagnosis and practice, surgery, obstetrics, ma- teria medica and therapeutics, bacteriology, laboratory diagnosis, animal parasites and veterinary dentistry, and shall be sufficiently — 4 thorough to test the applicant’s fitness to practice veterinary medi- cine, Section 6. The board may establish, with the advice and con- sent of the governor and council, reciprocal relations with a sim- ilar board in any state of North America by unanimous vote and agreement of both boards. Any person applying for registration in veterinary medicine in this ................ , who shall present to this board a certificate of registration, issued by a board with whom this board has established reciprocal relations, accompanied — Dy a fee wl Bo. oo ee , Shall, by a majority vote of this board register said applicant without examination, provided however, he shall comply with all other requirements and provisions of the law relating to registration of veterinarians. Chapter ........ , acts OP is vce ee and amendments thereof. Section 7. It shall be the duty of said board to keep a register — | of all practitioners qualified under this act, which shall be open to public inspection, and to make an annual report to the governor. Section 8. It shall be unlawful after the ........ day of & BB RS Oy lo a in the year ........ for any person to practice veterinary medicine, or any branch thereof, in this ............... ay who does not hold a certificate issued by said board. SecTION 9. The words ‘‘ veterinary medicine,’’ as used in this act, shall be construed to include the practice, or diagnosis and practice of veterinary medicine, veterinary surgery and veterinary dentistry in regard to any domestic animal, Section 10. Any person not registered as provided by this act who holds himself out as a practitioner of veterinary medicine, or practices, or attempts to practice veterinary medicine in any of its branches in this ...........+.4+. , Shall for each offense be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall upon conviction thereof be punished by a fine of not less than ............ dollars or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding two months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, EXAMINING BOARDS 75 SecTion 11. Said board shall investigate all complaints of the violation of the provisions of section ten of said chapter....... ee vide , and report the same to the proper prosecuting officers. Section 12. The provisions of this act shall not be construed to prohibit advice or service, in a case of emergency, by a person not entitled to practice veterinary medicine under this act, nor to pro- hibit farmers from rendering services to their neighbors if they do not hold themselves out as,veterinary practitioners under the provi- sions of this act, and the provisions of sections......... (see below) relating to the practice of medicine within the ................ by physicians and surgeons shall,so far as they may be applicable, apply to the practice of veterinary medicine or any branch thereof by vet- erinarians. _ $ectrion 13. Except as otherwise provided herein this act shall take effect upon its passage. Cory or Cuaprer 76, Revisep LAws or MAssACHUSETTS Section 9. The provisions of the preceding sections shall not be held to discriminate against any particular school or system of medi- cine or to prohibit medical or surgical service in case of emergency, or to prohibit the domestic administration of family medicine. They shall not apply to a commissioned medical officer of the United States army, navy or emergency hospital service in the performance of his official duty ; to a physician or surgeon from another state who is a legal practitioner in the state in which he resides, when in actual consultation with a legal practitioner of this ................ ; to a physician or surgeon residing in another state and legally quali- fied to practice therein, whose general practice extends to the border CS gE Tee ee 2 a pen if such physician does not open an office or designate a place in such town where he may meet patients or receive calls; to a physician authorized to practice medicine in another state when he is called as a family physician to attend a person temporarily abiding in this ................ ; nor a reg- istered pharmacist in prescribing gratuitously, an osteopathist, pharmacist, clairvoyant or person practicing hypnotism, magnetic healing, mind cure, massage, Christian Science, or a cosmopathic method of healing; if they do not violate any of the provisions of section ten. II NOTICE The Association of Veterinary Examining Boards of North America (to be established) has adopted the following schedule of subjects in which candidates for registration in veterinary medicine _ Shall be examined to determine their qualifications: 76 e THOMAS E. MALONEY AND #. W. BABSON | = This board has accepted said schedule and all applicants for registration in veterinary medicine in this state will be examined | accordingly. Weight : Time Per Cent Allowed Anatomy - Anatomy Histology eg 30 and Zoology Three hours Physiology Physiology f Hygiene % Embryology Pathology : ae Pathology Bactericlogy an 25 and Parasitology Three hours - Laboratory Meat Inspection a Diagnosis Milk Analysis Urine Analysis Drugs ae Fe Materia Biological products , i 15 Medica Pharmacology Three hours and Toxicology a Therapeutics | Mechanics Physical Forces Sporadic Diseases Diagnosis Contagious Diseases 15 and Sanitation Three hours Practice Zootechnics Surgery Surgery Obstetrics 15 and Dentistry Three hours — Obstetrics Control and restraint Total 100 Seventy per cent. of total weights are necessary to pass for — registration. Each question shall be marked on a seale of 0-100. The ayer- ; age marks given equals the percentage of weight obtained in eae : general division. EXAMINING BOARDS 17 Itt STATE —_—— | STATE ) BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY | SEAL ) MEDICINE Office of the Secretary. Member Chairman _ Member Secretary _ Member Member — Member | My dear sir: 3 Will you kindly give me such information as you can regard- — ing JO SE EES Of: . Saheb eng des to have ' been a practitioner of veterinary medicine in this state continuous- ’ ly for a period of three years prior to the passage of the act estab- | lishing this Board, to wit:............ OMIM Sos ok Sete a ve oss 4 Answers to the following questions and such other information 3 as you may furnish, will be appreciated and treated confidentially. Yours very truly, eer: eee Secretary. PLEASE ANSWER ON THIS SHEET po) SARAH ee sca day of ...... ie ge 9h. ok. Was he then a-resident of iy TOWN t.: tein eee ca vie weelcce ead q Did he then have an office there?.............cceceeecceceeeeee - Did he’ then have an office elsewhere?............0.eeeceeeceees Was he > generally known as a practitioner of veterinary medi- MN CT Ce ays Wipe csp slo a's « MMMEatabune Waibea Sells 6 cauels Seren VOU MMOW Nim OS UGK... 2... 5. ke bees cn acnccesce’ _ Has he continued in practice since then?....................... _ How long to your personal knowledge has he been a practitioner of es veterinary medicine in this state?.......................2. Has he engaged in any other business?.......................0. if - ‘D The above information is furnished by............ of RE RIOLGs sce ce ye ce Daa iaatie <4 VSS «60's ; “se ee eee ~ 78 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON IV FORM A. A fee of Se. cies must accompany application Application’ Nos...) i a as eh si ie OCC Ved (woe ee ee oe es Is es Hegistered, °.-.°s 34.5045 3 pram wees s af Saget Approved... ..i.52 swansea wee eH. 1k Rejected | i vga eee PLAS 1a ; APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE : Town: 68 Citys 33 ec osc oee Dtates.)..cowerews 19... : To the Board of Registration in Veterinary Medicine: . Toe ck cake 0 coe DRE ie ee eed Sire Of ska a ae ( Write full name, do not use initials) : a graduate of a recognized school of veterinary medicine, havin power to confer degrees in veterinary medicine, namely...........— Pe Paks FPe a mi A og. 1 Cee , from which I was graduated in....... (Insert name of school. y . do hereby make application for a certificate of registration, as pr vided by section........ PMUADLR SE sis. 6% , of the Acts of....... I have practiced veterinary medicine*in this state........ year Bt ewuchoks i Ak... Pees ; Fears ata ieee anaes Pa My residence \ is... ous cere eee Oe ee street, 3d Vinee My oMiceig. . 3. ..clte ee Berea) De el ee ee ie 4 Tam a;member off )0555.0 03 cigadien bel ae ee ee ae (Give names of veterinary medical covictaaa 7 © 0 Oo Ce O40 0 6&8 6 oO Ce 6 6 O'S © Op ibs 0 oe eeeeeeeeeoeneenee ee eee eee eee EXAMINING BOARDS 79 a ¥ FORM B. me iA fo6 OF Bi: 3.5.5, dS45 must accompany application rication NOs. 3. 6c Se Skeiaas 194353 ae al ire Ra epee 19... Ae eee Ung ewer Te 19.. Sy Fes he Ag OS AR 49". OP aah oleae Rate e's 0 0 19.. _ APPLICATION FOR REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE Town. or City.......6..+.. Stake cf seis sinks ale 17 To the Board of eee te in Veterinary Medicine: ON Tate Ailend: ons welekevsaets on AES, Ea SRR oe i. ( Write full name, do not use initials) ” having been a practitioner of veterinary medicine in this state con- f tinuously for a period of three years next prior to............-++- _ do hereby make application for a certificate of registration, as pro- vided by section........ , of chapter........ of the Acts of........ On the...... Se Se ee , 19...., I was a resident 1 a eae in this state, and practicing veterinary medicine Batty hie s Wiest S ace , my office being situated at.................. Since then I have practiced veterinary medicine at........... eerereeerr eee eee eer ererereeeeeeeeeeereerereeee eee eee eee eee eeeeeeeennee i by Give places where you have practiced and time spent at each place) _____ Have you any other business or occupation?................. OURS UN LOO UAE Sie tin G < is.y «ss oo SRR RUN creas ook oo 4 a a ee years of age, my legal residence is............... Ne Se ied is ad diy bis old ave Sy omMice::is athe Cinescore ok STATE OF............... a '_ _Then personally appeared before me the said................ and made oath that the above statement, by him subscribed, is true. | Justice of the Peace, 80 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON VI FORM C. : A fee Of $8) AD ee must accompany application Application No... cain tases ve BL! ged Meteived. 0c... (Nc cue Boe, A Rewistered: \:... ss shase teen gb: Danes Approved. ... .'-7 ssa teweke’ pees 4 Gs he Rejected: .. cdi Fences dake Roe eae AD dee APPLICATION FOR EXAMINATION FOR REGISTRATION: IN VETERINARY MEDICINE . a Town or City: :tca sso sae: Btdte co otk ew 19.33 ee To the Board of Registration in Veterinary Medicine: ae | ghee re eae spe werd obi ae dgsees Se ( Write full name, do not use initials) a hereby make application for examination, that I may be registere d as a qualified veterinarian, as provided by the laws of........ oe I was born in.......:. , State rT garcpha lar ots ap Ree day, SAS See ..month, 18..... a. My preliminary education was received in the........ ORS Fuk ts ok whan I have received academic or collegiate honors, viz.:........ ‘L have studied veterinary medicine. ..... years with Dr.... Map: Rpt eee Of... a en et 0 Ae ee oe i I have completed annual courses in the............ Veterinary © BGROOL IT. 64 fini 5: in, ChE VOATS. A os. eee + QIRO. os ok ae 8 TMG. bce ot Veterinary School in......... in the years........_ I received the degree of.......... TFOMI bene Vite Veterinary School in the year......... I have had hospital experience, Viz.:...........000 eee a I have practiced veterinary medicine........ Years: iN... 's.' sam me and FW 0000000086 0 0 6 0 0 6 6b 6 6 Ose e 0.6 0 00.8 B O'e 6 6 910 © 6.0 6 £08 0 cai [ am a member of medical or veterinary societies, Viz.:...... . My post-office address i8.........cecccseccevevevevenes a ST A TRAE cp riche lh vials ne ile Signatire) é @ Sieh Sire oR ees &s 8s. ehviy kes cia 20- Then personally appeared before me the said............. and made oath that the above statement, by him subscribed, is true. ore ee eee oie 1p a0 sat ee eI yr bet Justice of the Peace, EXAMINING BOARDS 81 Ss Vil ~ PUBLIC DOCUMENT. Os! a Te Ser eee ANNUAL REPORT of the Fea wrehie comin pe BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE FOR THE YEAR......... STATE : SEAL ‘ Vu 4 MEMBERS * of the aS Cee BOARD OF REGISTRATION ¥ _ IN VETERINARY MEDICINE >. | ABE Os Oe aes é Member ; Chairman. Residence Member Secretary. Residence Member ~ _ Member és Member mA ee 19-4 NE er cick Wa nam oe - Of iS 6 oo: aes 004 Snes ban ‘ REPORT Board of Registration in Veterinary Medicine. be, Secretary’s Office.............. PO ys ee Po Hie Excelloncy................--ssecees- Governor. » Sir:— ie (Number of pages necessary) : x : TABLE A a Number Number | Number : Examined | Registered | Rejected July examination ........... November examination ...... ce =, MM ea ree Seas ok. $2 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON xi TABLE B Schools represented by Number Number candidates Examined | Registered bose ey ee Se TOAGIG 72s doe hee ee ; ; XII TABLE C . ‘ Number of Exam- Candidates registered. inations held. as result of Sl 8s) 8h aks : ~ aad ~ ~ , : z S 3 S$]. & 3 - A | - R= | ~ 214 A tik z ” Schools represented by & |% 3 S F 5 q = a = 3 tah caniiintey Bee SB be ealeal es OMG, Ohad kets baaares sss XIIl FINANCIAL STATEMENT Respectfully submitted, _Member..................Chairman Member....\.............. secretary Me@mDGl yi.0 05 508 FH abs tee . Member iy... sv neteey OF EXAMINING BOARDS E 83 XIV APPENDIX LAW RELATING TO THE REGISTRATION OF VETERINARIANS Chapter........ Acta OF se ei AN ACT TO PROVIDE FOR THE ESTABLISHING OF A BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE XV q RULES (AND BY-LAWS OF 20... pc eeeenwees - BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE ’ 1, Applications and fees must be in the hands of the Secretary at a least three days prior to an examintaton. im. 2. Candidates are examined by number only, their names not ap- q pearing on examination books, and their numbers being known _ only to the Secretary. 3. Candidates are not informed of their percentages if they fail to _ pass an examination. ' 4. No examination questions are given out by the Board. ’ 5. Information of the illegal practice of veterinary medicine given E to the Board is held confidentially. XVI SCHEDULE OF VETERINARY EXAMINATIONS XVII EN like as peice ccanescteces if _ BOARD OF REGISTRATION IN VETERINARY MEDICINE _ Application number........... Be Pxamination in. .:... 2... .2seess H EP Number of Per ~ Questions...... 1| 2| 3| 4) 5| 6| 7| 8| 9/10 Cent | Markings... 11/12\13|14|15| 16/17/18) 19/20 RAST 25 SR a Sia ula 355 SEER eng Nia eoe ale Examiner STATE SEAL a XVIII Lt INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES FOR EXAMINATION IN : VETERINARY MEDICINE Examinations will begin each day at 10 a.m. and continue until 5 p.m. with one hour intermission for lunch, 84 THOMAS E. MALONEY AND E. W. BABSON = 1. Write. your application number (given on your admission ess: ticket) on the outside of the cover of each book before ope it. Write legibly ark answer the questions in the order given, — and number each answer. The question list must not be detached. Write on both sides of the leaf. “ The exact time allowed for each book is stated on, the question slip. 8 You are at liberty to leave the room when you fini your book, R not to return until the hour for the next. Be in your seat promptly at the beginning of the examination . hour. : Each person is expected to attend strivély to his own work, | Communications with others, or attempts to obtain information — from the books of others, will be noted. 9. The card designating your number should remain in its proper place during the entire examination. : 10. The result of your examination, whether satisfactory or unsat- isfactory, will be mailed to your address in about three weeks 4 from this date. XIX QUESTIONSUIN: 355 03 -Gs hnswieacue Time allowed, 3 hours. ne BEG IEEE AG oo OS (Number of pages necessary ) : [ Criticisms, suggestions and inquiries are invited. Communi- — 5 4 cations may be addressed to Dr. Thomas E. Maloney, Fall River, Mass., or Dr, E, W, Babson, Gloucester, Mass. } a CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS PERFORATED BOWEL IN THE HORSE A. P. Drew, Grand Junction, Colo, On November 5th, I received a call from Mr. Whittekein, at . the Durham stock yards, to come as soon as possible and see a horse that had been gored by a steer. Upon inquiring as to the nature of the injury, Mr. Whittekein informed me that while trying to catch a steer that had escaped from the stock yards, the steer had gored his horse, just in front of the stifle and the bowels were hang- ing out about six inches. I directed him to get a clean laundered towel, wrap it around the bowel and hold it from coming out any further until I arrived. Also to boil two gallons of water. Upon arrival, I found an aged bay mare, weighing about. 1000 pounds, perspiring freely, pulse and respiration accelerated, pawing and wanting to lay down. I administered one-quarter grain each of strychnine and atropine, placed my instruments in a pan to boil, then wrapped a sheet around the animal’s abdomen, securely fas- tening it by sewing with strong twine, leaving the towel wrapped around the protruding bowel. The casting harness was then ad- justed, and the animal cast on a canvas blanket. Chloroform was then administered until anesthesia was complete. _ After thoroughly cleansing my hands I had the sheet and towel removed, the abdom- ; -jnal wound was about 8 inches forward of the stifle joint, and some 8 or 10 inches of the small intestine protruding. The bowel was somewhat congested, completely filling the circular wound in the skin made by the steer’s horn. On examining the bowel I found a tear about 2 inches long from which fecal matter was discharging. I then irrigated the bowel and skin in the vicinity of the wound for several minutes with warm, normal salt solution, and placed pads of aseptic gauze, wrung out in salt solution, around the skin wound i. and bowel. An assistant then held the bowel, grasped firmly be- tween the gauze pads, exposing only the torn surface, while I stitched the wound with an aseptic gut suture, being careful to bring the serous surface in contact, turning the edge of the wound in about one-eighth of an inch. The bowel was again irrigated with warm salt solution, and the skin opening enlarged until the bowel could be returned to the abdominal cavity without using force, 86 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS The muscles and peritoneum were found torn for several inches and the skin incision was extended until the peritoneum could be grasped — with forceps, and was then stitched with a chromic gut suture. — The muscles were also stitched. with a chromic gut suture, and the ~ skin closed with braided silk interrupted sutures, placing a piece of iodoform gauze at the lowest point for drainage. The hair was then clipped off around the skin wound, painted with tincture of iodine, and dusted with powdered camphalum. The animal lay quiet for about an hour after the chloroform was discontinued, then was assisted to her feet and placed in a box stall. Her head was hitched short so she could not lay down, and food and water — withheld for 24 hours. Water was given in small quantities. Food — was withheld for another 24 hours. After this a light diet consist-_ ing of bran mash and a small quantity of alfalfa was allowed, and * the wound dusted twice daily with camphalum. . November 6th, pulse and temperature normal. November 7th, pulse and temperature normal. Animal very hungry, some edema around the wound. 4 November 9th, pulse and temperature normal, slight discharge - of pus from the drain. Administered one ampoule of poly bacterins, Painted wound with tincture of iodine. , November 15th, stitches were removed. Wound healed except. small place where drain had been. At this time the animal was — Ke turned loose and allowed to lie down for the first time since being» injured. Also placed on full ration. I credit the successful termination of this case, first to the ad- ministration of an anesthetic, second, to the free use of normal salt solution, third, not disturbing the hair or skin except to irri- gate it with salt solution, until the bowel had been returned and the wound sutured. ca , ween THE TREATMENT OF TETANUS WITH TETANUS ANTITOXIN H. Berou, D.V.S., Suisun, California, On a number of occasions when in attendance on various vet- erinary meetings as well as in a number of personal conversations | with other practitioners it has been my experience to hear reports of little or no results from the use of tetanus antitoxin in the treat- CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 87 ment of tetanus in horses. My experience has been so different from the usual reports of such treatment and I have so much faith in proper sized doses of tetanus antitoxin that I want to present this report in defense of tetanus antitoxin in treatment. The first thing I want to say is that if we expect results from _ the use of tetanus antitoxin in treatment we must expect to give sufficient dosage. It is not uncommon to hear some practitioner say that he gave the antitoxin in a dose of 500 or 1500 units and got no results, which is exactly what one would expect who understands ‘the necessities in connection with this treatment of tetanus. In some sections of the country where the disease is more prevalent and apparently more virulent it is quite possible that even large doses of the antitoxin will not be of a great deal of service. About this I cannot say because [ have had no extended experience in differ- ent localities. I do want to make it plain, though, that if you wish to get results you must give a sufficient amount. As a preventive - measure I have absolute confidence in the antitoxin and believe that 1500 units should be administered whenever one has cause to sus- pect infection. If we could always do this the disease could be al- most entirely prevented, but unfortunately this cannot be done since very often we do not see the case until the symptoms have de- veloped. . The factor of expense, in the treatment of animals with a suffi- cient quantity of the antitoxin to be effective, in the majority of cases, is a thing which is of prime importance and this cost should be explained to the owner of the animal, at the start, to see if he i . is prepared to spend the amount of money, which may be necessary in giving the animal enough antitoxin to cure the disease if a cure is possible. My experience has been that we should not become dis- couraged if the patient does not show an immediate response. I have found in some of my cases treatment was kept up for as long as six or eight days before good results were apparent. I naturally do not depend entirely upon the antitoxin, as I be- lieve in doing everything possible to aid the animal in its resistance. When it is possible to find the seat of infection, I use strong disin- fectants as well as, in many cases, cauterization and the removal of tissues, if advisable. Idiopathic cases I treat the same as others. Of course, I use drugs when indicated, but these are used either subcutaneously, intravenously, or intratracheally, never orally. I find also that much better results are obtained when animals are 88 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS confined in a dark box stall away from noise and excitement. Ifill the ears of the animal with cotton and use every other method possible to prevent the spasms. I inject the serum subcutaneously a into the neck, first clipping the hair and further disinfecting the skin. I presume intravenous injections will act more rapidly than = subcutaneous ones and in some cases injection into the vein should be employed. My usual dosage is 9000 units daily, divided into three doses of 3000 units each. I give this quantity when neces- — sary for four days, then decrease to half this amount, giving 1500 units three times a day. ae I have been practicing in this one place for the past six years and have had 17 cases. Of these, 12 have made good recoveries treated with the antitoxin as above described. One case diéd after giving 15000 units. Another died after giving 24000 units. Three cases received no serum and all three of these died. : ee: I give herewith brief case histories: Case No.1. Oct. 9, 1909. Was called to see a horse which was lame, due to a recent nailprick. Upon my arrival I found a case of tetanus, and so informed the _ superintendent, who told me to do the best I could and not hesitate _ about the expense. E [ began with 3000 units in the morning, gave the same dose at noon and the same in the evening. This I kept up for four days. The nail-hole was curetted thoroughly and the following dressing was applied: carbolic acid, glycerin and distilled water, then iodo- form gauze, pack and bandage. This I dressed daily. After — fs. using 9000 unit doses of serum 4 days, I cut it down to 4500 unit. doses for 4 days, then to 1500 unit doses twice daily for 4 days and last about 500 units for a couple of days, twice daily. This mare, weighing about 1800 lbs. made complete recovery and was ready __ to work within one month. Gave altogether 70,000 units of tetanus — E antitoxin. “7 Case No. 2. Oct. 10, 1909.—Three year old male colt, weight about 900 lbs. When I arrived I saw the colt in the field and was told he had been down about 30 hours. I tried to help him up, but he was as stiff as a board. The horse died that evening, without hay- ing received any antitoxin. This case was idiopathic tetanus. Case No, 3. May 7, 1910.—Old driving horse, snagged be- tween the 5th and 6th rib by limb of a fruit tree. This horse had been suffering several days from tetanus, according to the history. I advised the owner that the animal was too far gone for treatment, OLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 89 and as she was only valued at about $40.00, none was given. She died that evening at 6 o’clock. Case No. 4. July 12, 1910.—Four year old heavy draft horse weighing about 1500 lbs. This horse was in the last stages of teta- nus and no antitoxin was used. He died a couple of hours later. Had been down two days. Infection probably occurred through an open collar bruise. Case No.5. Nov. 14, 1910.—A horse was brought tome. The owner said that the horse could not eat. I at once diagnosed ‘the case as tetanus. We brought the horse into a box stall, with plenty of bedding. Arecoline hydrobromide 1 gr.; strychnine sulphate 1% gr.; and atropine 4% gr. was at once administered. Trismus was ' present so I had not much faith in the case, although the owner wanted me to do all I could for him. I gave the animal the same doses of antitoxin as in case No. 1, with arecoline and strychnine twice daily for 3 days. Trismus gradually disappeared, the horse began to eat and drink and was sent home after making a perfect ‘recovery. This was an idiopathic case. Gave altogether 60,000 units of antitoxin. Case No. 6. Jan. 11, 1912.—A two year old colt contracted tetanus from a nail in the foot 10 days previous. 45000 units of antitoxin were used and the colt made a good recovery. Case No. 7. May 9, 1912.—Was called to Joyce Island to fix a gray stallion’s teeth, (as the Supt. expressed it) and when I got there, told them to back the stallion out from his stall. Noticing his stiff gait as well as the membrana nictitans and other symp- toms, I diagnosed tetanus. They told me that the animal had picked up a nail in the foot about 3 weeks previous. We had to east the horse to curette his foot and dress it. The stallion made a perfect recovery. Gave 60000 units of antitoxin. Case No. 8. ‘Aug. 13, 1912.—Called to place where they had lost two horses, one and two months previously. They told me over the phone that they knew they had some infectious disease among their horses, but did not know what it could be. Upon my arrival I found a grey horse 8 years old, weighing about 1200 Ibs. suffering from tetanus. I questioned them regarding the other two horses that had died and discovered that the first horse had a col- lar bruise on its shoulder, but they did not think anything of it. The second horse had later on been using the first horse’s harness and contracted a bruise at about the same place. This horse also 90 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS died, having shown the same symptoms as the first one. The horse was examined and I found a bruise about the same place on the shoulder, as had the other two horses which died. I asked to see the harness and then found that the collar was slightly torn and a nasty scab surrounded the tear. My diagnosis in all three cases was probable tetanus. These three horses had been using the same _ 2 harness. Of course, the collar was burned in my presence and the — other collars were scraped and washed in disinfectants. I treated the animal and to the owner’s surprise, he made a perfect recovery. Will add that sometimes preventive measures against tetanus are a of great importance as I found out in this particular case. If I had let the tetanus bacilli remain in the old harness, perhaps he __ would have lost every horse on the ranch. The wound, of course, was treated and the amount of antitoxin used was 55000 units. Case No. 9. Jan. 28, 1913.—Was called to see an 1000 lb. horse on pasture. The owner told me he had lockjaw. After see- ing the horse, I advised the owner to get a truck and they brought him to his barn. The third day in the morning they rang me up and told me I had better come out and kill him because he was down. I went to see the animal and found that the floor was very. slippery. We put in some gravel and straw, got my slings and raised him up, letting him hang in the slings four days, after which they __ were removed as the horse was doing nicely. Made perfect re- covery. Gave 51000 units of antitoxin. Case No. 10. July 29, 1913.—Owner came to my office telling me about a fine mule that was not working the way he ought to the last three days; said he had not worked him the last day. I asked him for the symptoms and history. Diagnosed the case as probable tetanus and told him we had better go out at once, which we did and found what I suspected—a well developed case of tetanus. I gave 61000 units of antitoxin. Mule made perfect recoyery. Case No. 11. Aug. 8. 1913.—Was called to see a yearling colt. Found the colt affected with tetanus and his foot in a frightful con- 4 dition. The foot was attended to and the leg kept in a strong so- lution of disinfectant for several days. The antitoxin was used, 40000 units in all. The colt made a speedy and perfect recovery. Case No, 12. June 22, 1914.—Owner asked me if I could do anything for a horse with lockjaw. I told him I thought so, Said the horse had been affected for 10 days. I found the horse on pas- ture in rather bad shape, although he could walk fairly well, I CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 91 told them that there was a chance of saving him. They did not believe it and decided if I would take the horse away from the ranch I could have him for nothing. I had the animal brought to my hospital and treated him. After giving 55000 units of anti- toxin the animal, a five year old horse weighing about 1250 Ibs., made perfect recovery. ' Case No. 13. March 9, 1915.—Found 1500 lb. horse suffering from tetanus. I had him brought to my hospital, examined his feet. and found pus in left front foot, caused from a nailprick. I cut out the nail hole, dressed it daily in the same manner as in ease _ No. 1 and gave 60000 units of antitoxin. He made a perfect re- covery. The owner of this horse is the same party that owned case No. 5, previously deseribed. Case No. 14. July 26, 1915.—Mule with tetanus. I treated the ¢ase, which made a perfect recovery, after 60000 units of anti- - toxin had been given. This was an idiophatic case. Case No, 15. Oct. 25, 1915 at 1:30 A.M. I was called to see _ a three year old colt, weighing about 1200 lbs. Owner told me over _ the phone that the colt was suffering from colic, as it was down. Upon my arrival I found a case of tetanus and, as the owner had been away for a number of days and had not known about the condi- tion of the colt and could not obtain correct history from the at- tendant, I was undecided what to do. The poor animal had dug himself deeply into the ground in the corral. I told the owner that I was almost sure I had a hopeless case to deal with and I ad- vised him what the cost of the serum would be, but if the animal should die, he would die within a day or two. He was very fond of the colt and wanted to try the antitoxin. I told him about what success I had with tetanus and I would not lose my reputation by treating this case and I did not want the antitoxin to be knocked if the animal died. I gave 15000 units and he died. This colt _ got infected through a bruise of the heel. Case No. 16. Nov. 25, 1915.—I was called to see a large, three year old colt, weighing about 1400 Ibs. suffering from tetanus. I treated the case with success. He made a perfect recovery after 70000 units of antitoxin had been given. The peculiarity about _ this case was that on the 5th day the owner rang me up and told me the animal was breathing very heavily and rapidly, was prae- tically unable to stand on his feet. I went out and found the ani- | mal was foundered. I told the owner not to worry. Here is a 92 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS case where leukocytic extract (Archibald) was used and six e.c. of the same was given intratracheally once daily, until 42 ¢.c. had been given. This is the first of my cases of tetanus where laminitis was also present. : Case No. 17. Jan. 17, 1916.—A case of tetanus was brought to me. I advised them the same as everybody else about the price, and my success, in those cases, ete. The case was brought to my hospital. A deep wound was found, caused. from collar gall. I burned same out thoroughly with a red hot iron, then injected a strong solution of disinfectant. The third evening the animal did not look quite as well as she should. The next morning I saw her early. She was the same as the night before. I watched her, off and on, the whole forenoon. She grew worse and I brought her out to the corral where she fell and I then had her shot. I gave her 24000 units of antitoxin. Dog Case. Jan. 12, 1916 a dog was brought to me with tet- anus caused from a foxtail which had entered between the toes. The only thing I did to him was to operate on the foot, disinfected and dressed it twice. Stimulants were given hypodermically but with no results. The third day I destroyed the dog and just prior to the injection of hydrocyanic acid into the heart, I took a picture of him, which accompanies the story. Notice the tail, the gluteal muscles and the legs. The eyes were almost covered by the mem- brana nictitans. In conclusion I would say that in spite of all of the reports of unsatisfactory results from the use of this serum, I have the greatest CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 93 of confidence in it and with very good reason I believe, when the results I have obtained are considered. All of the antitoxin used was made by The Cutter Laboratory at Berkeley, Cal., and upon inquiry I find that it is the usual practice to place a liberal ex- cess of units in each package at the time it is put up to take care of any loss of potency during its market life and, as I obtain the serum in small lots so that it may be as fresh as possible, the actual num- ber of units given in each case is well in excess of the units indi- cated upon the label on the package. The units I have given in this report. I always keep 9000 units on hand in my office. I believe a great many that have reported very poor results will save a good many of their cases if they will use as much of the antitoxin, or even more of it than I have here suggested. a 3 HOW MANY LIVES HAS A CAT? James H, Hester, V.8., Santa Barbara, Calif. A few months ago a lady brought her pet cat to me for exam- ination, claiming that he was suffering from either a dislocated shoulder or a fracture. A careful examination failed to reveal anything abnormal either with the limb or the cat. As we were discussing the case, the cat which the owner was holding in her arms, made an effort to escape, winced and cried out with pain. Resum- ing my examination I discovered something about one-half inch long between the lower end of the scapula and the thorax which felt as if it might be the first rib broken with end of lower part turned forward. I was told to take the cat, cut down and find out what the trouble was. The cat’s struggles, while the anesthetic was being given, forced the object through to the skin, where a small incision revealed the point of what appeared to be a needle or a pin. Taking hold of this with a pair of forceps I drew out about four inches of a pin which then came to a stop, and although I gave quite a firm pull it would come no farther. Taking up a bistoury I passed it down along the pin, enlarging the passageway, until I drew forth a six-inch hat pin with a glass head about the size of the end of an ordinary lead pencil. I supposed, of course, that it was all off with the cat, but to my surprise he was all right in a few days and has shown no ill effects since, There was no scratch 94 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS or wound anywhere on the body where the pin might have entered. Now the questions before the class are: Where and how did the cat get this pin and where was he keeping it until I found it? The history of the case: Three‘nights before, the owner went. to the show and left the cat alone in the house. Her hat with two — pins in it was on the shelf about six feet from the floor. While the owner was away the folks in the adjoining part of the house heard a noise as if the cat had fallen or jumped from the shelf to the floor. When the owner returned, she noticed the cat. retching as if trying to vomit, and put him out of the house for the night, thinking no more about it until I found the pin. : After summing it all up, my guess is that the cat, for some un- explainable reason must have swallowed the pin head first, probably fell upon it, which when it passed down as far as it could was forced back by the movements of the body. But how can you explain snch a migratory trip of the pin without more damage being done to the cat, and why did not the contents of the digestive tract escape through the wound where the head of the pin passed and cause trouble? er REDE rag’. Aicashat ABORTIVE TREATMENT OF WOUND INFECTIONS : _ CABREL, DAKIN, DAUFRESNE, DEHELLY AND DUMAS_ The confidence inspired by the use of tincture of iodin and the packing of wounds has disappeared long ago. Experience has — shown that the various kinds of military wounds are all infected, — and that the application of iodin does not prevent gaseous gan-— 4 grene, septicemia, or chronic suppurations. It is also known that a such complications cause irreparable lesions and eyen death in a very large number of cases. In 1000 amputations observed by Tuffier at the ‘‘Masion-Blanche’’ the operation was necessitated in about 800 cases, not by the gravity of the trauma, but by infectious complications, In spite of the utter failure of the principles used _ in the beginning of the war in the treatment of wounds, no new — methods were developed. Confusion reigned in the theory and 7” practice of the surgeon. It became therefore, a matter of great im- _ portance that the treatment given to the wounded should yield better _ returns. This result could only be obtained by establishing asingle method which would be uniformly used by all, in spite of its tem- CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 95 porary and approximate value. In this way the wounded were protected from the therapeutic fantasies due to lack of central di- rection. In order to obtain the maximum results with a minimum of suffering, effort and money, it was necessary to prevent wound com- plications rather than to combat them. It is infinitely more sim- ple to abort an infection in the beginning than to discover effica- cious methods for the treatment of gaseous gangrene, septicemia, suppurations and their sequelae. ' __ The principles upon which the abortive treatment of infection should be founded have long been known. But they had not been - elaborated into a simple doctrine capable of practical application. The chemical, bacteriological and clinical researches made at the - Temporary Hospital 21 of the Rockefeller Foundation at Com- ' piégne, have shown the conditions under which the chemical steri- lization of a wound can be realized. It is known that all wounds made by fragments of shells, " grenades, ete., are infected. Bacteriological examination made - about 6 hours after injury, shows that in all wounds there is a varied - microbial flora, aerobic and anaerobic. Two important facts have been ascertained. The first is that the microbes are generally few innumber. Sometimes the smear must be moved and several fields examined under the microscope before a micro-organism is found. The second is that the microbes are localized around the projectile - and débris. They have not yet had time enough to spread over the entire surface of the wound. If the examination is made after 24 hours or later, the appearance of the smear is al- 4 together different. A very large number of microorganisms are » found. They are often so numerous that they cannot be counted. » Besides, they aré to be found throughout the entire extent of the _ wound. These observations confirm those made clinically. They show ' that during the first few hours following trauma it is easy to re- _ move infectious organisms, while this operation becomes more and / more difficult as the organisms are allowed to multiply, diffuse over | the surface of the wound and infiltrate its walls. The abortive | treatment of infection must therefore be given as soon as possible - I after the injury. y In what manner shall this be accomplished? It is known that t . the microorganisms are localized about the infectious foreign bodies ‘ 96 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS and in the abrasions in the walls of the wound. While it is easy to remove fragments of shells and débris, it is impossible to mechanically remove small particles of débris and microorgan- — isms lodged in the~abraded surfaces. It is therefore neces- © sary to kill the microorganisms attached to the small foreign bodies and to the wound surfaces by means of a liquid which penetrates and ‘will still be in contact with the tissues for a considerable time. The antiseptic method has already rendered immense service. It were folly to question this because of certain laboratory experi- 4 ments made with a technic of doubtful value. In surgery the eclini- cal results are paramount. Dakin has found a solution of sodium hypochlorite which has 3 a very energetic antiseptic action, is not irritant and costs little. The solution, prepared by the method of Dakin, may be used of such concentration that it will sterilize every part of the wound a with which it comes in contact. Since this solution will penetrate every diverticulum of: the wound, a complete sterilization will be obtained, provided the solution be constantly renewed. 1. Precocity of the treatment—At the ‘‘first aid”’ stations, disinfect the skin with tincture of iodin. If the wound be narrow, ~ “d inject the hypochlorite solution into the crevices. If the wound be large, dress it with gauze soaked in hypochlorite. Do not use water tight material over the dressing, This hasty disinfection is by no means dispensable. It greatly ameliorates the condition of the wound. The wounded must be transported as rapidly as possible, to the ambulance or to the hospital where they are to receive complete be surgical treatment. Only those suffering from severe hemorrhage or shock are to be treated on the spot. Every possible effort must be made to have the wounded arrive at the hospital not later than six hours after the injury. The future of the wounded depends upon the speed of transportation and treatment of the wound as soon as possible. There are no small wounds; some that are insig- nificant in appearance may be followed by grave complications. All must be completely treated. 2. Mechanical cleaning of the wound.—The foreign bodies, projectiles, débris, etc., are immediately removed. The finger, . a gloved in rubber, is gently introduced into the wound; often the foreign bodies are extracted in this way. Sometimes the radio- graph, etc. are necessary. The wound should be opened sufficiently CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 97 to permit its cleaning and exploration. But it is important to cause no injury, and to renounce such brutal manoeuvres known as curetting, etc. of wounds, The débris, projectiles, and splinters of bone are delicately removed with the fingers or with dis- secting forceps. Hemostasis must be accomplished as neatly as possible. In jagged wounds and especially in fractures, consider- ation must be given to the extent of the shattering and the location of the diverticula of the wound. c. 3. Chemical sterilization of the wound—An antiseptic acts only at the place where it is applied and then only when applied long enough. The antiseptics used up to the present were very feebly germicidal or too irritant to the tissues. The sodium hypochlorite solution prepared by Dakin is not irritant and its germicidal power is very great. Javel water must not be used. Its content of hypo- chlorite is not constant, it may contain free chlorin or free alkali, especially when it undergoes decomposition. Every pharmacist can prepare Dakin’s hypochlorite solution. (Presse Médicale, Sept. 30, 1915). A one-half percent solution is used. This solution is strongly antiseptic and still it may be applied to the skin or to the tissues for several days or even weeks without causing irritation. It must not be used at the same time with alcohol nor must it ever be heated. The solution is injected with an ordinary syringe or with one made of rubber. . The hypochlorite should penetrate all the crevices of the wound. It should be continually renewed because it is decomposed by contact with protein material. To instill it into the tissues, rubber tubes are used, having a diameter of about 6 millimeters (14 inch) pierced by a single hole about 4% centimeter (1-5 inch) from the end. Tubes of different lengths are used, pierced by.a hole and provided with attached sponges. When the wound is narrow or a large wound has narrow diverticula, the sponge tubes are introduced into the narrow spaces. In case of fracture the end of the tube should be placed among the fragments. When liquid is passed down the tube, it is imbibed by the sponge and held in contact with the wound surfaces instead of running out immediately. In superficial wounds and in wounds that are large and jagged, naked tubes are applied to the bottom of the wound or introduced into its diverticula. The wound is then filled with gauze. Before finishing the dressing, the liquid is passed into the tubes and the operator assures himself that it reaches all parts of the wound. The dressing is finished with a 98 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS layer of non-absorbent cotton, through which the rubber tubes pass. The liquid is to be instilled through these tubes. The antiseptic must be continually renewed. Every hour or — s every two hours a sufficient quantity of the liquid is to be injected into the tubes with the aid of a syringe (seringe de Gentile). It_ is still better to use- continuous instillation. The quantity to be injected depends upon the size of the wound; it is necessary that, the surfaces of the wound be well moistened. 4. Limbs must be carefully immobilized in cases of fracture or wounds of the joints. As soon as possible, plaster dressings en- forced by metal bands must be used. The dressing should be examined every day and changed as often as necessary. 5. Reunion of the wound.—The lips of the wound must not. be reunited until a bacteriological examination has shown that thewound — has become aseptic. The time will vary according to the nature of — the wound, the nature of the infection, and especially with the length of time elapsed between injury and treatment. Many — a wounds never become sterile completely, and consequently, must not be reunited. The reunion of tissues must not be made by su- tures. It is sufficient to bring the lips of the wound together with | adhesive bands, and to bring the deeper parts of the wound together with an appropriate compressive dressing. The efficacy of the method has been demonstrated by a variety of methods, bacteriological, clinical, ete. The action of the Dakin | hypochlorite solution was first studied on suppurating wounds. — 3 Comparative tests made on different parts of the same wound or on two similar wounds on one person, showed that in the wound or part of the wound treated by the Dakin solution, the number of | 1 organisms diminished, the secretions dried up, while the condition of the control wound or control part of the wound did not change. In these tests it was found that phagocytosis continued and cica- trization took place in spite of the use of the antiseptic¢ solution. Only one rigorously comparative test was made, because it is rare that one finds a case with two wounds that are identical. Such a case was found, in which two shell wounds were only a short dis- tance apart, (several centimeters). The wound treated with hypo- chlorite solution through a sponge tube, remained odorless, and without purulent secretions. The other wound suppurated. The observation was confirmed by many other similar ones, but not so rig- orously controlled, because wounds are not easily comparable, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 99 Generally, reunion takes place 8 to 14 days after the injury. in such fashion that the wounds are completely cicatrized. Wounds will not become sterile unless the hypochlorite solution penetrates all the recessés; however, the infection is considerably diminished - when this does not take place. Revue D’Hygiene et de Police Sanitaire, Vol. 37, pp. 1016-1024, 1915. (Work done at the Rockefeller Foundation and Hospital at Compiégne, France). Note by abstractor:—To those not familiar with the metric system of weights and measures, Bureau of Standards Cireular No. 47 on Units and Weights and Measures will be useful. A copy can be obtained gratis by addressing a brief note to ‘‘The Director of the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.’’ BERG. ———— REMOVAL OF A SHELL SPLINTER WITH THE AID OF . AN ELECTROMAGNET VETERINARIAN RUDERT An officer’s charger had been wounded in the gluteal region, by a shell splinter. . ‘. When the horse came under observation there was a wound with ' a purulent opening 12-15 em. long. . - The gluteal region was shaved, disinfected and a local anes- thetic injected. An electromagnet, obtained from one of the war hospitals, was passed over this region. “A distinct swelling was _ produced over the splinter., The magnet was removed and an in- x cision 3 em. long was made over the site of the splinter. On apply- | _ ing the magnet a second time, the splinter was drawn through the » ~~ uninjured muscles and completely removed. A vertical opening into the old fistulous tract resulted, and with ordinary treatment _. the wound healed readily in 14 days. Ss The splinter removed was 5 cm. long, 1 em. wide and 14 cm. thick. Be The conclusion arrived at in this case is that the safest and _ easiest way of removing shell splinters is by means of an electro- - magnet. The advisability of constructing a light electromagnet of sufficient strength to extract a splinter through the unbroken _ skin, is recommended. If it is impossible to make one portable of sufficient strength the hospitals should be supplied with one of Sufficient strength and the field hospitals with one strong enough to locate the splinter. e: Zeitschrift f. Veterinérkunde, September 11, 19185, 100 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS AN ABNORMAL CALF R. G. FLtowers, V.8., Fort Worth, Texas. The above figure is of an abnormal calf delivered from a small _ Jersey cow belonging to A. M. Moates, Fort Worth, Texas. The ~ calf’s head and fore legs were normal. The hind legs were attached to the shoulders and pointed upwards. The internal organs had developed posterior to the legs. The mother is a very heavy milker, has six fully developed teats and gives milk from each of them. ——_Q—_——- TWO CASES OF PROLAPSUS OF THE RECTUM IN PIGS STEIGET LAUTERECKEN The first case was in a sow which had farrowed 8 days before coming under observation. On examination the prolapsus was found to be of the size of a_ q child’s head, the surface was gangrenous. Operation was decided upon for the sake of the young which could not be raised by hand. The sow was secured on her side, with the hind quarters some- what raised. The prolapsus was thoroughly washed, first in warm water then with camomile tea. The loose gangrenous tissues were carefully removed with the scissors, and the wound washed again with warm water and camomile tea, the prolapsus was re- turned to its normal position by pressing gently with the fist, this proved a troublesome process on account of the struggles and cries of the patient. Dr. Lauterecken then allowed an assistant to hold the rectum in place, and applied a slip-knot (tobacco pouch knot) over the CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 101 tissues; this knot was drawn tightly, so that the index finger could just be inserted into the rectum. . The sow was now given a purge of oil, and exercised by driving her for a short distance up-hill. The owner was advised to feed the animal sparingly on milk for a few days, and to give the patient constant exercise by driv- - ing her about the place. In spite of the marked degeneration of the tissues the wound healed readily, and this sow has had another litter of pigs without q 3 any recurrence of the prolapsus. The second case was also in a sow, which had a prolapsus of the size of an apple. The owner said this had been caused by the boar introducing the penis into the rectum. This case had the same surgical treatment as the first one and recovery was complete. The interesting point about this case is its cause. Miinchner Tierarzliche Wochenschrift, January 1, 1916. ee , aan RACHITIS IN CALVES J. V. Hinus, Gowanda, N. Y. In late December I was called to examine a three months old Jersey calf, one of a pair of twins I had helped the mother deliver x - about three months before. The attendant said it had been rather _ weak for a day or two, and now could not get on its feet, but when ae helped up would stand for a short time, and was now nearly pros- trate. [ inquired as to the feeding, as the calves did not seem much ‘= larger than when they were born and suspected faulty nutrition, the calf being apparently in very little pain. I was informed that they were fed on new milk and a prepared calf meal. The mother was a thrifty cow of about six years, rather larger than the average Jersey. The attendant had been rubbing liniment on the ealf’s back __ and limbs. I told him to continue to do so and left a stimulant telling him the calf would probably die but to let me know the next : _ day, when I was informed by telephone that the calf was somewhat brighter, and they would let me know if it died as I wanted to post the animal, 102 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS It was more than two weeks before the owner called me up and a ‘said the calf had died the day before, and the other twin which, a until now, had appeared well and hearty although not gaining much, acted the same as the first. As treatment was useless we waited until this one died, two days later, and found a typical case of ra- chitis. The pelvic bones and femurs were hyperemic and so soft : that they could be easily crushed with the hands. All of the or- gans were apparently normal. The other calf which was affected : ‘y 5 much longer would probably have shown more lesions, _ The attendant then told me of a five weeks old bull calf that died before either of the twins was taken sick, and which acted 4 much the same. He told me that both cows were bred to a rather unthrifty young bull that was closely related to them, so this might — s have been hereditary or more likely due to inbreeding. : There is one more cow to calve and I am awaiting the outcome, as the. conditions are similar. Have advised the owner against in- breeding, and will start treating this calf for-rachitis when it isa — few days old. The cows are kept in better that average sanitary conditions. ———Q-———_- CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF PARASITIC AFFEC- TIONS OF THE HORSE. A CLINICAL STUDY OF | EQUINE STRONGYLIDOSIS. This is a very valuable and comprehensive study, in which Leneveu has gathered together the scattered data relative to the ro life histories of the nematodes of the genera Strongylus and Cyli- costomum parasitic in the horse, and the lesions, symptoms, ete., — a due to them, and grouped these data together to form a clinical entity which he calls strongylidosis. This condition he defines as an afebrile, enzootic disease, beginning usually with symptoms of — | enteritis and determining a progressive anemia. Symptomatology, course and termination of the disease. The worm infestation begins while the animals are on the pasture in the. _ spring, and during the succeeding summer and fall there is a latent stage, during which the parasites are undergoing development, The CLINICAL AND OASE REPORTS 103 symptoms, which develop slowly, begin to be evident in November = and December, and with the appearance of clinical symptoms the progress of the disease accelerates, the active stage lasting from two weeks to two months. The primary symptoms are diarrhea, anor- exia and emaciation. The diarrhea is at first slight, the feces be- coming increasingly soft and malodorous. The appetite is at first irregular, then diminishes and finally disappears. The emaciation may at first be concealed by an edematous infiltration filling the lacunae formed by the absorption of fatty tissue; the ultimate emaciation is very marked, the bones prominent, the coat rough, the eyes sunken and the animal very weak. Accompanying the a primary symptoms are a small, thready, irregular and at times in- termittent pulse, and a pale, anemic, often more or less edematous conjunctiva and buccal and vulvar mucosa. Secondary symptoms are edema and those due to accidental complications, such as toxi-infection, thrombo-embolism and trauma. Edema may be general (resembling anasarea) or localized; it may appear slowly or abruptly, according to the mechanism producing it. ov hen the heart weakens, there is a slowing of the circulation with a resultant stasis, extravasation and edematous infiltration, giving rise to a progressive, generalized edema; in patients with aneurisms, emboli may not only give rise to colic by their occurrence in the mesenteric vessels, but in the peripheral circulation they may cause slowing or arrest of the circulation with extravasations and edema, the edema being relatively localized, voluminous and rapid- ly developing. Of the complications, toxi-infection is indicated by a febrile condition, the infection causing internal or external mestastatic abscesses or infectious anthritis or synovitis. Thrombo-embolic complications may occasion the death of the animal or give rise to intermittent colic. Traumatic accidents consist in decubitus from weakness, internal hemorrhage from rupture of aneurisms, or peri- tonitis from intestinal perforation at the site of a verminous cyst or abscess in the intestinal wall. . The disease terminates in recovery or death, occasionally pass- ‘e ing into a chronic condition. Recovery follows elimination of the _ parasites and healing of the lesions caused by them. Death may be due to one of the accidental complications mentioned or may fol- _ low a prolonged anemic, toxic condition wifh general infection. In _ chronic cases the lesions are irremediable, the intestinal mucosa 104 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS and muscular coat remain thickened and sclerotic, nutrition is impaired, aneurisms impede the circulation, edema, emaciation and diarrhea persist, and the appetite remains capricious. Etiology and pathology. The foregoing conditions are nie to adult and immature worms of the genus Strongylus and Cylicos- tomum (the reviewer has taken the liberty of correcting what he regards as errors in the scientific names). The adults of these worms live in the cecum and large intestines. The immature forms have life histories varying with different species. The adult female. worms develop eggs which pass out in the manure and give rise to embryos, and these young worms develop in the manure to the infective stage, when they are ingested with food or water and pass to the intestine. From this point development varies with differ- — ent species. Strongylus vulgaris. The embryos burrow through the wall of the small intestine till they reach a blood véssel and are swept around in the blood; they finally attach, as a rule, in the anterior or great mesenteric artery and its branches, and develop to a form resembling the adult but without sexual organs, forming in the meantime aneurisms; the agamic form detaches and passes to the walls of the cecum, forming small abscesses or cysts which may be as large as a nut; finally these cysts open to the lumen of the cecum, setting at liberty the worms, which now copulate and repeat the cycle. Strongylus equinus. The larvae are found principally in the parenchymatous organs, such as the liver, lungs and pancreas. Strongylus edentatus. The iarvae may be met with almost any- where, especially under the serous membranes, the pleura and _peri- toneum. Cylicostomum spp. The larvae are found in cysts, a half milli- meter to 2 millimeters in diameter, in the mucosa of the large intes- tine, or at times free in the lumen. There are 3 types, the oesopha- gostomiform, the metastrongyliform, and the embryonic. The larvae of S. vulgaris determine aneurisms, as noted. If the worms leave and there is no reinfection, the aneurism organizes, but continues to present the constant menace of embolism and rupture. As an embarrassment to the circulation it may occasion intermittent lameness. It is a source of thrombo-embolic colic, which frequently terminates fatally. In the lungs these larvae occur as sharply cir- cumsceribed tubercles, OE A cn ES SFT RS = CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 105 The larvae of species of Cylicostomum form cysts in the wall of the large intestine and in opening these form small sores. When numerous they cause thickening and induration, with impairment of function.” The adult worms have a toxic action due to a hemolytic which occasions a progressive anemia; the agamic S. vulgaris causes a me- chanical thickening of the cecum walls by forming cysts or abscesses. Perforations, sometimes of considerable extent, may take place at the site of an abscess. Species of Cylicostomum attach to the intes- tinal mucosa, causing innumerable small sores which serve as portals of entry for pathogenic bacteria, a serious matter when coupled with the enfeebled, anemic condition and low resistance of the host ani- mal.. These bacteria enter the lymphatics and may be found in the mesenteric glands. From this bacterial invasion arises the febrile condition. The lesions are congestive, inflammatory and verminous. There | are simple ecchymoses on the mucosa, the serosa and in the muscular layer, and variable areas of congestion or capillary hemorrhage in the small intestine. In the large intestine and cecum there is a thickening due to connective tissue proliferation following the cysts and abscesses; these may become organized, cicatricial and sclerotic. Beside the verminous cysts or abscesses there are pimply swellings due to the puncture of the mucosa by the worm and the swelling due to inflammatory reaction. Aneurisms may occur in the ante- rior mesenteric and also in the occipital, pulmonary and uterine arteries. Glandular lesions seem to be almost constantly present, taking the form of infiltration of. lymph glands, especially the mesenteric, the glands containing the micrococci habitually present as saprophytes in the intestines; at times abscesses form in these ‘glands and rupture to the abdominal cavity. Miscellaneous lesions are anemia, emaciation, bacterial metastases, and intestinal or aneurismic rupture. Diagnosis is based on the period of onset of the disease, its en- zootic character, and the symptoms. The general symptoms are as already given; especial symptoms are the finding of the worms or their eggs and embryos in the feces and the determination of aneurism by rectal exploration. Prognosis is favorable under care- ful treatment, except for the accidents already noted. Treatment is along the line of building up the resistance to re- pair the organic damage, the expulsion of the parasites, and the 106 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS combatting of complications. To build up resistance, Leneveu recommends the subeutaneous injection of a liter of artificial serum containing one-half to one gram of caffeine, once or twice a day; — iron in the form of the arsenate ; tonics, such as strychnine arsenate or sodium cacodylate; and digataline to replace caffeine when sub- cutaneous injections cease. To expel the worms, Leneveu recom- mends carbon bisulphide, in gelatine capsules, giving 2 to 5 grams, according to the size of the animal, every day for 5 days and follow- - ing this on the sixth day with a purgative, preferably magnesium sulphate. This treatment may be repeated after 12 days. Second- ary bacterial complications are combatted by the serum and caffeine and by tonics. If the heart shows signs of weakening, subcutaneous injections of camphorated oil are useful. For the colic he suggests. tincture of opium with ether as a drench or morphine intravenously. For decubitus put the animal in slings. Abscesses may be treated ; 4 with mild antiseptics when accessible. For severe diarrhea use — powdered charcoal, bismuth, salol or benzo-naphthol. Milk, begin- ning with small amounts and increasing the amount to 8 to 10 liters a day, is the best adjuvant treatment. ; Prophylaxis. Reinfection may be controlled by careful selec- tion of pasture to avoid infection from food, and by using only pure potable water. _ M.C. Han, G. LENEVEU ; Rev. gen. d, med. vet., Toulouse, Dee. 15, 1915, v. 24 (288), pp. 593-612. > FRANCO-BELGIAN VETERINARY Revier Funp. It is reported that the Belgian and many of the French veterinarians are in a deplorable condition as a result of the war. were found. The intervening mucosa was pale yellow and edema- - tous. Smears contained entamebas, some of which contained ery- ® throcytes. - 4 Microscopically, the lesions are unlike those caused by experi- ' mental infection with human pathogenic entamebas, and there are "also morphological differences in the trophozoites of the entamebas. | In ease it is proven by further observations that the entameba found in the dog is a new species, the name Entameba venaticum is proposed. ie One should bear in mind, however, the possibility of dogs act- ’ ing as carriers of entamebic dysentery, and be on guard against | them. K,. F, Meyer. ON THE USE OF CERTAIN ANTISEPTIC SUBSTANCES IN THE TREAT- ' ment or InrecteD Wounpbs. H. D. Dakin. British Medical Jour., ) pp. 318-320, August 28, 1915. Also in La Presse Médicale, pp. _ 877-9, September 30, 1915.—In order to make a judicious choice of the antiseptic most likely to give useful results in the treatment of ’ infected wounds many different factors have to be considered in ad- ' dition to germicidal activity, including the irritating properties of the substances, their toxicity, solubility, ability to penetrate tissues and be absorbed, and their chemical reactions with pro- teins and other tissue constituents. In judging of the antiseptic action of a substance suitable for the treatment of wounds, it is essential that its germicidal action be tested against microorganisms mixed with blood serum or similar "substances, and not simply tested against bacteria suspended in ' water. The germicidal activity of all known antisepties is greatly _ reduced by the presence of blood serum or similar substances, and _ in some cases this reduction is so great that the compound loses all practical antiseptic value. is Mercurie chloride is probably the least useful and most shin. - tionable as an antiseptic for the treatment of infected wounds. 7 Phenol (carbolic acid) is characterized by a very low germicidal - power especially when acting in the presence of serum. When used in sufficiently high concentration for germicidal efficiency, it is decidedly destructive of healthy tissue. Hydrogen peroxide must be regarded as of slight value. . OE 110 aes ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE -— Sopium Hypocutorire has high germicidal action, and has many other desirable properties. It has been possible to prepare a simple hypochlorite. mixture which maintains approximate neu- trality under all conditions, is practically non-irritating, and which, when properly applied, has given most encouraging results in the antiseptic treatment of wounds. Preparation of solutions. —The preparation of a solution af suitable concentration for direct application, containing 0.5 to 0. 6 per cent of sodium hypochlorite, may be carried out very simply as follows: One hundred and forty grams of dry sodium carbonate (Na,CO,), or 400 grams of the crystallized salt (washing soda), is dissolved in 10 liters of tap water, and 200 grams of chloride of lime (chlorinated lime, bleaching powder) of good quality is added. (Do not use calcium chloride). The mixture is well shaken, and after half an hour, the clear liquid is siphoned off and filtered called boracic acid) are added to the clear filtrate, and the result- ing solution is ready for use. ‘A slight precipitate of calcium salts may slowly occur, but it is of no significance. The solution should not be kept longer than one week. The boric acid must not be added to the mixture before filtering, but afterwards. A stronger solution may be prepared by decomposing 150 grams of chloride of lime, with 105 grams of sodium carbonate, dissolved — in a liter of water. The mixture is filtered and a measured por- - tion (20 c.c.) is rapidly titrated with a boric acid solution (31 — a grams per liter) until the mixture is acid to an aqueous (not al-— iB coholic) suspension of phenolphthalein. From this titration, cal-_ a culate the amount of solid boric acid to be added to the rest of the filtrate. An excess of boric acid should be avoided; it is_best to | add slightly less than the calculated amount. The concentrated solution thus prepared contains about 4 per cent of sodium hypochlorite, and should be mixed with 6 parts — of water before use. It can be kept for a month without serious decomposition. “i Application and Results.—To obtain the best results it is es- sential to commence the antiseptic treatment of the wound at the earliest moment possible, and to bring fresh quantities of the anti- — septic solution in contact with all parts of the wound as frequently = as possible for a considerable period of time. po give some idea of | 4 the quantities of solution employed (for man) ; 5 to 10 ¢.c, may he ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 111 - - introduced every two hours by means of rubber tubes into small wounds, using a pipette or syringe, while for the irrigation of such - wounds as fractured femurs, accompanied by much destruction of tissue, as much as 1 or even 2 liters a day may be employed. The dilute solution, prepared as described may be used in large quanti- - ties for the continued irrigation or instillation of wounds for more _ than a week without producing visible irritation. As a wet dress- ing the solution may be used almost indefinitely. The solution is actively hemolytic and must not be injected intravenously. Hypochlorites are extremely active substances chemically, and ~ they should not be used in conjunction with other antisepties, nor i with alcohol or ether. E It is believed that the solution previously described, when prop- _ erly applied to all parts of the wound, gives better results than can | possibly be obtained from powdered preparations of partially solu- /, ble materials. Generally speaking, the experiments with powdered 1 substances have given much poorer clinical results than have aqueous solutions. For the clinical side of the above work, ¢arried out in the lab- _ oratories at Compiégne (France) under the auspices of the Rocke- feller Institute for Medical Research, see paper by Carrel. The great success attending the use of this old antiseptic re- | cently brought into prominence would justify its extended use in _ veterinary surgery in order that its merits may be determined for the veterinarian. BERG. PoLypus oF THE LARYNX. Doct. Luigi Menicagli. Jl Nuovo tH! _ £rcolani.—In a calf, there was a polypus, situated on the left side of the epiglottic cartilage at the mucous fold of the base. It had, _ for ten months, caused frequent spells of coughing, accompanied with phenomena of suffocation. The cough taking place principally t during the deglutition of either solid or liquids was followed _ with rejection of the food. With great difficulty the author suc- - ceeded in his exploration of the larynx per mouth and found the _ growth as big as a bean with a long peduncle, which allowed it to - be displaced by the movements of deglutition and its dropping in i | : front of the larynx, producing a temporary occlusion of the parts. _ The removal of the growth was comparatively easy. The mouth was kept widely open with a speculum, the tongue depressed on one side, the polypus taken hold of with a pair of forceps with long 112 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE branches and torsion separated it from its epiglottic attachments. The hemorrhage that followed was of no importance. & A. LIAUTARD. a a A FurTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE SHEEP DisEASE HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA, AND ITS CONTROL BY SERUM ‘Vac. . crnaTion. H. Raebiger, A. Spiegel and K. Schern. Deut. Tier. : Wehnsch. 1915.—A specific serum was obtained from three sheep | which had been given repeated intravenous injections of a virulent : strain of the Bacillus ovisepticus. The testing of the serum was — carried out in the following manner: white mice after being inocu: lated subcutaneously with 1 ¢.c. of virulent 24-hour bouillon culture were injected intraperitoneally with doses of .2 ¢.c. and .8 ¢.c. 0 serum. The animals so treated were protected while the contro which received only the culture died. In 13 large herds in which the disease was present the serum treatment gave very promising results. About half of the animal sick at the time of treatment recovered, and the spread of the dis ease among the healthy sheep was checked. The serum was administered intravenously in doses varying a from 5 ¢.c. to 10 ¢.c., the sick animals receiving the larger amounts. — A record of a case in a lamb held under observation for 26 days was kept. The symptoms first noticed were the poorly nourished — condition, debility, uncertain, staggering gait, loss of appetite, at — times a grinding of the teeth was heard, and there was a peculiar bs manner of holding the head such as is seen in ‘‘turn-sickness’’ of : sheep. Later there was a serous discharge from the nose and eyes, swelling of the carpal and tarsal joints and a paralytic condition of — the hind quarters. The specific microorganism was present in the eye and nose discharges. : On the 18th day after the beginning of these observations ais ‘§ improvement in condition appeared which continued until the 25th — d day, when a decided relapse occurred. There was great weakness, shallow and accelerated respirations, and the animal was unable to — stand. It was killed on the following day. ts The chief points of interest in the autopsy were the greatly emaciated condition of the carcass with a watery infiltration of the — subcutaneous connective tissue and the appearance of grayish- yel- © low nodules varying in size from a lentil to a hazel nut, scattered — over the surface, and in the deeper parts of the lungs. On sec- — ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 113 tion these nodules are seen to contain a grayish-yellow, dry, cheesy material with softened centers, from which a creamy, greenish-yel- low liquid may be pressed. They are set off from the healthy lung tissues by a grayish-brown connective tissue capsule. The Bacillus ovisepticus was found in these lesions. —o OESOPHAGEAL OpsTRUCTION—OESOPHAGITIS FOLLOWING. Doct. G. Del Seppia. Jl Nuovo Ercol.—Having partaken too glutton- ‘ously of a meal of bran and potatoes mixed, an eight year old horse showed all the symptoms of choking, which was easily diag- nosed. The test of drinking water, eating, slobbering, swelling in the oesophageal region, the case was complete. Catheterism of the esophagus was then attempted with a long urethral catheter. It was readily introduced into the esophagus until arrival at the point where the swelling was observed on the outside of the neck, resis- tance was felt. Moderate, gradual pressure pushed it through the mass and suddenly the horse reared and the catheter pulled away. Drink was then offered, taken and swallowed with a little difficulty and it was thought that perhaps the obstruction had not been pushed into the stomach because of the catheter being too short. The next day with a two meter tube of hard rubber the catheterism was successfully performed. For a few days the animal seemed to have some trouble in deglutition but after that, recovery was complete. A. LiaAuTArD. : Sees BacrertIAL INFECTION AS A CAUSE OF RHEUMATISM AND ITS TREATMENT. F. E, Stewart. Mulford’s Digest—The term ‘‘rheu- - matism,’’ defined as ‘‘an indefinite something induced by cold and exposure, always affecting either muscle or joint, and with pain on motion as a prominent symptom,’’ has been much abused and sadly _over-worked. _ The researches of Poynton, Payne and Rosenow have done much G to establish our knowledge of infectious arthritis ineluding its ear- - diac and other complications. For the treatment, of streptococcie rheumatism a polyvalent bacterin may be employed prepared from different strains of strep- tococci isolated from rheumatic cases, or a mixed or combined bac- ‘terin may be selected containing pneumococci, staphylococci and streptococci. 114 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE , 4 Success in the bacterin treatment of rheumatism is largely de- pendent upon proper attention to Wright’s directions in regard to accessory treatment. Wright calls attention to the fact that fail- ure may result if proper circulation is not secured in the infected area. Nature walls off the infected area to the best of her ability +s to quarantine it from the rest of the body. Frequently this wall greatly hinders the circulation of the blood in the part infected by living microbes, thus presenting a serious obstacle to bacterin treat- ‘ment. Methods for producing hyperemia are therefore, often’ “4 necessary. Mortiriep Prouapsus Rectt—Repuction—OPERATION—ReECcov- ERY. Doct. G. Del Seppia—A very young donkey had prolapsus a” of the rectum for several days. It was 35 centimeters long, form- ing a protrusion red in color. It had appeared after work. The — author reduced it at once after cleaning, with lysoform. The pro- lapsus having returned a second time, pressure was applied against 2 the anus with the tail, which was secured tightly with a sureingle. 7 Finally the prolapsus returned a third time, worse than before and the mucosa of the rectum was soiled with feces, bleeding here ed and there and with excoriations and gangrenous spots. The treat- — ment followed after the administration of chloral by rectum, a was the introduction of a wooden tube, 25 centimeters long, 4 centi- meters wide into the rectal vestibulum and held by an assistant. Another assistant pulled the rectum over the tube and as near as _ possible to the anus. It was then secured with an elastic ligature and 3 centimeters from the anus, the prolapsed portion of the rec- tum was amputated, and sutures were applied to unite the intes- tinal stump to the anus. The animal .manifested a little pain a towards the end of the operation. The wooden cylinder was re- moved. Careful liquid diet was recommended and after a few days — the donkey had entirely recovered. A. LIAUTARD. ——- 0--——--- CHONDRO-SARcoMATOUs GrowrH. Dr. Luigi Menicagli. 71 Nuovo Ercol.—This occurred in an eight year old cow, far advanced — A in pregnancy. She had been affected for two months with diffieult respiration, while at work. The animal presented the unique symp- _ tom of loud breathing, which became so pronounced that the owner who at first overlooked it, finally called on the author for advice. = The difficulty in breathing was manifested by a loud noise, ! . , ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 115 which sounded as if there was some impediment to the passage of the air through the nostrils. On examination of that portion of the face, there was found on the right side, a round tumor close to the lower angle of the nostril, smooth on its surface, ulcerated in two places and adherent to the cartilaginous septum of the nose. This growth was hard, not painful and to all appearance seemed to be part of the cartilage. The removal was performed with the bistouri. Abundant hemorrhage was arrested with thermo-cautery and recovery was complete after a few days. The examination of the growth showed its nature to be that of a chondro-sarcoma. A. LIAUTARD. ——_Oo-—_—_ IxvestiGa rion INTO THE DisEASE OF SHEEP CALLED ‘‘SCRAPIE’’; Wire Speci RerereNce ro rs Association WirH SARcosPoRIDIO- D sis, T. P. M’Gowan, I Vol., pp. 12-116, Edinburgh, 1914—In a very extensive, well illustrated monograph M’Gowan has treated the | subject in a splendid manner, and it is barely possible to consider the publication in a brief abstract. It is the result of an investiga- ! tion which the author has undertaken at the suggestion of a commis- sion which was appointed for the purpose of determining the cause | | of the enormous losses created by the disease in Eeosse County. Clinically, the sheep show at the preferable age of two years a ’ persistent pruritus with cutaneous eruptions; gradual emaciation ; without diarrhea and loss in appetite; marked incorrelated locomo- tion (paralysis, trotting movements; lameness, ete,) The disease is always fatal. M’Gowan thinks that ‘‘Serapie’’ is the result of an infection with sarcosporidia, for the following reasons: (1): Sareosporidia are always present in the skeletal muscles | of sheep suffering from ‘‘serapie’’. The number is proportionally . larger in advanced than in earlier cases. (2): The pruritus, the main symptom of the disease, ean be eas- ily reproduced in the rabbit by injections with an emulsion of sar- _ cosporidia. (3): The clinical examination of atypical cases also reveals | that the paralyses are, in all probability, the result of primary ___ lesions of the muscles. i (4): The autopsy—aside from an intensive invasion with sar- _ cosporidia—is absolutely negative. 4 (5): No other hypothesis permits a better or more simple ex- planation as to the symptoms and the evolution of the disease, 116 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ‘‘Serapie’’ is hereditary on account of congenital infection. Numerous chapters are devoted to the discussion of the evolution of the sarcosporidia, the sarcosystine, ete. : So far, no treatment has been successful; the best method (on account of the hereditary transmission) consists in progressively re- placing the ewes in infected herds by young female sheep from clean herds. K. F. Myer. PATHOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS INTO LAMZIEKTE. REPORT TO THE MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE, 1914. E. Hedinger, Dec. 1915; Pre- toria, Gov. Printing and Stationery Office—The nature of this dis- ease in cattle, (resembling the foregoing discussed malady in sheep) which is very common in South Africa, causing heavy losses annual- ly, has remained unknown, in spite of all the costly experiments which were undertaken by Theiler to support some of his elaborate hypotheses which he discussed in his article ‘‘ Historical sketch of the investigations into lamziekte’’. (Report of Department of Agricul- ture. Union of South Africa. 1913-1914; pp. 123-129). The work of Hedinger in this connection shows again clearly how fundamentally important and valuable a careful histopatholog- ical investigation will prove to the investigators of an unknown dis- ease. If he lacks the basic knowledge of this science, or does not ap- preciate the efforts of his collaborators to study the disease anatomi- cally, he involuntarily has to resort to speculations. ‘ea Prof. Hedinger, of the Medical Faculty of the University of Basel, (Switzerland), has been invited by the Department of Agri- culture, Union of South Africa, to study the disease—after Theiler a had blocked all the attempts of the various pathologists who worked in his laboratory to obtain the necessary material for a careful study of ‘‘lamziekte’’. uM In 52 cases examined, Hedinger found degenerative lesions in im the muscles, inflammatory changes in the nerves, and sarcosporidia, The correlation of these findings is expressed by the author inthe following paragraph : .. ‘‘Lamziekte is a disease which is very well characterized by his- tological changes of the cross-striated muscles, and in most cases of | the nervous system, and by the presence of sarcosporidia. Although, — owing to the incomplete knowledge of the sacrosporidia it is still not BS possible to prove experimentally the importance of the sarcospori- diosis for the lamziekte, it is quite possible, taking into consideration — q ” ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 117 - the facts that are known about sareosporidia, that these protozoa are the cause of lamziekte. The sarcosporidiosis explains without diffi- culty the whole nature of lamziekte. Be it that the sarcosporidia are or are not responsible for lamziekte, in all further investigations the question of the importance of .sarcosporidia must have the first place’’, K. F. Meyer. a Ves VERMINOUS THROMBOSIS OF, THE MESENTERIC ARTERY CAUSES INTESTINAL OpstruCTION. Major Veterinary Cocu. Bull. de la Soc. Cent.—A stallion seven years of age, had generalized mange. He was in a very bad physiological condition. Notwithstanding every care and a ferocious appetite, while his skin disease was im- proving, he was still in a miserable condition and lost flesh. He only weighed 395 kilos. He still had a lively glance of the eye. his actions were always quick and well preserved, but the muscular emaciation was such that once when he was lying down he needed help to get up. An edematous swelling of the testicular region made its appear- ance, the loss of flesh was more accentuated, the horse was destroyed by military order. Post mortem. No essential lesions were found except in the right fasciculus of the mesenterie artery and its term- inal branches. The coats of the intestines were pale and the mucous membrane showed little nests of embryos of sclerostomas and adult worms were found in great quantity. The right fasciculus of the ') artery was represented by a thick cord as big as the finger with in- durated walls. Its cavity was contracted and partly obliterated by fibrinous clots and masses of worms. Under the colic and cecal serous covering, there were many old calcified emboli and also many capillaries were obliterated and. transformed into small calcareous cylinders. All the other organs were healthy. A. Liaurarp. ——O0-—_—_- TWINNING IN CATTLE, Wirth SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE FREE Martin: Leon J. Cole, Science, Vol. 43, p. 177, 1916—A study of 303 multiple births in cattle, the records of which were obtained di- rectly from breeders. Any female calf twinned with a male is re- ferred to as a free martin. From a consideration of certain theoret- ical biological factors, Cole concludes that some free martins should be fertile while others are sterile. It was found that both classes ex- ist. The work was done at the College of Agriculture of Wisconsin. . BERG, 118 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Raptum Mup In SyNovitis AND TENDINITIS. Veterinary Major Marshall, Bulletin de la Soc. Cent.—1st observation. Articular and — tendinous synovitis—Six year old mare, Henrietta, had no history but yet she showed cicatrices of distemper abscesses in the inter- maxillary space. After some little time, she became lame in the right hind leg with articular synovitis. Revulsive treatment and blisters — gave no relief. The fetlock became involved, the metatarsopha- langeal tendinous synovials were also diseased. For several months: the mare was unable to do any work and became emaciated. The author then suggested the application of poultices made of radium ___ mud. From the first application round the fetlock, the mare mani- fested some relief. The swelling remained the same but the parts were not so painful nor so warm. A second application was made, and twenty-four hours after the mare could put her foot flat on the ground, and rested on it, the pain was considerably reduced to the touch, and lameness so far gone that the mare could be made to trot. Radio-active baths were ordered alternatively with the poul- _ tices. After ten days of that treatment the recovery was complete. 2d Observation. Tendinitis of the perforans tendon. Becom- ‘ing suddenly lame in the right fore leg, the mare Falaise became dis- abled and not likely to be ridden for a while, much to the annoyance of her owner, who was going to manoeuvers in a few days. There was no doubt that at least nearly two months treatment would be ~ required. She was treated with radium mud and after five days of direct applications of poultices and with radio-active baths, the mare was able to resume her work. A, Liaurarp, ——o--— LA ReEAZIONE DI Boret-GenGcou NELLA RogNA DEMODECTICA DEL Cane. THe Borpet-Gencou REACTION IN THE DemMopEcTIC MANGE ~ or THE Doa), G.C. Sparapani. Jl Moderno Zooiatro, 1915, May 30th; pp. 211-218.—It was demonstrated through the work of Gmeiner and Mettam that the Staphylococcus aureus is the most im- portant factor in the pustular form of demodectic mange, and Ales- sandrini therefore stated that the demodex folliculorum has no pathogenic action on the host. The author, in attempting to form his own opinion on the subject, investigated several cases of mange by means of the complement fixation test and found that the blood of the affected dogs contained specific antibodies for the Staphy- lococcus albus. Positive reactions were noted only in dogs which ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 119 showed microscopically the cocci in the pus of the pustule contents. Negative results only were obtained with the serum of healthy ani- mals and with that of dogs in which the pathological process was only caused by the mites. The reaction is, therefore, specific. The staphylo-mycosis is not characteristic for follicular mange -jnasmuch as in other skin affections a similar invasion with staphy- lococei can take place. Sparagini failed to find specific antibodies against the demo- dex by using macerations of parasitized skin particles as antigens. The results prove the contention of Alessandrini that the demo- dex is non-pathogenic. K. F. Meyer. A aes she EXPERIMENTAL WorK. Hog CHoLeRA SERUM AND Virus. Re- PORT OF THE VETERINARY DepartTMENT. R. A. Craig. T’wenty-eighth Annual Report of the Purdue University Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Jndiana.—In order to determine the effect of heat on the potency of anti-hog-cholera serum, different lots of serum were heated in a water bath. The temperature to which the serum was heated varied in the different experiments and excepting in the first, both unheated and heated serum from the same lot was used ‘in vaccinating the experimental pigs. The following table gives the ’ _ number of experiments and a summary of the data of each test: Pigs re- No. | Temperature serum| Low | High | ceiving | Virus _ exper- heated dose dose junheated| pigs Result iment |. pigs pigs serum I 40.5 degrees C 3 3 2 Serum potent 1 hour Ir 40.5 degrees C 3 2 2 2 Serunypotent : 1 hour Tir 50.0 degrees C. 3 3 2 2 Serum potent 1 hour IV | 50 to 53 degrees C. 3 3 2 2 Serum potent 1 hour my 55 degrees C. 2 2 2 2 Serum potent 1 hour wl 55 degrees C. 2 2 2 2 Serum potent 1 hour VII o degrees C. 2 2 4 2 2 Serum potent 1 hour We were able to note the condition of a few of the pigs that were vaccinated with the heated serum several weeks after they had been released from the test, and it was noted that they did not thrive well. However, it could not be determined that the heated serum was — for their condition, 120 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE In Experiments I and II the serum (defibrinated blood) was carbolized before heating, and could not be heated to a higher tem- perature than 40.5 degrees C. without becoming thickened and coag- ulated. In the other experiments the preservative was added after ~ 2 heating. An experimental vaccine was made by mixing hog-cholera blood and anti-hog-cholera serum together and heating the mixture in a water bath. Five-tenths of one per cent. carbolic acid was added as a preservative. The experimental vaccine was then tested by inject- ing into pigs weighing about fifty pounds. The following table e gives a summary of the tests: ae No. Per cent. | Per cent. Amount Result experiment virus serum injected I 80 20 1 Gc Failed to protect II 70 . 30 KS Failed to protect Til 60 40 1-2 ¢.¢. Failed to protect IV 50 50 2-4 @.¢. Failed to protect V 50 50 2-4 ¢.¢. Failed to protect VI 40 60 2-4 «ec. - Failed to protect Exposure check pigs that were not given the experimental vac- cine were present in all of the lots. In from a few days to three weeks the pigs were subject to pen exposure, or inoculated with virus. One check and one vaccinated pig survived. As the pigs re- ceiving the experimental vaccine lived about the same number of days as the checks, no immunity was conferred. REICHEL. SP Res \ a J Ecuinococcus Cysts In tHE Lunas CausE PNEUMOTHORAX IN A Cow. Henry B. Eve, M. R.C. V.S. Veter. Journ—Aged cow in poor condition, bought at auction sale, was fed like the other cows, which were in a good condition. She kept away. She was dull, list- less, with pale mucous membranes, had a discharge from eyes and nostrils, coat was staring, appetite capricious, gave very little milk which was watery, pulse was weak, breathing accelerated, tempera- ture sub-normal. Auscultation revealed pneumothorax on both sides. She had a hacking cough, which was noticeable in the morn- ing. The abdomen was relaxed and sometimes constipated. Chronic emphysema was diagnosed. Tuberculin test was ap- plied and was negative. Treatment consisted in tonics of all kinds. No improvement and death followed. Post mortem: Numerous echinococeus cysts of the multilobular variety were found in the lungs. One was near the base of the right Jung and had burst allowing the air to escape from the lung. A, Liautarp, ARMY VETERINARY LEGISLATION It is strange that the practical soldiers of the General Staff and the Secretaries of War should be so slow to recognize the true worth of our profession and the great work that is now being done by the Army Veterinary Corps of the French, English, Italian, and the little known, but, surely efficient German army veterinarians. The latter being compelled to carefully conserve their horses on account of the actual blockade against imports. ~ However indifferent and cold the officers of our mounted (Ar- tillery and Cavalry) service may have been in the past, I can see and hear much that shows a trend of opinion in our direction. At a University banquet in Washington this winter a Major of Field Artillery emphatically stated that he was a radical be- liever in giving the veterinarian commission with rank in our army For the first time in the history of the American Army a vet- erinarian has been sent abroad to observe the work of the allied forces in France and he was the veterinarian whose work had molded the opinion of the officer quoted. Both the upper and lower Houses of the 64th Congress now in ') - session have bills preparing to give veterinarians advanced standing. _ The first and most important one is known as the Hay bill (H.R. No. 12766, Union Calendar No. 92). This bill in relation to its veterinary feature was similar to the one passed unanimously last year by the House after the great work of my predecessor on the legislative committee. At this writing it is now on the Union Calendar and: will follow the consideration of the Free Sugar bill. The Senate bill (S. 4840) is called the Chamberlain bill. CHAMBERLAIN BILL Sec. 17. VETERINARIANS.—The President is authorized to ap- point and commission by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, veterinarians at the rate of two for each regiment of Caval- ry, one for each batallion of Field Artillery and mounted Engineers, and twenty-four for the Quartermaster Corps. Veterinarians thus ap- pointed shall have the pay and allowances of second lieutenants, Vet_ -erinarians who have served seven years as such shall, subject to such examinations as the President may prescribe, have the pay and allow- ances of first lieutenants. Veterinarians who have served more than fifteen years as such, shall, subject to such examinations as the Presi- dent may prescribe, have the pay and allowances of captains. Vet- erinarians who have served more than fifteen years as such shall, 122 ARMY VETERINARY LEGISLATION \ subject to such examinations as the President may prescribe, have the pay and allowances of majors: Provided, That the total number of veterinarians with pay and allowances of majors shall not at any | a time exceed fifteen. —~ HAY BILL Sec. 17. That the President is hereby authorized, by and with 4 the advice and consent of the Senate, to appoint veterinarians and — assistant veterinarians in the Army, not to exceed, including veteri- nary officers in service, two such officers for each regiment of Cav- alry, one for every three batteries of Field Artillery, seventeen as inspectors of horses and mules and as veterinarians in the Quarter- _ master Corps, and seven as inspectors of meats for the Quarter- — master Corps, and said veterinarians and assistant veterinarians — 7 shall constitute the Veterinary Corps and shall be a part of the Med- o ical Department of the Army. That hereafter a candidate for appointment as assistant vet-— erinarian must be a citizen of the United States, between the ages of “4 twenty-one and twenty-seven years, a graduate of a recognized vet- erinary college or university, and shall not be appointed until he shall have passed a satisfactory examination as to character, physi- . eal condition, general education, and professional qualifications. - That an assistant veterinarian appointed under this Act shall, for the first five years of service as such, have the rank, pay, and allowances of second lieutenant; that after five years of service he | ; shall have the rank, pay, and allowances of first lieutenant; that after fifteen years of service he shall be promoted to be a veteri- narian with the rank, pay, and allowances of captain: Provided, That any assistant veterinarian, in order to be promoted as herein- before provided, must first pass a satisfactory examination, under such rules as the President may prescribe, as to professional quali- fications and adaptability for the military service; and if such as- sistant veterinarian shall be found deficient at such examination he shall be discharged from the Army with one year’s pay. That the veterinarians of Cavalry and Field Artillery now in the Army, together with such veterinarians of the Quartermaster Corps as are now employed in said corps, who at the date of the approval of this Act shall have had less than five years’ govern- mental service, may be appointed in the Veterinary Corps as as- sistant veterinarians with the rank, pay, and allowances of second lieutenant; those who shall have had over five years of such service — 4 may be appointed in said corps as assistant veterinarians with the rank, pay, and allowances of first lieutenant; and those who shall have had over fifteen years of such service may be appointed in said corps as veterinarians with the rank, pay, and allowances of captain: Provided, That no such appointment of any veterinarian shall be made unless he shall first pass satisfactorily a practical professional and physical examination as to his fitness for the mili- ARMY VETERINARY LEGISLATION 123 tary service: Provided further, That veterinarians now in the Army or in the employ of the Quartermaster Corps who shall fail to pass the prescribed physical examination because of disability incident to the service sufficient to prevent them from the perfor- mance of duty valuable to the Government shall be placed upon the retired list of the Army with seventy-five per centum of the pay to which they would have been entitled if appointed in the Veterinary Corps as hereinbefore prescribed. That the Secretary of War, upon recommendation of the Sur- geon General of the Army, may appoint in the Veterinary Corps, for such time as their services may be required, such number of reserve veterinarians as may be necessary to attend public animals pertaining to the Quartermaster Corps. Reserve veterinarians so employed shall have the pay and allowances of second lieutenant during such employment and no longer: Provided, That such re- serve veterinarians shall be graduates of a recognized veterinary college or university and shall pass a satisfactory examination as to character, physical condition, general education, and professional qualifications in like manner as hereinbefore required of assistant veterinarians; such reserve veterinarians shall constitute a list of ‘eligibles for appointment as assistant veterinarians subject to all the conditions hereinbefore prescribed for the appointment of as- _ sistant veterinarians. That candidates for appointment as assistant veterinarians who shall have passed satisfactorily the examinations prescribed for that grade by this Act shall be appointed, in the order of merit in which they shall have passed such examination, to vacancies as they occur, such appointments to be for a probationary period of one year, after which time, if the services of the probationers shall have been satis- factory, they shall be permanently appointed with rank to date from the dates of rank of their probationary appointments. Pro- bationary veterinarians whose services are found unsatisfactory shall be discharged at any time during the probationary period, or at the end thereof, and shall have no further claims against the Government on account of their probationary service. That the Secretary of War shall from time to time appoint boards of examiners to conduct the veterinary examinations here- - inbefore prescribed, each of said boards to consist of three medical _ officers and two veterinarians. A comparison of the two will readily show that the Hay bill has our endorsement. The confusion and delay in Congress on measures of national security are disquieting to the public and only such occurrences as the Columbus raid and massacre seem to stir up action. The military affairs committees have been working independent- ly anid in some cases at cross purposes, 124 ARMY VETERINARY LEGISLATION i Their work will have to be done over again by Congress as a whole unless financial considerations are to be cast to the winds. On the fundamental question of reconstructing the army there : fe is such wide difference that a long struggle is possible. Right here is where our section 17 of both bills will be in the thick of the fight, — especially in the Senate. : We expect little or no opposition in the House bill. After two and a half months of committee work the chairmen wish to have their recommendations promptly acted upon. The emergency defense bill raising the army strength to 120,- 000 was rapidly passed by both houses. It is doubted in some quarters that Congress will be able to devise and fill out a comprehensive and coherent system of national defense within a year or two. Certainly the lack of information shown by the law makers is — = jn many instances very deplorable. Committees alone possess the information obtained at hearings and from department heads and — their chairmen hold the respect of Congress on account: of this knowledge of the subject being considered. Right here is where our great friend, Hay, of Virginia, anal his best for the Army veterinarian. He knows full well the need of rank and authority and responsi. bility for our men and when he gives Congress his word that this must be a part of the new defense bill we feel more confident than ever, that it will pass. It seems almost impossible of belief that after having had civil and foreign war experiences of our own, and with the daily object lesson of the European battle fields, Americans generally and their legislators in particular, should be so indifferent to our pos- sible fate if unprepared. ' When we stop in our mad rush for riches and luxury and pon- der over our gigantic size and its helplessness, except to gain greater size and wealth, it is time to listen and reflect ‘‘on the first requisites to national defense without which we would be helpless.’’ Of course both bills cannot become law but must be referred to a conference committee composed of the two chairmen and three members each from the Senate and House. Daviy EK. BuckinaHam, Chairman Legislative Committee. [Just as this form is closing, news comes that the bill has passed the — House,—L£ditor, | : PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (Continued from page 783, March issue) We further recommend that. when an institution has failed for a reasonable period (in the judgment of this committee but not more than two years) to comply with what the committee deems im- a portant criticisms, and has made no material progress toward correc- tion of the fault, then and thereafter such criticism shall be pre- sented in open meeting and published in reports until such faults have been corrected or the association as a whole has had oppor- tunity to consider and act on such criticisms. SPECIAL INSTRUCTION :—We recommend that veterinary col- leges not already doing so should adopt a definite plan of giving instruction to older students concerning professional business mat- - ters and including accounts, collections, dealing with the patron, professional ethies, public responsibilities and opportunities for service, ete. RESPONSIBILITY FOR STUDENTS WELFARE:—We renew previous recommendations that veterinary colleges in general should definite- ly recognize their responsibility for social and moral welfare of the students just as other colleges do and make suitable provision look- ing to that end. | _ ‘VETERINARY COLLEGES FOR RECOGNITION 1914-15:—It should be understood that our report in this connection has no bearing upon the colleges which have been recognized by the association in the past, but which are not now in active service. We have already in this report called the attention of the as- sociation to the fact that a considerable number of previously recog- nized veterinary colleges have operated during the year 1914-15 in violation of section 2, article VIII. by-laws 1913, particularly regulations XI, XII and XIII relating to faculty, alumni, and _re- quirements for certain specified major subjects, also in violation of section 3, of the same article relating to a matriculation requirement of one year high school or its equivalent. In some eases, the vio- lation has been only of section 2, in most cases the violation has been of both sections 2 and 3. : This puts before our association a serious question concerning the position of a very large number of matriculants of the year 1914-15 with regard to eligibility for membership in this association, 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. - Having these minor defects in mind, the committee have de- _ cided to suggest to the association that this condition is so general - . and the attention of all the schools being called to it in a very posi- tive manner in the criticisms that the committee have made of the _ colleges, that we believe the matter will be taken care of in the fu- 4 ture, by those colleges that have apparently ere this require. "a ment. a _ The list of schools to be published for satan ia in the forth- aa coming report will be determined by the action of the association and will be automatically constituted if the committee report con- a cerning schools found not in violation be accepted and considered in connection with action of the association with reference to schools listed as in violation of by-law requirements. a Unirorm MartricuLatTion REQUIREMENTS :—Still under this gen- eral heading of recommendations we would respectfully call atten- tion to the desirability of uniform matriculation requirements by ‘the American Veterinary Medical Association, the Federal Depart- ment of Agriculture, and Civil Service Commission. Looking to q this end the chairman of your committee has had some correspon- dence with these two bodies with encouragement that the question — will be carefully considered. In fact, some progress has alvesay been made apparently as a result of this correspondence. A report has just been received from Mr. John Mellhenny. President of the United States Civil Service Commission under — date of August 11th, advising us that after a conference with the Secretary of Agriculture that regulation I of the regulations goy- erning entrance to examination for the position of veterinary in- spector, Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture, has been amended to read as follows, to become effective at the be- ginning of the 1916-17 session of veterinary colleges: Ra: ‘1, A matriculation examination shall be adopted by each - veterinary college, the minimum requirements of which shall be. 4 equivalent to the first grade examination as published in the United — States Civil Service Manual of Examinations. Such examination will therefore comprise : 1. Spelling 2. Arithmetic 4. Penmanship 4. Report writing Copying and correcting manuseript 6. Geography and civil government of the United States. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 127 2. An applicant having a diploma from a recognized college or normal or high school, or a first-grade teacher’s certificate, shall be eligible for admission to a veterinary college without examination. It is not deemed advisable to make this amendment effective at once, as colleges have already made their arrangements for en- trance classes for the coming school year. By direction of the commission : Very respectfully, ; J. A. McIuuenny, President.’’ Our governmental authorities could hardly be expected to come to any unusual standard required by this association unless that standard fitted closely to their needs. But, on the other hand our association could easily modify its standards so as to harmonize with theirs, providing they are willing to adopt satisfactory eleva- tions of matriculation requirements. We recommend that this association should now take definite steps and make persistent effort to bring about uniformity of re- quirements by these bodies, either by appointment of a special committee or special authorization of an existing committee. The chairman of this committee now offers as a motion that this report be referred to the executive committee for consideration of its ‘recommendations. Committee : Geo. W. DuNPHY P. H. BRownING M. H. Reynoups, Chairman. COMMENTS We deem it wise to call attention of this association to certain _ features of American Medical Association work. Firts, that this association maintains a permanent ‘‘ Council ’ on Medical Education’’ as a rather stable body, term of member- _ ship, five years, one member retiring annually. : \ ; : : * . « A. M. A. maintains very close college inspection and is very | exacting in its requirements. The A. M. A. asks for a specified number of thoroughly trained specialists on laboratory branches, giving entire time to instruction - and research work, anatomy being included as one of the laboratory | subjects. The A. M. A. is insisting more and more on abundant hospital facilities and clinical opportunities and the use just as far as pos- sible of the laboratory method of teaching. - ~~ 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ‘The A. M. A. insists on the need of good library facilities, specifying quite definitely number and character of ig cite housing, accessibility, ete. The A. M. A. adopted several years ago a classification of med- ical colleges into four clearly defined groups, grading medical col- leges (and publishing) somewhat as a modern city dairy inspector might grade dairies and publish official gradings. What would the American Veterinary Medical Association — think of this plan? Your committee does not think it best to make — recommendation to this effect at present but would very much ap- preciate the benefit of a free discussion. a RECOMMENDATIONS 5 MATRICULATION :—In our last recommendations (see propenaa ings for 1913) we urged the desirability of steady and reasonably rapid improvement in matriculation requirements in order that our profession may come up as rapidly as possible to the matriculation — requirements of other professional colleges. This recommenda-- tion we now renew. ‘To illustrate this point concerning our pres- ent inadequate matriculation examination and requirements the following is submitted. This is copied exactly from an examina- tion written for the Minnesota Examining Board by a recent gradu-— ate of one of our older and well established schools. Comments appear quite unnecessary excepting that license was of course re- fused, and that as every examining board member knows, such cases are not rare. On total of three arithmetic problems which any pupil who has finished the eighth grade work should have solved, his answer was A marked as zero for each of the three. a In response to question on Iisony, ‘What do the stars ant a stripes of the U.S. flag represent?’’ his answer, quoting exactly, was a ‘‘Libatory, when George Washington gained the independence fond the United States.’’ ye In response to the question, ‘‘Name the capital cities of the thirteen original states,’’? he answered; ‘‘St. Paul, Minnesota; Springfield, Ill.; Pear, South Dakota; Bismark, North Dakota.’ In response to the question, ‘‘Name the martyred presidents of the United States,’’ he answered, ‘‘ Willison’’ (Evidently Wilson), His total rating on all common school subjects was 17.5 on a ~ basis of 100. re In response to question calling for a letter of not less than fifty PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 129 words and not more than one hundred words, subject of letter to be ‘‘Report on Illegal Veterinary Practitioners in Your Locality,’’ he answered : Candidate No. 129. ‘St. Paul, Minn., July 18, 1915. ‘‘Minnesota State Veterinary Exam, Board. ‘*Dear. Sir. ‘¢As I am practicing at............ and am practicing Veterinary ‘‘Medicine, I find that their is a quack at.......... sixteen miles (Copied exactly) In 1904, less than 20% of our American Medical Colleges re- quired more than full high school course for matriculation. In 1911, 33% required one or more years of collegiate work. Later figures are not available. PRESIDENT MarsHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the report. What is your pleasure? Dr. Kinstey: I move that the report be accepted and referred to the ex- ecutive committee. Seconded by Dr, Hoskins. “PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any remarks to be made in regard to referring the report, of the committee on colleges to the executive committee? If not those in favor make it, manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. Carried. It is so ordered. That finishes the program for the morning. Be- fore we adjourn, let us fix the time for meeting in the morning. It is scheduled at 9:30. The executive committee has a good deal of work to do yet. I think if you make it ten o’clock that the executive committee will be ready to report at that time. . If there is no objection, we stand adjourned until ten o’clock to-morrow, Oakland, Calif.; September 2, 1915. The fifth business session of the fifty-second stated meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association was called to order by the President, Clarence J. Marshall, at ten o’clock A. M. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, the executive committee is still in ses- _ sion. They won’t be through for half or three-quarters of an hour, but in order to start the meeting on schedule time we will not wait for the committee. They will report later. The first thing on the program this morning is the report of Dr. Hoskins, Secretary of the Special Committee on Salmon Memorial. Dr. Hoskins then read the report of the committee as follows: Se a — = ee py aren ro SST IS ‘ = mths aS a rs i teak Maa — - RO ans (er ee ee 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. SALMON MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. Mr. President and Members: Having accepted at your hands the post of secretary of the aa Salmon Memorial Committee and in that capacity having communi- — cated with the other members of your appointment, as well as the reviewing of the extensive communications on this subject that brought forth expressions of favor from representatives of a large proportion of the state associations, some local veterinary organiz- ations, the Bureau of Animal Industry, national organizations, as— well as a number of the local branches of this body, with many ex- pressions of individual interest, and a wealth of suggestions, all ae showing the deepest interest in perpetuating this good man’s name, all of which have been considered by your committee, we beg leave to present for your consideration the following suggestions: First: that the Salmon Memorial Fund shall be undertaken by this body and that a stated committce will be appointed by this — organization for the carrying out of the purposes of this movement. Second: that the form of testimonial shall be of an educa- tional character, that may cover a scholarship, a fellowship, or some advanced or special work of interest or import to the veterinary profession, as may from time to time be recommended by this com- mittee for action of the. association. That to this end a sum of monies of not less than ten thordand dollars be raised by popular subscription from the upwards of seven- teen thousand of veterinarians in North America; this money to be invested under the direction of this association so that the income | of four or five hundred dollars may be annually awarded to some one or more along the lines above referred to. That said scholarship or fellowship shall be in an American Veterinary College, and if a fellowship, not to be taken in the college of which the successful person awarded the same shall be a graduate | thereof. To this end, Mr. President, I am authorized by a committee of Pennsylvania Veterinarians to guarantee the sum of five hundred dollars from that state or one-twentieth (1-20) of the sum of any amount that may be determined upon. I am equally assured by representatives of the New York State Associations that they will raise the sum of five hundred dollars. Many other states have already raised sums of monies for this purpose and some states are endeavoring to secure a contribution from each practitioner in their respective states, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 131 Monies already contributed are in the hands of a number of state custodians waiting some specific action by this body. I have here a telegram saying that the Ohio Association voted one hundred dollars for the Salmon Memorial. Respectfully submitted, W. Horace Hoskins, Secretary. (See the October 1915 number for a more extended report). PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard Dr. Hoskins’s report. What do you wish to do with it? Is there any discussion? This is an im- portant matter and I hope you will discuss it thoroughly, and that some definite plan will be offered. If any of you wish to speak on the subject, I will be very glad to hear from you. Dr. MurPHey: Mr, President, that kind of a memorial appeals to me very much, It seems to me a permanent committee should take it in charge, not only to secure the subscription, but also to decide upon the sort of fellowship to be given along with representative lines of work; not necessarily the same kind of work every year, and not necessarily the same school, but that the mat- ter should rotate and that the investigation work provided for should be done under the masters which we have in this country, I think that one of the greatest handicaps to veterinary education in this country has been the lack of fellowships for students who do not have the ability or means to pay for their own sustenance during the time the work is being done. Dr. Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, the committee deemed it wise to leave the form which the memorial might take, entirely to the recommendations of the association, to be taken up from year to year by the association, and not to recommend any one specific line whatever; for instance, Dr. Murphey might come in and make a recommendation to the association that would be referred to that committee to investigate, and the following year the work could be carried on in that direction if so desired, I think there should be the widest latitude as to what is the best way. It might be that some young man, a son of a veterinarian, whose father might be sending him through school, might come to the second year without funds, and it might be that $200. or $300, would help that man through, so we think the committee ought to have the widest latitude in this respect. Naturally we have received a great many suggestions from all over the country in respect to this memorial. Some have advocated a memorial statue, or a memorial arch, or something of that kind, but that sort of memorial did not appeal to the. committee whatever. It did not seem to be in accord with the wonderful life which Dr. Salmon led, and the wonderful work which he did. It seemed to the committee that if he had had the planning of it, it would be something along the line to’ advance veterinary education, and we believe the committee should work in that direction. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I would like to ask Dr. Hoskins if the committee worked out any plan for a permanent committee, so that the different organi- x sorte throughout the country should be combined into an efficiently working whole, 132 PROCEEDINGS. OF THE A. V. M. A Dr. Hoskins: No, Mr, Chairman, we did not work out any plan, but I ; have one in mind, and if the incoming administration should see fit to assign — me to a place on that committee, I should take up the labor with the keenest — delight and pleasure. = - As I said in my tribute to him, I have spent thirty-five dues of ae life — . in close touch with the man, and a better man never lived in our country. We have numerous committees already who are taking up this matter with ‘a 4 great enthusiasm, and they are waiting now for some concrete directions from oa this body. Some have gone ahead and done work and collected money, but I have asked them to postpone any definite action as to how the money should go until this body should act and make some general plan. Dr. TyLER: ‘The Doctor in his last few remarks touched upon the very point I wish to refer to. Some little time ago the Southern Auxiliary of the x California Association received a communication from a coterie of veteri- — narians, I believe, from Boston, Massachusetts or somewhere in the East, ask- — ing for a contribution to this fund. Well, we did not know what we ought to — do, but our secretary was instructed to notify the gentleman who did the writ- — ing that when the matter took a conerete form we were ready to remit. I do not think that condition is confined to our society alone. I think it holds — good in others, and it is my: judgment that it will be necessary to have some s permanent committee—somebody to whom the money shall be sent, and who will see that it is properly spent. We stand ready to contribute to this fund to the very best of our ability. Dr. Fox: Speaking in behalf of the California Association—The North- a ern Association, our association also received a communication similar to the a one Dr, Tyler has just mentioned. A resolution was passed, after we received ye this communication, and we advised the person who. wrote the letter that we — would lend our moral support as soon as the time came when a permanent com- a mittee was in charge of this movement, and that we would also lend our finan- cial support, and so we have been waiting, as have many others, until we knew that the committee had been appointed by this body to take charge of the matter and see that the fund raised is properly handled. You may ex- ‘ pect hearty co-operation from the California Association, Dr. Rurnerrorp: Mr, President, although I do not belong to the United States, I feel that this association and the members of the veterinary associa- a . tions generally, not only in North America, but throughout the world, owe it to themselves as well as to the late Dr. Salmon to perpetuate his memory ina fitting and becoming manner, Dr. Salmon was the man who put into conerete form and rendered possible the effective Organization of Veterinary Sanitary Service of Meat Inspection in the English speaking world. He was the first man who brought order out of chaos in that connection. His work has been a model from which subsequent work of a similar character has been planned _ and carried out. Speaking for myself, I may say that had it not been for the great work which has been already done by Dr. Salmon, at Washington, — | J the task of attempting to organize a Veterinary Sanitary Service of Canada and the Meat Inspection Service of the country would have presented greater P 5 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 133 obstacles—almost unsurmountable obstacles which would have rendered the work which has been done along that line in Canada much more diffieult and unquestionably, when completed, much less perfect. I feel satisfied that the very best way in which the name of Dr. Salmon ean be perpetuated in the vet- erinary profession is that which has been suggested by Dr. Hoskins. We have already seen that method practiced in the old world, as well as in the new. And again, we have seen statues erected and pictures hung commemorative of great men, but these are local, and after one generation has passed—perhaps even before one generation has passed,—the great bulk of the people who were interested in the career of that man, have lost touch with his memory. Having a Salmon Memorial Scholarship, or Fellowship, and having a Salmon Memorial Fund, which will be known and recognized through the world, the memory of Dr, Salmon will be kept green and fresh, not only in the minds of those who knew him, but in the minds of all those who are to come. I therefore take very much pleasure in moving that the memorial to the late Dr, Salmon take the form as suggested by Dr. Hoskins as chairman of the temporary committee. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that the suggestions made and read by Dr. Hoskins, chairman of the MeePrenty Salmon Memorial Committee, be adopted as suggested by him. Dr. Faust: Mr. President, I would like to state that at a meeting of the New York State Veterinary Society a committee was appointed with power to work in conjunction with the committee that should be appointed by this association, ; PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any others to speak on this question? Person- ally I have received letters from a number of different people interested in - this question and it is the general feeling that the national association should take the lead in concentrating the work of this memorial. I would be very glad to see the recommendations of the committee accepted. All those in favor of the acceptance of the recommendations as made by the committee, make it manifest my saying ‘‘aye’’. Those opposed ‘‘no’’. Carried. It is so ordered. Now, as I understand the recommendation there is no definite way settled upon for the selection of that committee. Is it to be elected or appointed? Would it be well to have it stated how this committee should be selected? Dr. Hoskins: Our committee felt about that, Mr. Chairman, that we ought to leave that to be determined by the body and not make any specific recommendation. I do believe, Mr, President, that if the resolution is adopted along the line we propose the committee ought to be a committee appointed or elected for five years. That when charged with that duty it might require five years for the committee to’ get the sum required but it would be possible to report each year, how much money was available and let the association make such recommendations as it might see fit. I believe that committee ought to have some caetnd of seen. (To be continued) FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. V. M. A. Table showing the_proportion of alumni of various colleges with respect to memberhip in the American Veterinary Medical — ‘is Association. Iowa State Vet. College Kansas City Vet. College Indiana Vet College Cincinnati Vet. College St. Joseph Vet. College Grand Rapids Vet. College Michigan Vet. College Name of College | No. Alumni |No.Members| % Members San Francisco Veterinary College 198 74 <|/ 87 plus Univ. of Pennsylvania, Vet. Dept. 628 181 28 plus New York State Vet. Col, at Cornell 370 103 27 plus Washington State Vet. College 69 17 24 plus 309 60 - 19 plus Alabama Polytechnie Vet. College 82 15 18 plus Colorado Veterinary College 68 12 17 plus U. 8S. College of Vet. Surgeons 247 42 17 plus 1311 202 15 plus 541 79 14 plus Ohio State Univ., Vet. Dept. 527 76 14 plus 284 38 13 plus 145 13 8 plus 467 23 4 plus 13 - 0 0 plus The number of alumni of the following colleges who are mem- bers of the American Veterinary Medical Association has been com- piled from the records of the secretary of the above association. The total number of alumni of these colleges has not been obtained. College No. Members College No, Members in the A.V.M.A. in the A.V.M.A. Ontario Veterinary College...... 383 | St. Joseph Vet. College........ 18 Chicago Veterinary College...... 290 | Colorado Vet. College.......... 12 Kensas City Veterinary College.. 202 | Ohio Vet, College........ “tthe beh 10 Univ. of Pennsylvania, Vet. Dept. 181 | Laval University ........ ..... 10 New York City,(Various Colleges 156 | Detroit Col. of Med., Vet. Dept. 8 McKillip’s Veterinary College.. 114 | M.R.C.V.S. London....... va MH») New York State Vet, Col., Cornell 103 | Terre Haute Vet, College....... 8 Indiana Vet. College............ 79 | Columbia University............ 7 Ohio State Univ., Vet. Dept..... 76 | National Vet. College.......... 6 San Francisco Vet. College...... 74 | M.R.C.V.8. Glasgow.......... 5 lowa State Vet. College........ 60 | M.R.C. V8. Edinburgh,......, 5 Montreal Vet. College.......... 55 | Veterinary School of Berlin..... 5 , 8, Col. of Veterinary Curgeons 42 | California Univ., Vet. Dept...... 4 Cincinnati Vet, College........ 88 | Stuttgart Univ. ....0...ceicceee 2 Harvard Univ., Dept. of Vet. Med 31 | New Vet, College....... Raid ovis 2 Geo. Washington Vet. College... 25 | Vet. College, Tokio........ bytes ee Grand Rapids Vet. College...... ' 28 | National Vet, College, France... 2 Washington State Vet. College... 17 Kansas State Ag. Col., Vet. Dept 16 Alabama Poly. Inst., Vet. Dept. 15 Royal Vet. College, Copenhagen, 2 Various Vet. Colleges represented by one member..... SETAE CAPER I FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. V. M. A. 135 TO QUALIFIED VETERINARIANS Detroit Are you planning to be present at the meeting of the Meeting American Veterinary Medical Association to be held in Detroit, August 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25? All veterinarians ‘of good reputation who are graduates of recognized colleges are cordially invited to attend this meeting. ‘The convention will prob- ably be the largest meeting of veterinarians ever held and the pro- gram will excel any hitherto given. Program Several papers of exceptional interest have already been selected. The clinic will be a special feature this year and will occupy the entire day. Operations on carefully selected cases will be supplemented by lectures and demonstrations, and it is proposed to conduct a question box and open discussion in ¢on- junction with the clinic. Entertain- On account of the day of entertainment to be provided ment - by Parke, Davis Company, it has been necessary to ex- tend the time of meeting to include Monday, August 21st. In addition to the meeting and clinics there are many at- tractions in Detroit of special interest to veterinarians. The Local Committee of Arrangements is perfecting plans to enable the vis- iting veterinarians and their families to enjoy these to the utmost. Improve Your If you are meeting with success in your practice Practice you cannot afford to miss this convention. The association includes most of the successful prac- titioners in the United States and Canada. In fact, it is the largest veterinary organization in the world. Get Out of If you are not entirely satisfied with the size of your Your Rut practice or your present location you certainly should go to the Detroit meeting where you will have the op- portunity to meet your colleagues from widely separated fields, get new ideas from personal acquaintances which may open opportuni- ties for advancement and wider practice. Keep Up With If you are unable to attend the Detroit Conven- Your Profession tion, you may still have the privilege of reading the proceedings as published in the Journal of 136 FROM THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF THE A. V. M. A. the American Veterinary Medical Association which comes out each month to all members of the association in good standing. This _ Journal, formerly the American Veterinary Review, and recently purchased by the association, has been enlarged and improved. No veterinarian, whether practitioner or inspector, can afford to be — without it. In order to retain the confidence and respect of the — modern stock-raiser, it behooves every veterinarian to keep right up to the minute on the discussion and developments and discoveries that are new in his profession. Inquire For literature and information concerning the American — Veterinary Medical ‘Association, address the Secretary, ©. M. Haring, University of California, Berkeley, California. Becker, Chas. J, Cleveland, W. J. OLD . Scottboro, Ala. Galt, Ia. CHANGE OF ADDRESS To NEW. aoe 108 Jefferson Co. Sav- ings Bank Bldg., — Birmingham, Ala, — Havelock, Ia. Curtis, W. A. Plainview, Tex. ‘* Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, Philippines Davis, L. B. 827 E. Girard Ave., Phila- ‘‘ Twin Oak, Clementon, delphia, Pa. N. J. Earl, W. B. 1113 KE. 11th St. ‘* 3741 Broadway, Kan- sas City, Mo. Graff, P. L. Rolla, N. D. ‘¢ Bisbee, N. D. Krieger, Robt. E. Ray, N. D. ‘* Williston, N. D. Lapple, Edw, 23 Fed’l Bldg., Kansas ‘‘ 132 Exch. Bldg., Sioux City, Kans. City, Ia. Lombard, C. M. Stock Yards, Chicago, Ill. ‘* 4502 Emerald Ave., Chicago, Ill, Lothe, Herbert MeDonnell, L. E. MeFarland, C, M. Mitchell, A. Rich, T. 8. Sharon, Wis. Hankinson, N. D, 217 Fed’! Bldg.. Spokane, Wash. Manila, Philippines. Pueblo, Col. Waukesha, Wis. — Audubon, Minn, — 230 Exch. Bldg., Sioux City, Ia, ° 3d Field Artillery, Ft. Sam Houston, Tex. 1477 W. Grand B’l’vd, Detroit, Mich. SOCIETY MEETINGS THe CoLoRADO VETERINARY MepicaL ASSOCIATION The Colorado Veterinary Medical Association held its annual meeting at the rooms of the Gentlemen’s Riding and Driving Club in Denver, Colorado, on January 18th. It was attended by the largest number of Colorado veterinarians which have attended any previous meeting. One important item of business was the apparent oversight of the law makers in leaving the veterinarian out of consideration in formulating the prohibition measure which went into effect on Jan- uary Ist. Apparently under the law the veterinarian has the same right to obtain alcohol or any alcoholic substance that any other citizen has, but is not given the special consideration which is ex- tended to physicians. A committee was appointed to consult with the Attorney General on the matter in order that relief might be had. Six new members were elected. Dr. A. P. Drew, President of the Association, took up the matter of ‘‘Milkweed Poisoning in Cattle’’, a disease which has become quite prevalent in the vicinity of Grand Junction. He gave de- tails of a number of cases where it was quite apparent that poison- ing had been due to this weed (Asclepias verticillata). He had sent a considerable quantity of the weed to the Experiment Station where alcoholic, glycerine and watery extracts have been made and tested on rabbits without any evident results. Not only did this disease seem to affect cattle but was also supposed to kill sheep. Dr. G. C. Lamb gave a very interesting discussion of the pro- ceedings of the U. 8. Live Stock Sanitary Boards, and the special meeting called by Secretary Vrooman to consider foot-and-mouth disease. iz . The paper entitled ‘‘Sundries’’,;which brought out a discus- sion of Azoturia and of ulcers of the intestine of dogs due to strep- tocoeci, was given by Dr. C. W. Dickey. “Sanitary Police Control of Hog Cholera’’ was given by Dr. R. H. Bird. He advocated much more stringent measures on the part of the state sanitary authorities in controlling hog cholera, and pointed with pride to the results of such control in the San Luis Valley. Dr. Lamb, State Veterinarian, being present admitted that more control was needed in order to eradicate the disease, but he 138 SOCIETY MEETINGS contended that the impetus must come from the hog raisers them- selves, and that they must take an active interest in the matter if. any permanent results were to be secured. He pointed out that the eradication of the disease in the San Luis Valley was due to the efforts of the growers themselves rather than any regulations | made by the state. Dr. C. C. Stewart discussed ‘‘A Pneumonie Condition in Young Calves’’ in his district, giving the symptomatology and asking for more information. ‘‘Perforated Bowel in the Horse’’ was discussed by Dr. A. P. Drew, and accompanies this communication. (See Case Reports.) Dr. V. J. Ayers discussed some unusual cases that had oc- curred in his practice. Dr. J. D. Paxton had a paper on a peculiar disease of Hows which the members present were unable to diagnose. The election of officers resulted as follows: F. D. Hylton, Longmont... oo... 03.25. . . President ie, On, Prebto e545 yao os Ist Vice-President 1st. Quinn; Greeley... 6.2 ys. 2nd Vice-President I. E. Newsom, Ft. Collins....... Secretary-Treasurer The next meeting will be held about the first of June at Fort Collins. ——_O—_—_- Missourt VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The semi-annual meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Association held in Kansas City, Mo., February 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, was marked by an unusually large attendance and a program of scientific interest and practical value. About 170 members and 200 visiting veterinarians registered, in addition to a large number of students from the Kansas City and St. Joseph Veterinary Colleges, Thirty-one new members were added to the roll. The scientific program was as follows:—‘‘Why the Horse Has Colic More Often Than Other Animals’’, by C. L. Wilhite; ‘“Some Legal Phases of Veterinary Practice’, by D. M. Campbell ; ‘‘ Equine Laminitis’’, by R. C. Moore; “ Polaonisl of Animals’’, by N. 8, Mayo; ‘‘Greater Accuracy in Clinical Diagnosis’’, by R. By Dyk- stra; ‘‘The Anatomy of Cryptorchids’’, by 8. L. Stewart; ‘Some Things That Happen to Serum Producers and Serum Users?” by Ie. K. Glover ; ‘Kansas City’s New Milk Ordinance and how it Oner ates’’, by W, I, Phipps; ‘‘Observations on the Treatment of Jacks SOCIETY MEETINGS 139 and Jennets’’, by Stanley Smith and H. C. Carver; Necrobacillosis _ in Pigs’’, by 8. W. Alford; ‘‘Hemorrhagie Septicaemia’’, by Chas. Murray; ‘‘Hemorrhagic Septicaemia in the Form of Mad Itch’’, by J. T. Brown; ‘‘Does Infectious Pneumonia (Swine Plague) Exist in this Country’’, by A. T. Kinsley. Case reports and general dis- cussions of the papers presented added much to the interest and value of the program. | The third day was devoted to the clinic and a splendid demon- stration of bovine splanchnology by 8. L. Stewart. ..: 38 3 12 20 20 17 8 15 25 10 py 25 35 8 10 10 10 3 30 20 10 35 6 20 5 6 17 00 1 11 3 2 GO bo 00 10 _ o 10 a pon 10 fad Creo OIO Pwan = Oo 2102 224 JOHN E. GUTBERLET Symproms AND Errects oF TAPEWoRM INFECTION. A great — deal has been written on the symptoms of this disease by vario authors, but in every case they were unable to reach any definit conclusions on the subject. In my own study, which was exten- sive, I reached the following definite conclusions: The symptoms, while not really individual, vary to some extent with the different — birds, with the age of the birds, and with the degree of infection. — Some birds are affected by the disease much more than others and show symptoms and effects much more readily. ‘ Some birds that show no symptoms and appear in good health are heavily infested — with the worms, while others showing severe effects and manifesting © all the symptoms are not nearly as heavily infested. The age of th host is a factor of much importance for indicating the presence of — an infection with the species I studied. Young, growing birds are ~ affected much more than adults and show the symptoms more dis- — tinctly. Even a comparatively slight infection can be detected in a young bird a few weeks of age, while a heavy infection is ve ya marked. Most adults manifest no external symptoms as far as appearance is concerned unless they are heavily infested. The de-— gree of infection is another factor which is of importance making a diagnosis for cestodes. Birds that harbor only a few worms show conditions which are quite different from those that = possess a large number. Therefore the symptoms are rather var- — iable. ae Stiles (1896: 13) mentions some general principles for diag-— nosis, and Zurn (1882: 17) gives more fully some of the symptoms — that may be taken as indications of the disease in the birds. os In general, one may say that a light infection can hardly be noticed and is apparently in no way harmful to the fowl. In cases suffering from a moderate to a heavy infection the conditionyy were found to be quite different. In the first place, birds that are~ moderately infested are apparently always hungry, having in 4 deed ravenous appetites and seeming never to be able to get enough — to eat. Secondly, they manifest a great desire for water, increas- ing in cases where the infection is heavy. Moreover, infected birds are greedy and it seems as if their hunger had caused them to lose control of themselves whenever there is a chance to obtain any foc Such birds are also restless, always moving about as if searchin for something. This in part probably accounts for the fact that the fowls are poor in flesh and more or less in an emaciated con- CESTODE INFECTION IN CHICKENS 225 aide restlessness ind uneasiness which is shanitested by those that are infested. : The heavily infested chickens become emaciated and lose their a color, the feathers become ruffled, and the plumage is not glossy as in the fowls that are free from the disease. Growing birds that were heavily infested, were found usually to be slender and =. quite poor in flesh, the head very thin and the comb pale. In eases of heavy infection the growing birds isolate themselves to some extent and often allow the wings to droop and hang at the ee sides. The sick birds, even though they isolate themselves, still _ manifest a great desire for food and water. A slight infection is hardly to be detected in the droppings, _ but when it is heavy there is developed an irritation or inflamma- _ tion of the intestinal epithelium, a kind of catarrh which results in a diarrhea, varying with the degree of infection. This irritation ms Pct the intestinal epithelium by the worms causes an abundant flow of mucus into the intestine. The mucous secretion is at first a clear, transparent semi-liquid, and sometimes slightly . whitish. _ Worms which are slightly transparent are difficult to see, as they are imbedded in the mucus. Later the mucus takes on a brownish eolor which is due in part to slight hemorrhages of the epithelium caused by the irritation of the worms. This color of the mucus is tained until it is passed out with the feces so that the droppings an infested bird have always a characteristic yellowish-brown lor. This factor of coloration in the droppings is one that can nearly always be depended upon as a criterion of infection. When the infection is heavy a gas is formed in the intestine which is noticeable in the droppings in the form of bubbles. These the semi-liquid droppings for some time. This is very character- stic in cases of heavy infection but is not noticeable at other times cept in cases of extreme diarrhea, and then the gaseous forma- n is comparatively slight. In a flock that is heavily infested arly every dropping detected about roosting or resting places ows the characteristic yellowish-brown color with a large number ‘small gas bubbles enclosed. The infested birds pass droppings often, though in small quantities. 226 JOHN E. GUTBERLET Segments of the worms can usually be found when there is a moderately heavy infection, and eggs can nearly always be dem- onstrated by the aid of a microscope, but the latter method is not practical under all circumstances. When the above methods fail to show any signs of infection and an absolute diagnosis is desired it may be well to take a few of the birds that show some of the symp- toms, kill them and make an examination of the contents of the in- testine between the gizzard and caecum. Any infection which cannot be detected by the above methods is so slight that it is not harmful to the birds in any way, or is so recent that the seta are too small to be seen. The best criteria for diagnosis are the emaciated condition of the birds, the great desire for food and water, and the marked diar- rhea with the characteristic yellowish-brown color of the droppings; furthermore in cases of heavy infection segments of worms can usually be detected, though there is some degree of uncertainty in making gross examinations for the proglottids in the feces. The excretions from the kidneys are white in color and at times have somewhat the appearance of the tapeworm proglottides. This may at times be misleading to one who is inexperienced with this method of examination. The excretion from the kidneys can be readily distinguished from proglottids by placing the droppings in water and breaking up the mass. Proglottids have a definite shape and are firm, while the excretions break up into fine granules, or shreds which are easily disintegrated by shaking. Some of the above symptoms for cestode infection are iden- tical with those for nematodes: the emaciated, unthrifty condition, the ruffled, dull appearance of the feathers, and the more or less 4 restless attitude of the bird. The feces, however, look quite differ- ent and often blood is passed with the droppings in eases of nematode infection. The nematodes produce hemorrhages in the intestine by boring into the epithelium. Tapeworm infection is harmful according to the degree of in- fection. A slight infection does practically no harm to the bird, but when there is a heavy infection the condition is more serious. The intestinal inflammation or catarrh is quite a serious matter and in many cases may prove fatal. It brings on a more or less anaemic condition and the bird’s general health is run down. Such a condition is suitable for the coming in of other diseases, since the fowl is unable to ward them off because of its weakened state CESTODE INFECTION IN CHICKENS 227 of health. Through these means the tapeworms are most harmful, as their effect works more or less indirectly with other diseases. I have found instances where the worms were so numerous that they would form such a large compact mass in the intestine as to interfere with passage. These masses imbedded in a great quantity of mucus become lodged at the Janetion of the small and large intestines with the caeca. #4 One species, Davainea echinobothrida, produces nodules or ulcers in the intestinal wall which are often mistaken for other diseases. This has a more serious effect upon the chickens than some of the other species as it has more of a direct pathological _ effect. Chickens infested with any of the species of common tape- worms devoured great quantities of food, but upon examination the intestines were usually found empty. It seems as if the food material after reaching the intestine rushes through rapidly on account of the large amount of mucus and the marked diarrhea. _ This does not allow the bird to obtain as much nourishment as it -__—-would otherwise. The cestodes of course absorb their nourishment __ from the chyme in the intestine. Furthermore, the excretions from _ the worms may also have some effect upon the general health of the bird, as some are without doubt resorbed into the system from ib si intestine. + More practical proof must be obtained by experimental study _ on the various effects and symptoms of infection in chickens before much can be definitely said on the subject. As yet there is but little known in regard to definite symptoms and effects except in a general way. - Meruops or Controu. The subject of the control and treat- ment of tapeworm disease in chickens has not been’ studied exten- sively. There is need of more experimental data before much can be said concerning it. Several remedies, however, have been tried with some degree of success, although they do not seem practical when large numbers of birds are to be treated. 2 A practice general among poultry raisers is to isolate a sick bird and leave it to cure itself, or to kill it. Most poultry men do ot take the trouble to treat a sick bird nor do they even try to find out the cause of its ailment, but simply say that it has ‘‘gone light. ”” Such an expression covers a multitude of diseases pre- Cin | Rerat among poultry. Birds that are heavily infested with worms eee hoe ot. Algae 228 JOHN E. GUTBERLET isolate themselves and become emaciated. They are also said to © . have ‘‘gone light.’’ im As the first prerequisite for carrying on any sort of treat- Y ment for worm diseases, the infected birds must be isolated from the rest of the flock so that the latter can be kept free from con- tamination. The droppings from the sick birds must be cared for or destroyed in some way so that the embryos of the worms are killed and insects prevented from feeding on them.’ In general ~ for any flock, preventive measures should be taken against infection of all kinds by keeping the surroundings clean and sanitary; all a droppings around roosts should be collected often or subjected to a such treatment as will render them harmless or inaccessible to in- sects. Wherever an infection is present, even if only slight, such preventive measures should be taken to eliminate all possibility of its further increase. One of the best is to collect the droppings about the coop daily and place them into vats or cans that are in- = accessible to insects or worms; they are then treated with lime or some substance which destroys the embryos. Lime or ashes should be scattered over the droppings around the roosts and the — a resting places of the birds. This destroys the embryos and keeps _ insects from feeding upon the droppings. Furthermore, if the s droppings are covered with lime and collected often it will prevent insects from breeding in them. House-flies especially, lay eggs in chicken manure if the droppings are not treated with lime. ile Other features in the habitat of the birds should be kept — sanitary; such are the feeding places and drinking vessels. Water- ing troughs should be so placed that the birds cannot get their feet 2 into them, as they may carry in eggs or embryos of other para- : “4 sitie worms (nematodes) which will reach the birds again through the water if the latter is allowed to stand in a filthy condition. The location of poultry yards should be changed from time to 4 ; time if possible, because if the same grounds are used from year to year some of the insects that may be the intermediate hosts of the tapeworms may become numerous and thus increase the possi- bility of infection. Embryos of parasites or germs of certain dis- eases remain on the premises from year to year, and if the yards are — changed, more healthful conditions are produced for the birds. In addition to destroying the eggs and embryos of parasites in the droppings, it is fully as important to destroy the adult in- sects and their breeding places. The life history of only one spe- GESTODE INFECTION IN CHICKENS 229 “cies of tapeworm has been worked out in the United States, as is discussed elsewhere in this paper. This species is known to have _ its intermediate stage in the house- fly. House-flies breed commonly _ in bird or horse manure, or any decaying vegetable matter. The truction of all such breeding places is a difficult matter and ttle can be done along that line or with the destruction of adult flies. However, fly traps* can be placed over the windows of the chicken coop and many flies caught and killed. - According to Stiles (1896:18), the principal remedies that have been used for the removal of tapeworms from poultry are such drugs as extract of male fern, turpentine, powdered kamala, areca nut, pomegranate root bark, pumpkin seeds, and sulphate of copper. These have been experimented with to a certain extent and have been found to be satisfactory in some instances. _ The experiments with these remedies have been worked out on individual birds. Each bird must be treated individually. Serie such methods of treatment are thorough, they are not prac- tical for a poultry raiser who has an infection in a flock of several undred birds. It would require handling each bird separately yo or three times, and demand a considerable amount of time; too auch to be practicable on account of the expense involved. I tried experiments on a number of birds to see whether a more practical method could be found. It had been observed previously that hogs infected with worms could be freed from them r by feeding the ashes from corncobs. The ashes contain a large ; ount of sodium and potassium carbonate. Lye is made from ashes 1 of course contains similar substances, together with sodium hy- ide. The following experiment worked very successfully: Fifteen irds which showed symptoms of tapeworm infection were placed n a cage which was insect-proof and were given the following atment; A gallon of a mixture of wheat and oats, to which s added a small tablespoonful of concentrated lye, was cooked wly for about two hours and allowed to cool. The birds were ted for about fifteen hours and were then given as much of the xture as they would eat, with plenty of water. Twelve hours one of the birds was killed and an examination of the small tine was made. It was found that nearly all of the worms in 230 JOHN E. GUTBERLET the intestine were loose, the scolices being detached from the wall, and were also apparently dead. The rest of the birds were given a second dose twenty-four hours after the first. Many worms had passed with the droppings in from twenty-four to twenty-six hours after the first feeding. Most of the worms in these droppings were dead, but in all probability the embryos were still alive in the — mature proglottids. Twelve hours after the second dose was given — another bird was killed and it was found that only a few worms were — left and all of these were detached and dead. The intestine was filled with a peculiar gray colored, slimy substance composed mainly — of mucus. Many entire worms and fragments were passed with — the droppings during the period of the feeding. The lye acted to — some extent as a purgative. a The birds were given normal diet again, and in a few days they showed no symptoms of infection. Eight days after the sec- — ond dose two more birds were killed and examinations made. One possessed a small fragment of a tapeworm and the other was en- — tirely free. vee The effects of such treatment upon the flock as a whole were shown later. While I was carrying on other investigations with chicken cestodes my father noticed that the birds were very heav- — ily infested with worms. In an endeavor to free the birds of the — worms and to improve their general condition he fed them a mix- — ture of cooked grain and lye on July 15, unknown to me. As a result the entire flock of nearly four hundred birds was practically __ freed from the worms by a single application of the remedy. The cestodes were so thoroughly removed that there were not enough left : A to allow me to go on with my investigations and my observations on _ the worms were not taken up again until August 10, when the birds had become infested again and the parasites had grown to such size _ as to enable the continuance of my work. a This remedy is a very simple one and is practical. It has — been known to many poultry raisers for some time, but they have neglected to use it, mainly on account of the fact that heretofore no definite evidence has ever been presented concerning its actual working possibilities. It may not, and in all probability will not, remove all the worms, but it does remove most of them so that they are not serious and can be controlled in the flock as a whole. i In a large flock the birds can be housed for the length of time required for the fast, then fed on the cooked grain and kept ea. ae ae oe on on eee Se eee ee ee ee Ee Pee ee ee ee 3 CESTODE INFECTION IN CHICKENS 231 in the house until after the effects of the second dose have passed off. During the time that they are confined the droppings should be collected often and lots of lime used about the coop and over the droppings to keep away the insects. In a flock the treatment would have to be repeated from time to time whenever the birds became infected again. Further experimental evidence must be ob- tained before much can be said in regard to details of this method of treatment, especially as to the amount of the alkali to be used. A large amount would be harmful to the intestinal mucosa, while a small amount would have little if any effect upon the parasites. Frepinc EXPERIMENTS FOR INFECTION. Chickens in the vicin- ity of Hardy, Nebraska, were heavily infested with tapeworms, and young birds were found to be more heavily infested than the adults. This led to investigations concerning the reason for the difference in the infestation of the adult and young birds when they were to- gether in the same environment ard fed on the same diet. The summer of 1913 was very dry in the locality which was a factor in keeping the numerous varieties of insects down to a min- imum, because the drought interfered with their breeding. Upon observation it was found that only two kinds of insects were present in any abundance about the haunts of the birds. Those were the ground beetle Tenebrio and flies. The stable fly, Stomoxys calei- trans, which usually breeds in wet, decaying straw, was very scarce because its breeding places had dried up. The house flies were very abundant everywhere. The reason why the adults should be only slightly infested with parasites, while the young and growing birds harbored so many, was then the subject for observation. The birds were watched in their haunts and their habits studied. It was soon noticed that the young birds, when in their resting places in the shade of a tree or a building, were busy the whole time pursuing flies and very often caught their prey, while the adults paid little or no attention to the flies. This led to the conclusion that flies might have some- thing to do with the transmission of the worms to the birds. With a view to testing this hypothesis, experiments were car- ried on with the worms that were most common in the birds. These species were Davainea cesticillus, Davainea tetragona, and Choanotaenia infundibuliformis. Segments of these worms were teased apart so that the eggs or embryos were set free in a drop of water, and this was fed to flies 232 JOHN £. GUTBERLET of the species: Musca domestica, Stomoxys calcitrans, and Calli-— phora vomitaria. Only a few Calliphora could be obtained and these did not live long under experimental conditions. This species of fly does not frequent ‘places where it would be likely to become the inter- mediate host of any of the chicken cestodes, as it always remains in cool, damp, and usually dark places, unless it can find carrion. However, on cool, dark, damp days it does appear in chicken yards, but its occurrence there is not frequent. Some Stomozxys were used, — but in no ease did they live long in captivity. Musca domestica lived much longer than either of the others, even though it was difficult to keep them alive for a long period. After a great deal of experimentation it was found that they could be kept alive in a cage for twelve or thirteen days, and in one ex- treme case some were kept alive for twenty-one days. The flies in captivity were fed on blood, liver and spleen. These were found to be the best foods. The oldest proglottids on the worm were ean taken for feeding to flies, and also some of the free segments in the intestine were used. The use of the oldest proglottids proved to be an error in the case of Choanotaenia infundibuliformis, because it was found later that in this species the oldest segments separate from the worm before they are entirely mature, but proglottids that have been free in the intestine for some time may be mature. The use of proglottids that were not entirely mature for feeding flies was an error in my experiments which may account for so few infections. DAVAINEA CESTICILLUS. In a series of experiments 107 flies of the species Musca domestica were fed on the eggs from proglottids of Davainea cesticillus. Some were killed and preserved each day from the beginning of the experiment until the tenth day, when the remaining flies died, except in one case four were kept alive for twenty-one days. These were all sectioned with the exception of five, which were dissected. No stages of the cestodes were found in _ any of the flies when examined. During the experiment microscopic examinations were made of a great number of the droppings of the flies and no eggs or embryos of the worms could be found in any case. It is certain that the flies got some of the eggs because they were numerous in the mater- ial that was fed to them. ‘The flies would lap up all the water in which the eggs floated and would then suck on the fragments of _CESTODE INFECTION IN CHICKENS 233 proglottids. In several instances when the flies were hungry it was observed that they would take small fragments of the proglot- tids between the labella of the labium and actually devour them. _ Since the eggs are microscopic in size it is practically certain that the flies got some of them. Several Calliphora were fed on eggs from this species, but _ these flies lived for only two or three days. - Proglottids of this tapeworm were fed to a number of beetles of the species Tenebrio melitor. The beetles ate the segments readily. Some were killed at the end of one week, others at two weeks, and the rest at three weeks. These beetles were sectioned, but showed no developmental stage of cestodes. _____DAVAINEA TETRAGONA. In experiments on this species 59 flies a in all were used. Some of these were killed and preserved after _ from two to twelve days. The proglottids were broken up and _ the eggs set free in a drop of water. The flies lapped up the water _ with the eggs and afterwards sucked all of the moisture from the fragments of the proglottids. Therefore, it is very probable that e flies got some of the eggs. Microscopic examinations of the ppings of the flies showed no signs of eggs. _ Material would pass through the flies in a few hours as was monstrated by feeding them on blood. When the flies gorged emselves with blood they passed red droppings in from eight to or twelve hours. This indicated the length of time that it took “material to pass through the alimentary canal. In this way the es approximate time to make fecal examinations for the eggs was de- mined. However, examinations were made of the droppings five or six hours as well as later and at regular intervals of or three hours. _ The flies were fed on eggs once or twice each day for three days. hen they were fed once a day that was done in the morning, and en fed twice they were given one dose in the morning and the her at noon. On three occasions some flies were fed in the even- zy and fecal examinations were made the next morning and con- med at intervals of two or three hours, _ The flies were all sectioned and examined, but showed no stages of the cestodes in any instance. i _ Some Calliphora were fed upon the eggs of this species, but did not live more than two or three days. Some beetles, Ten- 9, were fed on proglottids, but upon examination they showed 234 JOHN E. GUTBERLET CHOANOTAENIA INFUNDIBULIFORMIS. Eggs of this species were fed to 88 flies of the species’ Musca domestica. Besides these some Stomoxys calcitrans were also fed, but these did not live long in — captivity. The individuals of Musca domestica used in these ex- © periments lived from two to seventeen days. Two flies lived for twelve days and four for seventeen days. The proglottids were broken up and fed to the flies in the same manner as in the other species mentioned. All of these flies were sectioned and examined. One fly preserved at the end of twelve days showed five cysticerci. These cysticerci agree very closely with the structure of the adult of this species, and the hooks are identical. This cysticereus is de- scribed in detail in another paper. Grassi and Rovelli (1892: 33) found eysticerei in flies which they compared with this species. They found that there was a close agreement in structure between the cysticerci they discovered and the adult of Choanotaenia infundibuliformis. They therefore in- ferred that the larva they had was the intermediate stage of this species, but did not demonstrate experimentally its connection with — the adult tapeworm. . During the process of my experiments I had hoped to be able ae to feed some chicks on flies that had been previously fed on tape- — worm eggs, but as it was so difficult to keep the flies alive under ex- perimental conditions such an experiment could not be carried out. However, another feeding experiment was tried with the following _ results: Six chicks were taken from the nest as soon as they were — hatched and placed in a cage where they could get no insects and ~ great care was taken during feeding so that no flies could enter. — Flies (Musca domestica) were caught around the chicken roosts and ; j fed to three of the chicks. The other three birds were used as a control and were given no flies. Fifty flies were fed to each of — the three chicks. Three weeks after feeding, the chicks were killed and examined with the result that two were found to be infested — with Choanotaenia infundibuliformis. One bird possessed six — worms. These were of the same length, being 35 mm. long, and each one contained 103 proglottids. The other bird had one worm of — the same species, but it was a little longer, 43 mm, and having 118 _ proglottids. This bird was fed on the flies three days before ng 4 one sheltering the six worms. The three birds which were used as — a check on the experiments contained no worms when killed and @X- amined, a oe * oS CESTODE INFECTION IN CHICKENS 235 These six birds were kept together in a cage and were fed on corn meal and bread crumbs. The three birds that were fed flies were caught and the insects were given to them from the hand. A number of stable flies (Stomoxrys calcitrans) were used in the experiments with this species of worm, but they would not live under experimental conditions for any length of time. They would usually die within 24 to 36 hours, except in one case when six lived for five days. They were sectioned, but nothing could be found. On numerous occasions I have observed maggots in the drop- pings beneath the chicken roosts. Now, since house-flies are in the habit of breeding in such places, it seemed possible that infection might take place in the maggot stage of the flies. Experiments were then tried with the maggots of Musca domestica and Stomoxrys _calcitrans. Thirty Musca domestica maggots were fed on segments of three species of cestodes, Davainea cesticillus, Davainea tetra- jona, and Choanotaenia infundibuliformis. The maggots devel- oped puparia in a day or two. Some were sectioned in the pupa stage. The rest developed into adults and were sectioned, a few were dissected, but only negative results were obtained. Fifty maggots of Stomozys calcitrans were fed on proglottids of the same three species of tapeworms. The maggots went into the pupal stage thin two or three days. Some were sectioned in the pupal stage. of them developed into adults and were sectioned while a few _were dissected. No positive results were obtained from either pupal adult stages. From the foregoing it seems probable that flies are not the mediate hosts for Davainea cesticillus and Davainea tetragona, the experiments that I have carried on with them are extensive ‘enough to appear conclusive. However, the small number of vari- of insects present in the locality seems to throw the burden m the flies, since they were so abundant and observations show at they are taken and eaten by the chickens that are most heavily nfested. The adult birds eat all other insects that are easy to atch, but since the flies are more difficult to take as prey they = them alone. If the infection is direct, the adults would have ‘as much chance as the young birds because they get food and r together and have the same environment. In the case of Choanotaenia infundibuliformis it seems to be that the house-fly is the intermediate host. Grassi and i hold that it is the intermediate host on a purely structural My experiments show that it is certainly an intermediate — 236 JOHN E. GUTBERLET host in some cases. Furtherwore, feeding chicks on flies that were taken from about the chicken roosts and raising the cestodes make it probable that the house-flies are the intermediate hosts of this one species. The reason why -more flies were not infected’ by feeding on the eggs of this species was determined to be peculiar conditions in the maturing of the proglottid. At the time when the experiments were being carried on it was not known that the oldest proglottids separated from the worm before they are entirely mature. In the x experiments the oldest proglottids on the worm were usually taken for feeding, though in some eases the free segments in the intestine were used. Since the flies were fed on eggs that were not entire- ly mature the embryos were digested. The free proglottids remain — in the intestine of the bird for some time and in all probability mature there. Some such free proglottids were cxamine and found to contain mature embryos. SUMMARY . 1. The results of these experiments show that the intermediate _ (eysticereoid) stage of Choanotaenia infundibuliformis occurs in the common house-fly Musca domestica. The results were obtained by feeding flies on eggs of the tapeworm and raising cysticercoids in a fly; also by feeding chicks on flies and raising the worms in the birds. By morphological comparison of the cysticercoid and adult they are shown to be identical. Results from experiments by feed-— ing flies on eggs from Davainea cesticillus and Davainea pale * were negative. 4 - 2. The habits of the birds are important factors to be con- — sidered in experimental work for life history studies. Certain in- sects are found in great numbers around chicken houses and — yards and are readily eaten by the birds. Flies are known to con-_ tain the larval stage of one species of cestode, and some other species of insects are to be considered as probable intermediate — hosts for other species of cestodes. < 3. The symptoms and effects of the infection from tapeworms vary with individual birds, age of birds, and the degree of infee- — tion. Birds infested with worms display an emaciated, unthrifty — a condition, an unnatural desire for food and water, and a marked _ diarrhea with droppings of a characteristic yellowish-brown color. — 4. The control of tapeworm disease in chickens is in an unset: tled condition. Little can be done until more is known concerning life histories of worms, Preyentive measures are urged rather . CESTODE INFECTION IN CHICKENS 237 - than curative measures. Droppings should be cared for and treated _ with appropriate substances in order to prevent insects from feed- ing on them or developing in them. Experiments by giving lye with food to infested chickens showed satisfactory results in re- moving tapeworms. ‘5, The flocks of chickens that were studied showed at times a very heavy infection and nearly every bird examined harbored one or more species of worms. Five species were found in the chickens _ at Hardy, Nebraska, and three in the birds at the poultry farm at the University of Illinois. The species found in Nebraska are - Davainea cesticillus (Molin), Davainea tetragona (Molin), Davainea echinobothrida (Megnin), Hymenolepis carioca (Magalhaes), and — Choanotaenia infundibuliformis (Goeze). At the poultry farm of - the University the species Davainea cesticillus (Molin), Davainea — echinobothrida (Megnin) and Hymenolepis carioca (Magalhaes) were found. i 6. A full description of the structure of these parasites has been published in the Transactions of The American Microscopical - Society, Vol. 35, p. 23-44, Pl. 5-8. ey BIBLIOGRAPHY Grassi, B. B. and Rove.u, G. 1889. Embryologische Forsehungen an Ces- - toden. Centralbl. f. Bakt. und Parasitenk, 5:370-377, 401-410. 1892. Ricerche embriologiche sui Cestodi. Atti Accad, Gioenia di Sci. Nat. in Catania, 4:1-108. Prana, G. P. 1882. Di una nuova specie di Tenia del gallo domestico (Taenia bothrioplitis) e di un nuova cisticerco delle lumachelle terrestri (Cysti- Sua cercus bothrioplitis). Mem. Accad. Sci. Inst. Bologna, 2:387-394. : Ransom, B. H. 1900. A new Avian Cestode—Metroliasthes lucida. Trans. > Amer. Mier. Soc., 21:213-226. 1902. On Hymenolepis carioca (Magalhiies) and H. megalops (Nitzsch) with Remarks on the Classification of the Group. Trans. Amer. Mier. — Soc., 23: 151-172. _ 1904. The Tapeworms of American Chickens and Turkeys. Bur. An. Ind. Ann. Ept., 21: 268-285. 1909. The Taenoid Cestodes of North American Birds. Bull. U. S. Nat. ~~ Mus., 69; 1-141. Rosserer, T. B. 1891. Sur un Cysticercoide des Ostracodes, capable de se de- velopper dans 1’intestin du Canard. Bull. Soc. Zool, France, 16: 224-229. 1892. On a New Cysticercus and a New Tapeworm. Journ. Queckett Mier. Club, 4: 361-366.. aaeT On Experimental Infection of: Ducks with Cysticercus coronula -Mrazek (Rosseter), Cysticercus gracilis (von Linstow), Cysticercus tenui- “rostris (Hamann). Journ. Queckett Mier. Club, 6: 397-405. CHMIDT, J. E. 1894. Die Entwicklungsgeschichte und der anatomische Bau der Taenia anatina (Krabbe). Arch. f. Naturg., 1894, 1: 65-112. LES, C. W. 1896. Report upon the Present Knowledge of the Tapeworms Poultry. Bur. An. Ind. Bull. No. 12; 78 pp. W.L. 1900. The Nervous System ‘of the Cestode Monezia Expansa. Say Jahrb., 13: 359-384. g A. 1882. Die Krankheiten des Hausgefliigels. 237 pp., 76 figs. ? PARALYSIS OF PIGS HEINRICH WEHRBEIN Department of Veterinary Research, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa. Paralysis of pigs is a disease not uncommon in Iowa and qgus- ing quite considerable losses. It has been reported for more than ten years, but seems to have become more frequent in later years, especially now, when we get questions about it from all over the state. It may be said here, that many cases of lameness or rachitis, ete., are mistaken for paralysis, diseases which will not be discussed here, except for the purposes of differential diagnosis. So far as our experience goes only young pigs (under six months) are paralyzed in the true sense; in no case was a single paralyzed pig found in a herd, but always several, and in most cases all belonged to the same litter. The histories of the cases are always the same and as follows: Several young pigs ‘‘go gradually down in the hind legs’’, first staggering as if weak and afterwards being unable to move the hind legs at all. No other symptoms besides these are apparent ; es- pecially the appetite is quite normal. After various periods of time ranging from a few weeks to several months, the pigs abstain from food and die. Yet some cases are reported where the lame- ness or paralysis partly or wholly disappeared. We never had pigs under observation from the start and cannot make any definite statement about that, but we never saw a pig improve. A few cases did not get worse, but did not improve, nor did they gain even in weight. We generally secured our experiment pigs after they were quite seriously affected, kept them for different lengths of time under observation, killed them and made post-mortem examinations. The clinical symptoms are totally confined to a motor paralysis of the hind, and sometimes of the front legs. Appetite especially, as mentioned before, is normal, even in pigs, which are not able to change their positions. There is no depravity of appetite, nor ex- ceeding thirst. Temperature charts through 4-5 weeks of observa- tion do not show any deviation worth mentioning. Blood counts and haemoglobin tests proved in three cases to be normal. After four weeks of observation, it becomes apparent that the growth of the diseased pigs is slower than that of normal ones. Yet I believe PARALYSIS OF PIGS 239 that the paralysis alone which confines the pig so nearly to con- tinuous rest accounts for that, and that no other organic disorder mu be taken into consideration. Very often complications in form of decubitus set in and threaten the life of the animal. We ‘never had any other complications here, but we frequently had re- ports, that the pigs desisted from eating a week before they died and became emaciated. I was not able to find any other explanation for that except decubitus and consequently septicemia, but it is of ( se possible that nerves which are vital are affected in the same y bd as the motor nerves of the legs. To return to the cardinal symptom, the paralysis, as said before, is a motor paralysis. The legrees of paralysis vary from a condition of slight staggering (Parties to practical impossibility of movement (Akinesis). nsibility is always preserved, even in the worst cases and the ten- n reflexes are normal. The least noticeable symptom of the be- ginnin y paralysis seems to be a certain stiffness in gait. The ani- s do not lift their hind legs from the ground and consequently ) ften knuckle over. Tottering in the hind quarters, which is very conspicuous, is without doubt.due to the inexact placing of the feet. , on the movements become more and more hampered by the ility to lift the legs forward, and finally the legs are dragged nd, the pig sliding on the haunch of one side. Sometimes the it legs are affected. The same stiffness of gait is here the first iptom, then knuckling over, later walking on the carpus and lly complete paralysis, which compels the pig to lie on one side. 'e had three pigs, which became completely paralyzed in the front egs, so that they had to be fed by hand. The only free movements left concerned the muscles of head and spine. Even in these ex- 1e cases the appetite was nearly undiminished and digestion, peristalsis, ete., unharmed. A conspicuous feature is the stiffness vf the paralyzed. muscles, which develops after Several weeks of em ate are made, even after death. It is most likely due to the nforced rest of these muscles. Defecation and urination were al- vays normal in the observed cases. ce. Especially the internal organs, the spinal cord, the s, ete., appear to be quite normal. There never were any in- tions of the dura or pia mater, or of the nerve sheaths. Care- ) i Ba 7 la e if 240 HEINRICH WEHRBEIN that the disease in question is related to rachitis, but without re sult. Bone breaking tests revealed the strength of femur and tibia to be normal. The coxo-femoral joint sometimes was partly filled — . with blood and the ligamentum teres swollen on its proximal. in-— sertion. This condition proved to be quite acute in microscopi sections, and it was later found in normal pigs also, whose legs had — been roughly handled before killing. The complications as decu bitus and septicemia, found in late cases, have, of course, no bear. ing on the investigation proper. Microscopical investigations and methods on the other hand are very satisfactory. The easiest way to demonstrate the mos prominent histological change is to take a small piece of the sciati or the axillaris nerve,—if the front legs are paralyzed too,—fix i in 10% formalin solution for a few hours, and treat it with 1% osmie acid. The nerve is then washed in running water, passed through alcohol and teased in oil of cloves. The immediate inspee- tion shows a different proportion of the nerve fibres degenerated viz., the myelin is often shrunk to different sized lumps, between which often are empty spaces; sometimes only the neurilemma i left, the axis cylinder and the myelin sheath having disappeared entirely. The number of diseased nerve fibres in a preparation — varies according to the part of the nerve which is inspected, and to the number of motor fibres present. Not only the sciatic and axillary nerves, but the smaller ones of the front and hind leg also contain degenerated fibres. . More elaborate studies of those conditions were carried on — employing the Weigert-Pal and Marchi methods. The latter “a deserves to be preferred, as the W. P. method shows only the lack of myelin sheaths but not the degeneration in progress. Prepaiil -— tions made after Marchi not only revealed the existing atrophy, but — also the fibres in various states of degeneration. The attached plates show everything so distinctly, that detailed deseriptions ¢ unnecessary. I only want to say, that signs of perineural infle mation never were observed, even light cellular infiltrations we entirely absent. The appearance of a degenerated nerve fibre i the longitudinal section of a Marchi preparation is the same as if treated after the above mentioned osmic acid method, so a special — illustration of the latter is omitted. The Marchi method shows normal myelin sheaths, the Ranvier nodes and the Schmidt-Lanter- mann segments much more plainly. Instead of the degenerated PARALYSIS OF PIGS 241 nerve fibres, connective tissue is formed; the myelin detritus is apparently resorbed in a short time. There are different degrees in the extension of the atrophy, but I never saw a fasciculus totally depleted of normal fibres. In the average and generally, half of the fibres are destroyed, but, of course, any condition can be ob- served. In clinically bad cases, the greatest number of fasciculi are found to be attacked. All this applies to the nerves of the front legs as well as to the nerves of the hind legs. In the course of this investigation, it was necessary to make normal preparations as checks, especially since the appearance of the spinal cord treated with the Marchi method was quite question- able. Many black conglomerations, similar to myelin detritus were found, and it was not until I found the same phenomena in the normal tissue, that I read Cassirer’s paper on ‘‘Traberkrankheit’’, (‘‘Trembles in Sheep’’), where he reports similar findings in normal cords of sheep. These black bodies are of uniform size, and dis- tributed nearly equally through the white matter. Weigert-Pal - stained sections of the spinal cord are quite normal and correspond to the normal check preparations, especially there are no degenera- tion areas. The Nissl stain does not show any abnormality in the chromatin bodies of the ganglion cells. There is one disease reported in the literature of medical in- vestigation, which is rather similar to the disease in question. It is the above mentioned ‘‘Traberkrankheit der Schafe’’ (Tremblente, French; Trembles, Engl.). Investigations of this malady of sheep have been made by Besnoit and Morel, and Cassirer.. The clinical - symptoms are as follows, citing Hutyra and Marek: In the early stages excitability, trembling, spasmodic muscle contractions. Then motor disturbances develop, the gait becomes uncertain and peculiar trotting like movements are seen. Owing to the weakness of-the quarters the animal cannot move quickly, much less Jump over mounds or ditches. In the later stages the fore limbs become weak, the animals stumble along, keep falling down, rising being accomplished with great difficulty. Defeeation and urination are normal up to the end; according to Cassirer the re- flexes and sensibility to electrical stimuli are normal. In the majority of cases pruritus at the root of the tail, of the gluteal region, later on of the hind and fore legs is present. The animals rub and gnaw those parts violently. The appetite remains good up to the end, yet anaemia and emaciation become more and 249 HEINRICH WEHRBEIN more apparent, finally the weakness of the hind quarters becomes so great, that the animals lie on the ground as if paralyzed, and die © from complete exhaustion. The course of the disease takes two to four months. Recovery is very exceptional and occurs only in the early stages of the disease. Besnoit and Morel, who made histological examinations, re- port to have found in the ganglion cells of the spinal cord a ‘‘dé- sagregation plus ou moins marquee de la substance chromatique,”’ but only a few cells are changed. In the small peripheral nerves they describe a parenchymatous degeneration, identical with my findings. ‘‘Dans les tubes malades, le cylindre axe a disparu, la myeline est reduit en boules.’’ ‘‘Dans d’autres tubes, les lésions sont plus intenses encore ; la myéline, les noyawx, le protoplasma ont disparu; sur une étendue plus ou moins sales 28 1’élément nerveux se trouve reduit a la gaine de Schwann.’ First they did not find lesions in the large nerve trunks, but in a postscript they state that similar changes can be found in the large nerves, if the disease was in the last stage. Their attached. — i microphotographs show the diseased nerve fibres quite similar to my own preparations. Cassirer on the other hand was not able to find any anatomical changes in the examined tissues, in spite of diligent methods. He conceives the disease-as a chronic progressive neurosis and compares it with the pseudo-sclerosis in man. In spite of this, Hutyra and Marek are inclined to see in it a polyneuritis. A further investi- gation is necessary to clear up this question, but still there is no doubt that the disease described by Besnoit and Morel has many points in common with the paralysis of pigs’ and justifies a close comparison, regarding etiology and prophylaxis. It is rather certain that the paralysis of pigs is not infectious. Experiments to produce the disease by intravenous blood injec- tions, by intra-muscular injections of ground nerve tissue near the nerve, and by contact have been so far unsuccessful. Further- more, reports which came in, show that there is, at least some times, an inherited predisposition in the diseased animals. In one herd of 30 pigs, consisting of 17 Chester Whites and 13 Duroes, only _ the latter contracted the disease. In other cases several owners were able to trace the outbreak to one boar. So far only outbreaks in Poland China and Duroc Jersey herds are known to us. I give a few numbers (—of herds investigated—) to show the general con- _ " ditions of an outbreak ; PARALYSIS OF PIGS 243 No.of No.of dis- No.of No.of pigs No. still No. pigs Breed Young pigs eased pigs killed pigs which died sick recovered 1 Duroe 58 5 3 — 2 _— 2 Duroe* 80 5 4 1 _— _— 3 Pol, China 21 Sodas 2 5 —_ _— 4 Duroe 75 3 3 —_ _— _— 5 Pol. China 150 15 5 Tors —_ 2-3 *No histological examination made. **One litter. The etiology of the trotting disease in sheep is not known, In- fection, food intoxication, hereditary tendency and disposition by inbreeding are named as causes. Nothing has been proven yet, but since the best prophylactic measures are rational breeding, and elimination of diseased animals from the breeding stock, it seems to me that the hereditary tendency should be considered as the most important cause. There are cases reported where the change of the pasture, viz:—from a wet one to a higher and dryer one, stop- ped the outbreak and as the last year here in Iowa was a particu- larly wet one and as in the same time the paralysis of pigs spread quite noticeably, emphasis should be laid on having dry quarters for the animals. Still the chief measure to prevent spread of the dis- ease would be careful elimination of all diseased animals from breed- ing, possibly even of the parents, viz:—when succeeding litters of one sow are diseased, or many of the off-spring from one boar. Food intoxication and infection can be safely disregarded in our case. The differential diagnosis of the disease may have difficulties, if only one pig or two are ‘‘lame.’’ We had several cases, where the symptoms were quite similar to paralysis, but where we found rachitis inflammations of the femur epiphysis and in one case sep- aration of the caput femoris on both sides. These latter cases were caused by the exclusive feeding of linseed meal, and should have been diagnosed properly by careful examination. Rachitis is of chief importance in the differential diagnosis, but there is, of course, no paralysis and the gait is variously abnormal due to the deform- ities and sensitiveness of the bones. In nearly all the cases there are other evident rachitical symptoms, which can hardly be over- looked. There are still the cases of combined paralysis and ra- chitis—cases we had,—where only the course of the disease or an histological examination is deciding. Sows often are paralyzed after parturition, but I doubt if the same polyneuritis will be found here as in the young pigs. I exam- — 244 HEINRICH WEHRBEIN ined one case, without finding anything, and another case recovered under observation. Among cows a similar disease is quite frequent: | ‘‘Paralysis after parturition’, and I rather believe that the same — ; condition occurs in sows. In some eases, it may be only exhaus- tion and weakness due to the lactation period. To resume, there is an endemic disease among pigs, generally called ‘‘Paralysis’’, which proved to be a ‘‘Polyneuritis parenchy- matosa.’’ Because of the course and the nature of the disease, therapeutic measures are not advised, but prophylactically the elimination from breeding of all animals, whose offspring repeated- ly incline to the disease, and of all diseased animals, even when re- covered, and the eventual change to dry quarters and proper food will most likely be successful. (I wish to thank Dr. Chas. Murray for his help in securing _ the material and making the post mortems.) REFERENCES 1. Huryra AND Marek: Pathologie und Therapie der Haustiere. 4 Auflage. 2. Bresnorr et Moret: Note sur les lesions de la tremblante du mouton. - Rev. Vet. 1896, p. 397. ; 3. CassirER: Virchows Archiv, 1898, CLILI, I. ——0-——— EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES No. 1. Pig with motor paralysis of the hind legs. No. 2. Cross section through the sciatic nerve of a paralyzed pig. Stained afterWeigert-Pal. The five fasciculi in the lower half of the picture show degeneration of nerve fibres. No. 3. Same as in No. 2. Stained after Marchi. a. Fasciculi, whose nerve fibres are partly degenerated. b. Nerve fibres in fatty degeneration. e. Fat. No. 4. Longitudinal section through sciatic nerve, stained — after Marchi. High power. In the degenerating nerve fibres the myelin detritus is seen as black clots. Paralysis of Pigs. Puate I, PLATE II. Paralysis of Pigs. HOG CHOLERA* Epw. A. CAHILL, Boston, Mass. » For many years it has been the belief in the East that hog cholera was a disease peculiar to the corn belt section of the West, and rarely seen in New England. Although it was known that large numbers of swine died each year, it was thought that the cause of these deaths was pneumonia, and in some instances in- flammation of the bowels. Statistics showed that whereas in 1912 there were 98,836 head of swine in Massachusetts over six months of age, that in 1914 this number had decreased to 59,221, a visible decrease of 39,615 in two years, Acting on this knowledge, the Massachusetts Department of Animal Industry started an investigation to ascertain the cause of this decrease. The result of this investigation showed that approx- imately 5% of this decrease was due to a shortage of garbage, and that the remaining 95% was due, not to contagious pneumonia, as had formerly been supposed, but to hog cholera. It was learned that hog cholera, as seen in New England, differs somewhat from the type usually seen in the West, and that the acute form was less frequently seen but that we had to deal with a more chronic form, combined with a secondary infection by an organism known as Bacillus suisepticus. This secondary in- fection caused an associated pneumonia, which had given rise to the belief that the disease was true pneumonia. One of the reasons for this belief was the fact that the majority of the animals which died did so in the late summer or early fall, as the weather com- menced to get cold; and secondly, to the fact that the big majority of the losses in large droves of swine were in animals weighing from 40 to 80 pounds, whereas the mature stock seldom, or never, died from this disease. The explanation of this condition is as follows: ; The majority of the large piggeries in this state we found to have been infected with the form of hog cholera already described for many years, and because of this fact, the mature sows were either fully or partially immune to the disease. It is a well known fact that pigs from immune sows are themselves immune *Abstract of an address delivered at Farmers’ Week at the Massachusetts Agricultural College. 246 EDW. A. CAHILL while nursing, but that as soon as these animals are weaned, this temporary immunity begins to wear off, and about the time the ani- mals reach forty pounds weight, this immunity has entirely dis- appeared. It might be remarked in passing that pigs are weaned earlier in the East than the West. These animals are then sus- ceptible to the disease, and-commence to die, and it is a fact that many of the large piggeries in the state have lost thousands of pigs between 40 and 80 pounds weight. The pigs whicl survive this period have almost invariably had a light attack of the disease, but recovered. They are, therefore, immune, and no trouble is seen from this time until the next litter of pigs reaches this age. This condition is rarely seen in the West, where the acute type is seen more frequently, and where the mortality averages nearly 100%, and this knowledge furthered the belief that the disease seen here was not hog cholera. This condition of chronic hog cholera having existed for so many years unrecognized, particularly in the large piggeries which sell pigs all over New England, has resulted in hundreds of cases of hog cholera being spread by the distribution of these pigs. It — 3 is a common occurrence to find the owner of swine who has never had hog cholera in his herd until he purchased a few pigs from one of these large piggeries, and within a short time having a severe outbreak of cholera throughout his entire herd, even though the animals coming from the infected piggery might be apparently well. This condition has undoubtedly spread more cholera in New Eng- land than any other method. Among the many other ways that cholera has been spread, must be mentioned the enormous flocks of crows which travel from pig- gery to piggery particularly where garbage is fed, stray dogs and cats, skunks, field mice, the interchange of labor, traveling butchers and salesmen, and our numerous transportation companies. We must remember that our local conditions are entirely dif- ferent from those of the West, and more conducive to the spread of this disease. The majority of our swine are garbage fed, and gar- bage is one of the greatest means of spreading the disease, both through pork seraps which it may contain and the fact that in our large cities the swill is generally collected and brought to a central distributing point. In some instances, as many as two hundred farmers from the surrounding country meet at this central dis- tributing point to obtain garbage for their swine and you can read- HOG CHOLERA 247 ily appreciate the fact that this often acts as a central distributing point, not only for garbage, but for hog cholera as well. Until quite recently, no serious effort had been made to control this disease, and no preventive or curative methods were known with which to combat it. Consequently, it was the common custom when cholera was diagnosed in a herd, to kill the infected animals and butcher the ones which were apparently well, leaving a badly in- fected premises from which cholera could be spread, and putting meat into circulation which in turn caused more trouble. Realizing that the disease is an extremely contagious one, and because of the above-mentioned conditions, had resulted a condi- tion wherein the majority of the piggeries in this state are either in- fected with hog cholera at the present time or have been very re- cently, and that this condition was rapidly ruining the swine in- dustry of the state, the Massachusetts Department of Animal In- dustry nearly two years ago started a campaign for the control of this disease which consisted of the application of the serum treat- ment as a preventive and cure, and an educational campaign. Those of you who read in agricultural publications of the ex- periences of persons who have used the serum treatment on their swine, know that the utmost confusion and difference of opinion exists as to the value of the treatment. You know that in some sec- tions of the country it is hailed as a blessing, whereas in other sec- tions it is condemned as a curse, and blamed for the spread of the disease. It is a well-known fact that the serum treatment has been responsible for the spread of hog cholera, in instances when the serum used was not potent or virus not virulent, and therefore dangerous; and in other instances where perhaps the best serum and virus were used improperly by incompetent persons. Contrasted to this, are seen sections where the most beneficial results have been derived by the proper use of good serum and good virus by com- petent persons. Therefore, we considered that it was of primary and utmost importance to control the use of serum and virus, and con- sequently its use has been restricted to the Department of Animal Industry. It is against our regulations for any serum or virus to — be shipped into the state, except to the Department of Animal In- dustry. Notwithstanding the fact that the U. S. Government makes a test on serum and virus before it leaves the manufacturer’s hands, every shipment of serum and virus after arriving in Massachusetts 248 EDW. A. CAHILL is tested by a special test to prove to our satisfaction that it is of the highest quality and that the consumer is being safeguarded. After being thoroughly tested, it is properly kept until it is placed in the hands of agents of the department, who are men specially trained in this work, who are paid by and responsible to the Com- monwealth. This, therefore, acts as the greatest possible safe- guard to the consumer, and is a guarantee against the spread of the disease through the use of products which are not what they should be or by improper use of good material. While this method prevents some persons using serum and virus who are perfectly competent to do so, it prevents the many possibilities of the spread of the disease by the means before mentioned. Since the campaign to control hog cholera was started, approx- imatel,- 35,000 head of swine have been treated, and we know that in many large herds where formerly hundreds of animals were lost yearly, the losses have been reduced to practically nothing, and it is a fact that the disease is on the decrease, and that the number of swine in this state is increasing very rapidly. é Realizing that the simultaneous treatment, when properly ap- plied, is an absolute preventive, and that practically all swine in this state are exposed swine, we are advocating the simultaneous treatment for all swine which are healthy. This must be considered in the form of insurance, inasmuch as animals can be immunized as a preventive at the minimum cost with the maximum amount of — protection, and that the cost of this insurance for healthy animals is not over le per pound, which pays for the serum and virus, the state defraying all other expenses. This immunization work is carried out only at the request of the owner, and cannot be given to animals after they become infected. Infected animals must receive the ‘‘serum only’’ treatment, and it must be remembered that the money entailed in the loss of one or two brood sows would more than pay for all the serum and virus which would be required on a large number of animals. Where the serum is used, however, on sick animals, the results must necessarily be different. Although no person claims a great curative value for serum, we know that it has some curative value. The degree of this, however, is always more or less of an uncertainty, and depends largely upon the stage of’ the disease at the time of treatment. A few of our statistics for the last year may prove of interest. In approximately 250 herds which were infected, the animals were HOG CHOLERA 249 divided into two classes; first, sick animals showing clinical symp- toms, or temperatures over 104; and secondly, apparently well animals in these infected herds. In these herds, approximately 7000 head of swine had died without treatment previous to our assum- ing control. The remainder of the sick animals, 10300 in number, were given the ‘‘serum only’’ treatment. Of this number, all lived except 718, or 7%. The remainder, which constituted the apparently well animals, were given the simultaneous treatment. There were 5,826 such treatments. Of this number, only 70, or 2.2% died. ‘This is in strong contrast to the usual mortality where serum treatment is not carried out, which as you all know, varies from 85 to 100%. In 90% of these herds the losses of young pigs had varied from 50 to more than a thousand yearly, and the owners considered it necessary to expect these losses. The treatment has now been ear- ried out in some of these herds for two years, and during both years practically the entire number of young pigs born has been raised without any losses from cholera. It must be realized that the treatment was being put to a severe test under the conditions of all animals being garbage fed, and cholera having existed in the herds from five to twenty years. Where the treatment has been used as a preventive, and no cholera existed at time of treatment, only one out of approximately 6,000 animals treated has died with hog cholera following the treatment. This illustrates the fact that when properly tested serum and virus is used under proper restrictions by trained men, the danger from simultaneous immunizing is practically nil, and I want to go on record as saying that if we are to stop the spread of hog cholera by the simultaneous treatment, the states which are not restrict- ing the use of serum and virus, and are not testing the same after delivery, must adopt restrictions a little nearer those which are in vogue in this state. I would like it distinctly understood that I do not maintain that the policy advocated here and followed by the State of Mas- sachusetts is the policy which should be carried out in all states. Local conditions must always govern the plan for control, and while the promiscuous simultaneous treatment is advisable in Massa- chusetts. due to the almost universal feeding of garbage, the close proximity of piggeries to each other, and the fact that practically all swine are exposed swine, this would not apply to some states where 250 EDW. A. CAHILL whole territories larger than our state are free from the disease. It is a fact, however, that unless the use of serum and virus becomes restricted, and under the jurisdiction of the state authorities, that the time will soon come when there will be no territory which is not infected. . | We offer the following general routine as the best method for farmers throughout the state to follow as regards hog cholera: To have the Department of Animal Industry immunize by the simul- taneous method all of their swine above 40 pounds weight. These animals are then permanently immune. The pigs from sows so immunized will be immune while nursing. At weaning time, these pigs should be given a small amount of serum, which will usually protect them until they are twelve weeks old. At this time, they can be given the simultaneous treatment at the least expense, and the immunity will be permanent. This is done with the idea that the owner is going to continue the work and keep all swine immunized as they may be purchased or born. In closing, I would offer a word of advice to those of you who do not immunize your swine. Do not purchase pigs from large piggeries which do not immunize their swine. You can purchase animals from other piggeries just as large and just as good which are immunized when you buy them. The men who are doing this should have your support, and in addition you are protecting your own interests in acting in this manner. Make it a practice to quar- antine on your own premises all new swine for at least thirty days before they are placed with your herd, and lastly, insist that all — animals, regardless of where they come from, be thoroughly dipped in a good antiseptic solution the last thing before they are put into the herd. This will prevent a large amount of trouble, and may save you many dollars. ; The serum treatment is not compulsory in spite of the fact that there is already a large demand on the part of swine owners who see the value of this treatment, to make it compulsory. It is simply an effort on the part of the Commonwealth and the State Livestock Sanitary authorities to do their share in helping the farmers pre- vent the hundred million dollar loss which is the yearly toll of this disease. Some there are who boast of the fact that they do not need to immunize their swine even though they have the disease in their herd, and it is these men more than any others, who make others pay the heavy loss which is the toll demanded for the right THE NATIONAL HORSE 251 of our independence in refusing to immunize swine. If all the -_- $wine in this state were immunized by the simultaneous treatment for the period of a few years, the disease would die out of its own -__ accord for the want of susceptible animals on which to propagate itself, and this frightful loss would be stopped. ——-Q-———_- THE NATIONAL HORSE R. Vans AGNEw, 5th Cavalry, Fort Leavenworth, Kans. We need several Government Breeding farms of ample size, located on the best of soil so as to breed a superabundance of bone substance in our animals. The Government Farms to be so cen- trally located as to be practically free from invasion. In this European war it is authentically reported that the Russians, in their first invasion of Prussia captured and sent back to Russia 20,000 head of thoroughbred mares belonging to the large Govern- ment farms. This is a fearful loss to any country. Also these farms can breed high types of blood horses that can be used as remount stallions to be placed in different parts of our States where no privately owned sires are operating. This will to a certain extent insure the army type we want, particularly if we charge a nominal price to mares of approved type. But what we really should put into effect is the giving of large enough National Remount Premiums so that owners of good stallions and mares would not want to sell them to foreigners, especially if we make a law that the animals are not to leave the country for a certain number of years after winning a premium. These National Premiums should be financed by the Federal Government and man- aged by a National Committee composed of noted horsemen (like members of the Jocky Club), noted breeders and army officers (re- tired or in the service). The judging of these premium compe- titors in each state to be done by one person chosen by the com- _ mittee; the head of the State agricultural school and the State vet- - erinarian. — : In order to start this, there would have to be census taken of q all the thoroughbred stallions in the country and a registration made = of those that were sound enough for service as premium competitors. 252 R. VANS AGNEW That the castration or altering of young thoroughbreds be checked as much as possible (it would be if premiums were started). That laws be passed in every state that: only pure bred stal- lions of each type be permitted to serve mares for a fee. That full information in regard to the breed, sex, age and value of all horses imported and exported be made by owners to the Government. That every year each State neabde two National premiums of the value of $15,000.00 each for the stallions; six National prem- iums of the value of $100.00 each for mares and six National prem- iums of the value of $100.00 each for foals. Mares not to be awarded premium unless they have a living foal by a premium sire or drop a living foal to one the next year; mares to be between three and fourteen years old. Foals not to be awarded premiums unless a guarantee be given by the owner to sell the animals when they are three years old to the Government for $150.00; no foal to receive more than one premium. Premium stallions to be stinted, to not less than seventy mares a year at a fee of $5.00 per mare to be paid by the owner of the mare. That the premiums be competed for at each State Fair and at any other horse show in the States chosen by the committee. This system will greatly interest the farmer and breeder in our remounts and encourage him to keep the right type of animal. The committee should have the power to buy any high-class stal- lion that was in danger of being sold to another country and turn him into the National Remount System. It should award special prizes to the breeders of premium winners. It should give prizes at the shows in each State for the best remount horse for cavalry or artillery. It may be said that some States cannot raise a good enough class of animal for army work owing to the climatic conditions, ete., but — this is largely imagination, it is a question of good parentage, good food and plenty of exercise. A good Northern horse will do no better than a good Southern horse, when it comes to speed and stamina. The more bracing climate of the Northwest adds to the vigor of its horses, but a Southern horse taken up there will be- come just as vigorous under the same conditions. In fact the climate that permits of grazing the year round is the most ideal one for the breeding of horses if the grasses are rich in the proper constituents that promote bone and substance, a horse properly | THE NATIONAL HORSE 253 raised in a temperate region can be taken to the severest climates either hot or cold with complete assurance that he will do satis- factory work. The thoroughbred has proved this beyond a doubt. z This Federal aided National system will be most beneficial to both breeder and racing man, the one gets better prices for those he breeds, the other can sell his retired racers for a larger figure. It is a question of preparedness, even the non-preparedness advo- cate cannot object to improving the horses of his country. As a national question I earnestly hope, that our great horse- owners, breeders and racers will not look at this horse business from the narrow view of home or local state polities, that enough of them will get together as soon as possible and draft a far better scheme than the one I have ventured to outline, that they will then give it. to some horse loving, patriotic Senator or Congressman to pass into a law that will be of inealeulable benefit to us and our de- scendants and their descendants. For the small sum of about $275,000 dollars a year we can start the National improvement breeding system that I have rough- ly sketched, surely Congress will not begrudge the people that pal- try amount when it has the examples of other nations who are giv- ing millions towards the betterment of the light-horse breeds of their countries. Let us do something for the National Horse.—Thoroughbred Record. : At the Panama-Pacific International. Exposition held at San Francisco, Cal., last year, the ‘‘American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation Day’’ (September 3, 1915) was, in point of attendance, one of the largest convention special days. A total of 70,560 people passed through the gates on that day. There were 928 conventions _ large attendance and for the very satisfactory financial showing - that has been made: in the exposition series and these were largely responsible for the | . CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS CASE REPORTS OF LYMPHANGITIS IN CATTLE CAUSED BY AN ACID-ALCOHOLIC FAST ORGANISM J. Traum, Agricultural Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. On November 20th I received for examination a nodule about the size of a hen’s egg, which had been removed on November 18th from the subcutaneous tissue of a cow corresponding to a point about the center of the humerus. Upon section this material was found to contain in its center an area of coagulation necrosis about the size of a hazel nut, surrounded by a dense connective tissue which in turn showed many small sized necrotic foci. Smears made from these necrotic areas and stained by Ziehl-Neelsen method, decolorizing with 20% sulphuric acid and also with 95% alcohol or with 3% acid alcohol (hydrochloric), showed organisms which could not be distinguished morphologically or tinetorially from tubercle bacilli. The history of the cases concerned, as reported to us, is as fol- lows: Early in October the above mentioned cow (No. 1, figurel) and another cow (No. 2, figure 2) each presented an enlargement about one and one-half inch in diameter, back of the knee, in cow No. 1 the left knee being affected, in cow No. 2 the right. The dairyman had been treating these with tincture of iodine. This treatment produced no apparent improvement. The abscess on cow No. 1 was discharging a cream colored, glutinous, odorless pus, containing yellowish, calcareous granules at the time when the nodular mass above mentioned was removed. It was found then that the disease process had extended on the external face of the limb up to the shoulder joint, following the course of the lym- phaties, and manifesting itself in the form of corded nodular masses varying from the size of a bean to that of a goose egg. In cow No. 2 the disease presented a similar picture, but was not so extensive, the nodules being smaller and fewer in number. As indicated above, the microscopic examination suggested a diagnosis of tuberculosis, but the location of the lesions on the three animals (another cow, No. 3, having developed similar lesions on the right front leg) together with the fact that although semi- - a4 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 255 annual tuberculin tests were made no reactors had been found in this herd during a period of two years, did not warrant this diag- nosis. Another nodule was removed from cow No. 1 on November 24th, carefully handled, and taken to the laboratory and upon micro- scopic examination revealed the presence of acid-aleoholic fast or- ganisms which resisted the action of antiformin. In the middle of December a fourth cow showed four small subcutaneous nodules in back and a little below the left knee. The nodules in all these animals were firm on palpation, but all the removed nodules were found upon section to contain necrotic areas which in most instances had reached a stage of liquefaction. Some of the nodules were difficult to remove intact, since the pus had made its way to their outermost zones. Histologically the nodules showed a structure similar to that found in the granulomata. Giant cells and acid-aleoholic fast organisms were observed in the sec- tions, in some instances the organisms being abundant, in others very scarce. Tubercles, found upon microscopic examination, es- pecially the small ones, were indistinguishable from those caused _ by the tubercle bacillus. . The organisms in the solid necrotic areas were more plentiful than where liquefaction was present. In most instances, they were 3 to 5y in length and beaded, appearing to be made up of two or more coccoid or bacillary members ; some were fine, thin, straight rods, about 21% to 31444 in length, others were slightly longer and slightly curved or bent, others still showed one end larger. Coccoid forms were also found. The organisms retained the color when stained by the Gram method. When stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen and counterstained by the Gram method, organisms with one or two acid fast portions and a Gram positive granule were observed. On February 12th pus that had been obtained by Drs. Hill and Caldwell of Oakland from the vicinity of the fetlock joint of the left hind leg of a cow (No. 5) was brought to my attention by Dr. F. W. Wood of the Cutter Laboratory. This pus appeared very similar to that obtained from cows 1,2 and 3. Microscopic examination in this case also showed similar acid-alcoholic fast organisms. Drs. Wood, Hill and myself visited the dairy, owning cow No. 5, on Feb- ruary 19th, and found a sixth case. In this last ease we found a soft tumor, about one inch in diameter, back of the right knee, and nodular masses extending upward to a point below the shoulder on the outside of the leg, very like those found in the other cases. In 256 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS case No. 5 at one point the pus had made its way to the surface from a small nodule, presenting an ulcer which was very like in appear- ance to the buds found on the limbs of farey horses. The clinical picture suggested streptothricosis (Farein du boeuf). The presence of acid fast organisms did not tend to weaken this diagnosis, but rather supported it, since bacillary acid fast forms have been described as being present in this disease. In all our work, however, we were unable to find any branching filamen- tous forms. The large number of tubes of varied culture media in- oculated from these cases have thus far failed to yield any definite results. Animal inoculations have up to date been of no assistance in establishing a definite diagnosis. They, however, eliminated mammalian tuberculosis, since a large number of guinea pigs in- oculated subcutaneously and intramuscularly with material, which, as evidenced by microscopic examination, contained a great many ~ acid fast organisms, failed to develop tuberculosis even when al- | lowed to live for two months. The allergic tests were interesting. All six cows were tested intradermally both with a streptothrichin, prepared from Strepto- thrix nocardii grown for five weeks on 4% glycerin bouillon and pre- pared after the manner of Koch’s O. T. and used in 20% strength, and with a 50% dilution of avian tuberculin (the latter kindly furn- ished by Dr. Van Es). Cows 1, 2 and 5 gave distinct reactions to the avian tuberculin, while cow 3 gave a doubtful reaction. Case 1 gave an equally strong reaction to the streptothrichin, while cases 2 and 5 failed to give a decided reaction to this test. Cases 4 and 6 failed to react to either of these tests. Cases 1, 2 and 3 were ophthalmical- ly tested with streptothrichin and case 1 again gave a marked reac- tion, while the others were negative. Cases 1, 2, 3 and 4 were tested with ordinary veterinary tuberculin, 1 and 2 being tested subeu- taneously with 10% O. T. and the others intradermally with 50% QO. T., and the results were negative in all cases. All four were then given the ophthalmic test for tuberculosis and again the results were negative. The failure of the animals to react to streptothrichin, while re- acting to avian tuberculin, may be partly explained by the fact that the former was used in weaker dilution and was prepared hurried- ly and was probably not as active as the avian tuberculin. The re- actions indicate, however, that the causative agent belongs to the group of acid fast organisms more closely related to the strepto- Se bk Kite sce Lhe? oe i pers. a a AS Wii EES at ae TA ot ae ‘ is. ee ¥4 ~" De ee ee eee tS ee Ee are eee ‘IIT GLV1g = °972209 we siprbuvydwhT Pichon ' . . CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 257 thrix than are the mammalian tubercle bacilli. The failure thus far to grow the organism and the reaction to avian tuberculin also suggested an organism very much like the one responsible for Johne’s disease (Enteritis paratuberculosis). The usual clinical manifestations of this disease, however, have never been found in either of these herds. Further studies and a more detailed record will be published later. Ss gs cea A TWO HEADED CALF W. G. Huyverr, Wernersville, Pa. A monstrous foetal calf was delivered, by me February 27th, from an eight year old grade Holstein cow, with two fully developed heads, each having a separate neck, uniting posteriorly to form a single body. The foetus was about seven months old and had died in utero, about two days prior to indicating symptoms of abortion. Posterior presentation with both hind limbs flexed at hocks. The mother had twins two years previous. A THREE CHAMBERED HEART IN A HEIFER Paut RunGrE, Newark, N. J. Of all the organs which help to make up the anatomy of an animal the heart receives the least attention upon postmortem by the average practitioner. This being due perhaps to the small 258 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS number of heart diseases and abnormalities found in animals. | This condition of two auricles and one ventricle in the same heart was found in a pregnant heifer which was killed for food purposes; the animal being in good condition. No temperature was taken; neither was the frequency of res- piration or pulse noticed but no doubt this heart would have been a very interesting one to auscult. My attention was first drawn to this condition by the fact that it was much larger than the normal heart, and by the fact that its shape was greatly altered, the apex being rounded instead of pointed and the anterior straight and posterior concave borders were both convex, in fact the heart appeared more like a ball than like a cone. I opened the heart through what I thought was the wall of the left ventricle from about two inches above the apex, cutting up- ward through the middle of the auricle and much to my surprise I noticed that both atrio ventricular orifices opened into the same chamber. Further examination showed that there had been no second ventricular chamber and that the ventricular septum was absent. All other structures such as the mitral, tricuspid and pul- monary valves were all normally present. In the above illustration letter A shows the lower end of a piece of gauze through the aortic orifice, letter B a piece of gauze through the left auricle, letter C a piece of gauze through the right auricle, and letter D shows the single ventricle, Fie Pa a —— ee eC Rs 3 he eee — el ee ay ee ee ee gale eet Ne Bilie a eae CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 259 A CASE OF THROMBOSIS JosepH A. DeGroopr, Mendham, N. J. On February 27th, 1916, I was called to see a chestnut mare of about 23 years of age, with a peculiar history. After asking a few questions from the owner, (who was a lady), I suggested that I hitch the mare up and drive her, so as to bring out the symptoms. After I had driven about a mile, the mare stopped, held up her right hind foot, and trembled. I then turned her around and started for the house, but before I reached there, I had to give the mare several rests for when urged to go, she would almost touch the ground when she put any weight on that foot. She broke out in a sweat, the water running from her in streams. It was all I could do to get the mare unhitched and take the harness off before she was down. She tossed and rolled, got up and drew up her foot, then lay down again. I examined the limb and found it a great deal colder than the others. In about a quarter of an hour she was standing and acting normally again. I then asked the owner how long the mare had been acting this way. She told me for about a year or so the mare hadn’t the life which she had always had, and that for the past couple of months she had acted just as I had told her the mare had acted with me. A diagnosis of a ‘‘Thrombosis’’ was made. As the animal was so old I advised its destruction which I made three days later. Upon post-mortem I found an antemortem clot in the right branch, about an inch from where the posterior aorta bifurcates, _ which almost entirely filled up the artery. The major part of the clot weighed a little ¢ over four ounces and extended into the several - branches. oe MACERATION AND DECOMPOSITION OF THE FETUS IN MARES S. R. Howarp, V.8., Hillsboro, Ohio. I believe that all trustworthy veterinarians have a just right to the inheri- tance of the experience of their predecessors. This is a gangreno-necrotie process, or in simpler words, is a , | rotting of the fetus due to the hindrance of its expulsion. The hin- 260 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS drance may be one of a great many that occasionally are present, but this hindrance is never complete, for air must enter the womb else we would have mummification. I wish to refer more especially to this condition occurring after the normal time of parturition in the mare alone. Fleming states twelve cows to one mare is the relative proportion of cows to mares in this trouble. Standard works refer to this particular. subject in a very painfully guarded and limited manner, confining most of their study to the cow. The contemplation, or even the remem- brance of such cases in one’s practice is anything but an Elysian dream. I have often wondered if this was not the reason why so few mare cases are recorded, and perhaps another reason is that most all mares so afflicted die. Why all such cases do not die of metritis and putrid infection, to me, is one of the greatest wonders of nature. It is well known to those having had extensive experience, that some mares when endeavoring to expel the fetus, will strain, strug- gle violently, and persistently for perhaps only a short time, and are not seen to strain again unless manipulated. These are the only kinds of cases I especially wish to refer to. Their limited and ineffectual straining is sometimes passed unnoticed by the at- tendant, and the case may be one where partial or complete obstruc- tion to foaling is present. Then, sometimes even the careful at- tendant might believe the colt was stolen, lost, devoured or that it was a case of ‘‘false conception’’ (whatever that may be). In all my experience I have never delivered but one live colt where an hour or more had elapsed from first signs of straining. The mare is alone and attempts to foal. The fetal membranes are ruptured and separated from the face of the womb, the liquor amnii escapes, the os is dilated, air enters, and the colt usually smothers, and dies at once unless quickly expelled or delivered. If not delivered, as a rule the wretched mare is then doomed to a mis- erable death, or a suffering and pitiful existence until she is re- lieved. Of course to the fetus, emphysema occurs in a very little time after death under such circumstances. This is the period when the obstetrist is often called, and when the introduction of the hand is difficult if not almost impossible owing to the bloated condition of the fetus, dryness and congestion of the womb, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 261 In my obstetrical bag, as the M.D.’s say, I carry instruments ina roll, a sleeveless coat, a pair of overalls, pump, bottle of antisep- tie, a pair of rubber gloves, and last but not least a dusting can of _ powdered slippery elm. I like it better than oils or grease. With - warm water an emollient emulsion can be quickly prepared and in- _ jected. Use plenty. To slightly powder the dampened arm and hand is good practice. Rubber operating gloves (they are cheap) should always be - worn when manipulating in such cases. Neglecting this precau- - tion upon two occasions, I have almost lost my life from infection. _ To care for the gloves when not in use, I cover them inside and out with corn starch and keep them in a very shallow, full length box. I can not see how a veterinarian in general practice can be - surgically clean but I do claim we should always try to lessen our danger to infection. _ These cases are not in the least alluring, and the obstetrist must not approach them in haste and overconfidence. He should have physical endowments not to be sneered at, a stout heart, a long arm; he should not be hungry, wet or cold, and as Fleming states, . 3 “he must be gifted with presence of mind, coolness and fertility _of resource so as to take in all the circumstances of the case, devise his method of procedure and carry it out promptly.’’ | I know a little, lithe Irishman who-has quite a reputation as an obstetrist in a cattle raising neighborhood. While he is unedu- cated, yet rather intelligent, he has proven himself a valuable ac- _ quisition to the district. He has never used an instrument of any _ kind, save some small ropes. He has powerful arms and fingers, is ; active and resourceful. He informs me, in some cow eases he has used his bare foot and leg as a repeller while laying hold of root of tail of the cow. I have never before read or heard of such a re- s peller, but I have heard of a number of cases where he used his small naked foot successfully. Of all the foul, stinking, dangerous and disgusting operations _ we are called upon to perform I believe the treatment of cases of maceration is beyond compare. Some such experiences of country _ veterinarians would challenge credulity. It is taught that when liquefaction has taken place the prognosis is more favorable. This I think to be true, but very few mares live to that stage. In time the bones of the head become disconnected, the epiphysis and diaphysis separate and all the bones more or less disconnect, 262 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS the soft structures liquefy, and the horrible death-stench discharge usually takes place, alongside of which a polecat is a refreshment. The internal face of the womb exudes a muco-purulent discharge which further adds to the softening of the festering mass. After carefully reading what literature is available to me on this subject, I can not see that I can add to it much of value, save to state that in some cases considerable force even with a hoist will be necessary to take away the ribs, vertebrae and pelvis. These bones seem to be the last to disconnect from each other, As an illustration, this case may be interesting :— ‘‘Nell’’, fat four year old, 1600 Ib. brown mare, due to foal April 2, 1912. Owner, William Aitkin. Mare worked on farm regularly before, during and after foaling time to July 9th, one week and three months past due. At foaling time she had the usual premonitory symptoms of readiness to foal, but no one noticed any restlessness, straining, discharge, signs of having labored or strug- gled, nor any acute signs that the event should take place. She was looked at several times each night for a week or niore, but each time she seemed all right. The owner, an experienced horseman and ex- tensive breeder, then supposed the colt had been lost in a large pas- ture, as no trace of it could be found. An observing and careful man continued to work her, watch- ing her narrowly all the while, she retaining her usual good spirits and flesh, but finally lost her milk and shrank in abdominal girth. The owner consulted me several times in the three months and with- out seeing the case, I each time ventured the opinion that she still retained the fetus. Owner not assenting to a visit, the mare was left to expectancy. No odor or discharge was at any time noticed. This I can not understand. She came in heat regularly, and was served by the owner’s stallion five days before I was called, July 10th. DeBruin states that oestrum may occur regularly with such patients, and that conception is possible. This, I grant, is true but judging by the paucity of the records of such cases, conception must be extremely rare. Over three months beyond time of foal- ing the mare came out of the barn to go to work, having symptoms of slight laminitis. I was called. Ignoring the laminitis, I. found upon exploration, the womb open and a transverse dorsal presenta- tion of a slimy and bony vertebral column. In such cases if weather permits, I remove all my clothing, and don a suit of overalls. It — : CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 263 required several hours to carefully remove the remains which con- sisted of bones, and several gallons of corruption or completely dis- organized tissue of about the consistency of soft soap, plus the the usual stench. It demanded the assistance of three strong men with a hoist to pull away the vertebral column and pelvis. The womb was then injected with a large tubful of warm antiseptic and deodorizing water. I then used a large tubful of the same on myself, and went to dinner. After dinner we gave her another, but smaller uterine injection, swabbed her feet and left. The next day she was doing well, save having a rather severe case of metastatic laminitis, which in spite of care and rest, lasted until late in the fall, leaving her with slightly ramy hoofs and almost inconsiderable chronic founder. She was given another large injection and released to the owner’s treatment. She is now in splendid condition and has been frequently bred, but up to the present has not conceived. She was very well sold lately at public auction and is a very serviceable animal, all of which is a source of considerable satisfaction to me. Berrer StTaBtE Conpitions ror Cows. In an article in the Lancaster Daily New Era, Lieuwtenant-Governor Frank B. McClain calls the attention of the Eastern Pennsylvania farmers to the necessity of different housing conditions for their cows and steer cattle, and if better housing conditions are not provided, the “freight” will have to be paid by the person who refuses to recog- nize this necessity: The reason why Virginia cows and Weaken cows and even Northern Pennsylvania cows have the preference is because in the carcass very few of them show evidence of tuberculosis. The ex- planation of the healthier condition of this class of cows is that they have more outdoor life in day time throughout the entire year, and at night time, in the winter, are not housed in air-tight barns. It therefore behooves the farmer to give some attention to better barn ventilation as a preventive of tuberculosis among his cows and steers, otherwise he will find it expensive when he comes to dispose of his live stock. ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE STRYCHNINE Poisoning IN A Dog. Henry Taylor, F.R.C.V.S. Veter. Jour—A fox was poisoned with strychnine. A dog came home with the head of a young rabbit in his mouth. His abdomen was distended and full. Had he partaken of the poisoned fox? After remaining quiet for six hours, he suddenly got out and had a fit which soon passed off. Attempts to give him a dose of castor oil failed and a small pill was offered in a bit of meat. He took it. After an hour, he developed the characteristic symptoms of strych- nine poisoning. Chloral hydrate and bromide of potassium in large doses were prescribed. Fit after fit continued but chloral was still administered until after some time the next morning after a series of attacks he was finally awakened from the apparent sleep he was in. He then looked drowsy but gradually improved and got over all his troubles. The interest in this case rests on the length of time which had elapsed between the partaking of the poison and the onset of the first fit, siz hours and the recurrence of the fits while the dog was under the influence of the antidote, viz: large doses of chloral. A. LIAUTARD. pmo a Is LEUCOCYTOZOON ANATIS THE CAUSE OF A New DISEASE IN Ducks? Wickware, A. B. Parasitology, 1915, June, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp, 17-21.—(The paper is of considerable interest in the light of recent enormous outbreaks of a fatal disease among ducks in California (Tulare Lake, ete. and Utah.) The author studied an outbreak at a poultry Pier where heavy mortality prevailed. The malady ran a rapid and fatal course. The prodromal symptoms were very slight. Some died in the first attack, others after several exacerbations. The birds lie in a semi- comatose condition, but, if aroused, undergo remarkable contor- tions of the head and body. They lose the power of controlling equilibrium. The recovered birds are stunted and undersized. The mortality is 65-70 per cent. Leucocytozoa (L. anatis) were found in large numbers in ducks in which the infection ran an acute and fatal course. Transmission experiments were successful in one instance only. The author is not prepared to accept the Leucocytozoon as the causative agent of the disease, but he gives reasons for its probably being the excitant and for the failure to transmit the parasite. The paper is well illustrated, K, F', Meyer, — ese . aE ro : 7 cs 7 A - "7 — wees . ¢ on Femnesss 4 a 4 EST » ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 265 Enormousty ENuArGEep ProsraTe Apscess IN A Dos. Arthur Payne F. R. C. V.S. Veter. Journ.—Half bred collie, eleven years old. For three months he had been losing flesh, and yet had a good appetite. He passcd a small quantity of urine, which was occasion- ally tinged with blood. One day he had more difficulty in micturat- ing and from that day refused all food. On examination per rectum, the enlarged prostate gland was detected. The bladder was congested, and engorged. The dog looked very sick, yet when he was called, he came and urinated freely. Urotropine was prescribed. Finally the poor sufferer died a natural death. At post mortem, one and one-half pint of urine was found in what was taken for the bladder. On the right side of this sac, was one that proved to be the true bladder. The prostate was hypertro- _ phied. The second bladder which was the normal organ, showed that the first sac had been made by the giving way of some muscular fibres, which had let the vesical mucus pass through and allowed the formation of a pocket, a diverticulum of the bladder. A. LIAUTARD. —_——j—— Sur LA CULTURE DU PARASITE DE LA LYMPHANGITE EPIZOOTIQUE, (The Culture of the Epizootic Lymphangitis Microorganism). Négre L. et Boquet A. Bull. Soc. Path. exot. VIIT. 1915; 10 feur—By inoculating the water of condensation of glucose agar and incubat- ing the tubes at a temperature of from 24 to 26 degrees C., the au- thors have succeeded in growing the Cryptococcus farciminosus. The - culture was very adherent to the medium and consisted of mycelia and irregularly shaped bodies, varying in size from 4-6 ». Sub- cultures were successful. (The reviewer isolated, in 1912, an organism from typical pus collected from a case of epizootic lymphangitis in Jamaica, which i _ corresponds in every detail with the organism described in the pre- _ liminary note given by Négre & Boquet.) Inasmuch as Dr. Bridre (from the Institut Pasteur in Mustopha, Alger) stated, in a person- al communication, that at the time of writing—1912—they had not | _ been able to cultivate the Cryptococcus, the reviewer considered his h _ organism to be a contamination. For further information see K. F. Meyer,—Epizootie lymphan- _ gitis and sporotrichosis. (Studies on American Sporotrichosis II). q American Journal of Tropical Diseases and Preventive Medicine. 1915; September ; Vol. IIIT; No. 3; pp. 144-163.) K. F. Meyer, 266 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE L’OFTALMO E L’INTRAPALPEBRO-REAZZIONE NELLA DIAGNOSI E NELLA DIFFERENZIAZIONE DI ALCUNE TRIPANOSOMIASI. Nota PRE- — VENTIVA. (THE OPHTHALMIC AND INTRAPALPEBRAL REACTION IN © THE DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIATION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS. PRE- — LIMINARY Note.) Lanfranchi, Alessandro. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., 1915, Mar., Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 112-115.—It is frequently impossible to diagnose clinically the various trypanosomiases of-:animals. With the object in view of finding a simple and certain method of diag- nosis, the author made experiments using the ophthalmic and intra- palpebral reactions. Dogs and horses with surra were employed, healthy animals served together with those infected with 7. brucei as controls. An- tigens were prepared from extracts of 7. evanst in water, alcohol, glycerine, ether and chloroform. The technique was similar to that 4 used in the case of animals infected with glanders and tuberculosis. The conclusions are: using a glycerine or alcoholic extract a of infective trypanosomes, it is possible by means of the ophthalmic _ reaction not only to diagnose surra in the dog, but to distinguish this from other trypanosomiases. In horses: similar results were obtained. The diagnostic value : ¢ of a slight rise in temperature from the intrapalpebral test during Pe an afebrile period in infected horses has still to be determined. (It would be advisable to investigate the value of this test in cases of dourine). K. F, Meyer. ——0————_ CarcaL ADMINISTRATION OF Drugs. Doct. A. Bouchet. Rev. — de Pathol, Compar.—The author proceeds as follows: A horse has colic. Whether tympanitic or not, tincture of iodine is applied to — the right flank, in the region where the aseptic trocar is to be intro- duced. The puncture is made. The blade of the instrument is withdrawn and the canula of the instrument left in™place, the — mouth of a 10 centiliters syringe is introduced, carrying the drug, — which is to be introduced. The injection can be renewed as often — as the quantity of the solution requires, the canula of the trocar be- — ing left in place even if the animal is restless or while he is walk- — r ing. Of course, if there is tympanitis the gases are allowed to escape — i first of all. By this method, the author has often given tincture of opium — Zi chloral, and ether, separated or mixed and has relieved almost im- — mediately animals which were suffering with very violent colic, " * 2 ke “ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 267 He has given in one day 50 grammes of chloral and 80 of ether and obtained complete anesthesia, which lasted 25 minutes. The au- __ thor has advocated this mode of administration because of the dif- ficulties which some times accompanied the giving of drugs in solu- tion where given per mouth or per rectum. A. LiauTarb. Sa eS Field Marshall von Hindenberg’s letter of appreciation of the services of the veterinarians in the German army appeared in the Tieraretliche Rundschau, Oct. 1915, p. 357: September 20, 1915. We From the reports submitted it appears that since the begin- ning of an organized campaign in April of this year, aimed at the eradication of glanders and contagious pleuro-pneumonia, diseases most dangerous to horses and to the troops dependent upon them, an extraordinary and permanent suppression of the epidemics has been accomplished. These services of the field veterinary corps ren- "dered in the strongly infected Russian field of operations under ad- verse conditions are the results of a specially broad and self sacri- ficing sense of duty. I am given all the more occasion to express my __ appreciation of the successful suppression of epidemics because the veterinary corps has also rendered signal services among the troops, _ veterinary hospitals, military abattoirs, and in other field opera- tions; especially in the preservation and replacement of the valu- _ _ able supplies for horses. These circumstances give assurance that in spite of the military campaign in an infected country, with an . energetic and foresighted prophylaxis and eradication of equine diseases, especially those that are contagious; the losses in difficult- ly replaceable horses will not exceed the unavoidable losses incident to forced marches and irregularities in feeding. (signed) von Hindenburg. | Note by Abstractor. The above letter of General von Hinden- burg should be of special interest to veterinarians in view of the bills now pending in Congress. These bills provide that the United _ States Army shall have a Veterinary Corps somewhat similar to .. those already in service in Europe, and that the veterinarians in the ' army shall have the RANK ,pay, allowance, etc., of officers. In _ other words, that they shall have rank, which they previously have not had, BERG. 268 _ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE PsycHIcaAL TRAUMATISM IN A Horse. Mr. L. Lepinay. Rev. de Pathol. Compar—sSeven year old gelding, returned from the front, in the infirmary of wounded or over worked horses. He was closely examined and presented nothing abnormal. He had no wounds, no elevation of temperature, was in quite good condition, was lively, trotted and galloped easily. He was perfectly quiet. Why was he returned? Watched at feeding time it was noticed that he could not take ~ his food from the ground, nor even from a low manger. Finally he knelt down and reached it. The mouth, throat, ears, neck, anterior quarters, vertebral col- umn were again examined. Not the slightest lesion superficial or __ deep could be detected. At each feeding time, he tried to take his ration, hesitated, made some attempts and finally spread his fore legs apart, knelt down with a groan and began and completed ius meal in that position. After a few days, he gradually improved but it took four or five weeks for all the symptoms to gradually subside and disappear. As he was an artillery horse and in the midst of cannon thunder, © the question may be asked, did he get a nervous shock? A. LIAUTARD. ——o-—— 4 Intravenous Injection of Chloral Hydrate for Operatwe Pur- poses. Martens. Zeitschrift fiir Vetermarkunde, Vol. 27, p. 302, 1915. A solution of 50 grams of chloral hydrate in 400 ee. of water is used. The casting of the horse is brought about very easily by this method; the injection is stopped when the horse be- gins to sway. The narcosis is sufficiently deep. Undesirable after effects were not noticed. Bera. ———)-— —- Tumor IN THE UrtNARY BLAppER OF A Mare. Susman. Ber- linger Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 31, pp. 461-462, 1915. I was called to examine a horse which had passed large quantities of a blood and blood clots during the past two months. Examination—Mare, over 12 years, emaciated and apathetic. External genitalia somewhat swollen and bloody. The urine re-. ceived in a container was blood colored and contained clots, some as large as the palm of a hand, others as thick as a finger. There was no — sediment from which information could be obtained regarding the cause of this abnormal condition, Reetal examination of the bladder ua z ea MP ae OTe woes ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 269 showed it to be as large as a man’s head, tightly filled and pressed backward toward the anus. This diminished the lumen of the rectum and caused an accumulation of gas and feces on the oral side. The horse was raked to permit closer examination. Slight pressure on the bladder was painful and caused the evacuation of several liters of urine, at first red, later yellowish. After the bladder was emptied in this way, a large compact mass could be felt through the rectum, the significance of which was not apparent at first. A 4 ¢loser examination of the vulva and palpation of the vagina and os uteri disclosed nothing unusual. Catheterizing was easy, a fin- ger could be easily introduced into the urinary meatus. This caused the mare to groan and strain, and some blood was passed. In this way it was found that the swelling was on the ventral sur- face of the bladder. The swelling was hard, like a cauliflower, and extended from the neck to the fundus of the bladder. A limited mobility indicated the presence of a neck or stalk by which the tumor was attached. Diagnosis: Tumor of the bladder was highly probable. I at- tributed the hemorrhages to the rupture of capillaries caused by the distension of the bladder by the retained urine. This in turn _ could be, caused by the movable tumor blocking the internal urethral orifice. ie Treatment: Although I informed the owner that permanent cure could be brought about only by surgical treatment, and recom- mended slaughter, he requested that medical treatment be tried. I prescribed irrigation with 3% alum solution and daily doses of potassium iodid, 5 grams. As might be expected there was no im- provement, and as a last resort the owner consented to surgery. Operation: This was performed on the horse in the standing position, after rectal administration of chloral hydrate. The uri- nary meatus was stretched until two fingers could be passed through. I looked for the stalk of the tumor and found it. It was as thick as a small finger, and attached to the ventral surface of the bladder, about 3 centimeters from the internal urinary orifice. With the aid of the ecraseur, the stalk was cut and hemorrhage stopped with a ‘Thermocautor’. Healing took place promptly and ? 3 after effects have not yet been observed. Histological examination ____ confirmed the diagnosis of tumor. BERG, by Ae ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE INTUSSUSCEPTION IN THE Horse. P. G. B. Veter. Record. —A six year old cart gelding had always done good work, had no illness and was in very fair condition. He was in the eare of a careful and good driver. Returning from a journey, he showed slight abdominal pains, and got a colic draught. Relieved for the night, the next morning he was off his food, had a temperature of — 102° F., cold extremities, ears and legs, his breath was short and he occasionally laid down. He remained in that condition for a — few days, then stopped eating entirely but manifested great thirst. He toek water heartily. After a day or two he had a fetid odor from the mouth and a peculiar gurgling sound was heard at the base of the neck. A diagnosis was made of abdominal abscess due to external injury. Prognosis unfavorable. The patient gradual- ly lost ground. Violent purging set in. The animal, in walking, had a peculiar rambling gait. The illness lasted ten days and finally the horse was destroyed. The post mortem showed intus- susception of the cecum within the large colon. The whole of the organ was drawn in and between the walls of the two bowels there was about a gallon of pus. A. LiAUTARD. ) Sag eI THe Lire History or GonGgyLONEMA ScutTatum. Brayton H. Ransom and Maurice ©. Hall. Journ. Parasitology, v. 2 (2), pp. 80-86.—Gongylonema scutatum is the gullet worm of sheep and cattle, a parasite very common in these hosts in the United States and resembling a thread sewed in serpentine fashion in the mucosa of the esophagus. It has been found that the eggs produced by the female worms in the gullet pass out in the manure and are there ingested by the small dung beetles of the genera Aphodius and On- thophagus, either while the -beetles are in larval stages or when adult. The larvae from these eggs develop in the beetles to an in- fective stage and the beetles are ingested by sheep and cattle in grazing over fields where these insects are making their flights from one manure deposit to another. As the beetles land on grass or other vegetation and start to crawl toward a manure deposit, the vegetation through which they are traveling may at that moment | be eaten by sheep or cattle and it is a matter of common knowledge that these animals do not stop to sort out such miscellaneous objects from their food. The nature of this life history has been demon- strated by feeding dung beetles and the Gongylonema larvae, which are of fairly common occurrence in these beetles, to experiment ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 271 sheep, and the subsequent demonstration of the adult worms in the sheep. It has also been shown that the larvae will develop in the _ eroton bug and that larvae developed in this intermediate host will infect sheep when fed to them. In this connection, attention is called to the work of Fibiger and Ditlevsen who have found a similar worm, which they call _ Gongylonema neoplasticum, in rats, and which appears to be com- --municable to rodents generally. G. neoplasticum occurs in the _ squamous-celled epithelium of the anterior portion of the digestive tract, including the mouth, tongue, esophagus, and fundus of the stomach. In these regions the worm gives rise to a proliferation of _ the epithelial elements, originating as a circumscribed or diffuse hypertrophy with a slight inflammation, going on to the formation of papilloma, and terminating in distinct carcinoma with occasion- al metastases. This parasite has its intermediate stages in croton bugs, cockroaches, and mealworms. The fact that it bears some etiological relation to the production of cancer is a fact of con- siderable scientific and medical interest. It is also noted that the worm commonly known as Spiroptera obtusa from the stomach (the authors have inadvertently stated that this worm occurs in the intestine) of rats, mice, and other rodents, has a somewhat similar life history, the larvae developing in the mealworm. The feces of the rodents parasitized by these worms are eaten by mealworms and the mealworms in turn eaten by the rodents. M. C. Hat. eit a cae TREATMENT OF MANGE IN ARMY Horses. Prof. Coquot. Bullet. de la Soc, Cent—Having a large number of mangy army horses to prescribe for, they were divided and classified according to the con- dition of the disease, into three groups: 1—those where the mange was isolated; 2—those where it was well localized; and 3—those _ where it was general, that is covering a great surface of the body. _ The three groups were kept separated and out of doors night and _ day. All the animals had first a free soaping followed by energetic _ brushing, until the skin was cracking and blood oozing. An ex- __ posure to the sun with walking dried the animal which was then _ ready for the anti-parasitic application. To those of the first group the treatment consisted in washing with sulfurous solution and the application of Helmeric ointment. To those of the second group, the same washing, the applica- SE ee r er eekly ”~ PT el ie ee ee eT ae ae an , : nea Nae Af > ye > a ie sa ee et) be » a : WU ieee tog Bet 5 oh ay AY ar Py ‘272 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE tion of an ointment made of oil, petroleum, benzine in equal parts to which were added soft green soap and sublimed sulphur also in equal parts and sufficient in quantity to make a soft paste. The application dried rapidly on the surface and was left for two days | when a general washing removed it. The same treatment was also applied for the animals of the third group. Half of the body being treated first and the other later. : Recovery was obtained rapidly in nine-tenths of the cases. An average of from 10 to 20 days being required to obtain it. ——_o—— TUBERCULAR MENINGITIS IN A Cow. J. Bourwan. Vet. News. The cow was six years old and had a calf 18 months before, coughed only lately. She had been alternately dull and excitable. For eight days she had been standing with the head elevated and car- ried rather on one side. She ate some, swallowed easily and gave a small quantity of milk. Such was her previous history. She was emaciated, lay on her bent knees and was unable to rise. The head was elevated and carried on one side, the eye-balls were in an oblique position, there was no nystagmus, the cow had now and.then clonic convulsions in the limbs and she was very ex- cited. The next day she was stretched out full length, the head still in the same condition, clonic convulsions were very frequent. She died in the evening. At the post-mortem, the diagnosis of tubercular meningitis was confirmed. The pia mater at the base of the brain and of the hemispheres was infiltrated and presented a 4 compact mass of tubercles about the size of a millet seed. In ex- amining the thoracic cavity the peribronchial and mediastinal lym- _ phatic glands were found the seat of calcified centers and some of them with purulent foci. ; a ; . AMPUTATION OF ProLApsus Rectr In A Pony. Dr. A. A. Feist. Alpha Psi Bullet., Vol. I, No. 4.—The case was well characterized, reduction had failed and a very grave prognosis was offered. Am- — putation was the only chance of saving he animal. It was per- formed as follows: The colt was narcotized with the injection of 20 minims of — fluid extract of cannabis indica intravenously. Chloride of adren- alin was injected in’ the tissues at the seat of operation. The . colt was secured, the seat of operation rendered aseptic as much as 4 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 273 possible with solution of kresol, and two hat pins were introduced at right angles to each other at the base of the protruding rectum. , eA half ounce hard rubber syringe was introduced into the rectum i up to the point where the bowel was to be ligated. This was done to support the inner wall of the protruding part and making the liga- F tion more effective and the suturing easier. The part ligated, a circular incision was made two and one-half inches from the base. _ After the portrusion was removed, four sutures were placed in the ends of the bowel, at even distance and four more were placed be- 3 oe these. Silk sutures were used. The ligatures were gradually released and the hat pins removed. A truss was placed immedi- ately, in the shape of a figure 8 running round the body and neck - and back under the tail. Local treatment with rectal injections of _ kresol, careful diet and later tonies brought a complete recovery in two months. A. LIauTar. erik FROM SHAVING BRUSHES. Some time ago, in London, several cases of anthrax were traced to infection from shaving ~ brushes. _ Investigation disclosed that a consignment of brushes be- a longing to the same lot had been sent to Glasgow. By direction of _ Dr. A. K. Chalmers, Medical Officer of Health of the City of Glas- - gow, this lot was promptly secured and withdrawn from sale as t - far as possible. The lot numbered 324 shaving brushes, and of _ these 280 were collected and examined. According to a letter just _ received from Doctor Chalmers, ‘‘the bacillus of anthrax was iso- _ lated from the hair taken from a group of ten brushes (in two boxes) _ which had reached the shop of a retailer. The bacillus was found to _ possess the degree of virulence which it ordinarily exhibited on iso- | lation from cases of anthrax. a _ These findings are of extreme interest and indicate a source of ection of anthrax which should not be overlooked. Some months “ago, the Department of Health examined brushes on the market, _ and found no anthrax in any of them. Moreover, it was learned ) that the method of manufacture, as at present carried on in this ny. precluded the probability of any infection from this sourece.— Weekly Bulletin of the Department of Health, City of New York. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (Continued from page 133) PRESIDENT MarsHati: I would be very glad to have somebody make ae gi definite recommendation along this line. Dr. Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, I am prepared to make one if no one else gq is and that is, that a committee composed of five members be selected to be — known as the Salmon Memorial Committee and that they shall be appointed — for a period of five years. In the event of death or resignation of any mem- — ber of that committee, of course the president would have the power to fill any such vacancy. PRESIDENT MarSHALL: That cf be appointed by the incoming presi- dent? -° Dr. Hoskins: I leave that entirely as a matter for the association. The in-coming president or the present president, whichever is decided. Seconded — by Dr. Schneider. ,. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that a committee of five to be known as the Salmon Memorial Committee be appointed — r to serve for five years. a Dr. Hoskins: To be appointed by the eee president. re PRESIDENT MarsHatt: I didn’t understand that was included in the mo- — tion. 3 Dr. Kiystey: Make a permanent committee rather than a five year committee, having one new man appointed each year. Dr. DunpHy: I have a suggestion to offer in regard to this matter, in — order to keep that committee and to continue it, that we appoint a committee — of five to serve three years. At the end of three years, let a member of the — committee retire each year, and another member of the committee be elected — in his place, that would keep a permanent working committee, familiar with — the conditions all the time. It would be possible to appoint a committee of — five to serve for five years and it would be possible at the end of that time to have an entirely new committee. I believe if we carry that committee for three years and at the end of three years, let one or two retire, one for instance — and each year fill the place with a new man, either to be reappointed or selectea, that this would give the committee a certain amount of permanency and would — not make a radical change. i De. Kinsey: Mr. President, I move as an amendment to the original motion that this committee be a permanent committee of five, the term of one to terminate in one year, two years and so on down so that one man could : be appointed each year. z Dr. Faust: Mr. President, that would mean one man is appointed fork five years, one for four years, one for three years, one for two years and one for one year and each year there is a new man on the committee. I second that amendment, . i a i” | 4 : i= 4 a. 9 i a PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. 275 Dr. Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, I accept that amendment, I think Dr. Kinsley’s suggestion is a good one. One member for one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years, which gives the in-coming president an opportunity to re-appoint the retiring mem- ber if all members of the committee have fulfilled their duty. Dr. H. C. McCain: The point was not settled in the motion of Dr. Hos- kins as to whether or not the present president or the in-coming president would appoint the committee to start with. Speaking,on that subject, I would be strongly in favor of the in-coming president appointing that committee, giv- ing him the same opportunity as each succeeding in-coming president would have. In Dr. Hoskins’ original motion, it was not stated which president would appoint the committee. Dr. Kinstry: I think we had better dispose of the organization of the committee first and then appoint them afterwards. Dr. DANIELSON: In that this is a committee lasting for five years with five members in rotating appointment or selection, I suggest as an amendment to this motion that the present president appoint ‘three members of this com- mittee and the in-coming president the remaining two members. I really think that the selection should not be entirely left to one man. It is a committee of lasting endurance and importance and I think both the out-going and in-com- ing president would be willing and I think that the association would be willing to see them divide the responsibility of the selection of that committee. PRESIDENT MarsHALL: Is not that suggestion out of order just at pres- — ent? What we want to do now is to select the committee as suggested in the motion and then later say who is going to make the appointment. Dr. DANIELSON: I thought there was a doubt in our minds about it. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: This is an open question to be decided by this body later. With that understanding, gentlemen, are you ready for the ques- tion? All in favor of having the committee appointed, as Dr. Kinsley put it, signify by saying ‘‘aye’’, opposed the same. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it; it is so ordered. Now we would like to hear how this committee shall be appointed and by whom it shall be appointed. Dr. DuNPHy: In view of the fact that this is an important matter and there will be a member of this committee elected every year, I move that the association select this committee. Seconded by Dr. Faust. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the com- mittee be selected by the association. Any remarks? Dr. McCain: Mr. President, I rise for information. If there were only 4 five men elected, which one would serve five years and which one year? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The one receiving the largest number of votes ____would serve for five years, the next largest for four years, and so on. How would that do? Dr. Newsom: I cannot say that I fully approve of that suggestion. There are a number of younger men here, men who are younger in the associa- tion than myself and I would not feel competent to vote upon the names to be 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A.. presented for that committee. I feel sure that-many of these older men who knew Dr. Salmon well and the men who were intimately associated with him would be much better prepared to select that committee, than this body alone. I would offer as an amendment to this motion, that we vote upon the names as recommended by the executive ‘committee. Dr. Fox: Mr. President, it seems to me we are taking a large jab 0 on our hands and that it is unnecessary to vote on four or five men to act as a committee. Suppose we take the presidents for the last five years—and let them constitute this committee. At the end of each year, let our retiring presi- dent take the place of the one who would drop out. There would be no ap- pointment, they would be elected by the association. When they elect a presi- dent they know he will take the place of the president that retired five years ago. Make that a continuous committee along that line, the last five presi- dents acting on the committee. Dr. RUTHERFORD: The serious objection to that is, that it loaves out Dr. Hoskins. Dr. Fox: I beg Dr. Hoskins’ pardon, I had not considered that. I will withdraw that suggestion. Dr. Hoskins: I am not taking that matter into consideration but there is one man who ought to be on that committee and that is Dr. Melvin, who has taken a great deal of interest in the matter and that great body of men in the Bureau, the employees of the Bureau of Animal Industry are deeply inter- ested and Dr. Walkley has taken a deep interest and is ready to move when- ever we say what direction the movement shall take. We ought also to have a man from Canada. \I am willing to work in the ranks. I don’t wish to be on the committee at all. I will take as much interest working in the ranks as though I were a member of the committee but I me act upon the committee if it is the pleasure of the association. Dr. Newsom: I think what has been said only bears out the statement I made a while ago, that this body is not capable of selecting this committee, and I think that any of the other ways suggested would be better, either the in-coming or the present president, should appoint this committee. I move as a substitute for all pending motions, that the in-coming president appoint this — Be committee just as he would all other committees of the association. Seconded by Dr. R. C. Moore. Dre. Dunpuy: If this association is not capable of appointing proper members for the committee, how should they expect the selection to be made by the president? If this association is not capable of electing a committee for that purpose, they certainly should not have a voice in the choice of electing a president. De. R. C. Moore: Mr. President, the point is to select the men best cap- able of doing the work and I have to differ with Dr. Dunphy on this question, We are capable as far as that is concerned but have we time to consider who “i are the men best adapted for this particular kind of work? I don’t believe we are sufficiently acquainted with the personnel of this association for this purpose. I believe that the president is the man who should appoint this com- mittee and therefore, I want to second Dr, Newsom’s motion, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 277 -PreswEeNT MarsHati: I think it will be necessary to put Dr. Newsom’s - question. It was a substitute for the original motion. Dr. MurpHey: I would like to rise to a point of order. I do not think a substitute motion of this kind is in order. ‘Dr. Newsom: I am satisfied that a substitute motion bearing on the question at issue is always in order and I feel that the motion should be voted upon. Dr. RuTHERFOoRD: Speaking of a point of order, Mr. President, I would say, a substitute motion is in order but if anyone offers an objection, it is not in order. Dr. MurPHEY: Mr, President, I object to the point of order. Dr. Hoskins: Mr. President, there ought not to be any great discus- sion about the constitution of this committee. It is a committee, as has been said by some of us here, which ought to be selected with the greatest possible care, as to the influences the men may wield in doing this work. Dr. Melvin, who is the chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry would be a valuable member of this committee. We want somebody from Canada, either my good friend Dr. Rutherford, or Dr. Torrance; men who are in touch with the profession, then we would want Dr. Walkley, one of the Bureau of Animal Industry and then we would want two or three others, who. would represent geographic places of our association in the United States, in order that the work may be carried on in the most judicious manner. Might it not be well to leave this also to the joint consideration of the out-going and the incoming president? Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, I want to say that I know that the present president has given very careful consideration to the selection of men for the various committees that he has filled. Men who would work to the best ad- vantage of the association. I believe that our in-coming president will do the same. Dr. Simms: Mr. Chairman, I would corroborate what Dr. Newsom has said in regard to Dr. Dunphy’s remarks, in reference to the election of a pres- ident. I feel that I am capable of voting for a president, but I do not feel that I know the personnel of the association well enough to know who was associated with Dr. Salmon, ten or twelve years ago when he left the Bureau. Therefore, I am opposed to the motion before the House. Dr. HucHes: The thought has occurred to me as to whether it might not be well by looking over those assembled here to check over in one’s mind a certain number who were closely associated with Dr. Salmon. Here on my left is Dr Meyer, also Dr, Hoskins and Dr. Rutherford and I see several others. _ Why not appoint a committee of those old timers. They knew more about Dr. - Salmon than we. I would suggest appointing three men as a nominating com- mittee and let them report back to this association. I make an amendment to the motion to that effect. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion. Did any- body second it? The amendment is made by Dr. Hughes that a nominating committee of three be appointed. Seconded by Dr. Fox. 278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. r] Dr. DuNPHY: Mr. President, I would be willing to accept Dr. Hughes’ amendment to my own motion provided my seconder will accept this, Dr. Faust: I seconded the motion that the association should select the five members. = PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Are you willing to accept the amendment that a nominating committee of three be appointed to select the committee? Dr. Faust: Yes. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The amendment has been accepted by the original mover and seconded. Now you have heard the proposition that a nominating committee of three be selected by the president and that they offer the names of five men to be selected by the association. Any remarks? Dr. Kinstey: Is this going to simplify matters after all? I cannot see that we are gaining much. . Dr. MurpHEy: It seems to me that we are on the right track. A nom- inating committee chosen by the president, composed of men who are able to judge of the personnel of this committee, is the very best way to handle it. Two things must be considered in selecting this committee. First, the kind of men to be appointed and their location with respect to their ability to meet with the other members and take active part in carrying out the work. A good many men no doubt would be highly valuable on this committee who cannot spend the money to come a long distance to attend to the business of it, _ PRESIDENT MarsHatu: All those in favor of the motion as amended, signify by saying, ‘‘aye’’, opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it; it is so ordered. Dr. Lockett: I move that the nominating committee be appointed now and that the election take place at the afternoon session. Seconded by Dr. Fox. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the nominat- ing committee be appointed now and that the election of the committee be held at the afternoon session. All those in favor of the motion, signify by saying, ‘‘aye’’, those opposed ‘‘no’’, The ‘‘ayes’’ have it and it is so ordered. If you will give me a few minutes to think it over, I will appoint the committee. The secretary is present now and desires to make a report of the executive com- mittee. Dr. Huenes: Mr, Chairman, I rise to a question of information, I would — like to know definitely as to when the election of officers will come up today. PkESIDENT MARSHALL: I am glad you brought that question up. Sev- eral members suggested we hold the election at four o’clock this afternoon after the Symposium on Influenza, that is the only thing which we have on the program for this afternoon. Some members want to go home, some want to go to the Fair and do other things and do not like to be required to attend this evening session. Now if we change the election to four o’clock it will take unanimous consent to accomplish it. I want you to think that over. I will ask you to vote on it now if you are prepared to do so. De. Huones: I would like to know whether the time is specifically set in our constitution and by-laws. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. 279 PRESIDENT MARSHALL: No, not in the constitution and by-laws. Dr. Hucues: Who is it then that regulates this time, is it not the asso- ciation? PRESIDENT MaRSHALL: It was printed in the program that the election of officers would take place this evening. Dr. Mayo: The constitution and by-laws gives the order of business as follows: First, roll call, second, submission of the minutes of the previous meeting as presented in the annual report and other records kept by the seere- tary, ete.; it is not necessary for me to read them all but after the reading of papers and discussions, follows the election of officers, installation of officers, adjournment. In the official program, I did not put this in because it is pro- vided for in the constitution and by-laws. The arrangement made on the local program is to have the election of officers the last thing before adjournment because it is regularly provided for as the last official business of the general organization, except the installation and adjournment. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I do not understand that the order of business re- _ fers to the whole meeting but to the regular sessions as we have ‘them and we follow that plan and order of business for the day. I talked to some members and they consider the order of business for the whole meeting, the four day meeting is the one to follow. Dr. Hugues: I move that the election oceur this afternoon at two o’clock instead of at seven-thirty this evening. Is there objection to this? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Yes, probably you have overlooked the symposium scheduled for two o’clock. That is not a general meeting. It is a symposium of the two sections. I think we might call a general session for the election at four o’clock after the session is finished. Dr. Hoskins: I accept that as an amendment. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Would that be acceptable to you, Dr. Hughes? Dr. Hugues: I accept the change. Dr. RurHerrorp: I beg to move that the election of officers be held as _ set forth in the program. I know a number of men who are not here this morning and who won’t be here this afternoon, who are not particularly inter- ested in any of the work going on today but who are under the impression that the election will be held this evening as set forth in the printed program, and _ have made their arrangements accordingly, and are expecting to be here and _ take part in the election. I think it is a dangerous precedent indeed to move _ forward an election. If a man misses a paper or discussion, he gets over it, : he ean read it later but in the matter of missing an election, which has been _ scheduled for a certain time and which has afterwards been set forward, that — _ is.a very different matter. He is apt to feel that he is being the victim of _ some-sort of a plan to deprive him of his rights without due notice and warn- _ ing. If you were setting the election back a few hours, it would not matter so much but to move it forward, is a very dangerous custom to establish. I question very seriously the advisability of making a change and therefore, I | move that the program stand as set forth, 280 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I think under the rules that if anybody objects to advancing the election, it is not permissible. We will have the election to- 2 night at seven-thirty. Dr. Rutherford will now read his report on the Inter- national Tuberculosis Commission. 2 President of the American Veterinary Medical Association. Sir: We beg to present the report of the International Commis- _ sion on Bovine Tuberculosis, covering the period since the last meet- Eo ing of the association. The commission has not met during the — intervening period, owing to the fact that it scarcely appeared — worth while to call the members together in view of the compara- tively small amount of work which, under existing circumstances, they could have performed. a The commission has felt that its principal duty was performed when in 1910 it presented to the association the comprehensive re- port which has since been published and widely distributed through- out both the United States and Canada. a For some time, the members have been considering the question — of the advisability of continuing or discontinuing the commission. a The general consensus of opinion among the members is that it — will be in the best interests of all concerned to perpetuate the com- — mission with such changes in its Le as as the association may deem advisable. While as has already been stated, nothing of outstanding im- — portance has presented itself in connection with either the path- — ology or the general control of bovine tuberculosis, there are one | or two matters which it is felt should, from this time on, receive E consideration at the hands of the commission. Among these, per- a haps the most important is the securing of satisfactory and compre- a hensive evidence as to the reliability of the various new methods of — using tuberculin as a diagnostic agent and it is felt- that the evi- 4 dence so far available in this regard is somewhat conflicting, and that it should be the duty of the commission to satisfy itself upon” the subject and make a public pronouncement in accordance with — its findings. ‘ A number of the members have attended comparatively few. | of the méetings of the commission and it is felt that, in view of | this and other circumstances, it will be advisable to make some changes in the personnel of that body and also to make a numer-— ical reduction in the membership. 1G 4 | @ ig PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 281 Without going into details, we beg to recommend in this con- nection that, subject to the approval of the association, the names of the following gentlemen: Messrs. J. W. Flavelle, L.L.D.; Charles A. Hodgetts, M.D.; and J. N. Hurty, M.D. be dropped from the list of members, that the Hon. W. D. Hoard and Hon. W. C. Edwards be continued as honorary members, and that the following gentle- men be added to the working membership of the commission: Mr. John R. Valentine, of Pennsylvania; J. H. Grisdale, Director, Ex- perimental Farms of the Dominion of Canada; Dr. F..S. Tolmie, of Victoria, B. C. Respectfully Submitted, J. G. Rutherford, J. R. Mohler, V. A. Moore, F. Torrance. September Ist, 1915. In explanation of the foregoing suggestions, I would say that Messrs. Flavelle and Hurty, have both asked that they be relieved from service on the commission and as neither of them have shown any special interest in the work, T do not think their wishes in that connection should be disregarded. Dr. . Hodgetts is now at the front; Mr. Hoard is now seventy-nine years of age and asks to be relieved on account of physical disability. Mr. W. C. Edwards, though not so old, is now in a similar position. As to the additional members, I might say, Dr. Tolmie, of British Columbia, has been for some years, presi- dent of the Provincial Agricultural Society. He is a man who has a very great and wide influence. I might say that this report is signed by Dr. Mohler, Dr. V. A. Moore, Dr. Torrance, and myself. We being the four members of the commission present, and we feel in view of the work which has been done officially by the British Columbia Government in the endeavor to stamp out tuberculosis in that province, that it ought to be recognized in that way by the addition of Dr. Tolmie on that commission. I think most of you are familiar with the names of the other members of that commission. It is very fairly well balanced up. Representing the veterinary profession in the United States, we have Dr. Mohler, Dr, V. A. Moore, Dr. Reynolds, and Dr. Ravenel and Dr. Schroeder from the Experiment Station at Bethesda, Md., and representing the profession in the west, we have Mr. Tomlinson, Secretary of the Live Stock Association and today giving the veterinary profession very valuable support in connection with this work, together with the work generally of stamping out and controlling contagious diseases among animals in the United States. We have also Mr. Ferguson, who is Secretary of the United States Sanitary Board. In Canada, we have Dr. Torrance and myself, as well as Dr. Tolmie. So that with the addition of Mr: Grisdale and Mr. Valentine, it leaves four members in Canada and six in the United States. Of course we have no desire to dictate in any way to the association, either as to whether or not this com- mission shall be continued or who its members shall be. We are simply giving this as a suggestion in view of the fact, that having been associated with the work now for some six years, we feel that perhaps we understand the exact situation better than otherwise would be the case. 282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. Dr. NEwsomM: Mr. President, I move the adoption of the report. Sec- onded by Dr. R. ©. Moore. : Dr. STANGE: I would like to amend the mmo hon that we not only receive the report but accept the recommendation. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Do you accept the amendment? Dr. NEwsom: Yes. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The amendment has been accepted by the mover and seconder that we not only accept the report of the committee but that we approve it. Any remarks? e¥ Dr. Eacte: I would like to ask, are we taking a ‘veterinarian off that commission in order to place the name of John R. Valentine on it? If so, I would like to ask if he is the Valentine who is connected with the Armour Pack- ing Company. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I think I can explain Mr. Valentine’s position. He is a gentleman farmer near Philadelphia. He has a large herd of Ayr- shire cattle and has done good work in keeping disease out. I suggested Mr. Valentine’s name myself. I have been familiar with Mr. Valentine’s work for a number of years and he has assisted us in every way possible to get laws and regulations for the handling and oe has of disease, He has been a most intelligent layman. Dr. EaGue: I asked if he is the man who is connected with the Armour interests. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: No, he is a gentleman farmer and has no connec- tion with the Armours or any one else. Dr. Hugues: The gentleman to whom Dr. Eagle no doubt refers as con- nected with the Armour Packing Company, is D. A. Valentine. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You over-looked the question in reference to whether he is replacing a veterinarian on the commission. Dr, RuTHEerrorD: No, he replaces the Hon, W. D. Hoard, who becomes an honorary member. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any other question or remarks? If not, all those in favor of the motion and adopting the report as suggested by Dr. Stange, say ‘‘yes’’, opposed ‘‘no’’, The ‘‘ayes’’ have it; it is so ordered. The next order of business is the report of the executive committee. Dr. Mayo: Mr. President, it was moved that the president of the asso- ciation be authorized to appoint delegates to attend conventions of other as- sociations having a similar interest when in his judgment it would promote the welfare of this association. I would say in this connection that a member of the association frequently requests the president to appoint delegates. It is’ understood that they are to go at their own expense and that there will be no expense charged to the association in order to attend these conventions, for instance, cattlemen’s convention, pharmaceutical associations and other similar bodies, the president has assumed that authority in the past and this action on the part of the executive committee merely gives the authority of the asso- ciation to do that so that the delegates so appointed will be properly accredited, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. 283 Dr. Kinstey: I move that the recommendation be adopted. Seconded. PRESIDENT MarsHALL: All those in favor of the motion signify by saying ‘“aye’’, opposed ‘‘no’’; it is carried, the ‘‘ayes’’ have it. BL Dr. Mayo: Invitations have been received to hold the next convention at the following places: Baltimore, Cincinnati, St, Louis, Columbus, Boston, De- troit, Kansas City, and some other cities. It is moved to refer these invita- tions to the in-coming executive committee. B PresIpENT MarsHALL: I would like to add the name of Philadelphia to that list if it is not too late. Dr. Mayo: I said several other cities. s PRESIDENT MARSHALL: If there are no objections the name of Philadel- phia will be added as suggested. : a Dr. Mayo: It is recommended that the President of the association ap- 2 point a committee of three to consider and report upon an emblem for the association to report at the next meeting. Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation be approved. Seconded _ by Dr. Fox. b PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the presi- | 3 dent of this association appoint a committee of three to consider and report _ upon an emblem for the association. All those in favor of the motion, signify by saying ‘‘aye’’, opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it; it is so ordered. ) Dr. Mayo: Proposed amendment to the.constitution and by-laws. Reso- lution by Dr. Baker. : ‘* Whereas the renting of a hall has been left to the local committee at the place at which the meeting has been held and the expense thereof has been in _ the past borne by the local committee, be it 4 ‘* Resolved, that the expense of such hall in the future be paid by the Amer- _ ican Veterinary Medical Association.’’ : Dr. Kinstgy: I move that the recommendation be adopted. Seconded by _.- PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any remarks? If there is no objection, it is __—-80 ordered. Dr. LyMAnN: That is an amendment to the by-laws? : Dr. Mayo: Yes, it has been on file two years. The resolution was pre- sented by Dr. Baker at the annual meeting. 3 “*Resolved, that the annual dues of this association be raised from three _ to five dollars a year.’’ It is recommended that the proposed amendment be rejected. a Dr. Kinsey: I move that the recommendation be adopted. Seconded by Dr. Hughes. _ PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any remarks. Dr. MurpHEy: In view of the action of the nication in taking on a _ new Journal and possibly one or two things that may come up later, I think 3 that we ought to raise the assessment to five dollars and not have the officers 284 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. embarassed to the extent they have been in the past to secure sums for the — publication of a Journal and to do the other necessary business of the associa- tion. I think it detracts from the dignity of the association to have this em- barassment over lack of funds. Dr. KINSLEY: The committee has not reported on the Journal but I sus- pect from this action they expect the Journal to be paid for in addition to these dues. Is that right, Mr. President? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You are wrong. Dr. KINsSLEY: Does the price of three dollars include the price of the Journal also? : PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I understand so. Dr. HueHes: As I understand the matter, gentlemen, our treasury — is in an absolutely impoverished condition. The other day at a little meet- — ing of the faculties we were informed that we are indebted to a number of vet- — erinarians of various places, who have advanced money in order to carry on the work of the faculties and examining boards and having a little dislike for debts of any kind, we naturally looked around to see how we could get hold — of one hundred and four dollars in order to pay what we owed. We could not decide as to how that should be done. It is true we chipped in a little money _ and got about thirty dollars. Then the suggestion was made that we could make a request of the executive committee to come to our aid. I don’t know — what the executive committee has done about it but this hand to mouth busi- ness is a poor method to say the least. We should surely have a little balance to our credit. As it is now, we are running on credit. It seems to me that — none of us will suffer by this little matter of raising the dues from three to — five dollars, while at the same time, it will put the association on a business — basis. > Dr. Stance: Mr. Chairman, is there not a provision in our by-laws for special assessments? If there is indebtedness and if it is necessary to raise more money, a special assessment for one year for the additional expense to take care of the starting of the Journal, could be very easily accomplished and : then when the Journal was put upon a paying basis, we would be back on our — old basis of three dollars a year for dues. I think there is a feeling that after — this Journal is started the expense of carrying on the association would not-be as much as it is now. It seems to me the special assessment plan would be a — much better one than to raise the dues to five dollars on a permanent basis. __ De. Exuis: In many of the organizations to which I belong, we are pay-_ ing much more than five dollars a year and getting a very small return in com- parison with what we get from this organization, I think we ought to me that little change to five dollars. It is not much compared with the benefi we get from an organization of this kind, If you find you have too much money in the future, you can easily go back but it seems to me from the con- . dition of the treasury as has been reported for the last two years that v0 dollars a head additional would fill up the gap and put the association in y ary fine shape for the present. a Furthermore, I do not think the members will miss the money, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 285 Dr. Hoskins: I hope you will reject the recommendation of the execu- & tive committee. The measure of usefulness of an association is always of course, evidenced by an empty treasury and we have had practically an empty treasury for two years. On one of the committees of which I was chairman, for which the association had been good enough to appropriate money, I could not get the money and did not get the balance of it until a few weeks ago be- cause there was no money in the treasury. I did not let the work drop because of lack of funds but I found it necessary to raise the money myself. We ought to be doing a great deal more work than we are doing. There is work wait- ing for us everywhere but there is a lack of means to do it. We could not get enough out of the association in 1913 to give extra copies of the report to the association faculties and examining boards in order that we might send a copy _ of what we had done to the various members of the boards, which is changed all the time. For more than twenty years the fee of this association was five dollars. In my opinion, it ought never to have been reduced because it cur- tailed our work from time to time. When we send a book to every member, costing from two to two-fifty, which is the actual cost, leaving nothing but the initiation fee and the balance of the annual dues for work, you can readily see we are just simply eliminating the work that ought to be done and is wait- ing to be done. We are two thousand or more in membership now and those two thousand men are able and willing to increase the amount of the fee in order to put the association on the proper financial basis and give it funds for the carrying out of the wishes of the association. I trust you will reject this recommendation of the executive committee and adopt the one making the dues five dollars a year. Dr. JENSEN: I desire to make it clear I am not speaking from any per- sonal motive because I assure you I am able and will be delighted to pay the five dollars a year but I fear some of our members are not in my position and as much as a man might feel an inclination to do his duty in this matter, if he has not the finances, it is impossible for him to pay the additional money. Our secretary tells me that even at the present time, he finds it quite difficult to collect the dues. If I had any degree of assurance that the general member- _ ship would take kindly to the raising of the dues, I would say, amen, let us make it five dollars; but suppose we raised the dues and this might result in the loss of a great many members. Would it pay? I ‘would like to add to this that the annual cost of the publication of the proceedings of this meeting __ has been very large. In fact, I think the last issue cost something like four ~ thousand dollars. It is proposed to publish a Journal and we have it figured out pretty well, that this Journal, within a reasonable length of time will be absolutely self-sustaining. Thus, taking the burden off the association of four thousand dollars a year. I want you to understand, gentlemen, I am not ob- jecting to the two dollar raise personally. I think we ought to look at things from the viewpoint of the membership. I feel it may be detrimental to the asso- _ ciation if we raise the fee to five dollars. Dr. Faust: Mr. President, in looking over the treasurer’s report, I noted there was a balance of one thousand dollars to carry on next year’s expenses and there were three thousand and some odd dollars left two years ago and 286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. out of that the expense of two years has been paid. If we had to publish the proceedings of last year, we would have been about three thousand dollars in debt, and if we kept on in this way, we would certainly come to disaster. Dr. Mayo: We have nineteen hundred and sixty members and we have just taken in more than two hundred and fifty, therefore, it would make our membership a little over two thousand two hundred. Dr. Faust: That would make the proceedings alone cost two dollars a member to print and I don’t see how we could expect to eet out with the three thousand dollars. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: There will be a Journal next year.” Dr. TYLER: In view of the added obligations which this siciekion has assumed,, it seems to me wise to increase the annual dues. We have established by the action of this association a Journal to publish the reports and so on. There is a remote possibility as I understand it thaf this Journal may not be — self-sustaining, but even if that is so, if these members are receiving their value received by this increase, what difference would that make? If there 4 ; was a new Journal established they would receive that Journal practically for A A the two dollars additional. It surely will be worth two dollars a year. If this association or the committee appointed should conclude to assume con- trol and take over one of the existing Journals, (I don’t know that that is true,) but in case they should, they would take over the Review, which is three dollars a year or the Chicago Journal which is two dollars. In view of the — fact that most of our members are taking one or both of these papers, the — increase of the dues to five dollars would really be a saving to us in the end, because we would save the price of one or both of the Journals. If the Re- — view should be taken over by us and we increase the dues to $5.00, it is an in- crease of $2.00. We, in turn make a saving of $3.00 because if you do not — take the Review, you ought to. There is a net profit to each member and I don’t see how this association stands to lose anything by raising these dues . : éwo dollars more. The members are bound to get value received either in a new Journal or in an old established Journal because the minute we take it over we discon- tinue our subscription to Dr. Ellis. ; Dr. ScuuttTz: I am one of those who only occasionally am able to attend P your meetings but personally, I think a book containing the proceedings is well worth three dollars to anybody out in the field because it is a representative publication containing the articles that have been sifted through and are — written in an unbiased manner; therefore, you give me equal value in the three — dollar book when I pay the three dollars. No business proposition can‘ ad- — vance nowadays unless it has money because we wish to live better today than we did twenty years ago, so I am in favor of raising the dues and I can — assure you that the men in the field will read the Journal. It is well worth the two dollars a year. If you are going to add a Journal, I think five dol- lars is not too much. Five dollars is nothing. Raise the dues so that your association will have more means and will be on a better business basis and therefore increase its efficieney to delight its members who are out in the wilderness, Cae ee PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. 287 Dr. Mayo: I would like to explain to you, the situation as shown by the treasurer’s report. On the first of August I turned over, as secretary, all the dues in my hands to the treasurer and his report shows that when he closed his books there was eleven hundred dollars in the treasury. There were also probably bills that had not been paid already in his hands amounting to about five hundred dollars. Since the first of August the statement for dues for the coming year have been sent out and I had in my hands, two thousand dollars and a little more. These are dues that have been paid for the coming year. In sending out the statements for dues for the coming year, I included an official copy of the program in which the proposed amendments to the consti- tution were included. Of course, a good many in sending in their dues hoped they would not increase the dues. We will lose some members by increasing the dues unquestionably. However, I feel confident we will get much more money than we will lose in membership by this change. The executive com- mittee in reporting on this, I believe, felt, that at the present time when we were launching a new enterprise which they hoped would prove remunerative, and I believe it will, if not the first year, eventually, that it was better not to increase the dues at this time. Dr. EAGLE: Mr. President, I would like to offer a suggestion along that line. I am like Dr. Jensen. I am willing to pay that two dollars and I be- lieve a great many members are in the same position but I believe it would be a good idea to have a vote of all members of the association on the proposi- tion. Why couldn’t we have a postal card vote on the proposition? I think it would be well to state on this postal card what they are going to receive in the way of a Journal and other inducements to increase this assessment to five dollars a year. Dr. R. C. Moore: I believe it would be a good idea if we could postpone the consideration of this recommendation until after we hear that report. If we raise the dues now, when does this change take effect? Dr. Mayo has just told us that a good many of the members have paid their dues for the coming year. Do we go back and ask these new men to increase their dues if this change is made? Dr. Mayo: In reply to the question of Dr. Moore, I will state that if this provision carries and is passed, as I understand it, it will not take effect until a year from this first of September. The committee discussed that and it felt that if they needed money, they would need it before that time and they have authority now to levy a special assessment if it is needed. By another year we shall be in a better position to say whether the Journal will be remunerative or not. Personally, it does not make any difference to me whether you raise the dues or not. The secretary, whoever he may be, has some difficulty in collecting the three dollars dues and of course, it will in- crease his difficulty somewhat but not materially. I think they are going to be pretty good about paying their dues. ‘. Dr. BAKER: When the report was made that this association was hard up, it struck me that something ought to be done to relieve the financial stress. Now there are only two ways of increasing our income. One is to raise the . 288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. annual dues and the other is to levy an assessment. I am opposed on general principles to levying special assessments. I think we ought to raise the dues to where they were before they were reduced.. They were originally five dollars and reduced to three, if I remember right, at my suggestion. I fathered that resolution through. That action was taken at the time when we were having very hard times when horses were comparatively worthless. Now we have got back on our feet again and the purchasing power of a dollar is much less than it was when this reduction was made to three dol- lars. The high cost of living makes it necessary for the association to have a little larger income than when the reduction was made so I sincerely trust that yoa will all vote for my resolution although with great respect for the wisdom of the executive committee, I think they have taken too narrow a view of this situation. : PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The question has been called for. Those in favor of accepting the recommendation of the executive committee Dr. Mayo: The recommendation is Dr. Baker’s resolution to amend the~- by-laws so that the annual dues of this association be raised from three to five dollars a year. The recommendation of the executive committee is that this resolution be rejected so that if you vote ‘‘yes’’ on this report of the com- mittee, you reject the raise of dues and leave it at three dollars a year. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Will you accept the recommendation of the ex- ecutive committee? Dr. Hoskins: Remember gentlemen, those who vote for accepting the report of the committee and say ‘‘yes’’ vote to leave the dues at three dollars. If you want to raise the dues to five dollars, you want to vote ‘‘no’’ on this proposition, and if you want to keep the dues at three dollars vote ‘‘aye.’’ PRESIDENT MARSHALL: All those in favor of accepting the report of the executive committee, which means that the dues will remain at three dollars, gmake it manifest by saying, ‘‘aye’’, those opposed, ‘‘no’’. I decide that the question is lost. Dr. Baker: I move the adoption of the resolution. Dr. Kinsey: I call for a standing vote, PRESIDENT MarsHALL: A standing vote is called for. Those in favor of accepting the recommendation of the executive committee, will please stand. ‘* Ayes’’, thirty six. Those in favor of accepting the recommendation of the executive committee, thirty-six. ‘‘Noes’’, forty-five. De. Mayo: Those voting in favor of accepting the report. of the execu. tive committee, leaving the dues at three dollars, are thirty-six. Those voting, against, are forty-five. ° De. Baker: Mr. President, I move the adoption of the resolution, De. Krnstey: What does that mean? Adopt this change in the by-laws? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Amendment of the by-laws by raising the dues to five dollars. That is all the amendment does, De, Baker: This motion is made for the purpose of making it operative, De, ANDERSON: I second the motion, oe PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V: M. Ay 289 PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any remarks?« Those in favor of adopting the amendment, make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’, those opposed, ‘‘no’’. The amendment is adopted. Dr. Mayo: Another amendment to Section 5, Article 3, of the by-laws to read as follows: ‘¢«The Secretary shall receive an annual salary of seven hundred and fifty dollars and such expenditures as may be necessary at the attendance at the an- nual meeting following his election.’’ It was recommended by the executive bs committee that the proposed amendment be not adopted. ie Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation of the execative com- mittee- be adopted, a Dr. Newsom: [I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the recommendation of the executive committee. Any remarks? Dr. KinsLEY: Please explain what that means, Dr. Mayo; It leaves the salary of the secretary as set forth under the con- stitution and by-laws, five hundred dollars a year and expenses to the conven- tion for the year in which he is secretary. “ Dr. KrnstEy: It seems to me since you have raised the dues it is no more _ than right that this should be voted down and increase the seeretary’s salary. Dr. JENSEN: At the time this resolution was passed by the executive com- mittee, we had voted to retain the three dollars dues and I am very much in- - vlined to think with Dr. Kinsley that the secretary has earned the additional salary, at least he is going to have more work in collecting the dues and I _ think he should have the increase. : Dr. HueHEs: It seems to me that the salary of the secretary is ample as it is, five hundred dollars and expenses. PRESENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion to accept the recommendation of the executive committee. I wish to say in regard to ) the matter of expenses, the secretary has to pay all the expenses incident to the hiring of stenographers and everything in regard to the keeping of books ~ and matters of: that kind and this expense does not include the expense of the seeretary’s office except the purchase of stamps and all materials necessary. 3 Dr. BAKER: It strikes me as being slightly ridiculous although perfectly natural, that when you increase your income you naturally increase your de- _ sires and increase your appropriations. I hardly think it is proper or exactly - right that in the face of this increase in income you immediately jump up and - inerease the appropriation against the income, but that is human nature the _ world-over. It is a question in my mind if the secretary is not sufficiently paid now. We do not want to have the secretary’s office so lucrative that every ¥ one in the association will want it. I do not think it is in the mind of any man here that the secretary will be sufficiently paid for the work he does. It . ; is a very onerous office. At the same time he is working philanthropically and : : magnanimously for the benefit of the association. Five hundred dollars is _ of course, little compensation for the amount of work which he necessarily ‘must do, , - 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A, V. M. A. Dr. MurpPHey: I eall for the question. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The question has been called upon the recom- mendation of the executive committee. If you are to accept the recommenda- tion of the executive committee the secretary will get five hundred dollars, if you reject it, you have got something else to do. All those in favor of accept- ing the recommendation of the executive committee, make it manifest by say- ing, ‘‘aye’’, those opposed, ‘‘no.’’ Division. The president is undecided and — calls for a standing vote. All those in favor of accepting the recommendation of the executive committee, will please stand. Those who are opposed stand. Voting for the recommendation of the executive committee, forty-five. Ager, twenty. The recommendation of the executive committee is sustained. Dr. Mayo: I have another recommendation of the’ executive committee, rs that in view of the fact that the Ontario Veterinary College has permitted an. examination by the committee of this association, it is recommended that it be added to the accredited list of colleges recommended by this association and that the graduates for the year 1914 and 1915 be eligible to membership. Dr. Kinstey: I move the acceptance of the recommendation. Seconded — by Dr. Hughes. —— PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the recommendation of the committee on the motion. All those in favor of accepting the recommen- dation, signify by saying ‘faye’’, opposed, ‘‘no.’’ It is unanimously ac- cepted. -_ Dr. Mayo: I wish to state that this committee also recommends as eligible to membership, those graduates in the past two years who have not been eligible heretofore so that if anyone asks you, you will know. The fol-. lowing recent graduates of the Ontario Veterinary College whose applications — have been recommended for membership are now eligible: Dr. E. R. Zimmer-- _ man, W, A. Troutman, also the application to membership of Dr, BE. E. Pat- terson of Detroit, graduate of the Detroit Veterinary College of 1901. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I would like to state that these applications were . received in time but could not be acted upon until the recommendation was — _ passed. hi Dr. Kinsuey: I move that the rules be suspended and that the secretary — be instructed to east the ballot in favor of admitting to membership the gentle- — men whose names have just been read. ' Present? Marsuaut: Gentlemen, you have heard the motion, All in — favor of admitting these gentlemen to membership, please signify by saying ‘“aye’’, those opposed ‘‘no’’. It is carried. “‘e Dr. Mayo: According to instructions, I hereby cast the ballots of the — association in favor of Drs. Zimmerman, Troutman, and Patterson, for member- ship in this association. “sf PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I declare them elected. a Dr. Mayo: The executive committee recommends that Dr. Vallee, diree- tor of the Veterinary College at Alfort, France, Dr. W. A. Evans of Chicago, Illinois, and Dr, EB. Wallis Hoare, F.R.C.V.8, of Cork, Ireland, be recommended for honorary membership in this association, 3 Tae One ae) ng * Sy ak es ecw valy ——— PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. 291 Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation of the executive com- mittee be accepted. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MarsHaLL: It has been moved and seconded that the recom- mendation of the executive committee that Dr. Vallee, Dr. Evans and Dr. ~ Hoare be elected to honorary membership in this association, be accepted. Any remarks? All those in favor_of adopting the recommendation of the com- mittee and of electing these men to honorary membership, signify it by saying ‘taye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. It is carried. It is so ordered. Dr. Hugues: I would like to make a motion, that the secretary be author- - ized to communicate with these gentlemen notifying them of their election to honorary membership. Dr. Newsom: I second the motion. Dr. Mayo: All applicants for membership are ® notified of their election, as well as honorary members, PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the secre- tary be authorized to communicate with the gentlemen named notifying them of their election to honorary membership. Those in favor of the motion sig- ‘ nify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered, Dr. Mayo: It was recommended that the standard set for matriculation by the Bureau of Animal Industry, Circular No. 150 be adopted as the matrieu- lation standard for the A.V.M.A., beginning with the year 1916. Dr. MurpHEy: I move the adoption of the recommendation. Dr. Hoskins: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that Circular No. 150 of the Bureau of Animal Industry setting forth the requirements for ma- triculation be accepted as the necessary requirement for candidates for member- ship in the A.V.M.A. Dr. CAMPBELL: I rise to a question of information. I do not get clearly what this is. It was stated in a letter read in this meeting yesterday that new regulations had been put in force. Is this the new standard or the old standard? _ Dr. Mayo: It is the new one, which I will read: “J, A matriculation examination shall be adopted by each veterinary col- lege, the minimum requirements of which shall be equivalent to the first grade examination as published in the United States Civil Service Manual of Exam- inations, Such examination will therefore comprise: Spelling Arithmetic Penmanship Report writing _ Copying and correcting manuscript . Geography and civil government of the United States. “2. An applicant having a diploma from a recognized college or a nor- werner ee fo tS ~ mal or high school, or a first-grade teacher’s certificate, shall be eligible for admission to a veterinary college without examination. 292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. It is not deemed advisable to make this amendment effective at once, as colleges have already made their arrangements for entrance classes for the : coming school year. By direction of the Commission. "Very: respectfully, - J. A, McILHENNY, President.’’ The adoption of this as our standard for admission into the association is — recommended by the executive committee. Dr. STANGE: . It looks to me as if this were an amendment to our by-laws. If I understand properly this must go over a year, and it cannot be adopted by the association as an amendment to the by-laws until a hace! from this meet- — ing. This is simply recommended at this time. : PRESIDENT MARSHALL: In my opinion, that is the way it should Me handled, as an amendment to the by-laws, and this is notice given that it will be brought up next year. : Dr. Hoskins: If we adopt it, why won’t it appear on the ‘applications for membership, to take effect in 1916 as provided for? - Dr. Mayo: You understand this means, it will raise our pageant so that those entering veterinary colleges in 1916 must comply with these Big toe ments. , PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Doskn An that.aubeh. it is an aniendment to the con- stitution? I don’t think Dr. Stange’s question has been answered so we’under- stand it thoroughly. Is that an amendment to the constitution? We have a — , section in the by-laws at present providing for our entrance requirements. Dr. Mayo: It will have to be acted on as an amendment to the constitu- tion to be voted on next year. Dr. Hoskins: It will appear in next year’s announcements that we are : going to act on it then. Dr. STANGE: . President, I make a substitute motion that this be brought up at our ae annual meeting to be acted on in the usual way as an _ ' amendment to the by-laws. ae Dre. Hoskins: Is that necessary? If we adopt the recommendation of — the executive committee it will come up next year in the same form that the — two proposed amendments came up this year and then we make it a part of — the by-laws of our association governing the question of eligibility for member- ship. Isn’t that right? : Presipent MarsHati: I would like to ask how you amend the by-laws in that way? : De. Hoskins: It will be presented by the executive committee in the form _ of an amendment. ‘oe! (To be continued) 6p A Bali ANNOUNCEMENT FROM THE LOCAL COMMITTEE OF THE A. V. M. A. The local committee as it now stands is: BoM MO CONE ace Baie 5 Asche edie + eee oles Chairman ee RRL Bao s ris, CS Ns Cale eos va hs Secretary Finance and Exhibits................. W. A. Ewalt MOONION CAS etek alc ape seks see G. D. Gibson POPTANINONG Doig Sidr s ndwbrdlss genes ws T. F. Krey Hotels and Banquets...............-2000- J. J. Joy TL SSS CROCS AT a SL aie G. W. Dunphy NA FS NEES SB cruie ap atblnie OM aes R. H. Wilson A VOUISDOPLALION Gis suas cscs cea save ees J. Hawkins i RE Re oof Ripe bree Mee ee a J. Black Registration and Badge............... J. P. Hutton While these are the heads of the-various divisions, there are thirty-seven sub-committee men, At a recent meeting of the committee, the Hotel Statler, which is particularly adapted for conventions, was selected as head- quarters. It has four capacious halls fully ample to meet all re- quirements, which we have obtained for the entire week. The hotel has a thousand rooms with baths and is very reasonable in its charges. The committee believes the Hotel Statler will prove to be one of the best hotel quarters ever secured by the association. This hotel is centrally located, within easy walking distance of the principal stores, theatres, and all attractions. There are also a number of good hotels and rooming houses adjacent, which will provide ample room for all visiting members. These hotels are the Griswold, The Tuller, The Cadillac, The St. Clair and The Pont- chartrain. Following mature consideration of the program, the local com- mittee found it essential to extend the convention another day— five days in all. It was thought advisable also, to have the conven- tion convene on Monday morning, August 21st until Friday even- ing, August 25th, in place of from Tuesday, August 22nd to Sat- urday, August 26th. The entire thirteenth floor, which is composed entirely of sample - rooms, has been devoted to exhibits. It would be desirable, there- . _ .fore, for any firms who intend to have exhibits at this convention, to secure space at an early date. Space can be secured either 294 SOCIETY MEETINGS through the committee or by writing to the Hotel Statler in care of Mr. Madlung, who will be glad to send a diagram of the floor upon request and reserve any space selected. : Detroit is a very popular convention city and during the sum- mer months the hotels entertain many transient visitors. It is, ' therefore, desirable to make reservations as cay 4 as possible. The following rates apply to the Hotel Statler: Single rooms for 1 person, with shower bath....... $1.50 per day Single rooms for 1 person, with shower bath....... 2.00 per day Rooms for 2 persons, with shower bath............. 3.00 per day Rooms (outside) for 1 person, bath and shower..... 3.50 per day Rooms (outside) for 2 persons, bath and shower..... 4.00 per day - ~ Rooms (outside) for 1 person, bath and shower..... 3.00 per day Rooms (outside) for 2 persons, bath and shower..... 5.00 per day Rooms (outside) for 1 person, bath and shower..... 3.50 per day Rooms (outside) for 2 persons, bath and shower..... 5.00 per day Rooms (front) for 1 person, bath and shower...... 5.00 per day Rooms (front) for 2 persons, bath and shower.:.... 7.00 per day Depending on the size of room and location. All rooms are — By comfortable—400 of which having shower baths may be had at $1.50 and $2.00 per day for one person and $3.00 per day for two persons. — Rates of the other hotels will be furnished at an early date. The committee will be glad to make reservations for any members. T. F. Krey, Secretary. —_9———. SOCIETY MEETINGS Montana VETERINARY MeEpiIcAL ASSOCIATION The mid-winter meeting of the Montana Veterinary Medical Association assembled in Bozeman in the Veterinary Building of the State Agricultural College on January 28 and 29. A very in- teresting meeting with good attendance was held. In addition to the routine business of the association, there was passed a resolution in favor of the Lobeck Bill, H. R. 5792 and the secretary-treasurer = was instructed to convey the resolution to each member of Congress _ from Montana, ! 2 The regular program consisting of papers, addresses and dis- . cussions was then carried out as follows: a Dr. Howard Welch’s address on ‘‘ Avian Tuberculosis in Mon- tana’’ and ‘‘Coceidiosis in Cattle.”’ : “~ SOCIETY MEETINGS 295 + i Dr. Welch gave a very interesting account of his investiga- ‘ _» tions of avian tuberculosis in which he enumerated a detailed study _ of a great many fowls, tracing the infection in certain flocks cover- ing a period of several months, with uniform post-mortem lesions on fowls diagnosed by him as being affected with the disease, and demonstrated by several other autopsies before the association. Dr. Welch stated that he expected to continue his research studies on avian tuberculosis and hoped at some future time to bring the subject before the profession and the public in a way that will convince them that this disease is far more prevalent among the flocks of poultry in Montana than has been formerly supposed. Dr. Welch also reported some cases of coccidiosis discovered in the college herd and outlined the treatment which was successful in checking the disease. : Dr. Welch also stated that his investigations of the hairless pig plague had proven that enlarged thyroids invariably accompanied hairless pigs, and that out of a great number of post-mortems on normal pigs, the thyroids were normal and showed a full per- centage of normal iodine, whereas, the thyroids of the hairless pigs showed a lack of iodine, or only small traces could be found. He further stated that his research studies along the line of hairless pigs would be continued with the belief that it would finally be proved that a lack of iodine in the food in certain localities would be a probable cause of hairless pigs. The next address was given by Dr. W. J. Butler, State Veteri- narian, on ‘‘Sanitary Laws and Regulations.’ Dr. Butler’s ad- dress was full of earnest discussion, particularly of the Montana Statutes as they pertain to the live stock sanitation. He explained carefully the methods being adopted and exercised by the State Live Stock Sanitary Board for the regulation of these sanitary laws, and made many other perplexing problems plainer to the veteri- -_ narians than they had been before. . Dr, A. D. Knowles discussed the subject of the Veterinary Law of Montana,’’ which was also discussed by the membership in gen- ' eral, there being a better understanding as a result of the diseuss- ion of the means used for administering the law. Dr. F. B. Linfield, Director of the Experiment Station at Bozeman, delivered an address on the ‘‘ Relation of the Agricultural Extension Work to the Veterinary Profession.’’ Dr. Linfield’s _ address was lengthy and well rendered, but the Doctor eroed 296 SOCIETY MEETINGS from the subject announced, as he said he wished to cover a still - broader field than was comprehended in the subject. His address was full of scientific agricultural history and brought the subject from the beginning of scientific agriculture up to the present time, with many splendid illustrations of the gains made and improved conditions of the clients whom the veterinarians depend upon for a their livelihood. ‘‘Veterinary Biologics’’ was the title of a paper, the author of which was Dr. N. T. Gunn, and was read by Dr. C. H. Stevens. Dr. Gunn’s paper showed that he had given the subject a very thorough, scientific and practical study, and while it reviewed fully the scientific side of the subject, his discussion of the choice of the various biological products for use in their various classes of dis- eases showed an intimate knowledge of their production and uses. The paper was discussed by Dr. Wipf and Dr. Brawner. A very interesting and instructive address, illustrated by dia- ia grams, was given by Dr. S. M. Smith, of the U. S. Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, with headquarters at Mitchell, South Dakota, on the subject of ‘‘Hog Cholera and its Control.’? Dr. Smith laid special stress upon the methods being taught by him to the farmers through- . a out the district where he has been working, for controlling hog cholera without the use of serum, particularly instructing the stock- men how to carry out sanitary measures as certain prophylactics for hog cholera, the practice of which regulations, he frankly stated, had already reduced the disease to a minimum, and he gave it as his opinion that it would be the system which would finally eradicate the disease and eliminate the necessity of all forms of a vaccination. & The association expressed its appreciation of Dr. Smith’s ad- ae dress by adopting a resolution of thanks. oe The association voted a minimum assessment of $1.00 upon eae ha member to be appropriated to the Salmon Memorial Fund. oh. A. D. Knowues, Secretary-Treasurer. é ———0--——_. MONTANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION The Montana Veterinary Medical Association, at its eighth 3 annual meeting, convened at Helena, September 22-23, 1915, passed i a resolution favoring the collection of funds for the vale of mem- ¥ bers of the veterinary profession in Belgium and Northern France, SOCIETY MEETINGS 297 who have been thrown into poverty and distress by the present European War. Dr. M. E. Knowles related his personal observation of the dis- tress of those worthy members of our profession as he saw it dur- ing the early part of this year. Veterinarians who, previous to the present conflict, were pleasantly situated in honorable and lucra- _ tive prectices are now working at any kind of labor they can obtain, trying to sustain the lives of their families. Dr. Knowles read to the members present at the Helena meet- ing, copies of the Rules and Regulations of the Anglo-French-Bel- gian Veterinary Assistance Association which were adopted at Paris, France, May 12, 1915. This association was formed upon the suggestion of Dr. A. Liautard, who is well known to every vet- erinarian in America, and the committee at the head of the relief association is made up of the most prominent and responsible mem- bers of the profession in France: M. Chauveau, M. Lucet and M. / Lavakard, who represent in high official capacities the principal yeterinary associations in France. I will quote from one of the above mentioned articles a por- tion which is particularly, applicable to us here now: ‘‘Dear Sir and Brother :—The frightful war which we suffer ae brought about in all classes of society miseries of every sort, and like so many others, our profession has its share of mourning and of loss.’’ In the presence of these facts, everywhere sentiments of altruism are awakened and everywhere groups have been formed to extend aid. It is this which concerns us; the Society of Practical Veteri- nary Medicine began to study, last January, upon the praiseworthy and very generous initiative of our associate, M. Liautard, of the ere- ation of a committee, having for its object to seek out means of coming to the aid, during and above all after the war, of our Bel- gian, ‘and French associates who are affected by the invasion or are victims of the hostilities. The M. V. M. A. has authorized this office to bein this message to all members of this state, and to the officers of all other veteri- nary associations in America, urging voluntary contributions to - _ be sent to this office which are to be forwarded to the proper authori- ties in France. Receipts will be given for contributions and proper recognition will be given to all who donate to this most worthy cause. A. D, Know gs, Secretary-Treasurer. 298 _ §OCIETY MEETINGS ARKANSAS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The officers of the Arkansas Veterinary Association are Dr. George W. Temple, President, El Dorado, Arkansas and Dr. R. M. Gow, Secretary-Treasurer, Little Rock, Arkansas. The next meet- ing will be held in January, 1917. : The Arkansas Veterinary Association held its sie meeting in Little Rock, February 14th and 15th. Dr. X. G. May, Fort Smith, presided. This was the best attended meeting the associa- tion ever held. Addresses were made as follows: Dr. C. D. Stubbs, Assistant Veterinarian of the je Ex- periment Station, subject: ‘‘Hog Cholera.’? This address was fol- lowed by a discussion on the same subject, led by Dr. J. E. Gibson, Field Veterinarian of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and Dr. John D. Reardon of the Royal Serum Company, Kansas City, Kans. Dr. A. E. Wight, Federal Veterinarian in charge of Tick Eradication Work in Arkansas gave an address on ‘‘Tick Eradi- eation.’’ The subject of ‘‘Interstate Inspections of Live Stock’’ was taken up by Dr. R. M. Gow, State Veterinarian, and the dis- s cussion was led by Dr. X. G. May and Dr. J. L. Hearn of Texar- kana, Arkansas. George Wilkes - the Mulford Company gave an — = address on ‘‘Serum Production.’ The association passed a resolution asking for the passage of a i the Loeb Bill, a copy of said resolution being forwarded to the Arkansas Representatives at. Congress. This bill was presented by Dr. J. E. Gibson. + Since the passage of the Arkansas Veterinary Practice Act which was passed by the 1915 Legislature, going into effect June first, 1915, there has been more interest manifested in veterinary me practice and the Arkansas farmers and stockmen are bringing in better cattle and hogs and within the next few years, there will be openings in all our farming communities for qualified veterinarians. R. M. Gow, Secretary. —_o-———_- VETERINARY MepiIcan AsSsociaTION or New York City The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Asso- 3 a ciation of New York City was called to order February 2nd, 1916, at 9:20 P. M., by President Goubeaud in the lecture room at the Carnegie Laboratories. In the absence of the secretary, Doctor Way was appointed secretary pro tem. SOCIETY MEETINGS 299 Twenty-eight (28) members present. Minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. The following gentlemen were proposed for membership and after being favorably acted upon by the Board of Censors, were elected to membership :— Dr. O. R. Schueler, 1314 Jefferson Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. David MeAuslin, 1632 East 12th Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Dr. William Gall, Matawan, N. J. Dr, J. J. Curran, 111 Powers Street; Brooklyn, N. Y. A report of the Prosecuting Committee was called for. Dr. Gannett reported progress. Dr. Cochran as secretary of the com- mittee reported that about one hundred letters had been sent out asking for contributions to the prosecuting fund. A total of ap- proximately eight hundred dollars ($800.00) had been pledged and twenty-one (21) contributions amounting to four hundred and fifty dollars ($450.00) had been received. It was suggested by the com- mittee to give temporary immunity from prosecution to young men who had recently graduated but had not received returns from their examinations for the State Board. The committee advised that they are endeavoring to raise $1500.00. The Brooklyn men of the asso- ciation, it was stated, have responded more promptly than the New York members. A letter was read from Doctor McLean on this subject. Doctor Ackerman moved that the prosecuting committee proceed with this work and report once a year. Motion seconded and discussion followed. Moved by Dr. Griesman to table Dr. Ackerman’s motion. Seconded and carried. Dr. Ackerman advised that he would offer at the next-meeting an amendment to the By-laws calling for an annual report of the Prosecuting Committee. Program. Dr. R. W. Gannett read a very interesting and in- structive paper entitled ‘‘Botryomycosis.’’ He took up especially the surgical treatment, illustrated his paper with very interesting _ specimens and brought out a very good discussion. Dr. MecAuslin reported a case of apparently recurrent botroy- omycosis after an operation. Dr. Blair spoke regarding the work of foreign investigators on this disease, bringing out the fact that a _ mixed infection is usually present and the specific organism of the _ disease causes an inflamatory condition, resulting in thickened con- nective tissue growths. Dr. Gill, Dr. Griesman and others took part ~ in the discussion. 300 SOCIETY MEETINGS Dr. W. Reid Blair presented a most interesting paper illus- trated with microscopic slides and specimens entitled ‘‘Sarcoma of the Heart in a Dog.’’ Dr. Blair’s paper brought out many inter- esting points regarding circulatory and respiratory diseases and he stated that it was his opinion that this infection was much more common than was generally considered by the average practitioner. Dr. Gill discussed the paper with special reference” fo certain obscure respiratory cases in canines. Dr. Roher, Dr. Gannett, Dr. Goubeaud and others fodke part in the discussion. New Bustness. Motion made, seconded and earried that a vote of thanks be extended to Doctors Gannett and Blair for the very interesting papers of the evening. Dr. Gannett moved the adoption of Dr. Berns’ amendment to Article XIV of the By-laws as follows: In the second line strike out the word ‘‘three (3)’’ and substitute the word ‘‘five(5)’’ making the prosecuting committee to consist of five (5) members instead of three (3). Motion seconded and carried. The president appointed Drs. C. E, Clayton and E. J. Decker as members of the prosecuting committee. Dr. Ackerman suggested that there had been much valuable time wasted at the meetings in the past by discussing prosecuting committee work and indulging in personalities, ete. He advised that the question be considered of having fewer and better meetings. He suggested a meeting every three or four months to take up one afternoon and evening. Dr. Clayton considered the standard of the meetings rests in the hands of the members. He felt that the — meetings might be made more interesting and attractive. Moved by Dr. Gannett that a program committee of three (3) or more members be appointed to arrange programs in advance and endeavor to bring about more interest in the society. Seconded and carried. Doetors Ackerman, Way, Clayton, Gill and T. FE. Smith were appointed as program committee. Dr. Way suggested that there was talent enough in New York County and vicinity to provide for the best local veterinary associ- ation in the state. He suggested that better and more interesting meetings would undoubtedly bring out a better attendance. A ‘‘get-together’’ dinner was suggested, where the members of the profession might become better acquainted and promote good fellow- 3 - i Be a a oil ae a COMMUNICATION 301 ship. Remarks along this line were made by the president and others. The resignation of Dr. C, N. Darke was read and accepted with regret. = Dr. T. E. Smith made a few remarks regarding mule footed hogs. Specimens were exhibited and a general discussion was en- joyed. Adjourned 11:25 P. M. . . Cassius Way, Secretary pro tem. —-0-—— COMMUNICATION TRANS-ATLANTIC SHIPMENT OF HORSES Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associ- ation, Ithaca, N. Y.: May I warn, through the columns of the Journal, all veterin- arians who are planning to accompany shipments of horses to the war zone to carefully investigate the transportation company having the matter in charge? I have recently returned from a trip of this kind and found the company most unreliable. The salary is partly made up by bonus, though the latter is made practically impossible to gain because of there being included in the shipment a large percentage of horses already sick from influ- ehza and strangles. The head foreman is placed in charge of each shipment and the veterinarian given no power over feeding, water- ing, etc. The supply of medicines, etc., is entirely inadequate. I believe a certain company was prevented, by the Society forthe Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, from taking shipment from Yonkers, N. Y. Altogether I do not think our brother practitioners should be employed by such companies. If there are others contemplating ~ such a trip and desiring more complete information I can give further details. Yours very truly, F. M. Perry, Edgell Street, Framingham, Mass. Sa eS NECROLOGY FRANCIS ABELE, JR. Dr. Francis Abele, Jr., died Sunday, March 26, at the Quincy (Mass.) City Hospital. He had been ill for some time, but an oper- ation performed a few days previously, from which he failed to rally, probably hastened his death. Dr. Abele was born in Roxbury, Mass., October 25, 1868, and received his early education in the public schools. He graduated from the State Normal School at Bridgewater in 1886. After teach- ing for a time he entered the veterinary course at McGill Uni- versity at Montreal Canada. After graduation, he practiced in western Pennsylvania. Later, he returned to Massachusetts, and in 1895 he went to Quincy where he remained up to the time of his death. _He was a member of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation. Since 1899 he had been an inspeetor of animals. He was a member of the Massachusetts Veterinary Medical Association ; a district officer of the Massachusetts State Board of Health; a mem- ber of the Rural lodge of Masons of Quincy, and of the Boston City Club. ‘Besides his father and two brothers, a widow and two sons survive him. ; Among the floral offerings was one from the A. V, M. A. Dr. Winchester writes: ‘‘Dr. F. Abele, Jr., was high-minded, dependable, wedded to the profession, and a Man. I considered it an honor to have him as a friend and adviser.’’ ——--O-—-—— RICHARD B. CORCORAN Doctor Corcoran, a retired veterinarian of the army, died at the Letterman Hospital March 14, after a long illness. Dr. Corcoran was appointed in 1877 and had served in Indian campaigns and in Cuba, A friend writes that he was also in the Civil War; that he was well read, resourceful, well qualified for his duties and well known among the older veterinarians. . f f vy AS Cee ee PORT RR ees ph SoS Mae Meek Ae CCL Stns PUT IEEE CEES I RISA MISCELLANEOUS Dr. W. Horace Hoskins wishes to express his heartfelt appre- ciation of the letters, cards and telegrams of congratulation in con- nection with the great victory for the recognition of our army vet- erinarians. As it is impossible for him to answer them individually, he wishes to take this method of expressing his thanks for the loyal, steadfast support and aid rendered. . The Massachusetts Board of Registration in Veterinary Medi- cine will hold its annual June examination of two days on Wednes- day and Thursday, June 28 and 29. 3 Dr. F. C. Hershberger, now at Blagovestscheusk-on-Amur, East Siberia, has arranged with the Chinese government to work another year in Manchuria. - According to the Annual Report of the Maine State Board of Veterinary Examiners for 1915, fifteen men applied for registration. Four were graduates and eleven were non-graduates. As a result of the examination, three of the graduates and two of the non- graduates were registered. _ Donnell & Palmer, 17 Battery Place, New York, are agents for the tenth issue of ‘‘The Argentine Year Book.’’ Dr. A. B. Haskins has located at 321 East Third St., Daven- port, Lowa. Dr. W. F. Jones for many years an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry has resigned. Of late years he has been located at McCook, Nebr., in the Federal Live Stock Inspector’s Service. Dr. Jones started as an inspector in the packing houses at Kansas City and was transferred to field service, and has been identified with the Salt Lake City and Denver stations. He has been on the sheep and cattle ranges, assisted in the outbreak of horse plague in Nebraska a few years ago and participated in the latest outbreak of — - foot and mouth disease. He is a member of the A. V. M. A. and will now practise his profession at MeCook, Nebr. CountTRY FREE oF Foot-ANp-MoutH Disease. Under date of March 31, the Secretary of Agriculture has issued an order which removes all foot-and-mouth quarantines and restrictions against the shipment and movement of live stock. The last area under suspicion was in Christian County, Ill. Authorities should be alert in case of any sporadic cases that may possibly develop in remote districts. At the annual banquet of the Alumni Association of the U. 8. College of Veterinary Surgeons, Representative Lobeck of Nebraska was announced to speak, Dr, Mansfield officiated as toast-master, 304 ess MISCELLANEOUS : ~ At a hearing before the House committee on rules relative to Representative Linthicum’s resolution to authorize a congressional investigation of the dairy, business, Doctors Melvin, Mohler, Rawl and Schroeder of the Bureau of Animal Industry, spoke in favor of the resolution. It was pointed out that there is considerable tuber- culosis in dairy cattle and that the disease may be transmitted to children. At the graduating exercises of the U. 8. College of Veterinary Surgeons, Washington, D. C., D. W. MeTyre of Virginia received the Rome Medal for general efficiency. Ox WARBLES IN CaTTLE. This trouble has been largely con- fined to the cattle of the South. Recently the Bureau of Entomol- ogy -of the U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture has discovered that a second species, hitherto not found in this country but known to be even a more serious pest in Europe, has become well established in certain districts in the northern part of the United States. This European species is now generally distributed throughout New York and the New England states and a few specimens have been obtained from western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, southern Michigan, east- ‘ern Iowa and Missouri and western Washington. It is also gener- ally distributed throughout southern Canada. The loss from the warble is not limited to the holes the maggots cut in the hides. Extensive investigations in Germany and Den- mark indicate that the losses through reduction in milk supply in dairy cattle, the retardation of growth in young stock, and the loss of flesh in all classes of animals are twofold greater than the damage done to the hides. Extraction of the grubs from the backs of in- fected cattle resulted in an increase of nearly 25% in the milk pro- duction, and a gain of more than 5% in weight over similar animals in which the pests were allowed to develop normally. At present there seems no better way of controlling the pests than through the systematic extraction and killing of the grubs. Investigations indi- cate that eradication may also be accomplished by the use of arsen- ical dips. In the northern states extraction should be begun in February and the herds gone over again about twice at monthly intervals, Animals transported from one section to another should be examined by the purchasers and all grubs destroyed during the spring and summer. In the winter and spring the grubs will be found beneath the skin on the back. At other times they are else- where in the body of the host, and it will be necessary to watch for their appearance during the following season, . 5a, bese ee eS ee KE ae eee ws e te hte Rigel” .7 See? ee ee ee he ee | ILOW YAILVLG ‘V ‘WA ‘V ‘WOOY NOLLNTANOD I9L0H WILVIg aH, SOL oT etek ele ee | ty JOURNAL OF THE American Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. ; Committee on Journal F. Torrance, Chairman, A. Ercunorn, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. BLAIR, R. A. ArcurBaLp, M. Jacos, N. 8. Mayo, G. R. Wuire, V. A. Moore, L. Froru- INGHAM, C, H. Stance, H. JENSEN, G. H. Roperts, R. P. LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. LYMAN, A. Ercunorn, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements . published in the JouRNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. VoL. XLIX. N.S. Vor, II. Jung, 1916. No. 3. Communications relating to membership snd matters pertaining to the American Veter- inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary C. M. Haring, University of California, Berkeley, California. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. PREPARE FOR THE A. V.M. A. MEETING AT DETROIT ‘‘Coming -events cast their shadows before.’’ We are already within the shadow of the next annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association. It has been in the thoughts of the officers for some time and it is desirable that it should now be in the thoughts of the members as well. An instructive and profitable program is in process of arrangement; questions of paramount importance and interest to the profession are to be discussed; re- ports of value are to be presented and all worthy effort is to be made to make this the largest meeting yet held, both as to attendance and benefits received. All of this necessarily involves much thought and labor upon the officers and committees concerned. The members should now become interested at least to the extent of arranging their plans so that it will be possible for them to be in attendance. The leading motive in attending should be the interests of the pro- fession and the important relationship the association bears in its efforts to advance these interests. A combined and massed effort should be strong enough to effect results. ~ The selection of Detroit as a meeting place has been a happy one. It is centrally located, when our brother practitioners in 306 EDITORIAL Canada are considered, and is easy of access, by rail or boat. There is much in Detroit to appeal to visitors however diverse their call- ings. It may be of interest to veterinarians to know that it leads -other cities in pharmaceutical manufacturing and is said to have the largest non-proprietary medicine manufactory in the world. It is famous for its park and boulevard systems; its educational system; its automobile production and the many delightful ex- cursion routes on land and water that radiate in all directions with the city as a center. The citizens say that ‘‘life is worth living’’ in Detroit and the many natural and acquired advantages seem to confirm it. RoaD ON BELLE ISLE The local committee has worked faithfully and arduously to make this a banner meeting of the association. The governor of the state and the mayor of the city are announced to give addresses of welcome. The atmosphere has been charged with co-operation and generous hospitality is assured. The committee desires that early reservations should be made at the hotels in order that their work may be facilitated. Every effort is being made to make this a memorable occasion and to give the attendants a good time men- tally as well as physically. Members should show their apprecia- ee =<.) . + — ee ee eT ee eT ee eT ee EDITORIAL 307 tion of this effort by their presence and that of their families. En- tertainment will be provided for all. Secretary Haring, in his efforts to obtain reduced rates for the meeting, sends us the following notice authorized by the Trunk Line Association for the territory which it covers—mostly in the _ east and middle west: ‘‘'T'wo cents per mile in each direction, going and returning via same route only; tickets to be sold and good, go- ing August 19 to 21, and returning to reach original starting point not later than August 29.”’ tet e ihe t) ¢ 3,8 I : Fis3 9 THE Forp AUTOMOBILE PLANT At the present date, the local committee is able to announce the following program: BUSINESS PROGRAM Monpay, Aucust 21st, 10:30 A. M.—Assemble at Board of Com- merce Auditorium. State address of weleome—Goy. Woodbridge N. Ferris of Michigan. : Detroit address of weleome—Mayor Oscar Marx. Response—By a prominent member. Regular business—Evening, 8 P. M. Reception. Turspay, August 22nd.—Reading and discussion of papers. WEDNEsDAY, AuGust 23rd.—Sectional meetings—Reading and dis- cussion of papers. 7 P.M. Banquet—Hotel Statler. THurspAy, August 24th, 8:30 A. M. to 6 P. M.—Entire day, the association will be guests of Parke, Davis & Co. Visit Labora- tories and sail on Lake and River St. Clair. 7:30 P.M. Elec- tion of officers. Fray, August 25th.—Clinic, all day. The committee will en- deavor to have on hand a number of interesting subjects. In- stallation of officers and adjournment. 308 EDITORIAL ENTERTAINMENT PROGRAM Monpay—Monday afternoon—Visit through the shopping district for the ladies. 8 P..M.—General reception. TuEspay, 2:30 P. M.—Automobile ride for the ladies. . Seeing De- troit. Tuesday evening—Card party for ladies. WEDNEsDAY.—2 P. M., Matinee Theatre party for ladies. . 7:30 P. M— Banquet. The committee is planning to have a splen- did banquet within the means of all members. ' ee STEAMER Huitainats Tuurspay.—All day Thursday the members will be the guests of Parke, Davis & Co. At 9 A. M., the Steamer Britannia will convey the members to the company plant. Following a visit through the laboratories, the members and visitors will re- embark for a sail on Lake St. Clair through the famous Flats to River St. Clair. Lunch will be served on board the steamer. The Britannia will re- turn to Woodward Avenue by 6 P. M., allowing ample time for an evening session and election of officers. THE DETROIT HOTELS - Among the more prominent and easily accessible hotels are the following : . SrarLer (official headquarters): $1.50 and $2.00 per day for sin- gle room with shower bath; for two persons, $3.00 per day. EDITORIAL 309 _ $2.50 to $6.00 per day for room with tub and shower bath; for two persons, $4 to $8 per day. $5 to $12 per day for two con- necting rooms, for two persons; for four persons, $8 to $12 per day. $5 to $12 per day for suites of parlor, bedroom and % bath. | Tunuer (one block away): $1.50 and upwards. Add $1.50 to price -, when two occupy room. CHARLEVOIX (two blocks away): $1.50 and upwards. Add $1.00 - when two occupy room. GriswoLp (two blocks away): $1.50, $2, $2.50, $3. $2 and up- wards for room with bath. Add $1 when two occupy room. Henry Cuay (three blocks away): $1.00 and up for single rooms. $1.25 and up for single rooms with shower bath. $1. 50 and up for single rooms with tub. Mapison (three blocks away): $1.00 and up for single rooms; $1.50 for two persons. $1.25 and up for single rooms with bath, $2. for two persons. $2.50 and up for two rooms with bath, for two persons. it Cintza (four blocks away): $1.50 to $5. Rooms with bath, 50 cents extra. PONTCHARTRAIN (five blocks away): $1.50 to $2.50 for single room ; f $3 to $4 for double room. $2.50 to $5 for single room wil bath; $5: to $8 for double room with bath. > Sre, Cyan (five blocks away): $1 and up for single room. $1.50 » and up for room with bath. | __ Merrorour (five blocks away. For men only): $1 and up for i b single room. $1.50 and up for room with bath. ¥ sRlisd e i ~ HYPODERMAL ANAPHYLAXIS ce Dr, 8. Hadwen, of the Health of Animals Branch of the De- partment of Agriculture, Canada, has made an interesting discovery ‘in connection with the research work on warbles he is engeged in at Agassiz, B. C. Following the hint given by Ries in the Receuil de Medicine _ Veterinaire Nos. 1 & 2, 1916, regarding the effect of injecting an i e. extract of crushed Gastrophilus equi larvae into horses, Hadwen a has experimented in cattle by injecting Hypoderma bovis. The re- sults are most surprising. Within five minutes the animal began _ to salivate, tears ran from its eyes, gaseous fetes and clear mucus 310 : EDITORIAL were passed from the anus, there was rapid breathing, labored heart action, the skin turned purple and the animal held its head up. Urine was voided, a constant dribbling occurred and the ani- mal coughed. Very soon the eyelids became swollen and the anus became edematous. The injection was made at 3:15 p. m., at 6 p. m. * the animal was still distressed, but at 10° p.m. looked practically normal again. (The accompanying photographs are of this ani- mal.) No, 1—Anaphylaxis Subsequent experiments confirmed this result. A’ steer in- jected with extract from eight larvae (4 H. lineatum and 4 H. bovis) at 3:15 p.m. showed symptoms at 3:30. He coughed, slobbered, his eyelids swelled until his eyes were barely visible. The body turned a purple color where the skin was white. Temperature at beginning 101, at 4:30, 99.6. Recovered. A cow injected with eight H. lineatum larvae ‘showed symp- toms before the injection was completed. They were the same as previously described but developed more quickly. The body turned a livid purple color. The animal fell and died, all this in less than five minutes. A post-mortem was held but the results must be re- served for a further communication, EDITORIAL 311 Experiment showed that the extract of larvae is non-toxic to small animals, Rabbits and guinea pigs were injected without ill effect. A sheep was injected with an extract made from four larvae of Oestrus ovis. Before completing the injection, symptoms appeared, froth coming from the mouth. The sheep was allowed to rise; it then defecated and stood still with the nostrils wrinkled up and its No. 2—Anaphylaxis—Note Edema of Anus head drawn toward its shoulder. Breathing rapid and _ hard. Skin and mucous membranes a purplish color. The sheep staggered about, fell, got up, fell and died. Further experiments are being conducted, but what has al- ready been ascertained points to anaphylaxis as the explanation. Cattle harboring warble larvae become sensitized to them and when the system is suddenly flooded with the protein contained in the larvae (and possibly toxins) anaphylactic shock occurs. F, T. Dr. W. W. Williams, formerly of Batavia has located at Utica, NX. EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois, J erome. MELANOsIS. Among the many subjects of medicine and sur- gery, which attract the attention of the practitioner, melanosis is certainly one which ought to be ranked among the first. Of course, for many it has an interest only from a dabei: point of view. Whether a tumor, or an invasion, situated in any part of the body, the important question is whether it can be ope- rated and what are the best chances for recovery. The sequelae are, many times, not taken into consideration. -It may be on.an animal of light color, white or grey, perhaps on rare occasions in dark coated individuals. It remains a surgical question. | There is, however, another question: that of the presence of melanosis within the body, in the muscles or any other part of the organism. The surgeon gives way to the sanitarian. The pres- ence of melanotie deposits means very often the seizure of a car- cass, more commonly in horses, but nevertheless also i in cattle where it may also be found. For these, the practitioner and the sanitarian, the presence of melanotic infection has therefore particular interest. But there is also another point of view, where melanosis deserves attention: ‘ the pathological, where in the examination of the various organs, the search is for its presence, the macroscopic lesions that it may give rise to, aid the microscopic changes that it produces. In all of these certain pathologists have not been indifferent and many are the writings that have been published on melanosis. Prof. G. Petit of Alfort has been one of those who have worked on the subject and he has chosen the Societe Centrale de Paris as the place where his observations would do the most good and receive the best attention. These observations were reproduced in several issues of the Bulletins of the Societe. They were illustrated and offered to the readers a most valuable stock of knowledge. MELANOsIs OF Bongs. If in post-mortems, the skeleton was the object of serious investigation, it is certain that melanosis of bones, recognized macroscopically, would not be considered any longer as a rarity. The blood transports in the marrow of bones, as: every- where else, not only melanine, but sarcomatous cells where they EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 313 MELANOTIO SARCOMA OF THE MYOCARDIUM AND ENDOCARDIUM (COW). Vertical section of the heart passing through the left ventricle. Note the number and size of the tumors, as well as their various characters. Some are projecting in the cavity of the left ventricle, like enormous grapes of vegetating parietal endocarditis: some of which are pushing against the chordae tendinae: others are deeply ineclosed in the eardiae muscle. Some are white, the others look like truffles. There are some which are a mixture of the two varieties, M-M-M—tTrue melanotic tumors, one in the inter-ventricular septum has some white patches. S-S-S-S—White tumors of fasciculated sarcoma. S—White tumor projecting on a melanoma. C—Unfiltrated myocardium of the point of the heart. D—Intraventricular septum, with both varieties of tumors. V—Healthy mitral valve, (Courtesy of Prof, Petit.) 314 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ENORMOUS INTRA-AURICULAR MELANOMA (Horse.) Auricles and veins are exceptionally filled with large melanomas, resembling gigantic coagulations and which naturally are united to the muscular structure from which they proceed, C—Extremity of the right auricle, filled with a voluminous melanotie sar- coma (M.M.) lobulated and vegetating. V—One of the valves of the tricuspid, C—Dilated vena cava, (Courtesy of Prof, Petit.) itt, a Se ee ee tage PAS? coe AP Coan at ting awe” \ EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 315 proliferate and develop in their ordinary manner, though with a less destructive tendency than with ordinary sarcomatous metastasis. It is not rare to observe in horses the presence of large mela- notie tumors, sub-dorsal or sub-lumbar, which a rectal exploration can detect during life. These tumors spread through the foramina, enter the rachidian canal which they fill more or less, surrounding the nerve roots and pushing more or less against the dura mater. Sometimes it is the spinal cord which is surrounded by the tumor. How the progress takes place is well considered and the microscopic illustrations are very suggestive. Costal melanosis is also spoken of among the bony lesions. The section of a rib is shown from its internal face, with the pleura covered with desseminated sarcomatous nodules of various size and thickness. Some being of marked black coloration, others gray- ish. A transverse section of the rib exhibits also the presence of the introduction of the melanosis into the marrow. Muscuntar Mevanosis. The melanotie sarcomas of muscles, of the heart and of the blood vessels come next in the communicatio of Prof. Petit. In their development, the muscular sarcomas behave as those of other regions, the intra-muscular generalization taking place by the blood, infrequently in horses. It is only a secondary localiza- tion. Indeed intra-muscular sarcomas have importance only from the public hygienic point of view and is under the jurisdiction of the sanitarian in case of the inspection of horse meat for food. The secondary melanotic sarcomas of the heart is about as rare in animals as it isin man. It was, however, observed in horses first. Special attention is given to the mention of the lesions observed in a bovine, which by their peculiarity offers an interest because it elucidates the pathogeny of the melanotic sarcoma and its evolution and shows that after all, it is but an ordinary sarcoma, having the property of producing pigment, as have others in bones or cartilages. _In that lesion, the melanotic infiltration and the development of the cells of the tumor take place in the heart muscular structure as it does in fasciculated muscles. In relation to the blood vessel melanosis, Petit remarks that _ it is a very common occurrence in melanotie horses, on the course of the aorta and its divisions, melanotic nodules or infiltrations.» A similar condition exists also with large veins such as the vena cava. What is more curious and rare is to find secondary nuclei in the 316 ’ EUROPEAN CHRONICLES thickness of the aorta. In’ those cases, the tumor elements are brought by the vasa vasorum. MELANOsIS OF CaTTLE forms the subject of another communi- -eation. Melanosis of the skin is rare in cattle. Petit has seen it and studied its histology, which he illustrates. PuuMoNARY MELANOsIs of cattle is sometimes observed as a pigmentation and not as a tumor development of the lungs, and — without any other melanotic lesions present. Macroscopie sections _ through the lungs show sometimes that the infiltration takes place _ as if being disseminated in the depth of the organ. The histological | study demonstrates that it is not a tumor but a progressive infiltra- b tion of the melanine through the alveolar septa. The pigment gathers around the bronchioles and arterioles. a The communication of Prof. Petit is continued by the record . of a curious case of melanosis of the udder and the histology of palpebral melanosis. This long series of valuable remarks on melanosis in general is followed by the description of a melanosis*of the parotid gland, where almost half of the entire organ is involved. While I cannot here follow the French professor, I pean a nevertheless two of the figures that illustrate the disease, one from — the heart of one of the cattle, the other from a horse. I hope they will prove interesting to the readers of the Journal. ee) Herepitary Rasies. In a previous communication made in — 1904-1908, Doctor Daniel Konradi has demonstrated that the in- — fectious element of rabies was transmitted from the mother to the © embryo. But the demonstrations were not accepted by all and ~ other writers have ignored or denied them by experiments. In — another communication Doct. Konradi reviews these objections and confirms by a series of experiments that there can be no longer any ~ doubt of the correctness of the results and conclusions he has made in his previous writings. . The last series of experiments is published in the January number of the Annales de l’Institut Pasteur. There are points in — the conclusions of this publication which interest all those for which rabies is an important question, from all points of view and with @hich physicians as well as veterinarians must be familiar, The first part of the article in the Annales refutes the contra- dictory experiments and conclusions presented against the theory EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 317 of hereditary as demonstrated by Konradi and is followed by the presentation of several series of recent experiments. Without entering into a complete analysis of each of the series, we, can examine the conclusions given, merely referring the reader for more details to the number of the Annales where they appeared. In the first series, the proof is made that in small animals, born 35 days after the inoculation of the mother and almost one year before she died with rabies the presence of the virus can be demon- strated by inoculation from the little ones. It also shows that the virus taken from a human source, does lose some of its strength, after having been kept six days in ear- bolized glycerine. With the second series, it was shown that the virus circulates, for a long time before death, in the blood of the mother and that it passes through the placenta and reaches the fetus. An impor- tant question to the practical point of view presents itself: for how long a time can the virus circulate in the blood of an animal affected with rabies before the characteristic symptoms appear and how long can the animal communicate the infection before his death? This question is asked because : ‘‘a dog had bitten another fourteen days before his death, and the last dog died with rabies thirty-nine days after he had been bitten.”’ The third series proved that a male animal infected with rabies _ and a female in the same condition may produce, 15 to 20 days be- fore death, offspring in which experience has shown the existence of the virus. Hence anew question may be asked: was not the in- fection conceptional ? , In the fourth series was a litter of six little dogs, born of a slut inoculated with the bulb from a rabid dog. They were born 63 days after the inoculation. The father was a healthy dog. These pups were separated immediately, and kept away from the mother, fed artificially and guarded against any possible chances of inocu- lation. At different dates, varying between 11 and 69 days they died and in all of them after their death with rabies, numerous cor- puscles of Negri were found in their brains and the animals inocu- lated from them, died also with rabies. After the description of these series, Konradi gives a table show- ing at a glance the synopsis of the experiments he has made where data of importance is given relating to the number of days for _ rabies to show itself in guinea pigs and rabbits when inoculated with the virus taken from the fetus. 318 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES For instance, it is shown that with guinea pigs the period varies between 11, 20, 22, 23 days and 92, 96, or even 98 days. With rabbits the disease appeared in one after 78 days, in three be- tween 105, 159, 161, in two between 215 and 229 and finally in two between 475 and 725 days. The article is summarized as follows: 1. The infectious germ of rabies is transmitted from the mother to the offspring, but in this process it becomes weaker and that is why rabies appears Pe: as the virus is further from its origin. 2. In this transmission, there does not seem to be any differ- ence between the species of animals, as it takes place in dogs, rab- bits, guinea pigs and probably also with other animals. 3. For these experiments and to obtain sure results of the in- oculation, a rabbit must not be used, but guinea pigs and the in- jection must be made under the meninges. Guinea pigs being more sensitive to. rabies, give more rapid and certain answers to the problem now under discussion. On the contrary, rabbits develop rabies very late and often not at all. This is a factor which has not been taken into account. to this day and it is why those who ex- periment with rabbits only or other animals make erroneous con- clusions. 4. It is also very important to continue the shaovation for a long time if the experiment is made with guinea pigs, because they » contract also the disease much later than those that are inoculated with the virus of the mother. 5. The virus already circulates in the blood of the animal in- fected with rabies, when fever, which is the first symptom of ex- perimental rabies makes it appearance in the beginning of the symptomatic period. With the blood it is transmitted from the mother to the fetus, weeks and even months before death. 6. The bite of a dog is dangerous fourteen days before the appearance of the clinical characteristic symptoms. ———— _ Pawurepro-INtTRADERMAL DiAGnosis. Although the brilliant ap- plication of this method to the diagnosis of tuberculosis and glan- ders is already widespread and has everywhere taken the place of the original classical method and of those that were advocated after- wards, it may not be without interest to refer occasionally to what others may still write of it. Two of the professors of Toulouse have had the opportunity EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 319 _to try on a very large scale the palpebro-intradermal tuberculina- tion and have recorded their results in the Revue Generale where after giving the technic used, they examined the results and com- pared the value of the method and presented its advantages under two points of view. . On the professional side, they say: ‘‘no obligation of tempera- ture taking; no chance of errors by too early or too late thermic reactions as these variations take place automatically; no necessity to operate at fixed hours; possibility of application in febrile sub- jects; possibility to make a great number of successive observations and no loss of time.’’ ; On the economical side,and for the owners of the animals, ‘‘ less material disturbance; no immobilization of the farm hands; possi- . bility of application to all the animals without exception in the stable or in pastures at any moment of the day; no, or very little, reduction in milk secretion ; no danger of complication of mammitis ; no increase of severity of the disease; less cost; possibility of the periodic and repeated tuberculination without excessive expense.”’ To summarize: 1. 'Palpebro-intradermal tuberculination has a diagnostic value at least equal to the classical method by subcu- taneous injection. 2. It has a simple and quick application and the great ad- vantage of suppressing the enormous labor of thermometrical notes and too frequent errors which occur with them. 3. For the future, it would be best to establish the diagnosis of tuberculosis in general ordinary practice by this method as a substitute for the subeutaneous which should be exclusively re- served for the control of doubtful results and be replaced by the palpebro-intradermal method. These recommendations and various considerations are already well known to. most veterinarians but younger practitioners may _ not realize the advantages herewith presented as they should, and these, after all, are for the benefit of all concerned. A. LisuTArp. The next meeting of the Georgia State Veterinary Association will be held at Savannah, August 23rd and 24th. The officers are H. G. Cranes, president; J. W. Salter, vice-president; Peter F. _ Behaus, secretary-treasurer, | ‘N STUDIES IN INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE* Warp GILTNER, E. T. HALLMAN and L. H. Coonepcn Department of Bacteriology, Pathology and Hygiene, M.A.C. Kast Lansing, Mich. Parr I. This laboratory has recognized the importance of research into - bovine infectious abortion from the earliest date that this disease a began to assume importance as a cattle pest of great economic sig- nificance. When Bang and Stribolt published their classie re- port on the etiology of the disease, C. E. Marshall, then head of this department, reviewed their work in a bulletin from this Ex- ~ periment Station. Bang’s work seems to have attracted little fur- ther consideration in this country for a considerable period. Even | the unique and ingenious technique of the Danish investigator failed to attract its due attention among bacteriologists. At the — Indianapolis meeting of this association in 1912, I had the pleasure of reporting on this subject and at that time reviewed briefly the — principal contributions to the literature of the disease. Our conception of the importance of bovine infectious abor- tion-is shown by a quotation of a paragraph from my annual report — to the director of the experiment station for this year, submitted to me by Dr. Hallman. ‘‘The problem of controlling contagious abortion is becoming a more and more important one each year. It — is estimated by the Bureau of Animal Iudustry of the U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture that this disease causes an annual loss of $20,000,000 — to the cattle industry of the United States. Assuming that the — conditions are but average in Michigan, her share of this loss — amounts to a little more than $580,000 annually. We believe that — the conditions in Michigan are more than the average. The small — farms, small herds, and the policy of a number of farmers in a com- — munity to breed to a community bull are all conducive to the spread — of the disease.’’ , The successful control of abortion in cattle is not probable — without a full scientific understanding of the nature of the causal - microbe and the many phenomena of infection and immunity re- — sulting from its interaction with the system of the bovine host. The *Presented at the meeting of the A. V. M. A. Section on Sanitary Science — and Poliee, Oakland, Cal., September, 1915. A: 4 { INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 321 use of chemical drugs has not given promise of success. We, at first, advocated a systematic dosing subcutem and per os with phenol in 2-5 per cent solutions, Others have advocated similar procedure and Taylor has even attempted an experimental explanation of the action of this chemical which had received the stamp of empirical approval many years back in Europe. We have abandoned its use as not hopeful and also not without danger when administered per os-as a probable cause of intestinal paralysis. Our casual obser- vations with methylen blue have been less encouraging. Dr. Hall- man has undertaken experimental work with a view to determining the action, if any, of this drug. In the field of biological therapeutics and prophylaxis, we have met with equally discouraging results. My first attempts at im- munizing heifers with dead cultures were negative. It was demon- strated, however, that the introduction of such cultures resulted in the production of agglutinins and also exerted a pyrogenic action on the bovine body. I am of the opinion that if there is developed a true immunity to infectious abortion it will be of the nature of a phagocytic immunity and it should be our aim to prepare-an anti- gen, the introduction of which into the body will stimulate the pro- _. duction of opsonins. Along the line of diagnosis efforts we have given up the idea that, with our present knowledge of the gross and microscopic path- b ology of the disease, we can make a reliable diagnosis by an ordi- nary clinical examination of the aborting cow, aborted fetus or placental membranes. Many difficulties stand in the way of direct bacteriological examinations. I have devised an H tube which promises to be of assistance in furnishing a means whereby the peculiar oxygen requirements of the Bact. abortus may be satisfied. Medium for the Bact. abortus may be placed in one arm of the tube and some oxygen consuming chemical or a medium on which grows an aerobe is placed in the other arm. A communicating tube fur- nishes full opportunity for diffusion of the gases. The two arms of the tube are plugged with, first cotton, then rubber. We have also called attention to the value of amniotic fluid as a medium, either with or without agar, for Bact. abortus. Our results with the abortin test have been published. They indicate that this method has some value, but there is need of refinement of the abor- tin. It is well to call attention to the fact that the use of abortin oe and bacterial vaccines will materially interfere with the interpreta- 322 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE tion of blood serum reactions, a discussion of which will be found in Dr. Hallman’s bulletin. Mr. Cooledge emphasizes the value of milk serum reactions in diagnosis, a field that is very promising. Finally I wish, again, to call your attention to the hopeful field of lactic acid therapy. We are still of the belief that naturally formed lactie acid by the action of Bact. bulgaricus or of ordinary lactie bacteria is the most efficient and at the same time least harm- ~ ful antiseptic available in the treatment of aborting cattle. It is a question in our mind whether the Bact. abortus exerts a, specific action in the ovaries or other essential procreative organs of the cow, in such a manner as to seriously interfere, temporarily or permanently, with conception. Certainly there is a great deal of © sterility in cattle in herds affected with infectious abortion, and it is equally certain that much of this sterility is attributable to faulty methods of handling the aborting cow, especially the ones with re- tained afterbirth. The application of lactic acid therapy would obviate much of this trouble. [W.G.] Part II. In the spring of 1913 we started a project to compare the com-— plement fixation test with the agglutination test, and to determine ~ if possible, how long after abortion an animal might react to the tests. The herd selected was one in which abortion had existed | for the past 7 or 8 years. Our plan was to make periodic tests at intervals of 3 or 4 months throughout a period of several years, | recording the results obtained and tabulating the breeding data of each animal tested, not only for the period in which the test was made, but for several years prior to the time the work was under- taken. Unfortunately, we have been unable to carry out all ‘the details of this plan, and the project has been abandoned in this particular case. However, we have a record of a few of the indi- viduals in the herd and are presenting the data we have recorded. The macroscopic agglutination test with dilutions of 1-100, — 1-500 and 1-1000 has been used and .01, .02 and .04 c¢.¢. respec- tively of the suspect’s serum was used in the complement fixation test. A complete agglutination with a dilution of 1-100 was con- sidered a positive reaction to the agglutination test and complete fixation of complement with .04 ¢.c. of suspect’s serum was consid- ered a positive reaction to the complement fixation test. The following results were obtained: (See table I). INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 323 |. Fst Test: Complement fixation test 26 reacted 14 suspicious 13 negative | 53 total SECOND TEST: Complement fixation test 33 reacted 10 suspicious Bek 43 total Of the 33 reactions to the C. F. test, _ Of the 10 suspicious to the C, F. test, a a een ao poeerra ss : Se Rae ee } Of the 20 reactions to the Aggl. test, Of the 7 suspicious to the Aggl. test, Of the 16 negative to the Aggl. test, ’ Tarp TEst : Complement fixation test 20 reacted 7 suspicious 23 negative 50 total Agglutination test Records lost \ Agglutination test 20 reacted 7 suspicious 16 negative 43 total 18 reacted to the Aggl. test 5 suspicious to Aggl. test 10 negative to the Aggl. test —_— 33 2 negative to the Aggl. test 2 suspicious to Aggl. test 6 negative to the Aggl. test 18 reacted to the C. F. T. 2 suspicious to the C. F. T. 5 reacted to the C. F. T.* suspicious to the C. F. T. reacted to the C. F. T. suspicious to the C, F. T. Agglutination test 23 reacted 2 suspicious 23 negative 48 total 324 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE | Of the 20 reactions to the C. F. test, Of the 7 suspicious to the ©. F. test, Of the 23 negative to the C. F. test, ' Of the 23 reactions to the Aggl. test, Of the 2 suspicious to the Aggl. test, Of the 23 negative to the Aggl. test, FourtH Test: Complement fixation test 26 reacted to the C. F. T. 9 suspicious to the C. F. T. 11 negative to the C. F. T. 46 total Of the 26 reactions to the C. F. test, Of the 9 suspicious to the C, F. test, ’ Of the 11 negative to the C. F, test, Of the 6 reactions to the Aggl, test, Of the 10 suspicious to the Aggl. test, Of the 27 negative to the Aggl. test, 16 4 a RODD — 3 | CRNH SD SI SaSSlruoaklu reacted to the Aggl. test negative to the Aggl. test reacted to the Aggl. test negative to the Aggl. test _ reacted to the Aggl. test. suspicious to Aggl. test. negative to the Aggl. test not tested reacted to the C. F..T. suspicious to the C. F: T. negative to the C. F. T. negative to the C. F. reacted to the C. F. suspicious to the C. F. negative to the C. F. T. Agglutination test 6 reacted 10 suspicious 27 negative . 43 total ; reacted to the Aggl. test suspicious to Aggl. test negative to the Aggl. test not tested suspicious to Aggl. test negative to the Aggl. test not tested negative to the Aggl. test not tested reacted to the C. F, T. reacted to the C. F. T. suspicious to the C. F. T. reacted to the O, F, T. suspicious to the 0. F, T. negative to the C, F. T, i a Lr. Ne ra a - . INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 325 FIrrH TEs : Complement fixation test 17 reacted 5 suspicious 24 negative 46 total Of the 17 reactions to the C. F. test, Of the 5 suspicious to the C. F. test, Of the 24 negative to the C. F, test, Of the 13 reactions to the Aggl. test, Of the 9 suspicious to the Aggl. test, Of the 24 negative to the Aggl. test, 10 2 22 18 | & | Dee © Wa w toe 24 Agglutination test 13 reacted 9 suspicious 24 negative 46 total reacted to the Aggl. test suspicious to Aggl. test negative to the Aggl. test reacted to the Aggl. test suspicious to Aggl. test negative to the Aggl. test reacted to the Aggl. test negative to the Aggl. test reacted to the C. F. T. suspicious to the C. F. T. negative to the C, F. T. reacted to the C. F. T. suspicious to the C. F. T. reacted to the C. F. T. suspicious to the C.F. T. | negative to the C. F. T. An endless amount of discussion and speculation might be iY ‘based on these results. We only wish to state here that the margin of disagreement between the two tests is not so great as to utterly condemn either or both tests. It is evident that the complement es te ’ fixation test will pick out more reactors than will the agglutination test but on the other hand, animals may react to the agglutination test and not to the complement fixation test. The opportunities a for error in either test are great and we do not assume that our work & has been conducted without error, but it may be safely assumed that 7 it has been conducted as carefully as such work will be carried on in the future in routine examinations. ss In other words, it should 3 - give an indication of what may be expected of such work. 326 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE Some idea of the significance or lack of significance of these . tests may be gained from an account of the history. of a few indi- viduals in the herd referred to. No. 2. Aborted six years ago; has had five living calves since; reacted to first 3 Agglutination and C. F. tests. Not tested since. No. 36. Aborted two years ago; has reacted to every test ex- eept 5th Complement Fixation Ti; was ct aneas to the. 5th C. F. T. Nos. 9, 19 and 26. Aborted two years - ago; have reacted to every test except 4th agglutination; each was suspicious to that and No. 9 gave only suspicious reactions to the 5 agglutination test. No. 16. Aborted two years ago; has reacted only to 2nd comple- a : ment fixation test; suspicious to 2nd agelaunation and 4th com- plement fixation tests. No. 25 Aborted two years ago; suspicious seiaitioa to 2nd ag- glutination and 2nd complement fixation tests. No. 33. Aborted two years ago; suspicious to 2nd and 4th complement fixation tests. No. 37. Aborted two years ago; sterile since; suspicious re- action to 2nd complement fixation test; reacted to 4th complement ' fixation test. . Nos. 7, 28 and 35. Aborted one year ago; have reacted to every test since except that No. 35 was negative to the 2nd agglu- > tination test, and No. 7 suspicious to 3rd complement fixation test. No. 30.. Aborted one year ago; suspicious to 2nd and 4th com- = plement fixation test; reacted to 2nd agglutination test. ‘= No. 39. Aborted 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years ago, respectively; has reacted to every test except 4th and 5th agglutination tests; sus- picious to those. Nos. 47 and 52. Have never aborted; have reacted to every a test except that No. 52 was negative to the 4th scelutinnnes test and suspicious to the 5th agglutination test. About eighteen months before this project was sina: Dr. Giltner tested this herd with abortin. There is very little reason to believe that the effects of the abortin injections remained at the time of the serum tests. A remarkable thing about these tests is exemplified in Nos. 2, 47 and 52, cows that are apparently able to deliver a healthy calf every year, in spite of a strong reaction to J two serum tests, that indicate infection in these cases. It would be interesting to know just what relation the abortus bacterium INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 327 bears to these cases. With reference to No. 2, is it possible that antibodies resulting from an infection over five years since, could persist all these years, or is she a germ carrier? From the stand- point of sanitary control, should such cows be isolated and quaran- tined, and should their owners be refused permission to place them on the market for sale? The use of living cultures of the abortus bacterium on open fe- males and dead cultures on pregnant females, has been applied to a few herds with the object of observing their pyrogenic and im- munizing effects. Not a large enough number of animals have been under obser- vation to make any valuable deductions, nor has any herd been treated with a part of the herd left as controls. It has been diffi- cult to get owners to agree to have a part of their herd untreated, and difficult to get them to record temperatures for several days after the injections, The method of treatment adopted was to cultivate the organ- isms on neutral agar until considerable growth had occurred; these were then washed off with sterile salt solution, and diluted so that there were approximately 4 to 5 billion organisms per ¢.c. Where dead cultures were used the suspension was heated to a tempera-- ture of 60°C. for one hour and transfers made to agar to determine their sterility. Where the living cultures were used, they were in- jected within a few days from the time the dilutions were made. There is little in our work to encourage one in the use of dead cultures, and there is reason to believe that injury may result in ‘some cases from the use of living cultures. Nothing but an exten- sive series of carefully conducted experiments will demonstrate the ‘actions of these injections. In one herd we have recorded the following observations: Of 19 animals receiving living cultures at the Ist injection, 4 gave a marked thermal reaction; 11 gave a slight thermal reaction and 4 gave no thermal reaction. (See Table IIL.) Of the 17 animals receiving dead cultures, 7 gave a slight thermal reaction, and 10 gave no thermal reaction. (See Table V.) Of 15 animals not reacting to the test and receiving injections of living cultures, 9 having calved normally only after experiencing considerable difficulty in getting them with calf; 3 have aborted; 1 has been sold without learning subsequent history and 2 are sterile. Of 2 animals reacting to the test and one suspicious and not tested, all calved normally. (See Table II.) / ; 328 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE ; Of 10 pregnant animals reacting to the test and receiving in- jections of dead cultures, 4 have aborted (also probably No. 39), — 4 have calved ‘normally, and 1 died on the 228th day of gestation- with a normally developed calf in utero. Of 6 animals not reacting to the test, and receiving dead cul- _ tures of the abortus bacterium, 3 have calved normally and 3 have aborted. One giving a suspicious reaction to the test, calved nor- mally. (See Table IV.) At the time the herd was tested we were not in a position to make the complement fixation test and the reactions recorded were the result of agglutination tests made between November 21, 1912 and December 4, 1912. It is significant that Nos. 9, 18 and 20, (Table IV), aborted, although they failed to react to the test sev- eral months after breeding. It will be observed in Table II that considerable difficulty was — experienced in breeding a number of the heifers treated with living cultures. When this method is carried out we believe it highly desir- able that breeding be deferred for at least 3-4 months after the last injection. In this same herd the same trouble in breeding ani- mals subsequent to calving or aborting, after injections of dead cultures, was experienced. This trouble cannot be attributed to the herd bull as there were two bulls in the herd, both of which had before and since proven their potency. It would be interesting to know what relation there was between these injections and sterility. In another herd of 21 animals, in which there were 14 abor- tions out of 20 of breeding age, during the summer, fall, winter and spring respectively of 1912-13 and in which no abortion had ever occurred before, we have recorded the data presented in Table VI. —[E. T. H.]> w (B|_oor:tit + + [atte a|+ ++ +0] [++]! 1++ nno| |nam s || _oog:tit + + |amam + +m a+ | |a+ @ | g "ya |ooort+ + + 111 ie +1 Sacmes UI 5, alee oe + + TFT ro a | + +a ++] |+++ 14+ +m | |a++ ml Slee So crore ET +I + +| a+ ++] ++ D ] 3 |l*iSlt oot + + 1+ 1+ + | +{ [F111 +a /++ | . nw (e| oot). + +l+oa n ai|+ill| + |an|| all|+na RD BS |S ll ooger| 2 sa@l+T | al+t- + tell = Ss Wiel oot] @ [l+l@ n LT + littl | | SB | leleo Do) + +lt+oa+ ++) +4+14++1 414+! enmmnttt+++lo@ +4+++++ant+ [++ 5 Bg] 3 || co oe] +l +a+ ++o +o lool+|+loon|mtttot |o +a [+++om4 || | ++ I 2 8 O10 08) oe plete we tl eh loo! Let lett) +1 l+t+tl ooo n+ % +2 wm le|_ootet}+++ +E+++[ ol (++ | +141] ++ [+++] +] at++4+/ [+11 + 2 | we a & ep] Oos?t} | ++ o+++ Lity+ +e ITT 4 a mT a a g age io le| ooo tii+l Lli+il tilt ti BRASS Eee Ue eee ees | : ges “lal ro P+++ +otoot [li ital it i+i+iiitil+el (++) +a)++) 1] l+t+loel++ SA 3 falco oott+ totolto i littei ti i+l+t ital i+eliett Fite ++i tf i+4 B oF S| to oojt+++ +latioa [llit+mlilitit+itleatil++i i++i_ +11 1+i 1 l+al | la+ : SPs lea|_oorrt+ tat + | aot a+{[+i+ [[+l++al+l+i+++latt+i 1 at ae & |x| 008? T)-++ +1 + oe “+f at+|a|+ +|+a]|/+lal++a]||+a “fy A I ela ooot:tit++ +/+ @ nD at|n| 4 +la | +] ) /++] mn | l SS laf so ool t+ +++ @ o+++ +n+++nn++n+++n++n0++++a+++4+4+4++0+ $+ S |Z la|so t+ +++ 2 otoa+t nnotntnat|att+t+a++natt++nt++++++oann ++ es LO: Oe eee | [aa+t antl+lal | |at++|atoatt++|/+++nn+] loa ++ g le|_oot't ; 2 = & 009: T EB ii |<] o00t't a ie i 8S WA lel so oot++at+++++aa | |at++|ani[+l1+] lat] |++iat attt+atta Je ie zo -ea|\+++ | ++at+++an||atalao|/+li1+] lan] |++lat+] | +++i ++! |< a8 Veal Iaaud Ceemess ok ee ++e.1; 330 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE TasBuE II. Boon Non-pregnant Animals Receiving Two Injections Date Reaction | Date of Date of | No. of Previous History to First hems Second Amount Birth = Test | Treatment mjected Treatment | 'wiected Bred but. did not con-| ‘ ceive , 1 | 9-4-11 11-18-13. + |12-14-12! 10 ee. |12-28-12 20 e.e. Calved 9-27-12 | Calf died on 4th day 4 3 | 12-15-10 | with white scours + te «6 ee ce 5 | 9-14-05 | Last ealf 4-2-12 = ‘ce ce ce 7: | Bred but did not ¢con- dal at 11 | 4-10-11 | ceive 11-3-12 — as = ck ay 13 2-7-12 SEW cc te te tk 14 } 12-15-10| Calved 7-20-12 eee ee ce “ Me 5 | 84-1 Calved 10-9-12 — ée 6c 66 52 16 | 10-23-08| Last ealf 10-19-12 | — | < ce YF Vi 19 | 8-30-10 |Calved 7-20-12 — - ‘ 3 Ae 23 1907 Last ealf 9-9-12 Ss 66 6 6 c No 24 | 1908 | Aborted (?) Test | ‘° 66 “6 “e 25 1906 Last calf 11-8-12 — ee 66 a Ce ae 27 | 7-12-11 1 Meee, ee 7 CE ce 28 §-4-11 — ce ce “c té 29 | 5-4-11 SORE er “ Pipes 82 30 | 5-29-11 oe e can si a3 ‘c si 31 | 7-18-11 ~ ee “ ‘6 cc 32 | 7-18-11 oon “6 % te ve 33.| 7-1-11 —— ‘e ‘e e e INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 331 TABLE II (Continued) of Living Organisms at Intervals of Two Weeks. he __ Dates of Breeding Subsequent History 22-13 3-18-13 2-8-13 1 4. 6-19-13 2-27-13 Calved 3-27-14 4-14-13 Calved 1-24-14 «Tenis 9-13 4-14-18 10-21-13 Calved 8-3-14 Bred 12-28-12. Came in heat 3-24-13 and was bred Calved living calf 10-10-13 from Dee. - service. 7-22-13 8-13-13 Calved 5-26-14 1-10-13 2-24-13 2-2-13 3-17-13 Calved 12-26-13 1-29-13 4-28-13 8-10-13 6-24-13 2-18-13 Sold +«*--2-13 3-20-13 1-28-13 4-10-13 2-18-13 5-12-13 6-14-13 7-8-13 8-28-13 Aborted 4-29-14 on the 28lst d. Calf lived until 5-8-14. 12-21-12 Calved 10-22-13 —s §-4-13 5-28-13 Calved 3-14-14 Calved 3-28-14 429-13 6-19-13 4-14-13 5-7-13 In heat again 11-27-13. No evidence of abortion had been observed. Animal sold since. (1-98-18 19-10-13 3 9-14-13 1-2 1-1-14 Calved fe. 214-18 Galved 11-20-13 i“ ’ Sold but learned later that animal __--1-7-138 —-8-5-18 ——-2-3-18] calved at full time. ©) 1-6-13 3-25-13 1-11-13 ’ ) 5-11-13 1-31-13 Gave birth to a mature ealf 11-5-13 =+-3-9-13 7-22-13 «69-18 __ 8-12-13 Calved 5-20-14 ae “A Aborted 6-7-13 | Ee . 12-24-13 1-80-13 5-14-13 11-11-13 8-2-13 7-8-13 12-10-13 8-27-13 9-9-13 1-1-14 215-14 2-22-14 4-13-14 7-10-14 332 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE TaBLeE III. Temperatures of Non-pregnant Animals Receiving Two es of Living Organisms. 2nd injection given be- 1st injection given bee ia? a.m. and 2 p. m., _ |ltween 2 p, m. and 4 p. m.,. 12-28-12 12-14-12 12-15-12 12-16-12 12-17-12} 12-18-12|| 12-28-12 12-29-12 12-30-12 No. 7 p.m,.|9a.m,2p.m.7 p. m.|9 a. m. 7 p. m.|7 p. m./6 p. m.|/6 p .m.| Ham 6 p.m. |3 p. m.- 1. | 103.6} 103.9] 102. | 101.6] 101.6] 104.6] 104. | 102.2); 3. | 102.1) 103.6] 103.2] 101.1] 102.1} 102.1} 103.8] 101. i 5. | 100.9) 105.4! 104.6) 104.2} 101.4] 104.8] 102.8} 101.2 Pe 11. | 101.5} 103.4| 103.4} 102.5} 103.4] 104.4] 101.3] 102.8]/102.1 | 101.2 | 102.3} 102. ~ 13. | 104.4] 102.3! 103.4] 102.5| 103.4] 104.4] 101. | 102. |}102.8 | 101.87] 101. : 14. | 100.1) 104. | 103.2} 101.8} 103.5) 104.4} 103.9} 100.8 15. | 101.6} 103.3} 103.3) 102.1] 101.8} 104.3] 104.2} 101. 16. | 101.8) 102. | 101.4) 101. | 101.4} 101.2 19. | 100.1) 104. | 104.4} 102.9] 103.9] 102.4} 101.6} 101.2 23. | 102.8} 101.1} 101.1} 101.6) 100.8} 102. | 102. |. 24. | 101.8} 103.9} 103.6} 102.5) 102.2} 102.3) 101.8 25. | 101.1) 102. | 102.4} 101.8] 101.6} 103.4] 102.8 ; 27. | 100.7} 103.9] 104.3} 102.1) 104. | 104.3] 101.7} 102.7}| 101.2 | 100.5 | 101.5} 102.1 - 28. | 101.2) 101.4] 101.8} 101.3] 104.3) 104.4) 103. | 102.3}| 101.8 | 101.5 | 102.2) 101.7 29. | 102.4) 105.9} 105.7|/106.5| 101.7} 103.6} 103.2) 102.6]| 101.8 | 101.8 | 102.4 101.5, 30. | 100.7} 102.7} 102.6] 101.5) 104. | 101.9} 100. | 101.6]|}102. | 101.9] 101.3 |102.1. 31. | 102.2} 102.8} 104.1) 103.7) 103.74 103.8] 104.5] 103. || 102.7 | 101.8 | 102.8] 101.9 32. | 100.2} 105.5) 105.6] 106.3} 106.6} 105.2} 104.5} 102.1|| 102. | 101.8 | 101.9] 102; ~ 33. | 103. | 105. | 105.4} 106.5| 104.8) 104.5] 104.2} 102.8}| 101.8 | 101. | 101.4} 102.2- TABLE V. Temperatures of Pregnant Animals Receiving Injections of Dead Organisms, ist injection given between 1 and 2 P. M., 12-14-12 12-14-12 | 12-15-12 | 12-16-12 | 12-17-12 | 12-18-12 7p.m. | 9am. 2p.m. 7p.m. |! 9am, 7p.m. | 7p.m. ! 6p. m. 2 102.9 102.2 102.1 101.5 101.6 102.8 102. 102. 4 102.1 103.4 102. 101.2 101. 100.8 6 101.3 101.4 102. 101.5 101.6 100.4 100.2 8 101.2 101.4 101.8 101.2 101.4 101.7 ‘ 9 103.8 101.4 101.4 101.5 101.5 102.4 102.4 17 100.1 101.5 101.5 101.4 100.8 101.3 18 101.7 101.1 101.4 | 101.7 101.6-| 101, 20 101,2 101.7 101.2 | 101.6 101.6 101. 21 100.1 102.1 101.5 101.6 100.7 101, 26 101.8 102.8 102.8 100.8 101,2 103, 99.8 100.6. 38 102.2 101.5 101.4 100.8 101.2 103, bd 39 101.3 104.4 104, 101.8 101.3 102.6 103.8 100.6 40 1014 104, 101. 101.4 101. 102, 101, 100.8 43 101.6 101.9 101.8 101.6 101.4 101, 101.2 45 104.3 102.8 102, 101.4 101.8 102.8 102.2 101.2 47 101.9 101,1 101.6 102, 101.4 101.4 101.8" 48 101.3 101.6 101.6 101.6 101, 101.4 101.4 \ 6L-9L-S SI-St-F ‘Aypeutou peayep| —;, a9! ” we) OOKs ) 80-IT-S | SF Ajyeutiouw poarep €I-g-¢ ‘Areusou peatep) 5, | 5s 9 >, |8t-os-¢ | + JOH | TI-T-3 | LF Avp YISST O43 uO ‘gT-OE-T ‘peyoqy) =, A AP x» \et-ees | + et-et-m |. (aH) GF ’ . A[jeus10u poaTep _- Ygvep 4e sniezn ut zyeo podojea,_—s,, ’ ” o> jet-se-s | + _-« BI-LT-3 | F0-FT-9 | SF Op [VUION ‘“ET-9T-¢ “A[Ueppus porp Mo—p Ajyeuisou poate |. Avp 4363S 04} UO “ET-OT-g Peytoqy, _—_,, PP Py 99 |@t-T3-2 | + SI-FI-F | GO-L-21 | OF Ajyeutiou poapeo *S}[MSOL JNOYIIM OOUTS SOUT} [BIOAOS| —,,, ” ” yy |OL-et-2 | + ZI-8-F | 90-ST-T | 6¢ poiq weg SET ‘Aloowoo you pIp jeuTUY Ayemion pearey || Aep YI8ss 84} UO ‘SL-0€-9 Ppeqoqy ” ” ” ” SI-ST-Tl| + 6L-S-8 80°8-6 8¢ Ajyeutiou peareo Aep WISET OU} WO “ET-gZ-3 PeHOqy, ~—_,, a9 ” yy \et-or-s | — _ BI-L8-9 |. 90-FT | 02 Ajpeuttou peared Aep puzgz oyy wo ‘gT-gz-g ‘poytoqy) ss, 99 99 »»_ 16-9 2 | — 60-S-IL | 8T €I-ST-F ‘Fred Teuiou AQueredde uv pearep)—_—,,, on” ” ” G@) |= . @T-¥3-3 | 90-9-F%. | LT Ajyeutiou poapep (&) ST-F-9 ‘Alpeutiou peaep, __,, y os oy |OE-8T-L | + SI-06-T | SO-F-E 4 92 Ajjeuti1ou poapeg €1-3 ysusny ‘Ayeusou poareg) —_,, ry Re >» |et-02-0T| + BI-IT-9 | L06T _| 12 A[jeutiou peapeg £ep W300S Oy} wo ‘eT-0Z “wer peyoqgy| _,, 99 09 >> let-oe-9 | — JosioH | I1-9-¢ | 6 €T-¢-g ‘A[femiou poayep| +9 a9 o> \8E-8erot| — JoztoH | LI-8I-F | 8 E1-93-L ‘A[vUIOM poaTep] ‘9°? OZ |ZI-8s-ZT| ‘2° OL |ZI-FI-SI\sT-2s-0T| — SI-ST-@ | 20-0T-¢ | 9 | i Ayjeutiou peaTeg EL-FS-F ‘ApwuLOM peaTep} -a°2 OZ| ZI-gs-sI| °°? OL |ZI-PI-sI|sI-st-z | + TI6L “Seq ut dep | OT-0z-¢ | F | | ~_|x08T noqe pozr0qy | : Aep} 0°20 0B |ZT-8S-Z1| “279 OL [Zt-FI-sr|ZI-F -9 | + JeJIOH |OT-ST-2r | 3 WI9SS OU} WO ET-08-s FIV Surat poysroqy| | : | payofay | WaUNeBLL | papa | MANNE, | Supgaig | “et lg £104stq] yuanbesqng puodas ; ysily | lupe! 440481] snorserg 10 N qunowy jo ayeg | = wunowy jo ayeg f0 920 ay » ayeg ‘SYOOM OA, JO S[BAIOZUT 4B SHITOV_ sNIIOGY Jo seinynD peacy Jo suotpr0lu] OMT, Suratooy speuruy yueusorg ‘AT Fav, oe GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE _ TABLE VI. PREVIOUS HISTORY ; Date of Ist Material | Date of = a ae ee ? Aborted re Dead Cultures 5 1} 3] 11-412 + | 2-22-13 | 10ee | 3-14-13 2 + te 66 66 Aborted 3 12-4-12 a ce “cc ‘cc Aborted 4 12-8-12 4; “ ce | 4s Calved normally x 5 10-22-12 if a Oe ‘ Now in calf 6 | 13] (2-22-13) x ee 7 e 7 + 5 ‘ec a : i tc 8 wens cc "Peet 66 Heifer not bred j 9 yet aa baker ce “6 Aborted 10 | 7| 2-4-13 uf « Aborted 12 6| 8-25-12 a ‘ce 68 66 Calved normally 13 | 7| 2-6-13 a ee ee ee Calved normally 14 8-17-12 + “e 6c ec Aborted r 15 | 6) 10-3-12 ao ee 4 i ae - | Aborted ‘a 16 4| 2-12-13 a ee “ce ““ , Aborted 17 2) 8-21-12 + ee 6c “ Aborted ‘ : 18 | 4] 10-2-12 + Bt As ele ‘a ‘ t storied ; | ee my 19 | 3] 11-10-12 -f 66 ‘c a Aborted fe = 20 | 2] 10-18-12 -}- 66 Aborted hie e 21 2} 2-11-13 of 6 erg “e ee 22 $-1-13 fe es INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE Taste VI—Continued Material nected =| ate of Browting =| Subsequent History Dead cultures (2-16-13 3-9-1383 20 «@.c. 5-12-13 Calved normally 2-12-14 Ph, AS Aborted 4-12-13 £5 5-14-13 Aborted 12-16-13 2-24-13 3-16-13 |Bred several times since without re- ae 7-25-13 5-20-13 |sults. Sold for beef 8-19-14 Delivered a dead calf 1-26-14 on the ne 4-27-13 269th day of gestation, Not treated Calved normally 3-16-13 Dead cultures § 20 ¢.c. Calved normally 4-11-13 es Calved normally 10-2-13 Living cultures - 10 cc. 6-8-13 Calved normally 3-12-14 Ba nt 5-22-13 7-2-13 |Calved normally 4-7-14 Dead cultures ___ 20 ec. 1-5-138 2-8-13 | Aborted 7-8-13 i 6-26-13 Calved normally 4-12-14 ye 2-16-13 3-5-1383 |Came in heat almost regularly and 7-4-13 5-7-13 served nearly every time up to 8-17-14 2-26-13 3-14-13 aa 4-17-13 5-11-13 |Delivered a weak calf on the 288th day 6-7-13 of gestation. Calf died at 24 hrs. old Living cultures 10 ¢.¢. 7-18-13 Calved normally 4-16-14 e 2-22-13 3-14-13 |Calved 12-7-13, 33 days earlier. Calf 4-3-13 is alive and doing fine 15 months later. Delivered an apparently mature and - strong calf 11-12-13. Evidently con- 2-17-13 3-11-13 |ception occurred at Ist service. Delivered an apparently mature and 3 strong calf 11-12-13. Evidently con- a 2-14-13 3-7-13__ | ception occurred at 1st service. 2-15-13 = 3-7-13 3-29-13 4-19-13 “e 5-13-13 Aborted 12-1-13 ‘6 6-2-13 Calved normally 3-1-14 ee 6-11-13 - Calved normally 3-19-14 335 336 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE Parr III. Recent investigations of Schroeder and Cotton show that the organism causing contagious abortion is frequently expelled from the bodies of apparently perfectly healthy cattle with their milk. Bang, Nowak, M’Fadyean and Stockman, McNeal and Kerr, Good, — Giltner, Hallman and others have shown that a pure culture of the organism may cause abortion in the following animals: cattle, sheep, swine, goats, mares, guinea pigs and rats. Melvin suggests that this bacterium may prove pathogenic for human beings. It seems quite probable that if this organism is present in cow’s milk, which is the only food of many infants, it may bring about disease. . There is the possibility that its presence in milk may, in part, ac- count for the high mortality of bottle-fed babies. In view of these possibilities it seems important that a further study of the pres- ence of this organism in milk be made. In making a study of the presence of Bact. abortus in milk there are two methods of procedure available. The cultural method of isolating Bact. abortus directly from the milk sediment cannot be depended upon owing to the difficulty of growing the organism on artificial media. This difficulty of growing the organisms by direct inoculations from infected material is due in part to the fact that it acts in a peculiar manner towards oxygen. It will not grow aerobically or anaerobically, but requires.an atmosphere par- tially depleted of oxygen. A number of methods of growing the or- ganisms have been tried by different investigators with but partial - success. The most promising cultural method is the growth of the organism in a closed jar with a culture of B. subtilis. B. subtilis gradually uses up the oxygen and for a period conditions are suit- able for the growth of the abortion organisms. The unusual relation of this organism toward oxygen is shown in agar shakes of a pure culture. The growth then oceurs in a sharp zone where the oxygen tension is found to be most suitable. This zone is usually about one-half centimeter below the surface. This . organism becomes aerobic after a few generations growth. The other method of study, the inoculation of guinea pigs with milk, while more reliable, is far from satisfactory, owing to the fact. that it requires from 8 to 10 weeks for the lesions to develop and it is probable that the organism must be present in large numbers to cause the disease with the 5 ¢.c, of milk used for inoculation, In studying milk from cows affected with contagious abortion INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 337 ee eee ee it was thought that possibly the blood serum tests as used in the study of the disease in cattle and horses might be applied, using milk to replace the blood serum. So far, the complement fixation test has given negative results but further work is to be done with it. Work with the opsonie index, while encouraging, has not been carried far. Work with the agglutination test has given encourag- ing results and it is the object of this paper to tell of experiments. upon the application of this test to the milk of cows affected with contagious abortion or in herds where the disease has existed. The agglutination test used in this work is an application of the serum test used in the study of infectious abortion in cattle. A polyvalent strain of Bact. abortus is used for antigen. Fresh milk to be studied is used to replace the blood serum. Dilutions are made as follows 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500 and 1:1,000. Tests are usually made within 30 minutes of the time the milk is drawn. Cellular ‘counts are made upon all samples. Samples of milk are collected a little before the middle of the milking. It was found that cloudi- ness caused by using the whole milk did not interfere with the ob- servation of agglutination in the dilutions used. Milk studied was obtained from a herd having a record of a number of abortions and in which the blood serum of a high per- centage of the animals gave positive complement fixation and agglu- tination tests. The milk from each quarter of 61 cows has been examined at intervals during the past 10 months. Of these the milk of 18 cows (30%) has given a positive agglutination test in one or more quar- ‘ters at some time during this period. Tests have been made upon all milk giving a positive reaction at intervals of 1 to 3 weeks. Milk giving a negative reaction has _ been examined at intervals of 3 to 6 weeks. In this way the power of the milk of one quarter to agglutinate the abortion bacterium has been observed to spread to another quar-_ ter and finally to all four; it has also been observed to gradually die out. In some cases the milk of all four quarters has retained a strong agglutinatinng power during the 10 months. In other eases one lone quarter has remained positive during that period. A comparison of the bacterial count, cell count and original acidity with the agglutination reaction of milk from 7 cows having 12 positive quarters and 16 negative quarters shows a much lower average bacterial count, and cell count, and a slightly lower original 338 GILTNER, HALLMAN AND COOLEDGE acidity, in the agglutinating quarters. These factors, however, apparently have no significance as a positive milk in one case may have a very high bacterial count and cell count and in another case have very low counts. One of the first and most important questions that arises in connection with this work is: Is a positive agglutination test due to a local production of agglutinins caused by the presence of Bact. abortus in the quarter, or are the agglutinins transmitted to the milk from the blood? In connection with this question an attempt is being made to demonstrate the presence of Bact. abortus in sam- ples of milk that agglutinate the abortion bacterium. This work while incomplete has resulted as follows: Out of 18 quarters, the milk of which agglutinates the abortion bacterium, the milk of 14 produce lesions in guinea pigs which are like the typical lesions caused by a pure culture of Bact. abortus. ; Tests of the power of different portions of an agglutinating milk, to agglutinate the abortion bacterium show that milk drawn about the middle of the milking has the strongest agglutinating re- action. The strippings of a positive milk in nearly every case have a decreased agglutinating power and in many cases are negative. The fact that in a sample of milk which agglutinates Bact. abortus, the first half, or that portion of the milk which stands in ‘the milk cistern, gives a strong reaction, while the last half or that portion which is secreted during the milking process gives a much weaker or even a negative reaction, points to a local production of agglutinins rather than to their coming from the blood stream. In the 7 cows whose milk has gradually acquired the power of agglutinating the abortion bacterium during this experiment one or both of the rear quarters have been the first to show agglutination, An exception is a case in which a rear quarter and a front quarter showed their first agglutinations at the same time. If we take it for granted that a positive agglutination test points to the presence of Bact. abortus in the quarter this would bear out William’s theory that the greatest source of infection of the udder is through genital discharges gaining the orifice of the teat by means of running down the sides of the udder or by switching of the tail. According to this theory the rear quarters would be more liable to infeetion than the front quarters. From the-rear quarters then, the infection might easily be transferred to the front quarters by the hands dur- ing the milking. 4 . 4 i 4 INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN CATTLE 339 Pee a ee, se Se me —_ hy 1? y t The history of a cow whose milk had never agglutinated Bact. abortus is as follows: Cow Light. This cow has had a record of several abortions and her blood has given positive complement fixation and agglu- tination tests for contagious abortion. During a period of eight months samples of milk taken from each quarter have repeatedly — given negative agglutination tests. ; February 25, the right rear quarter was injected with 35 c.c. of a 48 hour broth culture of Bact. abortus. The following two days there was partial agglutination by the milk from the injected quarters while the others remained negative. The third day, milk from the right rear quarter gave a strong agglutinating reaction and from the other quarters gave a partial. The fourth day, milk from all four quarters gave a strong reaction. This continued for about a week and then gradually died out until the milk from each quarter was again negative. This seems to show a local produc- tion of the agglutinins due to the presence of Bact. abortus in the milk, The history of two cows whose milk agglutinates the abortion bacterium is as follows: Cow A. A cow that has a record of several abortions, the last, January 1, 1914, has given milk with a strong positive agglu- tinating reaction in each quarter since April 24, 1914, when the first test was made. Bact. abortus was isolated from this milk _ January 10, 1914. Guinea pigs were inoculated with the milk and became affected with the typical lesions such as are caused by a pure culture of Bact. abortus. Recently, a pregnant guinea pig, inoculated with this milk, has aborted. Cow B. This cow has given milk having a strong agglutinat- ing power for Bact. abortus in each quarter since July 20, 1914 when the first test was made. Milk from each quarter, inoculated into guinea pigs August 4, 1914, produced lesions typical of those caused by Bact. abortus. The cow aborted a 7 month fetus No- , vember 27, 1914.—[L. H. C.] The officers elected at the last meeting of the South Carolina Association of Veterinarians are: F. P. Caughman, president; Robert O. Feeley, vice-president ; B. Kater McInnes, secretary-treas- urer, A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION: F. F. SHEETS, Van Wert, Ohio. The social and industrial life of America has at no time given gratifying evidence of having gained any very permanent impres- sion of the indispensable share of labor that has been alloted to the veterinarian. ; We, who are sometimes inclined to think that we have spent too great a portion of our lives in the insufficiently remunerative work, are repeatedly forced to realize that the public estimation of the men engaged, of the prosession as a whole, is not deeply appreciative _ of the splendid personnel, of the careful educational preparation, or of the arduous labor involved ; all of which should afford us a more stable rating among the men of science whose benefits to mankind are readily obvious. Any means that shall afford the publie an opportunity to know more of the activities of a secluded group of men, laboring for the maintenance of health and utility of animals and man, deserves the | greatest consideration if it does not violate that aety which should — be conserved in all professional life. Recognizing the value of precept and experience available through the generous offer of cooperation extended by Dr. Fred- erick R. Green, secretary of the Council of Health and Public In- struction, a section ‘of the AMERICAN MepicaAL ASSOCIATION activity, ‘it is desired to submit, for more extensive adoption, a’ policy that has already proven practical in publicity campaign work of a med- ical character. As a matter of practice, advertising might be defined as the means by which the conveyor gets in touch with the prospective - customer, and while in the strict interpretation of that term, it has long since been decreed that the veterinarian shall not advertise, the time has arrived when we must get in touch with our clients to the extent that only the intimacy of that term implies. Probably the popular conception of publicity is worthy of our consideration ; it appears to be regarded as a refined type of adver- tising and refers more to a systematized educational campaign on broad lines, in matters not always essentially commercial, while ad- *Presented at the meeting of the A, V. M, A. Section on Practice, Oak- land, Cal., September, 1915, A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION 341 vertising is the bold, direct appeal calculated to sell definite com- modities. - Clever advertising men seem to coneur in the opinion that all appeals to that class of men who form possibly, the larger propor- tion of our clients, must be dominated with a conditional offer of free books, free incubators, free ponies, free corn cures, free jewelry and free advice. This extension of what, in the perusal of farm journals, we find they hope shall be accepted as some form of Utopian generosity, ap- pears to be the order of the day with men who are, no doubt, spe- _ cialists in the matter of effectively addressing the public. Politicians know the efficacy of playing upon this same credu- lity, but if he cares to succeed, the veterinarian’s domain is far too restricted to permit him to forget that the best business interests and instincts of his clientele must be appealed to for a commercial deci- sion of the value of professional attention. The economy of early treatment and the pecuniary advantages in the application of preventive medicine principles are the superior arguments by which we can appeal to men. Dependence upon chi- canery and the temptation to take advantage of the tendency toward superstitious faith in medication, lead to the attainment of a most uncertain standard of professional reputation. There exist few people in rural communities but know, in their own way, something of the value of the services of the local veteri- narian. All too frequently they tell us of live stock disease or in- jury they would have submitted earlier, had they but known that modern scientific developments stood ready to cope with many here- tofore unconquerable conditions. . Little do such stock raisers suspect that our knowledge extends far beyond familiarity with some vague group of remedies said to be beneficial in so called colics, fevers and the healing of wounds; even - our neighboring physician is usually surprised to find that we are in- formed in bacteriology, can make practical suggestions regarding production of sanitary milk, or that some of use have the presump- tion to offer some really creditable arguments concerning the asssim- ilation, in opposition to the recently assailed inhalation theory of tubercular routes of infection. The ramifications of the various functions of veterinary activ- ity are so extensive that few of us really appreciate the vastness of our own enterprise. Comparatively few in this busy land of ours 342 - F, F. SHEETS pause to consider the untold interests of humanity, of producer and consumer served by one or more veterinary divisions of this little ap- preciated branch of the great army of devout men who have enlisted under the red cross emblem of medicine. Food, industry and health are essential to human happiness. Their consideration in a eareless, insincere or dishonest manner is ruinous. We can best serve the economy of national affairs by continually insisting that the public shall realize that the veterinarian is an im- portant factor in all movements eee. the conservation of the public health. Any one who has been engaged in association activity in behalf. of the veterinary profession will confirm the statement that in the numerous efforts to better conditions in many of the states and in the army, our petty numerical strength, our political insignificance and the prevailing unfamiliarity with the importance of our varied functions, has formed, in almost every instance, bo obstacle we have never yet successfully assailed. ~ It logically follows then, until we sueceed in impressing not only the live stock owner, but all of the public to be benefitted by the measures that are serving to increase our efficiency, we have not made a place for the consideration of our affairs in the legislative bodies of our commonwealths or of the nation; neither have we in- stilled that idea of increased resourcefulness of modern veterinary advice so important to the successful popularity of the practitioner. Just to recount some of the things we accomplish: we select suitable types of live stock from the best offered by this and other lands to become the foundation of the industry in this country ; we reject the diseased animals offered for import ; maintain rational live stock quarantine regulatory measures ; prevent disease and treat un-. avoidable outbreaks, heal the wounds, protect the meat supply, pro- mote the dairy industry, and direct the manufacturing and market- ing of its products; we investigate and advise in the presence of poultry disease. We supervise agricultural eihhicasion, aid in the development of © the science of bacteriology and kindred branches of comparative medicine, and protect the public health from the encroachments of animal diseases that are transmissible to man, . We aid the immigrant in his movements of draft and breeding stock ; suggest rational care and shoeing of the draft animals; are SERRE a oe Ail AE Sip pr Se ee een a ee A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION 343 far sighted in our advice concerning breeding and those measures that perpetuate the live stock industry, and cooperate in the work of the humane society. We are in demand when animals are placed before the people in competitive exhibition ; we are the consultants called by the owners of indisposed pets. We have our place in the study of biology and natural history ; must help in the instruction of the agricultural student; serve the army, and aid in the defense of the nation against pestilence. In the annals of human endeavor do you recall a profession of broader accomplishments, prepared to serve in so many fields of use- fulness ; a profession recruited from such as can qualify as scientists and be content with the meager remuneration of mechanies ; college trained men who must violate natural esthetic tendencies and be con- tent with less compensation than is the share of the artisan? Education is a slow process but its acquirement among men in- terested in live stock production, both owners and veterinarians, is rapidly demonstrating the dependence of one upon the other, and this condition is arising from a commercial rather than any senti- mental view point. No business could have withstood the waste and disregard of business principles as has agriculture and live stock production, de- spite government advice and subsidy, but the old order is slowly changing. Somewhat reluctantly men are comprehending the deep- er significance of the industry until there exists scarcely a com- munity but evinces the influence of at least one trained man. Occasionally, just as in the history of veterinary education, men of few elementary requisites of agricultural proficiency, have direct- ed their efforts in subjects for which they possessed almost no prac- tical attributes, but on the whole the results of progressive agricul- tural education are inevitable. Appealing to men who have insisted that education is impera- tive in the preparation for a medical career to be exerted on animal life, uninformed adventurers into the realms of medical science who depend upon extending the opinion that their ability in live stock doctoring is a miraculous gift, may encounter some difficulty in overcoming the prejudice training affords the farmer, especially if trained veterinarians foster this inclination by proper conduct and a conservation policy for application to all phases of the health and _ service of the live stock belonging to this class of clients. BY 344. F. F. SHEETS In short, as we go from case to case, we fail if we but treat the animals immediately presented for our consideration, and neglect to extend the owners conception of the less apparent complications, ‘such as the depredations of infection, the subtle.loss of energy in the presence of communicable diseases of even apparently the lowest ~ virulence. Be he A suppurating wound, a mild attack of so called distemper, a slight skin infection, any disease or parasitic invasion among meat producing animals or other live stock, no matter how trivial, is a waste, is money dissipated in a way that never can be recovered and. - the economy of modern methods is rapidly demonstrating that farm- ing can no more ignore economie business axioms than can any other industry that has a responsibility to the commonwealth. , : Manufacturers and purveyors are incessantly laboring to sup- ply the market with goods of the best possible quality because ex-— perience proves that the character of the demand has had a radieal- ly improved tendency occurring within the last few years. Entirely too many of our friends from the farm insist upon flooding the mar- ket with three teated cows, unsound draft animals, diseased beef and hog cholera pork, and credit themselves with a really good deal only on such occasions when they have succeeded in reaching a market without acquainting the purchaser with the defective conditions. Every transaction of this kind is destroying confidence and ruining agricultural business reputation and has been permitted to survive for no other reason save the imperative demand for food materials. Presuming it is no exaggeration to state that a veterinarian can go into almost any stable and point out a minimum average loss in excess of one hundred dollars, preventable if prompt attention could be made the order of the day, reminds us that regardless of our party affiliations, we are being forced to realize that modern busi- ness and the trend of the government toward certain socialistic policies, will eventually prompt the commonwealth to further re- strain questionable methods and as a result agriculture will be held for a less wasteful accounting of the stewardship. Individually, in the course of his practice, the veterinarian, in a diplomatic manner, is able to exert a very beneficial influence in correcting conditions that have permitted the live stock owner to re- main unadvised in the matter of the commercial significance of prompt adequate attention to pathological conditions which he is in- clined to regard as too trivial to demand attention. Even with the 5 ep ~~ i ER RS ELE PIPE ARIE MASE a A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION $45 er use of discretion in making suggestions the practitioner encounters the danger of being accused of ulterior motives. Present day advice to farmers through the press and hid own - periodicals, dominated by the prevalent idea of the fascination of the suggested free service, is a joke to the well informed man but a most serious thing to our profession because it places the popular estimation of the veterinarian on no higher plane than that of the disreputable, discredited veterinary column hack who repeats treat- ments and advice that was obsolete long before Heck was a pup. The present practice of the farm press, collecting annually twenty-five cents from Farmer Dupe of Squedunk Corners for the privilege of sending him innumerable pages of high priced advertis- ing matter, paid for on a circulation basis by gigantic business con- cerns, is apparently inspired with the most philanthropic motives to supply the public with all kinds of commodities free. The paper co- operates by a free veterinary advice column sometimes venturing so far as to indorse the nostrums further guaranteed in the advertising section. This palpable duplicity that cruelly caleulates the revenue to be derived from questionable publicity solely because it has gained that dignity that is presumed to come with public print, we might in no very remote time, be able to supersede with practical advice in matters familiar to the veterinarian, presented by some representa- tive members of the profession who have a commercial regard for the permanent value of integrity. The lay reader is not to be interested in a technical description of biological detail explanatory of disease propagation. Loss and nothing but loss and its prevention can gain his attention. In recognition of this fact, knowing the difficulty of maintain- ing accuracy in popular articles, the physician has found it neces- sary to select specially trained men, who show proficiency in hold- : ing the readers attention by concise statements concerning only such portions of a subject that are so obviously vital to his welfare that no ulterior project can divert his attention. The devastation of hog cholera, so called Kansas horse disease and the continuous subtle destruction wrought by animal tubereu- losis and similar alarming situations, are the active causative agents in the production of periodic hysteria on the part of the editorial and lay writers, who proceed to rejuvenate superstitions, reiterate : obsolete theories and advance absurd advice among panic stricken 346 F. F. SHEETS owners already rendered incapable of using sane judgment in the presence of an apparently inevitable calamity. \ Comment upon such grave matters, on the part of uninformed men possibly sincere in a few instances in a desire to render service, but frequently impelled by the opportunity to levy tribute, gain un- deserved notice from the chance reader, since such effusions are in- variably prefaced with the inference that the situation is unknown in the annals or beyond the control of the veterinary profession. The resultant injury is two-fold, the owner becomes the prey of the nostrum purveyor and the profession is afforded no ethical op- portunity to justify itself until long after such situations have be- come matters of historical interest. The basis available for comparison applicable to our affairs from any publicity campaign work comes from a bureau termed the Coun- cil of Health and Public Instruction, laboring on behalf of the American Mepican Association. The data of their four years’ ex- perience proves that articles dealing with disease of present day in- terest, practical suggestions derived from their modes of transmis- sion and precautions for prevention, given the widest possible publi- cation with the cooperation of the best element of the press, becomes a potent incentive prompting the lethargic physician, who has been’ content to rely upon the medical information of years gone by, to get in touch with modern teachings that of recent years become mat- ters of almost common understanding. | : The practicability of such a bureau for our profession would be worth its maintainance in placing fundamental veterinary truths before the public persistently, precluding the possibility of indif- ferent unprogressive men continuing to delude even part of the peo- ple as to what in reality constitutes the worth of modern veterinary services. A profound science is involved in the consideration of the sub- jects of veterinary advice, of live stock hygiene. The incomplete and inaccurate articles now appearing are occasioned because edi- torial attention has not been called to the greater possibilities by rep- resentative members of the profession. For instance, in addition to the inexhaustible fund of informa- tion available for publication under veterinary direction, it is a significant fact that whatever beneficial services might on rare oc- casions be ascribed to the cross roads horse doctor, his limitations, his very existence in Ohio and other states is costing more money in A PUBLICITY POLICY FoR THE PROFESSION 347 fatalities and preventable epidemics than the deterioration of any other business could possibly survive. Would it be an interesting comparison to show that the horse doctor quack is the last survival of his species? Voluble illiterates can still go into many communities and find a few dupes who will en- gage them to preside over a critical emergency involving hundreds of dollars in live stock, yet this same type of man would not for a moment be considered to possess sufficient mental capacity for the careful work in making a farm ditch. The proposition submitted is ethical. It has been passed upon by the highest medical court of the land. They have offered the gene- sis of a work that at no distant date must receive associated activ- ity on the part of our profession, for initiatory procedure antici- pating a definite publicity policy. The selection of a publicity representative should be based upon ability to express that valuable consensus of our professional opinion of the commercial importance of live stock sanitation, hygiene and kindred topics, assembled by some one possessed of a vital interest in the practitioner and who is familiar with our situation as viewed by men, who sooner or later will become interested from the broad basis comprehended by comparative medicine. Colleges and state live stock commissions have been engaged in extending information through the channels we contemplate using. Obviously their efforts have been pregnant with the indispensability to the farmer, of the specially trained men who overflow these de- partments. The men who. after all, are up against the daily problems of live stock disease, are lost.sight of in political despotism ; else no sin- cere effort to change live stock production methods would gain recog- nition without their support being assured. ) The efficiency, the purpose of such work as can be done by men acting from state offices, can definitely be measured by their efforts to engage the cooperation of the practicing veterinarian, whose ac- tive interest and local concern for the good of the service will broaden as his advice is sought. Laboratory results are rendered worse than impracticable in the absence of advice from a field man, acquainted technically with the subject and acquainted personally 3 with the people of the locality selected for operation. Do you appreciate the advantage to the farmer, to the live ‘stock interest at large, to the public and to the veterinarian if the 348 F. F. SHEETS innumerable details of mutual concern could be discussed through the daily and weekly press and various periodical and farm jour- nals ; discussed in detail in terse articles presented in a manner that will bring us in an intimate relation with these various groups who shall have a graver appreciation of the veterinarian’s vital influence in matters of public welfare? The possibilities of the presentation of pertinent matter: are in- numerable. We never had a chance for spontaneous recognition, we know we can not depend upon legislating ourselves into business, we do not expect to intrench ourselves and supply openings for the veterinary graduate through the kindly offices of state or federal in- fluence. If efficiency is secured every divergent interest, every state de-. partment is deeply concerned in its own welfare, and from them we have that lesson of concentration of definite aims to learn. When are we as a representative business organization of our profession, going to begin taking an interest in the commercial aspect of our own enterprise ? We have services to advertise, the practical application of a science to promote, a demand to create; we must cease extolling the other fellow ; we must, for a time, desist in the endless pursuit of the intricacies of hog cholera serum production and exhaustive research work ; devote our energies outside of the further promotion of tech- nical collegiate activities until we have aroused the business instinet that shall refuse to burden our programs with men at variance with our purpose to promote the business interests of the practitioner, and of the veterinary fraternity at large. We want just as large a portion of the people as possible to keenly realize a considerable dependence upon our proficiency. We want to get in touch with the animal husbandryman in a business relation that will make us not his-occasional adviser, but an inces- sant confidant because he shall come to realize that indifferent at- tention to animal health is not consistent with good business. Could any conceivable opposition long withstand the efforts of earnest veterinarians to justify their position in a systematic man- ner carefully calculated to inspire the widest interest in articles vital to every live stock owner, if we insist that truth shall be made to pre- vail and all promotion of foibles, fakes and politics shall be elimi- nated ¢ This honesty of purpose is today appealing to publishers enter- “ A PUBLICITY POLICY FOR THE PROFESSION 349 pe Yaa ea ing all fields. They are denying questionable advertisers, exposing fraudulent concerns and for the reader are demanding a dollar’s worth for every dollar expended. _ We sometimes become so aroused over the atrocious inaccuracies the press fosters upon the reading public, that we seriously challenge the good faith of news paper and farm paper men who permit their columns to carry a class of agricultural matter that even the unin- formed readily recognize as being of the most doubtful value. Our friend of the press immediately counters with the statement that he is compelled to pay his money for columns or pages of this character, the best his bureaus offer, and if the market affords no better he knows no one more to blame than the silent veterinary profession. An overworked publisher can not constitute himself a censor of such technical matter. . Admitted then, that the profession is awakened to the possi- bilities, that the press desires an improved source for the live stock and comparative hygienic matter they handle, that the reading pub- lic.is receptive, the natural query arises as to how we shall go about the work and what it is going to cost. To be effective it appears that possibly most of the field em- braced in the domain of the AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL As- SOCIATION should be investigated in a survey which’ might be con-. ducted through the state secretaries. The information derived would serve as a basis for the estima- tion of the number of available publications, their class, the number and character of readers to be served and the possibilities of ex- tending our activities, together with such further data that would become necessary in the labor of inaugurating what should become a very extensive systematized work, embracing every attractive feature that will help present the numerous unheralded functions: by which the several branches of the veterinary profession serve the people. — : ‘ There can be no doubt that the time is propitious to join forces with such a laudable ambition that seeks to place business on a firm - basis, regarding the prime requisite of commercial feasibility, granting every concession consistent with ethics, to the intelligent inquirer seeking detail in subjects involving live stock production and comparative preventive medicine. The favorable attitude of the AMERICAN MepicaL Assocta- TION in their desire to promote public instruction is assured 350 FP. F. SHEETS in advance by the many useful details of experience already fur- nished through the secretary of the Council of Health and Public Instruction, Dr. Frederick R. Green, of Chicago, who assures us at the same time, that the facilities of his office are at our disposal that we may, if we desire to engage in work of this character, have the benefit of a proven policy in page operation now almost four years. Coming as it does from a source high in the dounell of the representative medical organization of this continent, the kindness of Dr. Green constitutes a rather significant recognition of our pro- fession and deserves the gratitude of the men engaged in the prac. tical application of the principles of comparative medicine as they become available to the veterinarian. Recognizing that it is possibly the assumption of functions of — a committee to be appointed by this body, should the promotion of publicity be received with favor as its practicability surely merits, the privilege is yet asked to make suggestions. For the purpose of this and numerous other functions best - served through formidable organization activity, would it not be promoting efficiency to encourage the numerous local veterinary medical associations of restricted fields of usefulness located in cities and fractional portions of many of the states, to maintain their present identity but to become subsidary units of their state associations which in turn should be made provincial departments in the various present and future activities of the AMERICAN VET- ERINARY MepicaL ASSOCIATION ? This is another idea stolen from an association that has suc- ceeded in doing more for its membership than ever has been accom- plished for the veterinarian by any measures that have been insti- tuted in his behalf. Finally, in arriving at an estimation of the cost of operating a bureau for promoting instruction relative to the affairs of veteri- nary interest, no approximation is applicable until it could be de- termined as to the extent and frequency with which it would be necessary to forward members of the press we shall gather upon our mailing list, copies of bulletins containing articles from which they desire to select for publication. Dr. Green’s bulletin is forwarded weekly to 5000 publications, dailies, selected weeklies, farm papers, educational papers and a few labor papers are reached at a cost of eighty-two cents each per year, / DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 351 It is probable that the number available for our effective work would be.considerably less and the number of mailings should pos- sibly not be over half as many but we could scarcely hope to in- augurate the work at the above significant figure, because the cost of production is minimized through cooperation of other branches of the AMERICAN Mepicau Association activity. However, the cost of preparation charged as accurately as pos- sible against the number of articles actually given publication is after all what we should really be interested in and estimating as carefully as can be done by the aid of the press clipping bureau, we find that to our amazement this is done at an expenditure of less than four cents an article. Further than this comparisons appear to lose their value and only experience could lead to accuracy. If this project is possessed of merit, and it is; defend it from the jeopardy of him who dares to suggest this announcement comes in advance of its time. The shores to which we point may not be those of Utopia but they appear prosperous and for our transit thence the bird like craft swiftly cleaving the air is early destined to supplant the lum- bering barque that ploughs a troubled sea. ——Oo— DISCUSSION ON THE INTRAPALPEBRAL TUBER- CULIN TEST* Dr. Norgaard of Hawaii. I began some seven or eight years ago to try to eradicate tuberculosis from Honolulu and the city and county of Honolulu which includes the Island of Oahu. In the province of Honolulu proper, there are some two hun- dred or three hundred cattle but our tests in recent years includes some four thousand or five thousand head of cattle from the Island of Oahu—not dairy kine but cows milked only a part of the time. I began with a subcutaneous test and was sorry to find that we had about thirty per cent tuberculous cattle. We had succeeded in getting the Board of Supervisors of the municipality to pass an ordinance requiring that animals from which milk was being sold must be tuberculin tested. That is as far as it went but I found in the old Statutes of the Territory, a law which made it a mis- demeanor to sell, dispose of in any way, etcetera, any animal in- fected with an infectious or contagious disease, dangerous to human happiness. ____*The report to which this discussion relates was published in the October, 1915 number, page 121, . ¥ 352 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST Of course we classify tuberculosis as one of those diseases and the first time I caught a man selling milk from tubercular cat- tle that had been tested and branded, I had him brought into po- lice court and fined. Since that time the law has held good and no condemned tuberculin branded reactors are any longer sold for dairy purposes; the carcass can be sold only when slaughtered and sold for beef. DEMONSTRATION OF INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST The following year, that is, after Dr. Ward and Dr. Baker published the article on the intradermal test as first introduced by Mohler and Martin, I took it up immediately and re-tested a number of the subcutaneous reactors and found the results were satisfactory. Since that time and for the past five years, we used the intradermal test exclusively and I haye so far to find a reacting animal which, on post-mortem examination, did not show the lesions ; some have been small, others have been large. Of course, during the past three or four years, we have had practically no extensive lesions. We did away with them the first three years, } eee ee = iA DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 353 ' Two or three years ago we changed from the injection in the subdural fold to the lower eye-lid and we have used that method exclusively since. A second year’s test gave about seven per cent, the next, five, and the next, four, and our last test, this spring, brought us down to two per cent, maybe 2.8 per cent, that is for all cattle on the island that are being at all used for milk. At the same time, inquiries from the local board of health, two years ago, as to whether there had been any perecentible decrease in the number of cases of infantile tuberculosis brought the astonishing result, when looked up, that infantile tuberculosis, that is, all cases of tubereu- losis in children under five years of age have been reduced in the city and county of Honolulu to less than one-third of what it had been in previous years while similar cases have increased in number in all other islands where no effort has been made to eradicate tu- berculosis. _ The same results have recently been reached in Leeds and Man- chester, where similar conditions existed. Where efforts have been made to eradicate from the commercial milk the tubercular germ, I - may further say that every reacting animal has been destroyed and that not a cent of indemnification has been paid. That may seem a pretty hard proposition, but it can be done. When we started in, the dairy men who cleaned their herds raised the price of milk two cents a quart and I have figured out that the milk consumers of the city and county of Honolulu have paid in that way, at the rate of two hundred dollars per head for every one of the thirteen or fourteen hundred head of reactors that we have destroyed. The cattle probably were not worth to exceed one hundred and twenty dollars nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars per head. The milk consumers have not objected to paying the increased price and, while it is safe to say that all of the money certainly has not come back to the pockets of those who lost the cattle, it has been converted into other channels. I take it, the milk dealers have profited most by it because the milk pro- ducer, even today, does not get more than seven or seven and a half cents for his milk, whereas, it sells for twelve cents. I may add that in no single case has it been necessary to go to the courts about any case. - | We use the double dise aluminum tag serial number A12909 ‘and we put that in the ears at the time of the injection. When on the third day, we come back to inspect, we have a pair of sharp clamps which are put on the ears of the reactors. If the reactors show we take this clip off by severing it with a pair of forceps and Ms a brand is put on the face. Everybody there knows now that if they try to sell or otherwise dispose of any of those reacting cows (in the first place nobody wants to buy them) they know what the results will be and it has only 3 been necessary a couple of times to suggest that prosecution would be made and things have been straightened out immediately. 354 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST In the city test the two largest losers were the people who could afford it; one of them lost five hundred head, every one of which went to the slaughter house. At the last meeting of our legislature this spring, a member of the Agricultural College, with which I am connected, introduced a bill for the indemnification of those milk producers who had made — an actual effort to clean their herds and protect them against rein- fection, where there was no neglect on their part. The bill met a with favor and we were promised ten thousand dollars for a starter, when a few of the milk producers took it into their heads that there was not going to be any more tuberculin testing and a few of those people have refused to have their herds tested on various grounds for upwards of a year. They succeeded in killing that bill. We even went to the Board of Health Association and said to them, ‘*What are you going to do about allowing your clients or patients to let their children drink tuberculous-milk again? Are you going back to selling tuberculous cows with the corresponding increase of tuberculosis in children or are we going to get rid of the last two or three per cent we have? They thought that we had better get rid of it, so we notified the obstructionists that their milk would no ~ a longer be sold or tolerated on the market unless they had their cows tested. They had them tested. Unfortunately, one of these men — ‘4 had twenty-eight reactors out of a hundred and thirty-eight and another had eighteen out of sixty-four and another had eight out | 7 of eighteen but those were only the ones that had let more than a year go since they were tested last and who thought that there ’ would be no more tuberculin testing. All of the rest of them, I am glad to say, sixty per cent of the milk producers had herds absolute- ly free from tubercular animals for two years, some for three years, — some for one year and so it came to the point that every one who had _ a reacting animal was willing to let us make the test every three months until he was clear and until he had the reactors down to three or four per cent. We tested every three months until it was cleared up, then two times a year until we had every man’s herd cleaned up. Now I think we will get rid of the last trace we have and we have taken up the work on other islands where every little cow herd seems to have a considerable amount of tuberculosis. Unfortunately there was considerable opposition to the work but I do believe we shall — be able to clean out the disease entirely from the island and without ~ paying any compensation. I may add a few suggestions: if you gentlemen wish to take it up in your special districts, I believe it ean be done everywhere in the world in every country without asking for million dollar appro- priation or for hundreds of thousands of dollars, simply by allow- ing the milk producer to raise the price of his milk and back him up in it. This must be done by an ordinance of the municipality Be. ee Ly DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 355 or medical board of health. You must have the cooperation of the board of health and of the municipality and most of all the medical fraternity. They are the ones who rule. If they agree to help you and to tell their clients and patients and let them know that milk from tuberculous cows is dangerous to the children, that it is well worth while to, pay a cent or two more for the milk so that it is clean, I am sure you can succeed. The first man who came to the Board of Health and demanded a clean bill of health and cleaned out his herd had one hundred clean Jerseys. He raised his price two and a half cents a quart and in the third month after he received his letter, giving him a clean bill of health, the demand for his milk at twelve and a half cents a quart more than doubled in one month, and as I say the price has been maintained ever since. We have no actual rules or have never enforced any rules to compel a man to take his animal out of his stable. If we had any trouble with a man, our plan was to go and see the people he sold the milk to and have them call him up on the telephone and say, ‘‘I understand you had your herd tested the other day.’’ ‘‘Yes.”’ ‘‘T understand you have a sick cow.’’ ‘‘Yes.’’ ‘‘Have you still got that cow?’’ ‘‘Yes, I still have it.’’ ‘‘ Well, you need not send me any more milk.’’ Later another party calls him up and the same thing happens, then another customer and probably after that, he will call me up and say, ‘‘For Heaven’s sake, Doctor, I will send that cow to the slaughter house.’’ That is the way it is done in every case. That is about all the force we have used. There has been simply moral suasion and it shows you the benefit which can be derived from clean milk from healthy cattle. I wish you gentle- men would get at it because I believe it is up to the veterinarian and the veterinarian alone, if backed up by the local sanitary au- thorities. He can certainly do it and he must do it. Do not ask for laws and appropriations but get to work. Get the support of your local papers, put a few articles in now and then, stating what tuberculosis is and how dangerous the germs of tuberculosis are to the children through the milk and the rest will be solved. They will come to get their cattle tested. Tell them to get it out of the consumer by raising the price of milk and that will more than pay for the cost of the cows you have to condemn and remem- ber I started out with thirty per cent. Dr. McNair: I would like to ask Dr. Norgaard if they have there a certified milk supply and also if pasteurization of milk has been practiced. Dr. NOreaarp: We have no certified milk but we succeeded in getting one of the best pasteurizing machines installed over there at the plant of the gentleman I mentioned who lost over five hun- _ dred-head. J believe when he saw how big a percentage of reactors he hed, 356 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST he tried to have pasteurization take the place of purification. Te sent to New York for one of the Boucher electric milk purifiers | _ which I tested thoroughly and am still testing at intervals. It does the work all right, there are ten to one hundred, or something like that, bacteria per @.c. It absolutely cleans every germ and the milk is not spoiled by the test. I will say that seventy-five per cent — of the milk consumed in the city of Honolulu passes through that milk refiner and I believe it is clean. The Dairyman’s Association co-operates in this particular, so that about seventy per cent or seventy-five per cent of all the milk used in Honolulu passes through that machine. Dr. V. A. Moore: I would like to say a word in regard to the use of tuberculin. I think Dr. Rutherford brought out a very good point in connection with agents. I think that some of us have lived long enough, and have seen and applied annually, various tests a sufficient number of times so that it is perfectly rational for us to consider some of the limitations of methods that in the past have been relied upon practically as absolute. I think that the papers we have heard this afternoon in connec- tion with the use of tuberculin, and the various methods of applying it, together with the paper which preceded it on the biologics and their effects, cannot but raise the grave question as to why we get these reactions and what their interpretations are. Those of you (and many of you know I have a great deal to do with the testing of cattle especially for interstate trade) who are working along these lines, are interested with me in this question. Some years ago I pointed out that in the assembling of sound herds, it is important to buy animals from sound herds. That a specific test like tuberculin applied to a particular individual had nothing like the certainty that comes from buying from a sound herd. There are a number of men in the certified milk business who have come to this conclusion. The analyses of failures in the use of tuberculin as a diagnostic agent have given us quite definite information relative to its limita- tions in detecting tuberculous-infected cattle. These may be classi- fied into five groups, of which three pertain to the maker and user of © the tuberculin and the others to the disease itself. These conditions are as follows, namely : 1. When the tuberculin is made from a strain of tubercle bac- teria not suited to that purpose, or, when the tuberculin, by reason of the method used in preparing it, does not contain sufficient tuber- cle bacteria protein. 2, When in the application of tuberculin sufficient care is not taken to observe its effect upon the individual. 3. When the interpretation of the manifestation of the effect of the tuberculin is not made in accordance with the laws governing the reaction between tuberculin and tuberculous lesions in a living animal, ‘ DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST 357 1ST f. SRT Fo 4. When tuberculin is applied during the period of incubation. 5. When tuberculin is administered to animals in which the tuberculous lesions are arrested, healed, encapsulated, very exten- .sive or, in any other stage where a reaction may not be possible, the tuberculin fails to give indication of the presence of the disease. The first three of these reasons are so obviously self-explanatory that I need not dwell upon them. The failures resulting from these causes should not be attributed to any limitation of properly pre- pared tuberculin, although in the past many unhappy experiences have been traced to the tuberculin used. The fact that tuberculin is not properly made should not be considered as an argument against it. Likewise, the failure to detect the reaction through incomplete observation or knowledge of the subject, or the failure of an animal to react while in the period of incubation, is not the fault of the tu- berculin. However, many recently infected animals that are still well within this period have passed the test and subsequently been found to be diseased. Usually the tendency of the purchaser of ani- mals tested at this stage of the disease is to condemn the tuberculin or speak with uncomplimentary epithets of the person who ap- plied it. The early report of the use of tuberculin in this country, to- gether with the pathology of bovine tuberculosis, as published in Bulletin No. 7 of the Bureau of Animal Industry, pointed out the necessity of careful observation of the temperature of the animal to be tested both before and after the injection of tuberculin. Twenty- four hours were considered necessary for pre-injection temperatures and perhaps longer than that after the injection. This procedure, however, did not meet with the approval of the practitioner or cattle owners, because of the time required. Consequently, the method was very soon modified to taking but one or two preliminary tem- peratures and few post-injection ones. The corollary to this was that many cases that would react late were missed. This has given rise recently to important articles calling attention to late reactions. A result of this abridged method is. found in many herds that have been tested, the reactors removed and subsequently they were found to be infected from the undetected case or eases that escaped the. initial test. While a large majority of reactions will be detected in from twelve to eighteen hours after injecting tuberculin, a few cases will not give a reaction until from eighteen to thirty-six hours after. It is not unlikely that occasionally a reaction will take place still later. Again, the rise of temperature necessary to indicate a reaction was thought to be at least 2° F. above the maximum pre-injection temperature. Then a rise of 1.5° F. was accepted as sufficient evi- dence of infection. The true reaction—namely, a gradual rise, a festidum and a gradual decline—was not seriously considered as the essential indication of a temperature reaction. However, the one- 358 DISCUSSION ON INTRAPALPEBRAL TEST time standards for determining a reaction are no longer rigidly ad- hered to. The interpretation of the response of the animal body to tuberculin, be it thermal or organic, is carefully studied and the de- cision as to whether or not there is a reaction is made as a result of the study of the case in its entirety. One of the difficulties in this work is to decide upon the doubtful reactions. This cannot be ac- curately done, except to consider all such cases as questionable and retain them for further study and subsequent testing. There are questions that no man can answer accurately yes or no. The most commonly encountered failure is where the lesions are in such a stage of healing or encapsulation that a reaction does not follow the injection of tuberculin. It often happens that a sub- - sequent test will be positive, and that again followed by negative re- sults. These have been very confusing, and in actual dealings they have given oceasion to unfounded hypotheses regarding the integrity of one or more of the parties concerned. These failures occur more frequently in herds of long-standing infection or in those assembled by purchasing non-reacting individuals from such herds. The In- ~ ternational Commission of the American Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation for the Study of Bovine Tuberculosis reported that when 50 per cent. or more of the animals in a herd reacted the entire herd should be considered and treated as tuberculous. - The limitations of properly prepared tuberculin in detecting ~ tuberculous animals are restricted: (1) to errors in applying it; (2) in failing to ascertain all that it may reveal by way of thermal — and organic reaction; and (3) to the failures in securing a reaction when the stage of the disease is such that a reaction does not occur. I believe we could say when the conditions are such that a reaction cannot take place. Concerning these failures we are sure only of the fact that now and then they occur. - a Ae ‘- _ — - — —— OE PERS OPS FR Pe See ee SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 367 objectionable organisms and which should not change its physical properties to any appreciable degree. Many physicians objected to heated milk for children. However, the rationale of the pro- cedure began to be understood, and today there are many sani- tarians convinced that all milk for human consumption should be pasteurized. In many cities a large percentage of it is actually subjected to this process. The advocates of pasteurization base their argument not only on the fact that it destroys pathogenic organisms that may gain entrance to the milk directly from infected cows, as in case of tuberculosis, and indirectly from people who handle it, such as earriers of diphtheria and typhoid bacilli, but also that other ob- jectionable organisms, such as streptococci and the colon bacilli, are destroyed. The recorded results show that where pasteur- ization is properly done the children thrive upon the milk equally as well,* and some say better, than they do on raw milk and that in addition the specific diseases are prevented. There are those, however, who believe that pasteurized milk tends to the develop- ment of scurvy and rickets in very young children. These con- ditions seem to have occurred when milk was heated much higher than 140 degrees F. The consensus of opinion of those who have used pasteurized milk is that if it is properly pasteurized—that is, not heated above 140 degrees F'.—it can be fed with impunity. There is no doubt that bad results have followed improperly heated milk or that which was not properly handled after heating, but this should not be charged to pasteurization any more than strychnine should be condemned because some individual through ignorance or carelessness takes a lethal dose. The question is, Shall our babies die from infections that come through milk, as in former times; or, shall people responsible for them learn to exercise with care and exactitude methods that will prevent these unnecessary mortalities? For more than twenty years the medical profession has been struggling with this question, but finally the verdict is being pronounced that there is no justification for the death of those who could be saved by the application of reasonable precautions. The demand, is, that for human consumption milk shall be pasteurized, unless properly safeguarded by requirements *The report for the first eighteen months of the ‘‘ Milk Station Babies of Washington’? shows that the average net gain for all babies, both well and ill, receiving pasteurized milk, was a trifle greater than those receiving raw milk, 368 VERANUS A. MOORE such as those demanded for ‘‘Grade A raw milk’’ or by certifica- tion. There are sanitarians who believe that even these accepted grades of milk should be pasteurized. I have pointed out the principle of pasteurization and its ap- plication to milk for man with the hope of its being of assistance in the solution of the problem before us. The high mortality among bottle-fed infants, and the numerous and often serious out- breaks of diphtheria, scarlatina, and typhoid fever traceable to milk, rendered it imperative that something be done to safeguard the consumer. The real experimental work in the establishment of the principle of pasteurization of milk has, therefore, been done with the human species. There are, however, questions relative to its physiological effect still to be answered, but they must wait for the results of more general and long-continued use of heated milk. In applying pasteurization to skim milk and whey for calves exactly the same principle applies as with milk for humans. There is, however, this difference: with the preparation of the food for — 5 the child there is a sentiment to offset the extra labor and cost re- quired in taking the necessary precautions that does not exist in the preparation of food for dumb animals. The problem, however, is the same, for we have, to balance the actual extra labor and cost. of pasteurization, a reasonable expectation of growing more and healthier calves and pigs. — The difficulty with pasteurization of milk for calves is that people do not understand just what it is, or why it should be done. We are wedded too much to traditional methods. We are told that it is not practical by those who do not recognize that so-called prac- tical men practice the errors as well as the virtues of their fore- fathers. Difficulties are to be overcome and progress made only by those who seek to know why they do things and also how to do them. To intelligently consider the pasteurization of skim milk and whey as an economic as well as a sanitary question in our dairy industry, it is necessary to inquire into the details and ascertain, if possible, the reasons for it. The answers to the following questions may be of assistance in this direction: 1, What diseases are spread from adult cows to calves through the medium of milk, and to what extent are these diseases actually contracted by this means? 2. What temperature will kill the different pathogenic bac-. teria that may get into the milk directly from infected cows?» Ica See et oe Weg Le es Ter Cee bee eae ae ney 2" at 5 ‘gored SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 369 3. Does pasteurized or sterilized milk afford a satisfactory food for calves? 4. Which is the more important, the diseases and losses produced by feeding raw milk, or the expense and care in- volved in rendering the milk safe? 5, Are there practicable methods of protecting young calves against these diseases other than by pasteurizing or sterilizing the milk? The experimental work on this general subject has been some- what limited and consequently reliable data are both searce and fragmentary. To answer the questions, therefore, we must draw largely from the restricted experiences of individuals, and the estab- lished facts concerning the spread of disease-producing organisms, as well as the means for their destruction. There are a number of epizootics, the viruses of which are’ spread through the milk. Foot and mouth disease is a good illus- tration of these. In the recent outbreak of that disease many herds of cattle and swine were infected through separated milk from creameries. While such diseases are not common, they are liable to occur at any time. The common infectious disease that is known to be transmitted to the calf through the milk, is tuberculosis. The maladies that are believed by many investigators to have the same means of entrance for their viruses are: certain forms of enteritis, white scours, and pheumonia in calves, and infectious abortion in cattle. The germs of other diseases, such as anthrax, may get into the milk of infected’ cows late in their course. The extent to which tuberculosis is actually spread through the milk is difficult to determine, but it is known to be very large. I have’ known on several occasions from 60 to 100 per cent of the calves in large herds fed upon raw milk to react to tubereulin when six months of age. Russell,* of Wisconsin, has pointed out the rapidity with which tuberculosis is spread to the different herds in a community by feeding the calves skim milk from creameries. The almost universal experience of finding growing animals infected when they have been raised on raw separated milk from creameries furnishes additional evidence of the seriousness of this source of infection. The large percentage of reacting cattle that show old *Russell, Bulletin 143, Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. 1907. 370 ‘ VERANUS A. MOORE e and calcified tuberculous lesions in the mesentery glands points with great definiteness to early intestinal infection. Ostertag* found that badly tuberculous milk will infect when diluted 1 to 1, 000,000. This means that one tuberculous udder, among the cows supplying milk to a creamery, could contaminate all of the separated milk — taken from that creamery and infect all the calves and pigs fed upon it. It is generally estimated that about 2 per cent of tuberculous cows have tuberculous udders. hs The property loss sustained from tuberculosis in cattle was estimated by the Secretary of Agriculture to have cost this country © $25,000,000 last year. As New York has fully 6.5 per cent of the dairy cows of the country, we are within our pro-rata limits in put- ting our share of the loss at $1,625,000. In 1908, Professor Willcox estimated that this disease costs our state $3,000,000 annually. As milk infection is one of the most potent means of spreading the disease, the elimination of that source of infection would greatly reduce the total loss. In addition to this, there are large numbers of pigs that contract tuberculosis by eating infected milk. The con- demnations for tuberculosis in swine in the federal inspection last year were 66,023 entire carcasses and 439,915 parts of carcasses. Only about 60 per cent of the hogs are killed under inspection. — Evidence is rapidly accumulating that the cause of the fatal white scours and pneumonia of young calves is largely transmitted to them through the milk. Meyer, Traum and Roadhouset have described a serious outbreak of infectious diarrhea in calves due to B. enteritidis which was controlled by feeding boiled milk. The investigations that are being carried out at the Veterinary College at Ithaca by Dr. Williams point to the milk as one of the most important sources of infection with contagious abortion. This disease when taken in its entirety, which includes, in addition to the expulsion of the fetus, metritis, premature birth, and sterility, is already recognized as being of at least equal significance with tuberculosis in the losses it occasions. Our investigations are as yet limited, but already Williams has shown that calves raised on raw milk from aborting herds practically all abort in their first pregnancy. The fact that the bacillus of infectious abortion gains entrance to the udder, where it remains for a long time multiply- *Ostertag. Zeitach. f. Fleisch und Mileh Hygiene. Bd. XV (1904), p 'Meyer, Traum and Roadhouse. Proceedings of the Am, Vet, Med, ype! 1915. Jour, A, V. M. A, Mar, 1916, Pe. ee ee Me eae ae ? waa fe Sie ese a i IE _—. SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 371 ing and infecting the milk, has been known but a few years.* The provisions of nature for protecting the viruses of infectious diseases and enabling them to be perpetuated is just beginning to be understood. In the forthcoming report of the Veterinary College, Williams makes this significant statement : ‘‘We believe it now sufficiently demonstrated that the dis- ease is primarily and chiefly spread through the raw milk fed to young calves. * * * ‘‘The increase of abortion is generally deplored. Yet dairymen and breeders feed milk indifferently from any cow to all calves; or, worse yet, the milk from a diseased cow, which would justly be excluded from the market, and feed it raw to the calves; or, not having a sufficiently virulent abor- tion in their own herds, they go to a creamery or cheese factory and obtain raw skimmed milk or whey saturated with the most virulent infection, feed it to their calves, and then. wonder why, when they are grown, they abort in their first pregnancy. Why should they not abort?”’ These findings are quite revolutionary regarding the mode of infection, and if further researches show that they represent the rule, rather than exceptional occurrences, raw milk will be incrim- inated as the most important disseminator of the.virus of this serious disease. It is very important that a thorough investiga: tion of this subject should be made. The answer to the second question is not difficult, from a prac- tical point of view, although a large amount of experimental work has been done to ascertain the minimum temperature and time at which tubercle bacteria are killed. In the appendix will be found the findings of numerous investigators on this subject. Thirteen experimenters found that tubercle bacteria were killed at a temperature of 140 degrees F. (60 degrees C.) in from ten minutes to three hours. All competent experimenters have found that tubercle bacteria are killed at 140 degrees F. and upward, the temperature depending upon the length of time the heat was applied. *See article by Moore and Fitch, Report of the N. Y, State Vet. College, Cornell University, 1912-13, for a summary of the findings of abortion bacilli in milk. Evans in a more recent investigation [Washington Academy of Sci- ences, Vol. V. (1915)] has found the Bang organism to exist in the milk of a larger proportion of cows than previous investigators have done, 372 i VERANUS A. MOORE The abortion bacillus seems to be less variable, although the number of tests that have been made are not so large as with tubercle bacteria. All of the experimental work reported shows that 140 degrees F. (60 degrees C.) for twenty minutes will de- stroy it. The temperature that kills the tubercle bacterium will not only destroy the abortion bacillus, but also streptococci, Bacil- lus enteritidis, members of the colon group and other pathogenic bacteria that may get into the milk, with the Lekeldens” of aie i bearers, such as anthrax. The results of Dotterer and Breed of the Geneva doe cunian Experiment Station, soon to appear as Bulletin No. 412, are most instructive on the effect of pasteurization of whey on its bacterial flora.* The bulletin also contains valuable information relative to methods of pasteurization.t The important question, however, is the minimum death point of tubercle bacteria. A careful analysis of the methods employed | by those who have experimented on this point seems to show that a temperature of 140 degrees F. (60 degrees ©.) for thirty min- utes will kill these organisms, provided the milk is covered or properly agitated.* This does not give a sufficient margin of safety when the work is done by those who do not understand the importance of little details. It is believed, however, that with accurate methods it is not necessary to heat the milk higher than 140 degrees F. for thirty minutes. In order to be safe, the law’ in Denmark requires a momentary temperature of 80 degrees C. *Milk that is Scoperiy pasteurized will have such disease-producing bac-: teria as those of tuberculosis, abortion, enteritis, ete., destroyed and also many of the lactic acid bacteria and other organisms in the normal flora. Pasteur- ization, however, will not; kill B. bulgaricus, or spore-bearing bacteria such as. that of anthrax, unless the milk is heated to a high temperature, There are also ‘anaerobic! spote- bearing bacilli in milk that will not be killed. If the: pasteurized milk is cooled, quickly to a low temperature, 45 degrees to 50 degrees” F., the bacteria that remain alive in the milk will not multiply. If, however, the heated milk or whey is allowed to stand’ and cool at room temperature, B. bulgaricus will multiply very rapidly, so that'after 18 to 24 hours the milk or whey becomes acid, and contains enormous numbers of this organism. The. spore bearers and other living baeteria will also multiply. tThe methods that are in-use for heating skim milk and whey are as’ fol-: lows: (1) By running a steam pipe into the vat through which the steam is admitted into the milk or whey, until it is raised to the desired temperature;” (2) by a double jetting system; (3) by a Victor pasteurizer; (4) by~flash~ pasteurization; and (5) by holding the ented milk, *T. Smith has shown that if milk is not properly covered, tubercle bacteria will remain alive in the film that forms on the surface of milk when heated at sd higher temperature, SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD.FOR CALVES 373 (177 degrees F.). The four states in this country requiring pas- teurization of dairy by-products have adopted the following tem- peratures: Pennsylvania, 178 degrees F.; Minnesota, 180 degrees F.; Iowa, 185 degrees F.; and Michigan, 185 degrees F. or 145 de- grees F. for thirty minutes. They do not require the milk to be held at the higher temperatures. The physiological effect of pasteurized or boiled milk is more difficult to determine. Again, the difference in the effect of the heat on whole and skim milk needs to be carefully investigated. The literature shows that if milk is not heated above 140 degrees F. (60 degrees C.) it is not changed in its physical or chemical prop- erties, and I ean find no reliable data to show that milk pasteur- ized at this temperature is not readily digested. The digestive troubles, if any, seem to come when the milk-is improperly pas- teurized or handled before feeding, or when it is heated to a higher temperature. If milk is to be pasteurized, the process must be complied with. This is not difficult to do, but it requires care and exactness.. We should not criticise adversely a method from the results obtained by those who carry it out only in part. The in- Be: formation at hand shows that pasteurized milk can be fed with im- _ punity. Henry and Morrison in their work on feeding state that ‘patrons of creameries should insist that all skim milk be pasteur- ized before it is returned to the farm. This precaution keeps the _ milk sweet and kills the disease-producing bacteria, thereby lessen- ing the trouble from scours and preventing the possible introdue- _ tion of tuberculosis.’’ Already at least fifty-five cheese factories are pasteurizing whey ay and forty-two butter factories or skimming stations are pasteur- ae _ izing skim milk in this state.* So far as ean be learned the patrons _ of these factories and creameries are pleased. The Geneva Ex- periment Station has pasteurized the milk for its calves for about ten years with excellent results. In two trials at the Ontario Ag- — rieultural College (1899) Dean found that calves fed pasteurized ¢ skim milk (heated to 160 degrees F.) made somewhat better gains ae than others fed unpasteurized skim milk. At the Kansas Station. (Bulletin 126) Otis found practically no difference in the feeding _ value of pasteurized creamery skim milk and that fed directly from ee 7 ee beayateniw* TOI ee *The 1915 list of the Department of Agriculture gives a total of 716 1 2p cheese factories, 234 butter and cheese beter, 290 butter factories and 29 | skimming stations. se 374 " VERANUS A. MOORE the hand separator, except that the pasteurized skim milk caused less trouble from scours. Dr. Way, of the Borden Condensed Milk Company, writes: ‘*We cannot_advocate too strongly the efficient pasteuriza- ‘tion of all skim milk and whey from milk plants, cream- eries and cheese factories, where this milk is to be fed to calves and hogs. We thoroughly believe that the future of our dairy herds et the standpoint of health depends largely upon seh: practice.’’ Dr. Marshall, State Veterinarian of Poineyivahins writes: ‘‘For a number of years we maintained a tuberculous herd _of pure-bred cattle at the State Farm. The milk from these cows was pasteurized and-fed to their calves. Our method of pasteurization was crude but effective; live steam was directed into the tank containing the milk until a uniform temperature of about 160 degrees F. was reached. Calves and pigs thrived on this milk and had no digestive disturbances which could be traced to the use of pasteurized milk. ‘ ‘* At the Pennsylvania State College they have been feeding pasteurized skim milk to calves for more than five years. Pro- ' fessor Larsen states that the calves were thrifty and no di- gestive troubles were experienced. “‘About six years ago the owner of a pure-bred herd, in ‘ Pennsylvania experienced trouble with tuberculosis in his — 4 calves but the mature animals were all free from the disease. Skim milk from a creamery was suspected of causing the f trouble. The owner started to pasteurize the skim milk and had no further infections, and no digestive troubles were caused by the pasteurized milk. Other patrons of this eream- ery adopted the same course and sealers equipped a oreneee to pasteurize the milk before delivery.’ Experiences of this nature are numerous. ° ye There are those who believe the milk should be heated to the boiling point. The temperature insisted upon, from the sanitary point of view, is one necessary to destroy the disease-producing — bacteria only. As already stated, by holding and agitating the milk or when these organisms are killed at a much lower tempera- ture than they are when exposed to the heat for but a moment. — Which of these methods leaves the milk or whey in a better con- — dition for feeding must be determined by experience or accurately conducted experiments, SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 375 The important dietetic question arises when milk is boiled. Rosenau,* formerly of the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service, gives the following list of changes that take place when milk is heated to the boiling point: Decomposition of the lecithin and nuclein. Dimunition of the organie phosphorus. Increase of inorganic phosphorus. Precipitation of the calcium and magnesium salts and the greater part of the phosphates. Expulsion of the greater part of the carbon dioxide. Caramelization or burning of a certain portion of the milk sugar (lactose), causing the brownish color. Partial disarrangement of the normal emulsion and coalescence of some of the fat globules. Coagulation of the serum albumin, which begins at 75 de- grees C. The casein is rendered less easy of coagulation by rennet, and is more slowly and imperfectly acted upon by pepsin and pancreatin. Boiling gives the milk a ‘‘cooked”’ taste. The cream does not rise well, if at all. When the milk reaches about 60 degrees C., a scum forms on the surface which consists of : ION a hike dM RW Es Os e'ghy Vic's sv k che wa See ye Klee ss 45,42 EEE MNT MR DRTVAIBEITII gi 5 rk odes o'o's bd Geb eee ba bas 50.86 pe ere TRS SL EE NES RS OMI Oe oT 3.72 Milk heated in closed vessels does not form a pellicle even when the temperature reaches 100 degrees or 110 degrees C. Milk heated in the open air after cooling forms a pellicle on the surface which _renews itself if it is removed. It seems that this pellicle is due mainly to the drying of the upper layer of the liquid. The cream probably does not rise well in heated milk, owing to the increase in the viscosity of the liquid in which it is emulsified. Whether these changes modify its digestibility for calves to such an extent that it cannot be fed advantageously, must be de- termined by actual experience. There are conflicting reports on _ this topic. There is, however, a lack of good experimental data on - feeding boiled milk to calves. Mr. Tuttle of the Briarcliff farm *Pasteurization. Bulletin 56. Public Health and Marine Mipsetes Ser- vice, Washington, D. C. 376 ._ VERANUS A. MOORE writes that they have had good results from feeding boiled whole milk to calves after they are from seven to ten days old. Williams recommends boiled milk. Mr. Francisco of the Fairfield dairy writes to ‘‘boil the milk.’’ The unfavorable dietetic effects of boiled milk do not appear to be fundamentally serious, otherwise the difficulty with it would be more uniformly reported. Undoubted- ly all calves will not thrive on boiled milk; in faet some of them die when fed unheated milk. Williams, in a paper read at the Veteri- nary Conference at Ithaca, January 12, stated: *‘In our experiment animals, and in some other experi- ments, we have studied the effect of boiled milk. In our own experiment herd, where the degree of infection in most indi- viduals is slight or negative, our calves live well upon boiled - milk, and their blood does not react. When we go into other herds © however, and attempt to feed calves on boiled milk where par- turition has been tardy and where the afterbirth has been re- tained, the calves very largely succumb to disease during the first few days. If, however, such a calf is started upon raw milk, even though it may be suspicious, and the precautions as to cleanliness above suggested are taken, the tendency to infection — : in the ealf is less marked. The calf is more vigorous and healthy, and in time, according to the clinical observations, it tends to throw off and annul the comparatively small amount : of infection which it has received. When the calf has reached eight to ten days of age, the infection may be further repressed by feeding the calf on sterilized milk, which at this age it bears with impunity.’’ If for economic or sanitary. reasons it is found necessary to heat milk to a high temperature, some methods of satisfactorily modifying it will have to be found if it cannot be fed otherwise. It is more likely, however, that efficient means for holding’ the milk at a lower temperature, where changes that affect its dietetic action do not arise, but where the pathogenic bacteria are killed, will be worked out. If we are to save our calves from infection, we must be prepared to pay the price, which consists of extra labor and the introduction of definite and accurate methods for properly heating the milk. We cannot expect to solve all the prob- Jems connected with this great sanitary subject at one sitting. It has often taken years to find true answers to questions of less prac- tical bearing than this, $KIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 377 The question has arisen relative to the pasteurization on the farm of the milk to be fed there. Several dairymen have sug- gested, and some of these have found from actual experience, that if the calves are allowed whole milk from their dams for from seven to ten days they can then be raised on boiled milk without trouble. The crux of this subject lies in the health of the herd. If it contains tuberculous animals or aborters, it is just as im- portant that the milk be pasteurized, as if it comes from a creamery. Many herds are propagating their diseases because their raw milk is being fed to the calves. The answer to the fourth question as to whether the diseases caused by raw milk are of greater significance than the labor and cost of pasteurization, should not be difficult. As already stated the annual loss from tuberculosis, white scours, pneumonia, and other diseases in calves, and abortion in cattle, due to infection from raw milk, is very heavy. All progress and the utilization of all preventive measures have their price, which must be paid in care, labor, money, or in all three. With many of our herds barely able to perpetuate themselves because of their diseases; with the extinction of many valuable strains threatened because of them; and with the possession of definite knowledge of the means by which -these infections spread through the milk to other herds, are we _ justified longer in not living up to the knowledge that has been given - us and in doing what we can to stop the destruction? Should we hesitate to expend a little money to adjust our methods in such a way that these heavy annual losses may be prevented and our cattle industries saved? Which is better for our dairymen and for the state, to pay a small amount directly for equipment and labor to prevent these diseases, or to sustain the losses caused by them? The cost to the state last year for foot and mouth disease contracted through unpasteurized milk alone, would pay for a suitable equip- ment for a large part of the creameries and factories in the state. The number of cattle raisers who are voluntarily pasteurizing or boiling the milk fed to their calves, because by so doing they _ are obtaining better results, is increasing rapidly. This would ~ tend to the conclusion that as an economic question it pays. Fur- _ ther, the heavy losses from disease among food-producing animals are having their effect upon the price of meat. The passing away of the ranges is forcing more and more our beef production within the influence of the dairy herd. Milk is one of the most valuable 378 | VERANUS A, MOORE foods that we possess,.and further, it is among the cheapest. When our dairies are composed only of healthy cattle, and people are as- sured that the milk is safe, the quantity consumed will be wonder- fully inereased, with a corresponding reduction in the cost of liv- ing. This, like many other economic questions, will be settled eventually from experience. The choice of action is clear. We must do one of two things, namely, either prevent the diseases trans- mitted through the milk or bear the losses they occasion. The question has been asked whether or not there is any other method than the pasteurization or boiling of milk to render it safe for feeding healthy calves. For the milk of infected herds, I believe not. If infected milk is to be utilized by feeding, it should first be rendered safe. There is at present no other safe method known for destroying pathogenic organisms in milk to be fed than by heat. With cattle, however, the only serious result of raw milk is the transmission of the germs of the diseases from which the cows themselves suffer. There seems to be little or no danger from the organisms that may be transmitted to them from the attendants through the milk. At present, therefore, we know of no reason why, for sanitary purposes, milk from perfectly healthy cows should be heated before being fed. When the herd is sound, its milk can be fed raw.*. When all of the herds are healthy, mixed milk can be fed in the same way. The aim should be to build up sound herds, for it is the herd that forms the unit to deal with, whether in the sale of animals or in the use of their products. I have tried to point out the essential elements of danger in the spread of infectious diseases through the use of raw milk from infected dairies, and the importance of adopting measures to pre- vent the perpetuation of such diseases. For the correction of the difficulties that have arisen there must be continued study, care, and patience. A large amount of experimental work will un- doubtedly have to be done. The losses which our dairymen are now sustaining will disappear when they learn to care for their animals in such a way that the sources of infection naturally provided for the propagation of these diseases will be cut off. *This does not apply to mjlk for human consumption. One of the essential reasons for pasteurization is to protect the consumer against the infection of the milk from attendants and those handling it who may be carriers of typhoid or other pathogenic bacteria, ec canine (be y oe eae ge ee SKIM MILK AND WHEY AS FOOD FOR CALVES 379 APPENDIX om SHOWING THE RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON THE THERMAL DEATH POINT OF TUBERCLE BACTERIA Author Year IE bi Be kc 9't-0 ec 038 weer 0'% 1893 gy i use 1899 Farrington & Russell, 3......... 1899. Russell & Hastings (a), 4....... 1900 OUI Fs a's bo oe + 450 © bien 1900 Me ekg. oss pss dhs 1900 ED pitt iiss a) aire ew o°eiaie oes 1901 Russell & Hastings (a), 8...... 1903 ES ae ee eee 1905 INN 2 DO So 3. a5 bie sola pe a 1907 Schroeder, 11>......... Brg te dh A 1910 OS OY TED en On ea a 1910 Anderson & Rosenau, 13......... 1910 Mroeman (0), 4. sis steve eine one aie 1910 Schorer & Rosenau, 25.......... 1912 PSRs ashe Us Sus eke Ra ore 1890 RT SE Fog ag os Ga ces gl vie’n gts 1892 MOMSEN 65) 2,0 Says he's We, 8 8 1898 Oppenheimer, 18 ..........+.+5 1899 Michigan Experiment Station, 19.1899 Farrington & Russell, 3......... 1899 IRIS 55 vio ui6'd heave 0:0 ¢ 0's 1900 RES SS ere ae 1901 ND ce -a sik Ns 6.8 eee be ree. 2901 Marshall, Re 01 \ jas each wince i 1901 bavy mrterana 22 6 cies seek 1901 Bang & Stribolt, 23............ 1905 OR bh RR Sc er 1910 Schorer (b), DO can aed uore' «het 1912 Schorer & Rosenau, 25.......... 1912 _ Minnesota Bulletin, 26.......... 1912 menmark’ (6), 28. 3.0.05 6. cde cs 1898 EMMI G 29:5 igs soc acces ie 1900 0 ON Ee pe eae 1900 MEM ME laince y dass iets a0 5 tu os 1900 Barthel & Stenstrém, 30........ 1901 MMMM ANE eisai a SAN Gs aap sae 1901 Denmark (c), 28............... 1904 Barthel & Stenstrém, 29 ....... 1904 Le gee See eee 1908 Wem Mer Blue SO) ks 1909 Minnesota Bulletin, 26.......... 1912 eS a 1913 Michigan Agric. Exp. cman 19.1899 Russell & Hastings, 4.......... 1900 OR a eee 1900 GE Sear ar a arr 1900 Tjaden, Koske & Hertell, 36..... 1901 - Valagussa & Ortona, 37 ........ 1901 Temperature and Time Results 60° C. (140° F.), 1 hr Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 60 min. Kills 60° C, (140° F.), 10 min. Kills 55° C, (131° F:), 3 hrs. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 15-20 hrs_—_— Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 20 hrs. Kills 60° C, (140° F.), 15 hrs. Kills 60° C, (140° F.), 1 hr. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 40 min. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 40 min. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 20 min. Kills 68°-69° C., (153. 50-156, 2° F.), 30 min. Kills 70°C, (158° F.), 5-10 min Kills 68°C, (153.29 F.), 30 min, Kills 70° C. (158° F.), 30 min.~ Kills 68.39 C. (155°° F.), 20 min. Kills 68.3° C, (155° F.), 15-20 min Kills 70° C, (158° F.), 10-30 min. Kills 65° C, (149° F.), 5 min. Kills 70° C, (158° F.), Momentary Kills 68°-—70° C, (153.5°-158° F.), 20 min, Kills 65°-70° C, (1490-1589 F.), 15-20 min. Kills 65° C, (149° F.), 5 min. Kills 70° C. (158° F.), 10 min. Kills 62.77° C. (145° F.), 30 min. Kills Kills Kills Kills Kills Kills Kills Kills’ Kills 62-77° © (145° F.), 30-45 min. 65° C. (149° F.), 20 min. 85° C, (185° F.), 71.129 C (160° F.), 15 min, 100° C, (212° F.), 3-5 min. 85° C. (185°-F.), Momentary 80° C. (176° F.), Momentary 75° C. (167° F.), Mementary 80° C. (176° F.), Momentary Kills 80° C. (176° F.), 1 min, Kills Milk must be sterilized or cooked. 80° C. (176° F.), Necessary Kills 80° C. (176° F.), 5 min. Kills 77.4° C. (175° F.), 5 min. Kills 60° C. (140° F.), 10 min. Did not kill 60° C. (140° F.),5 min. Did not kill 75° C. (167° F.), 20 min. Did not yill 85° C. (185° F.),6 min. Did not kill 98° C. (208.4° F.), Momentary Did not kill 80° C, ie i F.), Exposure to Did not kill 380 - VERANUS A. MOORE Author Year Temperature and Time Results — CN Sh nate oe 1901 55°C. (131° F.,) 2hrs. Did not kill © Me os 0 > co se e 1901 60°C, (140° F.),15 min. Did not kill Barthel & Stenstrém (e), 38....1901 65° C, (149° F.), 20min. Did not Kill Rullmann (f), 39........ ee-+1903 65° ©. (149° F.), 30 min, Did not Kill (a) Milk covered and agitated during heating process. (b) Milk covered during heating process: : P (c) The Denmark law was revised in 1903 and again in 1904 by requiring the products to. be hea‘ed to 80° C.,and adding to these cream used for the manufacture of export butter. The law also requires a pasteurization of 80° on milk and buttermilk to be imported. (d) Milk not covered or agitated during heating process. } \ (e) The milk was from udders in last stage of disease and had suffered great physical and chemical changes, ye ‘ Was agitated constantly during pasteurization. (g) The standard temperatures that have been most commonly accepted up to the present time (1900) are those of de Man (Arch. /. Hyg., 1893), who worked with broken-down semi- fluid cheesy matter derived frcm tuberculous udders. They are 55° C. (131° F.) for 4 hours, 60° C. (140° F.) for 1 hour, 65° C. (149° F.) for 15 minutes, 70° C. (158° F.) for 10 minutes, 80° C. (176° F.) for 5 minutes, 90° C. (194° F.) for 2 minutes, and 95° C. (203° F.). for 1 minute. REFERENCES DE MAN. Arch. f. Hyg...Bd.X VIII (1893), p. 33. SmirH, T. Jour. Exp. Med. Vol. IV (1899), p. 217. FARRINGTON & RUSSELL. Wis. Sta. Rpt. (1899), p. 122. ; RussE.LL & Hastines.. Wis. Sta. Rpt. (1900), p. 147. MorcenrotH. Hyg. Rundschau. Bd. X (1900), p. 865. “a Hesse. Zeitschr.f. Hyg. Bd. XXXIV (1900), p. 347, _ = Hesse. Zeitschr. Thiermed. Bd. V (1901), p. 321. RussELL & HastTines. Rev. Gén. Lait. Vol. III (1903), p. 34, Hiprins. Jahrb. f. Kinderh. Bd, LXI (1905), p. 365. 10. FREEMAN. Jour. Am. Med. Assn. Vol. XLIX (1907), p, 1740. Bos» 11. ScHroeper. U.S. Dept. Agric., B. A. I. Cir. 153. an 12. Rosenav. U.S. Dept. Agric., B. A. I. Cir. 153. a 13. ANDERSON & RoseNAU. Pub. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv., U. S. Hyg. — Lab. Bull. 57. ee, 14, FREEMAN. Jour. Amer. Med. Assn. Vol. LIV, (1910), p. 372. - 15. FreeMan. Arch. Pediat. N.Y. Bd. XV (1898), p. 514. 16. Birrer. Zeitscur. f. Hyg. Bd. VIII (1890), p. 255. 17. Foster. Hyg. Rundschau. Bad. II (1892), p. 872. 18, OPPENHEIMER. Munch. Med. Wochenschr. Bd. XLVI (1892), p, 1462. 19. Micuigan Exp. Srarion. U. 8. Dept. Agric. Farmer’s Bulletin 107. | 20. Bane. Malkeritid. Vol. XIV (1901), p. 677. 21. MarsHaui. Mich. Sta. Bull. 184, p. 207. . 22. Levy & Bruns. Hyg. Rundschau. Bd. XI (1901), p, 669. 23. Bane & Srripoit. Rev. Gén. Lait. Vol. IV, (1905), p. 361. .24. ScHorer. Science, n. ser. Vol. XXXV (1912), p. 222. 25. Scnorer & Rosenavu. Jour. Med. Research. Vol. XXVI (1912), p. 127. 26. MinNESOTA BULLETIN. Minn. Eatension Bull. No. 32. ae 27. Hammonp. Ontario Agric. Col. and Exp. Farm Rep. (1900). 28. Denmark. Hyg. Lab. Bull, No. 56. 29. Barrue. & Stenstrim. Rev. Gén. Lait. Vol. IV (1904), No. 5, p, 97. 30. Barrue, & Srenstrim. Centralb. f, Bakt. u. Par. Bd, XXX, Abt. I (1901), p. 429. 31. ve Jone. Milchu, Zentbl. Bd. IV, Sina , P: 13. 32, VAN Den BiuIs. Inaug. Diss. Univ, Bern. (1909), p. 34. 33. Havner. Penn, Sta. Col. Bul. 123, 34. Gavtier. Jour. Med, Vet. et Zootech. Vol. IV (1900), p. 1. 35. Kromprecner. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. Vol. XIV (1900), p. 723. . i 36. Tsapen, Kosxe & Herren. Arb. K. Gesundheitsamte. Bd. XVIII (1901), p. 219. q 37. VaLaaussa & Ontona, Abs. in Nature. Vol. UXIIT (1901), p, 404. « 8. Bawrun, & Smenstuia. Centrald. f. Bakt. u. Par, Abt, I, Vol. XXX, — p. 429. a 39. RuLuMann. Rev. Gén, Lait, Vol. III (1903), p. 15. WMA SOP & Pe PRESERVATION AND IN SITU FIXATION OF VET- ERINARY ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS BY INTRAVASCULAR INJECTION ¥F. A. Lampert, D.V.M. Assistant Professor of Comparative Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. Although in situ fixation of anatomical material by intravas- cular injection has been well established in some few veterinary col- leges in this country for more than a decade, nothing relative to the history, technique or advantages of the method has appeared in our periodical literature. This fact and numerous inquiries regarding the technique have prompted the writer to deal with this subject somewhat in detail in the hope that the same may be of value to those more directly concerned and of interest to those in our profes- sion whose,vivid memories of the dissecting room are of ‘‘soft’’ ma- terial only. Although the writer has personally supervised the injection of approximately 150 horses, 30 dogs, 12 cows, 12 sheep and 10 pigs ‘during the past six years, he assumes no eredit whatsoever for the method, the same having been well established in this department even before his matriculation as a freshman. It is universally accepted, I believe, that gross anatomy is one of the most important, if not the most important, of the foundation subjects in veterinary education. Jn situ fixation by intravascular injection has not only revolutionized our knowledge of some parts of this subject but it has made possible a much more nearly ideal method of teaching the same. The history of affairs in human an- atomy was identical in this respect. For convenience as well as clearness the writer desires to treat the subject under the following divisions: history, equipment, tech- nique and advantages of the method. Hisrory: In the fall of 1901, Professor Septimus Sisson came to the College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, to fill the chair in gross anatomy. Having received his undergraduate anatomical training in the Ontario Veterinary College on ‘‘soft?’ material and having later demonstrated for eight years on the same in that institution, he was quite familiar with the many disadvan- tages of using non-preserved or unfixed cadavers in the dissecting 382 F. A. LAMBERT room. Since intravascular injection for fixation and preservation was then being used in some medical colleges and had been used by Dr. Sisson very successfully on the smaller animals in the Kansas © State Agricultural College in 1889 and 1900, he determined to try the same method, using formalin, on the large animals. So successful was he on horses and so satisfactory were the results, to both instruc- tor and students, that the method was perfected and adopted as the regular practice for the preparation of all animals used for dissection and for frozen sections. From time to time this practice, modified somewhat in-some cases, has been adopted in most of our Bene < colleges. : EquipMeNnT: ‘To carry out the method with which the writer is most familiar and which he believes most satisfactory, one will find it necessary to have the following equipment or its equivalent : One set of English hopples; two large scalpels; two pairs of large hemostats; one pair scissors; one cannula (14 inch for horse) pre- ferably with an ‘‘olive’’ at each end; three feet of heavy cord (chalk line) ; one ‘‘head’’ chain; one eam chain ; two one-half ton chain | hoists ; rings in the ceiling or an overhead track for suspension ; one large needle; one large (20 gallon) galvanized iron tank with pipe leading down to the embalming room equipped with a small hose cock ; rubber hose (14 inch) sufficient to reach from end of the pipe to the subject ; two boards notched with a V at each end, to be used as spreaders for the limbs. | Most of the equipment is shown in the accompanying figures and reference to these will enable the reader readily to understand the technique. . TECHNIQUE: The following is the procedure indicated for the injection of the horse and the necessary modifications for the other animals will be mentioned thereafter. It has been the practice of the writer to first prepare the fluid to be used for the preservation and fixation. Twenty gallons of a fifteen per cent. solution of formalin are usually made up in the tank. Good results are obtained in favorable weather from the use of a ten per cent. solution and in some cases where distribution was excellent a five per cent. solution gave very satisfactory results. In some cases where subjects were to be used for a long period during hot weather a twenty per cent. solution was used. Stand the subject near a drain in the embalming room; put on a strong halter and the English hopples (king hopple on the right ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS 383 thoracic digit). It is desirable when casting on cement floor to have three persons if possible; one holding the head ‘‘close’’, one direct- ly behind the animal, and a third to gently ‘‘take up’’ the hopple chain. In this manner the animal can usually be made to ‘ down’’, from which posture the desired recumbent position is easily sit secured by pushing him over on his left side. The writer has tried casting on a truck or other methods but none has proven so satis- factory as the above, which in one hundred and fifty cases has led ? . Fig. 1. Showing the method of suspension, the chain hoists, the angles at which they are placed, the ‘‘head’’ and ‘‘rump’’ chains, the limb spreaders, the incision to reach the carotid artery, the cannula and the rubber tube extend- ing to same. to no accidents. With the four feet drawn closely together and se- cured and an assistant on the head, the operator takes his position on the dorso-lateral aspect of the neck. In the posterior half of the jugular furrow make a longitudinal incision about four inches in length through the skin and cutaneous colli muscle, This will expose the jugular vein which is, of course, ——— 384 F. A. LAMBERT to be avoided by pushing to one side. Locate the carotid artery and separate it from the connective tissue and adjacent nerves, avoiding ‘damage to the latter and to any small collateral arteries present. Draw the artery to a more superficial position in the opening and apply the two large hemostats to it about three inches apart. Witha . sharp scalpel make an incision one and one-half inches long on the superficial aspect of the artery. Removal of the two forceps allows the free bleeding of the animal. In order to avoid clogging of the drain by the coagulation of the blood it.is advised to have water running on the floor from a hose close to the carotid incision. As - bleeding proceeds the animal is usually inclined to struggle more _ or less which in turn induces more complete bleeding. In cases where a low vitality is apparent and probability of a thorough bleeding is doubtful, a hypodermic of strychnia may be given just - previous to casting. The general stimulant increases heart action _ and usually ensures satisfactory exsanguination. Casting the subject on the left side and using the right carotid [ artery for bleeding and injection is preferable in order that the - relations of the oesophagus be not disturbed. As soon as the animal is dead, the head and the rump chains — 3 _ are to be placed, viz: The two hooks on the head chain, which i is Y _ shaped, are to be passed from above downward and outward in the - temporal fossa under the zygomatic arch on either side of the head ; -and the rump chain, provided with one large hook is placed under the last sacral segment. In order to insert the hooks a small in- cision through only the skin and deep fascia is necessary. Connect the lower hooks of the chain hoists with the head and rump chains respectively and proceed to raise the animal to a po- sition as nearly in imitation of the standing posture as-is possible. _ With the board ‘‘spreaders’’ placed to separate the limbs (as shown . in Fig. 1) the four digits should just touch the floor. The limbs are spread to facilitate the dissection of the pectoral and medial femoral muscles. If, however, the subject is to be used for frozen section work or for special topographic purposes it is no doubt preferable to have them in as near normal standing position as is possible. Suspension in imitation of the natural standing position, is in the writer’s judgment, preferable to fixation on the back or on the side, as practiced by some. Too much distortion and flattening of the museles occurs in the latter positions. The writer quite success- fully hardened one horse with the head in flexion by suspending with three hoists, the third being fixed at the withers, ri ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS 385 tw Connect one end of the rubber tubing to the hose cock on the - end of the fluid pipe and the other to the cannula, applying strong 1 ligatures about both. Turn on the fiuid sufficiently to fill the horse, forcing the air out of the latter and also to determine accurately how : far the valve should be opened to permit only a very small but ____ constant stream to pass through the hose. Insert the cannula into the earotid artery through the incision previously made directing _- the former toward the heart. Securely ligate the artery about the t ~_ eannula and also ligate the artery just in front of the incision. i Open the valve in the fluid pipe only enough to allow a small stream to gravitate into the subject. Very undesirable results have been obtained in a few cases where an assistant turned the valve entirely open, causing too great a pressure in the vessels with a rup- ture into the lungs, evidenced by fluid running out of the nostrils and mouth before the tissues were filled. The tank the writer uses is placed on the second floor above the embalming room (approxi- mately twenty feet) which distance gives considerably more grav- ity pressure than is necessary. A height of eight feet should be sufficient. _ As soon as the injection is started it is advisable to see that the tongue is in its normal position and to fasten the lips together by one stitch through the center of each. The mouth may be hard- __ ened partially opened, if desired, by placing a small two-inch block between the incisor teeth. . While the fluid-gravitates into the subject, the operator should constantly observe the distribution of the fluid as determined at _ first by the twitching of the various muscles and later by the pres- . sure in the larger veins—jugular, facial, cephalic, external thoracic and saphenous. These indices should be noted often and whenever an appreciably great distention of the same occurs, the fluid should be turned off temporarily. Otherwise a pulmonary rupture is quite probable, for in the type of horses used for anatomical work pul- monary emphysema and other like conditions are quite common. Good distribution rather than mere amount of the injection is more to be desired. Usually the fixation or contraction of the muscles takes place first in the withers, prescapular region and _ thoracic limb, followed by either the head and-poll or the pelvic limb. Palpation of the tongue may be used as an index as to the fixation of the head, for it has been the writer’s observation that 386 F..A. LAMBERT in older subjects the muscles of the cheeks, nostrils and lips are often rather slow in hardening. Usually in the heavy musculature of the thigh, especially the biceps, semi-tendinosus and semi-membran- osus, distribution and fixation are slow to completion. While the distribution and fixation are being determined on. the subject, the amount of the injection can be noted on a gauge within the view of the operator. Its construction is simple—a light chain extends from a float block within the tank up-over a pulley and then down into the embalming room, a small weight on the bottom of the chain is raised as the fluid gravitates into the subject. If mathematics fail one in figuring out the scale, empiricism may be employed by drawing out a gallon at a time and marking. the . gauge accordingly. When a pulmonary rupture oceurs the operator may safelycai as- sume that no further injection of any value is possible. To prevent this accident it is advisable not to continue the injection until the fluid is seen to escape through the. nostrils or mouth or both, if the arteries are to be later filled with a colored mass injection for the study of angiology or topographic anatomy. In such cases it is ad- visable to discontinue the gravitation of the fluid when distribution and hardening are satisfactory and the amount of the injection is sufficient to insure preservation. Otherwise the fluid may be shut off permanently when in the operator’s judgment the animal is com- pletely embalmed. Our experience has shown that it is inadvisable to disturb or work on the subject in less than twenty-four hours after the injec- tion is completed. Two to four days are even better. If the sub- ject is not to be used for a week or more it is advisable to wrap the face and the limbs below the carpus and tarsus with moist towels. or sacks to prevent drying, since here the subcutaneous structures contain a minimum of moisture. Continuance of the same until the student comes to the dissection of these parts is a good practice. The following table gives a record of thirty-four horses injected by the writer and used for dissection in the Ohio State University : ; ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS 387 ANIMAL | WEIGHT (estimated) AMOUNT OF INJECTION 1—Black mare 800 lbs. 13 gals. 2—Bay mare . 750 11 3—Gray mare 800 12.5 4—White gelding 1000 16 5—Black gelding 800 13.5 6—White mare 1050 17 7—Sorrel mare 900 15 8—Black mare 900 15 9—BSorrel gelding 1050 17.5 10—Bay pony mare 800 10 11—Black mare 1250 20 12—Bay gelding 1050 ; 17 13—Black gelding 1250 22 14—Sorrel mare 1050 17.5 15—Black gelding ; 1100 17 16—Tan pony mare 800 16 17—Bay gelding 1150 16 - 18—Sorrel mare (2 yr. old) 750 22 19—White gelding 1350 21 20—Bay gelding 1350 17 21—Tan mare 700 11 22—Black mare 950 7 23—Black gelding 1100 14.5 24—-Sorrel mare 1000 16 25—Black gelding 900 11 26—Gray gelding 800 11 27—Bay pony mare 600 aes _ 28—Sorrel mare 900 15 _ 29—Brown mare 800 10.5 30—Black gelding 800 14.5 31—Gray gelding 1100. 26.5* i a 32—Sorrel gelding 700 10 _ 33—Bay pony mare - 550 75 _ 34—Sorrel gelding 750 11.5 *Number 31—Gray gelding, had a rupture of a blood vessel during in- an resulting in the eseape of approximately four or five gallons of the d into the pleural cavity, __. From the above table the average weight of the subjects used is found to be about 925 lbs., and the average amount of fluid in- _ jected 14.5 gallons or approximately 1.5 gallons per hundred weight. To make up 14.5 gallons of 15 per cent. formalin solution 2.175 gallons of commercial formalin are required, which at $.90 per gallon gives us the cost of injection per average head—$1.95. . In the preparation of the other animals: the writer wishes to briefly state that the same technique is followed out.with certain ‘minor modifications. The ox is cast with the single rope method and embalmed standing, a rope around the horns being used in prefer- ence to the head chain, whenever possible.. It has been our prac- tice to use the femoral artery rather than 'the carotid for the bleed- ing and injection of the smaller animals—sheep, dog or hog. As soon as bled these animals are placed in a 90° trough, properly 388 F. A. LAMBERT padded in each case to prevent distortion and flattening, and in this position injected. y Not infrequently it has been our ete to make special prep- aration of certain organs previous to the intravascular injection and in situ fixation. To distend the stomach in the horse or dog a 5- per cent. solution of formalin is permitted to gravitate into the or- gan by means of the rubber tubing being passed per os into the oesophagus. The same is sometimes done in the ox to prevent post- mortem fermentation of stomach contents. To demonstrate the more nearly normal size and relations of the lungs a rather thick aqueous solution of corn starch is gravitated by means of a tube passed far down the trachea through a tracheotomy incision in’ the. usual location, or the tube may be-passed per os through the aditus. laryngis. A common irrigating can and tube are very satisfactory. for this particular work. To prepare the blood vessels for topography or for angiology - . the arteries alone need to be injected since the veins retain enough blood or enough discoloration to make them easily located. The material we use for the injection of the arteries is an aqueous solu- — tion of corn starch (two lbs. to the gallon) thoroughly stirred and dry red oxide of lead added until the desired color is obtained. For one subject a three gallon quantity is mixed and the average > amount used may be estimated at slightly over two gallons. The injection of the red mass is most satisfactory about twenty-four hours after the intravascular injection of the formalin. By that time the pressure in the arteries has subsided and much less re- sistance to the passage of the mass is encountered. Reference to Figure 2 will adequately explain the equipment used in this pro- cedure. The pump is an Allen’s Rotary Surgical Pump, which forees a slow and small stream. An assistant should constantly stir the mass to prevent the starch setting in the container. To secure the most satisfactory results the operator must force only a very small but . constant stream into the vessels. To attempt rapid injection re-. sults often in a rupture either into the lung or into the pleural cavity. To use the pump intermittently often results in the starch setting in the hose or in the carotid artery preventing further in- jection in some cases. If after the injection of the red mass is begun, a distention of the veins occurs as a result of the formalin solution being forced over from the. arteries, one may perform ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS 389 phlebotomy on the jugular, cephalic, external thoracic and saphen- ous veins to lessen the.back pressure in the arteries. When success- ful in the use of the red mass injection even very small arteries, the size of a thread, are well brought out. The starch and red lead mags are, in our judgment preferable to others, for soon after in- jection it becomes almost solid and when cut into offers no resis- Fig. 2. tance to the knife, nor does it diffuse into or stain the tissues. The insolubility of the red lead makes it preferable to carmine or other substances used to secure the color. ADVANTAGES...The advantages of preservation and in situ fix- ation of veterinary anatomical material are manifold to the anato- mist, student and the profession alike. Since the writer has never had experience in the dissection of non-preserved subjects, he has made numerous inquiries of men older in the profession, whose _ information, he believes, to permit his making some comparisons, 390 Re F, A. LAMBERT undergraduate anatomical training was on ‘‘soft’’ material and whose opportunity it has since been to observe the present teaching ~ methods and dissecting room material made possible by preservation and fixation. From these men the writer has received sufficient which are not superfluous when we realize that there still exist in ~ veterinary educational circles a few loyal advocates of 2a ma- terial. _ At a banquet, recently, one of our most fieamiriet and most = widely known teachers of veterinary medicine gave the following | < brief summary of his experience in the dissecting room:—‘When I was in school we did not have the advantages of embalmed sub- jects in anatomy. We dissected only during cold weather and even — then our dissection was the most rapid thing of that age. We brought a cheap horse into the laboratory, bled him, and after placing him on a large table. went. to work. Since economy was — the keynote i in practically all veterinary education at that time, we © were required to remove the skin which the college sold. A re- a tention of the abdominal viscera meant an extremely rapid: decom-— th position, so we made hasty dissection of the abdominal wall and eviscerated the animal. Removal of the skin and viscera required the entire first dissection period and since the subject was in an ad-— vanced stage of decomposition by the end of the first week, we had © only four or five laboratory sessions for a dissection. While few of us got very far in anatomy, a multitude of horse skinners was developed:”’ ; iS It is the writer’s belief that an enumeration, with a minimuni 5 of discussion, of the advantages of preservation and fixation is sufficient, since those now opposed to the same are decidedly in the © minority. To the student, this material offers an opportunity to make uniformly accurate, thorough and complete dissection and study of every part of the subject, for no time and limit is fixed by the decomposition of the tissues. It permits dissection in the labora- tory heated to a comfortable temperature in the winter and a prop- erly preserved subject may be kept for a long period during the extremely hot weather of mid-summer. An advantage is here noted over the material offered for the dissection of man, since one need not take animals after death, but before. It further permits 4 dissection during the full academic year, and although the average — © / ANATOMICAL SUBJECTS 391 regular time for a part is about five weeks it is true that the first assignment for freshmen extends over seven weeks, often. Considering the sanitary phase, one may say that proper pre- servation reduces to a minimum the opportunity for infection in the anatomical laboratory. In nine years observation the writer has not seen a single infection from material prepared as above described. It precludes the possibility of the offensive odor of de- composition and the inhalation of the ever-present poisonous gases from non-preserved material. To express the point of view of the anatomist and scientist, the writer desires to quote from the preface of the first edition of, ‘‘A Text Book of Veterinary Anatomy,’’ by Septimus Sisson :— “‘The study of frozen sections and of material which has been hardened by intravascular injection of formalin has profoundly modified our views concerning the natural shape of many of the viscera and has rendered possible much greater precision in topo- graphic statements. The experience of the author during the last ten years, in which almost all material used for dissection and for frozen sections in the anatomical laboratory of this university has been hardened with formalin, has demonstrated that many of the current descriptions of the organs in animals contain the same sort of errors as those which prevailed in regard to similar structures in ‘man previous to the adoption of modern methods of preparation.’’ In closing the writer desires to express his indebtedness to his former teacher and colleague, Professor Sisson, for training re- ceived in the subject discussed and for the two photographs from which the above views were made. - An outbreak of trichinosis occurred in Far Rockaway Borough of Queens in April, which was remarkable in that the mortality was very high for this disease and that the diagnosis was for sometime obscure. Twelve patients were treated, everything being done for them therapeutically, that was possible, but four of them died, a mortality of 33 1/3%. . The source of the infection appears to have been a pig slaugh- tered about January 1. The exact method of preparing the food is not clear, but cooking played a very small part in it—Bulletin Of the Department of Health, New York City. VETERINARY FACULTIES AND STATE EXAMINING BOARDS* S. Stewart, Kansas City, Mo. The attendance at our New York meeting was the greatest numerically in the history of this organization, and the number of College Faculties, also the number of State Boards represented, ex- _ ceeded that of any previous meeting. The records show that 13 College Faculties out of a total of 23, and 21 State Examining — Boards, out of a total of 36, participated in the session of that meet- ing. This majority representation and participation cannot but be looked upon as substantial evidence of the wide-spread interest in the work before us, and affords the assurance of the intrinsic merits of our purpose, and an early solution of some of the pressing prob- lems. ‘ _ During the past two years there have been few changes in the directing officers of the several veterinary colleges. Quite in con- trast to this there have been many changes in the personnel of the State Examining Boards. Of the 36 boards established at the time of our meeting, 4 have been entirely changed in membership, while in 20 of them the membership has been changed in greater or less proportion. Four new state boards have been organized since our meeting, and it appears that all of those charged with the responsi- bility of determining the fitness of candidates for license to practice, about one-half of them had no experience previous to two years ago, and some of them have yet to officially take up the work before them. If this record is to serve us as a criterion of what to expect in the future, then it must be very evident that if some degree of uni- formity shall be maintained, and some progress made from year to year, it is high time that we correlate the work already done and crystallize it into definite form, also see to it that it is published, that the various board members may have a reference which is depend- able, and become familiar with that which has heretofore been ac- complished. If the experience and records of the various state boards can be gathered together and arranged in definite form, data will be thus supplied of incaleulable value in the cause of better veterinary education. “Address of the President of the Association of Veterinary Faculties and State Examining Boards of North America, Sept, 1915, Oakland, Cal, FACULTIES AND STATE EXAMINING BOARDS 893 As the result of a personal correspondence with the officers of the various State Boards of Examiners, I have no hesitation in af- firming that state boards generally, will be very glad indeed to avail themselves of reliable data concerning the findings of other boards, and would be glad to adopt the methods of other boards which ex- perience has proven to secure the best results; which has provided a satisfactory manner of determining whether a candidate for license to practice really possesses the kind and degree of knowledge which will make him a useful member of the profession. The final judges as to whether or not the graduates of our col- leges have been sufficiently trained before they are granted a veteri- nary degree, are the members of the various State Examining Boards, hence if the examining boards can establish a substantially uniform examination, and a practically uniform method of grada- tion, the colleges will have some general guide and will most certain- ly be stimulated to correct any defects, and to supply any omissions in the courses of instruction given therein. During the last meeting, and in compliance with a resolution, a committee was appointed for the special purpose of collecting data relative to the variability of state board examinations, and as to the ~ successes and failures of candidates appearing for license to prac- tice before the various state boards. It was the opinion expressed that if this data indicated also the colleges from which the successful and unsuccessful candidates were graduated, with the dates of grad- _ uation, that the information would be of material value to the col- leges, serving as a guide to make the instruction include subjects which State Board Examiners deemed of material importance to those who should be granted a license to practice. The personnel of the committee above referred to consists of: O. L. Boor, Secretary of the Indiana State Board; J. T. Seeley, President of the Washington State Board ; E. W. Babson, Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board ; Thos. Downing, President of the Iowa State Board, and M. Jacobs, Secretary of the Tennessee State _ Board. This committee, made up entirely of members of State Ex- _ amining Boards, have the personal relationship and wide experience which should enable them to bring to this meeting much well di- gested material for our consideration, and I have no doubt will be able to etablish some standards which will serve to guide us in our further work, each in his own particular field. Those who attended i. the New York meeting could not but be impressed with the virile 394 ~ SSTEWART - quality of the papers presented, and by the animated and intelligent discussion given to each of them as presented. The report of said meeting as incorporated in the 1913 annual report of the A. V. M. A. is a splendid commentary on the most excellent service rendered by our secretary, Jacob Helmer. The discussions were quite extensive and the careful editing of the same has made this printed report of permanent value. Should there be any member of this organization who is not a member of the A. V. M. A., and not in possession of the report of that organization for 1913, I advise that he procure a copy of said report from the association’s librarian, for the advantages which will come to him through securing the portion relating to this prganization. The expense of procuring bound separates of that portion of the A. V. M. A. report of this meeting relating to this or- ganization, in numbers sufficient to meet our needs, will not be large, and I recommend that the secretary be instructed this year to ar- range for same. There are probably not more than 150 members of state boards who are not members of the A. V. M. A. and who may © not desire to purchase copies of the report of that organization, but who would gladly read the report of our doings that they might be better informed concerning the problems before this organization. It is better for the cause to supply every member in this manner, and thus make his cooperation on the basis of fullest information. Enterprising publishers have been on the lookout for copies of state board examinations, with the view of supplying applicants for state license with lists of questions and answers thereto. Several members of this organization expressed themselves adversely, last meeting, to supplying such list of questions, but since our meeting there has appeared on the market a volume of 395 pages issued from the press of J. B. Lippincott Company, and in the preface of this book the reader is led to understand that it represents the scope of State Examiners’ questions, as well as supplying acceptable an- swers thereto. Further, it purports to furnish students a compen- ¢lium on the several branches which they are studying in college, and to supply applicants for license to practice the information whereby they may make adequate preparation to pass state board examina- tions, yes, even more, it suggests that the volume might serve as an encyclopedia of veterinary knowledge for the busy practitioner. . While the author modestly disclaims perfection in the text, and asks for suggestions that subsequent editions of this work may be more valuable, it is not quite clear how said author can absolve him-: FACULTIES AND STATE EXAMINING BOARDS 395 self from responsibility for the numerous errors contained therein. A careful scrutiny of the answers supplied to the various questions reveals the fact that many are faulty and some are erroneous. The student or practitioner who makes use of the same cannot but be led astray in many places. It is very easy for one to imagine that a i” man, out of college for a number of years and who has not been a a careful student of veterinary medicine since leaving college, might read the answers given and not be impressed that they were seriously \4 awry anywhere, but those, who have kept abreast of the times and _ who are familiar with some of the subjects under consideration will readily observe the faulty and misleading statements made. They ____will appreciate how far astray the student or practitioner might be - led through the inaccuracy of many of the answers. Certain it is that State Board Examiners should be more critical than have been the authors of the answers found in this book. Again, the student and the graduate preparing for examination will have reason to believe that the question found in this book rep- resent the scope of any examination with which such person is likely _ to be confronted, and this fact must make very plain to you, that an 1 J adequate examination must be wider than a written examination em- | __ bodying such questions. During the meetings heretofore the prob- @ Jem has been presented, time and again, relative to the making of ; a - examinations broad in scope as well as practical in character. Such examinations should include tests or detailed descriptions of tests for disease, as applied to the living animal, to also include the iden- tification of materials to be used. The usual adverse argument has been that State Board Examiners could not afford to take the time for, nor incur the expense of practical examinations. Tn states where a comparatively large number of applicants, for _ license to practice, appear at each meeting of the board, it is very Se eviicnt that more time will be required to make a practical exam- ination than is now consumed in a purely written one. When the _ humber is large, then the return in fees is proportionately large, and it would seem as though the interests of the state being served by a ~ board would not only warrant, but demand that additional time and ___ expense be incurred for this service. If there be but a small num- ber of applicants, then the extra time required is very limited in- deed, and the practical features of an examination would be a small tax upon both time and funds. For instance, if there were but 10 applicants, only a few hours need be consumed in an additional prac- 396 S. STEWART tical examination, and certainly there could be no large expenditure for facilities for such examination. « Ai a zi 52 “ he ae Ane SCBA OR TI EC a CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 401 be seen in the plate, was outside the thoracic wall, although not beating, indications were that- it was, prior to its being forced through the pelvic arch. - This distorted individual has the appearance of the posterior limbs being pulled back and over the body, and the spinal column left intact. In the photograph the calf is lying on its left side. 402 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS INTUSSUSCEPTION IN. THE HORSE | w P. G. A eart gelding, aged six, belonging to a market gardener. Horse of the heavy vanner type. Had done well since purchase ; was a good worker, quiet and temperate in all harness. Had no illness prior to its last, and was in a very fair condition. It was sent to town twice a week after a load of stable manure, it was the shaft horse, had a careful driver, and a man aceustomed to horses. On its return with its last load it showed slight abdominal pain on being let out of harness, thought to have colic; a draught was given. It got easier and was left for the night. Next morning it failed in its appetite, although it had eaten up its night feed. I then saw it for the first time; gave a dose of aperient medicine and . left some fever mixture. The condition of the animal’s temperature 102, rather cold at the extremities, ears and légs; breathing rather short, no cough, no sweating, and not very restless; occasionally lay down. These symptoms continued for a few days. It walked very slowly when led out, and was stiff in the hind quarters; the flank drawn up with a wasting of the loins. It ceased feeding altogether, but would drink heartily. After a day or two a fetid odor from the mouth, and a peculiar gurgling sound heard at the base of the neck in front, not like the sound of pericarditis. There was no ‘‘tinkling’’ sound. My diagnosis: abscess in the abdominal cavity due to external injury. Prognosis unfavorable. Patient gradually wasted. It passed at times some loose feces. No violent purging. Micturition normal. Marked feature of the case: the wasting, and the very slow movement in walking with a rambling gait. Illness lasted about ten days. Owner sending in word now and then that he thought the horse was better. The fetid odor from the mouth continued Heady ne whole time, and towards the end was very offensive. Seeing recovery hopeless, had the animal destroyed. Post-mortem examination showed intussusception of the cecum within the large colon. The whole of the cecum was drawn in, and between the walls . CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 403 of the two bowels about a gallon of pus. The cecum was turned inside out, as it were, within the colon. ; S The injury was due, in my opinion, to a kick or blow on the ab- dominal walls received on the near side. I have never previously seen anything like it. I have not geen a case recorded. How is a veterinary surgeon to diagnose a case of this kind? Recovery was impossible. Case may interest some of your readers.—Veterinary News. ——9—— PURPURA HEMORRHAGICA TREATED WITH NORMAL HORSE SERUM _ OO . LAWRENCE SCHLENKER, M.D., St. Louis, Mo. This case of purpura hemorrhagica, in a man aged 28, is in- - structive in the showing of a prompt response to treatment with normal horse serum. | History.—The patient had measles during childhood. In his eighteenth year he suffered from an illness diagnosed as nephritis, from which he recovered in three weeks. While never robust, he had had no other diseases, and assurance is positive that he was never subject to abnormal bleeding of any kind. There was no knowledge of hemorrhage in any member of his family. The pres- ent illness began the middle of December, 1915, with symptoms di- agnosed as grip. The temperature was from 103 to 104, and there were prostration, cough, and a mucopurulent expectoration. Under his physician’s care he improved to some extent, when, January 9, he began to bring up large quantities of thin, bloody sputum. . Two days later blood appeared in the urine, the latter soon taking on the appearance of pure blood. The following day purpuric spots occurred in the skin, and nasal hemorrhages took place frequently. ~ It is stated that there was no vomiting of blood, no blood in the ~ stools, and no aural hemorrhages. Exsanguination was now tak- ing place so rapidly that the patient’s condition was becoming earmanig, 9. 2 Ft es _. Treatment and Results—The patient was at once given 10 c.c. of normal horse serum, subcutaneously, which dose was repeated. daily for the subsequent nine days, making 100 e¢.c. all told. With the exception of small doses of codein, given the first few days to quiet the nervous symptoms, no other medicine was administered. 404 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS There was no evidence of serum anaphylaxis at any time. Im- provement in sputum, urine and in general condition was noticeable after the second injection of serum. Blood disappeared entirely from the urine after five injections had been given. The sputum became rapidly less in volume, as well as in the blood content. The moist rales in the lungs gradually became less evident. January 29 there was neither cough nor sputum. The urine was normal in appearance, and negative to tests for albumin and sugar. ‘Temperature was normal throughout the. twenty-fours hours. The pulse was stronger but still somewhat weak. Examin- ation of the lungs showed entire absence of moist rales, Strength, weight and color had improved greatly; the patient was up and about the institution. Except for some remaining weakness, which was steadily disappearing, he felt perfectly well— _ The Journal of the American Medical Association. pete OESY 5 Ea Ls: TUBERCULAR MYOCARDITIS IN THE DOG A. A. LerBotp; D.V.M. : Professor of Physiology; Assistant Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology at The Chicago Veterinary College. Tuberculosis is a common disease among some of our domestic animals, particularly cattle and swine. ~l"owls also suffer from this scourge to a far greater extent than is commonly believed, Dogs, cats, horses, mules and asses are not attacked by the Bacterium tu- berculosis with the same frequency with which we find the first named animals attacked. The Bacterium tuberculosis attacks lymph tissue and the paren- chyma of some of the vital organs more frequently than other tissues of the body. The skeletal muscles of the body are rarely, if ever, tubercular but some eases of primary tuberculosis of the myocardium in man have been reported (2, 3, 4, 5). Herzog has had such a case brought before him (verbal communication). The fact that the myocardium is seen affected in this way in rare in- stances but the skeletal muscles seldom, if ever, may be the result of the peculiar high type of specialization of muscle tissue we find in the cardiae muscle. Tubereular pericarditis is of more frequent occurrence than any other form of tuberculosis of the heart or its serous coverings (3, 5, 7), but in many eases it seems to follow pulmonary tubereu- _ CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 405 losis or generalized miliary tuberculosis (1, 3) 6, 7). However, primary independent tuberculosis of the pericardium occurs quite frequently in man (5) but tubercular myocarditis and endocarditis _ do not oceur with nearly this same frequency (5) but follow mostly generalized miliary tuberculosis (3, 7). Tuberculosis of the valves of the heart seldom occurs except where the tubercular infection was preceded by a pyogenic infection of the valves which prepared the site for the tubercle bacillus (7). But a case of endocardial tuberculosis in a man is reported (8) which is claimed to have originated from primary infection with the tubercle bacillus. A noteworthy thing regarding this case is that the tubercles were found on the papillary muscles in the left ventricle and that at systole these tubercles came in contact with one another. The con- jecture is that one tubercle derived its origin from the other through actual contact of the healthy papillary muscle with the tubercular. This case was observed in a man who died of more or less generalized miliary tuberculosis. The upper or outer layers of the myocardium are not often in- volved as a consequence of tubercular pericarditis but we find _ endocardial and especially subendocardial tubercles fairly often in generalized miliary tuberculosis and in such conditions one ean see individual or groups of miliary tubercles lying deep in the myocar- dium (7). The infrequency of tuberculosis in dogs and especially tuber- culosis of the heart or any of its coverings, and the inability of the writer to find a case of this kind in the dog after perusing volum- inous literature, prompts him to report the following case brought to his attention : The subject was a wire-haired, male, fox-terrier, born and reg- istered in England, having been imported to the United States the latter part of June, 1914. He was a comparatively young animal. About three.months after importation this dog was brought to the | office of Dr. C. A. White, the owner complaining that the dog suf- _ fered from pneumonia. Before the dog was brought to Dr. White’s hospital for treatment the owner said the dog showed dyspnea upon exercise but not the painful symptoms which caused him to sus- pect pneumonia. The dog was sick three days and then died. , Pathological lesions found upon postmortem examination were | - wanting except in the case of the heart and lungs. In the heart __ extensive grayish-white nodule formation had oceurred which was 406 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS apparent both under the endocardium and pericardium. Upon incising the myocardium it was found that in some places the new- formed tissue had penetrated entirely through the muscle. The nodules had become confluent in some instanees. The right half of the heart was considerably more affected than the left half and the walls of the auricles were more affected than the ventricles and in some instances were four. times the normal thickness. The lungs were quite severely congested but did not show any other lesions. Microscopic examination of the heart lesions showed inflamma- tory infiltration areas which were more or less definitely outlined but in some places the round cell infiltration extended between the fibres of the myocardium. Staining of such sections by the Ziehl- Neelsen method revealed a number of tubercle bacilli within the ~ areas of round cell infiltration. Microscopic examination of sec- tions of the lungs did not reveal anything more than a severe pas- sive congestion. These microscopic diagnoses were confirmed by Dr. Maximilian Herzog. 5 BIBLIOGRAPHY H. BamMpBercer. Lehrbuch der Krankheiten des Herzens. Page 111. Tuos. E, SarterTHWAITE. Diseases of the Heart and Aorta. Page 104. A. L. Buackwoop. Diseases of the Heart. Pages 113 and 114. Die heutige Lehre von den pathologisch-anatomischen Grundlagen der Herzschwaeche. Year 1906. Page 59. A. D. HirscHFELDER. Diseases of the Heart and Aorta, Page 244. Wo. Sroxes. The Diseases of the Heart and the Aorta. Page 78. Ep. KaurMan. Lehrbuch der speziellen pathologischen Anatomie. Pages 22 and 49. Virchow’s Arthiv fiir Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fiir Klinische Medizin. Vol, 210, page 248. Te ee Se ¥ Livre DAMAGE To THE ABBorr LaporaTories. A small fire with explosion of gases occurred April 21st on the top floor of one of the buildings of The Abbott Laboratories.. Newspaper reports of the extent and character of this accident were grossly exag- gerated. The damage was very small, consisting mainly of broken window panes and cracking of temporary partitions. The plant and machinery were injured but slightly, and the entire force went to work the next morning as usual. The Abbott Laboratories have issued a statement positively denying the newspaper reports that — this firm is or has been engaged in the manufacture of ammunition or explosives, ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Nicotine Porsontne. Arnold Spicer, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record.—An army mare suffering with lice was clipped and dressed, as far as can be known, with a 1 to 20 solution of nicotine, instead of 1 to 120. An hour after the dressing was applied, she began to blow hard and show pain and broke out into a very profuse perspira- tion. Seen two hours after, she was still blowing hard and lying down. She was made to get up and walked staggering and tremb- ling all over. She was taken to her box showing twitching of the neck muscles and jerking her head up and down. The extremities were cold; the pulse imperceptible and the temperature 93°F. There also appeared to be a form of lock-jaw, as the jaws could not be opened to permit the administration of a ball. Drenching was also very difficult. The mare gradually improved and was entirely recovered the next morning. A. LiauTArRD, SSS Cats PECULIAR BREED OF Goats. J. J. Hooper. Science, Vol. 43, p. 571, 1916.—There is a peculiar breed of goats raised in central and eastern Tennessee. When suddenly frightened the hind legs become stiff and the animal jumps along until it recovers and trots off normally or if greatly frightened the front legs become stiff also, and the goat falls to the ground in a rigid condition. They have received the name of ‘‘stiff legged’’ or ‘‘sensitive’’ goats. The farmers in Tennessee prefer them because they do not jump fences. They are snow white and look like ordinary goats. We are starting experiments (Kentucky State University) to de- termine whether this is a dominant or recessive character in compari- son with a normal goat, When this peculiar affliction first appeared I cannot say, but it seems to be possessed by all the goats in the section named. BERG. RASS See THe Mope or INFECTION IN PULMONARY DiISTOMIASIS. CER- TAIN FRESH-WATER CRABS AS INTERMEDIATE Hosts or Paragonimus westermanti. Koan Nakagawa. Jour. Infect. Dis., v. 18 (2), Feb., pp. 131-142, pls. 2-5 —Nakagawa, working in Formosa where pul- monary infestation with flukes was first discovered by Ringer in - 1879, has found encysted fluke larvae in crabs and demonstrated by experimental feedings to dogs that these are the larvae of the, 408 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE flukes in question. The larvae were found to be fairly common in crabs of the species Potomon obtusipes and P. dehaanii and were found to be rare, perhaps only accidental, in Eriocheir japonicus. The young encysted larvae were found in the liver of the crab; full-grown larvae were found on the gills. Larvae were sometimes found in the muscles. The larvae on the gills are visible as white specks to the naked eye. When removed from the gills, twenty _ per cent would float on the surface of the water and it is likely that infestation results from drinking the water so infested. ; Puppies, brought from localities where there was no lung- fluke infestation in man, were fed these larvae. In 60 days the lungs had lungfluke cysts, but the eggs were not yet present; in 90 days eggs were present. A series of feeding experiments showed the following facts: Five days after feeding the larvae to a dog the lungs showed no macroscopic changes; in 7 days, fresh pe- techiae,no larger than a pinhead, were seen ; in 14 or 15 days the sur- face of the lung showed hemorrhage, especially on lower lobes; from the twenty-first to the twenty-seventh day, small nodules ap- peared, besides hemorrhagic spots, the two usually associated; in 35 days hemorrhagic spots as large as flaxseeds; in 50 days the cysts of the fluke, as big as the end of the little finger, were present. Postmortem examination of pups from 12 days to 4 weeks after feeding showed comparatively large amounts of serous exudate in the abdominal cavity ; liver usually congested ; diaphragm with num- erous small perforations; many distomes attached to the surface of the liver and the great omentum; few petechiae, the size of a pin- head, on the spleen and the mucosa of the jejunum; hemorrhagic spots on the pleura; many hemorrhagic spots and small nodules in the lung. A microscopical section through a petechia in the jejunum showed that the young flukes penetrated the mucosa and muscularis and escaped through the serosa to the abdominal cavity. Similarly it was shown that they penetrated the diaphragm. It appears from the foregoing that the young fluke, when in- gested, penetrates the intestinal wall near the jejunum and attains the abdominal cavity; it then penetrates the diaphragm and at- tains the thoracic cavity ; from here it makes its way into the lung. Some flukes make their way into the organs other than the lungs but do not attain mature development in such situations. Nakagawa has also ascertained that the miracidia hatched from the eggs of the lung fluke will infest certain molluses, Melani ' ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 409 libertina and M. obliquegranosa, and surmises that these forms may figure as intermediate hosts, but he has not demonstrated this point experimentally. (It may be noted in passing that Ward and Hirsch (1915) have shown in a comparative study that the species of fluke described from the lungs of a tiger and known for a long time as Paragont- mus westermanit is not identical with the lung fluke found in man by Ringer and described by Cobbold as Paragonimus ringeri, the — latter name being, therefore, the correct one for the human lung fluke. The lung flukes reported from the United States from the hog, dog and cat constitute a third species, P. kellicotti, which is a form of some interest in meat inspection.) M. C. Hat. a , PARALYSIS OF THE RECTS M AND BLADDER. Lieut. J. Fox, A.V.C. Veterinary Record—Common light draught mare, aged 13, with no obtained history. She was said to be suffering from debility and paralysis of the rectum. Her symptoms were: sphincter ani relaxed, quantity of feces protruding from the anus. There was incontinence of urine and the thighs were irritated by the imperfect and continuous dripping of the urine, which sometimes was expelled in drops or again in a_ stream. There was a partial paralysis of the tail, especially the levator muscles. Atrophy of the gluteals. No feces were passed. “Vagina was normal. The rectum was dilated and 26 Ibs, of fecal matter drawn away. Nothing abnormal in the pelvic cavity ex- cept great fullness of the bladder. Outwardly there seemed to be an appearance of enlarged sacral region which was probably due to the atrophy of the muscles. Physic ball and daily injec- tions of strychnine proved useless. The animal was removed and lost sight of. A. LIAUTARD. ——_0-— FLEXOR PEpIs PERFORATUS TENDON SLIPPING OFF THE Os CALCIS. R. Hudson, F.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record.—This and the follow- ing were related at one of the meetings of the North Midland Vet- _ erinary Medical Association. A posting mare when putting weight on one of her hind legs, was unable to hold the hock rigid and the quarter sank down. She became so bad that she was useless. The tendon of the perforatus was slipping outward until it was held by the tendon of the gastroc- _nemius. The owner decided to have the mare destroyed. Before 410 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE doing it, the operation of the division of the tendon between the hock and the fetlock followed by deep point firing on the side of the os calcis, where the tendon slipped over, was suggested and carried out. The mare was allowed seven or eight weeks’ rest. When she was put to work, no slipping of the tendon could be seen, although the quarter still sank some. The mare pulled a bus for two or three years after and then was lost sight of. A. LIAUTARD. © o ¢ FRACTURE OF THE JAW IN Doc. R. Hudson, F.R.C.V.S. Vet- erinary Record.—\st case. A racing whippet was run over by a motor car. Result, both jaws were fractured. Under the influ- ence of morphia, the upper incisors. were brought into position and bound with silver wire to the canines. The incisors of the lower | jaw were secured in the same manner and then the two jaws were bound with broad tape and secured around the neck. This was left in place for 14 days. The dog was fed milk and soup, given with a spoon. Solid food was not allowed for two months. 2nd case. Large red retriever, of rather ugly disposition, had been run into by atram. Result, a fracture of one side of the lower jaw. It was a clean fracture, about on a level with the premolars. Chloroform was administered. The divided ends of the bones were brought into position. ‘‘Two wire sutures were passed around the jaw, enveloping the ends of the fracture. The needle entered at the lower border of the jaw, passed alongside of the bone, was brought into the mouth, between the teeth, ending again on the op- posite side, keeping close to the bone and out at the edge of the jaw where it first entered. The suture was then twisted up. A second suture was carried around the bone, enclosing the divided ends in a similar way, about half an inch below.’’ The sutures being sat- isfactorily fixed, the jaws were bound with a tape. After a difficult after-treatment due to the ugly disposition of the dog, in relation to the keeping on of the bandage, of the muzzle, and of the mode of feeding, all of which took about four weeks, the dog made a good recovery. A.» LIAUTARD. —_o—_-_- CHEMICAL REACTION OF VAGINAL AND UTERINE SECRETIONS OF THE Mare AND its INFLUENCE IN Corrus. K. Hutschenreiter, Wiener Tieriirztliche Monatsschrift, Vol. 11, pp. 449-483, 1915.—In the sexually sound mare, the vaginal mucous membrane is generally alkaline; the uterine mucous membrane is almost always strongly ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 411 alkaline, whether the mare is horsing or not. Excluding the ex- ceptional cases, spermatozoa generally become motionless in the va- gina of the sound, horsing mare inside of four hours after coitus, seldom after. Inside the uterus spermatozoa become motionless inside of ten hours, seldom after. Spermatozoa seem to retain their motility for a somewhat longer period in the vagina of the sex- ually sound mare that is not horsing. The destruction of the spermatozoa in the vagina and uterus of the sexually sound mare is caused by leucocytes and phagocytes. During phagocytosis in the vagina there is an increased secretion by the mucous membrane. In the sexually sound, horsing mare, part of the sperm is ejacu- lated directly into the uterus during coitus: in the sound, sexually resting mare this does not take place because of the closed os uteri. Every vaginal irrigation may be regarded as a stimulus and favor- ing phagocytosis. Sodium bicarbonate tends to preserve the mo- tility of the spermatozoa, physiological salt solution is indifferent. The value of irrigations lies in their creation of conditions favor- able to ejacuation into the uterus, by the removal of the mucus from the vagina and the region of the os uteri. Irrigation also acts as a stimulus causing a partial opening of the os uteri. BERG. See eS Ee PERSISTENT CONSTRICTION OF THE CERVIX UTERI IN. THE Cow ApP- PROACHING PartTuriITION. W. J. Paimans. Archi fiir wissen- schaftliche und praktische Tierheilkunde; Vol. 42, pp. 64-92, 1915. In cows and especially in heifers, persistent constriction of the cervix uteri occurs sometimes, when labor pains are apparently present. At this time there are no active, convulsive contractions of the cervix. The cervix without having undergone any pathologi- cal-anatomical alterations is normally rigid in the cow. In prema- ture labor pains and in spasmodic closure of the cervix or its de- a: layed opening, there are no normal, complete labor pains, there are no contractions of the uterus, only straining of the abdominal muscles. If the cause be removed, the straining disappears and with it the accompanying phenomena. The straining is caused solely by a part of the gravid uterus having found its way into the pelvic inlet either through an invagination of the vagina alone or along with part of the uterus and contents. The cervix lying - close to the vulva or the incomplete prolapse of the vagina are in part the primary cause of straining and not its result. Treatment consists in repelling the part of the uterus into the pelvic cavity. 412 - ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE Care should be taken to prevent straining and prolapse by pinch- ing the back of the animal and maintaining the hind quarters in high position. Pathological rigidity of the cervix through ci¢ca- tricial contraction, or fibrous, scirrhous, scarcomatous, carcinomatous changes, or by the formation of cartilaginous or calcareous deposits, - is very rare in the cow. Aside from the usual Cesaerian section, favorable results can be obtained in pathological rigidity of the cervix only through vaginal hysterotomy, i.e., cutting into the ‘cervix. Although numerous workers have performed this operation successfully, Paimans considers it very dangerous. BERG. ‘a ——-—Q--—— : a Intoxication witH Liguip Tar. Mr. Nieder. Rec. de Med. Veter.—A four year old mare had eaten tar used for mending roads. __ She refused all food, her nasal and buccal mucosa were covered with numerous superficial erosions. The urine was bloody. She exhib- ited all the symptoms of acute gastro-enteritis, complicated with ne- __ phritis and hemoglobinuria. Her conjunctival membranes were of a dirty yellowish color. The heart was weak, pulse hard and thready. There was great prostration. The urine was very dark, thick, without blood corpuscles, it contained 0.90% of albumin. Treatment—caffeine, camphor, sulfate of soda; gave no result and death took place after 48 hours of illness. Post-mortem revealed _ the classical lesions of hemorrhagic gastro-enteritis and acute hem- orrhagic nephritis. ¥ According to the writer, death was due to the oil of anthracite ‘‘carbol’”’? compound of the liquid tar which has a characteristic odor readily detected in the mare during her life. A, LIAUTARD. -~—-0—— 8 INTOXICATION BY CALOMEL. Mr, Nieder. Rec. de Med. Veter, Ten year old draught horse was subject to intermittent, dull colies. a He had received in three days 16 grams of calomel. Half of it one day, the balance three days after. On the 5th day he passed bloody urine, and was considered as suffering with acute hemor- rhagie nephritis. Three days after, the general condition improved and to the hematuria succeeded a severe polyuria due to the diu- — retie action of the calomel. After fifteen days all the bad symptoms passed away and recovery was complete. a According to the writer, this case showed that 8 grams is the. only dose of calomel that can be given as a maximum, and which ought not to be renewed without running a risk of an intoxication that might prove fatal. A. Liaurarp, — ~ r es ie: a = 4, ee eS eee ins eh lig inte hee Se a aD ata a adi Ree tee ae oT ee ee I Ee ot : ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 413 Horses INJurED By Bee Stings. A. Mayer. Miinchener Tierirztliche Wochenschrift; Vol. 66, p. 856, 1915.—Two horses ' in harness were passing a bee hive when one of the horses fell. Both were soon covered with bees which had been rendered irritable by a long period of bad weather. The bees were especially numerous on the head and ears. The horses were soon in need of veterinary aid. ; They were rubbed with dilute ammonia water, then washed with 2% lead acetate solution, and given morphine injection. Great difficulty in breathing during the next few days on account of the swollen wings of the nostrils. For several days they could not pick up feed on account of the inflamed swollen lips. The resulting weakness and threatened collapse were treated with alcohol while _ the external treatment with lead acetate washing was continued. After a week the horses showed the following interesting pic- ture: At numerous places on the body, there were nodules as large as beans or almonds. On pressure, a thick yellowish pus came out. © _ These abscesses became confluent, and threatened an extensive ne- crosis of the skin; that of the ears seemed unavoidable. However, after a careful and persistent expression of the pus, treatment of the wounds with Burow’s solution (aluminum acetate) and dusting - the wounded surfaces with iodoformtannin, the horses were out of danger in three weeks. BERG. : sae SULPHURET OF CARBON AGaINst GasTROPHILUS Egur, Mr. Nieder. Rec. de Med. Vet.—Three horses were brought for consul- tation because of dullness and unwillingness to work. They were in a satisfactory general condition and all had around the edge of the anus, larvae of oestri. On one only, the examination of the blood showed a well marked characteristic eosinophily, which was con- sidered as due to the presence of animal parasites. The three horses received, first a purgation with a bolus of 20 grams of extract of aloes. The next day, on an empty stomach they - received successively four capsules of 10 grams of sulfuret of car- bon, given at one hour intervals. The success was complete. The following day, numerous dead larvae were thrown out and none of the horses manifested any of the symptoms of intoxication as men- _ tioned by some as accompanying the administration of sulphuret of carbon. : A. Liaurarp, ~ 414 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE EVERSION OF THE RectuM—Excision. R. Hudson, F.R.C.V.S. Veter. Record—A yearling Shire colt was found in the field with bowel protruding. The condition existed for some days, as the or- gan was tumefied and lacerated. The prolapsus measured eight inches. After antiseptic Gare, it was smeared with lard and with little difficulty returned in place. Although the anus was packed with cloths, and the tail tied tightly, the trouble returned and the next day an operation was decided upon and performed. ‘‘ After casting, anesthetizing, emptying rectum, washing with carbolic so- lution, a tape suture was passed through the skin and bowel in the. upward direction, then out from side to side to hold the bowel from slipping into the rectum after removal of the protruding portion. An incision was carried around, and as it came to the tape sutures, they were tied and the ends left on to pull at, while numerous inter- rupted sutures of strong silk were inserted through the mucous membrane, subcutaneous tissue and the skin of the anus.’’ Soft bran mashes and gruel to drink was the diet prescribed. Atten- tion to the rectum was necessary until the animal passed his feces by himself and without straining. It took several weeks before a normal condition existed. A. LIAUTARD. sia ear as THREE YEAR Oxup Cour Hap Navicunar Disease... Henry Taylor, F.R.C.V.S. Veter. Record.—The colt was the issue of a sound sire and dam. While being broken to harness, he became sud- denly lame. The seat of lameness was located in the region of the coronet. He was blistered and became almost sound in about two months. After a while the lameness returned and the colt began to point. He was unnerved. Was able to work for one year until he became lame again. The ends of the divided nerve in growing together again were sensitive to the prick of a pin. A small neuroma had appeared, the feet became smaller and contracted, the colt was unnerved again and after some time became practically sound and useful. A. Liaurarp. The next meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Associa- tion will be held at Omaha, Neb., July 10, 11 and 12. Dr. F. C. Hershberger, who has been at Blagovestscheusk-on- %3 A Amur in Siberia, has left for Pa-hei-ho, North Manchuria, China, to be stationed at the government hospital. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (Continued from page 292) PRESIDENT MARSHALL: If that is the understanding of the association I think you are prepared to vote. It is an amendment. All those in favor of accepting the report of the executive committee to amend the by-laws so as to conform with the requirements of the civil service examination, make it mani- fest by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’, The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered. Dr. Mayo: Also at the meeting this morning (the notes have not been written up) the executive committee recommends that the history and civil government of Canada and Great Britain be substituted in this amendment for all colleges in Canada, in the place of United States history and civil govern- ment, for all graduates of Canadian schools. Dr, Kinstey: I move that the recommendation be accepted. Dr. Hoskins: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that Canadian and English civil government and history be substituted for the graduates of Canadian colleges, in place of the requirements of United States History for our own colleges. All those in favor of the motion Dr. Mayo: This an amendment to the constitution. Dr. Stance: Mr. President, I rise to a point of order. Is it necessary to vote on it at this time? My understanding is that the association does not ~ yote on it until a year from now. Dr. Mayo: The Doctor is wrong. This is a report of the exeeutive com- mittee. These are amendments proposed by the executive committee and we accept the recommendation and the matter will be laid over until next year, when they will be voted upon as amendments to the constitution. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The question is called for. Those in favor of the question make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’. Opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered, If there is no objection we will give the secretary a little more time to get his further report in shape, and during that time, we can hear Dr. Campbell, if he is prepared to report, as chairman of the Committee on Necrology. If ___ there are no objections Dr. Campbell will give his report. Dr. CAMPBELL: There has not been an opportunity to consult with the other members of the committee on necrology since I got here this morning, so that if they have additional material to add it will be, as has been the cus- tom, furnished later for the information of the publication committee. The report of the committee on necrology is as follows: REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY D. M. Campspetn, Chairman. . It is the painful duty of your committee on necrology to report the loss, by death, of a greater number of members during the 416 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. period intervening since our last meeting than the association has — ever before suffered in a like period of time. The Grim Reaper has garnered his victims from every line of veterinary endeavor, spar- ing not because of present usefulness, past accomplishment, or future promise, but has called to the Great Beyond those whose ‘record of service to this association, to their immediate localities ‘and to humanity in general, we shall ever cherish as a cheering mem- ory and pass on as a heritage to those who follow us and to the whole profession of veterinary medicine; He has likewise with im- partiality compelled us to mourn members taken from our midst at the very threshold of their greatest usefulness, leaving us to con- template with bitterness the bright hopes and great abc blasted by their untimely deaths. To the bereaved families and near friends of these sensed and to their larger communities, this association extends its sincere sympathy in their loss, which is its own as well. John Buford Archer, D.V.M. Residence, Spencer, tad. Graduated from the Indiana Veterinary College 1901. Died June 12, 1914. = Francis Bridge. Residence, Philadelphia, Pa. Born in 1835. Died at his home March 26, 1914 of a complication of diseases. a H. T. Doak, D.V.S. Residence, Bisbee, Arizona. Graduated _ from the Kansas City Veterinary College 1905. Wm. A. Dryden, V.S. Residence, Columbus, Indiana.~ Grad- uate of the Ontario Veterinary College 1892. Died at Oxbridge, Ontario, 1911. +. T. B. Hillock, V.S. Residence, Columbus, Ohio. Graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College 1872. Died March 4, 1914. Edward L. Kalb, V.S. Residence, Rochester, Minnesota. Grad- uate of the Ontario Veterinary College 1893. Died at his home ; q August 2, 1914. formation as is obtainable has been taken into account. Many vet- erinarians who have had much to do with veterinary progress have .been great letter writers. In-some instances men with epistolary gifts have done some of their most effective work through their letters. Collections of letters are often very valuable sources of information and they will prove so to the man who writes veteri- nary progress. Private journals and scrap books frequently shed light for the historian and we doubt not there are in existence such mines of information which belonged to veterinarians who helped in the making of veterinary progress. If so, these sources of information should be consulted. It is within the family cir- cle that a man is best known. Some men are inveterate collectors. _ The family treasures of celebrated veterinarians will often con- tain notes and other manuscripts or collections of private papers of value as veterinary historical material. Families of veteri- narians should not consign them to junk dealers or permit them to become mouse-eaten in garrets; but should turn them over to 426 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. 4 veterinary libraries for preservation and use by the historian of veterinary progress. Published or unpublished speeches of veteri- narians, with notes on the occasion of them and their effect, are of use historically, as are press notices, pictures and necrological notes and privately printed papers. These—national, state and individualistic materials—are the sources of information for the writer: on a half century of veteri- nary progress. The materials are vast in amount and not always easily accessible. Yet there would hardly be those who would have the temerity to deny that the many chapters of veterinary progress cannot be adequately written until such sources of information are drawn upon, and until each has rendered its quota of information on veterinary progress during the period to be studied. Investiga- tion of them is the business of the historian: for historical research requires even more patience than scientific research. . Difficulties of the Committee Preparatory to Meeting Its Obli- gations under the Terms of Its Appointment and Suggestions for Improvements. The fact must be patent to everyone that the com- mittee on veterinary history, asked, as it was, to write an account of veterinary progress during the first half century of professional life on this continent, would have difficulties. At present the neces- sary historical materials are incomplete, scattered; inaccessible to the historical worker. The sense of the importance of its histori- cal materials has not been aroused in the profession. The profes- sion knows that it is making progress; but very few persons know how great the progress is. The reason for this is that no short history of veterinary progress has ever been written. Nor can it be until the sources of information can be reached. The inaccessi- bility of data is due to the fact that no provision has been made for assembling it in accredited archives. We have had, up to this hour, no official depositories for national veterinary archives designated by us officially. What is needed is that we should decide upon a place for deposit of national veterinary archives and secure a place for their safe keeping and orderly arrangement. When such a place is decided upon, and officially sanctioned, those in office should be held responsible for the forwarding of documents and other ma- terials of historical value to the official depository. In time, when it becomes known that we have a place for veterinary archives of national significance to us professionally, members of the profession will get the habit of sending books, pamphlets, manuscripts and sub- stances to the officially designated depository. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. 427 It is of the highest importance that our national veterinary de- pository should be in Washington in a department of the Govern- | ment in which the profession does much work. The library of the Surgeon-General of the Army at Washington is the greatest medi- eal depository on the continent. If we are not mistaken its collec- - tions are in the Smithsonian Institution. The veterinary profession might find a similar depository ; but it would be preferable to desig- - nate the library of the Bureau of Animal Industry as our official depository. An arrangement should be made with either the Smith- sonian Institution or the Bureau of Animal Industry to take care of our archives. However fast they might accumulate they would in either place be well taken care of. When this was done coopera- tion could be brought about between the persons in charge of the veterinary depository, and the numerous producers of veterinary literature and substances, to enrich the archival deposit and make it useful to the veterinary profession. In the same manner the profession should have an official de- pository in each state to which copies of veterinary publications of all sorts and manuscripts could be sent, arranged, systematized, and made accessible for the use of the profession. It is difficult to keep such records as things are now. Valuable records are easily lost, go out of print and may become unobtainable. The state asso- ciation proceedings are apt not to be published and the records are therefore lost. State historical association papers and state his- torical documents of all kinds are usually published by the common- wealths at the state printer’s office. Many veterinary publications in the states are state official documents and to ensure the keeping of a complete file of state veterinary documents it would be a short step to officially designate some state veterinary official as state veterinary archivist: The work of receiving, arranging and classi- fying could be done through either the state veterinarian’s office or the office of the veterinarian of the state experiment station. ~The state veterinarian’s office is usually in the capitol and the state librarian is near at hand. The state veterinary organization should be able to make this the agency for preservation of state veterinary archives, both those which are official state documents as well as those produced by its own organization and by veterinary schools or other sources of veterinary information. Historical Museum of Veterinary Medicines and Surgical In- struments. While the chairman of the committee on veterinary 428 3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. a history was visiting the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., which is the national museum of the United States, and was seeing the magnificent scientific collections some time ago, he spent half _ a day examining the cases containing specimens of medicines, surgi- cal instruments and appliances which have been used in the prac- tice of human medicine in various epochs of this country’s medical history. They are arranged for historic.purposes, showing the de- velopment from barbaric methods and fake methods to modern medicine and surgery. They display the stupidity of quackery ; the resorts to charms and myths of medicine at times for restora- tive purposes instead of. Scientific knowledge; the ignorance of medical practice when anatomy was not studied and no man dared to open a cadaver. The collection is still. to be seen in the Smith- sonian Institution, and it suggests the thought that the veterinary ~ profession in America could hardly do better than to furnish such a collection to the Smithsonian museum to prove to the public visu- ally the developments in veterinary medical and surgical practice. The public would learn much and the historian of veterinary. pro- a gress would learn more. If these specimens are pictured, with annotations, in the history of the last fifty years, how illuminating the chapter would be. The Feasibility of Writing a Short History of Veterinary De- — a velopments During the Last Fifty Years. An outline of veteri- nary developments for the period mentioned can be written and will be written when preparations are completed for accurate work. Slapdash work on such a subject won’t do at all. Here fiction, legends and inaccuracies are unpardonable sins. The outline should cover the period suggested already in the report; but fully enough so as to do justice to the many forms of veterinary development; slighting none and overdoing none. The outline should be partly chronological and partly not. A great deal of the development has taken place during the last fifteen years,and much of this does not call for chronological arrangement except to give dates when de- velopments occurred. The sections may be made larger or smaller according to the weightiness of the data. It would be possible within the space of one hundred pages octavo to write in book form —chaptered and indexed—an-acceptable short history of veterinary development. Such a work, it seems to us, should appear separately as a supplement to the annual report of the association of the year, a copy being furnished to each member when it is ready. This is BRIE Ls Sy 1 FN se Shek” : = LEP RRaee As ete ’ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. 429 — something that is not uncommonly done by learned bodies. It might be possible to get the Carnegie Foundation for the Advance- ment and Endowment of Education to print it or the Smithsonian Institution. The latter, for years, published free of cost the annual reports of the American Historical Association. We cannot tell the length of time it would take to prepare the book: for that de- pends upon ability to gather data and to write accurately. Profit of the Writing of a Narrative of American Veterinary Development to the Profession. All the arguments which apply to the teaching of the history of the United States in our schools and colleges apply to the reading of American veterinary history by American veterinarians. It is good to teach American history in the schools because young Americans learn the grand accomplish- ments of the American people in the past and emulate those who have gone before them. The reading of American veterinary his- tory by the student or those in practical professional life will raise their spirits through the power of noble example. The profession of the present and the profession of the future would profit by reading such a narration. Men who do not read history know nothing of their progenitors. Men who, veterinarians though they may be, know nothing of veterinary history have not that constant manly pride in their profession begotten of an ever-present know- ledge of its past accomplishments. Recommendations of the Chairman of the Committee on Veteri- nary History. In view of all that has been said the chairman of your committee recommends : 1. That the committee be continued for further study of the history of veterinary advancement, to report its progress as the work proceeds and at length when it is completed. 2. That steps be taken to turn to practical account the sug- gestions made in the report regarding a national depository for vet- erinary archives and the formation of a veterinary section in the medical museum in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. 3. That the office of historiographer and veterinary archivist _ be established by the association, whose duties shall be: to take care of the association’s archives and see that the national veteri- nary depository, previously mentioned, is furnished from year to year with documents or manuscripts valuable as material for the study of national veterinary progress; to write reports of national veterinary progress; and for other purposes of a similar nature. 430 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 4. That Dr. H. S. Murphey’s report be accepted and turned over to the officer in charge of publications, with the recommenda- tion that the type-written matter therein be printed with the cus- tomary lists of authorities from which the knowledge was drawn; : that the documents attached to his report be kept in the archives of the association; but that Dr. Murphey be given permission to re- publish his report locally in Ohio and Iowa. All of which is respectfully submitted. D. ArrHur Hucugs, Chava: Dr. MurPHEY: I wish to say, that we went to no little trouble to collect the local data and this material, and so far as the usefulness of the committee is concerned, we feel that it is at an end, but on account of the recommenda- tions made by the chairman of the committee, it seems to me there was some _ question as to whether we should confine the work of the committee to the chronicle of our history, or proceed with the establishment of a museum, which seems to be the chairman’s idea. I move that the report be submitted to the executive committee to make what disposition of it as shall seem best. Seconded by Dr, Kinsley. i PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that the report just made by Dr. Murphey be referred to the executive committee for such action as to them may seem fit. Any remarks? All those in favor of the motion make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye.’’ Opposed ‘‘no.’’ The ayes have it. It is so ordered. : At the last session you instructed the president to appoint a committee of three to select a committee of five to act as the Salmon Memorial Committee. - I appointed on that committee Drs. Hughes, Moore and Dunphy. If they are | ready to report, I will call for that report at this time. De. Hucues: I would state that we found it impracticable to limit this committee to five. Your committee appointedto select from the membership of the A. V. M.A. a number of names of members who might act as a stand- ing or permanent committee for the purpose of arranging for the collection and administration of a fund to be known as the ‘‘Salmon Memorial Fund,’’ beg to report that in their opinion this committee should comprise at least seven members which should be selected from diverse geographical locations, all of whom intimately knew and had high regard for the late and much lamented Dr, Salmon. The names of the following seven gentlemen are herewith re- spectfully presented by your temporary committee for your consideration: Dr. A. D. Melvin, Washington; Dr. J. A. Rutherford, Canada; Dr. J. F. Win- chester, Massachusetts; Dr. W. H. Hoskins, Pennsylvania; Dr, 8. Brenton, Michigan; Dr. J. A, Anderson, Nebraska; and Dr, D, F. Fox, California, I might mention that we found it utterly impractical to cover the ground with a smaller number than seven and we think it will redound to the value of the committee if the number is kept at seven, We did not make any attempt at all to indicate what should be expected from this committee, preferring to let the association work that out. Dr, Moore, I believe*has some remarks to make with regard to what New York has already done in this respect, . 4 ; ; Y- avo - Oe et ge mee & ale | PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. 431 PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, you have heard the report of the com- mittee appointed to make suggestions as to the personnel of the committee. They have selected seven instead of five as ordered by you this morning. What do you wish to do with the report of the committee? Dr. Murrey: I move that the report of the committee be accepted. Dr. Kinstey: I believe I made the motion that five should be appointed. Can I spread that to cover seven? PRESIDENT MaRSHALL: If the seconder of that motion will agree. Dr. Kinsuey: Is it understood one of those men will be appointed anew each year, or is the entire committee to be elected for seven years? Dr. HuGHes: We have made no suggestions in that respect. We would prefer to have the association decide. Dr, Faust: I am willing to accept that change on the seven-year basis. T seconded Dr, Kinsley’s motion this morning. Dr. DunPpHY: I was not in the room at the time I was named on this committee and I believe that all members of the committee were not certain that the motion confined us to five. We were not quite clear whether the com- mittee was to select a committee or to select a definite number. We believed the territory would be covered in a better manner by seven than by five. The fact that the association has meetings on both sides of the continent, led us to think we would be more apt to have one or more representatives of that committee at each meeting by having a little larger committee and that it would cover the ground much better. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Any remarks? ~ Dr. Scunewer: I will suggest, if it is in order to make a motion to that effect, that the number be retained at seven and that two shall be re-elected every year, making an alternation of four years; two for the first year, two the second and two the third, and one the fourth year in rotation, when every member retires from the committee. Dr, Mayo: As I recall-the motion this morning, it provided that the committee should consist of five; one to retire and one to be elected each year. If we have a committee of seven and one retire each year, it will not be neces- sary to mention the number of years, because it would take seven years instead of five. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Did the committee state whether the president was to appoint this number or were they to be elected by the association? Dr, HugHEs: I would state that we made some inquiries, at least I did, and got information which led me to believe that it would be better to merely select the names, and submit them, and let the association take subsequent action. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Then I think I understand the question this way: The committee has recommended seven men for the Salmon Memorial Committee, ~ and we can select or reject those as we please, and if they are selected, then we can state later how they shall be appointed hereafter and the length of time each shall serve. Is that the way it is understood? (To be continued) SOCIETY MEETINGS THe MASSACHUSETTS VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The regular monthly meeting of the Massachusetts Veterinary Association was held at the Quincy House, Boston, on March 22. In the absence of President Plaskett, Vice-President Peirce pre- sided. The records of the January and February meetings were read by the secretary, and ‘approved as read. The secretary noti- fied the association that the motion passed at the previous meeting contributing $75. for the Salmon Memorial Fund, which was in addition to the $25. previously voted, was not effective, inasmuch as the records showed that $25. had not been previously voted. It was then moved and earried that the association eee the sum of $100. to the Salmon Memorial Fund. Dr. Brownell reported that he had attended the hearing of the Good Road Bill before the Legislature to represent the interests of this association. He reported considerable enthusiasm, and afavor- able report from the committee. This bill is to compel the build- ing of roads which are safe for horses to travel instead of the hard, slippery, asphalt roads which are now being built. Dr. Cahill reported for the Directory Committee, ‘id gave estimates from printing companies. The association then voted the sum of $50. for the use of the Directory Committee in publish- ing a directory to include all registered veterinarians in Massa- chusetts. The illness of Dr. Abele was reported to the association, and the secretary was instructed to send a letter and flowers, expressing the sympathy of the association. The application of Dr. Samuel T. Howland was presented for _ a membership. On motion, the secretary cast one ballot, electing Dr. Howland to membership. Dr. L. L. Peirce spoke on the Milk Bill which is before the Leg- islature, which was followed by a spirited general discussion, Dr. Cahill, for the. Salmon Memorial Fund, suggested that the association finance an appeal to be sent to all registered veterinar- ians in the state toward procuring subscriptions for the Salmon pee morial Fund. The association voted to do so. Dr. Hugh Dailey of the Angell Memorial Hospital then talked on Canine Distemper. Dr. Dailey spoke of his extensive experi- ments with this disease, and mentioned the fact that authorities SOCIETY MEETINGS 433 agree only on the post-mortem lesions. His personal opinion is that this is a protozoan disease, and that the flea is largely respon- sible for the transmission of the disease. He firmly opposed the promiscuous use of serum, either as a preventive or as a cure, and recommended most highly the use of quinine and calomel in large doses. He stated that in his opinion the only value in the use of serum. was in promoting phagocytosis, but said that oil injected sub- cutaneously would do this just as effectively or even more so, and that it would not cause paralysis, which sometimes follows the use of serum. Dr. Dailey said that his best results were derived from 1/10 grain of calomel and from 2 to 15 grains of quinine in cap- sule four times daily from four to five days. If carried on longer than this, it may cause severe meningitis. He also urged the use of normal saline solution combined with olive oil, when extreme ex- - haustion is present, and discouraged the use of strychnine. In place of strychnine, he advocated the use of caffein, camphorated oil, or ether. He did not favor forced feeding, and stated that the most favorable cases to treat are the ones which have a bad dis- charge from the eyes and nose. Considerable discussion followed Dr: Dailey’s paper, after which he was given a rising vote of thanks. The secretary read a letter from the A. V.M.A., regarding the Longley Committee for the selection of an emblem. This matter was laid on the table until the next meeting. Epwarp A. Caniuu, Secretary. —?o——— THe MAssacHuUSETTs VETERINARY ASSOCIATION The annual meeting and banquet of the Massachusetts Veteri- nary Association was held at the Quincey House, Boston, on April 26. The meeting was called to order by President Plaskett. Re- cords of the previous meeting were read and approved. The presi- dent appointed a nominating committee, composed of Drs. Frank Sturges, Elmer Babson, and Benjamin Pierce. The secretary-treasurer read his annual report which summar- ized is as follows: . New members for the year....... 13 8 RL Se py Me eee aay Sere 3 - Exempt from further payment of dues because of 25 years in good ET a a a ae on ae 11 Expelled from membership...... 11 ~ 434 SOCIETY MEETINGS Money in the treasury April, 1915.... $290.02 Monies received for dues............ 213.00 See i ie + $508.02 Expenditures: . és 330 va Pee ag ee 301.65 Balanee 36.4%. és poo DO we wea ee - $201.37 The report was accepted as read. The secretary then read the Longley letter, regardne the em- blem for the A. V.M.A. After considerable discussion, it was moved that the secretary be instructed to notify the committee that the association recommends the blue cross with white background for first choice, and a blue star with white backs roand for second choice. Dr. Cahill, for the Salmon Memorial Committee, reported that he had sent out notices to every member of the association with the current notice, and asked the association to finance sending the ap- peal to all registered veterinarians in the state who are not mem- bers of the association. Moved and carried that the association finance this appeal. Dr. Winchester spoke regarding the Salmon Memorial Fund, and his remarks were followed by a motion by Dr. Cahill that the chair appoint Dr. Winchester a committee of one to appeal to all present for a contribution. The motion was earried. Several contributions were received during the evening by Dr. Winchester. Dr. Winchester spoke on the Army Veterinary Bill, which had passed the House and Senate. The secretary read Senator Lodge’s a speech in Congress. Moved by Dr. Harry Peirce, that a committee of three be appointed to draw up a suitable letter expressing the gratitude of this association to Senator Lodge for his efforts. Dr. Cahill remarked that while we owed considerable to Senator Lodge, it should not be forgotten that the moving spirit and the hard worker | of the entire affair was Dr. Hoskins, and that the greater credit should be given him. He moved that the same committee frame a_ suitable letter to be sent to Dr, Hoskins. Unanimously carried. For the Directory Committee, each member of the committee presented a report, which included both the majority and the minor- ity report. After considerable discussion, the majority report was accepted, and the committee instructed to proceed with the directory. SOCIETY MEETINGS 435 The secretary reported that he had sent flowers to Dr. Abele, while sick, as directed, and that he had also sent flowers after Dr. Abele’s death, and also a floral offering at the request of the treas- urer of the A. V. M. A. for that association. He then read a letter of thanks from Mrs. Abele. The association voted, to reimburse the secretary for these flowers. Moved and carried that a committee of three be appointed to ~ draw up resolutions on Dr. Abele’s death. Drs. John Robinson, Harrie Pierce, and H. D. Clark, appointed. The chair appointed the following committee to write Senator Lodge and Dr. Hoskins :— Drs. Lester Howard, Samuel Emerson, and John Winchester. Dr. Winchester read resolutions presented to Congress calling for investigation of dairies, and creating dairy inspection and super- vision of milk and dairies to be nation wide in character. The applications of Dr. Thomas Doyle of Natick, and Dr. Pell Wallingford of Waltham, were read and laid on the table for one month. y The nominating committee reported the following nominations: For president, Dr. Harrie Peirce; ‘first vice-president, Dr. W. H. Dodge; second vice-president, Dr. W. M. Simpson; secretary treas- _ urer, Dr. Edward A, Cahill. The nominees were then unanimously elected. Following the meeting, about seventy members and friends par- took of an exceptionally good seven course banquet. This was fol- lowed by the chief speaker of the evening, Dr. Adolph Eichhorn of Washington, D. C., who spoke on ‘‘ Biological Therapeuties.’’ His paper was one of the best ever presented to this association, and was most closely followed by all present, causing considerable dis- cussion. Dr. Milton Perry of Framingham gave a most interesting de- scription of his experiences in conveying horses to the allied armies. Short talks were also enjoyed by the members from Senator John B. Hull of Gt. Barrington, Representatives Dr. J. H: McAllister of Lee, George D. Chamberlain, and Arthur E. Marsh of Springfield. - Before adjourning a silent toast was drunk to Drs. Francis euete, Jr., aud Madison Bunker, who departed during the year. Epwarp A. Cantu, Secretary. ' COMMUNICATIONS © Editor of the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-— tion, Ithaca, N. Y. Dear Sir: In the May issue of the A. V. M.A. Journal, is an article by F. M. Perry, Framingham, Mass., concerning the official authority of veterinarians on board steamships transporting horses and mules *‘to Europe,’’ for war purposes. I feel duty bound to advise that all ships and transportation companies are nothing like Mr. Perry’s description of the one he was on. I have sailed out of New Orleans with something like a hundred men under me, and what I said concerning mules “‘and their care,’’ went. The head foreman under me, ‘‘did not have any authority over me,’’ or the assistant foreman and muleteers, other than to carry out my orders. I had entire control over water, ‘‘feeding,’’ treatment, éte., ete. I did not have any trouble whatever in get- ting all of my money The officials on land and. sea were all that one could wish for. They were mighty obliging to me in London, and in fact, wherever I found officers. Concerning medicines, I was sent aboard the ship ‘‘before loading,’’ where I took an in- ventory of the drugs and supplies on board; then I filled out my want list of everything I wished, namely, fluid extracts, H. P. tab- lets, tinctures, antitoxins, ete., ete., and I had medicine to ‘‘burn.”’ Of course I had a fine ship, and new, owned by a good company, but I felt that it was my duty to inform the profession that every veterinarian’s experience is not disappointing. I consider the work very pleasant, and the pay is ample in my judgment. Trusting this may scatter some of the clouds, I beg to remain, Very Respectfully, F. L. Parse, V.M.D., Columbia, Miss. ae | See TO ORGANIZATIONS INTERESTED IN OUR FOOD SUPPLY: In a brief but serious preliminary hearing on my resolution (House Res. 137) before the Committees on Rules, calling for an investigation of conditions in the collection, manufacture and dis- tribution of dairy products in interstate commerce, some of the testimony showing the absolute necessity of this investigation was as follows: Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agric sulture: In answer to the question, ‘‘Is a large percentage of the dairy products that are consumed by the American people unfit for food, or not?’’ Answered: ‘‘We think so.”’ Dr. Melvin also said when asked if the proposed investigation is necessary, ‘‘ Yes, I think an investigation would be very helpful.’’ Dr. E. ©. Schroeder, Scientist of the Bureau of Animal Indus- + gn a Ee ee a! - COMMUNICATIONS 437 | try, said, one dairy cow in ten has tuberculosis and is capable of transmitting that diseasé to children. That thousands of children under sixteen years contract bovine tuberculosis through eating butter and milk, contaminated with bovine tubercular bacilli. That his and many other investigations show that in every year 6,000 children under five years die of bovine tuberculosis. Dr. John R. Mohler, Scientist of the Bureau of Animal Indus- try, said he had personally examined the bodies of nine children who died of tuberculosis and found that two of them died from the bovine form of the disease. That a very large per cent of bone . diseases in young children is bovine tuberculosis. Dr. Mohler also said that bovine tubercular bacilli remain alive and virulent in butter for at least six months, while in cheese the bacilli were alive at the end of 281 days. Mr. William T. Creasy, Secretary of the National Dairy Union, says the Union favors the proposed investigation, but the organiza- tion he represents and other similar organizations are fighting my resolution at every step. I feel we should know whether or not the terrible charges made by the government’s scientists are true. ;: Shall we stand idly by while every year 6,000 babies die from a preventable cause and many more thousands suffer untold torture? If you agree with me on this proposition will you please write at once to your Congressman, in care of the House of Representa- tives, Washington, D. C., expressing your views and asking him to favor this resolution which means so much to every man, woman and child in the United States? J. Cuas, LINTHICUM 4 At a meeting of the National Records Society held in Washing- - ton, D. C. in May, a resolution was passed urging the Secretary of Agriculture to partition the present work of the Bureau of Animal Industry among three separate bureaus or offices; one concerned specifically and exclusively with animal diseases to be called the Bureau of Animal Health; one concerned with the encouragement of breeds of live stock and the improvement of the utility stock on the farm other than dairy cattle, and one concerned specifically with the dairy cattle and dairy industry. It is recommended that the heads of these bureaus form a Federal Live Stock Board to administer all live stock regulations under the direction of the Secretary of Agriculture. It is also urged that another assistant re secretary of agriculture be appointed to whom the heads of these - three bureaus shall be ed paces —From The Breeder’s Gazette. REVIEWS VETERINARY HANDBOOK AND VISITING LIST _. THomas B. RoGers, D.V.S. 12 mo.—$1.50 net, J. B. Lippincott Company, Publishers, Philadelphia, Pa, ~ As the title indicates, the book is intended for constant use, and is therefore of convenient size for the outside coat pocket. Ref- erence is made in the 119 pages of text to bacterial therapy; classi- — fication of the bacteriological products used in veterinary medicine ; the approximate incubative period of the more common infec- tious animal diseases; prescription writing; Latin phrases; strength of U. S. P. tinctures; poisons and their antidotes; dura- tion of pregnancy in domesticated animals; apothecaries and metric _ systems of weights and measures; Centigrade and Fahrenheit seales and the Harrison anti-narcotic law. Ss The major portion of the book is devoted to prescription writ- ing and dose tables for the different classes of animals treated by the veterinarian. Sheep, calves and foals are classed under the same system of doses as to amount. The pigs, classed separately, re- ceives the same doses in the great majority of instances, but with some drugs receives smaller amounts. For the cat the minimum doses for the dog are recommended, as the rule. The dosage is given in both the apothecary and the metric systems. At the end of the book are a number of annotated pages for the records of visits or charges to clients. The author claims no originality for the subject ‘anttion His work as a practitioner, teacher and member of a state board of vet- erinary medical examiners, has emphasized in his mind the desira- bility of such a book. With this there will be many to agree. The mind cannot retain indefinitely the many details of dosage and therapeutic facts. As a book of ready reference the work fills this need and should be of much benefit to the practitioner. PPA: a. aa : et. Fk er os uy: ern mr Me tes Soe bw! , , > oa api, tie Meter wk ty 2 ROTATE NECROLOGY Dr. W. C. HoitpEn Dr. W. GC. Holden of Delphos, Ohio, a member of the American Veterinary Medical Association, died at his home, April 16, 1916. Dr. Holden had been a patient sufferer for many months with liver __ trouble and diabetes, ——9-——— E. 8. Rice Dr. E. 8. Rice, the oldest practicing veterinarian in Arkansas, died April 24th at Little Rock, at the age of 77 years. During the past 47 years he was an active practicing veterinarian in the vicin- ity of Little Rock. Dr. Rice was born in Watton, England. He received his veterinary training at the Royal Veterinary College, London. He was always active in the upbuilding of veterinary practice in the state and for the past ten years has worked hard in trying to procure the passage of the veterinary practice act. In 1915 he was the father of the Arkansas Veterinary Practice Act ~— which passed during the 1915 session of the legislature. He was also a charter member of the Arkansas Humane Society. ———0———- Harry W. RIike Dr. Harry W. Rike of 735 Linden Ave., Burlingame, California, died April 6, 1916. He was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary College in the class of 1889, and joined the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1909. MISCELLANEOUS — VETERINARY CONDITIONS IN THE War Zone. Dr. C.J. Marshall, who was sent abroad by the University of Pennsylvania, left Amer- ica March 11, 1916 on the Rotterdam for England and France to make observations on the care and treatment of horses in war. He obtained permission from the War Department of each country to inspect the veterinary hospitals and remount stations in the two armies. The veterinary service is remarkably well organized. Many of the best veterinarians in both countries are engaged in this work. The army veterinarians are all highly educated. They have at least a high school preliminary education with a four years’ _ course in a veterinary college. After this preparation they are - given a cavalry training. They are given rank as high as Major General. The veterinary hospitals are equipped with an abundance of help, forage, medicine, instruments and everything required to give _ horses the best care and treatment. At the beginning of hostilities conditions were not favorable. Many difficulties’ and discouraging — features have been overcome. There have never before been such facilities and organizatian available or so much consideration and recognition given the army veterinary service as in the present war, The results are among the highest accomplishments of the veteri- nary profession. The horrible suffering reported among army horses is entirely. unfounded. There is nothing pleasant about war but horses as a rule are as considerately and kindly treated as the men are. The average life of an army horse has been reported as five days. In the two armies visited many horses were seen that had been in ser- . vice since hostilities began and the horses as a rule looked as well as the average contractor’s horses in America. | Returning, he sailed from Bordeaux on the 8. 8. Touraine for New York and arrived on May 9th with the highest praise for the good work that is being done in caring for disabled horses by the English Army Veterinary Corps, the Royal Society for the Preven- tion of Cruelty to Animals and the Blue Cross. Dr. W. P. Hill from the Sixth Cavalry, who is representing the U.S. War Department, isin Paris. He left America early in Janu- ary and is planning to remain in France till the end of the war. He should obtain valuable information in reference to the organization MISCELLANEOUS 441 of the veterinary service which will be of special interest in reor- - ganizing this service in our army. The organization of the work is of much importance at present from the fact that rank and recog- nition is about to be given our army veterinary service. Civil service examinations will be held in California the third ‘week in June to provide an eligible list from which to appoint as- sistants to the state veterinarian. Several appointments at $1500 a year are to be made on October 1, 1916. The examination is open to residents of California who are graduates of recognized vet- erinary colleges. Further particulars concerning the examination may be obtained from the State Civil Service Commission, Sacra- mento, Calif. _ Computsory TUBERCULIN TESTING AND PASTEURIZATION IN_ CALIFORNIA, On October Ist, an act of the California legisla- ture became effective, the enforcement of which is of particular in- terest to the veterinary profession. _ This law provides for the compulsory testing of all cows in this state from which milk or cream is sold at retail in a raw or un- pasteurized condition. All milk or cream which is the product of cows which have not passed the tuberculin test must be pasteur- ized by the holding process before it is sold or made into butter. In addition, all milk sold under the jurisdiction of a city or county milk inspection service must be graded into five classes. Dairymen who sell in bulk to the wholesale trade need not have their cows tested. This includes all who sell exclusively to cream- _eries. In this case, the responsibility for pasteurization rests with the creamery or the retailer. _ The fifteenth annual meeting of the North Dakota Veterinary Association will be held at the Veterinary Building, Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D., three days, during the State Fair, July 18, > 19, 20. The U. S. Department of Agriculture publishes a booklet con- taining the abstracts of the veterinary law of each of the states with the titles and addresses of those in charge of the enforcement of such laws. The booklet is complete and kept up to date. Copies = ‘may be obtained by those interested in the interstate shipment of © animals. Dr. C. H. Stange of Ames, Iowa, is convalescing at Excelsior Springs, Missouri. 442 MISCELLANEOUS At the last meeting of the Tennessee Veterinary Medical As- sociation at Chattanooga, the following officers were elected: J. H. McMahon, president; E. M. Cully, first vice-president, G. P. Whit- tington, second vice-president; IF’. W. Morgan, secretary; W. L. Coplin, treasurer. There was a good attendance and a fine clinic. The next meeting will be held at Humboldt, November 8th. Dr. R. M. Bell is assisting Dr. W. G. Hollingworth at Utica, N. Y., in his practice. The Alumni Association of the United States College of Vet- erinary Surgeons held their annual meeting at the Raleigh Hotel, Washington, D. C., on Friday evening, April 14th. Seventy-five members were present. During the business meeting the following were elected to office: H.S. Gamble, ’08, president; C. F. Miller, 16, vice-president; C. M. Mansfield, ’07, secretary-treasurer. A social program followed which consisted of music and talks. A buffet luncheon was served. The next meeting will be held Satur- day evening, April 14, 1917, at Washington, D. C. The joint meeting of the California State Veterinary Medical Association and the Southern Auxiliary California State Veterinary Melical Association will be held in Los Angeles June 21 and 22. Dr. C. J. Marshall, after a two months absence visiting Eu- ropean veterinary camps, has returned to Philadelphia. Dr. Mar- shall’s observations will be incorporated in a comprehensive report to be submitted to the trustees of the University of Pennsylvania. —Public Ledger. Dr. Liautard writes us that he had the pleasure of a visit from — Drs. Marshall and Hill while they were abroad on their official mis- sion. In an article on ‘‘What to Do to Protect our Live Stock,’’ in Hoard’s Dairyman, Dr. M. H. Reynolds of Minnesota, gives as a part of his live stock sanitary control creed that: ‘‘State control work should be in charge of a small non-partisan board of reason- ably stable membership. Said board should consist of stockmen and veterinarians. Legal provision should be made that the executive official must be a veterinarian. “The law should provide that anybody who knows of or sus- | pects the existence of any communicable disease must report to the state under penalty.’’ if The midsummer meeting of the Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association, will be held in Minneapolis, July 12 and 138, OF THE yh - American Veterinary Medical Association ™ 3 Formerly American Veterinary Review PY on Be ce eS ig (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) Gey Mee ag ‘! ie . PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N.Y. te 0 Committee on Journal SK: _ F. Torrance, Chairman, A. Ercunorn, Secretary, ©. J. MansHatn, W. R. BLAIR, © dbs R. A. ArcHIBALD, M. Jacos, N. 8S. Mayo, G, R, Wuire, V. A. “Moore, L. FrorH- f eaAM, C. Hy: STANGE, H. J ENSEN, G, H. Roperts, R. P. LYMAN. ae s Ne. Bey Sub-Committee on Journal pile Naor -|- ©. J. MarsHA.., Chairman, R. P. Lyman, A. E1rcoHorn, Secretary Tete The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements | ons 4) published in the JOURNAL, outside of its own authorized actions. at Vor. XIIX. N.S. Vor. II, Juny, 1916. ts Be Pe Sse 2 = oes ee ee a E . ‘gt _ Communications relating to membership and matters pertaining to the American Veter- He: i: inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary C. M. Haring, University = =—— : of California, Berkeley, California. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to.) vs Ms i Ithaca, N. Y. %y At rs eg ae A FORECAST aed j : Higgins in building up a program, pik shall have in tedaabiinad and — u . a instructional features for the spiihlaien: at large and even extend — beyond the profession to those interested in stock breeding, sanita- ee tion and public health as it relates to the domesticated animals. ~ Bi At this time we can announce that there will be a symposium ~ on eontagious abortion; a half-day section on horse breeding and _ - remounts; papers by men of national prominence on surgery, lameness, pharmacology, local anesthesia, animal dentistry, forage poisoning, cholera,. canine distemper, shipping fever, calf scours. — - and others, to be announced later. In addition, thers will be reports > -frem the various committees which should be of as much general — interest to the profession as the program. The report-of the legis- — ate lative committee should be of especial interest this year. Of no __ less interest should be the reports of the committees on intelligence and education, reorganization, diseases and various others. Se Although this is but a brief outline of the good things that ‘may 444 © eprpomtay! S593 Po be expected, it strikes us that it is sufficient to mntclate a large in- i terest in the membership and slould insure a large attendance. It — = ‘should also stimulate much interest among those who are not mem- bers and induce many of them to join the association. We hope, at least, that many of them will attend the meetings, at which they _ will be cordially welcome, and judge for themselves if they cannot further the best interests of the profession, as well as their own _ efficiency by working with the association. Teak - Mark the date, August 21st, and remember that on that data Pig: - all roads lead to Detroit. If it has not already been done, make — your reservations at the official headquarters, the Statler Hotel, or at some of the other hotels conveniently located, as published ~ in the June number of the JourNAL. PAs i ———-Q-— - -IMPAIREDNESS OR PREPAREDNESS Until recently we have had a notable example of impairedness 7 in the veterinary branch of the army, because of the refusal of the — ~ government to grant the veterinarians rank and standing. A jolt ~ is sometimes necessary to arouse one from a lethargy in which he’ _ has allowed himself to sink. Our country has untold treasure with- out adequate protection and has seemed strangely indifferent to — its preservation. The possibility of being drawn into the present - whirlpool of war, however unwillingly, seems to have aroused some from their lethargy. This possibility has been the jolt which has — caused thoughtful ones to take an inventory of our resources and =~ to consider our readiness to repel an invasion, if such were offered. — Under changed conditions of warfare, the oceans no longer offer the same protection as in years gone by. A nation contemplating war does not publish its plans in advance. War may come unex- pectedly and there is but little time for preparation,—if it has not already been made. There are not many nations which have © reached that degree of Christian humility that when smitten upon one cheek they will turn the other cheek also, and will weleome -a foreign power as an overlord. Considerations of this character have demanded and caused the passage of an army bill with which has been carried a more adequate recognition of veterinary service. The present war, among other things, has emphasized the neces- — sity for an adequate and competent veterinary branch, It has done nore’ tt has shown that it is of the utmost importance to > ie have an abundant supply of horse material available in time of , Me: et and that this material should be of the highest quality. With — Russia as the only exception, the United States is the greatest pro- ducer of horses in the world. It has been estimated that out of Ys the 24,000,000 horses in this country, only about 224,000 are of the Re re type suitable for military purposes. Something less than one per. ur a cent of what we have are suitable for our use in case of necessity. — ae $e Even this small percentage has been depleted by export during the - ge os _ jast two years. It is folly to assume that foreign agents have ac- Es cepted for use of their governments, anything that would pass asa : horse. There is no question that we haye the quantity, but the - ie quality of the horses is the serious problem. The significance of | : es our present impairedness in this direction is emphasized by the fact — . that during one year of the Civil War the government panel ae 5 va 221 ,000 mounts. ‘ae hs - Have we adequate army veterinary service to properly care for: & v- pias number and the many more that would be required in case of another and perhaps greater war? The effort to establish a veteri- = i ef lary reserve corps and the voluntary response of a goodly number ae of patriotic veterinarians to serve in this way is most gratifying. ea Sp E a Iti is hoped that enough momentum may be gained to compenaneyn: : ms £0 some extent, for the inertia of the past. . : B a _. It has been stated that some of the newer and fnepbrthack agents. used in the present, struggle were invented in this country and offered to our government, which was not interested, and then dis- posed of abroad where they have been perfected and lost to our ex- — : clusive use. Others have prepared from our inventions while we : have generously impaired our own efficiency. This procedure “SM should not extend to the type of horse required for military use. © — : The scrub should be allowed to die out and only the best of the : various types propagated for future use. Foreign governments “a have spent thousands where we have spent hundreds, or less, for ~ fe ey this purpose. Our government will find it a paying investment to” one _ encourage and stimulate stock breeders to interest themselves in the ; better types only. ¥ ; i z Associated with the horse are ros Again, the present con- ‘ee flict has emphasized the necessity for good road-beds. Railway i Mr - facilities have been shown to be inadequate, and.for greater mobil- = > 2 f ~ EDITORIAL : BRS ae of Peions and quick dispatch to. inolatoa' areas,. good roads have: = been imperative. It has been possible, by their presence, ‘to snatch “if a _vietory from defeat in many instances. It is not to be inferred that ‘ | me the mobility and quick dispatch of troops is dependent upon the -__herse so much as upon the use of motor-cars, but the good roads — es ” are advantageous for horses as well as motors, and the horse has eae ~. the further advantage that he an go where the car cannot, Good horses and good roads are imperative in war ; they are us quite as essential in peace, and both concern the veterinarian. It is — ie _ difficult to see how the most extreme pacifist can object to these forins © fi z _of preparedness. It is not a question of preparedness alone, buta question of thrift against waste; of efficiency against inefficiency. Fe “e The one promises a useless sacrifice of life and treasure; the other - th at safeguards them. Money is cheaper than life. Let us woo peace — j ue , : » even if it requires super-preparedness. Our country is concerned me x = with the divine rights of humanity. We believe that the prin. | a upon which this government was established are worth ang for ei in peace and dying for in war. ; ¥ a 2 -..- IMPROVEMENT IN THE PREPARATION OF ANTI- a Bs, HOG CHOLERA SERUM ‘d OO. kes In‘an article by Drs. Dorset and Henley of the Biochemie Bil Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, appearing in a recent — 4 number of the Journal of Agricultural Research, was described the 3 preduction of a clear and sterilized, anti-hog cholera serum, It is _» certainly gratifying that with the simple ‘procedure as devised by a8 these investigators it will now be possible to prepare a product which will in all respects prove more satisfactory and also more — scientific. . There is no doubt that hog cholera serum has probably been the most important biological product produced in recent years, and its effectiveness in hog cholera caused by the filterable virus is no longer questioned. . Hog cholera serum, however, in its former preparation repre-_ sented a crude product, frequently contaminated with various’ — «inds of germs. This shortcoming was mainly responsible for un- just criticism as to the efficiency and potency of the product, and veterin ieee no doubt ‘Sia also. very ercaneatly despaired on ac- ~eount. of. bad results which followed its administration. Septic if POs ce na pyemic conditions not infrequently followed the injection of ths ees serum, and we are not at all certain whether the ins _ ereased number of cases of polyarthritis and multiple abscesses in f _hams observed in the abattoirs might not have been directly due. to 4 fe. : “contaminated serum. i ‘The simplicity of the technique described by Dr. ‘Dorset as. re- ae ae ~ quired i in the production of his clear and sterilized anti-hog cholera ui ae ~ serum will no doubt revolutionize this product, and it is hoped that - es veterinarians i in the near future will be in a position to avail them- _ Selves of this improved and highly important preparation. Se a In the clear serum all of the anti-bodies of the blood are con- a on tained, and only the inert blood corpuscles are eliminated, which is ay another advantage, since it no doubt hastens its absorption. The BY} possibility of heating the same to 60°C., or passing it through a_ eae _Berkefeld filter should also appeal to the users of this product, ; x _ since_through filtration the obnoxious contaminations may be re- Tao ‘. Me moved, and with the heating the danger of the possibility of a serum — Sete a contaminated with foot-and-mouth disease virus is avoided, (a ‘ Drs. Dorset and Henley deserve the hearty congratulations of aT the veterinary profession for their new achievement, and it is hoped ee the method will soon be adopted on a large scale by commercial pro- oe ' ducers of serum. vi an A.B) oe 0 a ea f .. U.S. VETERINARY INSPECTORS =.) & It is quite generally recognized that the veterinarians in the fed- = z ps eral meat inspection are underpaid. This is not due to any fault — Ps Be of the Bureau of Animal Industry but rather to the limitations of Bey eS 2 the. appropriations available for its use. That the work involved i in aw oa this branch of the service is of great importancee cannot be success- 3 oe fully controyerted. It is therefore necessary that the inspectors must be of a high grade. They must be graduates of reputable veteri- Be’ ae nary colleges and must have spent considerable time and money in | — __ acquiring a sufficient education for the purpose. Tohold such men, ues when ordinary practice usually brings in greater incomes, it is es- x ' Sential that adequate salaries should be paid—or else the service Bi, ie. — Toses, ; a +45: ee ». wey > EF a eh 448. EDITORIAL 7. ~~ : An effort is being made to place the matter on a more stable and just foundation through the Lobeck bill, which provides for a sal- ary of $1400 on entering the service and an annual increase of $100 | thereafter until the salary shall amount to $2400 per annum. It is — gratifying to report, at-this writing, that the committee has voted to make a favorable report on this bill to the House and that within ~ a few days it, will be placed upon the House calendar. It will also be introduced into the Senate at an early date. It is obvious if the government is to retain the best men in this branch-of its service, it must pay adequate salaries. The Bureau inspectors and clerks, as — 2 well as the profession at large, should feel under great obligation to Mr. Lobeck for the interest and energy he has shown in promot- ing this act of justice. P.A.F. rn IMMATURE MEAT ‘Practically all of the legislation against the use of immature _ meat has been centered around veal. We have heard little or noth- . ing about lambs or pigs; yet it is reasonable to infer that such meat — is just as dangerous from one source as another. The calf seems to have been the recipient of much class or special legislation. There — have undoubtedly been more attempts to use immature calves than of the others. Yet the fundamental principle is the same in all and legislation should be impartial in a matter of this character. . _ If there has been one reason more emphatic than any other in hampering efficient inspection in this direction and more illogical in — principle, it has been legislation specifying the age limit. There — has been no attempt at coordinating this time limit between federal, — state and municipal authorities. This has resulted in a most chaotic state of affairs and presented many opportunities for controversy. . In some sections a veal is legally immature until it is three weeks of age; in others, it must be at least six weeks old. There is a differ- ence of 100% in this age limit and this range seems unnecessarily wide. Just what is the determining factor, aside from the age, is not clear. That age ordinarily confers more maturity is ineontro- vertible, but it does not determine that younger veal is unwhole- some or harmful. In cases brought to court, the crises, in many in- stances, develops around the age limit. If the burden of proof ig v : ! ; ‘ ke 1 EDITORIAL ~ : . 449 placed upon the inspector, he must possess superhuman qualities, in — the absence of definite information, to swear to the exact age of the for legal complications. These complications are not always ered- itable to the prosecutors. Opinion has been superior to evidence “newspaper commenting on some of this evidence, stated its position was harmful if not actually poisonéus, rather than to aecept the has been evidence for some time in the practices of foreign eoun- tries ‘in consuming, what would be condemned in this country as immature meat, without apparent detriment to the health of the consumers. The work of Berg of the Bureau of Animal Industry has shown veal and beef were negligible and from experiments in artificial di- gestion and feeding tests on cats that the physiological differences were insignificant. There has been previous confirmation of some of this work and there is a satisfaction in having direct evidence F from a federal department in this matter rather than speculation. — To those properly trained it may not be especially difficult to detect either extreme as regards mature or immature meat, but the animal. Conditions of this character afford fertile opportunities sg because until late years there has been no very direct evidence. A as favoring the opinion of physicians who pronounced that bob veal - evidence of harmlessness. It preferred prejudice to proof. There that from a chemical standpoint the differences between immature — borderline between the two requires superhuman powers. To de-. termine it by the age limit is entirely unreliable because of the phy- siologic differences that exist in each individual from the fetal stage - onward. The criterion should be the quality of the meat; some im- - mature meat may be unwholesome just as some mature meat may be ‘unwholesome, and this can be determined by careful inspection. The statements that immature meat is deleterious to the health, if — cae not actually poisonous, need modification. The same standards of inspection should apply to all meats—quality and wholesomeness. Without the complex question of age limit, there is less likelihood of — litigation and, in some cases, possibly less unintentional perjury. | Age does not necessarily confer either health or wholesomeness. There are some qualities which may be recognized as more or less characteristic of immature meat, and these the Bureau of Animal — Industry, since November, 1914, has recorded as follows: ‘‘Car- — casses shall be considered too immature (and this refers to pigs, kids _ Se ot oe mK = —_ > Yai » Fee He ts TN bet 2 Rares re ae wae a: Ff me : a, sap AS Cees vet f ¥ . a > ie mc aay s o> ale F he - poe” aT ae et 4 . 450 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES i a and lambs, as well as calves) to produce a halosbine meat if the meat has the appearance of being watersoaked, is loose, flabby, tears — easily, and can be perforated with the fingers; or its color is grayish red; or good muscular development as a whole is lacking, especially — | noticeable on the upper-shank of the leg, where small amounts of serous infiltrates or small edematous patches are sometimes present between the muscles; or the tissues which later develop as the fat = capsule of the kidneys is edematous, dirty yellow or grayish red, — tough and intermixed with islands of fat.’’ tere Experience may demonstrate the desirability of subtracting | from or adding to these clues, but there is at least something more ‘definite here than guesses at the age of the animal. We believe the — ing Bureau has taken a progressive stand on a sound basis, and we can- not do more than commend it to the careful consideration of the legislators of the various states and municipalities as a wise example __ for them to follow. This is one of the questions where uniformity is possible and most desirable in eliminating present confusing con- ditions as to legal complications, waste and inefficiency. ; P. ALF. . ————-Q-—_— z EUROPEAN CHRONICLES ~ Bois, Jerome. BACTERIOTHERAPY AND Wounps. Last year in one of the visits that Prof. Lignieres of Buenos Ayres made to his native country, — he presented a communication on this subject before the Societe : Centrale. The application of bacteriology to the treatment of » ed wounds was certainly a subject of interest which could not fail to ag draw attention inasmuch as the writer of the communication is_ %, an authority so well known. ie im ‘““oday,’’ said the learned professor, ‘‘there is no method of treatment of wounds, which would not be interesting, if one knows ~ how to apply it according to the various cases that may exist.’’ It is for that reason that the following observations made on bae- teriotherapy are presented. There are necrotic wounds, where the medicinal substances, including serum, reach the deeply injured points only with diffi- culty. For instance in the horse, those found in some cases of quittor, of poll evil or diseased withers. Could not a microbian in- EG ane OT cae eae 1a OS jae hy 4 ner es ; Fossey tks ) 4 ia Y - hy i es aie 1 - x A ar ce if * lie et ie cmhosrens 461°: 59 , Mat wes : 5 jection bring on or hasten Fecdvers ne a specific action in the very eget of the sick individual? ai ‘Indeed, when, in cartilaginous quittor, the fistulous tracts are cleaned with the ordinary methods, but without operation, and — aes three or four subcutaneous injections of dead cultures of the neero- es ‘sis organisms are made, healing takes place with remarkable rapid- ee _ ity. Identical results have been obtained in cases of superficial or _ deep necrosis of the skin after accidents or burns. Bey Mags It seems that, under the influence of the injection, the: organ: Ca is a or ism makes specific Aaathadise: which act directly against the microbes Ve of necrosis. he 7% . The normal serum of horses can be simultaneously inaiptiwen® pat Gi - at the injured places, while the subcutaneous injections of cul- pe tures are kept up. IL eee This method, after all, is not new. For several years its appli- ee cation in human medicine has given excellent results: rg foe oa nae It is, in reality, a specific action for which are used injections — Be of the same microbes which give rise to the lesions and the anti- ee bodies that are formed are also specific, ; ba ae But, adds Lignieres, there is a point to which I desire to bring 23 ri ‘special attention; it is not only the specific microbes which can tea bring useful Anion in the recovery of wounds, other foreign mic- oe ‘ @ “ robes of different species are also able to produce in the organism _ ' . ‘antibodies which assist in the recovery. It is, however, better to © x give the preference to the specific! action as it is the surest and most Pia efficacious. i Eg a Observations have indeed shown the possible utility of the in-| jections of microbes foreign to the disease. The vaccine for an- | thrax, injected in a flock, where there was a disease which had noth- - ing to do with the bacteria of Davaine, has for several days Svnaited the disease, and even exceptionally completely subjugated it. sae nieres has often made the same remarks with the antipasteurellic — vaccine. After immunization against bovine piroplasmosis, con- sisting of intravenous injection of- blood from sick animals, in which the parasite had been killed, many times a preventive action oe against foot-and-mouth disease has been observed. These observa- tions are not coincidences but facts very often repeated. Another demonstration more evident is shown in the fact that a wound rebellious to cicatrization or having a tendeney to become 452 1 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES r etitie + ee : } r = af again infected, will show a hasty march towards recovery by the injection of a microbe, foreign to the sore, the coli bacillus for in- stance. The reaction that this dead microbe will promote in the — organism, will then act very strongly in favor of recovery, by stimu- ‘lating the normal defenses, by promoting the formation of anti- bodies and by phagocytosis. To summarize: the injections of specific microbes, killed by heat or any other method are beneficial to the recovery of the lesions provoked by the same microbes. | . The injection of microbes of another species, although less cer- tain, may also have a similar effect. Upon inguiries made by Prof. Moussu on the subject of doses of the solutions to be injected, Lignieres pointed out that it was not necessary, as in man, to enumerate the microbes. In the ease of — the microbe of necrosis, he has injected under the skin 100 ¢.¢. of killed culture, repeating 3 or 4 times every other day. No abscess or general reaction took place. After the 5th or 6th day the effect, was already visible but if smaller or weaker doses were used, no effect was manifested. : Wounps AND Sera. The long series of terrible events ac- } companying the war, has unfortunately been the occasion for vari- ous observations of wounds of all kinds and for their treatment. Aseptic and antiseptic measures, compounds of all kinds have been used, all varying more or less according to the nature of the injury, its pathology, microbiology, etc. In several chronicles as well as in abstracts from other periodicals, I have kept the readers of the JOURNAL informed as much as possible with the current of what was taking place from the booming of the application of tincture of iodine to the more recent serum. A fair idea can be had of the progress and of the changes that have occurred in the treatment of wounds, in human and in veterinary practice, and in several in- stances deserving attention has been given to the polyvalent serum - of Leclainche and Vallée. This serum which has been the object of high recommendation in human surgery and which, by the published notices in foreign as well as in continental scientific and professional papers, has re- ceived at the hands of veterinary practitioners, the welcome it de- serves. Our professional contemporaries now begin to record the results obtained from its use, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES 453 | Among the many publications relating to it, there is in the Bul- letin de la Societe Centrale a report presented by Principal Veteri- nary JACOULET, on the treatment of diseased withers, poll evil, carti- _laginous quittor, deep wounds of the foot by punctures, castration, abdominal cryptorchism, which show the great benefit that has been obtained by the use of the polyvalent serum above named. It has _ succeeded in most of the severe wounds under consideration. _ ‘From all the cases recorded by M. Jacoulet there is one which Appears to me so special that I cannot help referring to it in a con- cise manner. It is a case of poll evil and diseased neck. A very severe case, which was treated with the serum only and in which a complete recovery was obtained without any other antiseptics, in twenty- four days. ; In a few words the case was this: A seven year old black mare had distemper and as she got over it, showed a swelling, warm and — _ painful in the middle of the shoulder and one at the poll of the _ head. The first was resolved with a blister, the second became an abscess as big as both fists. It was open-treated and seemed to be doing well when a large and painful enlargement appeared on the anterior half of the superior border of the neck. An incision was — made on both sides of the neck. The cervical ligament was ex- tensively diseased. The cervical ligament was excised and a piece thirty-four centimeters was cut off. Necrosed lamellar portions were removed. The occipital bone was diseased and scraped. The ie wound that remained measured 36 centimeters in length on one side © and 16 om the other. It had a depth of 12 centimeters. _No an antiseptic’ mixture was used. Only ampoules of polyvalent serum, ‘four in the first days and gradually reduced until the 20th day after the operation. On the 24th day, the wound was entirely closed and the mare at work. She carried her head normally and there was only a slight deviation of the superior border of the neck in the part where the cervical ligament had been amputated. An ordinary surgical interference in such a case, followed by _ one of the advocated antiseptic treatments would have required long months to realize the complete recovery that the polyvalent serum accomplished in TwENTy-rour pays. Aside from destroying the microbes and superficial cellular elements, it differs from antisepties by giving rise to changes in the wounds which inhibit microbian de- — tee ts OS. ever, only mild in character. results, as for example those of tabes, headache and sciatica, by there was a prolongation of life that his condition did not justify. > fe oa eset 4 ” a ft ‘ % J z a 454 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES — velopment and gives to the cellular elements of the organism a new ; strength and vigorous action. aioe se i aa ‘ : ‘ . - re IntrA-SPINAL INJECTIONS OF Gases. Perhaps the therapeutics — of small animals can be benefitted by this new method of treatment inaugurated by Doct. Felix Ramond which is recorded in the Presse _ a . . As in mammalian species, so in the domestic fowls, the sar- ! _ comata may be transplanted. Rous and Murphy experimented) = with sarcomata from three different sources. The first was a sim- oF i= ple spindle celled sarcoma, the second was an osteochondrosarcoma = and third a spindle celled sarcoma curiously fissured with blood _ . fe oe sinuses and showing a tendency to metastasize to the skeletal mus- | ‘eles. All specimens were originally obtained from the domestic eu »fowl. In their summary they conclude as follows: ‘ ~ ||Ziegler ’s General Pathology, 1908, Wm. Wood & Co., New York, Se 474 . oe B. F. KAUPP Rast 2) Rio s ‘The phenomena of natural and acquired resistance to trans- planted chicken tumors strikingly resembles those observed in the - ease of transplanted mammalian growths ; and no more than those do they suggest that the tumors have an extrinsic cause.§ *‘That there may exist in fowls implanted with chicken tumor a resistance directed against the tumor-causing agent distinct from > the resistance manifested against the alien tumor cells has been shown. Both sorts of resistance are present in a fowl in which a tumor has retrograded, the resistance in such an instance being acquired. That directed against the agent is largely specific, giving little if any protection against the agents causing other tumors. There is — ‘some evidence that the conditions upon which a fowl’s natural re- sistance depends are the same for the agents causing different chicken tumors.’’ > ‘Tt has proved impossible to protect chickens against the agents causing the simple sarcoma by injecting them with dried fae tumor material in which this agent has been attenuated by heat. The transfer of blood from resistant fowls wort growing tumors is — in our experience void of effect on the tumors.’ . One case of lympho-sarcoma has recently been studied in. that laboratory which appears to us to be worthy of record. The fol- | lowing is the record: Curnicau History: A single éomb Rhode Island Red hen two years of age and a member of the farm flock at Iredell Test Farm. This hen had appeared in excellent condition, except for a slight diarrhea, up to about ten days before she was sent to the laboratory. She had a loss of appetite, diarrhea, and was thin in e flesh. The comb and wattles and facial regions were pale and the _ plumage in a rather unkempt condition. The hen was placed in the death chamber and killed by the ald of illuminating gas. Avrorsy Prorocou: The bird was of medium size, thin in ‘flesh and other external conditions were as given under clinical _history. Upon opening the abdominal and thoracic cavities the thoracic organs were found in a normal condition. An examination of the abdominal cavity showed almost a total absence of the retroperi- toneal fat, which is usually so common especially in hens two years $Jr. Experimental Medicine., Vol. XX, No. 4, page 419. LYMPHOSARCOMA OF THE FOWL hii, 475 or more of age. The liver was rather under size and a darkish red in color, weighing only 25 grams. The spleen was normal in size and color. There was noted just anterior to the cloaca and imyoly- ing the whole rectal wall, a tumor measuring 7.5x7.5x4 em. Upon opening this tumor it was found that it involved the entire rectal wall giving passage to that-visecus through its middle. The -sectioned surface of the tumor wall was 1.5 em. in diameter. There Fig. 1. Lympho-sarcoma. Tumor of rectum and mesentery. Lumen of large intestine—inside of tumor. Uninvolved portion of reetum, A portion of the cloacal mucous membrane. Caseation necrosis. Lympho-sarcomatous elements. The mesentery. nf . Five of the tumors. TUS OT G2 tO was an ulceration of the lumen of the intestine, a mass of necrotie tissue appearing suspended from the wall of the cavity. The cav- ity was fusiform in shape, measuring 1 x 3 em. in the widest place. 476 | pene yc BF. a Oo a) a He Kaen to ‘tits point and involving the intestinal wall were two | _ other neoplasms which measured 2x1xlem. i ae At the anterior point of the right kidney and Sraigk the Py . . adrenal gland was a fourth tumor measuring 3x3.5x4 em. The sectioned surface revealed-a solid though soft whitish structure. . In the mesentery of the free portion of the small intestines — _ there were found ten small, rather flat whitish-yellow appearing — . tumors. They varied somewhat in shape but’ the majority will » fall within the limits of the following measurements. which paket ie “Sent the size.of two: 5x8x2em.,5x6x1 em, eae we i 7 _ The ovary was in an inactive state. The gizzard, panereas and es ; _ proventriculus were normal in appearance, ee | ae I , 4 ’ eer Ee “aan ae oe (gone | tes * 1 \ Beet hake, < : He : ; <7 5 ee | eos * \ i ‘ x wy Fie. 2. Lympho-sarcoma of the fowl. eta, se 1. Lymph vessels. | NAG 2. Sarcoma cells. as ype Pa, Ata Da, a _. _ Microscopic Examination: The Mesenteric Neoplasms. were, oy placed i in a ten per cent solution of formaldehyde for 48 hours, then ¥ ; oe passed through absolute alcohol and then through ether and alco- — hol and imbedded in celloidin, blocked, sectioned and stained with %) hematoxylin and eosin and clarified in cedar oil, for study. Ant The section was packed with small round cells with large nu clei. The cell type appeared to be that of the embryonic variety. Each nucleus contained one or more deeply staining metachromatic granules and many showed distinct nucleoli. These granules were rather small. Here and there was to be noted nuclear fragmenta- tion indicating karyorrhexis. The ground substance appeared to ne. be rather granular and homogeneous and in places rather stri- NGA BK oe aed AN mage xX" 3 brs ine ce A jade ; sd aS 6 Neth t i 4 at " Se ed ¥ ae ‘ all } Fhe ; | LYMPHOSARCOMA OF THE FOWL 477 er sted: though no nuclei or cells oor be observed except those pos- ae blood vessels were observed; these vessels were filled with blood a cells and were thin walled. There is no clearly defined limitation : _ of the inyasion of the sarcomatous cells into the surrounding tis- | sue. Numerous small vessels, not blood vessels, but containing Canty an endothelial lining were observed. ia volving the large intestine just anterior to the cloaca. On the in- ner portion there was a layer of necrosing and disintegrating cel- - lular material which may be regarded as caseation necrosis. Under this layer could be recognized a layer densely infiltrated with polymorphonuclear leucocytes mingled with the same small embry- aa - outer layer consisted of densely packed round cells with large nu- clei containing one or more small, deeply staining metachromatic granules. The ground substance, in areas where it was observable, was noted to be of a homogenous nature as in the preceding slide. \ ‘ } < ' filled with blood cells. There were areas containing numer- Sections of the neoplasm from the anterior portion of the kid- ney and the mesenteric tumors were of the same structure except _ that these showed no neerosis or polymorphonuclear invasion. — BY Figure No. 1 shows a photograph of the gross specimen and ~ Figure No. 2 is a drawing through a portion of the more densely 3 Sacked part. The cells do not show so densely, in order that the outline and details may be shown. There will also be seen some of the typical lymphatic vessels. - Bh te a i The mesentery of the fowl does not contain mesenteric lymph | glands as do those of the mammalian class but there are many lymphatic vessels which pass upward from the numerous villi and testinal tract. , ‘i Correction. In the Proceedings published in the May number, sh ‘page 290, it was erroneously stated that Dr. E. E. Patterson of Detroit, Mich. was a graduate of the Detroit Veterinary College, 1901, It should have been Grand Rapids Veterinary College, 1901. _ sessing the large round nuclei of an embryonic type. Numerous. A section was made from the WALL OF THE TUMOR, in- onie type cells that were observed in the other tumor sections. The — There were a few thin walled blood vessels, most of which were . . } Be ous small vessels with a single endothelial lining—the lymph vessels. - _ there is also found lymphoid tissue in the mucous lining of the in-: Tima NOTES ON THE OCCURENCE OF PETECHIAL HEM- , a ee ey! Oe ees ier oe pre ee fe ee a ey Tos AY fe es ss 1 Pes »” = at . ’ ta) ; . Ph” %% ; Be re 4 : ; 5 ? ee ASPECTS OF THE puystovooy OF MILK SECRETION 483 lymph, while others of his contemporaries believed it to be derived : 484 .° REUBEN. L, HILL +” |: is a brief, but not exhaustive, summary of earlier experimental work, nt and a short account of the investigations undertaken with the object - of determining the effect on the milk secretion of the injection of substances present in the hypophysis cerebri or pituitary body. HisroricAu. Eariier Views. Prior to 1800 A.D., few if any by theories of mammary secretions are on record. M. Richerand' 1817 believed that milk was derived from the from chyle. M. Raspail (1833)? held the view that the mammary glands have some media of communication with the surface of the stomach | ‘fand that they extracted from the alimentary material the ‘salts ‘and organized material which enter into the composition of the milk.’’ _ of vesicles intermediate between the uterus and the mammae, which continue inactive except during gestation and for sometime after de- livery when they are excited to activity’’. That the composition of the milk was also little understood by these authors is shown by the following quotations: ‘‘Casein, the nitrogenized constituent of milk is distinguished from albumen and M. Gerod (1839)* of Lyons held that ‘‘there was an apparatus fibrin by its greater solubility and by not coagulating when heated.’’ This is regarded by Liebig* as the chief constituent of mother’s ~ blood. To convert casein into blood no foreign substance is re- quired; and in the conversion of a mother’s blood into casein no ele- ments of the constituents of blood have been separated out. M. Raspail (1833)* defines milk to be an aqueous fluid holding albumen and oil in solution by means of an alkali or alkaline salt, which he suggests may be acetate of ammonia; and in suspension an immense number of albuminous and oleaginous globules.’’ NorMAL StTrRucTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAMMARY Guanp. In order that the various theories put forward from time to time to account for the secretion of milk may be better under- stood it may be well, at this stage, to give a brief description of the structure of the mammary gland. The mammary glands are composed of a number of lobes which are further divided into lobules. The lobes are composed of con- voluted ducts bound together by connective tissue. These ducts are seen to arise from groups of secretory alveoli, i fe aspects oF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 485 _ When traced forward they are found to unite forming the lactifer- ous ducts, in the human subject about fifteen or twenty in number, which at their points of origin are provided with reservoirs in which the milk collects during lactation. These lactiferous ducts open to _ the exterior by minute apertures through the teat. In the cow the lactiferous ducts empty into the milk cisterns or galactafor sinuses, __ which communicate with the exterior through the teat. _ _. The duct walls consist of areolar tissue which contain some non- g striated muscle fibers and are lined internally by columnar epithel- lial cells. These epithelial cells become flattened in the proximity of the nipple. The secretion of the milk is a feminine characteristic, neverthe- less at birth the mammary glands of male and female are very simi- & lar and in both sexes there is frequently an enlargement of the _ glands and an actual secretion of a fluid called ‘‘witeh milk,’’ dur- " ing the first few days after birth. This state of activity disappears after the end of the first or . ot second week. The glands of both sexes remain in this undeveloped | state until puberty when those of the female undergo a sudden growth accompanying ovarian functional activity while those of the _male remain infantile or atrophy. | | 3 The growth of the glands of the female at puberty is largely controlled by the ovaries. If these organs are removed before _ puberty, the development of the mammary gland, as well as the ; _ other secondary sexual characteristics, is repressed. The hypertrophy at puberty is largely due to an increase in adipose and connective tissue and not to the formation of secretory acini or true glandular tissue. ~ Unless pregnancy ensues there is no more growth in the mam- mary glands except a slight hypertrophy which appears at each menstrual cycle. These changes in the human mammae are very slight but in some animals and especially the marsupials, according to J. P. Hill’, the amount of growth at each ovulation period is so marked as to render it difficult to distinguish such animals from _ pregnant ones. The growth of the mammary glands in the dire stages of _ pregnancy is comparatively slow but it gradually increases in rate ___and towards the latter part is very rapid. This hypertrophy is due largely to the formation of true glandular tissue and secretory acini, , Sig i 486 < REUBEN L. HILL = te ees court THEORIES OF Mammary Cowan. To chiening the factors which influence mammary growth during pregnancy has “ _ been the object of much research along varied lines. It was form- erly supposed that there was a nervous connection between the | uterus containing the developing embryo and the mammary gland; that during pregnancy the growth of the mammary gland was ee stimulated from the uterus, fetus and ovaries reflexly through the — central nervous system. ‘This view has been ecemstaly: Caperen by several authorities. : Goltz® and Ewald completely exsected the lumbo- ich part of. the spinal cord in a pregnant bitch thus severing all possible nervous ‘ connection between the pelvic organs and the mammary glands, __ which continued to develop as usual, and after parturition as bitch - x was able to suckle one of the puppies. tek Ribbert’ transplanted the mammary gland of a guinea pig to a position near one of the ears. During a subsequent pregnancy, © the gland enlarged and after parturition secreted milk even Taper it-was severed from all possible nervous connection. ~ Pfister* has successfully performed a similar operation upon é a rabbit with like results. Knauer® has shown that both ovaries can be removed thus abol- ishing the phenomenon of ‘‘heat’’.. If the ovaries are then trans- planted without undergoing complete atrophy, the phenomenon of heat will re-occur even though all possible nervous connection, may a be destroyed. ae Thus, since it has been demonstrated that the pelvic peer not influence the mammary tissue through the nervous system, we _ must conclude that the relation between the growth of the mammary — gland and the fetus is chemical in nature and that this chemical © 1 < % : 7 ¥ bs by x es “ : a 4 a ot , ss ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 491 Aa ‘ments upon rabbits in most cases also’gave negative results. They were, however, in one case able to obtain a marked change in the - mammary gland after the injection of fetal extract. The injections of placental’ extract for the most part were ineffective, but in one F stance: as marked results were found as those obtained from the g _ tain positive results in a few instances by the injection of ovarian _ extracts or the extracts of the hypophysis, (pituitary body). Tn one instance they obtained in a normal virgin rabbit a very De /s a fr . ar. “2 _ marked hypertrophy of the mammary gland during’ the’ period of - heat. At the beginning of this period, the gland was very small as shown by their figure. Twenty-four days later, it was many fimes _ as large and corresponded to the glands normally found in animals Wy of the ninth or tenth day of pregnaney. This result is almost as remarkable as those obtained by Starling after ‘the injection of fetal extract. Frank and Unger observed a large corpus luteum: in the ovary of this rabbit. “In accordance with the view that mammary growth is stimu- K. Basch'®. Into’ a young female animal Basch transplanted the - ovaries of a pregnant dog and obtained, fourteen days later, an in- crease in size of the mammary gland and in six weeks a marked hy- pertrophy of the same. Two weeks later, after the injection’ of © pideental extract, he obtained milk secretion. ' By injecting placental extract into growing virgin rabbits; . a _ gland and a rapid formation of glandular acini. He also obtained, coincident with the mammary hypertrophy, a very mine Real increase in the size of the uterus and vagina. From these discordant views of eminent. physiologists, it -is - difficult to draw any positive conclusions. It is probable that the ~ mammary hormone may be isolated from organs or bodies that are ; - not the seat of its manufacture. This in part may aceount for the discordant results. “4 ' That the mammary growth obtained’ after the injections of - fetal extract ‘cannot be due solely to the changes accompanying the, : oestrous cycle is shown by the experiments of Biedl und: Konig- s stein’ when castrated animals were used and also by Ashner und : . ss have normally some effect upon mammary growth, fetal extract. Out of many experiments they were enabled to ob- lated by the secretory activities of the ovaries, we have the work of — O. O. Fellner®® was able to show a marked growth of the mammary. — Gregoriu'® when male animals were used. Perhaps all the pelvic 492 ; REUBEN L; HILL Z ¥ The evidence given for and against the fetal hormone theory : : a thus far has been evidence obtained from normal animals. If we 2 consider the mass of evidence that can be obtained from abnormal Pai: eases the problem seems still farther from solution. Rare instances are on record where men and other male ani- mals have secreted milk which indicates that mammary secretion is not solely a female function. . Virgin girls have been known to secrete milk by. allowing in- fants to suckle their nipples. Other cases are on record where virgin animals have been brought into lactation by. mechanical manipulation of the udder. ee Several objections to the fetal hormone theory have been ad- vanced by Heape*!. He quotes a huntsman as stating that virgin acta : bitches were frequently known to produce sufficient milk to per- ‘mit the rearing of pups; and that the commencement of the se- eretion of milk in these animals was at the time when they normally would have whelped had they conceived in the preceding oestrous — Y 4 cycle. He uses this argument to show that the development of the mammary gland is due more to the action of the ‘‘generative fer- ; ment”’ or ‘‘gonodine’’ secreted by the ovary than to other influences. A very forcible objection to the fetal hormone theory is sup- . plied by the monotremes. In these oviparous animals, the develop- -,. - ing embryo is contained within an egg which does not enter into — any connection with the uterine wall. Halbane, however, has pointed out that since the shell is porous there is a possibility that. some other substance produced by the developing embryo may dif- a fuse out through the shell and be taken up by the capillary of the uterine mucous membrane and carried to the blood stream of the _ mother. broso and Balaffio**. These authors grafted two female rats so that their circulatory systems were presumably united. These Another objection to the fetal hormone theory is civen by Lom- — rats became pregnant, but at different times, and gave birth to — "4 young, one of them prematurely but the other at full term. Their — mammary glands developed independently instead of simultaneous- ly as would have been the case had they both received the same — i stimulation. ey Directly in opposition to this experiment, we have the case of the Bohemian Pygopogus twins Rosa—Josepha”, the mammary fe Rosa who bore a healthy son on April 17th, 1910. The mammary ulated through the blood stream. definitely determined. while stimulating the growth of the mammary glands inhibits their secretory activity. He believes that the removal of the hormone secretory activity of the mammary glands to respond resulting in milk seeretion. Lane-Claypon, Starling, and others have accepted this theory. milk secretion. Foa*® and also Mackenzie** found no inhibitory in- a lactating animal. \ Gaines has obtained similar results. as remarkable as that obtained by the injection of fetal extract. _ Marked galactagogue properties are ascribed to placenta extract ' _and similar properties have been ascribed to fetal extract. If this _ be true, we would expect fetal and placental extract to exert a ‘stimulating rather than an inhibitory effect during pregnancy. x _ nancy has a powerful galactagogue action. to nourish the fetus from the arteries of the uterus to the arteries of _ ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 493 me THE Cause oF MILK SECRETION AFTER Fa accnraen: The ac- : _ tual cause of milk secretion after parturition has not as yet been — The following are some of the ah iodtinin which may be offered _ to this theory. Injection of the blood of the pregnant animal into — a lactating animal of the same species does not always inhibit — D. Errico*®, however, obtained a marked inhibition of milk se- _ eretion by injecton of blood from a pregnant to a lactating biteh. Placental extract, according to some authors, when injected eS. will cause a growth of the mammary gland, in some instances quite 4 . Likewise, corpus luteum extract, believed by some authors to — __ be responsible for the growth of the mammary gland during preg- . Wing” has advanced a theory that while maternity i is the prime | ____ incentive to milk secretion, yet the immediate stimulus to the pro- — | ——— duction of milk is the ‘‘turning of the blood which formally went glands of both being simultaneously affected by the pregnancy of glands of both Rosa and Josepha secreted milk although Josepha a had never conceived. They were known to have a common circu- — lation and the glands of Josepha therefore were most nephenne stim- — Hildebrandt has advanced the theory that the fetal hormone from the system by the birth or the expulsion of the fetus allows the Ee fluence resulting from the injection of blood from a pregnant into 494 es <3 REUBEN L, HILL fee . Nea Paar ae Renee - the udder.’’ As a result of the increased pressure of the blood in the vessels of the udder the secreting cells are stimulated to greater — - -aetivity and quickly changed from a dormant to an actively seeret- jngstate. Due to the fact that the various processes of secretion are 5 at first incomplete, the first milk secreted differs in composition from that secreted later. It contains less water and more albumen, but a ‘smaller percentage of casein, ‘‘as the transformation from albumen to caeis is not at this time so complete as later in the period of lac- tation,’’ this milk is known as colostrum and contains more cells, resulting probably from leucocytes and detached epithelial cells, - than normal milk. ~ MeKay and Larsen?’ agree with Wing on this theory and claim that the increased pressure of the blood in the minute capillaries, which form a network in the walls of the alveoli, causes it to swell. This swelling stimulates the epithelial cells to activity restilting: in milk secretion. ; The saline extract of certain internal secreting glands, and especially of the pituitary body, has powerful galactagogue proper- ties. From these’ properties one might conclude that these internal secreting glands play an important role in the stimulation of mam- “mary activity. ‘The pituitary body is generally conceded to en- large during pregnancy so that at parturition we would expect a hypersecretion from this gland. If the fetal hormone theory is cor- rect, we might conclude that the removal of the inhibitory hormone _ by the expulsion of the fetus would permit the secretions from the pituitary and other secreting glands to stimulate mammary secre- tion. This later theory has not been substantiated for no one has proved that the blood of a lactating animal does contain a hormone which is able to stimulate milk secretion and Foa has experimental evidence to show that it does not. me} : To test this point he used three goats,-one virgin and two lac- — a tating. They were all etherized and placed side by side on a table, a lactating goat in the center. The carotid artery of the virgin goat was attached by means of a canula to the mammary artery on the left side of the center goat and the mammary vein to the jugular vein of the virgin goat, so that when the clamp was removed the left half of the mammary gland was nourished by the blood of the virgin goat. In a similar manner the right half of the mam-. mary gland was nourished by the blood of the other lactating goat, oe Rp. OER oe tes" ra oe Sie Th, es wae? Pay Pi el aS i) ‘ hep is ng Oe Selle us tes > , *4 +" “# , io ty nice By ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 495 4 The gland continued to secrete milk which was drawn after two and after seven hours from the beginning of the experiment, differences were observed in the quantity or quality of the milk oe from the two halves of the udder due to the different sources of blood i. < supply. -, _~‘Foa has therefore concluded that the blood merely carries _ nourishment to the gland and does not contain a hormone whieh stimulates its secretory activity. ov According to Gdines®® the transfusion of blood from a fresh _. heavily milking goat into a low milking one, fails to accelerate milk secretion. tion is less clearly understood than that of any other of the external secreting glands. Truly, it may be said, that when we attempt to obtain a concise view of the manner in which the various constitu- ents of the milk are secreted we are standing sie bs, on theoretqeal + ground. | _ ~ Prior to 1840 the mammary glands were thought to act. simply — __ asa passive filter to separate out the constituents of the milk from : The views of Liebig*, and Rapsail? and others have already been | _ given. It was also believed that the lymph bodies were a'source of ‘nourishment to the fetus as well as to furnish the nutriment mater- +> ial for the secretion of milk to nourish the young after birth. ‘It ‘was supposed that after the birth of the calf, the opening of the ~_ uterus from which the food was supplied was closed and then a new : ~ opening was formed in the milk gland.’’*? These’ old views have — - been abandoned for theories more in accordance with ascertained — x facts. _ Neither the blood nor the lymph contains all the constituents oe the milk since both lactose and casein are normally absent from a blood and lymph. This completely disproves any theory which views the functions of the mammary gland as simply that of a pas- sive filter. om Just how the various constituents of the milk are formed and the source of the material from which they are built up is still not _ definitely known. While several theories of milk secretion have been advanced, none of them have as yet become well established. the milk from the two sides of the udder being kept separate. No THEORIES OF MILK SecRETION. The nature of mammary secre- _ the blood and lymph. Another theory was that the milk repre- sented decomposition products’ of the lymph bodies of the blood.— eee eq as ‘ s, F ¢ ¥ 4 _ 7 >= — are 2 a 496 . REUBEN L, HILL = In the actively lactating gland, two distinct phases can be ob- served. These may be classed as first, the active or secretory, and the second, the resting stage. In the latter condition the alveoli 4 are wide and lined by a single layer of flattened epithelial cells containing but one nucleus. During active secretion, the epithelial F cells are long and columnar and some of them project into the lumen» of the alveolus; they frequently contain two nuclei and are often charged with fat globules. These fat globules and also many other cells which are probably leucocytes find their way. into the alveoli. — q In their evolution, the mammary glands were probably de- veloped either from the sebaceous or sweat glands. In the mono- tremes, they are stated to be modified sweat glands. These animals Le differ from other species in not having teats and simply exude the — 4 milk from scattered pores in the skin. The milk probably PAE , along hairs which in these regions are arranged in bunches. fee In other mammalian orders, the mammary glands are regarded i by many (Virchow)** as modified sebaceous glands. oe & Broucha*®, Bresslau and several authorities, however, regard ee the mammary glands in all mammalia as modified sweat glands. There is a tendency for those who hold the view that the mam- mary glands are modified sebaceous glands to expect mammary se- eretion to resemble closely the secretion of these glands. For ex- ~ ample :—Virchow, who represents the old school of physiologists, believes that the fat in the milk is formed in the same manner as the oil in the sebaceous glands, i. e. from fatty degeneration of the epithelial cells. If this theory were true the epithelial cells would need to be entirely destroyed to furnish the organic constituents — a of the milk. The colostrum corpuscles were also thought by him to be detached epithelial cells. a There are several sound objections to this theory and the ‘fol oy lowing is one of the most potent:—if the organic constituents of the milk were formed entirely from the epithelial cells an enormous a number of these would be necessary to furnish the constituents of ee the milk. ‘i Heidenhain®® has shown that all the glandular tissue woul i need to be renewed at least twice daily and if the epithelial cells alone were used at least five times daily to furnish the solid con- 4 stituents of the milk. We have no evidence of such rapid cell mule 4 tiplication as this would necessitate, : x - The following theory is perhaps the most widely accepted. It was first suggested by Langer and has since been slightly modified and adopted by Heidenhain®, Steinhaus*!, and Broucha**, and others. It may be classed midway between the other two theories and is founded on the hypothesis that the secretion of milk is partly - due to the disintegration of the cell and partly to the secretory * activity of the gland itself. ; | During active secretion the epithelial cells of the alveoli be- - come columnar in shape and extend into the lumen of the alveolus. i _ According to these authors some of these elongated columnar cells _ have two nuclei and mitosis is occasionally seen. During secretion ese fat globules and one nucleus collect at the free end of the cell _ which is then snipped off and gives its body substance for the for- mation of the solid constituents of the milk. The basal portion remains to regenerate the cell. This theory has been most generally cai as the cell decapitation theory. ‘To explain the reasons for a bd f * . . . . . - _. the cell decapitation in mammary activity the following theory has — been advanced :—at the beginning of mammary activity a large amount of blood flows through the arterioles of the epithelial cells furnishing them with a rich supply of food material. This causes " SG - them to swell, resulting in the formation of the columnar cells which me extend into the lumen of the alveoli. As a result of this swelling the arterioles become compressed, therefore the blood supply (is :: ‘ diminished. The supply of blood going to the outer parts of the cy By. cell is consequently shut off and they disintegrate and pass into the a lumen of the alveoli leaving the basal portion which forms the eubi-. cal epithelium. As the products of the secretion are removed, the arterioles are less and less compressed until finally the blood ean again circulate freely and supply new nutrient material to the cells which in turn stimulates them to activity. This results in - the formation of columnar epithelium which extend into the alveoli and are in turn decapitated to form the next supply of milk. : The same objections may be made to this theory as were ad- _ place the outer portions of these cells at each milking. Although _ only a portion of the cell is supposed to disintegrate to form the con- _Stituents of the milk, yet this only differs in degree from the foumr _ theory. : ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION Pike | ob a "3 vanced against the first mentioned theory, viz. that there is no evi-- _ dence of such rapid cell modification as would be necessary to re- — sf ~ 4 - _ mainly on his own histological researches. He cut sections of the. 498 > : REUBEN L.SHIEnS 2 See eae oo oe ae Bertkau’s** objections to the cell decapitation theory are based active tissue of the mammary gland of a cow, dog, and of man and tissue fixed in Zenker was later sectioned and stained. When micro- scopically examined, the alveoli were found to contain numerous de- tached epithelial cells\ and the phenomenon of ‘‘decapitation’’ was frequently seen. The tissue that was hardened in the forma- lin presented an entirely different appearance, practically all the _ epithelial ‘cells were papilliform and extended into the lumen of Phe's:.9 alveoli. In some instances, the outer portions of the cells had been a ‘torn off leaving the basal portions with a rounded or sometimes a ragged edge. In some sections the outer portions were still loosely attached. The appearance of the cell decapitation was therefore ‘ob- served much less frequently than in the tissue imbedded in paraffin. — Bertkau observed no evidence of mitosis and coneluded that the ap- pearance of the decapitation was due solely to imperfect fixation and not glandular activity. Bertkau believes that the mammary — glands were evolved from sweat glands and that the secretion of — mammary glands is analogous to the secretion of the sweat glands, _ salivary glands and most other secreting glands and that the solid — constituents of the milk are formed entirely as the result of seere- a tory activity of the gland and not from any of the vital constituents of the same. The colostrum corpuscles are believed by those who hold this view to be wandering leucocytes which have passed to ie “mammary gland from the blood stream. " CuHeEMIstRY OF MILK Secretion. For many years efforts nave 7 been made to. determine in what form and manner the various or- ganic constituents are secreted. In spite of all the research that has been done along this line I think I am justified in stating that we do not definitely know how a single constituent of the milk is formed. a Several plausible theories, however, have been advanced to account for their formation. Paes It is possible that the inorganic constituents of ‘the milk are- ‘tg simply diffused from the blood since they oceur in all normal blood. That there must be some selective absorption or some ctrideacee nd whereby a diffusion of the salts is altered is shown by the fact that : they do not occur in the same proportions in the milk as they oceur in the blood. Sodium and potassium salts, for example, exist in the reversed proportion to what they do in the blood. ) ae a ~ fixed one of each in formalin, and Zenker’s fluid respectively. The ae ; ' Mt ‘ i % a pe Raseges 47 vex The fats secreted in the milk are 7 least partially formed from is body fat or fat circulating in the blood which nourishes the mam-— mary glands. That this is true to a certain extent is shown by — § feeding fats of a low or high melting point and thereby lowering | if or raising the melting point of the butter fat. Butter fat is a spee ee ial mixture of different neutral fats and differs in composition from Te +e any other fat found in the body. This would indicate at least a . - selective absorption on the part of the cells. , ae. Arguing from the analogy between the mammary glands aad ; the sebaceous glands some authors (Virchow**) believe that fat re- : sults from a fatty degeneration of the epithelial cells, ; a pee During the active secretion of milk, the epithelial cells of the Sy” alveoli contain numerous fat globules which collect chiefly in the bi _ free end and are stained black with osmie acid. Steinhaus*’, Nis-. - sen, and Heidenhain* believe that the decapitation of the epithets ae ial cells permits these fat globules to be set free and thus form the, fatty constituents of the milk. ~ Benda advances the theory that the fat is produced by the se- -eretory activity of the cell and is expelled by a contraction of the cell protoplasm; that the cell itself is not destroyed. nec \ gy _ It seems probable that the fat of milk may be formed Pasi aed either body fat, as is claimed by Soxhlet**, Caspari®*, Henriquez. ‘and Hansen’, or from carbohydrates as shown by Jordan ‘and * _ Jenter**, and also possibly from proteins. eae a3 4 i As proof of the latter statement, a dog was fed on pure mus- cular tissue and according to Ssubotin*’ and Kemmerich*, the milk ef ; » _ it secreted contained much more fat than could be accounted for in the constituents of the food. It has also been demonstrated that by si increasing the fat and protein content of the food, a slight increase - Bt ee the fat of the milk may be ‘obtained. During starvation in lae-- S _ tating animals the milk yield does not greatly decrease on the first- ? : a day after the beginning of the fast. Voit® cites this as evidence that the milk constituents are formed from epithelial cells which. . = are pe from the todd of the deine day. ‘<4 ‘ proteins, sugars, and fats : are very interesting although I do dak. “ a at present sufficient work has been done to justify definite con- — 500 ; REUBEN L, HILL He perfused the mammary gland of a lactating goat with a perfusion fluid containing different food constituents. The gland was retained in situ and kept warm during the ex- periment and the following are the conclusions arrived at: Ge The fats of the milk are not formed from carbohydrates or pro- teins but from fats. Among the fats the mammary gland has the power to choose certain ones and reject others. The casein of the milk is not formed from proteins, differing from those occurring. normally in the blood, such as gelatin and egg albumen which is free from globulin; nor from carbohydrates and fats. The pro- — duction of lactose increases with an increase in the glucose content of the blood indicating that lactose of the milk is formed from the glucose of the blood. The lactose is not derived from the fat or proteins. According to recent views, the albumen and casein of the mille are formed at the expense of the protein supply of the body or food. Some authors believe casein to be formed from a nucleo- ~ protein resulting from the disintegration of the nucleus of the epi- ‘a " thelial cell lining the secreting alveoli. Casein being a phere protein may be closely related to the nucleo-proteins. Other authors believe that casein is formed from albumen i . e. a ferment present in the mammary gland. The comparatively high albumen and low casein content of colostrum as viewed by certain — authors is due to the fact that the change from albumen to casein — is not so quantitative in the gland immediately after parturition. Considerable research has been directed toward determining the source of the lactose in the milk and the following are some of a the theories and experiments that have attracted attention : . Bert" removed the mammary gland of pregnant goats and ob- served as a result a marked post-partum glycosuria, He concluded that at the time of parturition, the liver was stimulated to produce more than a normal amount of glucose; that when the mammary gland was functioning, this glucose was changed to lactose and’ secreted in the milk. When the mammary glands are removed, this increase in glucose could not be excreted as lactose of the milk — and as a result a hyperglycaemia followed by glucosuria is pro- duced. Porcher™ has repeated Bert’s experiment and obtained similar results. He also removed the mammary glands of lactating animals “ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 501 and observed as a result a marked glycosuria. He concluded that -Bert’s theory was established beyond a doubt. Moore*® and Parker, and Foa** have removed the mammary glands in pregnant goats a : and failed to obtain post-partum glycosuria. Marshall*® and Kirk- "ness obtained no post-partum glycosuria in guinea pigs as a result 2a of mammary ablation during pregnancy. The removal of the mam- eluded that the glycosuria obtained by Porcher could be explained as being normal glycosuria which often accompanies parturition, even without mammary ablation, and the glycosuria obtained after i the ablation of the mammary glands in lactating animals as due : to the operative shock. In his reply, Porcher maintains that the reason the last mentioned authors did not obtain glycosuria was - turition. He maintains that when the increased production of glu- ' liver is soon checked. He also criticises Marshall and Kirkness for using guinea pigs which he claims are normally pure milkers. According to his work, in cases of milk fever, either an intense _ lactosuria or glycosuria or feeble lactosuria follows the stoppage of _ mammary secretion. in a newly lactating goat, that not glucose but lactose appeared a - in the urine. Porcher*® has repeated this experiment using a lac- ir tating dog with similar results and cites this as an additional proof . that lactose in the milk is formed from the glucose of the blood. ’ in a lactating goat about four months advanced in lactation by the _ subcutaneous injection of 4.05 grams of glucose per kilogram of | body weight. a Inasmuch as phloridzin diabetes decreases the glucose content . 3 of the blood below normal, one might expect it to influence the lae- Cornevin*’, as bs: result of his research has concluded that _ phloridzin diabetes increased the lactose content of the milk. if x ; tosuria as well as glycosuria was observed. Their results were simi- x lar to those obtained by Paton and Cathcart”, a “mary glands in lactation also failed to cause glycosuria. They con- E hschitie they did not test the urine until twenty-four hours after par- cose is not used by the mammary gland that its production in the ' Von Norden*® found that when glucose was injected per os, - Bi. The author has obtained a marked glycosuria but no lactosuria _ Pappenhein** and Cremer*® from similar experiments have con- Datided that the amount of lactose in the milk was decreased and lac- - . a : ; cs ees oo ‘ Fe : Some A 502 3 REUBEN L, HILL ° BONE PH eri on oes cA 7 7 According to Porcher*? phloridzin diabetes does ‘not alter the percentage of lactose in the milk but since the total milk secreted | is markedly diminished, the daily yield is decreased in the same pro- ay portion as the other milk solids. The experiments of Kaufman*! and Magne upon dairy cows sm would indicate a formation of lactose from dextrose. They ana- lyzed samples of blood taken simultaneously from the mammary ~ vein and the jugular vein during active milk secretion and again when the gland was not secreting milk. They observed from these | analyses that the blood coming from the head and also that from the “a mammary gland, when it was not in a state of active secretion, con- tained about the same amount of glucose while when the gland was actively secreting, the glucose content of the blood coming from the — mammary gland was much lower than that coming from the head. EFFECT OF THE INJECTION OF ANIMAL ExtTRACTS ON MAMMARY SEcRETION. As has been previously stated, certain organs and _ glands when extracted and injected exhibit galactagogue properties. — ‘ The corpus luteum and placenta have been previously mentioned in this regard. To me this field of research has been very interesting as it reveals a possible method used by nature in stimulating mam- mary secretion. It may lead to some interesting discoveries regard- ing the nature and manner of mammary secretion. There is also a possibility of eventually obtaining a practicable application of our knowledge derived from this field of research. Lederer” and Pribram were among the pioneers in this field of: research. They made a series.of experiments upon a goat in which a canula was inserted into the nipple and the amounts of milk se- jections of extracts under experimental investigation. They found that the extracts of placenta produced a marked inerease in milk secretion while ovarian extract was without effect. In a pamphlet on internal secretion written by Ott and Scott®* of Philadelphia in 1910, the statement was made that ‘‘infundi- — bulin’’ (20% extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary) was a powerful galactagogue.’’ In October, 1911 they published the full — results of their experiments, As experimental animals they used lactating goats which were bound down and not etherized and the- 4 milk secreted by the gland was removed by a water aspirator, They — recorded the number of drops secreted during five minutes under f P “x cretion measured both under normal conditions and after the in- 4 fo rr ey te ‘ “— i * - vA F, - FLAME 5 Sie Wi pc hiee = og ae t eae ie ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 503. : normal conditions and during a eater length of time after the in- jection of the extract to be studied. - They observed that in one instance the secretion of milk was aS igréaned from 5 drops per five minutes to 405 drops per five min- utes, by the intravenous injection of five drops of ‘‘infundibulin”’ (a 20% extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body). They - ofthe gland were incised and a lamp wick was placed in the cut~ also tried the action of other animal extracts but found none so ‘powerful as the extract of the pituitary. The extracts they found that stimulated milk secretion — were :—pituitary (the strongest), corpus luteum, pineal gland, and thymus, while they observed that the extract of the ovary, - spleen, pancreas, and adrenalin and iodothyrin inhibited milk se- cretion. They observed that aetbhae the albumen nor the choline con- stituents of the extracts were responsible for their action. _ Upon receiving Ott’s notice that infundibulin was a powerful : ‘galactagogue Schifer and Mackenzie™ began a series of investiga- tions with the so-called galactagogues. They used mainly lactating cats but lactating dogs were 0¢- casionally employed. The milk secreted was led off from the teat ~ -. either through the nipple or by the exudation method to a drop re- corder and a kymographic record taken simultaneously of the milk secretion and blood pressure. ‘ In the exudation method the duets portion. _When the milk was drained off directly from the nipple, the teat was incised enough to allow a canula to be tied into it in _ this way overcoming the action of the sphincter muscle of the teat. ~The animals were etherized or chloroformed and the anaesthesia maintained by subcutaneous injections of chloral. They used a normal saline extraet of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body and _arrived at the following conclusions :— That the extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body in- cluding the pars intermedia and pars nervosa when injected intra- __-venously, invariably produced a marked flow of milk within about __ twenty seconds after the first injection.. The flow of milk was rapid at first but gradually became slower and stopped after a period of ___ three or four minutes. A second injection after thirty minutes Re caused a much smaller secretion than the first and in some cases no response was obtained. They also confirmed Ott and Scott’s re- 504 REUBEN L, HILL ¥ sults in regard to the galactagogue action of corpus luteum extract. The researches started by Schafer and Mackenzie were later continued by Mackenzie**. He found that the action of the extract was not specific to spe- cies or even to mammals-since the pituitary bodies of cattle, male animals and even birds produced a decided milk secretion when in- jected into lactating cats. In this regard, it is interesting to note that Herring®® has demonstrated that the extract of the cod s pitui- tary body possessed galactagogue properties. The amount of pituitary extract used by Mackenzie was 5 CL.; which represented the active principle of three ox pituitaries. The extract was found to be insoluble in alcohol and its activity was not impaired by boiling and prolonged treatment with alcohol. The animal extracts which he found gave positive results were those of the pituitary body, corpus luteum, pineal gland, mammary gland and involving uterus. Of these extracts, the extract of the pituitary body was by far the most powerful. The injection of pilocarpine and atropine previous to the in- jection of pituitary extract does not inhibit its action which justi- fies the conclusion that it acts on the glands directly and not through the nervous system. . Fetal extract had a decided inhibition on the secretory actly- ity of the gland due to pituitrine. This would seem to substantiate the fetal hormone theory. Schafer’ records an experiment performed on a young mar- ried lady nursing her second baby, by Dr. W. J. E. Sumter. The baby was entirely breast fed and was beginning to want more milk than the mother was able to supply. From 1 to 14% «c. of pitui- tary extract, representing two grams of posterior lobe of pituitary body, were injected intramuscularly on four different occasions at intervals of two or three days. In all cases except after the first injection, the extract seemed to have an immediate action. The pa- tient could feel the milk coming in with a ‘‘tingling sensation’’, but there was no apparent increase in the yield for the entire twenty- four hours since the baby did not seem to receive more than usual on the days when injections were given. é The following table gives the immediate results of the action of pituitrine: “Five minutes pumping before injection of 1.5 ¢.c. of pitui- _ | ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 505 x rp tary extract yielded 2.5 drams (9 ¢.c.) of milk. Five minutes + pumping after the injection of 1.5 ¢.c. of pituitary extract wielded 9 drams (32 ¢.c.) of milk.’’ Mackenzie” records one experiment with pituitrine extract on a woman, in the tenth month of lactation who was suffermg from a mammary abscess in one breast. The healthy breast alone was) observed. It was emptied with the suction pump yielding 60 c.c. chs he of milk and immediately an injection of pituitrine was given. Bee The gland was again emptied one-half hour later and/100 ¢.c. milk were obtained. A None of these experiments give evidence of permanent increase in milk secretion or even a prolonged effect resulting from pituitary injection. In order to determine whether the total amount of milk #) per day was influenced by injection of pituitary extract, Gayin® _ began a series of experiments upon lactating cows. He divided his experimental animals into three groups. Group A consisted of four cows; two of them were fed 1.8 grams of dessicated pitui- tary body (about five whole glands) and the other two were fed 3.5 if and 5 grams respectively, of mammary gland. ten There were also four cows in group B, two of which were in- jected at 6:45 A. M. immediately after milking, ‘‘with seven ¢.¢. pituitrine’’ (equals 3.5 grams fresh gland or .7 gram of the in-— - fundibular lobe). Cows III and IV were injected at 3 P.M. and milked one-half hour later. ye In group C intravenous injections of 7.5 ¢.c. of double strength = pituitrine (equal 114 infundibular lobe of fresh gland) were given as one injection into cows I and II. Cows III and IV were injected with corpus luteum extract while cows V and VI were used as con- trols. Gavin has concluded from the results of these experiments that under ordinary farm practice no commercial benefit can be derived from the use of pituitrine since neither the total quantity per day nor the quality of the daily sample of milk was effected by %. the use of pituitary in any of his experiments. . rae ‘Some very interesting experiments upon the effect of sti taneae 5 ike extract on the secretory activity of the mammary gland in lactat- 14 ing goats were performed by John Hammond®. He used goats in _yarious stages of lactation and the amount of the injection was us- - ually 1 c.c., Parke, Davis & Co. or Burroughs & Wellcome and Co.’s Sonbhersial extract of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body, oe | Sakti mm asl . oe 506 REUBEN L, HILL Me Gate See BAS as ay roe a He observed that pituitary extract, when injected into lactat- — ing goats has an immediate galactagogue action on the mammary. gland but the effect soon passes off; that the fat content of the milk — received after injection is increased and there is a corresponding decrease below normal at the next milking. The proportions of the other solid constituents of the milk do not seem to be altered by the injection, * Smaller doses give less milk with a lower percentage of fat than larger doses, but there is a limit in the size of the dose beyond which an increase in amount injected will not result in a corresponding i m:< crease in the secretion of milk. He concluded that the increase in blood pressure resulting from the injection of pituitrine was not responsible for its galactagogue action and that it acted on the epithelial cells of the alveoli and not on the muscles present. Hill and Simpson observed that by insole pituitary extract into a lactating angora goat a decided increase in milk secretion could be obtained and that the milk so obtained was abnormally high in fat content. The injection was made either just fifteen minutes before milking or immediately after milking i in which case the goats were milked again fifteen minutes after the injection, In one instance fifty cubic centimeters of milk testing 12.9% of fat was obtained at the evening milking. Immediately after milking the goat was injected with pituitary extract and fifteen minutes later yielded 40 c.c. of milk testing 18% of fat. In this instance 64.5 grams of fat were obtained from the normal milking, and 136.5 grams (72 grams more) were obtained 15 minutes later as a result of pituitary extract injection. There was, however, a corresponding decrease in the milk secreted at the next milking. So that the total secretion per day was not materially increased by the injection. It appears as though a part of the milk which would normally be secreted at the next milking period is obtained as a re- sult of pituitary injection. Of the solid constituents of the milk only the fat was altered by the injection of pituitrine the other constituents remained con- stant throughout the experiment. , Hill and Simpson” also investigated the action of pituitary extract on milk secretion in the cow and obtained similar results to. those obtained when a lactating goat was used. ae Ths ies az se ~ ; The injection given the cow was much larger than that -pre- _ viously used by Gavin’*. The saline extract. of eight posterior lobes of the pituitary was given as one injection. In one experiment upon a Jersey cow a yield of 8.3 lbs. of milk testing 7% fat was ob- tained at the evening milking. The Ringer’s solution extract of eight pituitary bodies (post. lobes alone) was immediately after- wards injected into the external jugular vein, Three minutes later the cow was milked again yielding one pound of milk testing 19% fat. About one-third as much fat was secreted as a result of pitti- trine injection as was normally secreted before injection. To ob- | tain one pound of 19% fat in milk from a cow is also remarkable. _ The next morning there was a corresponding diminution in the amount of milk secreted, and also in the percentage of fat it con- tained. - 1 The effects of pituitrine injections upon the milk secretion in the human subject was likewise investigated by Hill and Simp- _son™, the subject being a young married woman 24 years of age, ‘in perfect health, who was nursing her second child. The proce- ‘dure adopted was as follows :— The baby was nursing in the evening, about eight p. m. from both breasts, presumably emptying them. One hour later 1¢.c. of Parke, Davis & Co. Pituitrine was injected into the biceps humeri _ of the left arm. ‘‘Almost immediately afterwards, in about 20 F dobciik, the patient could feel the milk coming into the breasts, as she described it. The sensation was something between a tickle and a sting ans was similar to that experienced when the baby begins ‘to nurse’’, Ten minutes later the milk was withdrawn from both | glands with a breast (suction) pump. Fifty eubie centimeters of milk testing 6% fat were obtained. On three control days when the same procedure was followed except that no injection was given, the '. following amounts of milk were obtained :—1st, 7 ¢.¢. testing 3.7% a im fat; 2nd, 20 c.c. testing 2.8% fat; and 8rd, 13 ec, testing 3.8% fat. On the average of seven control experiments there was .47 grams of fat secreted in the milk from each one of the milkings, while an aver- : age of 3.16 grams was obtained from each of the three milkings ‘when an injection of pituitrine was previously given. _ There was no way of accurately testing the effect of the injee- tion upon the amount and quality of the milk secreted next morn- “ing. According to the mother there was an apparent diminution ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 507. -508 : REUBEN L, HILL = tst—~tS in the quantity and the milk acted asa laxative on the badly indicat- ing that the quality was also changed. In what manner pituitrine acts upon the mammary gland th ; - eause the secretion of milk is now not definitely known. It might affect the secretion of milk by alterations in the blood supply to the gland, but this is unlikely since the first injection of pituitrine, which causes a rise in blood pressure, causes also a secretion of. milk. A second injection 30 minutes later will cause a fall in blood pressure but will likewise stimulate the secretion of. milk. The two theories of importance remaining are the following ss 1. That the action is on the secretory epithelium stimulating the cells to active milk secretion; 2. That pituitrine acts simply upon the non-striated muscle fibres of the alveoli of the mammary gland causing them to contract and force out the residual milk which they = contain; that this milk would not be obtained by regular milking without the injections. According to this theory no milk is Se 4 3 creted as a result of pituitrine injections. i. Hammond” is an advocate of the secretion theory, while the following experiments of Simpson and Hill®* would also. appear to | lend it support.. Bs The udder of a lactating anesthetized dog was incised so that the milk would flow freely from the cut surface if secreted. A moistened lamp wick was inserted into the incised gland and the free end suspended over the side of the animal in order that the drops from the same would fall upon a drop recorder, and be re- | corded upon a rotating kymograph. A tracing was taken of the blood pressure changes in the carotid artery by means of a mer- curial manometer. ) An injection of 1 ¢.c. of a 1% solution of barium chloride (a powerful stimulant of non-striated muscle) was injected into the femoral vein. Immediately afterwards there was a distinct rise in. Bh blood pressure and a slowing of the heart but no increase in milk secretion was observed. After an interval of three or four minutes 1 ¢.c. of pituitrine was injected which was followed by the characteristic rise in blood Wi pressure and also a distinet inctease in the rate of milk secretion. | Since barium chloride does not stimulate milk secretion but does act on non-striated muscle fibres there is good reason for the - conclusion that the action of pituitrine is glandular and not mus- e, cular, ‘ ASPECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MILK SECRETION 509 Schifer** is of the opinion that the proof of the glandular (secretory) theory is insufficient and from histological evidence favors the muscular hypothesis. Gaines®* has concluded as a result of his researches that ‘‘pitui- trine has a muscular action on the active mammary gland causing a constriction of the milk ducts and alveoli with a consequent. ex- ' pression of milk.’’ That the flow of milk produced by pituitrine is dependent upon the amount of milk present in the gland and that there is no evidence of any true secretory action. He also believes that the capacity of the udder is greater than the volume of milk drawn at one time and that practically all the milk is present in the gland as such at the beginning of milking. ‘No one has yet demonstrated the presence of non-striated _. muscle in the mammary gland capable of contraction. Pituitrine — may act on both the muscles and the glandular epithelium of the mammary gland but my researches upon the lactating goat indi- cate that it has a glandular action. By carefully summing up this article it can be seen that there is a very rich field for research and many important discoveries yet to be made i in. the physiology of mammary secretion. BIBLIOGRAPHY a . M, Ricuarp. "Nowveau Elements de Physiologie, Paris, 1817, M. Raspait. Chemie Organique, Paris 1833, p. 345. . 141. . Lresig. Animal Chemistry, American Edition, p. 51, Cambridge 1842, — . The preceding references were obtained from Dunglisons Human Physiol- ogy, Vol. IT, p. 524. 5 . P. Hitt. Physiology of reproduction, Marshall, London 1912. ( 6. GoLTz & Ewaup. Pflugers Arch., Vol. LXITI, 1896, p. 362. 7. Rippert. Arch. f. Entwick. Mechanik, Vol. VII, 1898. 8. Prister. Beitrage zur Geb. und Gynak, Vol. V, 1901. 9. KNAUER. Archiv. f. Gynak, p. 322, 1900. 10. HinpEeBraNnpT, Hofmeister Beitrage, Vol. V, p. 413, 1904. 11. LANE-CLAyPON & SraruinG. Proc. Roy. Soc., London, 1905, Vol. ae, p- 505 to 522. 12. HauBane. Arch. f. Gynak, Bd. 72, H2, 1905, 13. C. Foa. Arch. Fisiol. 5, 1908, No. 6, p. 520. Abstracted in Centbl. Physiol. 22, 1908, No. 23, p. 741 to 750. 14. BrepL UND Konicstein. Zeit. fiir Erper, Path und Ther., Bd. 8, H2, 1910, . 1119. Biedl Innere Sekretion, Zweite Aufgabe Teil IL, P. 245, 15. SCHNER UND GREGORIU. Arch. fiir Gynak,. 94, 1911, 16. HaLBANE. Arch. f. Gynak. 75, 1905. “17, ANCEL UND Bourn. Comp. Rend. d. I. Soc. Biel. 66, p. 605-689, 1908. 18. FRANK AND UNGER. Proc. M. Y. Pzth. Soc. Ser. II, 1911, No. 1, and 2, Bt 8. Arch. Intern. Med, 7., p. 812, June 1911. BascuH Monatser. f. Kenderheik. 8, "No. 9, 1909, rot Biedl, Innere Sekretion, 1 2. 3. M. Gerop, 1839. Adelon Physiologie del Homme, 2nd edition, Vol. IV, ; ig on as be 5 Sai rs Pee fae Spb es Rie Ee Sree Ee ae FA ag eT a a Ls P ar aly SS a eae ent TR iene N55 Bir ee ag NY 3 * Se Vn ee ‘ ¥ 2 . ¥ Se ee : Nt 510 REUBEN. L. HILL | i oer, ~ f } E \ 20. O. O, FELLNER. Centr. fiir digonn Path. eS Path. Anat. Xx, Pe 673, 1912. 21. Heapr. Proc. Phys. Soc. Jour. Physiology 34, 1906, 499. 22. - LoMBRoSO AND BALAFFIO. Cette del Soc. Ital. di obstet e Gin, Vol. XV, 1909. Marshall’s Physiology of: ‘Reproduction, London, p. 585. 23. British Med. Jour., Part-II, May 28, 1910. 24. MACKENZIE. Quart. Jour. Exper. Physiol., Vol. IV, No. 4, Dee. 30, 1911. 25. D. Errico. Pediatria No. 4, 1910, abst. Exp. Sta. Rec., Vol. XXV, p. 376. 26. Winc. Milk and Its Products, N. Y, 1904. 27. McKay AND LarsEN. Principles and Practice of Butter Making, N. Y. 1906, : 28. ‘VircHow. Die Cellular Pathologie, Berlin, 1871. ae pees 29. BroucHa. Arich. de Biol. Vol. XXI, 1905, "Anat. Anz, Vol. 27. ~ hee 30. gigs tg Herman’s Hand Buch der Physiologie, Vol. IV, 1883, Vol. » p. 394. Al. Sremuavus. Arch. fiir Anat. in Phys. Phys. abth. Suppl., 1898, p. 54. 32. BerTKAU.. Anat. Anz. 30, 1907, p. 161. : s ; 33. SOxHLET. Wochenblatt des landw. Vcreins. in Bayern, 1896, No. 40, | a quoted from K. Basch. Asher. Spiro. Ergeb. der Physiol. 2, 1, 1903, p- 368. : 34. Caspari, DuBois. Arch. f. Physiol. 1899, supple. p. 267. 35. HENRIGUES UND HAUNEN. Milchzeiting 1899, p. 690, K. Basch loe. cit, 36. JORDEN AND JENTER. N.Y. Agr. Exper. Sta. Record, 1897, p. 49. 37. SsusBotTin. Virchow’s Archiv. 1866, p. :6, K. Basch, loc. cit. 38. KEINMERICH. Pfluger’s Arch. f. Physio}. 1869, p- 405. ‘39. Voit. Zeit. sch’. f. Biologie. 1879, p. 79. 40. ©. Foa. Arch.. di Fisiologia Vol. X,. Ds 402-424, chair a teoks Ital. east Biol., Vol. 60, 1913, p. 453. , 41. Bert. Comp. Rend. acad. d scien. XCVIII, 1884, p. 775. 42. PORCHER. Comp. Rend. de, la, Acad, d. Science, CXXXVIII, ie 833, 1904. Later article in Arch. Inter. de Physiol. 8, 1909, p. 366. 43. Moore and Parker. Amer. Jour. Physiol. IV, 1900, p-, 239. 44. Foa. Centrbl. Physiol., 22, 1908, No. 2, p. 784— 785. 45. MARSHALL AND KirKNESS. Biochem. Journal, Vol. II, 1907, p. 1. 46. Von Norpven. Arch. f. physiol. 1893, p. 385. 47. CorNEviN. Comp. Rend. acad. d. Scien, CVI, p. 263. ~ 48. PAPPENHEIM. Arch. ;. Verdawings Krankheit, 3, p. 421, 1899. 49. CrEMER. Zeit. f. Biol. 37, p. 59, 1899. \ 50. Patron & CATHCART. Jour. Physiol., London, Vol. 41, 1911, p. 179. 51. KaurMan & MAGNE. Comp. Rend. Acad. Scien., Vol. 143 52. LEDERER UND PripraM. Pfluger’s Arch. f. Physiol. 144, » and 10, p. 591. 53. OTr anp Scorr. Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med. 1910, VIII...Thera- peutic Gaz. May 1912 ,p. 310. Ibid. Nov. 1912, p. 76. 2: 54, Scnarer & Mckenzir. Proc. Roy. Soc. B, 1911, LXXXIV, p. 16. 55. Mackenzik. Quart. Jour. Exper: Physiol. 1911, Vol. IV, 305. Ibid. Vol. IV, p. 314, 1912, 56. Herning. Quart. Jour, Exper. Physiol. 1913, VI, p. 107. 57. Scnarer. Quart. Jour, Kaper. Physiol., Vol, VI, 1913. p. 1. 58. GAVIN. Quart. Jour. Exper. Physiol. 1913, VI, p, 18. 59. HAMMOND. Quart. Jour. Kaper. Physiol. 1913, VI, 311. 60. Hi. & Simpson. Quart. Jour. Exper. Physiol. 1914, VII, p. 103, 61. His & Simeson. Proc, Soc. Exper, Biol. and Med., Vol. II, No, 3, Feb. 18, 1914. 62. Hitt & Simpson. Amer. Jour. of Physiol., Vol. XXXV, No, 3, Oct., 1914, 63. Simpson & Hitt. Quart. Jour. Exper, Physiol., Vol. VIII, No. 4, Heh, 1915, 64, Scuarer. Quart. Jour. Exper. Physiol., Vol. VIII, No, 4, Feb. beige r 65. Gaines. Amer. Jour, Physiol., Vol, 38, 1915, A NEW HOST FOR FASCIOLA MAGNA, BASSI. TO- 4 GETHER WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRI- 7 BUTION OF FASCIOLA HEPATICA., L. IN CANADA SreyMour HapwEN, D.V.Se. Pathologist, Veterinary Research Laboratory, Agassiz, B. C., Canada. as In Decomber, 1915, the writer received a deer’s liver, which was ° '. kindly sent to him by Mr. Kermode, Director of the Provincial Museum. On examining this liver eighteen large flukes were dis- covered. It was thought that they must be F. Magna, and two of them were forwarded to Dr. Ransom of Washington who confirmed the determination. - The interesting part of this discovery lies in the fact. that the - coast deer is Odocoileus columbianus, and therefore that it is a new host for F. magna. Dr. Ransom informs me that there are no ree- ords published or otherwise in the Bureau of Animal Industry, of its occurrence in O. columbianus. The identity of the deer was es- tablished beyond a doubt by Mr. Kermode. According to Hall, 1912, ‘‘The occurrence of the large Ameri- ean fluke on the Pacific coast is a matter of speculation at present.’’ Stiles and Hassall, 1908 give the following hosts for F. magna: Bos taurus, Ovis aries, Equus caballus, Boselaphus tragocamelus, Cervus canadensis, C. dama, C. elephus, C. virginianus, C. unicolor, The accompanying photograph of the section of the deer’s liver shows the great amount of damage done to that organ. On eutting into the liver the ducts were found to be dilated into pockets, which in some cases were quite lafge, and in comparing their diameter with the enlargements caused by F. hepatica a strik- ing difference will be noted. Both flukes cause a blackening and granular appearance of the bile within the ducts, but in the case of F. magna, the pockets which sometimes contain three or four flukes naturally hold more of the ‘‘inky”’ bile. _As to the mortality caused in deer by F. magna, it is hard to estimate, however, the injury to this particular liver is quite ap- parent. Texada Island in the Straits of Georgia is the place the + liver came from. A visit to this island was undertaken in January ~~ with Dr. White. Unfortunately the expedition was unsuccessful owing to bad weather, only one deer was shot, and no flukes were ~ SEYMOUR HADWEN ij ‘ i Fie 1. Liver of 0. Columbienus. Note enlarged duets, and fl point X, ba . ; Fig. 2, Sheep’s liver. Note flukes at point ’ uke eut across at X, found. According to the inhabitants of this island a considerable percentage of the deer are parasitized by flukes, and at this time of year (January) show a marked unthriftiness. , It would be in- teresting to compare the clinical picture in deer with that of sheep. i: As the intermediate host for F. magna is unknown, this island seems ig to me to be an ideal place to investigate the matter, and further work » —_ is contemplated. : * p 3 P :. In all the literature concerning F. magna I have come across, + no mention is made of the mortality it causes among deer. Ward, ~~ quoted by Hall, says: ‘‘In importance it stands hardly second to @ a ; ) ve ‘a de LA os | d H " eg \ — i : a i | Be ’ “% } ba ia be ‘ee: F : Seemann - ee ay Ss ee { be: 5 : 135 tse Fic. 4. Fasciola hepatica, Linn. t Wy = %4 ee Fig. 38. Fasciola magna, Bassi. i a _ Hall says: ‘‘Generally speaking this fluke does not seem to make __ the impression on the health of cattle that F. hepatica does on the ie -health of sheep.’’ ‘‘It seems to be rather rare in sheep—’’ Though ~ ie F. magna is no doubt a dangerous parasite, it seems to me that with regard to farm animals it cannot be as easy for them to acquire as F. s hepatica, otherwise our records would contain more references to Bee | it, especially in eastern America, where it has been known for many years. ~ = ee. Ladew cy Jee ‘ an é i igs oh, ¢ i on 2 : “ “ i ie me ae A NEW HOST FOR FASCIOLA MAGNA, BASSI <7.) aS “i F. hepatica’. The statement probably refers to domestic animals.” 9 mortality of 60 to 75% in some years; not in single flocks but for _. whole provinces. In British Columbia there are some tracts of _ sheep have been kept year in and year out. Dr. Bruce, Inspector ‘ tioned against letting his sheep graze along the river front during — > 514 _\ ) SEYMOUR HADWEN™ f 0 I all the sheep coming from one of the river deltas are flukey, yet. - MEASUREMENTS OF F. magna. Fourteen specimens were meas- | aed: the average length was 45.4 mm. and the width, 18.5 mm. — The eggs measured 140» in length and 100p in width. These last measurements correspond exactly with those given by Railliet. re. Fasciola hepatica... This parasite has taken its toll among the | coast sheep in British Columbia ever since the early settlements — began. * 4 In some districts flockmasters have suffered considerable losses, — These losses do not come anywhere near those of European coun-— tries where the percentage is much heavier. Neumann gives , i low ground where the keeping of sheep has had to be abandoned. _ In other localities where it is hard to find a flock free from flukes, in charge of meat inspection for Vancouver tells me that practically sheep have been kept there for many years at a profit. It would ct appear from the above, that land may be lightly or heavily infested in a more or less permanent way. However, the character of the a seasons undoubtedly influences the degree of infestation. It may — ‘ be of interest for me to cite a case which came under my notice. Three years ago I went to see a small flock of sheep, they were badly infested and a number of animals had died. The land on which ~ oe the sheep grazed was on the bank of a river. Some drainage im- provements were suggested, and the owner was especially cau- q low water. Since that time the losses in the flocks were light, but ‘ in December, 1915 the trouble returned. The sheep at this time — only numbered twenty-three, three had died. The symptoms pre-_ a sented were quite marked, dropsy under the jaws, puffy eyelids, a dropsy of the abdomen, anaemia and emaciation in a few together ~ with a listless expression. The owner was recommended to slaughter a his flock. This was done on December 20th, and on post-mortem every liver had to be condemned, also four of the carcasses. ei Bb the animals were more or less hydraemic, but the meat set we i Fig. 5 shows a yearling with a puffy face and eyelids, on the ret of the photograph an old ewe. When this animal was killed the — abdomen was found to contain fully two gallons of fluid. The ie young animals were found more affected than the old which seems ts A NEW HOST FOR FASCIOLA MAGNA, BASSI 515 characteristic of distomatosis. The most fatal time for the disease in British Columbia is from late December to the early part of March. ; Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General, informs me that he is unaware of F'. hepatica being found in any other part of Canada. According to Hall the same thing is true for the northern States bordering on the Atlantic; there is only one reported find- ing on Long Island. ' Fig. 5. Hosts for Ff. hepatica in British Columbia. In sheep kept on the low lands bordering on the Pacific. In cattle, two records, one by Dr. Bruce, one by myself. In deer, O columbianus recorded by Mr. Kermode. REFERENCES Haut, Mauricr C., 1912. Our present knowledge of the distribution and im- portance of some Parasitic Diseases of Sheep and Cattle in the United States, pp. 419-163. Rai.uiet, A., 1895. Traite de Zoologie Medicale et Agricole. The Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association will hold its next meeting at Menominie, Wis., July 26 and 27. The Washington State Veterinary Medical Association held a meeting at Mt. Vernon, Washington, June 21 and 22, RECIPROCITY * J. W. ‘SALLADE, Auburn, Pa. It would seem that if reciprocity could be brought about in a practical form it would cure a multitude of embarrassing things that lead to controversy in this association. If there could be de- vised a method by which our standards of examination and other : requirements—subjects covering eligibility to our classes, —a com- mon system of rating, uniform registration laws, equal penalties per E for violations, etc., covering the practice of veterinary ‘medicine and surgery in all the states of the union; then, and only then, would it be possible to realize reciprocity. with equal mutual rights or bene- - fits, to be yielded or enjoyed between indivduals so engaged through- s out this wide territory, the.domain of the United States. — oe As is well known, the regulation of the practice. ‘of veterinary medicine and surgery is a state-function and every. state that has Be undertaken the regulation ‘of -this branch of endeavor, has its own BS legislation creating its Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners and a defining their duties, and in many “instances enumerating the pranches or subjects to’which applicants shall submit in.a theoreti. — gal and practical examination. Besides other conditions that create conflicting circumstances all of which would have to be brought into pne harmonious connected whole, a uniform system of regulation. To do all this would necessitate the repeal of all state laws now on the statute books and the re-enactment of uniform laws, a most difficult and hazardous undertaking. It must be remembered that most if not all of such legislation is secured under difficulties and in many instances is crude and unsatisfactory, yet appreciated — for the recognition it affords the profession, - Frequent attempts are made in every session of the lagialatane to so amend these laws as to afford some constituent, otherwise barred from the fold, an opportunity to get his name on the reg- ister. The interests of such applicants are approved by legislators for political reasons and our laws are thus a subject of constant attack, , To attempt a radical change, in order to obtain uniformity is fraught with grave danger of losing rather than gaining prestige, If the attempt is ever made the line of attack must be made aggres- "Presented at the meeting of the Association of the Veterinary Faculties — and State Examining Boards of North America, September, 1915, Oakland, Cal, - STATE BOARD EXAMINATIONS 517 sively all along the front, in every state of the Union, in the same bill. An attack so comprehensive that it will embrace every contin- - gency, to meet the demands, not only of the colleges but. of the pub- Jie and politicians as well.’ State Examining Boards are limited in scope by the acts creat- é ing them. In view of this fact it would be a relief could all such bodies be made operative under a uniform law. The danger, how- _ ever, of tampering with such proposed legislation renders the effort of doubtful feasibility. — —-— Q-——- SHOULD THE STATE BOARD EXAMINATIONS IN- ~ CLUDE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN VETERINARY SCIENCE?* A. D. KNOWLES, Missoula, Montana. The object of State Boards of Veterinary Examiners is first, - vo protect the public from being imposed upon by unqualified and incompetent persons holding themselves out as veterinarians and, secondly, to maintain a standard of professional qualifications and moral respect which will give the veterinary profession a proper place and respectable standing in society. Veterinary science is progressive and those who ally them- selves with that profession must be progressively studious if they remain entitled to recognition and service therein. He who as- sumes upon the receipt of his diploma that he has finished his _ studies, that he has acquired the necessaries for his lifetime in pro- fessional knowledge, will fall far short of his possibilities as a vet- erinarian, and his usefulness and standing among mankind is limited. , Because of the neglect of his professional qualifications, the veterinarian who follows his vocation as a business rather than as _a profession must come, sooner or later, to be measured by the pub- lic as a professional degenerate and one not entitled to high and honorable standing among men. He who has not kept strictly in touch with the developments of the science of veterinary medicine during the last decade or two — *Presented at the meeting of the Association of the eistied Faculties Pe and State Examining Boards of North America, September, 1915, Oakland, Cal. 518 A. D. KNOWLES is less qualified, and his opinion and service along veterinary lines deserves less recognition than that of the well read and intelligent farmer or the recent graduate of an agricultural college. oe The veterinarian who is not familiar with recent developments — in veterinary science is not acquainted with ‘sero-diagnosis and sero-therapeuties by which many contagious and infectious diseases are now controlled and even eradicated and by which many benign diseases are successfully treated. He is not acquainted with well — known vaccines which insure prophylaxis against several infectious _«leadly animal plagues. He is not acquainted with numerous well known microorganisms which insidiously cause diseases and animal losses which are amenable to treatment or prevention by a correct knowledge of their existence. He is not familiar with many vege- table, alkaloidal, ptomain, and leukomain poisons that are known to the science of today. He is not familiar with the well known prin- * ciples of asepsis, antiseptics and disinfectants as they exist today. In fact the veterinarian who has not been a student during the past: ‘ ten years has no correct knowledge of the wonderful developments which have been produced by the pathological, chemical, biological, bio-chemic, and botanical laboratories, and he is surely not entitled to the professional dignity and respect that belongs to the veteri-— a nary profession of the present time. Following this discussion, it is needless for me to state that the answer to the title of this paper should be in the affirmative. There can be no argument in the negative unless it should be considered that veterinarians who graduated ten or more years ago have not had the opportunities to acquire the knowledge of the Recent De- velopments of Veterimary Science. This consideration, however, deserves no attention when we consider the advantage of keep-— ing abreast of the times through our splendid veterinary — journals, the many splendid bulletins published by the various departments of the United States Department of Agriculture, by the various state experiment stations, by the various State Veteri-_ nary Medical Associations, and by our own A. V. M, A. with its fund of up-to-date reports as published in the annual proceedings. There are also the ever new and increasing text books full of recent — development of veterinary science, and the newer and better systems of learning about the science previous to the newer developments. My experience on the State Board of Veterinary Examiners has been that veterinarians who have been in practice for several ah WD. Sy ESS ea ee as ary 2 2G, BO : pa aes! (2p vate : ay 4 pore. ap see ig ‘ : : R 4 > STATE BOARD EXAMINATIONS 519 years, for the most part, pass better examinations than the recent — i graduate, or at least the graduate just from college without having — 7 _ had the advantage of actual practice; and this seems to me to be .e perfectly natural. This must be true, because the practitioner - should lose nothing of what he has gained during his college career — +a " and, if he is doing justice to himself, he will have been adding to ox that knowledge every day and year he is in practice. Aa 2 In my opinion, the state board that does not include recent —— ; - developments i in veterinary science in its examinations does not do ' ___ justice to the state which it serves, and it certainly does a gross in- - ‘ justice to the public which looks to it for protection against incom- 2 ___-petent. veterinarians. ‘ ; - Dipwruerta From Cars. An outbreak of diphtheris in an orphanage has been traced to cats. Sixty-nine cases, which were the great majority of those which occurred, came from the boys’ house. After many investigations and precautions, such factors in | te the production of the disease as sanitary defects, contaminated water —~ supply and food were eliminated. Realizing that there must be ys) some carrier of the bacillus, the physician in charge decided to turn ~ ay his attention to the cats, and took swabs from all of their throats. On bacteriologic examination it was found that the four cats from the boys’ side of the orphanage were suffering. from diphtheria ; poe the four cats from the girls’ side, although showing other micro- organisms in profusion, did not prove to have the true diphtheria bacillus. The cats were destroyed, and after that only ten more — ' _ eases of diphtheria occurred. They occurred within a few days, — showing the patients had already been infected when the cats were _ destroyed. There have been no more cases since-—London Letter, " $f ~ Jour. A.M. A. 3 "s ~~ Ny ay a The seventh annual meeting of the Central New York Veteri- nary Medical Association was held at Syracuse, June 29. In the forenoon a clinic was held at the infirmary of Dr. Turner. In the 4 afternoon papers were presented by Drs. Stevens, Tuxill, J. A. _ Pendergast, and Danforth. ° ' condition. ES AE eT 8 eae TSN OEE RE TH on tome cD AG EME ep comer (ee ee Soe Oe Rata Phy ei seen: " a 2 ris 4 “ i at : i 7 \ We oe 45 } e “> es : 5 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ROUND-CELLED SARCOMA IN THE HEART OF A boa* W. Remp Buatr, D.V.8e., New York, N. Y. During the latter part of October, 1914, I was asked to examine 4 an aged Boston Bull terrier, owned by Dr. B., a surgeon connected with the Post Graduate Hospital. I found a very fat. asthmatic dog suffering from bronchitis, with chronic cough, and with a yery hard wiry pulse, and distinct heart murmurs, induced by leaky heart valves. The animal was at this time about twelve years old, very active, ~ and until a few weeks before had rarely been ill. As the asthmatic symptoms and chronic cough were doubtless due to the cardiae con- dition, I prescribed tr, strophanthus three times daily in doses of four drops. This drug produced a very laxative effect on the bow- ~ els, and as the bowel condition did not improve after a few days this drug was discontinued and tr. digitalis substituted, in’ three _ drop doses. After four days of this treatment improvement was noted in the asthmatic symptoms, and the cough became less fre- — - quent and distressing. As the animal’s food had for many years ~ been made up of bread, milk, rice and vegetables, I changed the~ diet to one of meat, with the result that while the dog lost some fat, — he showed great improvement in health and spirits, The treatment . of the heart was continued at frequent intervals for fourteen). months, but although I did not see the dog from October, 1914, till January Ist, 1916, I had, however, been kept informed as to his — a The owner asked me to come again Jaunary 1, 1916 and I now found the dog not greatly changed in physical condition, perhaps - slightly thinner, but with distressed breathing, and ah almost con- ‘stant racking cough, and considerable congestion of the larynx. I~ * suggested codein 1/6 grain every five hours, also pertussin was used. Re These drugs had no appreciable effect on the cough. The animal’s appetite was good, and he was always eager for his food, , The heart pulsations were hard and irregularly intermittent, the lungs congested. We could detect a large area of dullness at the — % = upper and anterior part of the lungs on the left side. I eae > ) iS yas *Presented at the meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New — iy Yory City, Mareh, 1916. ys SOP NG Omer, ale a 4 hme CLINIGAL AND CASE REPORTS a See : si . ae a: case of tuberculosis, and after detecting a nodule on the border of aa the liver, this opinion was ‘strengthened. However, I was not able to positively convince myself, since in the absence of anemia, emacia-— sis tion, weakness, ascites, and intermittent fever, tuberculosis, in my experience, has been a rare condition. I then considered sarcoma ae of the lungs and finally convinced Dr. and Mrs. B, that the dog was suffering from either tuberculosis or sarcoma, and that there wasno hope of relief, after which they reluctantly consented to have the" 4 dog destroyed. eye ‘This was done on January 7th, 1916 and the post-mortem ex- amination was made immediately afterward, the owner, Dr. B., being present. __ _ The following gross conditions were present :— Upon opening the thoracic cavity a tumor mass of globular form = was found firmly adherent to the superior auricular borders of the heart. This tumor, about 41% inches in diameter, was also attached quite firmly to the trachea and esophagus, and surrounded the pul- monary veins, The heart was greatly hypertrophied, the ventricles were dilated, and the auriculo-ventricular valves showed extensive “vegetation and imperfect closure. os Sea The lungs were congested, and showed the production of ae fibrous tissue as a result of chronie bronchitis, and an excessive = = Mi amount of pigmentation was present throughout. -. The liver was enlarged and congested. A nodule, 2 inches by 1% inches, of dark brown color and of firm consistency, was-found | _ on the posterior border of the left lateral lobe. Nit, The kidneys showed chronic congestion, and the capedien ad: as herent in several places. Other organs showed no gross changes. _ _ Sections of the tumor mass of the heart were taken for pathological ' histology examination by Dr. B., and later the microscopic examina- ae tion of the section showed-the tumor to be a small round-celled sar- — at coma, the most malignant of the sarcomata. The section of the liver 3 nodule Bn eens to be an eee infarction, with consider- 7 7 a ba A an Sab. Pe ee ee _—— ee CT A ae a seca | ne —— eee * ‘ In this connection, it may be of interest to consider some com- _mon characteristics of these new growths described as sarcomata. — A sarcoma is a more or less malignant tumor consisting of cells . similar to those of Bceeeey One! eisecth aie tissues.- From the begin- a 7 522 , CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS t eo ; eell structure persists, the cells not transforming to more Highly 5 developed tissue. The type of sarcoma varies greatly; certain forms are of tate up of round cells; others of spindle cells; others of spindle cells and fibres. he The sarcomata are composed essentially of cells, between which a small amount of intercellular substance, usually of a fibrillar form, is present. As a rule, this intercellular tissue is comparative- ly insignificant, and is seen with difficulty. Sarcoma grows chiefly — a by interstitial expansion, though a certain amount of peripheral sharply circumscribed from the surrounding tissues. Sarcomata are usually poorly supplied with plood vessels. The ‘ -jnfiltration is characteristic of the more malignant forms. Though — a ' sometimes appearing to be encapsulated, the tumor is not always ae circulation of the tumor is peculiar and irregular. Not only are aa the blood vessels few, but in many cases those present are imperfect in structure, consisting of an endothelial coat with a few supporting a connective-tissue fibres. Considerable parts of the tumor may be without blood ves: e sels, but contain sinuses or clefts through which the blood circulates in intimate contact with the tumor cells. Sarcomata may appear in any tissue or organ of the body. A a few observers have claimed to find in and among the cells of the | tumor certain parasitic protozoa, but nothing definite is known of the nature of these bodies. Many. cases appear to follow traumatic injury, but the majority arise independently of any recognizable cause. Sarcomata usually occur as rounded, more or less lobulated tumors. Upon section they are usually pinkish grey in color. The ‘ sarcomata vary through all degrees of malignancy. Some are rap- Vis idly fatal; others liable to recur after excision. Soft, moist tumors are more apt to be malignant than firmer and more fibrous ones. — ci The general tendency of all the sarcomata is to recur, and the ma- jority produce secondary growths by metastasis. The round cell type most frequently recur through metastasis. Metastasis takes place almost exclusively through the blood channels, and is most rapid when the blood circulates in indefinite spaces in the tumor mass and is free to detach and transport the cells to other parts of the body. 7% ON TER a nie, CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS «28 AN UNUSUAL MILK FEVER CASE -M. H. Reynoups, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. A very valuable imported Guernsey calf, calved about three / ‘months previous, was being fed for a milk record. She showed symptoms suggestive of milk fever on the morning of June 14th. es . ture was 99.8; pulse about 60, and weak; respirations very shallow. and suddenly reduced. : This. cow rapidly developed typical symptoms of milk fever. 4 with a peculiar curve in the neck or around the flank in the usual _ rather slow response at the eyes which had a peculiar glassy stare. BE . On trial with plain water it was found that the cow swallowed é easily and a dose of linseed oil, turpentine, and aromatic ammonia, was given about 9 a.m. The udder was inflated about 9:30. The _ cow made a steady improvement following the air treatment. A the morning of June 15th the cow was quite comfortable and in good — ———-() -—— y BOTRYOMYCOSIS* a te : R. W. GANNETT, Brooklyn, Ney, i] Botryomycosis is defined by Hutyra and Marek as a chronie in- fectious disease of horses which may, in exceptional instances, occur in eattle. It usually results in the formation of local tumors re- . sembling fibromata and occasionally in the formation of metastasis in the internal organs. It is caused by the botryomyces fungus. ‘The infectious new growth caused by this fungus is known as a ~botryomycoma or mycofibroma.. It is a neoplasm that occurs very > _. frequently in the horse. It is often malignant in character. Its muscle at the point of the shoulder of the draft horse. It occurs less _ ¢ “Presented at the February meeting of the Veterinary Medical Association of New York ee - _~-When seen by the writer at about 8:30 o’clock a. m., her tempera- | No feces were passed during the night. Milk flow had been greatly | She was lying in the usual position with a tendency to hold the head position. Skin sensation was entirely lost and there was only a - mild catharsis developed in the latter part of the afternoon. On — condition, Uneventful recovery followed. 4 o most common occurrence is in the form of the schirrous cord in the ae gelding and the cold or deep seated abscess of the levator humeri — } “hy ae eee Jie at 2 | ee 5 hoe -§24 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS commonly in the pectoral region, at the elbow, skin or subcutem in any part of the body, udder, nasal mucous membrane and rarely in bones. Like actinomycosis it is a wound infection disease but metas- _ tasis though it often occurs seems to Be less common than i in the so_ . i: called lumpy jaw of cattle. Botryomycomata have been observed in swine » and recently i in man. : BacrerioLocy. Formerly the botryomyces fungus and the ~ staphylococcus pyogenes aureus were thought to be identical, but — more recent investigations seem to disprove this idea. The staphylococcus aecording to investigators quoted by: Hu- tyra and Marek and also by Frohner forms goldish yellow cultures — at any. temperature. The botryomyces fungus grows only* at a — temperature of 18° Centigrade. They are alike in form, take the — same stain and have the same grape-like arrangement in clusters. Their development on gelatin is not the same and blood from rabbits immunized with staphylococcus failed to agglutinate the botryomy- biel ces fungus. The botryomyces organism possesses pyogenic proper-_ ties but it also causes chronic productive inflammation of connec- _ tive tissue experimentally, a property ‘which is not possessed by the staphylococcus. rie BorryoMycoMa OF THE SpeRMATIC Corp. Most cases of schir rous cord may be regarded as due to the botryomyces fungus. In-— fection no doubt takes place at the time of castration. A hard tumor appears sometimes at once but often months or even years after the testicles have been removed. Adhesion takes place’ between the — stump of the spermatic cord and the tunica vaginalis. Growth is gradual, There may or may not be a purulent discharge. Some- times the growth assumes a malignant character and involves the sheath skin of the scrotum, thigh or abdomen. The cut surface shows numerous purulent or mfeco-purulent areas and also the _ smaller yellowish sand like foci of infection. _ BoyrryvomMycoMa AT THE SHOULDER. ~ Botryomycoma involving — the levator humeri at the point of the shoulder is commonly called cold abscess or shoulder abscess. Its appearance is often sudden and _ may in many cases be attributed in part to contusion from the col-— lar, After the initial acute inflammation has subsided, growth is gradual but continuous, If neglected the enlargement may become enormous and incurable by involving.the carotid artery and jugular — vein, It may even extend to the periosteum of the seapula and CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS : ~ §25 humerus. A botryomycoma in this region seldom if ever fluctuates. It rarely or never recovers permanently without surgical interfer- ence. It is apt to recur if strenuous measures are not taken to de- stroy the organism which is its cause. we European writers have recorded eases of generalized botryomy- _ ¢osis affecting such organs as the lungs, kidneys, diaphragm, spleen and liver. Most of them were horses which had schirrous cord. TREATMENT OF SCHIRROUS Corp. Treatment is entirely sur- gical. The patient should be secured in a recumbent position and secting well into healthy tissue. ‘The emaseculator or ecraseur may be used to divide the spermatic cord. If any of the neighboring removed. Hemorrhage is sometimes troublesome. is sufficient. A single bold vertical incision is made down to the central pus cavity. Often there are two or more pus cavities which ‘may or may not commuiinicate. Jt is never safe to rely upon ordi- nary antiseptics for disinfection; either slough out the diseased or the cold abscess at the shoulder. x. ; - Case Reports. A gray draft mare was presented with’ an of either shoulder. There were several discharging seton: wounds as well as scars from both line and point firing. The growth was - completely removed in three separate operations with the aid of stocks and local anaesthesia. Hemorrhage was severe. The strue- there is no sign of recurrence of the condition. A five year old draft gelding in poor condition was operated upon for schirrous cord. He had been passed. as sound by me six months previously and at that time showed no enlargement at the, --serotum. Shortly after the operation two round fibrous tumor like growths appeared just aboye the hock of the affected side. They were incised, contained pus, were cauterized and healed promptly. anesthetized. The entire schirrous cord should be removed by dis- ~ skin or subcutaneous connective tissue is involved this too must be — In operating upon cold abscess at the shoulder local anesthesia + ~ enormous botryomycoma involving the entire pectoral region. The — growth had become so large that the collar could not touch the point — ture of the tumor resembled that of the schirrous-cord. Cicatriza-_ : tion required six weeks. The mare has been working two years and — ‘ fibrous tissue with an escharotic or sear thoroughly with the actual ieee _edutery. Botryomycomata in other parts of the body should be — operated upon by total extirpation or vertical incision methods, ac-— cording as they resemble the type represented by the schirrous cord | * es $26) ee - QLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS. ti‘—ts Sh ek ae Soon fibrous nodules of various sizes appeared at the shoulder, all contained pus but.healed under treatment. The animal carried a slight temperature at times. He was mallein tested repeatedly but never gave a reaction. About six months after the schirrous cord operation he was in very poor condition, limbs stocked, staring coat, appetite poor and unable to do steady work. Rest, arsenic, nux — vomica and poly-bacterins did not improve his condition. While — under treatment a fluctuating abscess of the groin of the affected f a side appeared. It was lanced, contained foul smelling pus and the _ wound healed properly but for several months the animal remained . _ In very poor condition, worked half time and had the appearance of i, a worn out, debilitated old horse. He is now (two years after the © operation) in good health and good general condition. A roan draft gelding was operated upon for a large deep seated — cold abscess back of the right shoulder blade. The condition had been noticed for several months. A single vertical incision about eight inches long was made. Ordinary antisepties were used and ~ the wound healed in about six weeks. The animal was sent home, went to work and in ten days an enormous cold abscess appeared on the opposite side at the point of the shoulder. The owner became discouraged and disposed of the horse. A bay horse was presented with a large botryomycotic growth: ‘involving the skin and subcutem of the left shoulder, withers and side of the neck and of the chest back of the left elbow. There were several discharging fistulous tracts. He was considered ROARS and was not treated. A black gelding showed two round botryomycomata of the skin of the shoulder as large as English walnuts. They were incised and , contained muco-purulent material. The cavity was disinfected and packed with cotton saturated in tincture of iodine. Healing took place but soon more growths. appeared. I lanced at least twenty small botryomycotic abscesses in two months and eventually was obliged to. remove a section of diseased skin and sub-cutem five inches square. The wound was cauterized with the red hot iron and normal healing took place. A tumor as large as a hen’s egg soon appeared on the opposite side about half way from the point of the shoulder, to the withers. This was incised, contained pus, the wound was cauterized and healed normally. The horse finally went to work, but the entire treatment had taken between three and ~ four months. t+ (sea CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 527 — A i — _A bay ten year old gelding was operated upon for a cold ab- scess of the left shoulder of two months’ duration. A single vertical incision was made into the pus eavity. No escharotie or actual cautery was used but the wound was treated with ordinary anti- - septics. The wound continued to discharge slightly for some time and never healed properly though the animal was put to work. i Four months later Iwas called to see a large botryomycotic -_. tumor on the right branch of the lower jaw of this horse. There were two small ulcers discharging a non-smelling pus. On exam- ination the third lower molar of the affected side was found: to be loose. The animal was placed upon the operating table and anes- thetized. The tumor was cut away. Its structure resembled that of the schirrous cord in that there were numerous areas of purulent liquefaction and also the small gritty foci of infection. Several pieces of loose bone were removed. The tooth was punched out but was odorless and showed no visible lesion. The old fistula at the point of the shoulder was opened. The botryomycotic fibrous tissue -_-was thoroughly cauterized with the actual cautery. Convalescence i ‘ _ was uneventful and there has been no recurrence of botryomycomata — _ after eighteen months at work. ‘ _ These case reports have been selected with the view of illustrat- ing metastasis and malignancy in botryomycosis and particularly to be relied upon but must be supplanted by: the actual cautery, pow- erful escharotics or total extirpation of the infectious new growth. REFERENCES - HUTYRA AND MAREK, Vol. I. -FROHNER’s GENERAL VETERINARY SuRGERY—UDALL. THE PATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF ANIMALS—MOORE. REGIONAL VETERINARY SURGERY—MOLLER-DOLLAR. CapioT’s CLINICAL VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY—DOLLAR. The joint meeting of the California State Veterinary Medical Association and its Southern Auxiliary’ was held at Los Angeles, Cal., June 21 and 22. Those participating in the program were_ _ Doctors Archibald, Iverson, Meyer, Thompson, Wood, Hurt, Don- - nolly, Boucher, Irons and Beach. emphasize the fact that drainage and ordinary antisepties are not to ~ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE : — Urerurat Opstruction In A Foan. | C. W. Cartwright, M. eh V.S. Veterinary Record—A five weeks old valuable Shire foal was. making unsuccessful efforts to urinate. ~ On examination an obstruc-. _* tion was indistinctly felt imthe urethra above the serotum. With a’ large sized dog catheter, attempts were made to dislodge it. Several trials were useless, only material of a cheesy consistency was left at the end of the instrument. Objections were made by the owner to an operation which was suggested. The use of the catheter | was” again resorted to and after a while, by persevering, the instrument _ was felt to pass the obstruction and about half a pint of urine es- 9, _. eaped. The flow stopped as soon as the instrument was withdrawn. With directions of careful catheterism being renewed, the foal was — ~ ‘left for the night. The next morning he was seen in great pain, which was rapidly increasing. The bladder was evidently distend- — ed to the bursting point and immediate relief was necessary. Ure-” throtomy was performed at once. A gush of urine escaped ; the foal made great effort and suddenly the flow ceased, the bladder had rup- tured. The little fellow died shortly afterwards. At the post mor-— tem, there was found a calculus of cheesy consistency, about the size and shape of a pigeon’s egg, which was firmly lodged in the urethra, The bladder was empty with a large laceration, the mucosa being covered with thick mucous deposits. There was also slight he- phritis. All the other organs were healthy. A. LIAuTaRD. Tue Use or INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF CAMPHOR, E. Fischer. Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire, Vol. 92, p. 99, 1916. For affec- tions of the respiratory tract, contagious or otherwise; intravenous injection of a solution prepared as follows, is recommended. Dis- solye 8 grams of sodium chloride in 1 liter of water and sterilize by te oar Add drop by drop, a saturated alcoholic solution of cam- ‘phor,. until a white flocculent precipitate appears. Filter. The dose . . for a horse varies from 0.9 to 1.5 liters according to the size of the. animal. The injection should take 5 or 6 minutes, and should be- repeated in grave cases after 12 or 24 hours. There is a violent and short reaction (excitation). The entire treatment consists of 2 to 6 injections, according to the gravity of the disease. This seems to be a medication having the properties of neosal! varsan—but infinitely less severe. It is being experimented with in — several other infectious diseases, . Bera, ala ait i , P 4 mF ae me va ri er ’ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE ; 529 j SuppurativeE ARTHRITIS OF THE Hock—ReEcovery WirTH BiER’s Meruop. Roy Student; and Veter. Dupuy. Presse Veter. The horse ‘‘Souris’’ had received a punctured wound on the internal face of the left hock. He was very lame and in three or four days had all the symptoms of suppurative arthritis of the injured hock. _ The local and general symptoms were characteristic and alarm- ‘ ing and as the case was at the front of the battle, with frightful at- _mospheric conditions of rain, mud, snow, ice, etc., recovery seemed almost impossible and the horse was condemned to be destroyed. Before doing it, however, Bier’s method was attempted. A rubber band, such as used in human surgery, for hemostasis and a fine cotton roller, slightly extensive Were used and applied one on the top of the other above the hock of the injured leg, the rubber band first as it was rather short and the cotton over it to complete the action of the other. This apparatus was to be left on six hours. ‘The careful description of the case which showed a gradual im- provement brought the writer to the conclusion that after thir- teen days of treatment, this suppurative arthritis of the hock, rarely amenable to’ favorable results, was cured by the application of Bier’s method. LIAUTARD, - . Ca ferred ; er EprrHeuiosis InrecriosA AviumM, ConTagious EprrHELioMa, CHICKEN Pox, DipHrHertA, Roup, CANKER. O. V. Brumley and J. H. Snook. The Veterinary Alumni Quarterly, Ohio State Uni- versity, Vol III (1916), p. 81—A large number of birds were pre- sented at the clinic of the Ohio State University for treatment. An. - autogenic bacterin was prepared from cultures made from the lesions — and used as a curative agent. This proved satisfactory while other methods of treatment proved very unsatisfactory. As a result of this method of treatment a series of experiments were undertaken to determine the etiology of the disease and the value of the bac- terin as a method of control. As a result of these experiments which are reported in detail, the authors arrived at the following conclusions : ‘‘1. From the bacteriological experiments we have made and the good results obtained from vaccination, we are of the opinion that we have been dealing with one disease only. Owing to the confusion in names which have been used to designate this disease, we have concluded to give it a new name—lInfectious epitheliosis of + birds (Epitheliosis infectiosa avium.) This indicates involvment _ 530 © ABSTRACTS FROM-RECENT LITERATURE — of the epithelium both of the skin and mucous membranes. It was - thought that inasmuch as we find so many variable forms of a . disease that this name would be more appropriate than any que tion of names so far suggested. Sey “2. Our work extending over a period of six years convinces | us that typical infectious epitheliosis is due to a combination of two factors: (a) filterable virus; (b) secondary invading organ- isms which vary in kind but of which the so-called ‘Bacillus diph- therae ecolumbarum’ of Loeffler, appears to be the most important. **3. The filterable virus is the necessary primary invader — which lowers the birds’ resistance and thus prepares the tissues for invasion by the secondary organisms. Neither factor alone will ; cause the typical disease. eee “‘4. The excellent results derived from the use of a vaccine made from the secondary organisms, both in prevention and treat- _ ment, are due to controlling the secondary infections which cause — the serious complications. If these are controlled, infection’ due — _ to the primary virus is mild and soon disappears. (There is a re- mote possibility that the filterable virus is contained in the vaceine | We have no evidence that this is or is not the case. The presence _ of the virus in the vaccine would indicate its growth with the other organisms on the cultures. This would be contrary to our present. knowledge of filterable viruses. This point will be investigated.) ‘5. The therapeutic dose, as indicated by the large number of birds treated, is 1 ¢.c. for the average adult bird. Younger and smaller birds receive a lesser amount. “6. The immunizing dose found most main tory s is 1 ee. “7. No bad results have followed when larger doses have been ‘administered. «8. Reports aleve to date indicate that vaccination is equally efficacious in the treatment of infectious epitheliosis in turkeys.’’ | C, P. Frron, Rea Se aa Tot SuLupHur Potsoninc, H. D. Jones, M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary — a Reeord.—Seven pounds of sulphur were found missing from a bag. It had been given indiscriminately to some 13 horses to cure mange. When seen by the writer eleven had abdominal pains. Two had al- ready died. The pains were not acute; there was a paddling of the legs, a constant looking around at both flanks. The’ vemperature varied: 104° in some, 101°, 102° in others. The mucous membranes a ‘ 5 ¥ oe ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 531 were pale. Two animals died while the writer was there and the | post-mortem revealed a strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen. _ There was severe gastro-enteritis; the heart and lungs were ecchy- -motic. A large amount of sulphur was found in the cecum. In: two stomachs the amount contained was estimate] to be 8 ounces in one and 30 in the other. The treatment was to have all the animals rugged up with blankets and bandaged, friction to the skin, stimu- _ lants, whiskey, strychnine, linseed gruel, etc. None of the animals refused food until shortly before death. . ; Results: Thirteen animals were affected and seven died. ; LIAUTARD. ——_O-——_ _ A ContrisuTion To THE StuptEs or Raptes ww Carrie, Borel- lini, Alberto (Brisighella), Contributo allo studio della rabbia nei - povini, (I Moderno Zoviatro, 1914, p. 141). Abstracted by Ascoli (Mailand) Zeit fiir Immunitatsforschung, No. 12, March 1, 1916, p. 567.—Borellini cites several cases of rabies in cattle in which the entire course of the disease was marked by the absence of violent symptoms, and by the presence of paralysis of the hind quarters. The infection was apparently taken up by the animals from a well in which a rabid dog had fallen but a short time before. The diag- nosis in one case was confirmed by microscopic examination, and in — other cases by animal inoculation. REICHEL. _ Ta PRESERVATION OF Livina Rep BLoop CEuLs IN Vitro. Peyton Rous, M.D. and J. R. Turner, M-D. (From the Laboratories of The Rockefeller Institute for Med. Research). Jour. of Exp. Med., Vol. XXIII, No, 2, Feb. 1, 1916, p. 219.—Summary. The erythro- cytes of some species are much damaged when handled in salt solu- tions, as in washing with the centrifuge after the ordinary method. The injury is mechanical in character. It may express itself in hemolysis only after the cells have been kept for some days. It is greatest in the case of dog corpuscles, and well marked with sheep and rabbit cells. The fragility of the red cells, as indicated by washing or shaking them in salt solution is different, not only for different species, but for different individuals. It varies indepen- dently of the resistance to hypotonic solutions. The protection of fragile erythrocytes during washing is essen- tial if they are to be preserved in vitro for any considerable time. ’ The addition of a little gelatin (44 per cent) to the wash fluid suf- . “_ 532 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE _ a fices for this purpose, and by its use the period of survival in salt — ~ solutions of washed rabbit, sheep and dog cells is greatly prolonged. ‘Plasma, like gelatin, has marked protective properties. Though gelatin acts as a protective for red cells it is not pre: . servative of them in the réal sense. Cells do not last longer when — it is added to the fluids in which they are kept. Locke’s solution, - though better probably than Ringer’s solution, or a sodium chlor-- ide solution, as a medium in which to keep red cells, is ultimately — harmful. The addition of innocuous colloids does not improve it. But the sugars, especially dextrose and saccharose, have a remark- _ able power to prevent its injurious action, and they possess, in ad- _ dition, preservative qualities. Cells washed in gelatin—Locke’s and | placed in a mixture of Locke’s solution with an isotonic, watery solu-- tion of a sugar remain intact for a long time,—nearly 2 months in — the case of sheep cells. The kept cells go easily into suspension free of clumps, they pass readily through paper filters, take up and give — off oxygen, and when used for the Wassermann reaction behave : exactly as do fresh cells of the same individual. "The best preserva-~ tion solutions are approximately isotonic with the blood serum. If the cells are to be much handled gelatin should be present, for the sugars do not protect against mechanical injury. Different- preservative mixtures are required for the cells oft different species. Dog cells last longest in fluids containing dex- trin as well as sugar. The mixture best for red cells is not necessar- | ily best for leukocytes. bs A simple and practical method of keeping rabbit and human a erythrocytes is in citrated whole blood to which sugar solution is added. In citrated blood, as such, human red cells tend to break down rather rapidly, no matter what the proportion of citrate. Hemolysis is well marked after a little more than a week, but ina mixture of 3 parts of human, 2 parts of isotonic citrate solution (3.8 per. cent sodium citrate in water), and 5 parts of isotonic dextrose so- lution (5.4 per cent dextrose in water), the cells remain intact for ~ about 4 weeks. Rabbit red cells can be kept for more than 3 weeks a in citrated blood ; and the addition of sugar lengthens the preserva-_ : tion only a little. The results differ strikingly with the amount of — ‘citrate employed. Hemolysis occurs relatively early when the smallest quantity is used that will prevent clotting. The optimum 4 mixture has 3 parts of rabbit blood to 2 of isotonic citrate solution, — “a M. J. HAaRKins, a x rh a yo ow a akc sete ey =~ /% a z ati ay a + s * ’ epee . is st F a ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE . 583 : Twist wirh Unusuan Symproms, A.V.O. in France. Vetert- nary Record.—This mare had been ridden fifteen miles and brought ~ home without having shown anything unusual. After being in the _ stable five minutes, she was seen crouching as if preferring to lie _ down and was slightly tympanitic. She was taken out and walked around. She did not seem to be in much pain but the tympanitis * became go severe that her breathing was rendered very difficult. ? oS ae = 8 ee ~ ah Ow Jig! he * + a A a eS eee as pa OY Sy ee Brest: haa © eee 4 - * ’ “ % f Pe Si = = pa Asa Saget - Se ace ara ei Shee 5 =»: - en ty 1 546 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A, V. M.A. a ae : the United States but of the entire world: _ Dr. JENSEN: Leave it to the committee. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Is there anything else to be said on this subject? Dr. Campbell just told me that he learned of one other deceased member since he read his report. That is Dr. R. R. Hammond, of Chetopa, Iowa. The next order of business is the report of the*committee on resolutions by Dr. Shepard. Whereupon Dr. Shepard read the report of the committee as follows: Whereas, through the foresight and generosity of John D. — Rockefeller, by means of the Rockefeller Foundation, an Institute — for research in diseases of animals has been established, and its main-— tenance provided for in our country, which is certain to be of im- mense value in the conservation of the livestock interests not aus of — Therefore, BE IT RESOLVED, that the A.V. M. A. recognizes: its value and appreciates the generosity of Mr. Rockefeller. Dr. Krysuey: I move the adoption of the resalution. Seconded by, Dr. R. C. Moore. ; : PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the reso- — Intion be adopted. All those in favor signify by saying esi ; those op- posed ‘‘no.’’ It is carried. is Dr. SHEPARD: » Whereas, the livestock interests of this country — have recently been menaced by that fatal animal plague, foot-and- mouth disease; and oe Whereas, the methods adopted by the Bureau of ‘Ainiat In- dustry, United States Department of Agriculture in the control and eradication of this disease, have succeeded in practically Bet eS out the infection: its hearty senemich dation of the victbods eaiplored by the Bureau of Animal Industry in its monumental task of circumscribing the 4 area of infection as much as possible and thereby aiding in the pro- tection of other sections of the country which otherwise must have — a shared in the general infection; and BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That in the opinion of : this association the gratifying results obtained could not have a other authority than the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry as at a i present consituted. cae Dre. Kinstey: I move the adoption of the resolution, Seconded by Dr, ae R. C, Moore. i De. Torrance: Mr. President, I would like to call attention to the use of the word ‘‘fatal’’ in deseribing the disease. I think you are all aware that PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. — - 647 the disease is not fatal. I would like to have the word changed, substituting therefor, the word ‘‘serious’’, ' __ tion? Those in favor of the motion make it manifest by saying is Susi Op- oe ip Pose. ‘‘no’’, The ayes have it. It is so ordered. | Dr. Suerarp: Whereas, the 51st annual meeting of the A. V. M.A., held in Oakland, Calif, has proved an unqualified success, -_ially to the splendid efforts of the various local committees, and the hospitality of the good people generally : THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED: That the sincere thanks of this association be extended to all who in any way contribated to Sigs success of the meeting: and E* BEIT FURTHER RESOLVED: That special thanks are due the press of Oakland for the large amount of space devoted each day to the deliberations of the association; and vie BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED: That an expression of ap- _ preciation and thanks is hereby tendered the management of the Hotel Oakland for its efforts toward the success of the meeting. e\ Shepard, chairman pro tem. Hoskins, _ PRESIDENT MarsHALL: All those in favor of adopting the resolution sig- nify by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. by Dr. Kinsley. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the report u, as a whole be adopted. All those in favor of the adoption of the report signify / by saying ‘‘aye’’; opposed ‘‘no’’, The ayes have it. It is so ordered. By Has anyone else a resolution to be adopted? Dr. STEELE: Mr. President, I did not hear the names of the speakers at the banquet last night. I think they were Mr. Hunt and Mr. Lively. I think these men should be recognized by a communication from-the A. V. M. A. with thanks. I make a motion to that effect. Seconded by Dr. Hoskins. ; PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that a letter of _ thanks be sent to Messrs. Hunt and Lively for the interesting addresses they - gave us last evening. Any remarks? If not, those in favor manifest it by saying “aye’?; ?; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. ay There are two or three other matters on the program to be called for. The _ gilanders commited, for instance, that committee has made no report, There ig” PrestpeNt MARSHALL: Dropping the word ‘‘fatal’’ and using instead - the word ‘‘serious’’, are you ready to recommend the adoption of the Neat) ; due to the admirable location ‘and other local features, but espec-— Dr. KInsLey: I move the adoption of the resolution. Seconded by Dr. — Dr. Hoskins: I move that the report as a whole be accepted. Seconded — Signed by Drs. Dalrymple, Nelson, Norton, Ratherford’ and : “business for which the meeting was called. tion of all those names by this association. I am not ee if that is ‘ report and asked for the publication of it so that it might be submitted to the . oS eS rien geese PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. gibas aS tae iy Po else. If they accept it they accept the names. age ted, but I have attended previous meetings where a report of this kind has — no report from Dr. Milks, the delepate qppatnted to the American Pharmaceuti- _ cal Association. That completes the program with the exception of the Bpeenys _ Dr. Newsom: Owing to the fact that the report of the committee on — veterinary anatomical nomenclature was not published and it was not deemed — advisable to recommend its adoption at this meeting, I want to give notice that . after, it has been published, I presume a year hence, that motion will be ghee ae coming, so that you may be thinking about it. Dr. Mayo: I do not understand the Doctor’s statement. The report, of the committee has been presented and accepted by the association. I have the report in my possession now. ; Dr. KinsLey: When was it accepted? Dr. Mayo: I say, it was présented to the association, ; PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I think it was accepted. That is the ae: whieh ‘ was used. Dr. Newsom: I did not understand that that eared with it the soot ‘ the construction put upon it. HG i Dr. Mayo: I understand that the association has accepted this report. and has accepted those names because it is practically all names and nothing — Dr. MurpHEy: I was unable to be present when this report was ‘sabes been submitted, and I believe there is a feeling among some of the teachers of | anatomy that it is not fair to adopt this until we have had some chance to ex- amine it in detail. There may be some difference of opinion, not only in re- gard to terms but to construction which should be settled one way or another before we finally adopt them. I believe there was a committee appointed at 4 the New York meeting to prepare this report and the committee prepared a — schools and thus get some concerted action before this meeting. I am informed that the secretary of the association refused to honor the bill for the publica- tion and refused to allow the report to be submitted to the various colleges, as ae was the intention. I do not believe it is fair to consider it until we have hada = chance to examine it. a Dre. 8. Srewarr: An acceptance of a report is not the adoption of the re- — port. This is a very important matter, and there has been a considerable num- — ber of people interested. If this association adopts the nomenclature submitted by this committee, then it becomes an official statement issued by this body. J am in hopes this body will do so. It ought to do so, fully understanding what the adoption of the report signifies. I am glad Dr. Newsom has given notice that one year hence he will move the adoption of that report. Dre. Mayo: The report of the committee as has been fully explained to the association, was presented at the New York meeting, or at least a portion of © the report was presented, All that bad been completed up to that time was’ accepted and published in the official proceedings of this association and is a _. part of the official minutes. We have Sieenay adopted that system of nomen- had already been published—over sixty pages of typewritten anatomical names, I did not think it wise to draw a voucher on an empty treasury, I therefore be _ referred the matter to the executive committee for their action, and in so far . as I was responsible for presenting this matter to the executive committee, I assumed that responsibility. The executive committee, however, voted under tion, which would have been an expense of about two hundred dollars or more. Dr. Murpuey: Do we consider that this has been adopted attelNty, or do we not? + PRESIDENT MARSHALL: My opinion is that accepting the report does not mean endorsing it. If we wish to make that the official standard of this as- sociation we must do something more. ‘ Dr. CAMPBELL: That brings us back to the question that came up before. About the glanders report—lI notice in the treasurer’s report, circulated here, there are a number of expense accounts for that committee. Is that for the present report that has not been submitted, or was that in payment of the ex- pense in connection with the report of the last year? New. York meeting. I think these bills were held over and paid, as I recollect _ it now, since the last report. I have drawn no vouchers for this present com- mittee. I could tell by looking at my books. ? further chance to get up their report and hand it be as we had already spent any motion, report of the executive committee up to date. ‘Dr. Mayo: Unfortunately the stenographer who took the report this _ of accepted colleges published in the 1913 report be accepted as the list of ae_ special vote this morning. Dr. Hoskins: I move its adoption. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. PresipENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that we accept the report of the executive committee with reference to the aceredited list of saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it. It is so ordered. Dr. Mayo: The recommendation of the committee on colleges that the general plan of submitting the committee report in two sections, one for reading a and publication; the other a supplemental report consisting of criticisms and sug_ e tary to the college concerned, be approved and continued. A, ie iF eye " 2 : ole t — 4 ~ 3 i f ‘ sth « é : PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. * 549 ; é - ¢lature,—all we could. The additional report of that committee was furnished _ _ to me, and as there were no funds in the treasury to pay for republishing what pte the conditions, not to publish that and send it to all members of the associa- Dr. Mayo: I think that was for the expenses incurred previous to the — Dr. CAMPBELL: I merely wanted to move that the committee be given a some money on it, but since we have had our money’s worth, I will not make ay PRESIDENT MARSHALL: If there is no further business 1 we will hear the morning has not his notes written up and I have not been able to find him. I can tell you, however, that the executive committee recommends that the list — credited colleges for the coming year. Ontario has already been accepted by colleges. Any remarks? If not; all those in favor of the motion signify by — gestions prepared by the committee for transmissal by the association seere- : , ‘ ‘ ‘ _mendation of the committee be accepted. All those in facor of the motion - some distance where the travelling expenseis are great, only one member of — Py he Re ae ey PORE oie pe Rao Py a te F a ¥ Fan ¥ net AS J } pie Ss; eaipeyesel’? 5 ~) ones ‘ F549 1 ets rey, ‘ a ‘ af : Ci fr re pe \, i 550 rae PROCEEDINGS OF THEA. V.M.Ac 2 Dr. Kixstey: I move that the recommendation of ae ee be adopted. Seconded by Dr. Hoskins. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved and seconded that the recom- _ signify it by saying “aye??; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ayes have it, It is — so ordered. f : Dr. Mayo: The recommendation of the committee on colleges which would _ provide for a re-organization of the committees on intelligence and education and - on college investigation. I will read that part of the recommendation: ‘‘We— would again call attention to the overlapping of the committee on college in- vestigation and the committee on intelligence and education, and we again recommend the adoption of some plan similar to that of the American Medi- eal Association, a fairly stable council involving the inclusion of these two committees. We propose the following by-law amendment: Substitute for ee! ‘the 5th line of article 7 the following: Committee on Veterinary Edueation of 3 members, term of office 3 years, and one membership expiring each year. 3 Substitute for section 2 the following: It shall be the duty of the committee on veterinary education to investigate the work of the American Veterinary — Colleges, and to report to the association such general findings, suggestions and ~ criticisms concerning the same as it may deem advisable. It shall also be the duty of this committee to annually recommend to the association a list of vet- — _erinary colleges for recognition by the association with reference to eligi- bility to membership of their graduates. It shall also be the duty of this com: mittee to. keep in touch with the general progress of education in the yeterinary and allied professions, and make such report from time to time as it may deem advisable. ’’ It is understood that it would be recommended to the incoming presided ct to consider this question. Dr. Hugues: There are several members of the committee on - intelli- gence and education present. Is it the idea to pay their expenses incurred in making these examinations? Dr. Mayo: I would say in answer to that, that generally not over two members of the committee visit a college, and sometimes only one of the reg- ularly appointed committee, and a member of the association is appointed from that immediate neighborhood to make the examination, If it is a matter of - the committee has gone, and a temporary member of the committee has been ap- pointed to assist in making the inspection. This temporary member being a resident of the immediate locality, it means the saving of considerable expense. ‘It is the plan of the executive committee that this custom shall be followed with — reference to the committee on intelligence and education. This arrangement would give five members scattered over a wider terri- tory, #0 that one member of the committee at least will have an opportunity to visit a college. Da, 8. Srewanr: Do I understand that the purpose of this recommendation is to do away with one of the committees, and that by voting in the affirmative — 7 we can dispense with one committee and add the duties of the other committee — te io 13) eT 4 we ae Pye pine it > oy : er" " . r. | as eS 5 Z + PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. . 661 : ; accomplish that end? Personally, I should be glad to see the two committees merged but I am not sure but three members on that committee would do more work than five. Oftentimes one man with power to call in help, ean accomplish py. _the same thing. I think three are sufficient. ig mi Dr. Mayo: The veterinary college investigating committee is a committee aes of three. It was the plan of the executive committee to assign their duties to ; Ay the committee on intelligence and education. It was understood that they 2 - would haye a sub-committee of three, or use their best judgment in regard to r? that. ‘Dr. DunrHy: When this committee was organized or authorized by the _ _ association, there was a certain sum, $500 I believe, set aside to defray the expenses, , There was no regular rule laid down by any by-law, under which _ this committee should operate. We met in Chicago and elected Dr. Tait Butler president at that time, and we formulated a certain regulation that we should ~ follow in this work. We found that the funds were not sufficient, unless we _ We divided the work: one member was to investigate a certain college, and the other members of the committee agreed to have some local man in thie locality _ who was not connected in any way with the college to make the second member of that committee to investigate the college. We carried out these regulations, That is, in talking it over with Dr, Reynolds, the chairman of the committee, we decided that the association should have some regulations in the by-laws whereby the duties of this committee should be regulated and we believe, ow- ing to the overlapping duties of the two committees, it would be better to com- ——— | annie e . a+ . 3 7 - ~ REN FES TFS eer = ote i - _ Dr. HosKINs: No, the special committee is not provided for by the by- laws. The special committee retires, as I understand it, and the regular eom- mittee fixed by your by-laws takes on the duties of the special committee. © Dr, 8, Stewart: I would like to know whether or not this committee would have any special funds to do anything with, or whether they will be on the same basis as they are at present? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I presume that would have to be taken care of if we dispose of this question. Are there any remarks with reference to the adoption of the recommendation? . _ Dr. Mayo: I will say that in regard to Dr. Murphey’s mensliebiiies on the re- ont ‘port of the committee regarding provisions in the by-laws, that as the constitu- I ; a. = wie _ recommendation would be taken care of in the revision. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: All those in favor of accepting and adopting the _ -Fecommendation, make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ’’no?’, Cees is carried. It is so ordered, / to it at the same time? In other words, whether a motion to that effect can divided up the work, and even then we could seareely reach all the colleges. — bine them in some way, if the committee saw fit, , Dr. Hoskins: I move the adoption of the recommendation. " Seconded: by Dr. Jensen. > 4 . Ni Dr. MARSHALL: Does this mean we are recommending an amendment to ; the by-laws? _ tion and by-laws were being revised it was thought by the committee that that finance committee? e port, because sometimes toward the close of the session, in the hurry of clos- ‘tion. It was not because I was not in favor of publishing the reports of the” Committees. It was simply because we did not have any funds to publish them | ‘ _ very naturally too) exceedingly anxious to have money enough to do the work after such other legislation passing through Congress as might affeet the inter- 552 ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE Av. M. A. Yeiny ¢ a, / That finishes the report of the executive committee. There have been no appropriations made for the various gonial tbaen: Shall we take that up now, or wait until this evening? It is ealled for now, so if there is no objection, we will proceed with the matter of appropriations. Do — any of you know what will be wanted for these committees? ti Dr. S, SrewarT: I move that the committee on intelligence and education — be appropriated $500 or such portion thereof as may be- needed to carry out — the work of the committee. Paxsrvante MARSHALL: Was there a recommendation made by the execu- tive committee that all recommendations for appropriations be referred to the | Dr. Mayo: No. That recommendation was made in the secretary "a, FOr ing, resolutions are put through appropriating money without due consideration, and in the low state of the treasury it might be rather embarrassing for your - secretary to have to hold up appropriations which were made by this associa- with. For that reason, I recommended that all resolutions appropriating funds | should be referred to the finance committee. I did not think it would make any difference if they were referred to the executive committee, but the finance: committee hasn’t much to do, and I did not want them idle. ah PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It seems rather important that we have some check on the appropriations. Each of you connected with a committee is( and _ and do it well, and with your eeeity. you frequently go beyond the amount we r can give you. ) on Dr. Hoskins: I trust when these resolutions are Juans or appropria- tions made, it shall be considered whether that money is actually set aside, 1 8 ran up against a situation where there was $1000 appropriated in 1912 for 4 the entertainment of any delegates from the countries of continental Europe, — That $1000 was not utilized at all because there was no one who came over from oi i Europe. That $1000 had been set aside in 1912 to ‘be used in 1913. I went ; before the association and asked that that $1000 which had been wisely, ap- propriated and set aside, should be turned over to the legislative committee to continue its effort in behalf of the Army Veterinary Service Bill and to look ests of the profession, and it was done. But I was not able to get that money until recently—some time in May I got the balance of the money, It wasn’t — much of a hardship but it happend frequently that the committee was in eid personal debt two or three hundred dollars, De. Mayo: No one is more anxious than I that every bill shall be promptly © paid and in the case of every bill that has been presented to me with one single exception, a voucher has been drawn and forwarded through the proper chan- — a nels immediately to the treasurer, Those of you who know Dr, White know ie that at the previous meetings he has sat on the lid of the treasury and has — repeatedly called the attention of this association to the fact that they were — oe x y PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. - 553 of fact, when the proceedings of the last meeting were published, the associa- _tion was $3000 in debt. They could not set aside $1000 unless they borrowed it. We borrowed the money to pay the indebtedness. Whether the treasurer + By has set aside sums for these appropriations, I do not know, but I don’t think ___ he has, because he did not have it to set aside. It is my impression that he — _ ‘has paid the most pressing bills of the association, but those who are long- * suffering and good natured, like Dr. Hoskins and some others, have been put off. me Dr. Hoskrns: I am not complaining, but it seems to me we ought to be f iF able to calculate what our expenses are, and there should be some restraint put oe on committees. When money is once appropriated, it should be set aside to ___ . over the appropriations for those committees so that they will not be hampered, we did it. ‘ PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made by Dr. Stewart. Was it seconded? Dr. Kinstey: If it wasn’t seconded, I will. I second the motion. PRESIDENT MarsHALL: The motion has been made by Dr. Stewart and seconded that the association appropriate for the use of the committee on in- telligence and education a sum not to exceed $500. Any remarks? ‘Dr. CAMPBELL: I want to move an amendment of that motion. I have heard other members of the committee state that they would like to bring the appropriation for this committee up to such a sum as would enable them to school one year and another school another year, and others at another time. _ sufficient to permit at least two members of the committee to visit all of the _ sehools published in our accredited list and any others which might make ap- plication for listing on the accredited list in one year.’? tof : Dr. McCain: That brings up the very point we have been discussing, in ‘the matter of appropriations. I am afraid if the appropriations are going of trouble. It has occurred to me to offer the suggestion that the chairmen _ of the various committees which require appropriations for their work should - eommunicate their desires at once to the finance committee, and let that com- mittee report back to this association with recommendatiqns mipek can be 3 i ei or rejected as you see fit, appropriating monies when they did not have any to appropriate. As a matter | as In the case of the legislative committee we were not hindered or disturbed in_ any way. We went right on with the work. It had to be done at that time, and visit all the schools in one year. I know it has been the custom to visit one _ I have heard criticisms of the committee because they could not visit all the — schools in one year. It is a hard matter to make comparisons of the different — schools when the visits are so far apart, and conditions may be different one year than another, I am sure the work of the committee could be done more — efficiently if the appropriation were sufficient to.make it possible to yisit each school in a year. Now, if you limit the appropriation to $500 they will not — | __ be able to visit the schools all in one year. It will take them nearer three years” bie to make the rounds. I would like to amend that motion to read ‘‘an amount — that way from the house to the finance committee, it will lead to a great deal PRESIDENT MarsHaLL: Have you any idea how much that would amount — _ 554 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. to me, under the circumstances, if any reference is to be made, it should be made - tion than anyone else. I do not see how it will facilitate shite i by refer- - educational interests are one of the first things to be considered, and to do that, ~ made $1000 instead of $500. "pone their visits to some colleges for another year. It was fortunate that we had two members with the Bureau of Animal Industry who were going to Columbus, and I went with them. That saved the expense of another member - Don’t forget that, Do not think I am trying to cut these committees down— Dr. Kinstey: As the finance committee is listed here simply for the pur- pose of examining the books, and their duties are explained and limited by the constitution and by-laws, I think that will complicate matters more. It seems to the secretary and then submitted to the executive committee. At the pres-— ent time we have to look after, first of all, the journal. I don’t know whether these gentlemen have determined the amount of money demanded for that. At any rate, they will have a better idea of the financial standing of this organiza- ring it to the finance committee. Dr. R. C, Moore: As this organization is largely for the benefit and the _ up building of veterinary knowledge and veterinary science, I believe that our we must naturally and inevitably spend some money. I believe great good has — come from the work of this committee, and I believe it should be fostered. — Therefore, I will offer as an amendment to Dr. Stewart’s motion that this be Dr. DuNPHY: I see a great deal of force in what Dr. Campbell has said in regard to the work of the committee investigating colleges. The first year the committee had to divide its work up and at the same time they had to post- California on official business, and they made some of the investigations, thus saving us some expense. Then those two members that. were appointed by the Bureau of Animal Industry went to Terre Haute, Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and of our committee going. When we reached Washington Dr. Eichhorn kindly assisted me with the colleges there. If it had not been for that, we would not e ; Bi have been able to do as much as we did. But for those fortunate circumstances we could have done little in the inspection of colleges on the amount assigned us. Further I would say that, being a member of the committee for three con- secutive years, I could see that there was a wonderful change on the part of the colleges owing to the fact that they had been investigated by the committee and expected to be investigated from year to year. They had taken advantage . of friendly criticism offered by the committee and had improved their insti- tutions in a large measure. I think Dr. Campbell will bear me out in that statement. He was associated with Dr. Reynolds this year in inspecting some of the colleges and Dr. Reynolds no doubt has told him how we found these colleges when we first started in on the work. De, Mayo: In appropriating $1000 a year for this work, I want to call attention to a fact which should be borne in mind, and that is the resolution providing for an amendment to the by-laws raising the dues to $5 a year does not go into effect until a year from now, and you are now running on the $3 a year dues basis. You have something over $3000 in the treasury at the pres- ent time—(probably not that much when the outstanding bills are paid; I am sure it is not over $2500,) to run this association for the coming year. Me: ae. pon ag i agi ear as 5 a i a : fz ch Serie ~ by 4 Fe, ee age I y Pe 4 . tat oop ae Va Pon aruh $s v bet ieee | * x rhe 2 NAL ‘ , ato Sms ; US ares eae ee ‘ ape ) Sy ant ai Tego Che ete we ; 9d se - re, - s a he el f PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. : 555 = I would not for a minute—I would give them $2000 if we had it to give. It is easy to appropriate money, but those of us who have to pay it out when we haven’t it, know how embarrassing it is. It brings this association into dis- _ repute to have to hold its bills for printing and things of that sort until we id can get enough money in the treasury to pay them. It is not right. rae Dr. 8. Srewarr: I would like to modify the amendment of Dr. Moore and my motion. Instead of ‘‘the appropriation shall be $1000 or as much thereof as shall be needed’’, change the wording thereof to ‘‘as much thereof — as may be available’’ and leave it that way so that the secretary and the presi- dent and this committee may decide.’’ Dr. KInsLEY: I accept that modification. % ; Dr. Mayo: I will not assume that responsibility. “8 Dr. Hoskins: I think this is very unfair to the incoming president or the incoming secretary to put that burden on them, I know how it will be. The committee will do the work; the bills will go to the secretary who will draw vouchers as promptly as they are called for; the vouchers will go to the treasurer; and if the money isn’t at the other end of the line, the voucher will * fy ‘just stay there. I think it is very unfair. Then again think of the diseord a it will create among the committees. If I get the money and the other com- mittee does not, there would be criticism of the officers and I would be seoused + of having a pull, «6 Dr. Mayo: I just want to call your attention to the position such a meas- ure would put us in. For instance; this association yotes $1000 to any one committee and the chairman of that committee immediately puts in a bill for that $1000. We will say three committees have $3000 appropriatel, and put in a bill for the full amount of the appropriation and I draw a voucher, and it — is taken out of the treasury. Then what are you going to de? Dr. S. Srpwarr: But if the appropriations are made by the officers who: are in touch with the situation, pro rata, are they not the best persons to make: appropriations, because they have the knowledge to do it with? Dr. Newsom: Mr. President: I believe that in the appointment of this committee the president could take into consideration the location of the vari- ‘ous colleges and so arrange the location of the five members on this committee that the investigation could be easily done on $500. Speaking from the stand- point of our school I will say we would like to have all five members of the committee visit us. But as that seems to be impossible under the circumstances, we will be satisfied with one, and I believe $500 would be sufficient for this year. Dr. CAMPBELL: I want to make myself clear to some who may think I am trying to see money going out of the treasury. I think this association ‘has never done any work that is more important than the work done by that committee on college investigation, and I think there is no other work that needs to be done more thoroughly from what I know of the work. I would like to see the association appropriate enough to do it thoroughly, but if funds are not available, then let the committee take longer to do it. I would rather see it done thoroughly once in two years, than to have it done half way in one year. — : Do it thoroughly or not at all. Dr. ELLIS: From the reports we have received from year to year and especially this year from the committee on college investigation, I think they have accomplished a ay ‘deal on that $500 and I think it would ‘be very un- ‘wise to cease operations. I would say, do what you can with the $500. They — have done wonders. Continue on that line until you can appropriate the $1000 or $2500 if you have it. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The question is called for. May 1 hak a min_ ute and not put the question? Our funds are limited, and we have not heard from the other committees. I think we ought to find out what is wanted by all. What is the use of making appropriations if we haven’t the money to — meet them with? I am seriously in doubt whether we can afford to allow this committee $500. It seems to me it would be better if the association had an — appropriation committee which would examine into all these matters, hear the different committees as to their wants, and then recommend to the association — pe | what, in their best judgment, can be given, and let the association consider the — _ recommendations. I am ready to submit the question if there are no further e: ~~ remarks. ae Dr. KINSLEY: How would it be ¢ to have the president, secretary ‘sad treas- _ urer compose an appropriation committee? The two men at least, and the — third being the president, all would be in close touch with the organization and — -would know what could be appropriated. It seems to me this would be the best — way. — ; t Dr. MurPHey: I move a substitute aeons that the finance committee + ‘be appointed and the Babson system adopted. : PRESIDENT MarsHALL: There is a moticn before the house und unless the movers and seconders are willing to withdraw their motions, I cannot enter- _tain your motion. Cera he Dr. KinsLey: Isn’t that a change in the by-laws anyhow? It would — have to lay over a year. aon elf 3 PRESIDENT MarsHALL: What will we do with the original motion? a: - Dr. 8S. Srewarr: The original motion seems to stand before the boost with Dr. Moore’s modification. Fa’ Kay Peecipent MarsHani: That was not seconded. l a Dr. S. Srewarr: Undoubtedly it would be absurd for this association to make appropriations for this committee next year if our secretary feels sure oy the bills already incurred and unpaid would not allow any appropriation. Bet- $2 ter not spend money before we get it, and I have felt that we might correct such a possible condition of spending money before we got it by leaving it with the secretary, treasurer and president, and let them be a committee to de- termine whether those funds are really available or not. We want to know, ‘when the meeting is over and the bills are all paid, how we stand. There may \ not be a dollar left for our committees, after the indebtedness of eptablishinges a a journal along the lines contemplated are met. There may not be,a dollar available. The committee ought to know whether there is any money before they ask for appropriations. Is it available? The secretary and treas- urer can advise us if there are any funds. That was my idea in making they. re motion, and I made that as a modification, subject to the direction of the prem dent and secretary as to the availability of the money. De. Kinstny: If I seconded the organ motion, I will accept that modi- fication. on * De. Mayo: I think the treasurer ought to be on that committe, “ae \ the PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. «5ST _ the way you understand it? : Dr. Mayo: Just a word before that motion is put. You know that every zh ‘committee thinks its own work is the most important work of the association, — _ and properly so. I think that a committee, to be efficient, must have that.spirit. Now when the present secretary or rather the executive committee took this | _ matter in hand this year, I know that the committee felt hurt and they had ae * cause. The committee’s report was one of the best committee reports that has a Dg been presented to this association, but the executive committee with the secre: tary did not feel that the publication of that report and the expenditure of the a _ money was as important as some other things. It is for you to decide. . Dr. R. C. Moore: I would like to eall attention to the fact that the com: __ mittee is appointed to investigate these colleges and is asking for the necessary funds. Does not the association ask the college committee to do this work! Should not the committee be supplied with funds so that they can work? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Are you ready for the question? Dr. FROTHINGHAM: What is the question? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I will ask Dr. Stewart to state the question again. \ Dr. 8. Stewart: ‘It is moved that we appropriate the sum of $500 ot _ less as may be needed, by the committee on investigation of colleges, subjeet to the findings of the appropriation committee, composed of the president, see retary and treasurer, as to whether that sum is available. } - PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion as stated by Dr, Stew- art. All those in favor signify by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. It is carried, The motion is unanimously adopted, “ legislative committee. I hope ultimately an important work will be done. I i @ great deal of this money has already been expended. There will be a new Congress will meet and the expense then will accrue very much faster. I want ‘matter of work and money and the utmost of their time. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Will you accept this appropriation under the con- ditions which Dr, Stewart has stated? Dr. Hoskins: Yes. Dr. KINSLEY: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The motion has been made and seconded that $500 - be appropriated to the legislative committee under the same conditions stated by Dr. Stewart in moving the appropriation for the college investigation com- _ mittee. Any remarks? Those in favor of the question make it manifest by _ saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It.is so ordered The time for adjournment has arrived. Thé session to-night for the elec- tion of officers is scheduled for 7:30. The election of officers is the only thing left. We will begin promptly at 7:30. If there are no objections we will stand adjourned until that time. That means 7:30. Be prompt, gentlemen. (To be continued) . _ Presmenr MarsHaui: The president, secretary and treasurer, is that — : Dr. Hoskins: I would like to ask for an appropriation of $500 for the — feel confident Congress will pass this bill and I offer that as a motion because | Congress and the work will go on just the same. In December, of course. to say that the army veterinarians are co-operating with our committee in the . PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. _ Annual—New York, N. Y. , September 4. . Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 16. MEETINGS OF THE ASSOCIATION First Meeting, New York, N. Y., June 9 and 10. Semiannual (comitia minora)—New York, N. Y., Jan. 19. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 6. Semiannual—New York, N, Y., March 7. Annual—Boston, Mass., September 5, Semiannudl—New York, N. Y., March 5 and 6. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 5. Annual—New York, N.Y. , September 3. Semiannual—New York, N. Y., Mareh 5. i ea Annual—Boston, Mass., September 1. 2) ayer Annual—New York, N. Y., September 21. Semiannual—Philadelphia, Pa., March 15 (no quorum). Annual—New York, N. Y., September 20. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 21. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 19. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 16. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 17. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 17. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 16. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 17. Annual—Not held, owing to error in date of notices sent out, Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 25. Annual—New York, N. ¥:; September 21. Semiannual—-Boston, Mass., March 21. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 10. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 20. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 18. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 19. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 17. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 18. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 16. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 16. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 1. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 13. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 20. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 21. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 19. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 20. Annual—New York, N. Y., September 18. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 18. Annual—Cineinnati, Ohio, September 16. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 17. Annual—New York, N. Y., December 15, ME: ol PV PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M, A. _ quorum). : _ Annual—New York, N. Y., September 21. 1887. Semiannual—Philadelphia, Pa., March 15. eid Annual—New York, N. Y., September 20. (1888. Semiannual—Baltimore, Md., March 20. ; Annual—New York, N. Y., September 18. 1889. Semiannual—Boston, Mass., March 19. +» Annual—Brooklyn, N. Y., September 17. 1890. | Chicago, Ill., September 16 and 17. 1891. Washington, D. C., September 15 and 16. - 1892. Boston, Mass., September 20, 21 and 22. . 1893. Chicago, Ill., October 17, 18, 19 and 20. 1894. Philadelphia, Pa., September 18, 19 and 20. - 1895. Des Moines, lowa, September 10, 11 and 12. ~ 1896. Buffalo, N. Y., September 1, 2 and 3. 1897. Nashville, Tenn., September 7, 8 and 9. 1898. Omaha, Neb, September 6, 7 and 8. 1899. New York, N. Y., September 5, 6 and 7. 1900. Detroit, Mich., September 4, 5 and 6. ' 1901. Atlantic City, N. J., September 3, 4 and 5. 1902. Minneapolis, Minn., September a 3 and 4, 1903. Ottawa, Canada, September 1, 2, 3 and 4. 1904. St. Louis, Mo. , August 16, 17, 18 and 19. ~ 1905. Cleveland, Ohio, August 15, 16, 17 and 18. 1906. New Haven, Conn., August 21, 99. 23 and 24. _ 1907. Kansas City, Mo., September 10, 11, 12 and 13. 1908. Philadelphia, Pa., September 8, 9, 10 and 11. ~ 1909. Chicago, Ill., September 7, 8, 9 and 10. ~ 1910. ‘San Francisco, Cal. , September 6, 7, 8 and 9. 1911. Toronto, Canada, August 21, 22, 23 and 24. 1912. Indianapolis, Indiana, August 27, 28, 29 and 30. 1913. New York, N., Y., September a, 2, 3, 4 and 5. — 1914. No meeting: © - 1915. Oakland, Cal., August 30, 31, September 1 and 2. SORES | TLRS : PRESIDENTS - 1863-1864. J. H. Stickney, Massachusetts. 1864-1865. A. S. Copeman, New York. — 1865-1866. C.M. Woon, Massachusetts. - 1866-1867. R. H. Curtis, New York. 1867-1869. R. Woop, Massachusetts. 1869-1871. E. F. THayver, Massachusetts. 1871-1875. ~ .1887-1889. R.S. Humekorer, Pennsylvania. -__: 1889-1890. C.B. MicHEner, New York. 3 1890-1892. R.S. Hvuwexorrr, Pennsylvania. ~ ___ 1892-1893. W. L. Wi1aMs, Indiana. 1893-1896. W. Horace Hoskins, Pennsylvania. . 1896-1897. F. H. Oseoon, Massachusetts. a7, 1897-1898. D. E. SALMON, District of Columbia. ~~ + 1898-1899. A. W. CLEMENT, Maryland. - 1899-1900.. Leonarp PEARSON, Pennsylvania. 1900-1901. Tarr Butter, Indiana. 1901-1902. J. F. WincHEsTeEr, Massachusetts. Joun J. Rerppr, lowa and Pennsylvania. Ricuarp P, LYMAN, Connecticut and Missonmy: CO. J. MarsuHaui, Pennsylvania, Ne.son 8. Mayo, Illinois, C. M. Haruna, California, Ont ie i hes z ing fs | PROCEEDINGS ov 1H a. v. M.A. Ae ah ene OFFICERS, 1915-1916 ie ‘ip Pas eet hd PRESIDENT >) ae ake R. A. ArcHiBALD Oakland, Cal. . Pi ag First Vice-PRESIDENT -- — V, A. Moore Z Ithaca, N. Y. gi SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT ’ “3 Fy Ropexer W. Eis New York City = | eo tee Tuirp VICE-PRESIDENT ‘ as ee ‘ADOLPH EICHHORN Washington, D.C. Rea Fourtu Vice-PRES|DENT cane 2D: MoGuvear Winnipeg, Man. Ges. sere Firrn VicE-PRESIDENT eae. . Grorge H. Harr Los Angeles, Cal Me ; Bie ae SECRETARY piss. — ©. M. Harine : Berkeley, Cal. ra ae yes / TREASURER . Lie a F. H. Sconeiprr Philadelphia, Pa. 4 oe titer 2 . LIBRARIAN & Ee Jamas N. Frost Ithaca, N. Y. © * Ps SECTION CHAIRMEN, 1915-1916 - te - Sanrrary Science AND POLICE eo, aa ~ CHaARnEs H. Hiaarws, Experiment Station, Ottawa, Ont., Can, OER, ei a Practice or Verertnary Mepicine AND SuRGERY " -L, A. Merinnat, 1827 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Tl. > eee GENERAL COMMITTEES ere EXECUTIVE i 7 eS C. J. MarsHaun, Chairman te tives Journ Huaeues M. JAcos ' ate Ricnarp P. LYMAN ~ G. H. Rosperts: Re a C. H. STANGE ti Ye , aS and the officers of the a cancintion with the exceptign of Librarian. q INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION Ri s N.S. Mayo, Chairman ~ hen A. 8. Cooney F. TORRANCE mee, S.H. Warp W. B. Mack - a oe, DISEASES * _ J. R. Monumr, Chairman — ae Warp GILTNer - Cas. H. Higerns ae A. 'T, Kinstey -K. F. Meyer eee es ; fe Sk TIGNES LEGISLATION ee AEoee § D. E. BUCKINGHAM, ‘Chairman F. A. BoLsEr: ~ W. G. Houuineworrh JAMES ROBERTSON _ _ Hat Srupson aaa >| FINANCE BENE a ae Bar i K. L. Qurrman, Chairman; 2 N= EF. §. ScHoenueper DD. F, Fox paket res : ie eh ae ard 2. ‘3 H. Jensen, Chairman ee be Peale cs Gi, LEECH J. C. HARGRAVE — ~~ Ropert 8. MacKeuuar JAMES ROBERTSON part RESOLUTIONS iy Pe ues JoHn W. Apams, Chairman ee 7 cae eae pest i . a eter oy LANGDON FROTHINGHAM GreorcE H. GLOVER = GEORGE R. WHITE : JoHN L, WHITE. ~ Phat LOCAL COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMEN TS eet Ss. BRENTON, Chairman, 121 W. Alexandrine Ave., Detroit ts T. F. Krey, Secretary, 451 Sheridan Ave., Detroit. George W.DunNpHY J.J. Joy ms oh JOSEPH HAWKINS’ G. D. Gipson © -JUDSON BLACK R. H. Winson _ J.P. Hurron | | COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL _ ane FREDERICK TORRANCE, Chairman A. R. ArcuipaLp W. R. Buair LANGDON FROTHINGHAM M. Jacop 'H. JENSEN R. P. LyMAn 3a C. J. MARSHALL N. 8, Mayo me 2, V. A. Moore G. H. Ropers ay Bis C. H. STANGE ‘G. R. Warre Behe A. Etcnuorn, Secretary es. Ron. ace * SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL a ©. J. Marsuauu, Chairman By A. E1cunorn, Secretary R. P. LYMAN ) EDITOR OF THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY med MEDICAL ASSOCIATION aay Pierre A, Fise, Ithaca, N. Y, a7 .64 mat ; ie: 3 f 4 y s * 4 ee a : i] ‘ i SPECIAL COMMITTEES, 1915-1916 Patas SALMON MEMORIAL COMMITTEE. ih Sea J. F. Wincuesrer, Chairman A, D. Me.vin S. BRENTON J. S. ANDERSON J. G. Ru?rHEeRFORD Davin F, Fox -W. Horace Hoskins, Sec’y-Treas. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS J. G. RurHerrorp, Chairman J. J. Ferauson a J. H. GrispaLe - Joun R. Monier 'V. A. Moore “Mazycx P. Ravenen E. C. SCHROEDER _ $§. FE. Toumie | T. W. ToMLINSON ; _ F, Torrance : JoHN R. VALENTINE boats eae Rio, hes M. H. Reyno.ps, Secretary vis ie ae HONORARY MEMBERS wa. “Hox. Ww. C. Epwarps Hon. W. D. Hoarp — Pes nat “REVISION OF VETERINARY ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE bot oe . . S. Sisson, Chairman ~ > H. 8S. MurpHey | I. E. Newsom } AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE INVESTIGATION a F. B. Hapiey, Chairman ny Warp lL. BEEBE A. D. KNOWLES ; r | INVESTIGATION OF GLANDERS E. B. ACKERMAN, Chairman ~ CHARLES E. Corron ‘A. EICHHORN | CHARLES F. KEANE C. D. McGuwray — JOHN REICHEL, Siro: REORGANIZATION OF ASSOCIATION ‘ene A ae aa C. A. Cary, Chairman vate BS , rot ee ~~ J. H. BuarreENBERG Tarr BuTLER 1 SPA. Rist M. H. Reynoups fie HISTORY OF THE ASSOCIATION ; re 4 A, Liaurarp, Honorary Chairman pee oe ~ James Law, Chairman Fe’ RR. W. HickMAN R. C. Moors | ADVERTISEMENT OF VETERINARY REMEDIES 3 M. Jacos, Chairman = £2 Ww. Ri Buar _ Lanevon FroraineHaM 15 ae “SELECTION OF EMBLEM O. A. LONGLEY, Chairman an ey me. M. CAMPBELL Davin WHITE oe eae ' Indiana—T. A. Stcuer, Greencastle. . 564. = ———<“—SsS:*«S PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. v. MAL be re eat gee ¥ RESIDENT SECRETARIES, 1915-1916 Mat oana—W. W. Wess, Auburn, Ala. Arizona—J. C. Norton, Fleming Block, Phoenix. ’ Arkansas—R. M. Gow, State Veterinarian, Old State House, Little Rock. — California—J. F. McKenna, 616 Eye St. Fresno. Colorado—\. E. Newsom, Colorado State College, Ft. Collins. Connecticut—A. T. Giryarp, Waterbury. Ba Delaware—H. P. Eves, 301 W. 18th St., Wilmington. © Dist. of Columbia—H. 8S. Gamsxe, 1329 Gallatin it. Washington, Florida—F rep W. Porter, 104 W. Ross Ave. " Panibas ~ Georgia—W. M. Burson, State College of Agriculture, Athena” Hawaii—V. A.* NorGaarp, Territorial Veterinarian, Honolulu. Ao - Idaho—J. R. Futter, Weiser. foil ee Illinois—L. A. Merturr, 1827 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago. cme Towa—H. C. Stmpson, Denison. Kansas—J. H. Burt, Manhattan Kentucky—Rosert GraHam, Agr. Expt. Station, Lexington. Louisiana—F RANK Couns, Monroe Maine—HeEnry B. Westcorr, 1008 Congress St., Portland.» ~ Maryland—Joun H. Encen, 1311 Harford Ave., Baltimore. Massachusetts—Epwarp A, CAHILL, State House Dept. of Animal Industry, Boston. Michigan—W. Austin Ewaur, Mt. Clemens, Minnesota—H, Presron Hoskins, University Farm, St. Paul. Mississippi—O. M. Norron, Greenville. - Missouri—C. D, Forse, 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City. Montana—F. 8. Gray, Miles City. _ Nebraska—S. W. Aurorp, State Farm, Lincoln. Nevada—W. B. Mack, Reno, Dept. of Vet. Science, Univ of Nevada New Hampshire—A. C. Farmer, Berlin. New Jersey—. T. Davison, Athenia. h New Mezico—G. A. Lier, gawell: nee New York—C. P. Frrcu, New York State Vet. College, Ithaca — North Carolina—B. F. Kavurr, Agricultural College, Raleigh. North Dakota—C. HH. Bascocx, New Rockford. Ohio—S. Sisson, Div. of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State Univ, Columbus, ; . - Oklahoma—Joseru E, Nance, Anadarko. oy _ Oregon—W. DEAN Wricut, 1227 Missouri Ave., Portland, __-Pennsylvania—. H. Yunxer, 2344 North 18th St., Philadelphia. _ Philipprnes—Wm. Boynton, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila. Rhode Island—J.S. Pouuarp, 183 Harrison St. ,Providence. South Carolina—B. K. McInnes, Charleston. _ South Dakota—S. W. ALLEN, Watertown. - Tennessee—J. W. Scuersugr, 271 Court Ave., Memphis. - Texas—A. A. Foster, Marshall. - Utah—Joun Ernst, Jr., 125 E. 4th South St., Salt Lake City. Vermont—F. H, Ricu, Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Burlington. . irginia— WILLIAM G. CHRISMAN, Blacksburg. - Washington—Caru Cozimr, Bellingham. West Virgmia—E. Layne, Huntington, — ——— Wisconsin—W. A, Woucorr, Madison : Wyoming—Hueu R. Miniarp, 2507 Central Ave., Cheyenne. CANADA - Alberta—F. A. McCorp, 215 Queen’s Ave., Edmonton. tain _ British Columbia—J. G, Jervis, 3694 Cintas Drive, Vancouver. | - Manitoba—W. A. Hinta1arp, 352144 Portage Ave, Winnipeg, Man, iz ee. Nova Scotia—Grorcr Townsend, New Glasgow. pt -Ontario—Georce Hinron, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. fa _ Prince Edward Isle—W. H. Peruicx, Charlottetown. a _ Quebec—M. C. Baker, 194 Milton St., Montreal, _ Saskatchewan—(No one appointed as’ Sek ig ae. SoS TE ee CF Hf "i * en we a ¥ £% i “ y ~ é 4 S - ravoxxoriion OF THE A.V. M.A, me 665 Huryra, Pror. Francis, Royal Veterinary High School, Budapest, - Hospay, Frepericxk, 165 Church St. , Kensington W., London, Eng. : _ Lavauarp, E., 87 Ave. de Valiers, Pie France. — ii, - LeCuaincue, Paow, E., Toulouse, France. pitt sae fa. HONORARY MEMBERS. _—OF THE— AMERICAN VE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION | ApAMI, J. GEORGE, Montieal Canada. Biees, Pror. H. M., Bellevue Medical College, New York City. CHAUVEAU, Pror. A Director of Vet. Schools of France, Lyons, a France. Dorset, Marion, B. A. I., Washington, D. C.. RY Evans, W. A, 9066 ifs tine Bldg., Chicago, tl. Hoarp, Hon, W. D., Ft. Atkinson, Wis. Hoare, E. WALLIs, 18 Cook St., Cork, Ireland. Hungary. Liautarp, A., 14 Avenue de 1’Opera, Paris, France. McEacuran, D., 6 Union Ave., Montreal, Que. M’FavyYEAn, PROF. Sir JOHN, Great College St., Camdoe Town, Lon- don, Eng. é Mitts, WESLEY, West Mount, Montreal, Que. (Mail watannedys MO6uier, Herr Pror. H., Thierarztlichen, Hochschule, Berlin. Germany. V. OstertaG, R. V., Vet. Dir. Imperial Board of Health, Berlin Ger- iy 4 - many. b> Perronciro, Pror. Royal Veterinary College, Turin, Italy. RAVENEL, Mazyckx P., University of Mo., Columbia, Mo. bese Raymon, J. H., Bithadius Memorial Clinie, Brooklyn, N. Y. Scumipt, Dr. IL. M. , Kolding, Denmark. Sirah, Pror. THwORALD, Rockefeller Inst., for Med. Res., Prinee- | ; ton, N. J. * ANE STockMAN, Sir Stewart, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agrie . culture, London, Eng. Tsuno, Dr. K., Vet. Dept., Imperial University, Tokio, Japan. Vaux, H., Director Ecole National Veterinaire, Alfort, France, Wexcu, W. H., Johns-Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. are Witcox, E. V., Dept of Agriculture, Honolulu, T. H. ‘ Woopwarp, Wm, C., Health Officer, Washington, D, C, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M.A. 567° HONOR ROLL MEMBERS OF THE A. V. M. A. ALLEN, F. §., 221 Main St., Nashua, N. H. Ameer, H. B., Chatham, N. Y. 3a) Baxer, A. HH. 2537 State St., Chicago, Ill. i Baru, - W., 270 Lafayette Ave., New Brighton, Staten Island, mee ¥; >. BErNs, Cuda H., 74 Adams St., Brooklyn, N. Y. Buanp, THOMAS, 74 Phoenix Ave. , Waterbury, Conn. Bupar, F., (Address not known or whether deceased ) . Butuer, Tarr §., 323 Falls Bldg., Memphis, Tenn. - Cary, C. A., Auburn, Ala. Coates, W. J., 141 West 54th St., New York City. “Crow ey, C. W., 2912 Sheridan Ave.,St. Louis, Mo. _ Emerson, Dantex, 16 Barkers Court, Lynn, Mass. _ Eves, -H. P., 301 W. 18th St. , Wilmington, Del. Farr, J. D. ’ Millersburg, Ohio. Harrison, ROBERT H., 309 Wilder Ave., St. Paul, Minn. Hickman, R. W.., First St., N. W., Washington, D. C, -HoiumewortH, W. G., 54 Lafayette St., Utica, N. Y. - Hoskins, W. Horace, 3452 Ludlow St., Philadelphia, Pa. Howarp, L. H., 187 Huntington Ave., Boston, Mass. JACOBS, Ei Bi 549 W. 49th St., New York City. (Mail returned). JOHNSON, Gro. A., Exchange Bldg., Sioux City, Iowa. o. -. Lowe, W. HErpere, 117 Trenton Ave., Patterson, N. J. ._ Luyrorp, C..C., 821 3rd Ave., S. , Minneapolis, Minn. . McINNEs, BENJ., Charlestown, So. Carolina. ' McLean, 6. Courtney, 1001 Water St., Meadville, Pa. ~ McLetuan, F. W., 165 Noble St., Bridgeport, Conn. -McMorpo, C. D., 10th Cavalry, Ft. Huachuea, Ariz. Metvin, A. D., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. Meyers, J. C., Jr., 1111 Walnut St., Cincinnati, Ohio: % PETERS, Austin, Harvard, Mass. Prerce, B. D., 47 High St. , Springfield, Mass. Ricuarps, W. i. , Emporia, Kans. ~ Ross, E. C., 11 Orange St., New Haven, Conn. SCHEIBLER, J .W., 271 Court Ave. - Memphis, Tenn. - SHaw, WALTER, 114 E. 2nd St., Dayton, Ohio, SHERMAN, W. A. 340 Central St., Lowell, Mass. Srewart, Sesco, 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. Srranae, A., 322 W. 15th St., New York City. Voer, A. G., 322 Bellevue Ave., Newark, N. J. WALLER, H. N., St. Joseph, Chiswick, W., England. WEBER, 8. E., Lancaster, Pa. ; Warr, : E., 1001 West Broadway, Sedalia, Mo. : WuiiaMs, W. L., New York State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Y. WINCHESTER, J. EF. , Bay State Bldg., Lawrence, Mass. - Wray, W. H., Red Gables, Speen Princess Risborough, Bucks, s, Eng. : oie Sects ee aE a ge tN, een - aaa ag Si Seve Bat oy Bae ai sk ia i nee . é sig ai ang ie ; Fb aed ¥, Be a Bise SS icels cog 1 rte Sewige Sc itetee, tees we: ¥ Fi 568 5 aon PROCEEDINGS OF THE AY: M. a ef was ; DIRECTORY OF MEMBERS - —OF THE— te -| AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION a *The figures indicate the year ses which delinquent members last paid their anes. fi ee Axsporr, ANDREW J., 209 E. ‘Ath St., Marshfield, Wis. ee oe 7 > ABELE, FRANCIS, Jr., 18 Spear St., Quiney, Mass. (Deceased April 1916). ABERCROMBIE, Henry E.; Cambridge, Ill. ACHEN, F’. W. B., 118 Market St., Kenosha, Wis. pares ACKERMAN, E. B., 367 Flushing Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. a - ACRES, GEORGE Henry, Grand Forks, British Columbia. - ty ~ ApamMs, FRANKLIN, 224 W. Washington St., Paris, Il. _ ADAMS, JOHN Dawson, Genesee, Ida. — ApAMs, JOHN W., 38th and. Woodland Ave. , Philadelphia, Pa. ne AHLERS, F. R., Lamotte, Ta. ~.-_ AICHER, Epwarp H. , Agricultural College, Miss. (Mail returned) Lee: 1912.* ____ ATKENHEAD, J. P., Easton, Md. : ca ¥ ALBERSHARDT, Aveust H. , Indianapolis, Ind, (Mail returned ) 1913. ? ~~. ALCORN, Harvey ALEX, ‘Adair, la. by - Aurorp, Simon WAYNE, State Farm, Lincoln, ‘Nebr. j - ALKIRE, CHARLES N., Big Sandy, Mont. 1913. _ ALLEN, GeorcE H., So. St. Joseph, Missouri, care B. Ay I. _/) Auten, Joun F., 4 Broadway, Greenwood, Ind. 1913. » f 2 ALLEN, ROLLIN M., 412 N. First St., Marshalltown, Ta. > ALLEN, STANLEY W., 115 First St., ‘Watertown, S. D. + - ALLEN, Tuomas A., ‘171 King St., W., Brockville, Ontario. | ~ ALMEIDA, ANTON g., Dixon, Cal. AurHouse, 1: ge 809 Market St., Sunbury, Pa. AMLING, Henry, 4228 Park Ave., New York City. | a ANDERS, TiO, Seattle, Wash., care Health and Sanitation. ANDERSON, Crer S., Ottawa, ’ Ontario, Dept. of Agriculture. ANDERSON, F. E., 130 E. Crawford St., Findlay, Ohio. ANDERSON, I. J., "Grand Forks, N. D. 1914. Anperson, Georce Guinn, 417 West 49th St., New York City. Anperson, Herverr, Dickinson, N. D. Anperson, JoHN P., 403 South Main St., Rochester, Minn, Anpverson, Luo J., 9228 California St., ’ Berkeley, Cal. ANDERSON, MELANCTHON O., Exchange Bldg., So. St. Joseph, ae AnNverson, J. S.,5eward, Nebr. y Anperson, T. E., Bedford, Ta, / ; Anpverson, W. A., Sleepy Eye, Minn. Ag} ANpDRADE, JOHN 8., Huntsville, Ala. 1 ANDREWS, FREDERICK W., Box 655, Mt. Kiseo, N. Y, ~ 74 Se , ANNAND, J. G., 11314 W. First St., Duluth, Minn. --_ Apriecate, R, Si 410 bk. Main St., Bloomfield, Ind, Arpurna, JosepH M., Hanford, Cal. Armour, W. G., 114 So. Third St., Goshen, Ind. _ArMstrRONG, JAMES A., 1767 Broad St., Regina Sask., Can. 1913. ' ArMstRONG, J. M., 15 Ist St., E. Providence, R. I. ARMSTRONG, WALTER N., Concord, Mich. ARNOLD, JoHN W., 777 W. 10th St., Riverside, Cal. Aspsitu, ArcHipaup Rurr, State Capitol, Sacramento, Cal, ASHBAUGH, FREDERICK M., War Department, Washington, D. C, ASHBROOK, CLAUDE L., 3425 Berkeley Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1911. Asnorarr, Wart, 310 Hayne St., Monroe, No. Car. ATHERTON, IRA K., Spencer, Iowa. ATHERTON, ONESIMUS, care Fred Eckart Packing Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. 1911. Arxins, Cuas. Epw. C., 209 John St., Bridgeport, Conn, Axsy, J. LEONARD, Lawrenceburg, Ind. 1911. Axpy, WiuuiAM A., Harrison, Ohio. AYERS, ADMIRAL Taw, Stock Yards Station, Oklahoma, Okla. AYMOND, SipNEY CuAy, Bunkie, La. Bass, Geo. F., 310 Federal Bldg., Oklahoma, Okla. Bassirt, Frank J., 146 Oxford St., Lynn, Mass. ‘Bascock, CuHaruEes H., New Rockford, N. D. Basson, Eimer W., 341 Washington St., Gloucester, Mass. : ‘Bacon, Ricnarp M., Fort Saskatchewan, Alta., Can. 1913. BAbDDELEY, JOSEPH C., Touchet, Wash. Baitey, Leon L., Lowell, Ind. - Baker, BENNIE J., Mitchell, Neb. _ Baker, Eustace, Moscow, Idaho. Baker, Guy_G., 514 Main St., Spencer, Ia. . turned.) 1913. Baker, M. C., 194 Milton St., Montreal, Can. Baker, Rosert Ernest, Morristown, Tenn. : Baker, 8. S., 2220 Jackson Blvd., Chicago, Ill. Baker, W. L., 455 Ellicott St., Buffalo, N. Y. 1912. Baues, Harotp W., York, Ala. Bake, Ernest J., Adam, Nebr. ~BaurHaser, Harry Becker, 762 N. Brooklyn St., Philadelphia, Pa. BAMBERGER, GEORGE E., 30 California Ave., Reno, Nev. Bancrort, Ernest, R. F. D. No. 3, Barre, Vt. Banister, Raymonp, R. F. D., Letts, Ind. Bannister, H., 11 E. Luck Ave., Roanoke, Va. BARBER, JAMES L., Pierre, S. ae d BArper, LEBBENS Bua, Experiment Station, Island of Guam. Baro, if Exvporas, City Hall, Warren, Ohio. Barker, FREDERICK ARNOLD, 274 §. Main St., Bowling Green, Ohio. | Barker, Mark, Box 463, Saskatoon, Sask. { PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. A. > 569 Arcurpap, R. A., N. E. Cor. 24th and Broadway, Oakland, Cal. ae Ast, JAacos F., 1331 Folsom St., San Francisco, Cal. Sey, Baker, Horace Morean, Univ. of Sydney, Australia. (Mailre- — - 570. | PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M, A. — = Bhs. tienes L., 152 N. College aie: Fort Collins, Gann _ Barnes, Frank E., 107 Jackson St., Waxahachie, Tex, _ Baryss, JAMES F.., "1715 Broadway, Toledo, Ohio. _ Barnes, MILLER F. , Agricultural College, ‘Cass Co., N. D. ~ BarNzs, ROBERT, 237 4th Ave., Ottawa, Ont., Can. Barner, ENocn, Agricultural College, Miss. 1914. eat Barner, FRANK ‘E., 527 S. State St., Painsville, Ohio. BARNETT, WILLIAM "A. Clemson College, 8. C. BARNHART, EMMETT P., 3292 West 98th St., Cleveland, Ohioi _ Barr, FBANK H., 112 S. Broadway, Albuquerque, N. M. “ Bane, ORESTE Epwarp, 12 Cottage St., Barre, Vt. : . Barrett, CuHas. W., 976 N. Chester Ave., Pasadena, Cal. - BarrHotomies, GrorGE Ernest, Sheldon, ‘Mo. 1913. Bareman, A. Joun F., Webster and Dana Sts. , Berkeley, Cal. 1913. _ ‘Bares, Expert M., 814 W. 8th St., Coffeyville, ‘Kans. 1913. : Bares, Harry E., P. 0. Box 682, S. Norwalk, Conn. _ BauMAn, Samuen H. , Birmingham. la. 1913. __Baytor, "THEODORE M., 6245, Kenwood Ave., Chicago, Ill. An BASINGER, H:P., Mitchell, S. D. .(Mail returned). 1914. a _. BAYNEs, CHARLES, 613 Mt. Helens Ave., Tacoma, Wash. 1911. ~ Beacu, Burr A., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. ace ; . Bear, Frep Lous, Effingham, Il. BEar, Harry H., 26 W. Main St., Mt. Joy, Pa. Bearm, Joseru GILMORE, North Portland, Ore., Box No. 39. BEAVERS, GLENN R. , Arlington, Ta. ‘Beavers, JosePH A. Canton, Miss. Beck, Waurer H. , Wray, Colo. | "ig Becker, CHAs. im Jefferson Co. Savings Bank. Bldg., Birming- a ham, Ala. aaa BecxsHam, Louis Epaar, Tuscaloosa, Ala., 2221 Seventh St. Beckwiru, JosePpH W. , Shullsburg, Wis. . - ‘Beese, Warp L., Beebe Laboratories, St, Paul, Minn. BrEcuy, LEVI P., 48 Federal Bldg., Columbus, Ohio. _ BEERg, Cuas. H, Brown Place, Waterbury, Conn. _ Beroeman, P. F., 316 Live Stock Bldg., Chicago, Ill. 1910. ‘ Breuer, Cuayron R., Box 338, Sacramento, Cal. Benner, Curist1An Freperick, 414 Main St., Marshall, Ill. Beunke, A. E., Federal Bldg., Milwaukee, Wis. - Benrens, Epwarp Exias, 2121 N. 7th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Beurens, Grover J., 610 South 3rd St., Evansville, Ind, 1912. Be.u, JOHN Benson, Health Office, Pasadena, Cal. Nat, Bei, Ratpu Mack, 1102 Hilton Ave., Utica, N. Y. Be.worr, L. J., 65 Peace St., New Brunswick, N. J. Bemis, H. E., Iowa State College, Ames, Ia. ee Benver, Harry Exitsworrs, Lititz, Pa. ‘ae BenJAMIN, FRANK H., Federalsburg, Md. 1912. i an Bennett, 8. E., 316 Live Stock Exchange, Chicago, Ll, 1910. { ‘ / PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 571, © Benson, Eucene R., 710 Ogden Ave., Superior, Wis. Benson, Lester A., Rolette, N. D. ’ Bere, Apour, Doylestown, Pa. 1913. BereG, Jonn A., Lock Box 34, Pender, Neb. Bereu, HenninG E., Suisun, Cal. Beraman, H. D., 711 Hodge Ave., Ames, Ia. 1914. — _ Bernaru, Roperr I., Wauseon, Ohio. ase - Bertram, E. L., National Stock Yards, Ill. Berscosy, BerNArp A., Emerson, Man., Can. Best, W. R. L., Bureau of Animal Industry, Manila, P. I. Bieas, ANson W., P. O. Bldg., South Omaha, Nebr. - Bircu, Raymonp Russe, R. F. D., Ithaca, N. Y. Birp, Rosert H., Greeley, Colo. BIRMINGHAM, CHARLES F., Ovid, Mich. 4 . Buack, JuDSON, Richmond, Mich. el BLACKSTOcK, M. R. , Spartansburg, 8. C. BLACKWOOD, ALLISTER Cnrester, Coutts, Alta. Buair, BRUCE, 350 Lafayette St., New York City. ay BLAKELEY, Cresrer L., 306 Main Ave., ‘Gardiner, Me. oe BLANCHE, Gro. W.., Belle Plaine, Ia. ba BLATCHFORD , FRANK M., Brighton, Mich. BLATTENBERG, J. H:, 128 South Union St., Lima, Ohio. Boerner, FREDERICK, 5632 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. Bo.ENDER, FRED JOURETTE, Brownwood, Texas. BougeEer, Davin L., 35 Ash St., Cambridge, Mass. Bouick, Harry P., Mt. Corme, Pa. 1910. ws Et hess aie uate ak, A Bouser, Fevry A. 1200 Race St., New Castle, Ind. Bonp, JAMES RALSTON, Cheyenne, Wyo. Boor, Orvinue L., 110 N. Walnut St. , Muncie, Ind. Borven, C.R., 7 "Adams St., Taunton, Mass. BorNEMAN, Harris §., Norristown, Pa. 1912. Bos, Roser G., 414 Grand St., Troy, N. Y. Bostrom, A., Lincoln, Nebr. 1912. Borkin, Gitpert E. , Mooreland, Ind. Boucuer, W.A., 28 Valley St., Pasadena, Cal. Bourne, RICHARD F., 1336 East 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. y as MA ; i 1912. /-. Boyp, H.'W., Nyack, N. Y. . Te Boyn, JAMES, 505 S. 2nd St., San José, Cal. a Bovn, JoHN A., Mason City, Nebr. Boynvon, WinuiaM H., Bureau of recuse Manila, P. I. BRAcH, M. W., Hales Corners, Wis. - Brapiry, Cuas. A. , Marion, Ia. ae lan Bippie, GLEN, Wauseon, Ohio. 1911. b- BLACKWELL, JOHN E., care Hull and Dillon, Pittsburg, Kans. 1914, Bair, Wo. Rew, New York Zoo. Park, New York City. a Bouuinarr, A. F., 2218 Albermarle Road, Brooklyn, N. Y. 1914, Boyp, Cuas. W., 825 North Ave., West, North Side, Pittsburg, Pa. AS hades ~ ee: PC - 0 a” s fd ec es ve ; _ Bray, Tuomas A., Box 364, El Paso, Tex. ~~ BRETT, Gro. W.., 1636. 30th St., N. W. , Washington, D.C, . BrIMHALL, S. D. , Mayo Clinie Bldg., Rochester, Minn. . -- Broruerive, H. J.,3 16th St., Brooklyn, N.Y. 1913. ig Brown, ARTHUR G., 407-P. O. Blde., ea Francisco, Cal. aa = 572 is ‘ ‘PROCEEDINGS OF THE ALY. M. Ap - BRAGINTON, Frep, 1934 N. New Jersey St., Indianapolis ‘eet Ce Lie, (Mail returned). , -Brarnerp, E., Memphis, Mo. . Dg: _ BRAISTED, Wii AM, 235 E, 57th St., New York City. (Mail re- turned). 1913. * BRANDENBERG, T. O., Lakota, N. D. Branson, Roscor ARTHUR, R. D. 1. , Wichita, Kans. , BRASHIER, Earu §., 2533 State St., Chicago, IIL. Tee ee BRAZENALL, THOMAS, Bury, Que. ee. Brazig, F. E., Harlan, Ia. zie Sage A , Breen, C.S8., 645 West 160th St., New York City. ‘ Breen, FRANK, Pear! River, N. Y. BRENTON, S.; 121 West Alexandrine Ave., Detroit, Mich. "BRENTON, Wiis L., 224 Alexandrine Ave., W., Detroit, Mich. ~ Bronson, ELy M., 2946 N. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, Ind. 4913. <: BROOKBANK, Roscoe E., Seville Apts., Washington, D.. Ges : _ Brooks, S. ’S., Hamilton Ave and 16th St., Brooklyn, N. Ly, _Brossarp, G. J; Fiefield. Row, Ashland, Wis. “8 _ Broupe, Harry F., 516 E. State St., Harrisburg, Pa. 1913. returned). 1911. Brown, Exvprince N., 316 First Ave., N., ‘Meuivaite Tenn. 1910. . Brown, F. F., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas ‘City, Mo. Brown, FRANK HH, -BuA. a Danville, Ind. Brown, HERBERT Austin, Box 428, Victoria, B. CG. 1910. - Brown, LyMAN D., S. Broadway, Hamilton, Mo. Brown, SYLVESTER, 122 S. Union St., Traverse City, Mich. Brown ee, Wo. F., Kirkwood, Il. BROWNING, GEORGE W.., Box 309, La Grange, Ga. Re Browning, P. H., 66 N. San Pedro St., San Jose, Cal. ey ‘ BRUNER, Samven E. ., Live Stock Sanitary Board, Harrisburg, Pa. a Bruns, GEORGE H., 4 Live Stock Record Bldg., Union Stock Yards, — a Chicago, Il. a ; Bryans, Josepu W. E., Lansford, N. D. ee. Bryant, Atsert E., Menomonie, Wis. . aa Bucuer, Cuarence §8., 1743 Warren Ave., Chicago, Il 1914, Bucute, Joun T., Lockhart, Texas. 1914. . Pe '- Buck, JouHN M., B. A. I. , Washington, DAGs Nee a BUCKINGHAM, Davip E., 2115 14th St., Washington, D.C. © — BucKLEY, JoHN M., 600 Carlton Ave. , Brooklyn, N. Y. 1913. BuckKuey, JouN 8., ‘College Park, Md. BUCKLEY, SAMUEL. 8., College Park, Md. 1914. ete BuENCAMINO, VicToR, 2229 Azearraga, Manila, P.I. >. a Buuuer, Joun J., 944 4th St., Santa Moniea, Cal, a “ie Be Burner, J. F., care N, W. Mounted Police, Regina, Sask. 1910. ~~ Burson, W. H., Athens, Ga. PROCEEDINGS OF THEA. V. M. A. 573 BuLuivant, JAMES, Spokane, Wash 1914. HE Buuuock, Joun L., Creedmoor, N. C. “ie Bunpy, Epwarp a 2346 Hudson Ave., Ogden, Utah. 8 Burperr, Cyrin H., 5th and Commercial Sts., Centralia, Kans. BuRKE, JAMEs W., 2012 Canalport Ave., Chicago. (Mail returned) “ ‘art 4 1912. Je -Burkuouper, Curnron E., Chief Lake, Mich. 1911. BURKLAND, Herman W., 475 N. Boulevard Ave., Atlanta, Ga. fj Buruey, ARTHUR JAMES, 2519 House St., Cheyenne, Wyo. . , BuRNETT, SAMUEL H., 410 University Ave., Ithaca, N. Y. a! - Burnuam, F. E., 728 Ogden Ave., Superior, Wis. Fe Burns, Apert H., Hepler, Kans. Bi. Burns, JoHN Ropert, B. A. I., Live Stock Exch. Bldg., Chicago, . TH. 1912. Burr, ALEXANDER, Old Gott House, Boston, Mass. 1914. - Burrows, SAMUEL, 2317 East 89th St., Cleveland, Ohio. oa - Burt, JAMes Henry, 800 Poyntz Ave., Manhattan, Kans. BUSHNELL, Frep F., Harvard, Ill. BusMAN, HerMan, P. O., Bldg., South Side Station, Omaha, Nebr. Buty, Greorce E., 1612 W. 16th St., Kansas City, Mo. ss Burtier, Grorce W., 315 Federal Bldg., Indianapolis, Ind. fet: Bu?tTERFIELD, OruIN F’., Libertyville, Il. ut: Butters, J., Box 335, Renville. Minn. es Burz, FRANK R., 3116 Spring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. Pak Pee Buzzarp, Davin K. , Nappanee, Ind. of _ BYERRUM, RoswEL O., 400 E. 2nd St., Museatine, Ia. . é Ei __Byrrs, M. V., Broken Bow, Nebr. ae _Byrp, Arviuie, 2406 FE. 9th St., Kansas City, Mo. : rif oh ~ Capy, Brrr J., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Cal. ; " mS Capy, Henry, 93 Washington St., Gloversville, N: Y. cin Capy, P: D. Fremont, Nebr. Z CAHILL, Epwarp A., Lowell, Mass. . : Can, F. M., 9th ‘and Mary Sts., St. Joseph, Mo. ~~ . CALDWELL, F'rRED W.,St. Joseph, Mo. (Mail returned). 1912. CALDWELL, J. H., 16 4th St., S. E., Medicine Hat, Alta. CALDWELL, Wo. ‘A, Edgewood, Cal. ‘CauLkins, R. C., Fairbury, Ill. CALLICOTE, J. K., 2 East 4th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. 1913. -- CampBon, FERDINAND J., 303 Perrin Bldg., New Orleans, La. » | Cameron, ALNE Epwarb, 20 Shaa Road, Acton, London W. Eng: ae CAMPRELL, DeELWINn. M., 9 So. Clinton St., Chicago, Ill. ee Cant, W. Joun, Erie, “TL. | ‘i . — CARLE, EDWARD C., 2517 Lafayette St. St. Joseph, Mo. 1912. ap a CARLISLE, T. S., 8425 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1910. = Carmack, RaupH W., Dana, Ind. _ Carney, SterHEN J., 266 Glisan St., Portland, Ore. 1913, Br] cae re tare STE Rayer ve PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. _ Carrouu, THos. B., 106 N. 2nd St., Wilmington, N. C. Boge ~- CARTER, Atva B. . Williamsport, Ind. | Carter, Rouua E., 619 Ohio Ave., Long Beach, Calif. Casper, GEORGE T., 419 W. Fruit Ave. _ Albuquerque, N. M. Casu, Geo. B., 464 Bathurst St., Toronto, Ont. . SN ca: _ CAvVELLE, Epwin B., Northville, Mich, 1912. | aps ie - CECIL, JosEPH D., Waterloo, Ia. ‘ _ CHANNING, CHARLES E., Real Estate Trust Bldg, Washington, D.C. (CurisMAN, Ws. G., Blacksburg, Va. CurIsTIAN, Ropert V., 1018 Houston St., Manhattan, Kans. } CARNRITE, JAMES SCHUYLER, Fort Plain, N. Y. Carrouu, THos. E., 518 Wall St., Chico, Cal. 1910. Carson, JAMES R., Cicero, Ind. 1914. CarsTENSON, L. P., Columbus, Nebr. Carrer, BARCLAY. Frep, 21 W. Fornanee St., Norristown, Pa. 1912. Carrer, E. B., Austin, Minn. CARTER, GEO. H., 219 Tuscola St., Saginaw, Mich. Carrer, JOSEPH E., 70 4th St., N., Fargo, N. D. 1914. CARTER, R. W.., Rancocas Stock Farm, Jobstown, N. J. Case, C. H., 50 E. Buchtel Ave., Akron, Ohio. Case, J.C., Peconic, Long Island, N. Y. CASE, LEONARD N., Honolulu, T. He 1913. Casry, CHARLES M., No. 307 Fabius St., Syracuse, N. Y. Castor, Tuos., 4914 Frankfort Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. ae Cawtey, A. O., Lewisburg, Pa. CHAMBERLAIN, FRANK W., Box 1022, East Lansing, Mich. a CHAMBERLIN, LEROY Myton, 2503 Hamlin St. ,N. E. , Washington D.C. CHANDLER, Grorce H., Marseilles, Ohio. 1912. CHAPMAN, GEORGE W., Webster, S. D. Case. CHARLES S. , Bay Shore, Long Island, N. Y. CHENEY, ALONZO Henry, Polson, Mont. 1914. ae a Cueney, Baiwey E., Health Dept., Corpus Christi, Tex. Cal CHENEY, Grorce Leroy, 265 Park 'Ave., New Haven, Conn. vi CHERRINGTON, KENNETH G., 152 Webster St., Pawtucket, R. I. WH Nig CHESLEY, G. E., 215 Huntington St., Rochester, N. H. 1918: at CHISHOLM , JOSEPH P., Lisbon, N. D. . CHRISTIANSEN, JosEPH C., Mt. Vernon, S.D. 1910. “an CHRISTIANSEN, OREN A., 4319 Calumet Ave., Chicago, III. Soa Curistie, NORMAN Douauas, Box 616, Regina, Sask. Esa CHRISTOPHER, Raureu E., 423 Cass St., La Crosse, Wis. Ciancy, J, B., Amberston Farm, Edgemont St’n,, E, St. Louis, Hl. | CLARK, B. L., Monticello, Wis. CLARK, CLARENCE W., Rice Lake, Wis. CLARK, CURTIS ALFRED, College Corner, Ohio. CiuArK, Davip Brrr, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. Cruark, Henry D., 69 High St., Fitchburg, Mass, Cruark, Rees, Elberton, Ga. 1912. 7) eee iat PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 575 toate i eae Roy Rautew, Hampton Tnatitnte: Hampton, Va.- + CuarK, W. G., Box 196, Marinette, Wis. : ; CLARK, BurNert L., Monticello, Wis. . , " Ciawson, C. A., 2445-Talbott Ave. , Indianapolis, Ind. - > _~ Cnayton, Cuas. E., 207 West 55th ‘Bt, New York. : 3 ei _ CuEMons, W. E., Granville, Ohio. bee ee _ Ciere, Raupu, W.., E, Syracuse, New York. a. ‘eg _ CDEVELAND, Epaar CHARLES, Jr., Cattaraugus, N. Y. of Be CLEVELAND, WALTER JJ., Havelock, Ta. meee pe Cuirre, G. W., 119 West Johnson St., Upper Sandusky, Ohio. is ¢ _ Ciing, Cuirrorp, M., Box 298, Maryville, Mo. ai ~ Ouive, Gorvon L., Western, Nebr. 1911. ee _ Cring, J. D., Clarion, Ta. es CLOSSON, GARDNER W.”, 131 Philadelphia St., Anaheim, Cal. _Cuoss, F. W., Lewiston, Tda. ~ Cocuran, D. 'W.., 19 Vestry St., New York City. _Cocuranr, Roser E., 450 Greenbush St., Milwaukee, Wis. 2 4 _ COFFEEN, Roser J., 225 North 2nd St., Stillwater, Minn. CoE, Atonzo B., Montrose, Pa. 1912. ie Couerr, Howarp Barker, care of P. Burns & Co., Calgary, Alta. Coins, Frank, 320 N. 6th St., Monroe, La. i CoLuINs, FRED W., Madison, Nebr. - Conus, George J., West Point, Nebr. Couuins, LEONARD, Stanton, Nebr. : _ Couns, Rosert E., 256 Monroe St., Memphis, Tenn. bl 4 Couron, Cuas. L., 99 Ann St., Hartford, Conn. ENDO St = _—S sr i 7 Commins, FREDERICK K., 119 Cortland Ave., San Francisco, Cal. Bh te Comstock, Davin B., 175 Jay St., Albany, N.Y. ne _ Connoway, J. W., Univ. of Mo., Columbia, Mo. . ONNELL, Guare V., N. 2nd St., Decatur, Ind. ConraD, BuRTON W., Sabetha, Kans. 1914. - Cook, F. G., 220 8. Main St., Paris, Texas, * Coox, J. Ww. Brownsville, Ore. : CooK, L. P., 3116 Spring Grove Ave., Cincinnati, Ohio. . Coony, A. 5: State Veterinarian, Columbus, Ohio. COOPER, Epwarp, R. F. D., No. 3, Sunman, Ind. Cooper, J. M., 711 Plum St.,; Cincinnati, Ohio. Coover, W. E., Indianapolis, Ind. (Mail returned). 1912. Coprrnorn, Harry K., Chelsea, Mass. | - Corsrn, Ceciu J., Pawling, N. Y. _ Corstn, E. A., Tucumeari, N. M. 1912. Corcoran, Micuagn, Box 142, Augusta Kans. _ Corn, Save, 5518 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. 1913. _ Cornman, Ernest L., Marietta, Pa. ~~ Corwin, Grorce E., Canaan, Conn. _ Corwin, Wiis T., Pine Island, Minn. a Cosrorp, Save. E., Box 322, Beatrice, Nebr. 3 eS Corton, Cuas. E., 615 4th Ave. , Minneapolis, Minn. 2? aes 4 “yy “ : PINE 5 “oh Aw B76) aN PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A, Bon: Ww. E., 3242 38th St. N. W. ‘Wahine D. C. Corrri.t, R. B., Sand Fork, W. Va. . CovurrricHt, Joun M. , Lathrop, Mo. Couture, J. A., 49 Garden St., Quebee, Can. | _Cowerun, Dante L., Rio, Wis. ae Cox, ABRAHAM G., Carlisle, Ind. Re . Cox, Harry B., 1516 Snyder Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. 1914. Ke Cox, Waurer P., 7 N. Carey St., Baltimore, Md. ae Cox, WALTER R.. Clio, Mich. Coxk, S. A., 140 9th St., Brandon, Man., Can. Cozter, Cart, 320 Prospect St., Bellingham, Wash. CRAIG, Roperr A., 621 Owen St., Lafayette, Ind. Gralc, THomas F. , Hampden, N. D. Crarc, W. B., 216 Meridian St., Indianapolis, tha. 1914, © - CRANE, ADELBERT G., 1639 Wabash Avenue., Chicago, Ill. CRAM, V-E. Calexico, Cal. 1912. CRANWELL, JOHN JAMES, 642 West Pike St., Clarksburg, W. Va. Crawrorp, Harry C., 38 Lexington Ave., New York, N. Y. CRAWFoRD, Je Harvard, Til. .. 1913. CRAWFoRD, JAMES E., Far Rockaway, Long Island, N. Y. CREAMER, J. M., 5th and Taylor St., Portland, Ore. CREECH, G. TINSLEY, 4193 S. Halstead St., Chicago, Il. CrEwE, W. F., Bismarck, N. D. “ag CRISLER, Orro S., 209 E. ‘Ath St., Newport, Ky. a CRocKER, Waxrer J AMES, 39th & Woodland ive. ' Philadelphia. Pa. CULVER, FREDERICK W. , Longmont, Colo. Cumin, Davin, Port Huron, Mich. (Mail Returned). 1911. CUNNINGHAM, A. E., 3826 Carnegie St., S. E., Cleveland, O. CUNNINGHAM, ELmer E., 106 Indiana Ave., Valparaiso, Ind. 1913. Curran, Marrnew Joun, 39 N. 6th St., New Bedford, Mass. Curry, J. M., 995 Main St., Hartford, Conn. 1911. Curtice, Cooper, U. S. Sheep Farm, R. R. No. 2, Vienna, Va. Curtis, WirBuR A., Plainview, Tex. Cusack, Frank L., Carrington, N. D. Custis, Howarp H., La Jara, Colo. DALRYMPLE, W. H., Baton Rouge, La. DAMMAN, ARTHUR I 749 12th Ave. E., Vancouver, B. C., Cai: DANFORTH, ARTHUR Ti 103 Orchard St., Watertown, N. x. | DANIELSON, Lreopro.tp A., Madera, Cal, ; DARRAH, GroRGE D., 648 Hall St., Manchester, N. H, Darrow, JOHN Henry, Jr., 78 N. ‘Hamilton St., Poushiaenis: N. y. Davuper, Cuas. C., 107 N. Clay St., Sturgis, Mich. DAUBIGNY, I’, T., 12 Rue St. Denis, Montreal, Que. 1914. Davoeuerty, T. E., Danville, Ind. 1913. Dautu, AtBertr, Coteau, DuLae, Que. 1910. Davenport, Mines L., Fergus Falls, Minn. Davinpson, Georce H., Rugby, N. D. Davinson, WitAM A., Exchange Bldg., 8. St. Joseph, Mo, - = +e an Se sicand i BO 5 2 hae -* re An “ee oes pe rT ie “aya tee . Sa tes Pn is mi te a ah ath. Ores eee ia ot Te ae POR Ps) NT LD ee a % se Peo a er ne PPM ene Re RTP pee ee cae es | SPR ¥ a Po” as \, AUS te + 8 LS ee) ee on Dp ee ee Oe = oi bad ft, ee oe ad ; Any . 4d ‘ the vs", E Bis x o A; ~ ote oe i : ys uh 4s ies ' PROCEEDINGS oF THE A.¥. M.A. > BITS ea ie Davitt ilar tscis F., Box 509, Douglas Wyo. ple: Davis, Harry EMERSON, Arlington, 8 »D. fe - Davis, J. E., Hume, Tl. 1912. be AVIS, Winniam L., BAL , 8. Omaha, Nebr. (Mail Ret.) 1914. el + Davison, Evwin T., Athenia, N. J. ae. — __Davrrr, M, H., 525 N. Main St., Palmer, Mass. eo? -Dawpy, CLARENCE A. , Brawley, Cal. 1912. ath : Day, FRANK J., 50 Rhode Island Ave., N. W., Washington, D. C. Me >. Day, L. Enos., 4193 S. Halstead Sti, Chicago, Ill. Saige - DEADMAN, CuHarLEs A., 311 E. Main St., Madison, Wis. eae DECKER, E. J., 16 William St., Far Rockaway, Long Island, N.Y. _ Demaina, N, x Dallas Center, Ta. “se a - Den, JESSE AppLIN, 16th and Pacific Aves., Los Angeles, Cal. “Soe >» Deuuert, R: V., 568 Banning St.; Winnipeg, Gan...2 se - DEMING, CHARLES W., Great Falls, Mont., Box 1287. 1912. "ih Deming, 8. A., Ida Grove, Ia. ap ait * DeMorr, LEE, ’ Petersburg, Ind. Me n _.. ‘DENISON, Wiuuam K, , Bemidji, Minn. : _DrRonpr, Joun D., 48 Hast 89th St., New York City. | oe DESERPA, JOHN A. Box 614, Oxnard, Cal. Pe Desmonp, J., 77 Currie St., Adelaide, S. Australia (Deceased): at DEUBLER, ERNEST ©, Wayne, Pa, , \ ae DEUBLER, Ezra §&., Narberth, Pa. _ DEVEREAUX, JouN. L., 20 Brook St., Waterbury, Conn. _ DeVine, Jonn F., Goshen, N. Y. Py x4 ae | Ye Lm - Dick, George A., Kane, Pa. ra eine Dickey, Gro. W., 319 N. Weber St., Colo. Springs, Colo. =, ie DICKSON, JOHN, 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. . ; es): DRY, BENNIE G., Charleston, S. C. (Deceased Sept. 17, 1915). te 7 - DILLAHUNT, PETER A,, Springfield, Ohio., R. F. D. No. 7. as - | Dmion, L. Ray, 107 N. Grand Ave., Pueblo, Colo. 4 -Dimook, Wo. WALLACE, Iowa State ‘College, Ames, Ia. i _. Drinetey, Ernest C., 5385 DeLanecey St., Philadelphia, Pa. ‘ ae DiInwippiE, R. R., Ft. Smith, Ark, 1912. _ Drxwooptr, Joun T. E., Brookings, S. D. ig . Drrewie, Georges, B. A. I., Washington, D. C. ot Dirro, JoHn K., Pleasureville, Ky. . . _ ._ Diving, Joun P., Ballston, Va. 1914. : =... Dixon, C. Price, Old Fire House, Charlottesville, Va. 1914. ck Ps, DIxon, Pict. Box 616, Regina, Sask, Can. - : Dospins, Quincy Os; Bedford, Ind. ae . if - Dosson, CHARLES C., Muneie, Ind. Dover, ‘GEORGE A., Northwood, Ta. 1911. 4); - Dover, Wi11am H., Leominster, Mass. Kae - Donan, Francis F., “Willow City, N. D. cc ga "4 Donap, JAMEs S., '213 S. Catherine St., Bay City, Mich. | ie _ DONNELLY, GEORGE J., 833 Telegraph Ave., Oakland, Cal. is _ Dononve, Roserr Joun, 506 Alaska Bldg., Seattle, Wash. ese - Dunpny, G. W., East Lansing,. Mich. yous Eacue, Wm. W., 3rd and Central Ave., Kansas City, Kan. ! Eastman, O. R. Gadsden, Ala. 5% 53° "PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M, A. Henk’ JoHN THOMAS, Beatrice, Nebr. Dorian, FRANK P., 35 Franklin St., Vonkevs 2 Y: Dova.ass, FRANK : 1235 St. Andrew, New Orleans, La. DoyLe, Stmon A., 1764 Mission St., San Francisco, Cal. 1913. DRAKE, Epw. 5: "Toledo, Wash. (Mail returned). 1914. DRAKE, M. W., 1308 Morris, Philadelphia, Pa. ~ DRAPER, JAMES PowELL, Lowell, Mich. DreHER, WM. Henry, Box 143, Oregon, Wis. DrEpPARD, SAMUEL G., Flora, III. DREXLER, JOSEPH L., Thibodaux, La. : ri] Drury, JAmeEs, 218 Michigan St., Ypsilanti, Mich. 5 Durresng, A. A., Longueuil, Quebec, Can. m ; =< Do FRENE, ALFRED J., Glendive, Mont. ea Du JARDIN, GuILLAUME, 270 Craig St., E., Montreal, on 191405 DUNLEAVvY, M. J., 1324 Acoma St. Denver, Colo. ARS Dunn, Raupx C., College Station, "Tex. Dustan, Henry W., 25 DeHart St., Morristown, N. J. Dykstra, Rateu R., 714 Houston St., Manhattan, Kan. Dyson, Orton E., State Veterinarian, Springfield, IIL. EaGan, Paut Herman, 817 N. 7th St., East St. Louis, Ill. EaGue, ALEX. F., 725 ‘San Jose Ave., San Francisco, Cal. EaAGue, JOHN G., 3924 Morrel Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 5 Eacue, RICHARD F., 13809 N: Ellison St., Oklahoma Gity, Okla. Eppirt, RICHARD, Naper Arms, Old Castle, C. Meath, Ireland. Eckert, HENRY F., Markesan, Wis. - Epe.uin, ALLEN ALFRED, 1602 ‘Lagonda St., Fort Worth, Tex. | EpcIncton, Bruce H., Reynoldsburg, Ohio. ot the EpMONDs, ELMER 2 603 Lincoln Ave., Mt. Vernon, Wash. EpMunps, ‘ARTHUR L., Franklin, N. H. Epwarps, FRANK, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. - Epwarps, Ira W., Box 82, Stuart, Lowa. Epwarps, W. R., Box 216, Vicksburg, Miss. Eaan, Joun Mitton, 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Cal. Eoan, Perer J., 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Franciseo, Cal. EGan, WILLIAM F., 1155 Golden Gate Ave., San Francisco, Cal. Eaperr, ARcH, 411 E. 4th St., Logan, Utah. 1911. EICHELBERGER, A. Martin, Box 488, Spring and Milan Sts) Shreveport, La. Eicunorn, Apoien, B. A. L, Washington, D. C. EISEMAN, FRANK T., 222 Bast Main St., Louisville, Ky. 1913. I ISENHOWER, ELMer C., Gypsum, Kans. E1senHOWER, James M., Schell City, Mo. Eisentonr, Herman M., Larimore, N. D. Every, WILTON, Audubon, la, Exiason, Oscar H., State Veterinarian, Madison, Wis, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 579 \ - Evxin, Avsert F., R. F. D. No. 1., Smicksburg, Pa. Ekin, JosepH Homer, Smicksburg, Pa. ELLENBERGER, W. P., 1359 Parkwood Place., , Washington, Dy C: s ® Exuorr, ApaM F,, Milton, N. D. a -Exuiorr, Cas. M., Seward, Nebr. Eur, CLARENCE L., 5434 S. 3rd St., So. St. Joseph, Mo. Euiorr, Epwarp W., ’ Park River, N. D. Exuiorr, Haroup B., "P.O. Box 167, Hilo, Hawaii. , . Es, Roerr W., 509 W. 152nd St., New York City. ~ Euuis, Percy L., Box 272, Merrill, Ta. _' Eusey, Mark A., Marion, Ohio. se ELWeLL, FRED N., National Stock vi St. Claire Co., Ill. | ae ‘Euaiaa, MartTIN E., 349 La Grave Ave., Grand Rapids, Mich. ie Empree, Warren J., Aberdeen, 8. D. (Mail returned). 1911. Enceu, Joun H., 1311 Harford Ave., Baltimore, Md. 1912. _ENGLE, FRANK PHILLIP, Ft. Worth, Tex, (Mail returned). 1913. Ernst, Joun, Jr., 125 East 4th South St., Salt Lake City, Utah. Essex, JOHN J., Chevy Chase, Md. Esrey, CYREW B., Box 287, St. Cloud, Minn. Ertgenne, ALBERT ees 67 Drummond St., Montreal, Can. y Evrnina, CHRISTIAN C., 910 3rd St., E. Las Vegas, N. M. 1911. _ Evans, Curistman E,, "719 Wisconsin St., Racine, Wis. - Evans, Canvin §., 323 Exchange Bldg., Sioux City, Ta. 1911. Evererr, A. T., 24th and North Sts., So. Omaha, Nebr. : . Ewart, W. Austin, 22 Grand Ave., Mt. Clemens, Mich. sear - - ~‘Bxuine, James C., 311 Live Stock Ex. Bldg., Denver, Colo. ihe. » -Fasian, ARTHUR H., 421 Walworth St., Lake Geneva, Wis. a | Sites Fair, “8 D., Millersburg, Ohio. ae al /- Faxes, Cuartes THompson, Granville, N. Y. 4 ___ -Fatconer, THomas, Box 303, Alexandria, Minn. 3 |’ -Fation, ‘Bpwarp J., 3372 A 16th St., San Francisco, Cal. - 1) ~ Faruey, A. J., 873 Towne Ave., Pomona, Cal. i i FARMER, ALBION C., Berlin, N. i. v FarMer, THOMAS, Grand Blane, Mich. Ne Farrinerton, A. M,, 1436 Chapin St., Washington, D. C. (ng Faust, Orro, 209 Union Ave. . Poughkeepsie, N. Y: , Favi.e, G. C., North Emporia, Vai. 19930 3 * FEELEY, Roper O., Clemson College, S. C. _ Feist, ARNOLD ANpREW, 156 Aurora Ave., St. Paul, Minn. Ferreuson, Cus. W., Auburn, Ala. FERGUSON, THOMAS H., 421 Broad St., Lake Geneva, Wis. Ferreuson, W. P., 316 Second St., Grenada, Miss. _. FerneyHoucH, James G., Oak St., Burkville, Va. (Mail re- — a turned). 1914. _ Fererneyuouen, R. E., Warrenton, Va., Lee St. _ Fernsuer, FRANK U., '32 South 7th St., Lebanon, Pa. a _ FerRAND, WILLIAM 8., Gilmore City, ‘Ta. f “Saag R. B., Gordon "Hotel, Lafayette, La. 2 FisHer, E): Grandin, N. Dak. ark ae z - Fisner, LAWRENCE W., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. 1. 1912. ae, 580 . PROCEEDINGS OF THEA. Y. M.A. \ Is FETHEROLF, Gro. R., Reading, Pa. 1914. Finpuay, ALEXANDER, 11 Main St., ‘Camden, N, ¥. (Mail re- turned). 1912. FINKLE, Ray C., Seymour, Wis. Fintey, Lester C., Lapel, Ind. Fiscuer, Caru F., Garden City, Mo. FiscHerR, HERMAN C., Bellair, Mich. 1912. FIscHER, PAUL, Reynoldsburg, Ohio. : FisH, PIERRE ee N. Y. State Vet. Col., Ithaca, N. es FIsner, ADAM, 9 West 4th St., Charlotte, N.C. FisHER, CARL W., 420 A St., San Mateo, Cal. . ee Fisk, ALEXANDER G., 815 Willow St., Trinidad, Colo. Fircn, CLIFFORD PENNY, 107 Brandon Place, Ithaca, Weak . Fircu, Earu W., Arcade, N. Y. Frrzpareick, DENNis B., 3225 Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, ue FLAHERTY, JAMES J., 127 Meadow St., New Haven, Conn. aga eh FLaNnary, W. F., St. Charles, Minn. FLEMING, CHARLES I., 20 West 5th St., Terre Haute. Ind. 1912, FLEMING, W. B., 12 Washington St., Montgomery, Ala. 1911. FLEMING, W. R., 25 Live Stock ° Exchange, Buffalo, N. Y.. 1913. FLOCKEN, CHARLES F., Experiment Station, St. Anthony Park, Minn, Fiower, E. PeEcram, Box 24, Baton Rouge. La. } Fiowers, Royan G., 3rd and Main Sts., Ft. Worth, Tex. FOGLE, CHARLES W., Leipsic, Ohio. Be Fouse, Cuarues D., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. Foutsom, Epwarp GrAHAM, Watson Bldg., Fairmount, W. Va. Foos, Arruur C., 126 N. Laurel St., Hazelton, Pa. Fores, 8. D., 301 Cameron St., Alexandria, Va. Fores, Louis 'A., 561 Washington St., Burlington, Wis. Forma, Roserr. d.; Bb. ALA. , Washington, D. C. Fospinper, Harry R., 1622 Cosmo St., Hollywood, Cal. _ Foster, AuLEN A., 3813 Ross Ave., Dallas, Tex. Foster, F Rep, ond Field Artillery, Vancouver Barracks, ‘Waal. 1910. Fosrer, J. D., 126 N. State St., Newtown, Pa. Foster, Joss P., Box 27, Bangor, Me. Foster, Roverr J., 9th U. 8. Cavalry, Manila, P. I. Poster, Samuet B,., 927 Union Ave., North, Portland, Ore. Foster, Tuomas J., Monticello, Ill. Fow.er, W. J. R., 52 Pacific Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Can. , Fox, Davin F., Room 423 First Nat’l Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. Francis, M., College Station, Tex. FRANCOISE, Wm. I., 605 Kast Ave., Kalamazoo, Mich, 1914. FRANK, JOHN WILLIAMSON, Box 291, Nelson, B. C. FRANZMAN, Perer A., 5966 Lowe Ave., Chicago, Il. y PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ; 581 _ Fraser, Tuomas, 316 N. Henry St., Richmond, Va. FF RAser, WAuTER, 13th U. 8. Cavalry, Marfa, Tex. _ Frazier, Cs., 5052 Cottage Grove Ave., Chicago, Ill. _ Freperick, Cuarues B., 412 N. Walnut St., N.-E., Canton, Ohio. eet 1914. . __| Prepericx, Harry, Box 584, Suffern, N. Y. _ Freperick, Hyram, J., College Hill, Logan,-Utah, FREDERICKS, Wo. ne Franklin Ave., Delawanna, N. J. 1912. _ Freep, B. M,, 12 South Dock St., Sharon, Pa. _ FreEeMAN, F. “E:, Buhl, Ida. . FRENCH, "ALBX. W., Cheyenne, Wyo. a _ FRENCH, Wo. Haroup, Redfield, 8. D. 1913. _ Frese, GrorGE L., 309 11th St., Toledo, Ohio. _ Frey, CHAr.es T., Box 106, River Point, R. I. _ Friepuerm, Louis, Box 103, "Rock Hill, S.C. - F riprrici, Uyses 'G., 204 Pine St., Tamaqua, Pa. _ Frost, James N., 919 East State St., Ithaca, N. Y. Frost, Roy C., 1518 U. St., N. W., Washington, D. C., ' _ Frorutneuam, Lanapon, 335 Bay State Road, Boston, Mass. _ FULLER, CLAUDE E., Beach, N. D. | FULLER, Grorce §., "170 Common St., Lawrence, Mass. Fuuter, GrorGE 8., 1715 N. 12th St., Philadelphia, Pa. _ Fuiier, Joun Russe, 101 W. Commercial St., Weiser, Ida. Fuuuineron, Harry CG. 6047 Greenwood Ave., Seattle, Wash. =e 1913. . _ Fuutstow, Harry, Norwalk, Ohio. -FunKHOoUvsER, GEORGE M.; 410 Main St., Lafayette, Ind. _ Gat, J. H., State Farm, Lincoln, Nebr. Gans, Cuas. H., Chilhowee, Mo. GALL, Wo., Mattawan, N. J. ig - GALLAGHER, BERNARD ’A., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. be x GALLAGHER, JOHN J., Western Ave., Lovelock, Nev. . Ganuivan, MicHaen V., P. O. Box 567, Lethbridge, Alberta. _ Gatioway, Perer F., 318 N. Henry St., Richmond, Va. . ; _ Gamete,. Henry S., 1329 Gallatin N. W., Washington, D. C. _ Gamrara, Cart L., 52 E. Washington St., Fairfield, Ia. Gannert, Ray WItarp, 186 Sterling Ave, , Brooklyn, N. Y, ~ GARDNER, CHENNIE A., Morris, Nek: _ GATEs, Wn. L., Clarksdale, Miss. - Gay, Cari W., ’ Swarthmore, Pa. ay -GEARHART, FRANK C., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila: P, L., Box " 1362. Gemniut, A. D., 220 E. Livingston St., Celina, Ohio. _ Geroree, Harrison H., 235 Federal Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. Grorce, Hersert H. S., Kamloops, B. C. Geruacu, G. H., Morenci, Mich. 1913. _Gisson, A, 1617 2nd St., ‘Birmingham, Ala, - en . > 4 2 5 ~ 5 - ae 2 VES as ork / 582 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. se BRE SS 2a Grzson, Howarp Renwick, Algona, Ia. « Ginson, G. D., Adrian, Mich. Ginson, JAMES IRVINE, State House, Des Mioigeek, Ta. | ae GIFFEE, JOE W., (1816 Missouri Ave.) South Side Station, Oma- ae ha, Nebr. Y Gincurist, Wm. T., 410 Church St., Norfolk, Va. _ GILES, WALTER M., Franklin, Tenn. a GILL, i, 337 E. 57th St., New York City. ; Guu, JosEPH C., 2nd and Main Sts., Clarksville, Tenn. 1910. GILLESPIE, JouN: F., 446 Hudson Ave., Brooklyn, N. ca GILLIE, PETER dys 22 B. First St., Mansfield, Oo. : Ci. ee -GHLLILAND, Ss. H., Marietta, Pa. as i GILTNER, o Th Box 3, Bismarck, N. D. age oS hae ~ GILTNER, Warp, East Lansing, Mich. Giuyarp, ARTHUR T., 74 Phoenix Ave., Waterbury, Gani: GimPER, W. &,, Live Stock Sanitary Board, POE CES Pay (Mail returned). 1912. ; sag Guieason, MatrHew E., Fowlerton, Tex. z « i — -mowee Oy 7 + - *¢ rr ay ve Sethe ie ae Pk Deets Te Poe , are qe vs Ee ES & = by Bet Ds NE Lan Digi 7 ee a 3 ~ + 2 . ; ; » a ee ew ” Nees et ; ee meine PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. VY. M. A. 583) Grauam, Rosert, Experiment Station, Lexington, Ky. _ Grapp, Gustav H., Port Deposit, Md. GranoeE, E. A. A., Ontario Vet. College, Toronto, Ont., Can. _ Grau, JEpPE ANDREW, Tecumseh, Neb. Graves, Frep W., New Richmond, Ind. 1912. GrAvEs, Henry T., E, 201 15th St., Olympia, Wash. _. Gray, Frep SuMNeErR, Box 561, Miles City, Mont. GRAYBILL, Guy M., Milford Square, Pa. GRAYBILL, Harry W., 1021 Daisy Ave., Long Beach, Cal. GREEDER, HerMAN, Elkhorn, Wis. GREEN, L. Kennet, 37 Knight St., Auburn, Maine. - GREER, JOHN, Saranac Lake, N. Y. Greeson, J. O., Kokomo, Ind. GrirFirH, J. W., Cedar Rapids, la. GrirFirH, Roscor C., Jamestown, Ohio. GROFF, BENJAMIN WARREN, 20 North St., Massillon, Ohio. “GROGAN, JosErH P., 909 Ashland Ave., Baltimore, Md. Gross, JNO. L., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. Gross, R. C., Elizabethtown, Pa. GROSSMAN, JAMES D., 117 Ash Ave., Ames, Lowa. GROVE, JNO. S., 310 Federal Bldg., ‘Oklahoma, Okla, GROVER, ARTHUR L., 65 9th Ave., New York City. 1914. Groves, JoHN W., 40 York St., Hamilton, Ont. GRUBB, CHAUNCEY M., Box 202, Rockville, Md. Gruser, JouHN T., 316 N. Main St., Marion, Ohio. GRUENEWALD, Gro. $43. 2: I, Federal Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. _ GRUNER, WALTER H., 225 Mary St., Evansville, Ind. 1912. GRUTZMAN, WALTER R., Ft. Bliss, Tex. 8th Cavalry. Guarp, Wiuiarp F., Veterinary College, Ames, Ia. GuULDAGER, Frep Howarp, 304 Ridge St., Sacramento, Cal.. 1913. GUYSELMAN, P. C., Monte Vista, Colo. GysEL, Ropert, 9333 Escanaba St., Chicago, Ill. Hapuiey, Freperick B., Univ. of Wis., Madison, Wis. HapweEn, SEYyMour, Agassiz, B. C. Harrer, JOHN W., 49 Pearl St., Paterson, N. J. _ Harnes, W. ALBERTSON, Bristol, Pa. Hauu, Aprian V., Oxford, Pa. 1910. Haun, OrLAN, Health of: Animals Branch, Ottawa, Ont., Can Hauuipay, Rosert J., 21 West 32nd St., Bayonne, N. J. “Hauuman, Exam T., 383 Sunset Lane, East Lansing, Mich. ‘HALLoRAN, Joun L., Broad St., Stapleton, Staten Island, N. Y. Hauuieuist, Raupu A., Box 182, Oslo, Minn. Hatstep, Wiuui1AM E., 19 Judson St., Binghamton, N. Y. Haron, JoHN H., 123 G. St., Salt Lake City, Utah. Hatverson, Haroup M., Box 354, Yankton, 8. D. ~ Hampuer, C. A., 495 Varnum Ave., Lowell, Mass. Haminron, Grorce W., 604 N. 10th St., E. St. Louis, Ill. Hamuuron, Herserr B., 79 Hillman St., New Bedford, Mass, _ Hammonp, ‘Harry J., Box 338, Sacramento, Cal. - Hanson, H. D., Darien, Conn. ‘Hares, J. G., Duluth, Minn. 1912. ¥ Harrison, W. F., 329 Broad St., Bloomfield, N. J. 586 PX PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A, _Hamiuron, Howarp M., Paris, Ky. -Haminton, M., 364 Main St., Delhi, NeX. Haminton, Roserr, 1420 Fort St., Victoria, ‘B.C. 1913. eae HAminton, Wm. C., Union Stock "Yards, Chicago, Til. (Mail re- turned). 1912. - Hanawaut, Davin C., Laurel, Miss. 1912. HANDLEY, Joun ISAAC, Box 8, West Raleigh; N. C. HANDLEY, JNO. M., Woodworth, Wis. ‘ oo HANEY, W. F., 1518 Ninth St., Modesto, Cal. SA HANNA, Roser LEE., Brookville, Ind. 1912. eee HANSEN, Hans P., 216 E. Mill St., Austin, Minn. ~ Mee HANSEN, James W. G., 511 N. Lafayette St., Greenville, Mich. HansHew, E., 125 Carlton Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y. Hanvey, Georce A., 5th Cavalry, Harlingen, Tex. he eae - HarDENBERG, JAMES Batu, 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadel- phia, Pa. a tn _ Harpman, Russeui T., Kyger, W. Va. HARGRAVE, Js C., Dominion Vet. Inst., Medicine Hat, Alta. Harina, G, M., Div. of Vet. Science, Univ. of Cal., Berkeley, Cal. HARKINS, Matcome J . care H, K Mulford Co., Glenolden, Pa. - Harms, Herpert F., Pearl River, Rockland Co., N. Y. 1912. _ Harries, Tos. B., 22nd Divisional Train, B. E. F., France. ~ Harrineton, E. T., 873 Broadway, 8. Boston, Mass. 1911. _ Harris, A. W., 78 Fourth Ave., Ottawa, Can. Harris, E. D., Casselton, N. D. RISON, JAMES V. S., 120 South Pitcher St., Kalamazoo, ‘Mich. - Harry, CHARLES 'Epwarp, Anita, Ta. . ~ ‘Harsu, Francis A., 326 Murray Ave. , Minerva, Ohio. Hart, CHARLES Henry, Hankinson, N. D. ‘Harr, George H., Health Office, City Hall, Los Angeles, Cal. Haxr, JOHN P., Winchester, Ind. 1913. » Harr, Wo. J., ‘Wetmore, Kans. HartTuin, ALEXANDER, 707 Green St., Louisville, Ky. 1914. Hartman, Tos. T., 1027 Ann St., Kansas City, ‘Kan, 1910, HarrMan, Wo. J., State College of Agriculture, Bozeman, Mont. HASSELBALCH, A. E., St. Edward, Nebr. 1914. ~ THAssLocn, Avaust, 400 West 50th St., New York City, N. Y. ; HATTERSCHEID, Cua, A., Aberdeen, 8. 'D. 1910. HAWKE, WAurer L., Lethbridge, Alta. Hawke, WittiAm Ricuarp, Medicine Hat., Alta, 1912, HAwkins, JOSEPH, 184 Stanton Ave., Detroit, Mich, 1913, Haworrnu, Cuaries C.,, Donnellson, iil. Haxesy, J. W., 6th St., and 3rd Ave., Clarinda, Ia. Hay, Leoroup, 5th and 1st Ave., Fairbault, Minn, oe a a OF THE A. Y. M. A. fo tb Bie pney, aici a Ernest, 108 Irving Place, Ithaca, N. Y. es Ba ‘Hayes, Frep M., Univ. Farm, Davis, Cal. es Hayes, JESSE, Alexandria, Va. are" Haves, JOuN J., 7 E. 42nd St., New York ity. _ Hazen, Grorce A., 113 East 83rd St., New York City. 1913, \e Hazer, SAMUEL K., Oelwein, Ia. - Haztzwoon, Roserv V., Bessemer, Ala. - HEacock, Cuype C.; Carlsbad, N. M.. 1913, - Heap, CHARLES, Regina, Sask., Can. 1911. : Be Heatey, Tuom, W., 461 North 2nd St., San Jose, Cal. (Hearn, Warren E., Columbus, Mont. “Heaton, Joun B., Indianapolis, Ind. (Mail returned). 1912. _ Hecker, FRANK, 1108 Jefferson Co, Savings Bk. Bldg., Birming- _ ' ham, fat ape _ Hepney, CLARK, Marion, S. C. eo) - EQRDRIOK, Horace A., 2606 Gilford Ave., Baltimore, Md. \ . Hper, Rurvs S., 115 4th St., Platteville, Wis. ' Herny, Epaar, Hattiesburg, ’ Miss. a ‘Heimer, JacoB, 327 Madison Ave., Scranton, Pa. = + Hemay, OurIstiAN D., New London, Wis. 1910. | Hemneneraer, W. B., Portland, Ore. (Mail returned). 1914. - Hempums, Joun F., 428 Dexter St. , Clay Center, Kans. — tg ~ Hexpensoy, LEVI C., Twin Falls, Ida. _HENDREN, Ouver T,, 6645 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. - HENpREN, SG. 17 E. Market St., Lewiston, Pa. <3 AR Pitas ran, WILLIAM J., 126 Front St., Worcester, Mass. _. Henricu, Leo. O., Vacaville, Cal. Hersorr, JULIUS WwW, 1336 N. Marshall St., Philadelphia, Pa. ‘HernsHer, wal. 6222 Lakewood Ave., Chicago, Th. ‘Herr, T. J., 381 E. 83rd St., New York City. Herrino, LAWRENCE JAMES, Wilson, N. C., _ Herron, Moore Bryant, 1282 Pike St., Canonsburg, Pa. -Hersuey, Cuas. E., Tiffin, Ohio. _ Hersuey, Samuev E., Lock Box 283, Charleston, W. Va. a Hzss, ORLANDO B., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington DAG, . - Hickman, D. ELwyn, 333 W. Union St., West Chester, Pa. | © Hickman, Tuomas S., 1818 Cherry St., Kansas City, Mo. Hicks, Hazen H., 105 Custom House Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. Be: Hicks, TUNIS, 642 Irving St., Washington, D: C. - Hicks, Tos. H., Milbank, SD. 1911. ms Hiway, JoHN L., ’Fortyille, Ind. as Hicans, CHARLES H., Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Ont., Can. - Hitz, Anson Harris, Brookings, S.D. 1911. Hinn, George H., Atkinson, Ill. . Hin, JAMEs, Tarlac, Tarlac Provinee, P. I. Hi, JAMES ANDERSON, 2609 E. 14th St., Oakland, Cal. 1910. Huw, Josepx G., Skaneateles, N. Y. 1913. “Hu, Roserr C. , West Alexandria, Ohio, im Ay \ - = Hoee, Epwiy, 29 Butler Ave., Wilkes Barre, Pa. ; “Houpen, E. H., Box 612, Springfield, Mass. 586 «3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A, Fee Fes ihe x “ek wie nae Hitt, Wa. Procror, Ft. Riley, Kans. (Mail mired. 1912, Hinuiarp, Wmuam A., 630 McMillan Ave., Winnipeg, Man. = Hinton, ‘GEORGE, 126 Lewis St., Ottawa, Ont., Can. t 2 . Hinton, Ws., 615 Spence St., ‘Winnipeg, Man. Hiury, "REUBEN, 619 Walnut St., Toledo, Ohio. 1 Hinesaucnu, T. D., Tower City, N. D. ae ee aa Hinxey, C. J., Woonsocket, S. D., Box 43. _ Hoag, WaALrer ‘Morrow, 1732 Enterprise St., New Orleans, a 1910. Hoenn, Atvy M., Ottoville, Ohio. 1912. HorKkzeMa, Orro. FREDERICK, McBain, Mich. Hoearry, JouN J., 1724 Webster St., Oakland, Cal. Houpen, W. C., 131 No. Camel St., Delphos, Ohio. (Deceased April 16, 1916). 1914. é Ho.rorp, FRED. DeWirr, Box 655, Chatham, N. Y. ig HouLaNpEr, FERDINAND, 4616 Corondelet St., New Orleans, La. HouuineswortH, FREDERICK H., 39 4th St., Couneil Bluffs, Ia. HouincsworrH, J. B., 105 Cambridge St., Ottawa, Ont., Can. _ Houuister, Wm. L., Avon, Il. ee HOoLMEs, WALTER BuRDErre, 225 E. Washington St., Springhaiee % : til. Hout, CAMPBELL L., Box 465, Norfolk, Va. Hoop, ARCHIBALD es: 910 Clauranald Ave., Montreal, Que., Can. Hoopes, HERBERT, Bel Air, Md. Hoover, Lee C., WW So. 9th St., Richmond, Ind. Hope, FREDERICK S., 148 N. Paxon St., Philadelphia, Pa, Hopper, JOHN B., 74 Maple Ave., Ridgewood, N. J. - Hopper, JOHN G., Chesapeake City, Md. 1914. Hornpaker, Jos. N., Front Royal, Va. Horner, GLENN W., Westminster, Md. . Horstman, Epwanrp, Newton, Miss. an Hoskins, CHEstoN M.,, 3452 Ludlow St. , Philadelphia, Pa. 1912. Hoskins, H. Presron, University Farm, St. Anthony Park, Minn. — Hovcun, A. 8., Newark, Del. Houck, U, G., Washington, D, C. . Howarp, C. H., 271 Shelden St., Houghton, Mich, Howarp, CLARENCE 4 ree BEB A Main St., Sullivan, Ind. ‘a Howarp, JULIAN, Stanwood, Wash. ’ (Mail returned). 1910, Howarp, Ocpen Jay, Coloma, Mich. (Mail returned), 1912. Howarp, W. K., Lock Box 48, Gainesville, Tex. , Howe, Wavrer E., 444 Federal Bldg., Denver, Colo. aM HoyLMAN, JOHN L: Franklin, Nebr. a Hoyman, Harry J., Livestock E xchange Bldg., So. St. Joseph, Mo, || } Huppe., ARTHUR D., 318 BE, 2nd St., Los Angeles, Cal. S Hupars, Parrick Henry, Box 184, Kredericksburg, Va. (Mail a returned), 1911. (ai ~ 3 ek ein bia Hupson, Bentiey F'., Moweaqua, Ill. Hupson, Percy Winpur, Americus, Ga. Huepen, Frank W., 1131 Riverview Ave., Kansas City, Kans. _ HUEBSCHMANN, Joun, 625 S. 8rd St., Baltimore, Md. HveEtsen, J., 348 W. 118th St., New York City, N. Y. _Hurr, LOGAN B., Box. 227, Aurora, Til. _Hurr, WILson, 401 West Liberty St. , Rome, N. Y. Hurray, PLEASANT J., 104-5 Livestock Exchange Bldg., Fort ‘ Worth, Texas. 1913. Tan HUFNALL, WinuiaM Tuomas, City Food Inspector, Port Arthur, | Tex. 1913. Th donee Arruur D., 4193 S. Halstead St. , Chieago, Il. (Deceased Feb. 15, 1916). Hueues, JOsEPH, 2537 State St., Chicago, Ill. _ Huers, FRANK ‘ALMON, P.O. Bldg., S. Omaha, Nebr. - Hun, Martin, 20 Federal Bldg., Kansas City, Kans. - Humpnrey, EArt H., Santa Maria, Cal. 1914, _ Houwenreys, J. ope Chula, Mo. a Hunt, J. C., 84 N. Union St., London, Ohio. + re ay = Horp, Ray B., 11th St. and ‘Qnd Ave., South, Payette, Ida. _ Hortey, Pauu C., East St. Louis,, Il]. (Mail returned). 1912. - Hurst, Dan W., Box 218, Tecumseh, Nebr. ~ Hurst, WILBUR Hl, Chadron, Neb. - Hurt, Lesur M., 665 N. Fair Oaks Ave., Pasadena, Cal. me HusBAnp, AUBREY G., 4th St.,; Belmont, Man., Can. _ Hurcuison, JOHN, 7045 Emerald Ave., Chicago, Ill. Huruman, G. H., 415 E. 7th St., Portland, Ore. Hurron, JoHn P., East Lansing, Mich. Huyerr, Waurer G., East Market St., Wernersville, Pa. _ Hypkr, THomas F., Brookville, Ind. _ Hyuanp, Euveene H., Schuyler, Nebr. - Hywron, Fioyn D., Box 612, Longmont, Colo. Ipk, ALMOND H., 28 Elm St., Lowville, N. Y. ‘s Imes, Marion, Federal Bldg., Kansas City, Kans. Ineram, WiuuiAM L., Florence, Ala. f ~ Irwin, Ivan B., Stonewall, Man. 1912. IRWIN, SAMUEL, 24 W. Jackson St., Battle Creek, Mich. -Ispe.u, George P., East 9th St., Hopkinsville, Ky. 1914. Iverson, JOHN P., ’ Box 287, Sacramento, Cal. JACKSON, CRAWFORD CHARLES, East Villiard St., Dickinson, N. D. JACKSON, FRANK B., Camden, ‘Ohio. JACKSON, WILLIAM PErer, 429 Salem St:, Chico, Cal. Jacos, M., 312 W. Chureh Ave., Knoxville, Tenn. JaArrray, Davin 8., JR., 209 N. Des Plaines St., Chicago, Ill. _ JAGO, THOMAS E., ’Athens, Ga. JAKEMAN, HARRY. W., University of Nevada, Reno, Nev. _ JAKEMAN, WILLIAM, Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Can. PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. iat 587 Hunt, Frank, 214 Washington St., Jamestown, N. Y. be ay: ad __. Jurrrey, Frep M., 1890-N. 12th St., Toledo, Ohio, sf BS Say I. T. Seck oe - re : ‘i Nok EAS ae si Sub oS yo Ne sefn Bere 7 588 Rites "PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M A. ee a Mi sae, wir James, THomas D., 1123 Washburn St., lucene Pat Gee _ JAMESON, JOHN W., 817 Pleasant St., Paris, Ky. aS JARMAN, G. A, Chestertown Md. JEFFERIES, Jos. R., 1140 Sutter St., San Franses oat ae JEFFERSON, JosePH H. , Chicago Jet., Ohio. — PORE JELEN, FRANK, Box 734, Cedar Rapids, Ta. ; JENKINS, ELBERT A., 2027 Morgan St., Shelbyville, Ill. JENKS, RALPH C., 7 8 Croton Ave. _ Ossining, Nays JENNINGS, C. G., ‘Morris, Minn. JENSEN, H., 2468 E. 28th St., Kansas City, Mo. JERVIS, HORACE B., 1205 Lady St., Columbia, 8. C. A JERVIS, JAMES G., '3694 Victoria Drive., Vancouver, B. C.. eS JEWELL, CHARLES H., 4th Cavalry, Schofield Barracks, Honlakas _Jounson, Aaron V., 103 E. Oat St., New Albany, Ind.. : cae JoHNson, ALBERT ©., 131 15th St., Portland, Ore. (Mail re- — . turned). 1911. pss chicas Tae eae Jounson, Auaust F., Memphis, Tenn. (Mail returned). mg 4 JOHNSON, JOsEPH, Union Stock Yards, Lancaster, Pa. JOHNSON, Levi E., 429 Pecks Ave., San Antonio, Tex. ay JOHNSON, OscaR JOSEPH, State Veterinarian, Miles City, Mont. ) JOHNSTON, Neris A.,.21 ‘Lorne St., Wetaskiwin, Alta. | JOLLY, CHARLES R., 19 Exchange Place, Atlanta, Ga. 1912. Jory, A., 60 Silver St., Waterville, Maine. ) cae JONES, ALBERT C., 108 W. Washington St., High Point, N. C. at a _ JONES, FRANK R., 742 N. Belmont Ave., ‘Indianapolis, Ind. 1912, — ; Jonxs, FREDERIC S., 66th St. and Ave. A. New York City. mas JONES, GEORGE ANpREw, Box 102, Sedro Wooley, Wash. pies Jones, GeorGe B., Sidell, ll. Noene Jonus, Jamis M., Lewisburg, Tenn. ! Jones, Pup K., 5604 Harvard St., Pittsburg, Pa. 1913. Jones, W. F., 311 Second St., E., MeCook, Nebr. JopLine, Winu1AM, North Star, Mich. Joy, James J., 2436 Collingwood Ave., Detroit, Mich. Joss, Jesse M., 2318 BE. 24th St., Kansas City, Mo. Joyce, ©. O., Irvington Sta., Ind. Juckniess, Paun, 617 N, 23rd St., So. Omaha, Nebr, - Juin, Ren C., Delphi, Ind. June, Orro B., 1514 West 30th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. JUNGERMAN, GeorcGE T., Morrill, Kans. KAISER, ALBERT JOHN, K ingsburg, Qal. Kaxkus, Junius, 805 Linden Ave. , Pullman, Wash. KAMMERER, R. A., 700 South Kingshighway, St. Louis, Mo, Kann, R. .. Mee +haniesburg, Pa. / \ KArrRupE, Emer H., pha Minn. KarsunuMA, Tomitr "0, U.S. Immigration Service, Hose TT H. Kavprr, B. F,, West Raleigh, N, C. - nie ‘ er PROCEEDINGS or THE EA. V.M.A, : 589 _. Kay, Gusrave A., B. A. I., South Omaha, Nebr. _ Kaynor, JAMEs M. , Barry, Til. Pee KEAN, THOMAS J., 1630 W. Suydenham St., Philadelphia, Pa. . KEANE, CHARLES F., 1818 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. =~ \ Keer, E, M., Winters, Cal. KEEHN, Wo. G., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. ae Keeney, PETER T., 238 N. Elm St. , Waterbury, Conn. meet Keertor, ALLEN Z.. Telford, Pa. 1912. ak Keexor, J. R., Harleysville, Pa. é KEENE, Harry L., Shabbona, III. _ Keepers, Roserr W., Greencastle, Pa. ' Keuter, T. O., Ridgeville, Ind. 4 ye ' Kewuy, JAmes Scorv, 31 Exch. Bldg., Wichita, Kans. , KELLY, STEPHEN G. C., 1600 S. A. St., Elwood, Ind. 1911. é “a KELLy, THomas, 1204 Pine St., Philadelphia, Pa. ‘ | Kenny, Wo. Henry, 233 Western Ave, , Albany, N. Y. KELPE, Henry O., Box 464, Albuquerque, N. M. KELSER, RayMonp A.B. A. I., Washington, D. C. Kesey, Harry R., 1344 23rd St., Newport News, Va. 4 KENELEY, FRANK THOMAs, Twin Falls, Ida. _ Kewnepy, E. D., Ogden, Utah. . _ Kewnnepy, James F., Bloomington, Wis. be Ge. ' Kennepy, W. W., 74 E. First St., Fulton, N. Y. tie 1 Kenney, THOos, G., Bismarck, N. D. _ Keresey, Dennis L., 15 Bridge St., Danbury, Conn. ; Kern, Cuarues B., Beloit, Kans. rik ae _ Kern, Harry F., B. Agriculture, Manila, P. I. i _Kercuum, F. D., 8. St: Paul, Minn. f ay _ Kerruenorn, A. H., Broadway, Columbus, Wis. . - Keys, ARCHIBALD A., 117 N. 10th St., Minneapolis, Minn. KicksuscH, FRANK O., B. A. I., Grand Rapids, Wis. ; te KrieRNAN, JOHN A., B. A. I., Birmingham, Ala. ny Kigin, LAwrENCE C., Lincoln, Nebr. 1914. | _ Kier, Tomas F., 102 No. Green St., Tipton, Ind, - Kinie, Witmer B., 127 Grant St., Salem, N. J. Kina, Jon, Carlisle, Sask., Can. 1914. King, SAMUEL A., 1208 Orren St., N. E., Washington, D. C. Kine, WinuiAM M., 1671 Folsom St., San Francisco, Cal. | KINGMAN, HARRY E., Fort Collins, Colo. Kineman, H. W.,:19 ‘West Canton St., Boston, Mass. KINGSTON, RICHARD H., 41 Convent Ave., New York City. : KINNEY, WILLIAM M., 133 So. Grant St., Wooster, Wayne Co., Ohio. Kinsey, Grorce W., 931 Market St., Wheeling, W. Va. KINSLEY, ALBERT T., 1336 E. 15th St., Kansas City, Mo. _ Kunsuey, Curistopuer C., Oakley, Kans. Kinyon, B. F., Ladysmith, Wis. Kirsy, BASSETT, 85 Cooper St., Woodbury, N. J> Tea C Kiepy, Amos cen Page, N, D. % : See cas x PRAY a tla: ee nn ere ye A 590 , pick hap hens OR THE. As Ve MB NS hoe Ne Scene - KJERNER, Banepa Chatfield, Minne “ Kien, Louis A., 39th and Woodland Ave. - Philadelphia, Pa. Kung, A. J., Fulton St., Wauseon, Ohio. a -Kupnaror, Wo. A., 3537 A. Wyandotte St., Kansas City, Mo. ~ > Kuorz, JosEPH a Noblesville, Ind. _-~ AKnap, ANTON E., Box 1303, Billings, Mont. (Mail returned). 1913, S ~ Knapp, ALBERT C., 2414 North Ave. , Bridgeport, Conn. — — ‘Kwapp, G. A., Millbrook, Ne Knapp, VALENTINE M., 37 New St., Danbury, Conn. SoMa KnicHr, Raupu F., 109 W. Henley St., Olean, N. Y. : KNowLes, ALBERT D., 302 S. 4th St., W., Missoula, Mont. - Knowtgs, M. E., Helena, Mont. KNOWLES, Virain. W., 305 Federal Bldg., Oklahoma, Okla. _ Kocu, Juuius, East Second St. , Downey, Cal. Kocuer, FRANK T., 1010 E. Market St., Sunbury, Pa. _ Korner, EDWARD F., 6th and Church. Sts., Easton, Pa. ay Koen, JouN STRATTON, Adel, Ia. - Koon, GeorGE H., 12th Cavalry, Hachita, N. Mex. Koonce, Laraverre F,, 324 S. Blount St., Raleigh, N. C. - Korps, WALTER be Dept. of Agriculture, Toilo, Pee Kraeness, T. A., 6031 Wentworth Ave., Chicago, Ill. KReEDER, W. K., ‘Wadsworth, Ohio. -KREUZIGER, Marvin W., Hotel Randolph, Bowman, N. D. Peace THEODORE es 451 Sheridan Ave., Detroit, Mich. > KRiecer, Ropert E., Williston, N. D. "1911. Kron, Oscar Jacos, 1386 Goldengate Ave., San Francisco, Cal. Kusin, Epvison F., McPherson, Kans. aege Kuan, J. M., Mercersburg, Pa. Kure, A. , A "Adel, Iowa. -Lacrorx, J. Vicor, 9 So. Clinton St., Chicago, II. Lavzon, THOMAS Anriivr, Hyattsville, Md. - LAMB, CHARLES G., 1140 Corona St., Denver, Colo. 7: Lame, MorGan B. , Dept of Agriculture, Columbus, QO; = 2912. j LAMBER®, FREDERICK WituiAmM, New Windsor, Md. LAMBRECHTS, T., Box 71, Montevideo, Minn. LaAMEs, G., Dysart, Ta. . Lampe, W. H. G. ., 2939 Broadway, Indianapolis, Ind. 1912. Lanp, L. M., Limestone and Short, Sts., Lexington, Ky, LANDON, Fr ANK D. M., 16 Pleasant St., Great Barrington, Mass. LANG, Ave ist R., 152 ‘Main St., Porterville, Cal. (Mail returned). 1911. Lanapon, Harry B., Charlestown, W. Va. LANGFORD, SAMUEL M. , College St., Martinsburg, W. Va. LANGTRY, ‘WALTER, Fort Wayne, Ind, 1912. LaPotnre, R., St. Peter, Minn, LAPPLE, Epwarp, 132 Exch. Bldg., care Northern Serum Co., Sioux Cit y, la. Larcent, Bert H.,, Battle Ground, Ind. Py aR ee el 5. Soe b. 5 bel Serr mere ee OF: Og Kear Ri te if ‘or shae Je ‘4 te Sete Se, Ate Cn, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V, M. A. MORI.” Silent or). - mops 7 ye ile Se - _Larocne, Omer, 560 Visitation St., Montreal, Can. 1912. AS eae mK Larson, Lous N., P. O. Block, Whitehall, Wis. a ee _ Lass, Curis. D., care B. A. 1., So. St. Joseph, Mo. ke _ LASSEN, CHRISTIAN W., 516 Bush, St., Pendleton, Ore. ’ Leener, Arruur J., Leland, Ill. Net ‘Leien, Bevery M., 411 20th Ave., Meridian, Miss. 1913.° — hs SS ae LEININGER, DanteL B., 7th Cavalry, Douglas, Ariz. $ A lt -Lerru, Frep J., 1401 Michigan Ave., Chicago, Il. : Zs _Lerra, THomas Lester, Alliance, Nebr. : Perse: Lenmury, Gro, Gran, 2106 Cumming St., Omaha, Nebr. ait 0 aa Len, Roperr ©., Mascoutah, Il. 1912. Sat a ee he. LENFESTEY, Joun H. _ Lyons, Ohio. ere: hs . DENTZ, FRANK E., 39th and. Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa.. 4911 ’ a a » Lentz, Wo. J., 39th and Woodland Ave., Philadelphia, Pa: ae i S ae —, | age Leon arp, Minton M., 18 South Park Square, Asheville, N. CG, sate | oe Leer, Ly, J., 769 West Monroe St., Chicago, Ill. 1910. eS | Lesuip, Cuas. AbELPHUs, 10 Masonic Temple, Deadwood, 8. D. Ok fl Me a Lert, HASKELL, 111, W. 8rd St., Seymour, Ind. aie ye ‘Lerreney, James T., 42 Charles St., Rochester, N. H. ) Shae By Leurnour, Henry, 250 Main St. . Taylor, Pa, Repti ee Lewis, Harotp M., 20 Railroad Sq., Nashua, N. H.* © ; aa Lewis, Henry S., 110 Washington Ave,, Chelsea, Mass. sta Bs Ca cas Lewis, JAMEs, Greenwood, Miss. ; ce _ Lewis, SEYMOUR V.; Glenwood City, Wis. pes. Lewis, Waurer Keys, 901 Union Natl. Bank Bldg., Columbia, S. C. R Lewis, Warson F., Waseca, Minn. “s > Licuenwater, H. W. hes 1215 15th St., Suarainants Cal. pe eee. Licuty, Wm. W., Woodstock, Ml. x of LINBERG, JOHN Wim, 228 W. 53rd St., Philadelphia, Pa. Cv at Linc, CHARLES, 123 North Allen St., Albany NG, oe at LINCOLN Wiis B., Neuhoff Abattoir & Pane Co., Nashville, ~ : _ Tenn. +E -Linpsure, O. Enocu, 423 N. 10th St., Lincoln, Nebr. 1913. Ane » Linbiey, Paun §., Paoli, Ind. 1912. ice Lipp, Cart Freperick, 208 Occidental Life Bldg., Albuquerque, re N. M. SO ey. “PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A,” , hak SF Lipp, GEORGE A., Box 818, Roswell, N. M. : Lockert, STEPHEN, Univ. i) Nev., Reno, Nev. — Lorne, Herserr, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Louck, Rex CLARK, Clarence, Ia. x Love, Grover V., Main St., Chalmers, Ind. “Fe eas LovEBERRY, CLARENCE, Quartermaster Dept. U. S. Army, SanFran- A. a Lows, J. Payne, 171 Jefferson St., Passaic, N. J. se LuUEDER, CHARLES Auaustvs, 752 North Front St., Morgantown, - ‘Loui, EuMer Li: Parma, Ida. i _ Lutuer, W. H., Boonville, Ind. McKay, ALEXANDER M., 527 4th Ave., Calgary, Alta. ae McKenna, JouN F., 616 Eye St:, Fresno, Cal, ie McKenzig, K. J., Northfield, Minn. i McKron, Wm. Jos., 716 Cambie St., Vancouver, B. ©. 1910. ; Slee McKErcHer, ARTHUR, 115 Ionia St., E. , Lansing, Mich. - McKey, JOHN, 1926 W. Ist St., Duluth, Minn. McKispn, Davip J R., 2900 Frankfort ‘Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. McKie, CHESTER A, 1639 Wabash Ave. “Chicago, Ill. ~ McKiuurp, Georce B., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Til. ~McKiuurr, Marrnew H., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. McK, Waurer J., 1639 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. McKim, Cuartes A., 2737 P. St., Lincoln, Nebr. McKim, Orvik Ernest, 338 West 56th St., New York City. _ McKrinyey, Wo. J., 585 Driggs St., Brooklyn, N. Y. x) & 4 er, ' ; - , / NigHBert, E. M., 211 Federal Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. Nites, W. B., Box 927, Ames, Ta. 1912. NIVEN, Anprew B. , Inspector i in charge Hog Serum Station, Hen: derson, Ky. ; Noack, Orto G., 54S. 6th St., Reading, Pa. Nopack, CHARLES V., Otisville, N. Y. Noonan, Axper J., Bernard, Ia. 1913. vee oat NorGAarp, Vicror A., Honolulu, Hawaii, Territorial Vetiver Norris, CLARENCE Ln, 4 L. 8. Record Blde., U.S. Stockyards, Chi- cago, Ill. Norton, J. C., Cor. Washington and Ist Ave., Phoenix, Ariz. Norton, Oscar M., 109 Main St., Greenville, Miss. Norton, Ropert g., Velva, N. D. Nuwpu, Prearuey E., Crosby, N. D. Nunn, Henry, Box 337, McMinnville, Ore. O’Banton, Arcuiz L., Box 439, Santa Barbara, Cal. > . O’Brien, Par. Jos., 732 S. Figueroa St., Los Angeles, Cal. 1912. — O’ BRYAN, SHERID, Pesotum, II]. Se O'Connor, JOSEPH, West Hope, N. D. O’DoNNELL, MICHAEL J., 241 Grove St., Blue Island,,Il. O’Harra, WiLuIAM G. , Galloway, Ohio. ODELL, Epwin O., Central City ,Nebr. OrsTERHAUS, JouN H., 465 Livestock Exchange, Kansas City, 3 Mo. OLIVER, WALTER Gorvon, 840 2nd St., San Diego, Cal. Ousen, LuTHER E., care U.8.B. A. ise So. St. Paul, Minn. OxrHouse, Martin, Grass Lake, Mich. O’Neau, Wo., Newman, Cal. O’Reiy, JAMES M., 508 EK. 3rd St., Merrill, Wis. O’ Rourke, Miche. Joun ,720 Valencia St., San Francisco, Cal. ORME, Frank W., 720 Valencia St., San Francisco, Cal. 1910, sy Orme, THOs. WuirriEenp, 260 5th St., San Bernardino, Cal. \1910. Orr, WiniaiAmM Crospy, Dillon, Mont. : Ortiz, Carvos, 26 Villa St., Ponce, Porto Rico. 1913. Osvorn, Orin H., Paynesville, Minn. O’ Toot“, SterHen, Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. Ovuruier, C. B., Salinas, Cal. Be ee sl ANE Me 8 Lage shee 1 ete bvy ee ke ma ¥ : taste Fi | eS oe ee nL atlp LAP mh, ess ; me ae bee Tae as aaa “: é V 7 : i Se (rm be & UL Ae PROCEEDINGS Smee a, v. M.A. eg Met © be 4 ~ U Pate : ‘ eal : pice. pine C., Box 597, Calexico, Cal. . 5 exit Paige, James B., Amherst, Mass. BPE be Parne, Haroun, Rosetown, Saskatchewan, 5s Cee : PALMER, CLINTON Bupp, 204 Ferry St., Easton, Pa. Re: PauMer, Donan B., Live Stock Sanitary Board, St. Paul, Minn. y PALMER, FLoyp ELBERT, Owatonna, Minn. ; ae Paumer, H. F., R. D. No. 2, Parma, Mich. : as Paquin, CHARLES HENRY, 17 Fiske St., Worcester, Mass. ae ~ Paquin, Leon A., Box 225, Webster, Mass. A aha Parker, JOHN CLARKE, 28 Pearl St., St. Albans, Vt. : mae. _ Parker, Leon L., 489 Main St., Catskill, N. Y. , ee -PARKINSON, GrorGe H., Box 799, Middletown, Conn. ts PaRRISH, Roscor Damron, 1724 Davenport St., Omaha, Nebr. ee (Mail returned). - | - Parrisu, WiLL1AM Wau, 2808 Central Ave., Tampa, Fla, ix". Se FRANKLIN L., Columbia, Miss. 4 AP Parric, Lewis A., 132 Cedar St. ., Snohomish, Wash. ‘ _ PATRICK, Murray E., Penn Ave., Greenburg, Pa. She PATTERSON, Euan E., 650 Grand River Ave., Detroit, Mich. — ‘J Parrerson, E. L., Mound City, Mo. Pt . -PArrErsoN, Henry G., 915 Gravier St., New Orleans, La. 1913. ye: Parrison, Homer D., Box 40, Beloit, Wis. . % Paun, ArrHur, Box 291, Portersville, Cal. | PAuLSEN, THOMAs C., 506 Government St., Baton Rouge, La. 1910. ‘ a ~ Paxson, Wm. H., Marietta, Pa. Mies raf Paxton, IrvinG B., Box 562, Red Bluff, Cal. fart nt PEARCE, ” CHARLES D., 10 Carhart Ave. , Binghamton, N.Y, ie ~ Pearce, Der, Box 299, Celeste, Tex. eae ve sp “Prarce, FRANK HH: Carson: Ia. (Mail returned). ee ae _ Pearson, CHar.es, Amarillo, Tex. : dees ee ’ Peck, Epwin J., 3895 ‘W. 34th St., Cleveland, Ohio. ‘ee _ Peck, SANForD ArtiIsAN, Oak Grove, Mo. ; ‘a _ Pepprson, GuNErRIUS M., Hamler, Ohio. 5 Parad _ Peirce, Harrie W., 83 Playstead Road., West Medford, Mass. © - PEIRcE, LAWRENCE Ee 10 Central St. _ Arlington, Mass. aie ee _ Peywnnay, G. P., Cor. Exchange and Commercial Sts., Worcester, ass... a Perkins, Cuesrer R., 19 Hillside Ave., Buffalo, N.Y. a _ Perrico, W. H., 580 Ist Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. 1912. ’ rian Perry, CHAs. H., 82 Park Ave., Woreester, Mass. ae be PERRY, F, M. , Edgell St. , Framingham, Mass. ; , ~ Perry, JAMES G., Box 294, Ennis, Tex. Prrers, A. T.; Box 43, Peoria, iit. o> PETERSEN, THEODORE J., Ukiah, Cal. 1914. ke _ Pererson, W. E., 16 Lyman St., Waltham, Mass. “/ Wee - PETHICK, W. BE: Charlottetown, P. E. Isle, ‘Can ‘tee “PErry, CLARENCE C., Lake Odessa, Mich. “te Prarr, ALBERT Wo., 4623 Friendship St., Pittsburg, Pa. ge 600. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ALY. My Kei Sy Pebastox, Jacos G., 3 Leonard St., Greenfield, Mass. PHELPS, Cuas. De Fifth St., Clear. Lake, Ia. PHELPS, OLIVER Jay, Mill St., Lexington, Ky.,:¥ MCCA. Bidass PHILIPS, Cuas. S., Mt. Vernon, Wash. Puruirs, J. M., 3732 West Pine Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. a = PHILLIPS, S. C., ” Sheridan, Ind. (Mail returned). 1914, : aN Pumporr, LUTHER B., 248 West 4th St., Provo, Utah. 1911. PHILP, F rep W., Box "204, Mineral Point, Wis. ik PHyFF, WALTER ee 9 Grove St., Middletown, N.Y; * Quinn, P. E., 632 W. Washington St., Indianapolis, ina > “> Quinn, Tuos. F, , 109% 9th St., Greeley, Colo. 1910. » Quirmay, E. L., 1514 West VanBuren St., Chicago, Il. ' Rapvcuirr, Burverr D., 108 Franklin Square, New Britain, Conn... - _~*Raper, Epwarp B., Clinton, Wis. 1910. Rarer, Epwarpb, Hamburg, N. Y. RaGan, James A., 510 Liberty St., Morris, Il. ~ RAGLAND, Marcus J. , Salisbury, N. C. {ae > ° Ramszy, R. A., B. A. I., Washington, D. C. pip rae _ Ramsey, Samuet A., Jr., 234 Third St., Terre-Haute, Ind. 1913. ~~ ‘Ramsey, Samvet V., 234 South Third St., Terre Haute, Ind. — / _—-Ramsay, Wa., J. C., Box 481, Watsonville, Cal. ty ate _ Ranck, Epwarp M., Agricultural College, Miss. } Ransom, SHERMAN, 1923 3rd St., Vancouver, B. C. (Mail re-. 1 Sa turned). 1913. Raqus, Cas. A., 219 Federal Bldg., Spokane, Wash. Reap, H. W., 27 Court St., Freehold, N. J. ReEADHEAD, Wo., Lenox, la. __ _ Reean, W. J., 606 River St., Patterson, N. J. at Rearpon, JOHN D., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. I. 1913. ae ee b= otetcthaieed amie ck saee 1 as ae aT - ~ Rosweun, Wm. L., 122 4th Ave., Cor ry, Pa, a 5 Rous, oi Bs Monroe, Wis. emacs SS _ Rovecue, R. C., 1382 W. 73rd St., Cleveland, Ohio. . Bes - Royer, B., Franklyn St., Shawano, Wis. even _ Rumpaveu, Grorce H., Millersburg, Ohio. - Runpikz, THomas THeopore, 435 First St., Oxnard, Cal. -\Runee, WerNer, 130: Union St., Newark, N. J. ee sz - Runyon, Perer F., 24 E. Main St., Freehold, N. J. ‘ ee - Russevy, E. Evererr, 69 Perham St., Farmington, Maine. ve ; _ Russe, Fay FRANKLIN, 214 Washington St., Jamestown, N. Y. _ Rustap, Auvin O., 303 Bismarck St., E., Fergus Falls, Minn, fies _ Rurn, Tuomas H., DeSmet, S. D. Fe . Ruruerrorn, J. G., Canadian Pacific Railway Co., Calgary, Alta. Ryan, Epwarp T., 83 Washington St., Brookline, Mass: = * ~ Ryan, Frank C., Middletown, Ma. Ryan, J.F., 2525 Indiana Ave., Chicago, Ill. 1913. i Ryper, Herman R., 5719 W. Superior. St. , Chicago, Tl. - chee Ryoer, J. E., Forest Hills Inn, Forest Hills Garden, L. 1., N. Y ee SADLER, Ernest D. , Wagner, S. D. Sauiape, J. W., Auburn, Pa. SALSBERY, CG. E. , 4220 Chestnut St., Kansas City, Mo. Sanpers, ALFRED E., 1033 Shelby St., Indianapolis, Ind. 1914. SANDERSON, WILLIAM, Sidney, Ohio. Sanrorp, E. F., 115 Sterling Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. 604 ~ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. eae \ Saunpers, Cuas., 215 E. Central Ave., Eldorado, Kans. 1911. — Savace, ARTHUR ii 414 E. Pikes Peak “Ave., Colo. Springs, cas SAVAGE, WILLARD A., Box 527, Tucumeari, N. M. SAwyer, F.N., Bakersfield, Cal. SAYRE, B. Harry, Brookings, S. D. ScHaApER, Curtis H., Sunnyside, Wash. SCHAEFER, Epw. H., "3215 Anderson Ave., Kansas City, Mo. 1914. ScHaerer, G. L., Tekamah, Nebr. 5 ScHAEFER, VALENTIN, Tekamah, Nebr. ScHAFFTer, E. P., 408 P. O. Bldg., Detroit, Mich. ScHALK, Arruur F. , Agricultural College, N. D. SCHAUFLER, CHAS. A 1338 Hunting Park, Philadelphia, Pa. 1912. SCHERMERHORN, Ropert J., 106 E. Citrus Ave., Redlands, Cal. _ SCHLEICH, FRrep Harrison, Williamsport, Ohio. ScHLoeMer, Cuas. C., 602 River Terrace, Hoboken, N. J. Scumipt, Husert, College Station, Tex. SCHNEIDER, Ernest, Kulm, N. D. SCHNEIDER, F. H., York Road and Erie Ave. , Philadelphia, Pa. ScHNEIDER, FREDERICK L., Box 464, Albuquerque, N. H, ScHNEIDER, FRANCIS O., Nicholasville, Ky. Box 504, SCHOENING, Harry W., BeAr Washington, D.C. ScHOENLEBER, F. S., 805 Houston St., Manhattan, Kans. ° SCHRECK, Oscar, 94 William St., New Haven, Conn. SCHROEDER, EK. C., B. A. L. , Experiment Station, Bethesda, Md. ScHUCENGosT, ROBERT Hunrer, Swea City, La. ScHUH, HERMAN L., 152 Louis St., Grand Rapids, Mich. ae Scuuurz, Cuas. H., Box 84, Seattle, Wash. SCHUMACHER, WILHELM, 1450 Park Ave., Durango, Colo. Scuwarze, Herman R., 500 8. Douglas "Ave, Springfield, Hl. ScHwartz, JOHN A., Lawrence, Ind. 1912. ScHWARZKOPF, Our, ort Sam Houston, Tex. ScHwWEIN, Payson E., Elkhart, Ind. Scorr, Cart J., Knoxville, la. Scorr, Gro. A., Waterloo, Lowa. Scort, JOHN, 236 Eaton St., Peoria, Ill. Scorn, Joun A., Waverly, Minn. 1913. Scorr, M. W., 24S. 6th St., Vincennes, Ind. Scorr, WM. A., 1407 Ast Ave., Columbus, Ga. SEELEY, JAMES T., No. 1101 Westlake Ave. N. , Seattle, Wash. SerBert, WALTER D., 808 Howard St., Petoskey, Mich. 1913. -Senpy, Orvar C., Worthington, Minn. SELF, Presuey M. , Farmersburg, Ind. SENSEMAN, BENJ. Pp, 1723 N, 55th St., Philadelphia, Pa, SEVERCOOL, Lucius A., 217 Lake Ave. , Elyria, Ohio, Severin, JoHN R., 2014 So. Olive St., ’ Sioux City; Lowa, Severovic, Mirko F., 1833 Blue Island Ave., Chicago, Ti SEVENSTER, JOHN, Washington St., Hamburg, la, Sexmiru, A. B., Charlotte; Mich, spam ke aarti, eRe ag eS ay 1 RN a a nee eee YY, “ie ta a PAey’ vi 4 ers iy 4 Le : ee ia . ow ' a aia o PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 605 é | SExTon, MicuAnn J., 819 Marquette Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 3 - SHarrer, Dauuas W.. 4035 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. 1910. _ SHAND, JAMeEs Rem, U.S. Army, Tientsin, China. SHarp, Watrer E., Newton, Ia. SHARTLE, WALTER W., 413 N. New Jersey St., Indianapolis, Ind. _SHAw, CHARLES W., 200 W. 78th St., New York City. ; Snaw, CLARENCE E., 115 Sterling Place., Brooklyn, N. Y. S$maw, WILLIAM. HARVEY, Pawnee, II. SHEALEY, ALONZO S., Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. L SHEARBURN, THOos. O., Walnut, Il. _ SHELDON, THos., Rhinebeck, N. Y. 1911 SHELTON, J. E., Box 308, Arkansas City. Kans. _ SHEPARD, E. a; 2027 FB. 105th St., Cleveland, Ohio. SHEPPARD, Wm., Neck Road, Sheepshead Bay, Long Island, N. Y. _ SHERIDAN, Grorae, Ashland, Nebr. SHERWOOD, ARTHUR M.,, Naperville, Ill. “e SHEVALIER, EUGENE D., Escanaba, Mich. : rae SHIaLEY, Raupu E., Kenmare, N. D. ‘ SHIKLEs, Ernest Aparr, Dearborn, Mo. . _ SHILLINGER, Jacos E., Easton, Md. Surpeiey, Levi U., Sheldon, Ia. Surrey, TRAJAN, Live Stock Exchange, Sioux City, Ia. SuHipMAN, Ouiver B., Hilo, T. H. _ SHONYO, JouN Howarp, 3521, Portage Ave., Winnipeg, Man., Can. _ SHorE, CHALMER §., Lake City, Minn. ae Srore, Howarp J., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Gain SHREVE, RAYMOND M., Vine and Church Sts., Panora, Ia. SuuueEr, C. C,, Eaton, Ind. _ Spumway, Daniex G., B-4 Carlton Court, Buffalo, N. Y, SHuTre, VERNON D., Voleano House, Kau, T. H. Sieter, THos. A., 114 N. Jackson St., Greencastle, Ind. Siamonp, Cuas. J., Box 80, Pipestone, Minn. Sinrver, Oscar, Norwood, La. - Sitverwoop, Hervert, 331 Clackmas St., Portland, Ore. Sruuer, C. J., 7th and Everett Ave., Kansas City, Kans. Sams, BENNE?T THomaAs, Oregon ‘Agricultural College, Corvallis, Ore. _Srvumons, WILLIAM HERBERT, 2344 W. Chestnut St., Louisville, Ky. Simpson, C. Row.anp, 123 N. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal. ea Srupson, Har C., Box 69, Denison, Iowa. Stmpson, WM. HH. 45 Dartmouth St., Malden, Mass. _ Sirus, FRANK C. Aurora, Nebr. - Sis, THos., Woodburn, Ore. Sisson, SEPrimvs, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. SKErRITT, Henry W., 315 Columbia St., Utica, N. Y- _ SKINNER, JOHN FREDERICK, Box 167, Morris, Man., Can. _Suarter, J. Harvey, 3012 Holmes St., Kansas City, Mo. _ Sater, Leroy E., 1115 Prospect St., Indianapolis, Ind. 606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M.A. “~ SLAWSON, ALEXANDER, 2481% St. Nicholas Ave., Now York City. Sie 1912. a ' $novuuiy, G. E., Aneta, N. D. 1912. SMEaD, MorGan d., Parkedale Farm, Rochester, Mich. SMELLIE, JAMES, Eureka, BE: ? SMITH, A. W., Farmer City, Ill.- _ $mirH, Bert C., Brigden, Ont., Can. PF Smiru, CLARENCE E. Dept. of Public Health, Greenville, S.C. SmitH, FLETCHER EUGENE, 4801 Evanston Ave., Senitle: Wash. Smrru, GEORGE F., , Vieksburg, Miss. 1914. : - $mrru, Geo. W., 157 6th St., Hoboken, N. J. a A Sirs, Herbert. M., 407 Fe deral Bldg., Providence, R. I. ; - Srru, Henry V., 90 Wildmere Ave., Detroit, Mich, Ste SMirH, JESSE P. F., 2310 Central Ave., Kansas City, Kans. _-« $arru, Roserr P., Wendell, Ida. Be tad ‘SMiri, R. V., 17 Court St., Frederick, Md. os (NMITH, Sranuey N., 112 College Ave., Columbia, Mo. ; x 22) SMITH, S.» £Twuxut, A. J., 5 Lincoln St., Auburn; N. Y. ~ . TYLER, JOHN Lou, 125 S. Main St., Pomona, Cal. . ‘Tyner, ALPHEUS le: R. R. 4, Kempton, Ind. . qi » Upan, D. H., N. Y. State Vet. College, Ithaca, N. Y. a. UNDERHILL, B. M., 3 West 3rd St., Media, Pa. » Urr, JAMEs GARFIELD, 721 G. St., ‘Sacramento, Cal. ~ Vat, Irvine Ror, 20 George St.; New Haven, Conn. | a Van, WALLACE F., 267 Greenwich Ave., Greenwich, Conn. 1910. _ Vans DE Erp, J ACOB, Sherwood, N. D. a Vans AGNeEw, Roser, Ft. Leavenworth, Kans. ‘ Van EENENAM, JoHn, Salem, 8. D. 1910. i a & Van Es, L., M. D. , Agricultural College, Fargo, N. D. hey VEIT, Wo., "240 N. 52nd St., Philadelphia, Pa. _ VELDHUIS, "ZACHARY, 408 P. O. Bldg., Detroit, Mich - VenzKe, Harry E., Garretson, 8S. D. (Mail returned). 1912. “~ | ia 1913. a VIGNEAU, JosepH H., Union Market Hotel, Watertown, Mass. : 4 VLEIT, Gro. B., 202 Baldwin St., Hackettstown, N. J. _ VOLLMER, CARL G., Bryans, Ohio. _ Vooruess, E. R., 87 E. Main St., Somerville, N. J. 4 ~Vouuuamy, H, F. , Plaqueimine, La. 1914. _ WADDLE, GrorcE, Kalamazoo, Mich. 1912. c: WAGAMAN, Grover M., 210 W. Superior St., Kokomo, Ind, WAGNER, CHARLES W., Elkton, Ky. _ Waaoner, C. Orro, 121 8. 10th St., Richmond, Ind. - es ~ Watcsa, Cuemence C., B. A. I. , Exchange Blde., S. St. Joseph, Mo. ¥ -Waucn, Cuas. Ira, 4823 King Hill Ave., St.- ‘Joseph, Mo. . Warr, R. G., 238 Aberdeen St., Chicago, Tl. 1914, - WALKLEY, SEYMOUR J., 185 Northwestern Ave., Milwaukee, Wis. - WALMSLEY, F. D., 924 "Rutyer St., Utiea, N. Y. Bt acirnes, PERCY Kyicur, Suite 11, Argyle Court, Calgary, Alta. - ‘Watsu, Ernesr J., Minot, N. D. -Watsn, L.S.N., 4225 Delmar Blvd., St. Louis, Mo. Watters, PERCY Knigut, Suite 11, Brevis. Court, Calgary, Alta. Vermin, Raupa F., Minnehaha Apartment No. 25, St. Paul, Minn. se AR eee Cie Mahe hr 24 ta nb ea es ee : Te a rat aya y j eK ‘ Ny Mes he ah tees 2" ft 4 . ; rea ; As brash — a ee, . 2 - 5 See 1” AAS Rage We: e Warreman, Harry JOHNSON, 1301 Ligonier St., Latrobe, Pa. 4 Wurresei, Roy B., 2 So. 4th St. , Lafayette, Ind. - Wuirney, A. Homer, Narka, Kans. 4q Wuitney, Harrison, '20 George St., New Haven, Conn. ‘ Wuirney, J.€., 3 West St., North, Hillsdale, Mich.’ _ WHITNEY, JOHN GREGORY, 26 Summer St. Meaatnehen Vt. | Wirrnesey, R. TSA, 714 E. 7th St., Los Angeles, Cal. 1911. * Wayre, Joun D., 315 Sixth Ave., E. : Calgary, Alta. 7” Wien, W. E., 237 McKee Place, Pittsburg, Pa. Wicks, A. G., 23 N. College St., Schenectady, N. Y. - Winey, Morris C., Trinidad, Colo., Be Ay s. Siac JOHN E., Johnson and Jordan Sts., Greenville, Tex. > Wit, Evan J., Harrisonburg, Va. Witt FReperick C., Henry, Ill. _ Wits, Geo. M., 611 College St., Boone, Ia. Win an, Ear Leroy, Ohio City, Va. _ WILLIs, HARRY 8., Orange, Va. tg » Wis, J. G., 27 Matilda St., Albany, N. Y. a WILLYOUNG, Lester E., 11th Cavalry, Ft. Oglethorpe, Ga. _ Wirson, Ciaup, 113 So. State St., Greenfield, Ind. - Witson, F rep O., 314 Madison St., Greenbay, Wis. + Wuson, JOHN Oscar, Box 714, Miles City. Mont. 4 | Witson, Roserr H., care Parke, Davis & Co., Rochester, Mich. J _ Wine, CHARLES C., McCloud, Cal. 1914. Be Wriaow, C., Rockland, Mass. _ Winstow, Joseru H., Lamoure, N. D. _ WINSTANLEY, JOHN H., 119 S. 37th St. , Philadelphia, Pa. ‘ Wier, Howarp E., 132 E. Second St., Plainfield, N. J. Wier, J. D. C., Belgrade, Mont. ‘ Wiss, WinuiaM F., 246 W. Liberty St., Medina, Ohio. eis _ Wisner, Scorr, Omega, Neb. ; Wirmer, Hervey W., Bradentown, Fla. Wire, Cuarues R., New Britain, Conn. 1913. Wo.corr, Leroy B., Shelton, Nebr. otcorr, WALTER A., 713 East Johnson St., Madison, Wis. TotF, OrTHO C., West 7th St., Ottawa, Kans. Yoop, A. L., Hampton, la. / Warrestive, ORVILLE G., 47 E. Washington St., Huntington, Ind. | Be: Wiurrant, FRANK ‘ADAM, 16 Washington St., Wilkes Barre, Pacis WINTERINGHAM, HARRY BarKER, 118 Western Ave, Petaluma, Cale - 612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AVM Ay Es Be Chase Wricut, C. C., Health Bureau, Portland, Ore. _ Wricur, LESLIE A., Water St., ‘Columbus, Wis. “Wricur, NoRMAN, 137 20th St., West Sas katoon, Sask. . Wricur, W. DEAN, 1227 Missouri Ave., Portland, Oregon. a a ; Youns, Hubert, 515 N. Charles St.; Baltimore, Md. Youne, Joun M., 419 6th St. , Brooklyn, N. Y. “Woon, FREDERICK Wo., Cutter Laboratory, Berkeley, Cal Ac <4 --YAancxy, WILLIAM E., 864 S. Virginia St., Reno, Nev. ae ~Yunker, E:xan H., 9344 N. 18th St., Philadelphia, Pa. ° bo pean 8 Woop, Veoaeie P., 415 Market St., Charlottesville. Va. Woon, Pau, Ewine, Ottawa, Ohio. 1912. Woopen, Morris, Wardman Court, Washington, D. C. 1912. Woop.irre, Marx J., 637 E. 20th St., Denver, Colo. — ; WoopsIDE, sg AMES i -Auburn, Wash. Woopwarp, B. T. , Pennsylvania Ave and 28th Bh S. K. _ Wasting ton, D. C. WooLFOLK, Gro. H., Pottsville, Pa. Worcester, Harry, 118 W. 3rd St., Middletown, Ohio. Worms, ALBERT C., 2932 Broadway, Chicago, Ill. ~~ WRAY, ‘A. M.., Denver, Colo. Wors, Joun E. , Pigeon, Mich. YARD, Wui1aM Wes Hotel Ayers, Denver, Colo. 191845 ter aoe Youna, Georce D., 9945 S. Irving Ave. , Chicago, Ill. Young, G. R., 4602 Center St., Omaha, "Neb. YOUNG, Winuiam A. Prospect, N.Y: YOUNGBERG, STANTON, Bureau of Agriculture, Manila, P. beg ZEILER, JOHN LEWIS, Orosi, Tulare Co., Cal: vA ee ZELL, CHARLES Aveust, 4362 Kenmore Ave., Edgewater Sani 4 Chicago, Ill. a ZICKENDRATH, Ernest G., 101 Middlefield, Road, Palo Alto, Cal. ee yes cA ae ‘<< ¥ 2 OF * VETERINARIANS T “AND THE MEMB + ene MEDICAL, ASSOCIATION COMPARED a WITH THE VALUE OF THE LIVESTOCK ~ (Compiled iss the Secretary of the American Veterinary Medical Association, J une, 1916). t ACTIVE Coupee TN EACH IP OF THE AMERICAN — STATE — Alabama tame 4 Arkansas ‘California lorado Connecticut laware ‘Massachusetts Michigan ‘Minnesota em - Missouri North Carolina North Dakota __ New Hampshire Ohio aN IT Oklahoma — _ Oregon - Pennsylvania Rhode Island -So.. Carolina. - So. Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Washington West Virginia Dist. of Columbia Florida 150 riz. and N. Mexico 49 213 No. of Practicing No. of A.V. M.A. Veterinarians* Members 22 18 3 140 82 33 4 44 5 10 15 126 107 78 53 21 22 30. 55 68 55 21 71 21 13 69 10 36 152 15 61 9 105 8 22 154 6 15 31 14 33 9 27 12 29 13 59 6 Percentage of ~ Total Value A.V.M.A. Members Livestockt 14.6 36.7 14 37.7 40.0 30.2 25.0 176.0 ~ 10.6 14.4 21.1 13.7 14.7 12.0 9.4 7.9 37.2 25.4 12.2 15.2 ‘19 15.1 20.2 30.8 15.4 19.7 66.6 _ bo H ho bo RS St Se 2 Oe Se SY Ot OF Nubbp Rb SOhbipeb — "$65,595,000 « 69,546,000 74,058,000 127,600,000 70,161,000 14,164,000 6,817,000 153,000 20,591,000 - 80,394,000 49,775,000 308,805,000 173,860,000 393,003,000 253,524,000 117,487,000 44,699,000 32,570,000 20,741,000 137,804,000 161,641,000 75,247,000 285,839,000 85,663,000 25,162,000. 222,222 000 19,214,000 24,589,000 183,091,000 62,650,000 108,250,000 11,910,000 197,332,000 152,433,000 59,462,000 _ 141,480,000 3,276,000 45,131,000 127,229,000 110,706,000 318,647,000 28'782,000 74,891,000 22,643,000 48,865,000 43,336,000 158,529,000. 65,606,000 Value of Livestock per Veterinarian — $ 437,300 — ‘1 419, 306 | 347, 690 343 935 me be 877, 012. a ei 129, 944 2) 426, 062 Wer 6,120 Ty. 438,106 165,130 A 701,056. 336,022 M4 ees eat 2 {620 — 444,778 | f 445,026 757,610 276,016 =) 46,091 — 209,671 - 528,238 — 570 053 coy 814,356 te 1,259,750 aT 1,726,473 > - *Ineludes nee those veterinarians in each state who have registered this _ r under the Harrison Narcotic. Act, presumably all in active practice. — Probably this does not include many municipal, ‘State or federal employees or ~~ terinarians connected with laboratories. Cea a ited Year Book, U. 8. Dept. of Agriculture, 1914, P. 642, - A ee lee se AMS eet her As ot) Male Ae Hote ST cae gs Ae aire (ee ae a 4 Way Ee he Sees 7 . ? ot (aber Le regis + i ae ee eee ue bneens 2 SOCIETY MEETINGS British COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION A public meeting on matters relating to the public health was — held under the auspices of the British Columbia Veterinary Associa- tion in the Board of Trade Rooms, Victoria B. C. on Friday, May 19th, 1916, and was well attended both by the general publie and — the aldermen, councillors, and health officials of the city and sur- ae rounding districts. Whats 2 The programme consisted of address of welcome by the Pree dent, Dr. 8. F. Tolmie, explaining the objects of these public meet-— - ings. The first address was by Dr. Knight on Dairy Inspection in its relation to the Public Health. The second address was by “Dr Jagger entitled the Relation of the Veterinarian to the Public and to the Stockman. This was followed by an address by Dr. Jervis, : illustrated by lantern slides made by himself, on meat inspection and its value to the public health, pointing out the limitations of the — present system as far as inspection of locally consumed meat is con- cerned, and advocating civic inspection of all meat sold for food. Prof. McDonald, Provincial Live Stock Commissioner, then gave a short account of what occurred at the recent convention of the - Pacific Northwest Association of Dairy and Milk Inspectors, which he attended, being retiring President of that Association. Various questions were asked the different speakers and interesting diseus- — sion and information followed, bringing a very successful meeting to! - a close. ; K. Cuester, Secretary. - ——0———_- VererINaRY Mepicau Association Or New York Crry MINuTEs OF THE Marcu Merrrina The vegular monthly meeting of this association was called to, poder by the president, Dr, Goubeaud at 8:45 p. m. The prosecuting committee reported progress and stated that ; they had about $600.00 in hand. ae _ Dr. McKinney mentioned the facet that Dr. Wertheimer had ' been arrested for practicing illegally and said that his health is poor, Stated that he intends taking the State Board and suggested that a prosecution be held in abeyance, | | gested that he be placed under bond until he takes the State Board examination. Dr. Goubeaud then gave a very complete and detailed report of the ‘Trichiniasis cases which have recently occurred at Far Rock- to witness and the pain intense. ; Was present with Dr. Silkman, chief veterinarian of the dé.’ was found in the deltoid muscle. physical symptoms. - teresting and instructive paper entitled ‘‘ Interesting Characteristics of Animal Parasites’. - under the lens. fly, stating that it is estimated that the progeny of a pair of sarin in One season will reach into the trillions. - the formation of gases causes the death of the fly. To the common fly can be traced the spread of such diseases - as dren and may be the cause of parasitic diseases. The doctor urges _ all veterinarians to use every means in their power to destroy flies. be heart of a dog. ‘a ointment rubbed in back of the ears once every five days will rid the animal of lice. A general discussion of azoturia then took place, ' ~ Dr. Griessman stated that Dr. Wertheimer has had ample time — _ in the past two years since his last prosecution, to qualify and sug- Hehered and said that the convulsions preceding death were horrible a partment of Health at the Post-mortem examination and the worm . It is stated that if the female trichinia is swallowed it will give , Hogs affected with this disease seem to chavs and do not show , Dr. Chas, 8. Chase of Bay Shore, New York, then read an in- ) Among others the doctor mentioned the evolution of the Bot j fly, also the Teste fly, which causes sleeping sitkness. Also men- i oman the peculiar condition of the seen immitis or 80 called ) 5 dunt. Cited a clinical case in a dog, which could be te seen Also gave the history of the ieceuhvachan of the common house — | The most fatal enemy of the fly is an intestinal fungus which $e: a typhoid, anthrax, leprosy, ophthalmia, small-pox, diarrhea in chil-— . Exhibited a fine specimen of Filaria immitis removed from the Dr. Gannett mentioned lice and said that it is stated that bhi” = -- de gm < a i ; \ 616 |S > SOCIETY MEWTINGS = SA eo: Dr. Goubeaud opened the discussion by citing several cases of this disease. One of these cases, affected in the enigh front limb, was given oil - and turpentine—exercised the next day, deve the disease’ De- hind, went down and died. £ Another case was found on arrival to be nearly dead. Gave — physic, olive oil and turpentine, got up the next day and made a good | recovery. A third and fourth case was treated with arecoline in — _ solution and small doses given orally every two hours AA good re- 3 sults. gtd eK noey stated that following the last Christmas holiday season he had fourteen cases of azoturia and had excellent, results. from the result of physic, oil and turpentine and chloral hydrate. In some of these cases bleeding was resorted to, and the animals given four grains of morphine and one grain of strychnine, ‘ Dr. Schroder mentioned an odd case of a horse that was down | in the street for three hours, received a strong electric shock from a trolley, got up and recovered. Dr. De Vine said that he uses salt and avoids irritation by adding syrup or some other mucilaginous mixture. Mentioned one case in which femoral paralysis resisted treat: ment for a long time, had a second attack, was down for three days, got up and paralysis was gone. Dr. Wolters stated that in the case of paralysis following azoturia, it is best to work the animal as soon as possible. Dr. Goubeaud said that it is best to turn them out to pasture — and keep them out. This opinion was endorsed by a number of “a those present. Dr. Gannett mentioned one case that had paralysis of both hind limbs. Turned out for eight months and recovered. 4 The question of certain breeds being more subject to this dis- ~ 3 ease than others was also mentioned. Percherons aresaid tobe more _ subject to this bane of horse flesh than the Clydes. S No one present however claimed to have found a specific for. this peculiar disease, so after a short general discussion the meeting adjourned. 3 ’ Rost, 8. MacKeuar, Secretary, The Connecticut viticthaey “Medical Association will hold its. ~ summer meeting at the office of Dr. E. F. Schofield, at Bruce Park, Greenwich, Conn., July 25, - -Verertnary Mepican Association or New York Crry = _ Minures or Meetine, Marcn 28, 1916, cm Pea A special meeting of this association was called by pafier of the a president, Tuesday evening, March 28, 1916. ae : _ Dr. Goubeaud, who had just returned from Albany, explained 3 | ; that. the object of the meeting was to devise ways and means of de- — rg - feating the pending veterinary bills which had been introduced in ay - both bodies of the state legislature. +A Stated that in company with Drs. Berns, Rakornva Way, ~s _ Brotheridge, McKinney and Cochran, he had attended ‘the hearing on these bills held by the Senate Committee. (a Dr, Goubeaud said that.the committee seemed convinced that. iB be : f b is thin | is special legislation and these bills should not have been in- troduced as the fact was brought out that one of these bills was in- troduced in the interest of J. L. Shorey of Schenectady, New York. — * Owing to the possibility of these bills still being reported out i ‘of committee the following resolutions were unanimously adopted: That this association goes on record as protesting against the ae a i passage of Senate Bill No. 537 now known as Senate Bill and As- | < sembly Bill No. 709 now known as Assembly Bill No. 1041, and pro- — ie “test against the lowering of the standard of veterinary education a 1 and the requirement to practice veterinary medicine and nar gery in es the State of New York. cae It was further resolved : se : “ae “That this resolution be referred to the Judiciary. Constaibhass ae Sale directing them. to draft a suitable letter to be printed, and sent to — ? each member of this association, and all qualified veterinarians in ‘New York City and vicinity, who in turn are to forward the same with a personal letter, to their representatives in the Senate and As. sembly, or any others who are interested.”’ ~ | * aa The secretary was also instructed to write Wm. A. Orr, secre- tary to the Governor, requesting him to notify the association at — - once should any of these bills be panes and come before the Gov- — - ernor for his signature. = Meeting adjourned: rt. + bs ¥ mids 4 - a 2 BS BS 5 tag Xe iz he Rost. 8. MacKetuuar, Secretary. “% es Kg 8. Jones, V.M.D. “of the Rockefeller Institute is to go in = a Patagonia, South America to investigate a disease among sheep, eis ie 618 . SOCIETY MEETINGS ; . VETERINARY MepiIcAL Association oF New York Crry MinursEs OF Mrerine, Apriu 5, 1916. The regular monthly meeting of the Veterinary Medical Asso- ciation of New York City, was called to ender by the President, Dr. Goubeaud, at 9 p. m. Dr. D. H. Udall of the New York State Veterinary College had very kindly consented to make the journey from Ithaca, .to address this meeting, and gave a very interesting and instruetive talk on _ “Contagious Pleuro Pneumonia and Influenza.’ The doctor deseribed the ccnditions found in this disease aM its inception. I< is nearly «lways ushered in with a chill, tempera- ture 105°, but sometimes a lower temperature is found. High puke yate is always oresent. The typical fever of lobar pneumonia is found. Another characteristic is the high grade icterus of the mem- branes of the eye due to the breaking down of the blood and not to any disease of the liver. The lemon yellow exudate is also another peculiar symptom which is sometimes present. Examination of the chest by striking a heavy hammer blow wk : - immediately cause coughing. Mortality ranges from four to twenty per cent. Treatment depends largely on the condition of the heart. The general treatment consists of the use of quinine, potassium, iodide, oil of camphor under the skin, eamphor, caffein, digitalis ;— good hygienic quarters, fairly warm and airy but no draughts. ~ In the Prussian army, salvarsan has been used quite extensively. In Germany strict quarantine regulations are enforced at the very first when any suspicion of the disease takes place. Dr. Udall then took up the subject of influenza and said that it is transmitted very easily and the incubation period is only forty or fifty hours. One attack is supposed to produce immunity, but this | is not always the case. It is one of the predisposing causes of pleuro-pneumonia., This disease is found most often aurig the winter and spring. When Dr. Udall had concluded his interesting and instructive address a number of the gentlemen took part in the discussion, — Dr. Gill said that Dr. Udall had covered the subject very : thoroughly and speaking of pleuro-pneumonia said that in the cases brought to his attention, the left side was much more tender than the right and on post-mortem more lesions are found on the left side. . > 7s es 4 a rg oe Ng tan .- he = 2 Pith bail Santa ey is é ne a res ; v5 APES ua" . £ A: ee SH - 3% ry ae + nf ; Ny ry s -_ o ty aa heaps rie 7 as San = iP + ae ys 4 ; ¥ f ~ + WT aaa) 7 : se fi ‘ a ¥ gp Ae : i-g Z ae re a ay SOCIETY MEETINGS 619 + aa ue Said there ought. to be some Federal Regulations regarding this _ disease to protect innocent purchasers as influenza and its complica- - tions cause great financial loss to horse owners eyery year. : Dr. Berns said that he distinctly remembered the so-called ae epizootic of 1873 and said that it was characterized by a copious dis- — e . charge from the eyes and nose, accompanied by sore throat but the — ie mortality was low. ae me) Dr. McCully also gave a short concise report of his experience ee _-with influenza. ny } Dr. Ackerman spoke of the use of the biologic produets i in this nach disease but said that in his hands the results were not satisfactory. «— . Stated that recently he had drawn blood from a horse and used the attenuated serum to re-inject the same animal with the result that a full recovery resulted in a week. This same serum was used in other horses with good results, Dr. Kingston stated that he has very good results from the in- ___ travenons injection of a 24% to 5% solution of protargol. This it is stated will often give penefsial results and shorten the duration of = ~ the disease. 4 , Dr. Ackerman asked in cases where digitalis is used if it does a not cause or increase diarrhea. Dr, Gannet stated that in his ex- gee perience it does not. . ws It was suggested that the attention of the proper authorities - ee, fy ‘should be called to this disease and measures taken to prevent the Nad _ great losses to horse owners. Crowded shipping conditions were — i also condemned. <4 A letter from Dr. J. G. Wills j in which he called attention to. Assembly Bill No. 1895 and urging this association and its members to oppose it was read. It was on motion regularly made and seconded: That this. as- _ sociation go on record as being opposed to the passage of Assembly Bill No. 1895 and that the secretary be instructed to write the chair- “man of the Assembly Public Health Committee informing him of. the action of this association, unanimously carried. The proposed amendments to the by-laws and code of thie “4 were then taken up. ss Dr. Chase and others spoke against changing the date of the x * meetings of this association, and after a general discussion Dr. Gill moved that this resolution to amend the by-laws be referred back to ; __ the program committee for further consideration and to decide what __ is best for the interests of this association, seconded and carried. ) ee, Sy ) Sie hae i ie. _ | ie | ag . ia 7 tye re a peer Fe CUO era te _- COMMUNICATIONS © 2 ihen Miers aa eo 2 Ss : The proposed amendment to the Code of Ethies making it a _ breach of the same for any member to employ a non-registered as- aoe sistant, was after a rather lengthy discussion, not,adopted. posed salary of $3500.00 and field veterinarians, one hundred or. - power to control the suppression and eradication of contagious or animals; the compulsory testing of cows and horses for contagious _ shall pay to the state a tax of one dollar a year, and that the com- mission shall have the power to keep all dogs muzzled, so that rabies . The directing veterinarians shall lecture on live stock, on the question of breeding, suppression of disease, sanitary conditions or toxin for the purpose of establishing the fact that said animal is — “commission. _ lars ($2:00) with which to be the nucleus and start a fund for 624 pets of SCE COMMUNICATIONS and the head of that division : aaa make weekly Peperts’ to “this The reason for the above is that it shall not be necessary ne we two departments to do-one act, and the state shall not be encum- — bered with the payment of a salary for unnecessary work that is and... % had been performed by the local health bureaus. 2) _ The control and shipment of the manufacture. of antitoxing, ee ‘vaccines, or any serums shall come under the supervision of this . department, that is, where they are manufactured within the state, a or that the standard of any such vaccines or antitoxins must come up to the standard of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry. — Any fake remedy for the so-called cure of diseases i in animals — shall be under control. There shall be compensation to veterinarians for the reporting of any contagious or infectious diseases. Louis GRIEssMAN Se Re Editor of the Journal of the American Vitorinare Medical Assocta-_ tion, Ithaca, N. Y. a9 Enclosed herewith please find my personal check for two dol-— the expense necessary to have moving pictures made for the A Nv M.A. and subsequent-state meetings, of the various operations — by expert veterinarians as indicated in the close of the paper which I gave at the Missouri Valley Veterinary Medical Associa- tion in July, 1914, entitled ‘‘The Sturdy Farm Boy, ete.’’ ~ I note that the idea was successfully carried out at the Ameri- | can Medical Association and the veterinary profession ought to | be able to do the same. Burton R. Rogers. | Epircr’s Note:—Dr, Rogers’ communication reached us. just before the a later forms of the Journal went to press. In order that the idea may not be ~ delyaed we are publishing his letter. If other donations are received they wild \ % be held until some definite plan is arranged. If the plan does not maa torinhae the donations will be returned to the senders. | The mid-summer meeting of the Illinois State Veterinary Medi- — cal Association will be held at Peoria, Ill, July 19th. The officers ~ are I’. H. Burt, president; A. W. Smith, vice-president; L. A. 7 Merillat, secretary-treasurer. The annual meeting will be held at Chicago, Ill., December 5, 6, and 7. . The next meeting of the Montana Veterinary Medical As- — ig sociation will convene in the Capitol Building, Helena, September 27 and 28, REVIEWS | VETERINARY THERAPEUTICS . co 2 oe das > B, WAuuIs HOARE Alex. Eger, Publisher, Chicago, Tl. _ This book is now in the third edition, It contains 943 tone ane : em cuties The text is divided into three parts. ‘ aoe ; Part. I. This contains chapters on the general eas of - diseases ; care, management, and nursing of sick animals; actions: : and uses of drugs and veterinary pharmarcy. oes -. The chapter on general diagnosis of diseases treats of the usual” ae oy physical examination, examination of the urine and an interpreta- a tion of various symptoms of disease. The ground is covered. quite — . - thoroughly but of course is not so, complete as the usual texts on. _. the various subjects. xe _ _. The chapter on the care, management and nursing of sick ani- es mals includes specific directions for each group of patients, includ- ~~ _ ing birds. It is composed of several articles by different men who “A : - x i are evidently specialists on the various subjects, Thus, Hoare is_ Ae & probably the author of that part pertaining to horses, Hugh ages - for cattle; Henry for dogs, cats and birds and G. Mayall for uetie. 7" | 8 and swine. These articles are all very complete and contain a vast — a ~ amount of information not usually found in such a book, although a" ah: | : ~ there i is considerable material which is foreign to the subject. ' . © The sections on the actions and uses of drugs includes diseus- _ _ sions on the general effect of drugs, methods of administration and a brief discussion of the different classes of drugs grouped accord- — "ing to their action. The last part is very brief and amounts to but + little more than definitions and examples.in many cases. 3 Part II. Materia Medica. This is really pharmacology ake, general therapeutics. It discusses the physiological actions and the a “ses of the individual remedies which are of importance in veteri- ; _ nary medicine. The author has included, not only most of the : ee official and more popular drugs, but many proprietary and semi-— eo proprietary remedies. The subject matter is fairly complete, but - Az the grouping is such in many cases as to render it difficult as a text. — ; Part Ill. This part is devoted to the treatment of those dis- he »perations and a formulary of prescriptions for various ailments. 626 te : | ie: ‘REVIEWS ae igre i gsr: ~ The final chapter on vaccine therdiy is writhon by W. M. Scott and includes a valuable’ discussion on immunity together with articles on the more commonly used immunizing agents. The dis- eases are erouped under the general headings: diseases of the ah digestive system, etc., and sub-headings devoted to the different — species of animals, horses, cattle, dogs, etc. The greatest emphasis — is based upon the treatment of the various diseased conditions, but, in many cases, the causes and symptoms of the disorders are briefly 3 reviewed. ; ‘ The minor surgical operations imelude mk common operations | given for these procedures, but the reviewer is not pig er ktocs to. give an opinion of them. It seems, however, that the average prac-. titioner, should already be familiar with most of the operations de- seribed and this text cannot in any way TARE the place of. several texts on surgery. ys " Finally, there is an appendix of some 40 pages of formulae for . various conditions. _ Veterinary Therapeutics is evidently a valuable addition’ to to cover too briefly many subjects which are more thoroughly dis: — cussed in special texts on the subjects, and with which practicing ¢al diagnosis, urine analysis, pathology and surgery, so that cer- veterinary literature but, in the opinion of the reviewer, attempts — veterinarians should already be fairly familiar. Furthermore, it — does not appear that it can take the place of our texts on physi- tain parts although exceedingly valuable should not be utilized as text books. This book should prove valuable to any practitioner, althowiie unfortunately the subject matter and prescriptions are based upon the British Pharmacopoeia instead of that of the United States, a_ s ; fact that will tend to cause confusion to American Practitioners or pharmacists. The Maine Veterinain Bound of Examiners met for the purpose. of organizition in Augusta on June 14. Dr. I. L. Salley of Skow-— hegan was elected president. Dr. W. H. Lynch. of Portland was elected secretary, Dr. W. H. Robinson of Woodfords, treasurer. A meeting of this board for the reception of candidates will be held in the last week of July at Augusta, ° : a as firing, passing the probang and stomach tube, puncturing the 1 ines testines and rumen, and catheterization. Very exact directions are a ms ¢ oe) pate ee, Sal er ee ee vy Sy a 4S Oe te Pi phe aos Sas OS ees ae i an re Se se ass 9 y PROLETARIAT OATS ‘s NECROLOGY | ine wie A. L. HOISINGTON oe aa Ben “Dr A. Li. Mdisitustotl died in March at Fremont, Ohio. hes Beir: ROY N, DRAKE us ey Rael ny Medicine at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1898. a CHARLES H. BAGNELL & Dr. Charles H. Bagnell, a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary : College, aged forty-six years, died at Oil City, Pa., June 7, follow-— ' ing an attack of tonsillitis. HENRY GAY CARPENTER . a Henry Gay Carpenter, publisher of veterinary text books, died "suddenly at Ithaca, N. Y., June 21. Mr. Carpenter although handi- | —s capped by ill-health for several years devoted himself to his busi- yin ; ness until the end. Those privileged to know Mr. Carpenter, and — . testify to his interest in matters pertaining to the veterinary profes- — sion. As a friend he was considerate and unselfish and his loss is . to be greatly deplored. le & The Fourth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Animal In- i dustry for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has been received. — - » Itisaneat cloth bound volume of 62 pages in which Commissioner — = Lester H. Howard gives much useful information, ' Nine applicants took the examinations given by the State Board - of Veterinary Medical Examiners of Montana, May 15 and 16. The | following have been granted licenses: N. T. Gunn, Butte; L. G. | Helterline, Plains; E. S. Mohr, Plentywood; 1. W. Vinsel, __ Pleyna; Chas. H. Wight, White Sulphur; H. F. Wilkins, Laurel. its annual meeting at Owego, N. Y., July 1. The forenoon elinie ee will be held at the hospital of Dr. Vorhis. The program in the after- noon includes papers by Doctors De Vine, Zimmer, Pearce and Cas- - terline. g et Dr. Roy N. Drake of Reno, Nevada, a member of the A.V.M.A, Bits aw _ died April 11, 1916. Dr. Drake was a graduate of the College of eee who have experienced his uniform courtesy in business affairs, can The Southern Tier Veterinary Medical Association will hold | - B.A.T. Vet. In. A., S. Omaha } 2 Saye ho Kal: Py Rukh ~ Alabama Vet. Med. Ass’n.. _ Alumni Ass’n College of Vet Alumni Ass’n, N. ¥.-A. V.C _ Arkansas Veterinary Ass’.n. ‘Central Canada V. Ass’n.. “Essex Co. (N.J.) V.M.A.. Hamilton Co. (Ohio) Wray. - Hudson Valley V.M.A.. Idaho Ass’n Vet. graduates. ' Indiana Veterinary Ass’n. ' Kansas State V. M. Ass’n. tees In the accompanying table the data given is enpetid fe many ‘Gonrotaries ke Being. of _ great value to their Association, and it is to be supretied that some meieet to inform us: a of: the dates and places of their meetings. - Secretaries are earnestly requested to see that their organizations are pias included ae in the. following list: : ‘Name of Organization Nyt TE OG 20 Se eee Alumni Ass’n U. S. Coll. Vet. PRSUTEOONS Woolas "e's acs gist y sie American V.M. Ass ae B, A. I. Vet. In. A., Chicage. Buchanan Co. Vet. Ass’n... California State V. M. Ass’n Central N. Y. Vet. Med. Ags? D Chicago Vet. Society. Colorado State V. M. Ass’n. Connecticut V. M. Ass’n. Delaware State Vet. Society. V. M. Ass’n. ore eee Genesee Valle Georgia -Dilmo Vet. Med. Ass’n Illinois State V. M. Ass’n.. Towa Veterinary Ass’n.. Kentucky V. M. Ass’n stone V. M. Ass’n e Frie V. M. Association Louisiana State V. M. Ass’n. Maine Vet. Med. Ass’n.. “Maryland State Vet. Society Massachusetts Vet. Ass’n... Michigan State V. M. Ass’n. Minnesota State V. M. Ass’n Mississippi State V. M. Ass’n, Mississi 5 hac A M. Ass’n Missou A Valley V. Ass’n.. Missouri Vet. Med, Ass’n... Montana State V. M. A.... Nat’1Ass’n B.A.I, Employees New York 8. V. M. Soc’y... North Carolina V. M. Ass’n. North Dakota V. M. Ass’n.. North-Western Ohio V. M. A. Ohio State V. M. Ass’n.... Ohio Soc. of Comp. Med.. Ohio Valley Vet. Med, Ass'n Oklahoma V. M. Ass’n..... Ontario Vet. Ass’n........ Pennsylvania State V.M. A. 1916 eee enee ee oe a ier April. 14, 1917 .{1916 Aug. 21-25 Jan., 1917 ... 2d Fri. each mo. 3d Mon.each mo. Monthly ...... CC ie er ee .jFeb. and bere June and Nov.. 2d Tu. each mo. 1916, July 25.. Jan. Ap. Jul. Oct 3d Mon, each mo ee es | ‘rote: July 19. 11917, Jan. 9-10 1916 Jan. 3-4, 1917. Oct. & Feb.. «. 2d Tu. each mo Pending 1916 eee eee ewe eee tth Wed. ea. mo, EPAG he, Me Ua as July 12-13 1917 Jan. 10, 11 Semi-Annually 11916, July 10-11-12 ee 1916, July 18-20 LOI? «vs iad sine 1917, Jan, 11-12 -|Anually ... eee eee oeeeee Fall, 1916.... “*eeee .| Portland . Ithaca Wash., D. C... Detroit, Mich... . |Little Rock... Chicago 3. Omaha, Neb.. St. Joseph Ottawa Syracuse Chicago seen ee Greenwich ... Newark, N. J.. Rochester Savannah eee eee 4B. St. Louis... Peoria, Ill... Indianapolis .. Des Moines... Wichita _|Lexington .... Philadelphia ... Pending ...... Lake Charles . Baltimore Lansing ...|/Minneapolis ... Clarksdale ..... Galesburg, IIl.. Omaha, Neb.. Bozeman ...... New York, N.Y. Wrightsville Beach, N, C.. ener eee renee .|Omaha City... Toronto ss eeee see ee eee eee Young’s, Boston Date of Next Place of 1? "Meeting _ Meating Name and ‘xadvone of ‘See’y. strains Pain eee Agburn ss. sbo C. A. Cary, Auburn eS, W. R. Hobbs, eare O. 8. U. 1917, Jan, 10. ./Columbus...... Columbus, Ohio. 141 W. 54th St. .|A, T. Gilyard, Waterbury. — Wilmington .... .|H,. H. Counselman, See’y. P. K. Nichols, Pt. Richmor a. |G. M Mansfield, Wash., D. C. C..M, Haring, Berkeley, C .|R. M. Gow, Little Rock — g Chas. E. Schneider, Chi J. V. Giffe, So. Side, Om F.W. Caldwell, St. Joseph, F. M. Hayes, Davis, a A. E,. James, Ottawa. — W. B. Switzer, Oswego, D. M. Campbell, Chicago: - | I. E. Newsom, Ft, Collins. 7 A. 8. Houchin, Newark, Del. .|J. F. Carey. E. Orange, N. J. O. B. Webber, Rochester. P. F. Bahnsen, Americus. Louis P. Cook, Cincinnati. — W. H. Kelly, ‘Albany. C. V. Williams, Blackfoot — .|L. B. Michael, Collinsville,Tl ..|L. A. Merillat, Chicago. A. FP, Nelson, Indian . |. B. Treman, Bockoal Gif City. J. Pan ae eee . ... Robert Graham, xington. C. 8. Rockwell Phil. H. Fulstow, Norwa ..|Hamlet Moore,N. Orleans. M, E. Maddocks, Augusta — a _ he BE, A. Cahill, Lowell, Mass. © W. A: Ewalt, Mt. Clemens. — G. Ed. Leech, Winona. E. 8. Norton, Greenville, G. E. McIntyre, Ane ' .|R. F, Bourne, Kansas Ci Chas, D. Folse, Kansas A. D, Knowles, Missoula S. J. Walkley, 185 N, Ave., Milwaukee, Wis, CG. P. Fiteh, Ithaca, N. Y. 5 Pies 2" Spoon, Burlington, W. J. Mulroony, Havana — Paul E, Woods, Ottawa y F. A. Lambert, care O. 8, U; Columbus, Ohio. eG F, Sheets, Van Wert, Ohi G. J. Behrens, Evansville, In 1G, B. Steel, Oklahoma Dity. L. A. Wilson, Toronto, T. BE. Munee, Hartson @ DA | R. A. ARCHIBALD President of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1915-1916 JOURNAL OF THE Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Committee on Journal F. Torrance, Chairman, A. E1conorn, Secretary, C, J. MARSHALL, W. R, Bian, BR. A. ARCHIBALD, M. Jacos, N. 8. Mayo, G. R. Wurre, V. A. Moore, L. Froru- INGHAM, C. H. Stancr, H. JENSEN, G. H. Roperts, R. P. LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P.. LyMan, A. E1cHHorn, Secretary The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or statements published in in the Jour NAL, , outside of its own authorized actions. Vor. XLIX. N. S. Vor. II. AuGust, 1916, TN No. 5. hay Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary C. M. Haring, University of California, Berkeley,.California. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. OFFICIAL PROGRAM OF THE A. V. M. A. FOR THE | DETROIT MEETING MONDAY MORNING, AUGUST 21 Meeting of the Executive Committee at 8:00 A. M. in Parlor C, Hotel Statler. Persons who desire a hearing are requested to re- port at this time. . OPEN MEETING—10:30 A. M. Detroit Board of Commerce Auditorium. Call to Order by the President. | - Address of Welcome to Michigan, Hon. Woodbridge N. Ferris, Governor of Michigan. Address of Welcome to Detroit, Oscar B. Marx, Mayor of Detroit. Response to Address of Welcome. Address by the President, R. A. Archibald, Oakland, California. Roll Call. Submission of the Minutes of Previous Meeting as published in the Journal. | Report of the Executive Committee, - Unfinished Business, he & American Veterinary Medical Association - * put ES We re) ol ei ed ya x he a xe Oa ee +4 , 630. °-= = : EDITORIAL _ _ Report of the Librarian—J. N. Frost. MONDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 21—2:00 — Detroit Board of Commerce Auditorium. - Unfinished Business. - Report of the Executive Committee. ne _ Report of the Secretary—C. M. Haring. i ae Report of the Treasurer—F. H. Schneider. ~ Report of the Committee on Diseases—J. R. Mohler, Chae _ The Efficiency of the Various Disinfectants, i Charles H. ere, Hemorrhagic Septiveniia in Cattle in the Middle Section of the United States, A. T. Kinsley — Hemorrhagic Septicemia with Special Reference to its Economie _ Importance . J. R. Mohler Non-Specific Treatment of lnteckinis Diseases in Animals, K. F. Meyer. A Study of the Milk in Bovine Infectious Abortion. Ward Giltner. (This paper will be read by title and referred to the Chairman of the Sec- tion on Sanitary Medicine to be read at the proposed symposium on that dis- "+ —ease). Report of Committee on Intelligence and Education—N. 8. Mayo, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Re-Organization—C. A. Cary, Chairman. MONDAY EVENING, AUGUST 21—8 :00 Reception and Ball in Ball Room, Hotel Statler. TUESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 22—9 :30 Report of the Executive Committee. Report of the Committee on Finance—E. L. Quitman, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Necrology—H. Jensen, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Salmon Memorial—J. F’. Winchester. Report of the Committee on Selection of Emblem—Otis A. Longley, Chairman. Report of the International iTaberbtosis Commission—J. G. Ruther- ford, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Journal—F. Torrance, Chairman, Report of the Committee on Advertisements of Veterinary Rem- M. Jacob, Chairman, edies ~ gation—F. B. Hadley, Calva st - fasort of Committee on Glanders—E. B. Ackerman, hipaa . deport of the Special Committee on Veterinary Nomenclature. Sisson, Ppairnay. as papers on infectious abionbinis For detailed program s see ie “a oe Pepe ie iy i, «TUESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 22—8 30 . ee “ : “if "Meetings of various Alumni Associations ao Class dinners. . : i> WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 23—9 30 e Meeting of the Section on General Veterinary Practice in the. ere ~ Ball Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. For detailed pi aera eS, of this Section, see page 634. bs Meeting of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police in the 5 a ~ Banquet Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. For detailed pro- — ee of this Section, see page 635. ‘et ey ye “WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 238—2 :00 | . _ Meeting of Section on General Veterinary Practice in Ball 3 SS - Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. For detailed Prog tam of es ' aes Section, see page 634. pa s Meeting of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police i in Ban- : ; quet Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. For detailed program — “a _ of this Section, see page 636. i er WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 24—7:30 >” Banquet in the Banquet Room, Hotel Statler. pays \ : THURSDAY, AUGUST 24 5 ‘The entire Association, including ladies and all registered visit- Davis & Company’s plant on the river front. During the entire e day: the association will be guests of that company. They will visit the Laboratories and sail-on the Lake and the River St. Clair, “THURSDAY EVENING, “AUGUST. on, 30 9 SIS Ball Room, Hotel Statler. - tere os - Reon of the Cicminstted on Legislation—David Bucking, Chabad. 3 ce - Further Report of the Committee on Re- Grsaiinetane be ps y Migs _ Report of the Committee on History—James Law, Chairman, — ; _ Reports of Delegates to Conventions. ie ae - Unfinished’ Business. “Sao = . t ae - New Business. | Pregleat: 6, Fifth Vice-President, -urer; 9, Librarian. FRIDAY, AUGUST 25 ae Pechicat Assembly of the Association. oa Unfinished Business. ea : ‘Installation of Officers. : IEE: Clinic and Demonstrations ficouphent the Day. é Adjournment. rth £ oe ‘dopa _ SATURDAY, AUGUST26. 2 The heiniierd of the Association who will be passing cirougt ~ Chicago have been invited by Sears, Roebuck and Company to visit their establishment at 10:30 A. M. and be their guests at luncheon. LITERARY PROGRAM TUESDAY AFTERNOON, AUGUST 22—2;00 — Joint Session of all Sections in Ball Room on the second floor of Hotel Statler. SYMPOSI UM, CONTAGIOUS ABORTION es 1. The Death and Expulsion of the Immature Fetus as a Standard for Measuring the Prevalence of Infection of Cattle Abortion. Eee pe W. L. Williams, Ithaca N. Y. iis, Some of the Advantages of Sanitary Precautions in Cattle Breeding. | John F, DeVine, Goshen, N. Y, Cotitagions Abortion: from the Practitioners’ Sianipeing : ee tise C. A. Cotton, St. Paul, Minn. ~ neo: > ee yea The Bull as a Disseminator of Contagious Abortion. me, 5 F’. B. Hadley and H. Lothe, Madison, Wis. ,' eo, Now that the causative organism of contagious abortion of cattle has been Ae _ isolated and reliable methods of diagnosis have been perfected, means are at == / hand to control accurately and to interpret correctly the results of experiments __ eg yp idealgina to shed light upon the question of ‘the ability of both mechanieally per " D intected and systemically infected bulls to transmit abortion by cohabitation. | toe bah Py Es _ This paper diseusses an experiment, based upon practical and sciotitifie . ae ee knowledge, in which abortion-infected bulls were bred to non-infected virgin’ ae tat heifers. oo hl i The authors among other conclusions state: if ( : > (1) That the bull is less susceptible to abortion infection than the cow. van ig x (2) That if the bull does become naturally infected by the abortion ba- Wee ja -cilli the infection usually runs a course much more benign than in the cow. fae? ee Pag (8) That the soiled bulls with systemic infections used in the experi- BS te Bt by ‘ments \were incapable of disseminating the abortion disease by cohabitation. = =~ 7 Pr. 5. A Study of the Milk in Bovine Infectious Abortion. ev Ks Bia Ward Giltner, L. H. Cooledge and I. F. Huddleson, Lab. bes Fh leet yc 4 i -\ of Bact. and Hygiene, East Lansing, Michigan. me’ aS tHoe a tae The paper deals with various aspects of cows’ milk in its relation to bo- sre? vine infectious abortion and to human health. It is shown that the introdue- — 2 Tes im - tion of Bact. abortus into the udder of a cow causes the appearance of agglu- mete _ tinins in the milk; . that agglutinins are always found in milk capable of pro- at: ye ~ ducing typical lesions of Bact. abortus in the guinea pig, but that the reverse) yard g is not true. No proof is found that Bact. abortus is pathogenic for man, but rs =ieht : antibodies for the microorganisms appear in the blood of man as a result of Sate { ; ; _ feeding naturally infected milk, probably representing a passive immunity in Late a man, Results are reported also on the, (1) effect of feeding infected milk to “ Rts 3 rabbits; (2) to guinea pigs; (3) to new born calves; (4) significance of the ety) } hs ¥ matting of the hairy waete around the sheath and uhh of calves. : Lae, Me a ' 6 The Present Status of the Abortion Question. Se ti Adolph Eichhorn, Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau oe i Be of Animal Industry, and Geo. M. Potter, Veterinary — Pi Be Inspector, Bureau of Animal Industry, Path. Division, — bith This paper recounts briefly the history of the disease, quoting authors re gx ha. e setting forth the essential contributions of each; points out the difficulties * associated with the investigation of the question; reports some of the work, and conclusions of the Bureau of Animal Industry; and finally outlines meth- ods which have been in a measure successful in controlling the disease. 634 . , ; “EDITORIAL 8. Ha cesinents with Balti Attaation: Ba sit ts SRS pee 3 eo J. B. Hardedberons Philadelphia, Pa. : = (Ten minutes) 5 ; ee ae This paper outlines experiments in connection. with equine abortion, "a es ‘ also gives data relative-to the vaccination practiced in this disease and also: ophthalmic experiments. ; WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 23—9 300 ; oe Ball Room, on second floor, Hotel Statler. ae i Bah SECTION ON GENERAL VETERINARY See : 3 sree L, A. Merillat, Chicago, Chairman, atte A, Lost Opportunities. David 8. White, Columbus Ohio _ 2. Local Anaesthesia in Animal Dentistry. saat H. E. Bemis, Ames. Lowa. | 3. Téaching Pharmacology. H. Jensen, Kansas City, Missouri. 4, sic Sasi Methods in a Veterinary Practice. ney D. M. Cembneta Chicago, Iiinois. Tilustrated Lecture H. 8. Murphey, Ames, lows: WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON—2 00/242 Be 2 4 eae ' Ball Room on second floor, Hotel Statler. ~ 1. Shipping Fever of Horses. J. R. Mohler, Washington, D. c. Shipping Fever of Horses from the Army Standpoint. Si C.J. Willgans, Kansas City, ey SM . ne Shipping Fever as Seen from a Large City Practice. an G. B. MeKillip, Chicago, U ~ 4. Nymphomania of Mares. H. Fulstow, Norwalk. Ohio. ‘a 5. Paraphimosis of Domesticated Animals. M3 ; J. V. LaCroix,Kansas City, Mo. J , 6. Surgery of Paraphimosis. © John Adams, Philadelphia, Penna 7. Recommendations for the Control of White Scours. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Moet 4 4 - 8. Some Physiological Experiments in Breeding. i Me H. D. Bergman, Ames, Lowa. 4 0 9, Treatment of Equine Pneumonia R. C. Moore, St. Joseph, Mo, © eet me -o df > ee 4 eae “Soba ps se hag eran ee a3 at, ae Bs) vs yi Tw enn a mets : age Mes ¥ “pet * + mira, Y, “ f ri. ‘eae gs here ne Miaray Sy Ue RT Se ‘ fi 2 put me ir ee & WEDNESDAY MORNING, AUGUST 23, 9 90.05 i : ae - Banquet Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. — nee | ae : _ SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE es . C. H. Higgins, Ottawa, Chairman. - Osteomalacia or ‘‘Cage Paralysis’’ in Primates. Faas ee W. Reid Blair, New York, N. oe ae ~ . Studies i in Canine Distemper. _ John A. Kolmer, John Reichel, George H. Heist anid. Malcolm J. Harkins. * fc Seons MeMann’ s Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, University” of _ ennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa., and Mulford Biological Le Glen- ; is Pa.) 8. Hadwen, atswiiary Research Laboratory, Agassiz, B. C, (Lantern slide demonstration of experimental data). - 4, Hog. Cholera, Transmission Through Infected Pork Bovis Roe eek: oe R. R. Birch, Ithaca, New York . This paper deals with the possibilities of spreading hog cholera by means > $ Bo of infected pork trimmings in garbage. It includes experimental data ob- ‘<<: e tained by killing hogs in various stages of hog cholera, and feeding small por- ae ons of the hams from which the samples were taken when fresh, while others — ee ere refrigerated or cured before portions were removed for feeding. Special ae nsideration is given to the relation between meat inspection and this means | ‘a i hog cholera transmission. “aye Gn . Results of the Use of Hog Cholera Globulin on 3,000 Hogs i in ae ah _the Field . Robert Graham, Lexington, Ey ae Se (Ten minutes) et ; Bote, . ; a i: ee E Hog cholera globulin was used under field conditions in controlling hog hs cholera in infected herds as well as herds apparently free from the infection. — % A nd n non-infected herds virus was simultaneously administered in conjunction i 3 With the globulin. Hogs immunized by the simultaneous method were later ~ >& = oe yperimmunized in some instances. Comparative results of the use of. hog” (fae iolera globulin and unrefined hog cholera serum indicated that hog cholera —— ae. obulin in small doses has protective powers against hog cholera equal to those. a as the unrefined serum. _ Further Studies with Hog Cholera with Refarsriss to Spiro- ee - chaeta Hyos ee Walter E. King and R. H. Drake, Detroit, Mich, ae (Ten minutes) ~ eee - technic used in routine work. Tubereulous cattle frequently react to one form 1h" ‘isolated from the oat forage as well as from another forage in a remote out-— 636 | EDITORIAL besa fat cea ‘sykint 7. The Follow-Up and Ganhinat Systems of Tubereulin Pestogt George H. Hart and J. Traum o Data dames that no one method will produce 100% reactions in tuber-— ‘ culous cattle and that probably 85% represents the efficiency by the ordinary - 4 of the tuberculin test and not to others.— In the elimination of tuberculosis from certified and accredited herds the. writers advocate the combined method of tuberculin testing, using three meth- ods at once or, preferably, if time permits, the follow-up system, by applying — ak . the ophthalmic test twice at intervals of one week, followed immediately by the we { intradermal method, and after the lapse of three or four weeks testing by the subeutaneous method all animals that have not been removed by the previous x tests. ‘ ft ; 4 “| ox In routine testing in certified herds alternate semi-annual tests by the — subeutaneous and intradermal methods have been used, supplemented by the — follow-up method in those herds where over 5% of reactors were found to be present. The intrapalpebral method is considered to be in principle practically — the same as the intradermal. In practice we have found the injection required — more time than labor, and was objected to by cattle owners as causing too much disturbance in the barn. Slight local reactions in the subpalpebral in- jection are more difficult to recognize than those in the subecaudal fold and there is a higher percentage of doubtful cases to peeey, : 8. Studies in Forage Poisoning Robert Graham and L. R. Himmetberger (Ten minutes) eh Continuing bacteriological studies of an oat hay which proved poisonous _ to horse and mule stock, previously reported at the United State Live Steck — 4 Sanitary Association meeting 1915. The pathogenic properties of a bacillus — break are described. Small animals, ineluding guinea pigs, rabbits, chickens —~ and white mice, were apparently immune while horses were apparently suseep- tible. Bovines, sheep, and goats less so. Filtrates of this bacillus grown in Ne Uschinsky’s protein-free medium on being injected intravenously into horses ‘- from day to day resulted in manifest symptoms, coma and death. yas WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON—2 :00 SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE Banquet Room on the second floor, Hotel Statler. Army Service, Remounvs, Horse Breeping AND ALLiED Topics of 1. An Army Veterinary Corps C. J. Marshall, Philadelphia, Pa. — By a Veterinary Corps is meant a department of the army having its own at organization and head. ‘" Its purpose is to insure the purchase of sound horses ‘and care for those q that are injured, sick or inefficient. In order to be of the greatest value in re- hy ducing the amount of suffering to the minimum, in preventing the spread of Via 9) ae ee , Be frmyl is yt ae 4 ue MF eal Sa ny a NG ae RRR RE SN “t : 4 ; Pm y is tak Pay Mi et F e = ‘ Baie) Sy Se ' pd tee et ob ita r eats oe > gprtortat EBT Se . j i transmissible diseases to animals and human beings in the army and in civil _ life during the war and after it is ended, in removing from the fighting and working lines the animals that are not able to work and thereby interfere with progress, it is imperative that a sufficient number of men should be properly — edueated, organized, equipped and clothed with abundant authority. From observations made in the field the Veterinary Corps is the moat : u ‘efficient organization for looking after this important branch of the Army _ Service, All charity and assistance contributed by humane societies or indi- viduals to alleviate the suffering of animals should be conducted and handled under the supervision of the Veterinary Service. 2. The National Horse R. Vans Agnew, Army Serving School, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. ¥ The improvement of the present stock for breeding the light horse. The giving of government premiums in all states for the best type of stallion, mare and foal. The present remount depots and the class of animals sent to them. The fallacy of the present contract system. The evil of shipping fever in con- ne ~~ nection with it. Some suggestions for a remount organization to take the place of the contract system. Cooperation from the State Veterinarians and Agricultural Farms. The types and their crosses for remounts. What has been done in some states to improve the type. The real type and what it is called upon to do in peace and war. 3. Remounts, their Care in Depots and in Transit Dd. Warnock, British Remount Station, Dixie, Que. - 4. Remounts Jas. N. Hornbaker, Front Royal, Ys. _In the papers announced there will be new developments con- cerning infectious abortion, tuberculin testing, canine distemper and non-specific methods of treating infectious diseases. A- dis- cussion of Duval’ s prophylactic for hog cholera will be arranged if _ possible. _ Beyond the fact that every effort will be made to have the clinic up to its usual high standard, it can be stated, at this time, that among the new things to be demonstrated are: William’s uterine irrigations; Bemis’s dental anesthesia; and MeKillip’s ventricular cauterization for roaring. | After August 7th, address all communications to the Ameri- ean Veterinary Medical Association, Hotel Statler, Detroit, Michi- . gan. By that date the president and secretary will be en route from California. Beginning August 18, the secretary will hold office hours at the Hotel Statler, Detroit. f On August 19 and 20 the executive committee and the com- mittee on reorganization will be in session at the Hotel Statler, Detroit. 638 ROPIORTAL S27 oe ok Da eek a eee ‘ a a ‘ - ot ‘ cai ee». A FINAL APPEAL a This is the last opportunity we shall have to appeal to the a loyalty of the members of the A. V. M. A. and others of the 9 profession to attend the meeting of the association at Detroit, be- ginning August 21. — adi: Rates, as favorable as possible, have been obtained ‘Soi the — Trunk Line Association. This association grants a rate of ‘‘two cents per mile in each direction, going and returning via same route Be only ; tickets to be sold and good going August 19 to 21, and return- ~ 4 ing to reach original starting point not later than August 29.’’ When | purchasing tickets, the reduced rate should be asked for. The hotel — rates are moderate as compared with other cities, although one may $ 2 spend as much as he pléases. If you have not yet made your hotel reservations, do so at once, as a very large number of conventions are booked for Detroit this summer and it is advisable to avoid any difficulty in getting located. Rooms may be reserved at ‘any of the — hotels mentioned in the June issue. If this is done you may dis- miss the matter from your mind and rest assured that yeu will | _ have comfortable quarters upon your arrival. oe Splendid lake trips may be made from many points and it: would be advisable for those so inclined to make arrangements with - the various railroads via lake steamers and also reserve state rooms -on the steamers in advance. Full information of these trips can usually be obtained from the excursion bureaus at the various rail-_ 7 road or steamship offices. : ae The local committee of arrangements reports that matiers are progressing as satisfactorily as can be expected. They are over- 3 looking nothing that will add to the comfort and entertainment of 4 the visiting members and their wives and friends. a The efforts put forth to make this meeting a success are shown. eS in the official program y The program speaks for itself. The officers and committees ‘ have given freely of their time and labor and now cooperation aa y, required from the members of the association, by their Pretenee at the meeting, to insure a complete success, We are perhaps entering upon a new era in veterinary pro- ia gress. This year nearly’ all of the veterinary colleges are pre- a senting a four-year curriculum; army veterinary conditions will — undoubtedly be improved, as thé result of favorable legislation; our country has been freed from the ravages of foot-and-mouth — 639 ad - disease. This should be a Ahan keel eieile meeting. Show your ap- _ preciation by attending, and remember in this connection that your ¥ a “wife has earned a vacation and this isan unusually good opportun- - _ ity to reimburse her, in part, for the assistance she has rendered - ; OU. A more ideal place than Detroit could hot have been selected. , » The association expects every member to do his duty. “a . ut 4 A WORTHY TRIBUTE TO A WORTHY MAN ~~ a ‘ On June 20 there was unveiled a tablet to the memory of Dr. _~ 5 Leonard Pearson, formerly a professor in the veterinary school, at Ais ae the University of Pennsylvania, and dean of its faculty. The ex- oon |. ercises were held in the library of the veterinary school. Dr. L. A. ~ 2 ee ‘Klein, the present dean, spoke on ‘‘Leonard Pearson—His Work ~~ a _ for Education for the State and for the Nation’’, William H. Cald-- > well, secretary of the American Guernsey Cattle Club, spoke on “Be _ “Leonard Pearson—His Interest in the Farmer and His Prob-. — ~ ) lems’’.. Dr. C. J. Marshall, state veterinarian, spoke on ‘‘ Leonard he Paataok-The Man’’. The tablet was presented on behalf of the _ Guernsey Breeders’ Association by Dr. E. T. Gill and accepted on (i behalf of the university by Provost Edgar F. Smith. The tablet, — __ which is erécted in the archway of the veterinary building, is in- ' seribed as follows: ‘‘To the =:e-cory of Leonard Pearson. B.S, > V.M.D,, M.D., Eminent as a Veterinarian, Scholar, and Lover of oe _Mankind, through whose breadth of vision and untiring efforts _ een _ these buildings were made possible; whose appreciation of the a needs of Animal Husbandry kept him in sympathetic touch with — — the farmer, and whose achievements will always be an honor to his - Alma Mater, this tablet is affectionally dedicated by the ; CSRS a $ GUERNSEY BREEDERS’ ASSOCIATION.’’ ee i The addresses gave eloquent testimony to the broad scope and | _-value of the work accomplished by Dr. Pearson; to his modest = _ demeanor and sterling character. SS ig Sy Dr. Pearson possessed unusual ability which was developed s _ by extensive educational application at home and abroad. He was “he e the first to apply the tuberculin test to cattle in this country and- me _ his. researches, in the great bovine scourge, were those of a master, + _ He has been secretary and president of our A.V.M.A. Aside ~ _ from his great technical knowledge he was a man among men. His 25 ie, ae foresight, sound judgment and industry naturally coupes suc- a s 640 ee ihe -pprTortaL + Mm a cess. The University of Pennsylvania has reason. to be proud of a him. \ ts It was the writer’s privilege to know Dr. Pearson, in his pre-_ veterinary days while he was working out his university course. No | dne appreciated more than he the importance of educational train- ing and the value it has in fostering and developing natural talent. _ We are not surprised at the eminence he attained ; knowing some — of his earlier sesh vi we do not. see how it could have neve * otherwise. erin The tablet is a worthy tribute to Dr. Pearson. It indicates the esteem in which he is held by others than those in the veteri- nary profession. It will perpetuate his memory and his worth, and yet there is a tinge of regret:—that his fellow-veterinarians could not have been represented in this token of merit. P. ALF. a a ie TAN APPOINTMENT OF COMMITTEE ON LIVESTOCK | SANITARY AFFAIRS ‘ The Secretary of Agriculture has appointed the following | a named members of the Bureau of Animal Industry as an advisory | committee on Live Stock Sanitary Affairs: Dr. A. D. Melvin, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Indus- try, Chairman, ' Mr. Geo. M. Rommell, Chief, Animal Husbandry Division: Bureau of Animal Industry, Mr. B. H. Rawl, Chief, Dairy Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, Dr. R. A. Ramsay, Chief, Field Inspection Division, Bu- reau of Animal Industry. Dr. R. W. Hickman, Chief, Quarantine Division, Bureau of Animal Industry. The committee will act in an advisory capacity on all lives stock sanitary questions and will consider such matters as may be- a referred to it by the chairman or by the Secretary. Also on its own initiative it will consider related questions, suggest means for _ the control and eradication of animal diseases, and recommend such — measures as seem best suited for live stock sanitary control Whi and for the general welfare of the animal industry. ite” y ay ae * . 2. a = in Sor sae, Sas = Ue av iy - x — * a ~ ‘ — & foe ee, ae : whe eo _ J ¢ ¥ oe te > ~ - ae EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. - POLYVALENT SprumM AGAIN. In my duties as chronicler, I have to avoid all appearance of favoritism and as much as possible must — present. to those who do me the honor of reading my communications, cf the various_aspects under which the subjects I consider are related Ay. others. : ‘Such is the necessity and the opportunity that present them- j Seelboes from the proceedings of a meeting at the Societe de Chirurgie, — ' where the treatment of fistulous osteitis by the polyvalent serum bat 3 ~ Leelainche and Vallee was under consideration. ‘Having recorded in other chronicles the great advantages that _ were claimed for it by veterinarians and human surgeons, I extract _ from a report made before said society on this subject. First, the reporter refers to the utility of the serum, whieh is obtained from horses, immunized against the aerobic and anaerobic i: cilli, pyocyanic, perfringens, septic vibrios, etc., and he then exam- ines‘ the ‘effects of the polyvalent which when applied to infected — _ wounds, change them, dry them and then promote cicatrization. | | . The technic of its application is considered and well known and “Y pass to the important part, the consideration of the report, which constitutes the ‘‘reversed side of the medal,’’ presented from the In another communication made some time previous, 282 old_ Bj rounds out of 421 were reported as having recovered in three’ tain number presented had only superficial lesions, and the cicatrix had reopened. Again a larger number was found in which, after a short time, the old wound was suppurating freely, with fetid dis-_ charge, sloughing of the walls of the fistulous: tracts, sequestrum of bones and even Sly bodies. : f ae serum, a larger one might not. On that account, the reporter ‘oqo the ee. of complications such as lymphangitis, Saorisis ere followed the use of the polyvalent serum, such as sup- urative arthritis, osteomyelitis, septicemic manifestations, ete. Sy ae Aen germs of many suppurations: staphylococci, streptococci, coli ba- successful trials recorded. ors BS months and a half. Investigation of these cases showed that a cer-— Ye Z ‘ Say nS a ied . ~ ae a? ms Aon -* e ae Ce ee or he! se Hot 3 in practice without its action esa been demonstrated by con-— elusive experimental researches.’ - 642 ; EUROPEAN CHRONICLES pe tes, ae - wounds with a serum which, directly or indirectly, renders the aber fi foreign bodies encysted for months. membered that the two veterinarians who discovered the said serum Gi are sufficiently known to prove that all the experimental researches — us 7a z oa « 7 ri Is it possible, continues the reporter, to explain these accidents, | some of which are slight and others severe and even fatal, as being — the result of a defective application of the serum? It is possible, but they exist nevertheless and must be considered, and as a conclusion he (the reporter) would not be inclined to immunize — ? genic microbes able to promote abscesses, sometimes severe, around — One of the members present at the meeting jamie the remark | that ‘‘we know nothing of this new polyvalent serum, recommended aes This severe statement should have been unnecessary if it is re-. 74 necessary and their conclusions tested have been made. At any rate, one of the critics of the polyvalent serum and one ~ who was most severe and unwilling to accept its value, in a subse- - quent meeting withdrew all objections and acknowledged that the ‘serum was a marvellous preventive agent and was especially tobe recommended in the prophylaxis of gaseous gangrene.’? A good — recommendation for the polyvalent serum of Leclainche and Vallee. : LicgATURE OF BLoop VEssELs IN Foor Diseases. This surgical a interference may not, strictly speaking, be new. In the abstracts of Be the American Veterinary Review I have already recorded some of their applications in some foot affections. In the report that I read in the Recueil de Paris, by Army Veterinary Major J. Descazeaux, I find it of sufficient importance to warrant consideration. Ra Indeed the report refers to ligature of the phalangeal veins in, a the treatment of chronic laminitis and of contracted heels, which he oF 3 says he has seen resorted to in some foot affections while he was in- Brazil. L 4 Chronic laminitis is the principal trouble in which he has used this treatment. Common in some regions, severe by its frequency — 7 and the accidents that accompany it, the loss of the services of the ‘a animal it oceasions,the pecuniary depression, ete., all these condi- tions were favorable for experimentation and to. determine what benefit might be gained by the method. mt ay he, Noes = Fe poe Re Seas - £ J x 3 aa) > r OE 4, : 2 = PS ee eres abi egies > * WEES 2S 2 mt ‘a ¥ 4 % md en “ x 2 FTA ea. She ea ry - A : fe ie! > ; 7 aid 3 7 ‘es Pa® s Lhe ier 643 ee 5 Tre . ee meena _ —* ~< “The treatment consisted in the ligature of one or of both phal -_ angeal veins of the legs affected with chronic laminitis. It is an operation which has no bad sequelae and can be performed without _ fear. The preparatory steps are similar to those for CEES, or 5 < forthe ligature of the artery. ae came bs . » The animal having been cast, the hair is shipped: and the région: ¢ ney “disinfected. An incision is made on one or the other side of the te fetlock, the vein is easily recognized, exposed, raised with aseptic = silk thread and ligated. Once the ligature is applied, the central | ¥ end of the vein may or may not be divided. [If it is, the object i is to a avoid the formation of clots in that portion of the blood vessel. As — - a third step of the operation, the skin is sewed and a light dressing - applied. Cicatrization follows rapidly, even if the skin has net been - sutured. As mentioned this sd emovsne: is the general technic of ~~ --neurotomy or arteriotomy. : Yhaal ~ _. According to Mr. Descazeaux, the changes that take place in ~b fs the operated foot are very interesting. They are more marked & when both veins have been ligated. -s . “The day after the operation, the fetlock and eoroneh: are Scr swollen, Walking is more difficult. After a few days, this con-_ +e. dition improves, the swelling has disappeared and locomotion is much easier. On the eighth day the foot is quite warm and the coronary band abnormally swollen. After the 15th day this con- The dition is still more marked. The coronary band being quite large, oi _ the frog becomes very large, hypertrophied, elastic and soft. The : ‘rings of the wall, which were first juxtaposed, on a level with the coronary, gradually diminish, separate .and extend downwards. _ Ae ' The animal walks much easier, notwithstanding the contact of the ei soft frog on the hard ground. There is.indeed a very marked im- ~ 5 provement. On the 20th day, a broad, hollow shoe can be put on and the horse, moving much better and freely, can resume work.’? ~~ | This is a practical record which certainly will deserve atiention. ie ~The author relates briefly the experiments he has made.. There were EB “eleven cases, where single or double ligatures were applied. All the cases recovered their general usefulness in a period of time t : varying between twenty and thirty days and sci results spent: much in favor of further trials. ve _ While practising these experiments for the treatment of chronie ae. ; ~ laminitis, the author had the opportunity to try the operation in- ae yi one case of contracted heels. With this case the results were Se . Ri ~ 4 ? . J ~ as her ra 4 644 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES SD leet | 4 } . “ : - ‘splendid. After 10 days the operated foot had a normal frog, rather hypertrophied and the movements of the animal were much improved. . : In conclusion the writer says: ‘‘in chronic disease without alteration of the hoof, ligature of one vein will give a perfect im- provement. In cases with alterations of the hoof the ligature of — both veins is essential.’’ 4 ——_— Oa ; TREATMENT OF STERCORAL COLLECTIONS. Intestinal ebstruc-. tions are often due to the agglomeration in the floating colon and. °° yl _ the rectum of fecal matter, which form stercoral masses of various _ sizes and conditions and give rise to abdominal disturbances which — ‘in some instances become serious and even may end fatally. may \ These stercoral accumulations are, in some countries, quite com- mon and animals of various ages, often the younger ones, are those - te 2 a A aie 5) "LAMENESS aN ins ost commox CAUSE - ; 668 dy pb re 4 ‘ Awe r ’ ’ > { ‘ at ‘The causes of lameness are very numerous and varied. Sages: rh times lameness is due to malformations, shortening of the leg, lack _ se ine crooked legs, etc. . These are inherent to the indi- — any vidual. External causes as shocks, blows, slips, nail punctures or i. shoeing may be a direct cause; certain services which we demand sno 2 _ from the animal; bad roads; rains and drought may be causes of — Soe Jameness. : oe | Editor’s Paieie.: This article was submitted in Frencli and was ee. translated by Dr. J. P. Scott. | ; me im Set te LAMENESS AND ITS. MOST COMMON CAUSE | P 3 g : Pee i JAMES McDonovuGH, Montelair, N. J. Yay f | ae Having devoted forty years of my life to the study of lameness © and its vause, I beg the indulgence of the members of my profession ~ ae while saying a few words about a condition, that in my opinion, is = _ the most common cause of lameness in the horse. Ae ie Ny By re: vo not eu to my ey period of study as Pe that my opin i * some part of the limb unable to perform its work with comfort ; $7 may be a departure from a healthy condition, or the overtaxation of ahealthy part. Of course, there are causes which are constitutional, i: . Er eat by far, the most common causes are local, and the direct result ae of an injury to that part of the limb. . e.. HK . This leads up to the cause of injury; which I will ede to et i by the animal’s efforts to esifor ordinary work. rt 4 Sa : When the injury is severe or persistent, its location can nadatiae a be determined by the presence of some abnormal condition—as © # ote | exostosis, or heat and swelling of the soft tissue. ee _ When we have proof of its location, we find that it is “waaay ar located upon the side of the limb, and must be caused by the pres- Sn nce of some condition that increases the work of the limb at that Sa 654 JAMES MC DoNOUGH Sere 2 When the work of but a part of the limb has been increased it — becomes evident that the relation of the parts to each other has been changed, and as the relation of the parts to one another is — dependent upon the support furnished by the base or foundation — upon which the limb rests, we must look to the hoof for the cause. _ Fie, -I. All columns, placed in a vertical position and supporting weight : are provided with a base or pedestal of sufficient size ee of proper — shape to insure their stability. ~ If the equilibrium of the column will be preserved, the base BS must rest upon a surface with a diameter equal to that of the base. — If a horse’s hoof—the base of the limb—rests upon a surface as ~ shown in Fig. I, it will give to the limb all the support that it is possible for it to receive from a base~of that size and shape. If Fro, II. - LAMENESS AND ITS MOST COMMON CAUSE 655 there is nothing to support the limb at either side. As this is sure ” te to result in injury to the limb, something must be done to correct 4 it, for there is no one who would think of using a horse with his _ _ four feet resting in this position. Frid. IIL. We will first attempt to correct this condition by attaching to the bottom of the hoof a flat piece of iron (a shoe). If we new rest the shoe upon the piers, as shown in Fig. III, we find that it will rotate with the hoof, as it is a part of it. Fie. IV. We will now attach the shoe to the little piers and- we have a three-calked shoe; but we again fail to change the condition as the 656 ; JAMES MCDONOUGH - calks also now become a part of the base and move with it. The relation of the hoof to its supporting surface when it first rested — upon the piers has not been changed in the least, as it is now just ~ as easy for the calks to rotate upon the surface below as it was for the hoof to rotate upon-the calks. See Fig. IV. Te Our very apparent failure to support the limb by the use of three calks suggests the use of more calks, so we will place one under either side (Fig. V) and the stability of the hoof and com- i fort of the limb is now assured. . All of our previous efforts to accomplish this: seem like kin- dergarten exercises, as the placing of a support under either side would be the first thought of any six-year-old child of average in- , Fie. V. telligence. But as ridiculous as it. may appear, the undeniable and indisputable fact remains that for hundreds of years horses haye _ been compelled to travel and work with all four feet resting up- on three little piers, whose shape, position and relation to the bot- tom of the hoof are identical with the condition shown in Fig. II. And we of this Twentieth Century continue to do this in the f presence of the most convincing proof of its injurious effects seen — upon the limbs of every horse that has performed six months of any kind of service, while shod with three-calked shoes. For some un- known reason we think that that part of the shoe extending past the ~ calks at either side gives support to the hoof at that place, and these simple illustrations are given to make plain that it is impos- sible for any part of the shoe, extending past its point of contact. a ? mm Before making any part of a machine intended to perform: a. “certain work, we will first determine the amount of power neces- | sary | for its performance and then make all parts strong enough tol stand the strain to which it is possible for a machine of that power 3 ts to subject. them. If the many parts of the machine are properly _ ‘ Lepaeameted, and. eed adjusted, they cannot be a“ by the Ss - Fie. VI. -* So it is with the horse. While its limbs remain in their ) normal position it is impossible for him to be, injured by any - amount of power of which the animal is capable. -And for this _ ‘Treason any injury to the limb, barring accidents, can be aveepted as proof that the adjustment of the limb has been disturbed, for a we cannot question its construction, and the injuries will exist up- ae on that part of the limb where the work has been yaa ‘ a - tarians appointed by the New Jersey Veterinary Medical Associa- “St ne tion to examine the limbs of a number of horses. Upon the limbs _ a _to the extent of rendering all of those animals less serviceable, _- -were caused by the displacement of the limbs in the direction “of é their sides—the result of insufficient support at that place. Had | $0 long a time that it is no easy matter to convince ourselves that _ oe a ate dee i ne te ee eee ee Tey 2 Sh ae a ae Ta ae Ri be hay Peele Be OF aS PRE ee ee te St “ ~ A 4 . wt ae ype wees \ : < 4 . . ; x Cty cay ye bok 658 JAMES. MC DONOUGH rh va! a at Re alle \ - - =_ aw i anent injuries—(puffs not included). Of this number, 412 were situated upon the sides of the limbs. Twelve of the remaining six-_ teen were on the front of the knee and probably caused by the animals falling or striking the knees against the manger (accident). One hundred and fifty-three of the 212 front limbs and 209 of - the 212 hind limbs (the propelling levers of the body) were injured | and some unserviceable, at an average age of nine years, which should be the most serviceable period of the animal’s life. It will be seen by the above report that 412 of the 428 injuries: the hoofs been given support at the quarters, there is no reason — ih why the limbs of those animals would not remain sound, and con-— tinue serviceable during the life of the animals. aS. The old-fashioned calked shoes have been universally used for : they are ‘positively injurious to the limbs of our animals. a _ But the length of time they have been in use cannot possibly a. change their principle of support, and unless there is some one prepared to explain in what way it is possible for three-calked ‘shoes to give support to the hoofs at either side, or show how ity a is possible for the limbs to perform their work, and escape injury, By in the absence of support under either side, we should take some action that will cause the discontinuance of this diabolical ans . brutal practice. es.” _ ~ If we will do this, it will add 100% to the value of Keiice ie cal doubling their present period of usefulness, and relieve them of | & the sufferings we have so long compelled him to endure in silence. or. Will someone give just one reason why shoes having but three calks should ever be used or will anyone offer a single objection, to : the use of two additional calks? an Dr. P. H. Egan, who has spent the winter in Towa and. East St. Louis, Ill. examining, immunizing and supervising the ship-— a ment of horses for the war in Italy, has located at Nashville, Tenn, — 422 Fourth Ave., N. | Si a e : GLANDERS IN WILD ANIMALS KEPT IN ZOOLOG- e ICAL GARDENS eA ay ce ™ beret re -Georce H. Harr, sein M.D., Los Angeles. California. 7 Be. Q. ‘Tn the city of Los Angeles, and close to its borders, there are) ee i: probably a larger number of wild animals kept in captivity than in +p . any other city in the country. These are owned by the moving pic- é oe iy ture companies, by circuses wintering here, and by the city. oan Ay P One motion picture company has 800 head of wild animals Sp hicthedted with its picture studios, being the largest collection of — Wee privately owned wild animals in the world. Sa _ ‘The alligator farm, a place of great interest to tourists, main- a tains 500 head of alligators. BN e ay ' The city, in its large 8000-acre Gr iffith Park, with its rugged, od - mountainous topography, has an ideal location for the keeping of — ous | aa a zoo under natural conditions. 3 Ba | In all there are five collections of animals here permanently, is * _ and one or, two added to these during the winter season, making a "total of from 1500 to 2000 head. tes es, Within the past few years two serious outbreaks of glanders’ © Pe ‘ao oe have occurred among these animals, the first one being in a picture — 3 “ - company’s animals, and the second one in the animals owned by the city of Los Angeles. ro a se Source or INFECTION. With so many. animals to feed and ae are for, the question of a sufficient and economical food supply is. xe = one of importance. As a great many of the animals are carnivor- on x: ous, meat constitutes one of the main items of diet. 4 On account of the fact that equine flesh can be secured at a WS aoe “very great saving as compared with bovine flesh, the former has ee 2 been used exclusively for the meat supply of these animals. ey The horse slaughter houses have been conducted by laymen with absolutely no supervision. Bis a | The horses have been purchased from horse traders, peddlers, aS ete., the animals being usually old or crippled, and in such con- ~ aint ae ES that they are no longer of any value for work. These horses _~ " ‘sae bring from $2.50 to $10.00 a head. ras It can readily be understood, however, that among this class. - of horses the incidence of glanders is the highest, Therefore, in a - community where glanders is more or less prevalent as it is in , - eo ta A 660 : Groner H. HARP A eat AS Se - attendants without the true nature of the trouble being suspected. ~ and an animal man was called in, who diagnosed the case as an abe: rt 1916; and still the true nature of the disease was not ascertained. ~ Southern California, such horse flesh feading can only done with we any degree of safety under the strictest supervision by qualified , a veterinarians. The feeding of horse flesh killed without. any such . supervision has been the cause of both outbreaks of the disease. — ~ History or THE OUTBREAK. The first outbreak occurred ake” years ago, entailing an animal loss of 14 lions and an economical » ~ loss of approximately $20,000.00, some of the lions Sis.) est! eg trained for moving picture work. The recent outbreak in the City Zoo appeared in November, 1915. The first animal to show the disease was a Russian wolf, | which broke out with sores on its body, and was destroyed by the Shortly following the death of the wolf a lioness became affected, © scess of the head, from which supposed infection she finaily suc: cumbed, and no post-mortem examination was made. | The next animal to be affected was one of the finest specimens of male lions in captivity. The animal was valued at $2,000.00, and it was with him as a model that the lion statues at the Pankuks e _ Pacific Exposition were made. R This being such a valuable and docile animal, a great deal of treatment and nursing was given him, but he died early in January, This animal’s death, however, was rapidly followed hy two | ig other lions and three leopards coming down with the same ailment, — x: ay and then a more careful investigation was decided on by the City i tae authorities. This investigation was done by Dr. L. M. Hare . County Livestock Inspector of Los Angeles County, Dr. R. T. Whit- ~ tlesey, and the writer. ‘a ‘ Symptoms. The symptoms in these animals in several cases 4 : began with lameness, due probably to enlarged lymphatic glands. This was followed by lack of activity and customary life in the , animal, and almost complete loss of appetite, with resulting rapid — emaciation. Krom this point on, the disease assumed two ae tive forms, one being the nasal glanders and the other farcy. | he In the nasal cases there was noticed a mucous discharge, which y soon became streaked with blood. The animal would sniffle though it had difficulty in breathing through its nose. The blood streaked mucus became more pronounced with a particular increase in the amount of blood, until at times hemorrhages would occur iy 4 . at and blood streaked mucus flowed profusely from the inner canthus i oe ‘ of one or both eyes. ie The emaciation progressed rapidly, and these animals died in i 2 Hi z the course of two or three weeks from the time the symptoms ot } a 6 psi een | : rie. ral ‘ In the farey cases the nodules were not easily visible on ace a me yy Pe of the long hair, until after they had broken, when they ap- be fy peared as deep ragged ulcers, with no tendency to heal. They | - formed on the inside of the legs and along the abdomen, and in one | a leopard just behind the ear. The general condition of the animals ae x with this form of the disease did not decline so rapidly as with the — oe ~ nasal form, and both animals showing farcy were destroyed before “ the disease had run its course. pede oe - Dagnosts, The positive diagnosis of the disease is more diffi. oe | ‘galt than in domestic equine animals, because they do not respond ae _ to the ordinary tests so readily. The history is very important, and | : when a number of the carnivorous animals are showing any of the mt above symptoms, with a history of having been fed horse meat, -glanders should at once be suspected. eu The ophthalmo-mallein test in these cases, as well as in the — oe outbreak of three years ago, gave inconclusive results. Two lions aie and one leopard affected with the disease were tested. One lion oo _ showed a lacrimation with no pus formation, while the other two ae 3 eyed absolutely negative results. This is probably to be ac- Be _ counted for by the fact that the infection was so overwhelming and be a = *%, ? advanced that the animal organism could not respond to the bio- ” Se _ logical test as is frequently seen with the tuberculin test in cattle 5 - u or . _ with advanced cases of tuberculosis. a A Four male guinea pigs were inoculated intra- atdebainatiy wink: * discharge taken from the nasal cavities, and two with secretions — ais ; from the farey ulcers. Four of these experimental animals died hic | before sufficient time had elapsed for the orchitis to develop. The — ae remaining two, however, lived for 72 hours and showed no inflamma- a - tion of the testicles., This tended to confuse the diagnosis, and more eerie pigs were bagected. -In all, twelve male guinea 8 were - ns “mals. ‘These were inoculated with an emulsion of a very citi en- a larged and congested posterior pharyngeal gland obtained on ‘aaa ste i rai > ‘he sary t. eA ~ oe tt oa eee, 7 Yee San Mice las mbt 4 ik < — ahs nf : <'S Poe Fash ve ees < eal ine, i Ax 4 <) x , 4 if = pr “ef me i .% ui : X i : 5 5 s - - Vv eA 7 ae ¥ Ss, _ ” A 662 '. GEORGE H. HART Sh ate cat ca ne Tee alt . : eaeiNGe he fal ee ™~ mortem examination of one of the animals. This reaction confirmed, the clinical diagnosis of glanders. a Blood was drawn from two of the animals and forwarded * the Bureau of Animal Industry at Washington for the complement fixa- tion test. These samples never reached the Washington’ laboratory, 4 _and it is supposed they were in some mail bag lost during the Janu- — ary floods. This test, where available, is probably the most satis-— factory means of establishing a diagnosis. ‘ fe _ Post-Mortem Examinations. The carcasses of the animals” dying from the disease were emaciated, with marked edema of the — subcutaneous tissues. The lymphatics throughout the body showed — evidence of a severe infection, with enlargement of the glands and chorded condition of the lymphatic vessels. : The characteristic glanders nodules in the lungs were absent, probably due to the acute nature of the infection, terminating — fatally in so short a time. 7 . The farey ulcers were very deep, with ieeepale edges and chorded lymphatics leading from them. a The most typical glanders lesions were found in the nostrils — " of the nasal cases. Here the entire mucous membrane covering the ' nostrils and turbinated bones was eroded into one large ulcerated — area, with profuse blood streaked discharge. oe _ Treatment. In this outbreak, as soon as the diagnosis was made, all affected animals were at once destroyed. It has been re- ported that feline animals have recovered from glanders, but in this i case four had died before a positive diagnosis was made. Two of these had been given such careful treatment and nursing that it: a was not deemed advisable to risk the danger of infection of atten- a dants and other animals by keeping visibly affected ones on the ~ premises. 3 / Since the sick animals, numbering four lions, three leopards, and one wolf have either died or been killed, and the premises dis- infected, three months have elapsed and no new cases have developed the disease, and it is now hoped none of them are infected. Prevention. The prevention of this disease is easily accom- plished by not feeding horse flesh to these animals. If the number of animals is large, and horse flesh must be fed for economic reasons, ~ - then it should be aecompanied by strict veterinary supervision. AG The killing for the entire community should be done at one slaughtering establishment, This establishment should be equipped ¥ 3 Fe ye eee ar eR Mei Tes ie NL cea a Se ¢ a ine at 13h pO ahh eee ; ‘e i i, bs y eye ie ie o % a 4 ? ~ , A we : Fe +, + , j J tLe DIAGNOSIS OF feiietes 663 with adequate cold storage equipment to chill and keep the meat a reasonable time, It is possible at times to purchase a considerable number of horses, and at others they are diffienlt to obtain. By having cold storage the supply and demand can be more readily the horses on foot after purchase is eliminated. The slaughtering establishment should also have separate and individual corrals or stables where incoming horses are kept. until they are ascertained to be free from glanders; and then a general corral or stable to which they are removed while awaiting slaxghter. The veterinary inspection should consist of an ante-mortem “examination with the application of the ophthalmo-mallein test or the complement fixation test, or both. A post-mortem examination should also be made as a further precautionary measure. . Under such restrictions I feel sure horse flesh could safely be fed to wild animals, and its great saving in cost over beef would amply justify the added expense in equipment and maintenance. These’ animals to feed, and would not have to be under public supervision. ——_0———_- THE RELIABILITY OF CELL PROLIFERATIVE — CHANGES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES J. B. HARDENBERGH AND B. M. UNDERHILL (Laboratory of the Penna. State Livestock Sanitary Board). Philadelphia, Pa. : Essentially, the relative value of factors bearing upon the - diagnosis of rabies can only be determined by careful comparison ; value of our conclusions will depend upon the number and char- acter of cases submitted. Primarily these factors fall under two year 1900 there was practically no method other than diagnostic - drawn from ante-mortem observation. Babes, in 1892, was first to utilize for purposes of diagnaieel ' regulated, the meat.is in better condition, and the cost of feeding” and confirmation of laboratory findings, one with the other, and of — these with the clinical record in each ease. Obviously, again, the © heads,—those ante-mortem and those post-mortem. Prior to the — i certain cellular changes which had previously been observed in- — ’ ganglia. Our present unsatisfactory knowledge as to the nature | and specificity of Negri bodies will not admit of denial that identical | bodies may occur in the central nervous tissue of animals dead from ' other cause than rabies. That certain elements in smear prepara- is - tions and extruded nucleoli within the nerve cells of sectioned ma- ia _ terial might, under certain circumstances be misleading, is certainly ' true. To trained and observing laboratory workers in this field, | a however, differentiation in such cases presents no great difficulty, fit i ig I : ® The definite morphological characteristics and staining af-— - finities of Negri bodies, together with the fact that they have not — _ been proven to exist in any other disease, make them so conclu- _ sively diagnostic that their detection in material submitted to the a laboratory of the board suffices for an immediate positive report. If these bodies are not found after careful search of smear . preparations from the hippocampus major and cerebellum, the ‘material, together with the ganglion nodosum, is sectioned and ¥ stained according to Mann’s method and with haematoxylin-eosin. Ordinarily where no bodies are found after this treatment the -Tabies, a further test by inoculations being made if requested. A conclusive laboratory diagnosis, however, is often beset with difficulties or found quite impossible, due to various hinder- ee ‘) t, : f a ie be . P 5 ye DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES RNA ade at 665 world. To most pathologists, however, the evidence has as yet been Hf pie are the specific causative agents of the disease. Upon these — _ phases there is considerable contemporary investigation, and much — H a of the School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, ease is reported as negative to laboratory findings indicative of ; _ ganglion nodosum is available, and on microscopic examination . 666 ~ «SJ. B, HARDENBERGH AND B. M. UNDERHILL = servations have been carried out at the laboratory for a period cover- ing the two years from April 1, 1914 to April 1, 1916. 453 brains ganglion in each case. The appended table summarizes our ob or extreme mutilation in the ‘deeteuitian of the aninaa may he : “mentioned among these. ‘Under such conditions it is necessary to. refer a final opinion in the case to the following diagnostic’ factors either eine or in relation to each other: with gross post-mortem PE ee 2nd. Bodies of uncertain but suspicious nature in deco posed, contaminated, or otherwise unsatisfacto brain material, alone, or in relation with the ‘first 3d. _ Changes in the ganglion nodosum alone,. in- relatio with the first, with second, or with both Bot an. second. 4th. Diagnostic oeuiatiha: In many cases where the brain has been shot away, or from — other causes is in unsatisfactory condition for examination, the will show the distinctive changes if rabies be present. These ma be fairly well marked even though the brain has undergone ad vanced decomposition with complete disintegration of the nerve cells. How dependable a diagnosis based upon examination. of this ganglion alone may be, could only be determined. by careful comparison of findings by this method with those of other meth ods in the same case throughout a long series. With.a view to investigation along this line, a series of ob- and ganglia were examined, smears and sections being made fro the hippocampus major and cerebellum, and sections from th servations from this material: (a) Smears and sections positive, ganglia positive. .223 s (b) Smears and sections negative, ganglia negative..187 - s (c) Smears and sections positive, ganglia negative.. 9 (d) Smears and sections negative, ganglia positive.. 34 Total brains and ganglia examined, 1 ae DIAGNOSIS OF RABIES : 667 eG ay between brain and jee approximates 2.2%. In series ‘*d’’ much of the brain material was not in condition for satisfactory ip examination, which, in such instances, may account for the nega- may have been so.scant and obscure as to have escaped observa- tion. Furthermore, brain preparations regarded as suspicious have been recorded experimentally as negative in this series. The yositive ganglia in series ‘‘d’’, therefore, should not be included with the negative ganglia in series ‘‘¢’’ as showing a distinct dis- “agreement with the smear and section preparations. _ ae _ From the numerous cases of ida ig rabies submitted for tion. The results above recorded we regard as pointing to the following conclusions : ipibics and also in association with Negri bodies in such prepara- tions from rabic brains. | 2. That true Negri bodies are ae present in the oanttes 3. That in all cases submitted for diagnosis the ganglion nodosum should be preserved and, in the event of negative besa . findings, examined for palifobative changes. 4, +That section preparations of the ganglion nodosum show- ing diffuse or distinct localized proliferative changes warrant a dh- % available for examination (tabular series ‘‘a’’ and boas « a 2 g the ganglion shows distinct proliferation, it is probable that the Negri bodies escaped observation, or that the brain, through de- - composition, mutilation, or other cause, was unsatisfactory for ex- amination (tabular series ‘‘d’’). may not show proliferative changes, though Negri bodies be pres- ent in the brain, Therefore a negative diagnosis should not be : based upon a negative finding in the ganglion alone (tabular ser- _ ies Bok =. 2%). Considering series ‘‘a,’’ ‘‘b,’’ and ‘‘e,’’ only, the discrepancy e findings, while in other cases it is quite possible that changes © tion to accumulate further data as to both of these lines of investiga- _ 1g That ‘‘Negri- “like” bodies may occur in smear and section — agnosis of rabies, though other material may be negative or not 5: That in eases where the brain material is negative and 6. That rarely section preparations of the ganglion nodosum S pa 2868 J. B. HARDENBERGH AND B. M. UNDERHILL 4 4 L 7 i , \ 4 t * are + ~ - Gin REFERENCES ~~.) > RAVENEL: Rabies-Report of Penna. Dep’t of Agriculture, 1901. Mouter: Cause and Prevention of Rabies, Twenty-sirth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry: SUNDERVILLE AND FircH. Note on the Anatomical Relationship and ‘Nomengli-” ture of so-called Plexiform Ganglion of the Dog in connection with waste Se ST nosis of Rabies. Report of the New York State Veterinary College, 1911- ang 1912. he PURE MU eit - _ -—Retcwen: Diagnosis of Rabies. American Veterinary Review, Jan., 1911. : Sait i oe Sone EXPLANATION OF PLATES ee oe ae Sections of hippocampus from brain of dog which had died from rabies, z: aX : showing Negri bodies. H. & E, High power. re Cell with four inclusions. ; are ae rg Cell with one inclusion. og th Sam _ Section of same from another case. Oil immersion objective, HL ii B A. B. and C. Negri bodies, two ene. shown at C, $ D. and E. Nucleoli. ; ie AA A Section of normal ganglion nodosum from dog: H. & E. Low Power. = Section of same from dog which had died from rabies, showing depenerkss Ken) tive changes in the nerve cells, and, at A, three distinct areas: of localized proliferation. H. & E. Low power. yy or e No, 5. Section of same from another case, showing further degenerative” (i ae changes and four distinct ita taaies areas. H. & E. Low ue 3 Rae power: | A " No. 6. Section of same from a third case, showing advanced daarinaen Hines and | c ; obliteration of the nerve cells with diffuse proliferation, H. & E, C4 Low power. . Puate I. Nos. 1 AND 2. Zé ay tS Puate IT. Nos. 3 AND 4. oe: i Puate III. Nos. 5 AND 6. als" 7 1 aS? i" wig tei Bis *. he Ce ee he Sel 4 ee SH ape Pee RAeT Ec CY Pao, aeons nae - esta *¢.: ~ f (we * nat He ; “ spe Oe DE, r ‘ = | ee : 2 Pe < i Wien Pad \ ra i ‘THE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK CITY—A LES- Ee "SON IN MUNICIPAL SANITATION! See . € Baa / A Lee M, Srecxen, D.V.M., New York City. - eee , eS ‘*She can milk; look you, a sweet virtue in a maid with clean hands.”* | ae —Shakespeares Gam 4 To furnish an adequate supply of pure milk to more than five — oi million mouths is a task as difficult as it is interesting. The prob- 4 ae S lem of New York City’s milk supply presents one of the most im-- ee portant chapters m the complexities of modern urban life. he Far back in the early times, everyone had milk from his own a, cow. Later, a few received it from their neighbors in exchange _ re for other products. As time progressed and villages and towns be- es came more populated, some people made it their business to supply — Re milk to the others. So far the consumers had more or less personal — alae gontrol.of the milk supply, as each family patronized that dairyman, 7s who they were confident would furnish them with pure milk, or at De _ times they visited his farm to convince themselves of the purity of ae - the product. } a S32 However, as town grew into cities, and cities became larger _ ris ) _ and larger, and the supply of milk had to be brought fron: more ~ ae distant sections, the old intimacy between the producer and the con- | ~ sumer disappeared. A new regime of milk distribution sprang up. — es - New factors had to be reckoned with, namely, the creamery, the railroad and the city distributor. nu Civilization, with its accompanying improvements, exacts a = penalty for any benefit it confers. While the housewife has been ‘- ny relieved of the responsibility of caring for her own cow, or select- rd ing the dairyman—by having her milk delivered to her door—other — ast _ drawbacks present themselves, principally in that the milk is often — om much inferior in grade, though the physical appearance is not changed. eeletgr 8 y Not so long ago it used to be a common practice to add-water to milk, or to take off part of the cream, or even both at the same iy time. Furthermore many producers and dealers, in order to pres vent the milk from souring, would make liberal use of chemicals such as starch, boric acid, formalin, ete. This practice went from . ee 1 The photos illustrating this article were supplied to Dr. Steckel through IS the courtesy of the New York City Department of Health, Hee 3 7 : aed ie 670 LEE M. STECKEL - : Fic. 1. Unsanitary cow barn—condemned by N. Y. C. Dept. of Health. Ae oe, a a" rien HARA A (A Fie, 2, Modern sanitary dairy barn. bad to worse, so. much so that people soon awakened to these injuri- of the milk and the setting of a minimum standard for the water, fat, and solid content. pate - During many years it became apparent that the infant mor- _ tality in the large cities, especially in the congested sections, was - He MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK CITY 671 ous frauds perpetrated upon them, and a clamor arose for milk _inspection. Soon the state and municipal authorities inaugurated a form of milk supervision which consisted of a chemical analysis iF es Ms appalling, and it dawned upon public spirited citizens and health : unsanitary and impure milk supply. Investigations and experi- ‘ments were inaugurated and the fact was substantiated that the - to impure and adulterated milk. It was found that in proportion as the milk was filthy and contaminated with millions of bacteria, Aa the diarrheal diseases among infants were increased; furthermore, that such diseases as tuberculosis, typhoid fever, diphtheria, septic became apparent that, in order to insure a pure milk supply, the supervision must extend from the time the milk leaves the cow until it reaches the consumer. This was no small undertaking when you consider that New — York City consumes over 2,000,000 quarts of milk daily, produced by about 350,000 cows, scattered on 44,000 farms located in six states, is passed through 11,000 creameries and then shipped to - in Greater New York, while there are about 14,000 stores retailing ~ milk. All in all, it requites an army of 200,000 persons to carry out this gigantic task daily. articles of diet, since our very existence depends on it. In this twentieth century the majority of women cannot—and some do not _ want to—nurse their own babies, and therefore cow’s milk is the - only food on which to raise our children in order to perpetuate _ mankind, at least until some savant creates a substitute for cow’s milk. The city baby, living in more confined quarters, with lack _of air and sunshine, needs a thousandfold more care than its coun- _ try cousin. As milk is practically the infant’s only food, especially - during the first year of its life, when it consumes close to 500 quarts authorities, that perhaps this useless loss of life resulted from the © 4 high percentage of infant mortality was, in a great measure, due | sore throat and scarlet fever were disseminated through milk. Jt | New York, a distance of from 50 to 450 miles (in over 250 special — _ milk ears); requires more than 6,000 wagons to deliver. this milk’ Unlike other food supplies, milk is one of the most essential 672 LEE M. STECKEL of milk, the necessity for a pure and wholesome milk supply cannot be emphasized too strongly. Little does the mother dream that the apparently clean, white bottle of milk, delivered at her door, may harbor millions of filthy germs, which when fed to the baby may cause indigestion and other Bottling mii: New York City supply. Fie. 3. troubles. Or, what is still worse, that this milk may be contam- inated with infectious disease germs, and her baby, instead of thriv- ing when fed with this life-giving fluid, may be taken sick and die. The color of the milk has long acted as a veil for many impurities — contained in it. It is far more important to know the condition of HE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK cITY re Meee: bhiE : ; 4 the milk from a sanitary and bacteriological standpoint, than to ‘if know its chemical composition. The new science of bacteriology —_ has contributed a great deal toward procuring a pure milk supply. The number and kind of germs contained in the milk bear a direct. i relation to the manner and method of its production, handling and re age. ; : (Ps Though, for a number of years, public spirited citizens and health boards have advocated stricter regulation of the mi!k sup- & ply, it was not until the general public became possessed with a strong desire for hygiene and sanitation, that the new methods of ‘oa milk control were put into operation. Now, not alone is the milk . ' examined chemically, but its purity is tested from a saniiary 9 ~ and bacteriological standpoint, and special stress is laid upon its freedom from germs. It took years of hard work to bring about | ie this reform, The fight was a three-sided one—with the farmer, — the milk company and the consumer. As difficult as it was to in. ~ | : _ duce the farmer to inaugurate sanitary methods in his dairy, it was a harder task to bring about the reform in the transportation’: . Beis. and distribution of milk. PAs 4G ‘The milk would come to the city at a high temperature, ini dirty cs . _ cans with broken covers. The dealer in turn would keep the milk an indefinite period and handle it recklessly while in process of ais ae ? tribution to the stores and homes. In the stores too, it was-handled es carelessly and exposed to contamination from dust, dirt and flies. — a be | The mother who would purchase this milk would keep it uncovered — & ‘chee and in a warm temperature and feed the baby in a negligerit and — _\ slip-shod manner. Often when the baby would not consume the es entire contents of the nursing bottle, the mother would keep. the a balance of the milk for the next feeding. All this time the milk ee would be exposed to contamination from dust and flies. Tremendous changes have taken place recently in the mere ade- . ie quate provision for pure milk in New York City. Millions of dol- — _ lars have been spent in the building and equipment of dairy barns, — _ milk houses, creameries, pasteurizing plants and milk cars. The old sign ‘*Keep out, this is private,’’ is a thing of the past. In- _ stead the public is cordially invited to visit and inspect every part — of the work connected with the milk industry. With all precau- tions, it was still found that it was almost impossible to secure milk — ea free from contamination with infectious disease germs, such as tuberculosis, typhoid, diphtheria, scarlet fever, etc., so the New Agr 674 LEE M. STECKEL York Department of Health recently ordered that all milk received in New York City must be pasteurized, with the exception of the so- called grade A raw, guaranteed and certified milk. It has been ascertained by noted sanitarians that the pasteurization of milk, that is, heating it to a certain temperature, 145 degrees Fahrenheit New York City Dept. of Health Inspector taking milk samples. Fic. 4. ¢ for 30 minutes, will destroy many germs, including those causing infectious diseases. The milk which arrives in New York City to-day is practically supervised from the time it leaves the cow until tt reaches the con- sumer. All cows producing milk for New York City must be ex- 9 els ee he i a ee a See ee ee ee ee ae ee onthe he oat 5 {HE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW. YORK cITy 675 : f amined by a graduate veterinarian and theit state of health ap- - proved. Board of health inspectors visit the dairy farms and see that the barns are kept in proper and sanitary condition, that the ~ water supplied to the cows and used for washing the milk utensils, is pure, and that the milk is kept covered and at the proper tempera- ture. Both the farmer and his employees must present a clean bill of health. In the event of illness either in the farmer’s family or in the herd, the milk may not be sent to the city. The inspection is fol- lowed up at the creamery, where the same sanitary precautions are observed. In transit, on its arrival at the city depots, at the pas- teurizing and bottling establishments and so on until the milk reaches the house of the consumer, the inspectors keep careful watch. Full control is kept over the product by means of a score card or check system, and by samples of milk taken at each stage of its journey for chemical and bacteriological examination, There are now three grades of milk sold in the city. Grade A, . both raw and pasteurized—for infants. The raw milk must come from cows free from ‘tuberculosis, as shown by a tuberculin vs diagnostic test, it must conform to strict sanitary methods of pro- duction and handling, and must not contain more than a limited number of germs. It is distributed in bottles. Pasteurized milk comes from healthy cows and must be produced under sanitary eon- ditions. The germ content is limited. It is also delivered in bottles. Grade B—is pasteurized milk for use by adults only. This milk comes from healthy cows and is produced under careful methods, but the germ content may be larger than in Grade A milk. Grade C— is milk which is not produced under as careful methods as the above grades. It must be pasteurized or boiled and be used only for cooking and manufacturing purposes.. “Aside from these grades _ there is the so-called certified milk which is produced under the most stringent sanitary methods, and must be certified by a medi- cal commission. It will*thus be seen that the milk which is received in New York City to-day is produced under quite different methods from those in vogue a few years ago. The inspection begins on the farm and does not end until the milk reaches the consumer, In order to ship milk to New York City, the dairyman must have healthy cows, clean barns, pure water supply, clean utensils, milk with clean hands, he must discard any abnormal milk, and he must keep the milk cold until delivered at the creamery. He must not 676 LEE M. STECKEL ship the milk if there is an infectious disease at the farm. At the creamery too, the milk must be kept cool until pasteurized and must be bottled under strict sanitary conditions. During trans- portation on milk trains, the milk must be kept cool and tightly covered. In the city plant, on the wagons, at the stores, sanitary Model milk store—New York City. 5. Fic. measures must be adhered to, in order to avoid any possible con- tamination, The great chain of this pure milk problem has only one weak link, and that 1s the consumer. He has as yet not learned that some responsibility devolves upon him in this important question. Free ST Sarton, Pee : , - SR ite 4 ere CE Te ae ye EY PEF EME Tee t ree ee ee eee si e THE MILK SUPPLY OF NEW YORK CIry 677 __ instruction as to the proper care and feeding of the baby is given to mothers at the milk stations, maintained by philanthropic agencies ; to the poor and needy. But this is not sufficient. A more ener- oe getic campaign should be inaugurated among housewives, as to the ‘ proper care of the milk after it reaches the home. Particularly should the housewife remember the three C’s: Clean, Covered, Cool. and by the Department of Health for the distribution of pure milk — : The fight for a sanitary milk supply for this city has finally z | been won. All factors are now harmoniously working together in q an effort to supply New York City with the best milk obtainable. In my investigations of this question, I find that in comparison j _ with other large cities, the milk in New York City is of a high stand- ard. As milk is a cheap, a nourishing and a wholesome food, people would do well to use it liberally in their daily diet. —7Amersoan Medicine. to the Farmer and Stock Raiser in Suppressing the Foot-and Mouth Disease’ in the House of Representatives said, relative to the Bureau of Animal Industry: ‘‘Instead of knocking the men who worked day and night, Sundays and holidays to accomplish these results, let us show them our appreciation of their efforts, even fi Br Hon. T. J. Steele; of Iowa, in a speech on ‘‘Government Aid } sure you that if this herculean task had been accomplished in one of the European countries, these men, whom some of you have so se- _verely criticised, would be wearing badges of honor or of merit for the results obtained.’’ ee Bureau of Animal Industry. Amendment to Regulation 9, sec- y tion 2, paragraph 5.—Animals which are offered for ante-mortem in- _. spection under this regulation, and which are regarded as immature, shall be marked ‘‘U. 8S. Suspect,’’ and if slaughtered the disposition of ‘the carcasses shall be determined by the post-mortem findings in conjunction with the ante-mortem conditions. If not slaughtered __ as suspects, such animals shall be held under Bureau supervision and after sufficient development may be released for slaughter, or may be released for any other purpose, provided they have not. been exposed to any infectious or contagious disease. Animals found dead or in a dying condition on premises of an official establishment shall be marked *‘U. 8. Condemned”’ and disposed of in accordance with section 8 of this regulation, a though they, like others, have made a few mistakes; and I ean ac- , 4 THE VALUE OF EFFICIENT, COMMERCIAL PASTEUR. IZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK NATURALLY INFECTED. WITH TUBERCLE BACILLI * J. Traum, Veterinary Science Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, G. H. Harr, City Veterinarian, Department of Health, Los Angeles, California. The necessity of pasteurization in safeguarding the milk sup-_ ply has become universally recognized. One of the main reasons ~ for such procedure is the frequency with which bovine tubercle bacilli are present in ordinary market milk. The claim has been made, however, that pasteurization as commercially carried on in large city milk plants does not render milk from tuberculous cat- tle safe. In reviewing the literature on the thermal death point of tubercle bacilli, it becomes evident that the difference of opin- ion on this question is great. The American workers seem to accept the view that tubercle bacilli are’ not more resistant io heat than non-spore bearing organisms, while some Europeans hold the oppo- site view. Below is a brief review of the most important literature — on this subject : Smiru, THEOBALD: The Thermal Death Point.of Tubercle Bacillus in Milk and Other Fluids. Jour. of Experim. Med., Vol. 4, 1899, p. 217. | He suspended tuberele bacilli in milk, water, salt solution, ete.,. and exposed these to a temperature of 60° C. (140° F.) for various periods. Tubercle bacilli suspended in water and salt solution were destroyed in 15 to 20 minutes. To determine the viability of the organisms he made cultures and guinea pig inoculations. Controls were also inoculated. Tubercle bacilli were also suspended in milk and exposed to 60° C. in ordinary tubes with cotton plugs or glass stoppers. In one instance he was still able to produce generalized tuberculosis in guinea pigs even after milk was exposed 60 minutes. When he used sealed tubes and immersed them in the water bath, tubercle bacilli suspended in milk were no longer capable of pro- ducing tuberculosis in guinea pigs after being exposed for 17 min- utes. In one instance, however, heating at 60° C. for 17 minutes caused, in the inoculated guinea pig, a suspicious subcutaneous lymph node from which he made no reinoculations. ‘‘Lesions were, however, so light,’’ he says, “if due to lying organisms, that one bacillus may have caused it.’’ Caseous material from tuberculous bovine lung was suspended in bouillon and was destroyed when exposed to 60° C for 20 minutes, His conclusions contain an explanation for the resistance of tuber- cle bacilli in milk in unsealed tubes, Genre ee..." eg Pn ose eae eae st ee PASTEURIZATION IN SAFEGUARDING MILK ~~ 679 — Conclusions: 1. Tubercle bacilli, when suspended in dis- tilled water, normal salt solution, or bouillon, and milk, are de- stroyed at 60° ©. in 15 to 20 minutes. The larger number are de- stroyed in 5 to 10 minutes. & 2. When tubercle bacilli are suspended in milk the pellicle F which forms during the exposure at 60° C. may contain living bacilli after 60 minutes. + - Russent & Hastines: Thermal Death Point of Tubercle Bacilli re under Commercial Conditions—Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion of University of Wisconsin 17th Annual Report, 1900. These observers confirmed Smith’s work. In five series of ex- periments, milk was inoculated with pure cultures of bovine tuber- ele bacilli and heated at 60° C. (140° F.) in a commercial rotary _ pasteurizer (Potts) and kept at that temperature for various lengths _ of time from 5 to 45 minutes. To test the thermal death point they - inoculated guinea pigs intraperitoneally. Control guinea pigs were inoculated with unheated milk. ‘‘The conclusions from these ser- — ies indicate that an exposure of 10 minutes at 60° C. (140° F.) is sufficient to destroy the vitality of the tubercle organism so com- pletely that large doses inoculated in the most susceptible portion of a very susceptible animal (guinea, pig) fail to produce any de- — velopment of the disease, while unheated samples of milk and those exposed to 60° C. (140.° F.) for 5 minutes produced the disease without exception.’’ : In another experiment consisting of two series of tests, a com- parison was made of heating milk at 60° C. in the commercial pas- - teurizer and in open bottles placed in a water bath. In the latter case the milk remained in a quiescent condition and was exposed to the action of the air which permitted a film to form on the sur- | face. Where the milk was exposed in a quiescent condition as In a glass tube or bottle, tubercle bacilli were more resistant than where ) the milk was in a closed receiver and agitated. While all tubercle . organisms were destroyed in the commercial pasteurizer in ten min- — . utes, neither an exposure for this period nor for 15 minutes sufficed to destroy the same lot of organisms when the milk was kept in a quiescent condition at a similar temperature in vessels to which air had more access. The exposure in these two series at 60° C. was not continued longer than fifteen minutes. They conclude, ‘‘It is recommended in order to thoroughly pasteurize milk, so as to de- stroy any tubercle bacilli, which it may contain, without in any way injuring the creaming properties or consistency, to heat in closed pasteurizer for a period not less than 20 minutes at 140°F.. (60° C.) 7? These workers have further shown (On the Increased Resis- tance of Bacteria in Milk Pasteurized in Contact with Air—-Agrie. Ds Exp. Station of University of Wisconsin 18th Annual Report, 1901) ~~ that the pellicle formation or scalded layer increases the resistance 680 _ «3. TRAUM AND GH HART sa { Sa) ayy De : ss not only oF tubercle bacilli, but of other organisms. In their Sonict ‘ they were working with cocci. M. J. Rosenav: Thermal Death Point of Pathogenic Microorgan- art cr isms.—U. S. Hygienic Laboratory Bulletin 42, 1908. — F Es _ Rosenau performed a series of 9 experiments with 5 different Fae. 5K virulent bovine strains. These were suspended in 15 to 20 ¢.c. milk, i rubbed up in mortar, and heated to 60° C. in.open test tube disre- garding scum formation. The temperature was 60° C. unless other- | - wise stated. Guinea pigs were inoculated intraperitoneally with — ies CC, -The experiments were checked and secondary inoculations 2 ) were made in all suspicious eases. ; 8 Ist exp. Milk exposed 5 minutes produced tuberculosis in ___-—- 2: moeulated guinea pigs. Exposure for 10 minutes failed to pro- — duce tuberculosis while exposure for 20 minutes produced tuber- os a enlosis in one pig and questionable results in the other; reinocula- : tions from latter caused generalized tuberculosis. tri — —~——s 2nd exp. Milk heated for 12 minutes produced tuberculosis ie Bs. in inoculated guinea pigs while exposure 15, 18 and 20 minutes, re- Boadway failed to produce the disease. 3rd exp. Milk exposed to 65° C. in this test and it took 5 min- utes to heat to 65°C. Guinea pigs inoculated with milk after it reached 65° C. and thereafter in 1, 5, 8, 10, and 15 minutes re-_ spectively, failed to develop tuberculosis. ; 4th exp. Milk exposed 2 and 5 minutes respectively produced -_- . tuberculosis in inoculated guinea pigs. ‘ 7, Milk exposed 10, 15, 18 minutes, ete., respectively, failed gare _ produce tuberculosis in inoculated guinea pigs. eh: Sot Sate 5th exp. (Temperature in this experiment 64.8 to 65. 1). Milk ae 2 Ba inoculated when it reached 65° C. which took 5 minutes, failed to C. for 2, 3, 5 minutes respectively, also gave negative results, 6th exp. Two minutes exposure at 60° ©. failed to destroy | berele bacilli, and failed to produce tuberculosis in inoculated — Z guinea pigs. ¥ 7th exp. Milk exposed 1, 2, 3, and 4 minutes respectively, , failed to produce tuberculosis in ‘inoculated guinea pigs. It took — ies «: 41% minutes for milk to reach 60° C, es 8th exp. Milk inoculated into guinea pigs that had readhed: 60° ©, which took 5 minutes, failed to produce tuberculosis in these animals. With milk exposed 1, 3, and 4 minutes respectively, nega- . | tive results were also obtained. . ; 9th exp. Milk exposed 3 minutes at 60° C, produced tuber-" culosis in inoculated guinea pigs. 4, 5, 6, and 8 minutes’ exposure destroyed tubercle bacilli organisms as evidenced by guinea pig inoculations, produce tuberculosis in inoculated guinea pigs. Exposure to 65° — Be ti. tubercle bacilli. 3, 4, and 5 minutes respectively, destroyed tu- — a ise 681 “Tt. is eiawicaat difficult to reconcile Rosenau’s findings Site 4 tubercle bacilli would sometimes withstand long exposure to 60° C.,, and in one of his experiments heating for 60 minutes at 60° C. ae Apes to destroy the tuberele bacilli. . “Thermal death of tubercle bacilli’’ done up to that time. The fs difference of results is marked and it is unfortunate that work was ‘not done under like conditions. The fact that guinea pig inocu- ‘lations are necessary to establish the viability of the organism may ~ explain the many positive results since, as is pointed out by Rosenau - _ and demonstrated by others before, dead tubercle bacilli are capable Ue of producing tubereular-like lesions even with caseation. Organ- isms from such lesions may be demonstrated microscopically, but animals inoculated from such lesions show no evidence of tubereu- losis. The following excerpts from his review seem most important ; _ ing milk at 60° C. for 15 minutes he would destroy other organisms, s -but-not tubercle bacilli. All his guinea pigs receiving such milk, . - however, failed to develop tuberculosis, even those milks that were s ‘ ‘artificially infected with tubercle bacilli. MarsHatu or Micuiaan, 1899: Sterilized milk infected with | tuberculous material of cows and placed in shallow vessels and put ia ~ into pail sterilized, and when exposed at 68°.C. for 20 minutes the tubercle bacilli were killed. Animal inoculations were used ‘to _ demonstrate the vitality of the organisms. : By _ Rasrnowrrcn, 1900, made the statement that recent investiga- ‘tions at Institute fir Infektionsktankheiten: in Berlin had shown * recalled the fact that tubercle bacilli like other organisms con- _. taining fat are more resistant to heat and that this may account for ee eS et 2-8 oe consulted.) — Herr ww 1901 shook up cream with tuberculous sputum and _ placed it in sealed tubes containing 4 ¢.c. each. The tubes*were Re brought to desired temperature and maintained in water bath at \ desired temperature and length of time. | -_- The following exposures effectively destroyed tuberele bacilli ". _as indicated by animal inoculation: 65° C. for 15 minutes; 68° C; » for 15 minutes; 70° C. for 7 minutes; 72° C. for 7 minutes ; 75°.C. - for 3 minutes; 80° C. for 3 minutes: 85° C. for 5 seconds ; 85° C, for 5 minutes ; 89° C. for 30 seconds; 90° C. for 5 seconds; and 95° C. for 5 seconds.. 80° C. for 5 seconds still produced tuber- -culosis, . iba of Smith and Russel & Hastings, since these workers, espec-. ially Smith, insisted that unless pellicle formation was prevented Sy _ Rosenau’s article reviews practically all the recorded work on *.__ Scuroeper’s work is of interest since he thought that by heat- & that tubercle bacilli are surely killed only at 100° C. Her results > _ irregular results obtained by invéstigators. (The original was not 682 J. TRAUM AND G, H, HART re a Herr recommends 85° C. for two minutes as the most t practical exposure for cream from which butter was to be made, This ae : “a accomplished by the continuous pasteurizer. Hess, 1901, inoculated sterilized milk with. human faberélé bacilli. The samples were then sealed up in small tubes and drop- ae a a ped into a sterilizer and kept there for 20 minutes at 57°, 58°, and — 60° C., respectively. Guinea pigs inoculated with milk exposed at. 57° and 58° C. developed tubereulosis, while animals” inoculated | with 60° C. heated milk did not develop tuberculosis. | Levy AND Bruns, 1901, showed that a temperature varying be-— tween 65° and 70° C. and operating for 15 to 25 minutes effectually - killed human and bovine tubercle bacilli in milk. — Pellicle forma- aCe tion was prevented in their experiment. Bane, 1902: Pellicle formation prevented, obtained following results with rabbits inoculated intraperitoneally : 60°—15 minutes—Prevented tuberculosis in 2 animals, but 2 others became slightly tuberculous. 65°—0 to 15 minutes—Effectually prevented tuberculosis. ae 70, 75, 80 and 85 momentarily, effectually prevented tuber- — eulosis. From these and feeding experiments on rabbits and hogs Bang — concludes that while heating at 60° C. for 15 minutes does not pre- vent peritoneal infection, it weakens the bacteria so that they are innocuous by way of the alimentary tract. In testing the viability of these organisms on glycerine bouillon cultures he found cultures failed to develop after exposure to 60° and 65° C. for five minutes, although unheated controls grew well. RusseELL AND Hastings, 1904: Milk infected with human and bovine tubercle bacilli, guinea pig inoculation being used. Ex- posed in continuous pasteurizer, where it took *4 of a minute to reach desired temperature when exposed for 1 minute at 160° FP. (71.1° ©.) it was freed from living tubercle bacilli, The authors do not unreservedly recommend this temperature and exposure for — routine practical pasteurization without further investigation. An interesting mention is made in Rosenau’s review of Barthel — and Stentroms’ work in 1901 when he says, ‘‘They report some preliminary work which must be interpreted as showing the influ- ence of coagula in protecting the tubercle bacilli from action of heat. This clot formation was probably due to the abnormal re- action of the pathological fluid from tuberenlous udders employed. Animals injected with this material became tuberculous after it had been heated to 75° for 15 minutes and to 80° for 10 minutes.’’ In 1904 BartueL AND STeNTROM continued their work relative to the effect of milk reaction upon resistance to heat of contained tubercle bacilli. Two milks were used, one neutral which withstood 90° ©, ° without coagulating and the other abnormally acid which coagulated —— Ba ee ate ee Se eae eet 9 ha gig ry = + gt a oh eae tas ae : x aa ¥ rm oe eae, tA a ae COM > , ; i tee 4 hy sis io _PASTEURIZATION IN, SAFEGUARDING MILK ~ : 683 at 60°C. At 30° 0. one spirit exposure killed in uncoagulated milk, but not in coagulated (acid) milk. At 85°, momentary ex- _ posure failed to kill in either. One minute exposure killed in un- coagulated, but not in coagulated milk. Rosenau concludes, _ ‘While these experiments are very limited in scope, they at least _ Suggest a source of error in the work of those who used the seere- - prone to be abnormal in reaction and protective clots may have been formed.’’ ~ cent. publications is a controversy over the thermal death point of tubercle bacilli in milk between Professor Forster of Strassburg and _ Basenau of Amsterdam. Professor Forster concluded from some of his work that bovine tubercle bacilli in milk contained in a bottle and subjected for 30 minutes to 70° to 72° C. were destroyed. in view of De Jong’s and Van der Sluis’ findings. (These findings | re? pathogenic by exposure at 70° to 72° C. for 14 hour, and the danger _ from such milk is only lost after heating at 80° C, for 1 hour, Pro- fessor Forster’s answer to this is contained in Beitrage zur der Seve Vol. 55, 1910. _ flask and exposed under water heated at 65 to 66° for 15 minutes - in one instance, and for 20 minutes in another. Both exposures _ destroyed tubercle bacilli as indicated by intraperitoneal ‘nocula- _ tions into guinea pigs with centrifuged milk. Experiments were: carefully controlled and reinoculations in suspicious cases were ~ Ruhe und Abtétung von Tuberkelbacillen. Centralbl. fiir Bakt. Abt. 1 originale 48, 1908-09. He concludes: pend. dNot only do tubercle bacilli from bovines, but also those _ from the horse, goat, sheep, man, swine and cat withstand pasteuri- ~ zation of 71 to 72°C. for % hour. b é ‘culous milk as in milk infected with natural tuberculous products. 3. The mentioned pasteurization cannot, under all conditions, destroy tubercle bacilli. and should not be sold under such name. — He draws the above conclusions from results of experiments _ Since Rosenau’s work, very little other work on this subject - could be found in the literature. Interesting among the more re- — ; This assertion caused Basenau to take issue with Forster especially — are given later.) Basenau concludes that milk naturally infected — with tubercle bacilli cannot be made (‘‘Krankheitsfrei’’) non-— De Jong’s view is ntaines in Pasthapitrwen der Milch in — 2. The same resistance is shown in naturally infected tuber- 4. Milk so heated must not be considered as pathogenic free — in which he used naturally infected milk and artificially i infected — tions of tubercular udders in their experiments. Such material is. _ - Abtétung von Tuberbacillen durch Erhitzung, Centr, Bakt. Abt. ES Among other tests the following were performed by Professor — Forster: He obtained naturally infected milk, placed in 4% liter — rte ing ame | : : : . . i : i ¥ . ‘ F. 4 :1 + ; ” Bi AC 684 | J. TRAUM AND G. H. HART. 0 Sy and five ¢.c. into left inguinal region in each test. This 10 c.c. of — various works, most of which were mentioned above, sum up the — milk with tuberculous uterine secretions. Such milks were teabea in 1% liter flasks and placed in Oswald water bath and temperature regulated by Toluol. Exposure was for at least 4 hour at 71 to 72°. Van der Sluis’ work Uber die Abtétung der. Tuberkelbacillen in ‘ < natirliche infizierter Milch und iiber die Pasteurisierung. der i. Milch. Centralbl. fiir Bakt. abt 1, originale 50, 1909. The importance of obtaining naturally infected milk anpealed. to Van der Sluis and he used such eases as he was able to autopsy — soon after obtaining the milk, and demonstrated the extent and — localization of the tuberculous ‘infection. With the exception of a few cases the milks experimented with were shown microseepically to contain tubercle bacilli. Only such milk was used as was normal — in appearance and which did not coagulate or thieken upon heating. — The warming of the milk was done in the usual way as is the custom — in most of the large Holland dairies. The usual milk bottles with — a patent stopper (Biigelverschluss) were filled with milk and put — into a pasteurizing apparatus under water and then brought to the — desired temperature for a fixed time. Milk was then quickly cooled. ~ Extra precautions were taken in procuring the milk, such as cleans- — ing and disinfecting the udder and hind quarters and disinfection | : of milker’s hands, ete. Five ¢.c. of milk were injected into right — milk was obtained from. 100 c.c. of centrifuged milk, using both | sediment and cream. Finding that exposure to 65 and 70° for YY hour failed to destroy tubercle bacilli, he exposed the milk to 70° C. — _ for one hour. This also proved insufficient to kill the tubercle bacilli. 75° C. for 14 hour caused the development of tuberculosis — in 45% of the inoculated animals. For an hour at 75° C. it failed — 4 to prevent the development of- tuberculosis in 46% of the guinea pigs. 80° C. for 4 hour also proved insufficient to destroy tubercle — bacilli, 80° C. for one hour, however, proved sufficient to prevent — tuberculosis in the inoculated animals. He says, ‘‘The entire re- sults can be summed up: That naturally infected milk coming _ from animals with udder tuberculosis in general can be made free from living tubercle bacilli by heating to at least 80° C. for at — least one hour, under the conditions of this experiment whereby: the milk was heated in flasks, therefore in a quiescent state.’ ‘ He proved that in milk infected artificially, tuberele bacilli are less resistant than in naturally infected milk. In the former — case the bacilli were destroyed at 70° C. for an hour, while in the — latter, as already observed, it required 80° C, for the same time, He however agrees with De Jong’ s findings. ms In the 1903 edition of Kolle & Wasserman’s Handbuch der Pathogenen Microorganismen, Corner & Mryerr, after quoting subject by stating, ‘‘The following general conclusion can only be — drawn: To destroy tubercle bacilli in fluid media (culture, milk) — My, f y ‘a i hour at 60° C.; 10-20 minutes at 70° C.; 5 minutes at 80° C.; 1-2 ad minutes at 90° ©, ‘ _ the following expostres are necessary : ‘4-6 hours at 55°C.; 1. In the 1913 edition of this work, Corner & Kosser take a . ~ different view. They state regarding the resistance of tubercle _ bacilli m milk to heat, that works on this subject do not altogether agree, and in part, this.disagreement may be explained by Theobald : _$mith’s observation where he claims that the pellicle formed by ia... the heating of milk encloses some of the bacteria which avoid tae — ee. destruction, They quote many of the works reviewed in this pro- po ject. and conclude that the manner of heating the milk in these ex- ee Ms periments must be taken into consideration in interpreting the re- sults. teurization of Milk under Practical Conditions. Journal of to 158. - tion used a holding system which consisted of a receiving vat, a ~ milk pump, a heater and a holding tank. The heating was done my.’ time at 140° to 145° F. ‘The batches of milk tested were artificially inoculated with B. typhosus, B. diphtheriae, B. tuberculosis (human, bovine). if With this type of pasteurization which is now largely discontin- ~ ued, the desired temperatures were not obtained because the milk in _ running over the drum was not heated uniformly and formed in layers in the holding tank, the coldest being on the bottom and was drawn off first. The results’ show that in two tests with B. diptheriae, the failure recorded by these experiments was due to the inability, with the machinery used, to obtain and maintain the desired tem- peratures. tan teurized under commercial conditions such as prevail today in all. large modern city milk plants; and which is the vital point that concerns us. An opportunity to obtain this desired information was ‘Scuorer, E. H. & Rosenav, M. J. Tests of the Efficiency of Pas- Medical Research, Vol, XXVI,‘No. 1 N.S. Vol. XXI, pp, 127 | These workers in testing the efficiency of practical pasteuriza- by pumping the milk over the outside of the heating drum in the < inside of which was steam heated water and a layer of steam above - the water directly under the drum. From this heater the milk - flowed into a holding tank and was held for various lengths of © one failed to. destroy this organism, in two tests with B. typhosus — iy similar | results were obtained, in two tests with B. tuberculosis. eae (human) both failed to destroy the organisms, and in two tests ‘with B. tuberculosis (bovine) one failed. It is very evident that — The objection to the above experiments is that not only do’ they disagree as to the thermal death point of the tubercle bacillus © but they were in no case dealing with naturally infected milk pas- Mei 686 J.@RAUM AND G.H. HARD a eee Bee ‘part of 1913 the University of California and the Los Angeles Health _ herds were kept on the healthy ranch, raised on pasteurized milk, - at the time of its greatest numerical strength numbered 500 head presented to the writers by the following conditions: in the latter Department began semi-annual tuberculin testing of a herd of 825. head of dairy cattle, which were known to be heavily infected with tuberculosis. The land occupied by these cattle was divided by a railroad right of way into two distinct ranches. Following the first and each subsequent test all reacting animals were kept on one ranch and all healthy animals on the other. | Calves froni both tested when large enough to turn out on pasture, and the non-re- "8 actors used to replenish the great losses to the healthy herd which the first and subsequent tests caused. This produced a herd which of cattle, all tuberculous, which were under constant-observation and the milk from which was allowed to be sold in the city of Los Angeles after it had been pasteurized. This work was done under a voluntary agreement with the owner and had for its object the determination of the practicability of changing an extensively tuber- cular herd into a sound one without any great financial loss or in- convenience to the owner. Animals in the reacting herd, as soon as they showed eae evidence of tuberculosis were removed, but no special means of ascertaining such cases by ausculation, percussion, or laboratory eXx- amination of secretions and excretions were resorted to. The milk from this herd was pasteurized in one of the ae be) city milk plants in the regular routine manner of pasteurizing all | Sy ) milk going through the plant, and no special treatment was given it. The fact thus became apparent that here was an ideal oppor- — de a tunity to study the effect of ordinary -pasteurization in a large, — well equipped, modern city milk plant on tubercle bacilli, gaining © - access to the milk under natural conditions from a tuberculous herd. — Mevnop or Procepure: Collection of Samples: The volume — of milk coming from this tuberculous dairy amounted to from. 350 to 500 gallons per milking. It was cooled on the ranch with mn ordinary tubular milk cooler, run into ten gallon cans and brought to the city milk plant twice daily. As this milk was being run from _ a the weigh tank into the clarifier samples were taken ,this ates tuted our raw milk samples mentioned below. When clarified ~ samples were desired they were obtained as the milk flowed from aa the clarifier into the Pesteurang vat. ‘e > s a alee. eee a Ba i roe.) pe : aoa ee ae me: lo pew ee ra. ’ ‘ y m=} ’ > 4 3 > aie & “ie ae e ‘ : ; PasmRURIZAiriON ‘IN, sAPEGUARDING ik ees ms 687 The pasteurizing in this plant is done in a battery of ese _ large rectangular vats, each having a capacity of 500 gallons. These _ - vats are insulated on the sides and top with a three-inch layer of hair felt. On the bottom is a five-mch water jacket. Through the center of the vat is a revolving multiple feed worm coil of two-inch - tinned copper pipe, having a diameter of 24 inches, which keeps be the milk in constant agitation while it is being heated, and thus ¥ _ prevents pellicle formation and insures uniform heating of the en- tire volume of milk. When the milk flows from the clarifier into t the vat, steam is turned into the water, which is circulated by. 3 , means of a suction tee from the 5-inch water layer on the bottom — ; os of the vat through the coil, so that the heating surface includes the entire bottom of the vat in addition to the coil area. Steam is turned on as soon as milk begins to flow into the vat and from 20 _ to 30 minutes is required to fill the vat and bring this large volume of milk to the pasteurizing temperature. During this heating per- iod each vat of milk is sampled, and either milk or cream added, - as the occasion may require, to bring the butter fat content to 4.2%. - Connected with each vat is a self-recording thermometer which _ keeps record of the temperature of the milk at all times while it is in the pasteurizer. When the desired temperature is reached, the — ~ steam is turned off and the surrounding insulation holds the milk at an even temperature for the pasteurizing period, ranging from — - 20 to 30 minutes. The exit valve at the bottom is then opened and ° : ‘2 the milk flows over a cooler, which brings the temperature down to ' a, - 40° Fahrenheit. From 15 to 20 minutes is required to empty the _ be vat, so that the last milk leaving gets this additional time in the | eee heating chamber at the pasteurizing temperature. The object of having three vats is to keep a continuous flow of pasteurized milk into the bottle fillers. the recording thermometer was used as the guide. In checking this with the actual temperature of the milk there was found to be a variance at times of several degrees, due to slight movement of the arm of the pen point in removing old record sheets and replacing them _. with new ones. This method of getting temperatures was therefore Se een Nal 4S MAF atte Dope At the beginning of the sample collecting, the temperature of : Science Laboratory within 24 to 48 hours after collection. Upon ‘the arrival of the milk at the laboratory or as soon afterwards as” | - oculation, this was done in all cases, the entire data of which is contained in Table I. Tubercle bacilli were demonstrated in the - tained by centrifuging 90 to 95 ¢.c. of each sample. 688 ei J. TRAUM AND G, H. aula Fie SC eee ee i. : c baleen Mate, also disooh cuted after Deodinber 1, 1915, and the spenadaeae sam- of California, at Berkeley by parcel post. a ples collected at the expiration of the desired time by dipping the f, sample bottle directly into the pasteurizing vat. When full, it was | i . corked and immediately plunged into ice water previously pre-— pared, and thus cooled down very rapidly on account of the small volume. The samples were preserved at the beginning of the work by the addition of .5% borie acid, which later, commencing with sample No. 16, was increased to 1%. The samples were forwarded for examination to the Division of Veterinary Science, University } EXAMINATION oF SaAmpLEs: The milk reached the Velen possible, about 90-95 ¢.c. were centrifuged for 20-30 minutes at a speed of 2700 per minute. The cream and sediment resulting from such centrifuging were inoculated subcutaneously or intramuseu-_ larly into two or three guinea pigs. Since the only practical meth- — . od to determine definitely the presence or absence of tubercle. bacilli in milk collected under ordinary conditions is guinea pig in- guinea pig lesions in all cases where a diagnosis of tuberculosis was. made. In all cases with suspicious lesions, which consisted almost. entirely of enlarged local lymph glands, reinoculations were made, : even though tubercle bacilli were not demonstrated microscopically. { Summary AND ConcLusions: To determine the efficiency of commercial pasteurization in killing tubercle bacilli, 61 samples ¢ of milk were used. All these samples were from a herd consisting — entirely of cattle which had reacted to the tuberculin test. Two or three guinea pigs were inoculated with the cream and sediment ob- Of the 24 samples of raw milk used, all except one (sample No. 5) produced tuberculosis in the imoculated guinea pigs. In this. , one case both inoculated pigs died from septicemia. All the above a samples except five produced tuberculosis in all the inoculated guinea pigs. 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ST-IIX-08 ‘I¢9 CT-ITX-08 *0S9 CI-ITX-0¢ “e¢9 ST-IIX-08 “3e9 “HoOFT Fe saqynurur OZ IoJ poztane} “tq “09 “ON St oUureg wey "y[Lur-WTys JO ‘[v3 OF puu ge sv aueg [Vs Ogg pourey -WOD PUB “FoOFT FB Saqn “UU QZ IOF peztauneyseg SYIVUIOY 1OYIOQ pue syyusexy WOIVRNI0UyT FO oyeqE pus JoquinN Stg vournsy wey, ST ITX-1Ts STIIX-1¢ ST-IIX-0¢ oF 11x s. ATA FO ONnJVN peaatadey aug 19 ‘ 2 4 iB eidmeg Jo ON ¥ After ideation totietseis samples of the same milk produced ‘Tn one of these, No. 6 (same milk as sample 5 after clarification) both -berculosis while the other died soon after inoculation. ! ee After pasteurization twenty-three samples of the same milk — (plus the required amount of milk or cream to standardize the vat — as indicated in our table) failed to produce tuberculosis or cause - death from inoculation in a single instance. Twelve of these were — A: ” heated above 140° F. and held for a longer period than 20 minutes. held for only 20 minutes. ing it uniformly for 25 minutes at a temperature of 140° to 145° F., such milk free from tubereulous infection. eeited length of time. - ele bacilli fails to'render it innocuous to guinea pigs. PasmmunnzAmos IN SAFEGUARDING MILK cy eee tuberculosis in all the inoculated guinea pigs in all but three cases. Px inoculated guinea pigs died of septicemia. From the other two — % y -. samples (Nos. 22 and 50) one guinea pig in each case developed tu- The remaining 11 were definitely known to be heated to 140° F. and The above findings indicate first, that pasteurization at 140° R. ye 20 minutes kills tubercle bacilli in naturally infected milk. aye ~ The pasteurization of milk from non-tuberculin-tested cows by heat- _ as provided for in the new California State Dairy Law, wilk render es ig Second, that with a properly insulated tank in which the hoat- ak ; ing: and holding are done in the same tank, while the milk is being fee prertantly agitated, we were able to produce and hold the tempera- — ture of all the contained milk at the desired point and for. the de- - Third, that clarification of mills-naturally ictakiad with tuber ‘ . peru 5 we fr oe 4 ¢ “wes a . 4 ar Sgt ee ee ee ae a + — a oS. +. et ae «me, ‘pie, Bae i 4 nae - ee ee ey er Bey ; ae Be 1a ke Uw “y* ¥. Pay ‘ah. a See? Pay ~ + ~ ea t> hee ute SFE -t! --»m a % Wp i ~~ . i, 4 wil hey s, aM RS I re ine 2 oo ~ y * < ie ee *. ome +. =, , Ae 7 wr ett 55 aft a™ { 2 —s “ Se a o a Yes a orf ee > a o ; A self-recording thermometer is necessary in a large wiaist to. ‘eS : ay) - control the temperature of milk in the vats, and is essentiak for ai proper .official supervision. The recording thermometer should =~ B. _ frequently be checked with the actual temperature of the milk in — ee the vat, and eeReenlty after placing each new record sheet in the A ie * ease. | weet: It has occurred to us that at least two conditions may arise in sears _ the process of pasteurization, such as used in this work, which would | << a _ permit some of the milk to pass through the apparatus without be- | Ra ft ing properly heated and this fact not be detected by the examina- at ee tion of the recording sheets. (a) After 140° F. has been reached ae ne and maintained for 10 to 15 minutes, milk or cream not previously pasteurized may be added to the vat for standardizing purposes oa ¥s perment sufficiently affecting the temperature of such a large volume Fog? 698 Mc og AT AND GSE, Bape en eo) So ote ere - of milk, to cause a noticeable decline on the recording sheet. (b) ~ - Unless the recording thermometer is placed at the top of the vat in- stead of the bottom, as is the regular practice, the exit valve may be opened soon after 140° is reached, and the length of time re- quired to empty 500 gallons of milk will cause the thermometer to = _ record a 20 minute period before the level of the milk drops below ese - the mercury of the thermometer, thus permitting a large volume of the milk to be removed after being heated for less than 20 minutes, Tubercle bacilli are not destroyed in milk samplés preserved ’_ with one per cent. boric acid, and yet such preservation is sufficient ~~ to allow samples to be shipped considerable distances without their undergoing undesirable changes which interfere with eee Ox - aminations and guinea pig inoculations. ep In two cases, 14 and 16, when we used 200 ¢.e. of 10% solution of antiformin to each 100 ¢.c. of milk, tuberculosis failed to develop in the inoculated guinea pigs (529, 530, 542 and 543), while the un- treated milk produced tuberculosis in all (6) inoculated animals. Aas _In view of these findings together with the excellent results with : 1% boric acid preservation we do not recommend the antiformin treatment of milk intended for guinea pig inoculation for the de-. tection of tubercle bacilli. ; - \ Leeisnarion on Tick ErapicatTion IN Louisiana. The New Orleans Times-Picayune devotes some little space to the favorable i comment of Dr. W. H. Dalrymple on the work done by the General _ Assembly in passing legislation which will help very materially in the tick eradication work in Louisiana. A statewide, compulsory, tick eradication law has been passed and signed by the Governor — — which is to come into effect not later than April, 1918. In the mean- ~~ _time the work goes right along, as the parishes are ready and the <3 more remote sections will have time to get ready for systematic work. A quarantine law, a companion measure, prohibits the move- ' ment of cattle from any quarantined area into a tick-free one, or one . in which systematic work is being conducted. The General Assem- — ~ bly and Dr. Dalrymple deserve high commendation for such ser- — — vice, which, in time, will materially increase the wealth and resources of the state, 4 “THE PRACTICAL PART OF VETERINARY EDUCATION* 7 A. 8. CooLzy, Columbus, Ohio. I believe that all present heartily agree with Dr. Baker’s state- t. Ae ment that ‘‘hospital practice is as important in the veterinary cur- i" _ rieulum as are the didactic courses.’’ No veterinary, pedagogue would today think of graduating students without the necessary eoical training, and the writer knows of no institution in which this is being neglected. When one realizes the very extensive field now qualify students, it seems to me that the most practical part of ~ our veterinary education to be desired, is that the curriculum pos- sess balance. No longer can we qualify our graduates for practice _ alone, for with the marked advances in pathology, bacteriology, = tunities and positions are available to the well qualified veterinarian. and the comparison convinees one that our field is annually becoming more extensive as well as more attractive. Hs 3 _ the more specific points in mind. ran First. May I ask whether our students are getting sufficient re _ instruction and laboratory work on the anatomy of the ox, dog and have never known too much about the anatomy of the horse. What, be then, is the situation in this connection with the men engaged in on the other animals. Many of these men have not touched a horse diagnosis either acute or post mortem, as is desirable? Secondly. May I ask whether the courses in pathology in our 3 hardly qualified to answer his own question, but desires to state, that his contact with the recent graduates of two of our stronger *Presented at the meeting of the Association of the Veterinary Faculties Ea many phases of veterinary work for which our colleges must. - serum therapy and sanitation in the last decade, many new oppor- : Compare the curricula of our best veterinary colleges of today , with those of the leading institutions of ten and twenty years ago, - It seems desirable that I make direct reference to several of. pig? In answering I desire to state that those of us in practice — . federal, state and municipal sanitary work? Ninety percent of | Beet their anatomical work has been on the horse with but a limited time - ne since graduation. Are these men as well qualified, therefore, for — | institutions are as well balanced as they should be? The writer is ~ oe. State Examining Boards of N has America, se age 1915, Oakland, Cal. — be AP must take friendly exception to certain of Dr. Baker’s statements. ey return home to ‘‘quack’’ for fifty per cent. of each year. They ¢ are the junior year, and, even then, they should have the association of _ a good practitioner. ¢ oe | _ to be balance, with the quality rather than the quantity of our erady a --uates being the end sought. 4 unlawful when had by persons required to register by the provis-— Ae 700 “AL 8. COOLEY Ce he eee veterinary dolleges has woihtad out that they are very’ accurate. i E the microscopic diagnosis of pathological tissues, but are more 0 \ less helpless in recognizing these same conditions in gross pathology. More practical results should be sought, in my judgment, and this condition be obviated. - ; In closing I desire to state my views on the number of sessions and the length of each, in veterinary education. In so doing I It seems highly desirable that if possible the graduate vetermarian of today should have passed through four sessions of nine months each, completing a curriculum designed to give him a foundati in all fields of veterinary work. The writer does not believe th t veterinary education any more than medicine, law or engineering, should be arranged to accommodate the financial condition of a percentage of our students, nor do I believe that our students should really qualified for no line of practice until after the completion of The four sessions of nine months each would, I am sure, tempor- arily reduce the number of students, but it is my observation that there is no scarcity of veterinarians anywhere. ae The most practical part of veterinary education appears to me _ a VALIDITY OF THE FEDERAL Narcotic Law. The Supreme Court — “ has decided that possession of the affected narcotic drugs is only — a ions of Section 1, and who have not so registered. In other words, Y possession by the consumer, by any person who does not deal in ~ these drugs and who is not required to register, is not unlawful, i This decision weakens to a considerable extent the act, and no doubt additional legislation will be devised to remedy this defect. z The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the Missouri Veterinary oe ; Medical Association was held at Neosho, Mo., July 27 and 28. The | program contained ‘numerous interesting papers and discussions, - Veh ah ba! cm mad - tA a AG th he is OU Nig ay Semen : ” 2 ie tay 8K jokey toe ‘i 5 oN * “a meee ; iy ¢ , ‘y ‘ =u. ) E 7 \ * ELINICAL, AND CASE REPORTS A f ‘Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the thoughtful. -books’.?? os, ‘opp OBSTETRICAL CASES JAMES A. WavuGu, Pittsburgh, Pa. pounds, pregnant full time. Labor began at 9 a. m., presentation of _ both fore feet in vulva; further progress ditantePabioees and I was in vaginal canal, ribs of chest wall could be felt indicating body presenting transversely, and impossible to deliver in the ordinary way. - I deemed it expedient to delay operation until next morning, lodged in the other cornu, thus forming a sort of letter U-shaped hysterectomy, removing fetus ; saved uterus and horns; placed lig- i internal treatment. Patient seemingly did well for about 24 hours, ee but finally succumbed to surgical shock. She was an old lady’s s house pet, idle, and over-fat; lacked exercise and condition. Sent i specimen with surrounding envelopes to the Veterinary School of ere University of Pennsylvania. Williams’ ‘‘ Obstetrical Operations. Ky -deseribes and diseusses bicornual pregnancies. Case No. 2. Dairyman called me at 10 p. m. one rainy night * last winter to see a fresh cow with retained placenta; calf horn at 9 a.m, and playing about the place; dam prostrate and extremities - extended; thin, and unable to arise; aged, and body poorly nour- ished. Gave stimulants and tonics, left treatment, and advised de- _ following day revealed another calf retained in the uterus with head hind extremities about three feet, then with arm and hand intro- > It develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in | Case No. 1 was a white poodle bitch, age 3 years, weight seven — ¥ - called at 10 p. m. Digital examination revealed fore limbs lodged and had the patient brought to my office. Laparotomy revealed a : bicornual pregnancy with head and neck curved forward in one _ cornu, fore feet presenting through os uteri, and body bent and - condition of fetus located in both horns of the uterus. Performed | ature around vagina. Applied surgical dressing and gave suitable ~ laying further intervention until daylight. Examination on the ti ie _ bent back on one side of neck, thus obstructing delivery. Cow still _ a prostrate and unable to arise. Block and tackle were used to elevate. uced, I pushed body of fetus forward, while a strong man pushed — arm and hand alongside mine, thus getting his hand in the mouth ~ ast extending the head, straightening the neck that way; applied 702 - QLINICAT AND CASE REPORTS. small ropes on fore feet and hook in lower jaw, and effected delivery _ ina short time. Douched uterus with permanganate of potash solu- tion; gave suitable internal treatment at proper intervals, but patient remained prostrate and succumbed in 48 hours. Moral,— — examine all cases carefully in due time. Williams says, ‘‘Deviations ~ of the extremities of twins are subject to the same rules. as those of | ~single pregnancies’’. ne FISTULOUS WITHERS IN THE HORSE AND ITS OPER. | ATIVE TREATMENT R. MAYER Instruments for the removal of necrotic spinous processes are — wanting. The Hauptner bone forceps cannot be used in most cases. — For lack of better equipment I resorted to the use of the hoof knife, hoof forceps and key-hole saw to sufficiently open the skin and the OM necrotie parts to permit free flow of the secretion and relaxation of — the tissues. In some cases healing occurs, when one the BPE Ad part of the spinous process is involved. %s The use of the hoof knife in the removal of necrotic pie has & _ this disadvantage, that the remaining stump of the spinous process may be loosened; and often the ligamentum interspinosum is torn a loose. This leads to further formation of pus pockets clear to the bodies of the vertebrae, and it is only a question of time when they — % become affected. I have seen cases in which the pathological pro- 4 cess had penetrated to the cord, resulting in unexpected paralysis and death. a In the use of the hoof forceps,—when there is any success at all — a in removing pieces of bone,—the ends of the processes are crushed, leading to further necrosis. Least dangerous is the keyhole saw (fret saw, graft wate be- cause it makes a comparatively smooth cut. Its use does notentirely — exclude the tearing and the shock to the inflamed tissues above de- | 4 scribed. Aside from this, the saw can be used only when the — 7 withers are high; there must be a free operative field, freedom ong ‘movement, and large incisions. Consequences are, large gaping — wounds and long period of healing. re As the result of these experiences it has become a common 4 Bn fo . a pe v3 iy Las UR : ret i ¢ ‘ , i | OLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 708. practice to let the daaued ‘eae and ligament extrude themselves. —__ The drainage of pus is looked after, the rest is left to nature. The — results of this method are the above mentioned severe cases of ver- Ce tebral caries; oftener there is subfascial phlegmon, the therapy of 3% - which is still a problem. oa Cs With the use of instruments which I have constructed and tried in 150 cases I believe that a middle course-in the surgical technic is- possible. First, the large gaping wounds are avoided; second, ne- '__ erotic tissue is removed without danger. This method is followed by ~ | a rapid healing and does not necessitate the Preaneet after-treat- ments. Set I have found that the radical operation, —the bold removal of altered tissues with sharp instruments,—results in a larger per- 9 _ centage of cures than the more conservative, nursing treatment pt. fi, the natural line of demarcation. erg Tf the losses of skin have been large, I use Forceps No. 1. This < is used mainly to cut the loose necrotic spinous process. It is- — - brought down vertically from above and closed with a slow power- ~ ful grip in order to make a smooth eut. If the ligaments were not cut by the forceps, this is not accomplished by using the eke.’ a Sl with leverage, but they are cut by scissors. mee hae The cut with the forceps is to be made under the necrotic parts, '__ so that thoroughly healthy bone is cut. (‘This is a straight pair of i | __ forceps, the jaws and handles lying in the same plane. The cutting _ edges are placed as in any ordinary forceps; the edges and the ' -serew at the joint of the forceps are parallel). Forceps No. 2 is so constructed as not to destroy areas of skin. . The plane of the jaws makes an angle of about 30 degrees with that of the handles. On account of this bend it may be introduced into a constricted fistula, pushed quite far to the front or rear without Sag much injury to the skin or musculature. As before, after cutting . — - the spinous process, any adherent muscle or ligament shreds must 2 be removed with scissors. The shanks of the scissors should be _ somewhat long, to facilitate work. aS To determine which of the spinous processes are affected, pal- pation is best. All parts that feel rough must be removed. ra as The second, not less important part, consists in the drainage of ~~ : the resultant cavity. Particular care must be taken that the drain- age begin at the deepest part, close to the cut process. Ifthe pus aS Pet Pee Ay : 704 — _ CLINICAL AND CASE AFORE P~ : - he has not fyavelled down behind the scapula, the draitned waite may 7 be made with a seton needle. ai To lay the drainage tube when there has been deep witijue of a i | pus, I use instrument No. 3 (a needle, with slight double curvature, 50—60 cm. long). With this length of the needle it is in every case ‘possible to make an opening ventral to the scapula, and either an- _ terior or posterior toit. For drainage a piece of fenestrated rubber oa tube (not soft) is used. This is introduced into the fistula with the 54a aid of the needle, blunt end foremost. To prevent the tube from ‘sliding through the fistula, a small piece of wood is introduced uty 5 the upper end of the tube. re): Drainage with heavy walled tubing of large bore is eer Mek necessary. Such good drainage is never obtained by the use of = gauze bandages drawn through the fistula. The rubber tube is to a remain as long as possible, at least three weeks in severe cases. Irri- gation with disinfectant fluids during the first eight days is better omitted. Only the wound is cleaned, treated with Lugol solution; and the cavity filled with cotton sponges drenched in Lugol solution. - Sometimes the rubber tube must be opened by the cautious intro- _ duction of the blunt end of the seton needle. - After the first eight days, the rubber tube may be irrigated; there is then little danger of the fluid infiltrating the surrounding tissues. La _ I have obtained excellent results with this treatment. The — ae instruments are made by Hauptner, in Berlin.—Zettschrift fiir Vet- erinirkunde, xxvii, 321-824, 1915. Bure. ee TRIPLETS H. B. Brapy, Lancaster, Pa. Sometime ago, a cow, a few miles away from the city, gave birth | to three heifer calves. They grew up into three fine cows and each has given birth to calves. They are all standing dry now ready to become fresh at any time. They are so much alike that they cannot | be told apart except for the fact that one wears a blue ribbon, an- other a red ribbon and the third none. This seems to be the only way to identify them. The mother of the triplets is still living and doing nicely. a ae "ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE “ae “Bioxan Back. P. G. Bond, M.R.C.YV. s. Veterinary Record: FS oe et big gun wagon army mare, seven years old, sound and good worker, had been 16 months in the service. One day marching near a ee side wheeler, in turning around, she slipped, fell and went down on’ % . ther hind quarters, spreading the legs. She got up, was lame and — +, stiff behind. She was walked home, three miles, put in her stall and fed. The next morning she still showed more stiffness, On trying to = move, she swayed for a time and then went down. She got up " . ; with difficulty and had to be helped but she went down again. Diag- : - nosis of paralysis was made. There was loss of sensibility to the _ pricks of pins and the animal struggled much with her fore feet. hia was destroyed. The post mortem showed the 9th vertebra of " a the dorsal region completely shattered and broken into five pieces © Ss ” - with the spinous process separated. The 8th vertebra showed also _ a repaired fracture. LIAUTARD. etn Be TREATMENT OF Moist Eczemas IN THE Horse. Zaruba, Karl, .. Tierirztliches Zentralblatt, Vol. 39, pp. 52 53, 1916. The various i a - forms of eczema are a frequent trouble in horses in, the military a A - feld. To these should be added burns, frostbites and various other ___ corrosions of the extremities. ' Inthe clinic and in practice a large variety of therapeutic agents are different. The veterinary medical depots are none too well sup- lea plied and the veterinarian is obliged tg use a restricted number of therapeutics of known value. “e ise the following liniment, which seemed to possess an almost. specific - healing action in an astonishingly large number of cases of moist. * eczema. . ; 5 ~. My supply of medicaments was limited, tar liniment and oer . & _ tanin happened to be plentiful. Bearing in mind that the old school of Vienna tar liniment to which there had been added an equal — ~ volume. of 214% aqueous solution of pyoktanin. Following is the” » Preseription \ e. are at the disposal of the veterinarian. But in the field, conditions — As the result of extensive field experience, I propose the use of | treated eczemas with tar and sulfur ointments, I used pple 4 ‘i : pees hs ~* 906 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE = 4 BR ne ~ Pyoktanin 15.0 or 3 Ss. Pic. liqu. Sulfi-subl-aa:i = 100.05.5544 Gk 3 iv. _ Sapo viridis Spir. denat. aa. 200.0 Pepe 5 viii. ee Aq. font. S000. 5 xxiv. Pitas: M. D. 8. Liniment. Cotton pads drenched with the above medicament were apples to the skin, properly cleaned, and tied in place with be : : Renew daily. When applied to a horse with an aggravated case of eczema of both hind feet, there was striking improvement in 2 days and com- plete healing in 10 days. The same remedy was tried in numerous _ 7 eases of burn and frostbite with excellent results. (Note by the Abstractor—Pyoktanin is methyl violet ; ‘not oa ; methylene blue). BERG. Bovine TupercuLosis Fient. Journal of the Outdoor Life, ‘ a Vol. XIII, No. 6, June 1916, p. 185. Protection of the public from bovine tuberculosis is dependent on the women of Iowa and their ability to bring about necessary legislation for clean milk from eS tested cows, inspection, and restriction of importation and slaughter of diseased animals. This was the consensus of opinion at the con-— Ja ference of representatives from the lowa Meat Packers’ Association ; W. F. Clowes and Dr. John H. Peck, of the Iowa Anti-tubereulosis Association; A. B. Holbert, of Greeley, Iowa, a stock raiser and > farmer ; H. S. Hollingsworth, secretary of the Associated Charities; E. and Dr. Gibson, state veterinarian. The conference was called to discuss future state legislation to. check the spread of tuberculosis by milk and meat. Iowa is among — the few states which have a high percentage of tuberculosis among animals. Of the 1,500,000 dairy cows in the state 15 per cent are 4 said to be tubercular. Of the 2,500,000 cattle slaughtered annually in the state 10 per cent are infected and the percentage of infected hogs, numbering 10,000,000, is estimated as 20 per cent. The Iowa Packers’ Association has appointed a committee to co-operate with the lowa Antitubereulosis Association in a state-wide campaign for provide for government test of all ali slaughtered. _ ot Pe. a f EAR. a laws which will regulate and restrict the slaughter of animals and REICHEL, = a Taya ae aie ee A ‘oe 8 MSS cei ee SEN een a age Ge See ee ER yy ee Rate RY pe eee. ee aie 5 Sa i Tie t eee s ig Pel awed Pm Fo A Se ER A ay kp Pak treated. After a short time of light work he was laid up again, his - leg was still swollen but no lameness was present. After a week he had labored breathing, sweating, and then began a series of symp- — iS | HypertropHy-——DILATION oF THE HEarT. J.B. Wolstenholme, — F.R.C.V.S._ Veterinary Journal. After an injury of the near hock, _ this heavy cart gelding, had acute lymphangitis for which he was teetaone FROM RECENT LITERATURE 707 ee toms which varied but lasted till the horse was destroyed after two — weeks. During the time of his illness, the temperature was about 101°F. The pulse varying between 68 and 80, being sometimes very difficult to detect and almost imperceptible at the jaw or the elbow. There was a marked jugular pulse, auscultation of the left chest. - gave a loud rasping sound, loud palpitation sounds like a bumping _ against the ribs. All the visible veins were engorged and promi- — nent. There was edema beneath the breast. The pulse taken at _ the posterior aorta was 72 to 80 and very irregular, Postmortem: thoracic and abdominal viscera pallid. Straw colored fluid in peri- “vate aaa Heart enormously enlarged and weighing 16 lbs. LIAUTARD. | ——)=———— SrrEPtococcus PNEUMONIA IN Carrup. Dr, Hike and. Dr. Fiirstenau, Miinster, i. W. Arch. f. wissenschaftl. u prakt. Tierheilk., 40, Bd.,4u 5 Heft. Abstracted from Berl. Tier. Woch. No. 6, YXXII, Feb. 10, 1916. Authors have frequently had the opportunity to find large numbers of streptococci in microscopic examination of lung expectoration of suspected cattle. The clinical - suspicion of tuberculosis of the lungs was confirmed by repeated ., microscopic examinations of the mucus or through inoculation. It — was highly supposed that the streptococci have a specific pathogenic - effect. With the help of two histories, Hasenkamp and Farstenas tet _ have been able to make a careful observation. } The usual lung material was examined bacteriologically and streptococci found which were pathogenic to rabbits, guinea pigs — and white mice upon transmission. In conclusion according to the — _ pathological lung findings it should give a primary streptococci . pneumonia, the differential diagnosis in reference to confusion as to tuberculosis of the lungs is unimportant. Abstracted by J. Scomipr. Translated by ReicHen. 3 did with B. abortus. If milk samples are plated out on serum agar — 708 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE = Tue Bacreria oF Mik Fresuty Drawn From NorMat Uppers. ; _ Alice C. Evans. Jour. Infec. Dis., Vol. XVII (1916), p. 437. _ During the early years of the science of bacteriology it was sup- posed that milk drawn under aseptic precautions from a cow’s udder was sterile. -Schulz’s was the earliest recorded work to show that — the first milk drawn contained large numbers of bacteria. The work of Moore and Ward definitely settled the question that the — % normal udder harbors bacteria and that the milk may become con-— taminated as soon as secreted. Of particular interest to veterinarians is the work the author — 4 and ineubated for several days the organisms can be obtaine! with- ne ~ out difficulty. The following table gives the results. Frequency of the Bacillus abortus Group in Freshly Deve Milk. ; Number of Number of samples Percentage of Lowest and highest: i of Dairy samples from which 2, abortus samples from * numbers of B. abortus examined was isoluted which B. abortus perc.c.inthesSam- was isolated ples of milk TAR 55 9 16.4 10 50,000. | 2 40 2 5.0 3,200 7 | 4,000 - a8 28 z. 25.0 180 . 680 Bee 32 8 25.0 | 50 % uh | 3,000". & ee 37 19 51.4 40 2974 | 7,000 This table shows that B. abortus occurs rather commonly in milk, ‘‘Altogether, cultures were isolated from 45, or 23.4% of the 192 samples studied’’.. As a result of careful experiments it was shown that B,. hakien may be the cause of bad odors and flavors in ripened cream, Two — _ bottles of certified milk were purchased in the open market, kept at room temperature for six hours and then plated. ‘‘ About 28,000. of the abortion bacilli were shown to be present in the cream layer of one sample and about 1900 in the cream layer of the other sample, ‘In both samples the number of B. abortus was about 25% of the whole number of bacteria. The abortion bacilli can, therefore, demonstrated in mixed milk’’, a out, oo ate” fe ok r 3 ase \ ae od Tes ate 3 ‘ eae ae i S| oe Wt dee z “ £ ~ " a et ‘ 9 ¥ = ABSTRACTS FROM 1 acess LITERATURE : - 709 “The Satie table i is self Giienaiace First amg Time between Second Siig <9 7 Te ? j Total Total 2. Ist and 2nd Total bac- Total 2 me vee) ‘Gow ne terial hat abortus examinations. _ terial count abortus ng — per c.c. per CC, per c.c. per c.c. Pee. MBE 750 {ayeste. 19 months 230 None. Be AR RF 130 50 13 50 None | Reet RE? ?s' 50,000 .50;000 13°.“ 10,000 10,000 | . Bitte sity 5600: 5,000. 43.“ 850 850° As a result of the work the author gives the following conclys- pay “Tt appears from the study here reported that there is a definite = ; udder flora comprising bacteria which belong to parasitic types. It F ane is not surprising that the majority of udder bacteria should be of | eX ye - the same type as those common on the skin and mucous membrane ; of man and animals. The majority of the staphylococci on the skin are of the non- virulent variety which fails to. produce pigment and + bes - fails to ferment mannite. But pathogenic varieties also are found | on the skin, where they ordinarily cause no trouble. Similarly, the ' “majority of the staphylococci of the udder are non-virulent, but Nes varieties which are capable of causing death when inoculated into i experimental animals occasionally establish themselves in healthy — ee aoe udders. Whatever the variety may be, conditions in the udder are — i Joe favorable to multiplication, and frequently large numbers are elim- __ inated in the milk. rf eg “The pathogenic properties of the streptococci and bacilli com- “ag ae - mon in milk when it leaves the udder are not discussed in this paper, Be ~ but they, also, are parasitie in their nature. a ae “When | a bacterial culture is tested for its pathogenic prop- 4 = ie - erties, the body tissues and fluids are exposed directly to the toxins ee, fc Me _ of the eulture in question. When organisms enter into the digestive Bh tract with the food the circumstances are different, for the bedy — tissues and fluids are protected by the mucous membranes against | Ce _ the ravages of the bacteria that enter with the food. Therefore it cannot be assumed that bacteria which are pathogenic to inoculated ~ laboratory animals would be injurious to human beings when pres-_ " fe “ent in the milk consumed. It is a subject worthy of investigation. Ap - But since the bacteria of the udder are parasitic in their nature, x and since pathogenic varieties are sometimes eliminated in consid- AA. erable numbers: from healthy udders, the data here reported add es _ evidence | to the growing conviction that all milk is safer for con- or ~ sumption after it has been Besteuuaaed® C. P. Fircu, <, su¢: (6 eee ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE DeatH FROM LigHTNING SrroKE, H. A. Reid, F. R. C. Vv. So “ae Veterinary Journal. A brief but severe thunder storm killed two | cows and several others were affected. Post mortems were made. There was no outward indication of any injury, except in one on the right ear where there was-a small hole like one which might be pro- duced by a high velocity bullet. The venous system showed a very — « marked engorgement. The jugulars standing out as if injected and -uncoagulated blood escaped freely when they were incised. Rigor mortis did not exist, the limbs were pendulous and easily bent at — the joints. The whole of the muscular tissue of the neck and fore limbs was congested and blackened. The tendinous portion showed. numerous hemorrhages, which were not present on the serous. The | Gs heart appeared dilated and filled with partially clotted blood. The — abomasum mucosa was slightly inflamed. The liver was soft and very friable. On one of the cows the current had been received in — the region of the jaw. The muscles in that region were swollen and discolored. The other cows seemed to have recovered from the shock or fright they had received. LIAUTARD. — Hh) Rapipity Farau Resuurs or BEE STINGS IN A Horse. Kiithe Zeitschrift fiir Veterinirkunde, Vol. 27, pp. 329, 330, 1915. A horse standing near a bee hive, was stung by a large number of bees. The bees were finally driven off by rubbing the horse with vinegar. i Her entire body was covered with bee stings. There was profuse _ sweating. Conjunctiva dark red; pulse, very weak, 90 per minute. ' Respiration spasmodic, 40 per minute, groaning. Defecation and urination were painful. The feces soon became watery. Vaginal os ‘mucous membrane strongly reddened. The movements of the horse were peculiar; frequently EhWne: ing herself. The animal died in 1% hours. Treatment consisted of applications of Burow’s Sclaticn (aluminium acetate) and sub- ‘eutaneously, camphor oil and morphine. Unfortunately a post- ey mortem could not be held. Another horse stung by bees made a slow recovery. Treatment consisted of cloths soakel in aluminum acetate solution applied ex-- ternally; internally large doses of aleohol, and for heart weak- ness, digalen and camphor were administered. See also Jour. A. V. M. A. p. 413, June, 1916, BERG, + a < ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE oe 711 | eae CONTRIBUTION TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLANDERS IN MEN. Dr. E. ___ Gildemeister and Dr. Jahn Posen. Berl. Klin. Woch. 1915, Nr. 24, §. 627-630. Abstracted from Berl. Tier. Woch. No. 30, July 29, 1915, XX XI. The authors have had within a short time the op- f portunity to observe three cases of glanders in men. It appeared : ; _ interesting to bring serological investigations together with bac- _ teriological studies at the same time. Controls comprising a cer- tain number of healthy individuals and individuals with other dis- eases were studied. The results can be summarized as follows: 1, In three cases of glanders in man the serological methods § of investigation, agglutination, complement fixation and’ con- | - glutination reaction have proved to be valuable diagnostic aids. & 2. It is recommended in every case of glanders in man to- gether with the bacteriological demonstration of glanders bacilli - the testing of the suspected serum with the aid of the agglutina. - tion reaction and complement fixation method. In place of the * complement fixation method the conglutination reaction can be em- ~ ployed. | ifs In the agglutination test attention is to be given that ag- 1-400 suspected glanders and 1-800 as strongly positive. Abstracted by Susrmann. Translation by ReicHet. y Seta Cees . Turee Casts or TuMoR OF THE SMALL INTESTINAL WALL AS — 2 > Impacrion Coric ry roe Horse. E. Fréhner. Monatshefte — fiir | Praktische Tierheilkunde; Vol. 27, pp. 103-104, 1916. The usual impactions of the small intestine are caused by fecal stasis or a — _ cicatricial stricture of the ileum, when they are not caused by ae - changes in position (volvulus, incarceration, lipoma pendulans, ete.) Less frequently, tumors in the wall of the small intestine — are the cause of impaction. Generally these tumors cannot be diag- _ nosed during life. Usually only the diagnosis of impaction of the | bY small intestine can be made. In only one of the three cases tumor * was to be suspected because of the peculiar results of rectal exam, ; a ination, 4 1, Carcinoma of the Small Intestine. Brown gelding, with a clinical picture of simple impaction of the small intes- tine. On rectal examination; in front of the pelvic inlet a crooked portion of the small intestine could be felt, which was round, @s stout as an arm, long, and with the consistence of a sack a glutination of 1-100 and 1-200 should not be considered diagnostic, ~ 712 = ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE _ cA ae ee | c . / i Wipe filled with wet sand. One of the ends terminated abruptly At this end the contents of the tightly filled intestine were most closely packed together, so that the inserted hand could scarcely EA _ make an impression with the finger. At this same end, a ‘Weil liked swelling, as large as a walnut, could be felt. Sauitoeh of disten- = tion of the stomach soon appeared, i. e., belching, vomiting through ¥ ae the nostrils, and the horse suddenly died in spite of treatraent on the same day. On autopsy an adenocarcinoma, as large as a hen’ xa se egg, was found ‘in the wall of the jejunum, which was the cause o! ae the impaction of the jejunum at the same place where the boil-lik _ swelling as large as a walnut was felt on rectal examination. In * . - front of the carcinoma, there was a mass 80 em. long, consisting 0! almost: dry, compressed masses of food. t 2. Sarcoma of the Small Intestine. Brown gelding, to. be treated for impaction of the small intestine. Rectal examination ss negative. Died two hours after arrival; clinical picture, ruptur : 5 of the stomach. On autopsy, the cause of the impaction was found ~ ~- to be a fibrosarcoma as large as an apple on the wall of the jejunum, -__-with a secondary rupture of the stomach. The lumen of the small intestine was constricted by the fibrosarcoma; in front of the con-_ striction the small intestine was tightly filled with fluid from its - - origin down to 4 meters past" Vater’s ampulla. =f poms 3. Myoma of the Small Intestine. Brown gelding, to > Dy treated for impaction of the small intestine, died 12’ hours after 4 arrival. Rectal examination disclosed two parallel loops of th: Bie small intestine, distended with gas and lying anterior to the pelvi ot ey floor. On autopsy, the cause of the impaction was found to be a myoma, as large as a duck egg, in the wall of the jejunum. In 4 ; front of the tumor there was a dried fecal mass 14 cm. long, in whic 4! region the intestinal mucosa was hemorrhagic and inflamed. a eae Bere, PaO Wy : PurpurA Hemorrnacic. J. B. Wolstenholme, F.R.C.V.S . Veterinary Journal. Record of a six years old Shire gelding whie + veeeived a severe wound over the pyramidal process of the off hind ~ | foot. Suppuration was abundant and of a bad nature, There — was much pain. Treated with antiseptic fomentations and borie — wool poultices, the process went on satisfactorily After three weeks time, purpura developed. Pulse became weak and quick, characteristic swellings took place on the four legs, the face, the — TA reat Cee RR OLS aa le breast and beneath the abdomen. Petechiae were present on the y visible mucous membranes. The temperature varied between 101.6° weakness of the horse was such that he had to be placed in slings. He was convalescent and in fair health after three weeks. Dior pi - Liavrarp. his appetite was unimpaired and worms were suspected as the - eause of the condition. Ee coat was staring, itchy and had an odor like ‘‘urinous eczema’’. The nose was moist, eyes bright but sunken. There was edematous swelling in the intermaxillary space and under the sternum. Although there was great thirst, there 3 or 4 weeks. The pulse was weak and fast. There was a slight ~ eough. The dog had a straddling gait, with back arched and he Ba urinated like a female. Blood stained mucus existed in the feces. Phi se Nothing apparently abnormal by auscultation but there was gen- eral dullness on percussion. Treatment: The dog was isolated a ’ '_. » and treated for worms first and then internally received diarrhea ra a tablet triturates (Parke, Davis and Co.) opium, camphor, tpecac — Lek and lead acetate. Afterwards lactated pepsin, creosote, and pe- — eae troleum emulsion and finally stomachics and tonics. His diet con- © Rk. sisted of: glaxo, barley water, raw meat, tripe, codliver oi) and Ba. ee, eat ~The dog improved but the author thinks this is only ‘eee We and that the trouble will return again. LIAUTARD, ~——0-- THe THEORY OF THE FREE-MaArTIN. Frank R. Lillie. Set- ence, Vol. XLITII, No. 1113, April 28, 1916, p. 6112 *‘The term free- recorded experience of breeders from ancient times to the present mal fertility are recorded. This presents an unconformable ease | the cause of much speculation.’’ _ The author refers extensively to the abstract in ‘‘Science Vol. eh SEL #y) oh Tt} eo eee Ye eo CT Seu he > ay te te 1 ee ee ed. Oe Pe ee + % Ag) Fy me Ca et tg Te ae Oe a oe a ey . ‘ b i ya _ ee ¢ g dae P) pe he ES Pte Md it 7 ; ; ee. ee { i Neepe uioa FROM RECENT ‘LITERATURE oe SAS 2s - and 102° being the highest on the fifth day of the disease. The - ee s DiseAse, oR WHAT, IN THE Dog? Henry B. Eve, M. R.C.V.S. Veterinary Journal. A pedigreed brindle bull dog was: in poor condition. He appeared unthrifty, tucked up in the flank, | was no fever. Feces were frothy and contained undigested par-_ ticles of food. There was intermittent diarrhea, recurring every _ f martin is applied to the female of heterosexual twins of cattle. The — has been that such females are usually barren, though cases of nor- =e in twinning and sex-determination, and it has consequently been — : uae p. 177, Febuary 4, 1916”’ on Leon J. Cole’s paper before ‘ 714 - ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE eo 4 } e yi the American Society of Zoologists on ‘‘Twinning in Cattle with Special Reference to the Free-Martin”’ : ‘‘There is space only for a tatemens of the eoriebiaione drawhe from a study of these cases, and of normal pregnancies. In cat-— “tle a twin pregnancy is almost always a result of the fertilization — of an ovum from each ovary; development begins separately, in — - each horn of the uterus. The rapidly elongating ova meet and fuse in the small body of the uterus at some time between the 10— ‘mm. and the 20 mm. stage. The blood vessels from each side then | anastomose in the connecting part of the chorion; a particularly wide arterial anastomosis develops, so that either fetus can be in-— jected from the other.’ The arterial circulation of each also over- laps the venous territory of the other, so that a constant inter- change of blood takes place. If both are males or both are females — no harm results from this; but if one is male and the other female, — the reproductive system of the female is largely suppressed, and certain male organs even develop in the female. This is unques- — tionably to be interpreted as a case of hormone action. It is not yel determined whether the invariable result of sterilization of the fe- — male at the expense of the male is due to more precocious develop- ment of the male hormones, or to a certain natural dominance of : : male over female hormones.’’ REICHEL. FRACTURE OF THE PARIETAL BONE IN A Dog. J. W.H. Veter-— inary Record. A well bred collie was struck by a light engine and ze was carried home. The next morning he was visited by the au- — thor who’noticed a small incised wound in the sagittal direction be-. hind the mid point of the left frontal crest. There was muck swell. — ing all round the wound, which was dry and caked with mud. The — . dog was unconscious, with eyes open, corneal reflex absent, and =~ _marked internal strabismus of both eyes. Opisthotonos spasms occurred now and then and there were continuous choreiform move- i ments of the head. The dog barked and moaned frequently. | There was rhythmic pawing of the left fore and hind limbs. The right legs seemed paralyzed. Pulse was frequent and respira- tion accelerated. Temperature 99.7°F. After cleaning the wound the examination revealed a fracture of the left parietal bone with- out displacement, subdural hemorrhage was suspected. Iodine ointment was applied to the wound and morphine given subeutane- — ously. This seemed to cause some improvement and hopes for re- — covery were entertained, Three-quarters of a pint of a 5% — _ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE . 715 4 P ce y ‘+ } f - salt solution was injected by rectum. Atropine 1/50th of a grain : was injected subeutaneously. The second day after the accident _ the patient regained consciousness, his eyes were normal and the ~ pulse was good, temperature 100° F. Paralysis was improying and -. gradually with iodide of potassium given for a week and after eu arsenic and quinine, recovery was complete with the exception of bs occasional choreic twitching of the head. LAIAUTARD, ag Liga eae” a Brapication or Tusercutous CarrLe From Mitca HeErps. hee V. Tracey, D.V.S. The Public Health Journal, Feb., 1916. In 1911 the city of Sherbrooke, Que., passed a by-law scunioalline the were removed and replaced by others. A second test of these 8 --~ months later gave 114% of reactors. A third test 18 months later sation for the destroyed cattle is not advisable, as it would tend to promote carelessness on the part of the owner. The following ; the area of the stable floors, lime washing of interior twice yearly, é ——— utensils, removal of manure and the erection of special buildings _ degrees F’. in a well ventilated stable. REICHEL, CANCER OF THE Tatu. Recueil de Med. Vet. Prof. G. Moussu ~ of Alfort has recently published a case of cancer of the tail in a cow in which the epithelial tissue, while it formed the predominating element in the mass, contained also bony sarcomatous elements - and others which made the whole a true heteroplastic tumor, which - __was impossible to classify. The cancer was in an aged cow, which when presented to him _ showed in the middle of the tail, a large round tumor, spreading on its borders, so as to entirely surround the lateral parts of the caudal ’ . 7 =, _ skin, coated with hairs, but the anterior surface was ulcerated and ~~ with several fistulous tracts, running in its depth, and giving escape ee oe bloody, purulent, grayish discharge having a repulsive odor. The eS lower part of this tail seemed intact, not inflamed or even edema- ~_ g removal of all cattle from herds supplying the city with milk. which reacted to the tuberculin test. Of 650 head, 13% reacted; these gave only 4 reactors out of 674 head, a percentage of 4%. Compen-. regulations are important: Window lighting equal to one-tenth cleaning and grooming of cattle, covered pails, sterilization of milk | _ for the handling and storing of milk. The best temperature is 50 — _- in which the histological examination revealed a typical epithelium — appendage, The external posterior surface was still covered with - aa growth on palpation gave the sensation of semi-fluctuation. The — * dha tous. The upper segment of the organ ‘was much hay te and 3 or organs of the pelvie aac: Amputation of the tail was performed for: experiment pe ob- | servations of gapaacigion _ mit, when a flow of sanious, gray- -reddish, adorless™aule. escape Le with pieces of necrosed tissue. Then the right anal gland under- went suppuration. Ultimately the animal was destroyed. At ‘post-— mortem it was found that the generalization had not spreat further than the pelvis, that a large purulent collection had forme through the left gluteal muscles and that the sublumbar Igmhaiang tended had the animal been Siskel to live longer. ‘LIAUTARD. ——_QO--——_ Heauru. (Durand et al. vs. Dyson et al. (Ill.) 111 N.E.R., 143). Jour of the Amer. Med, Assoc., Vol. LX VI, No. 13, March 25, 1916, p. 981. The Supreme Court of Illinois, in affirming a decree in favor of the defendants, the state veterinarian and the members. of the state board of live stock commissioners, holds that they and their agents and employees should not be enjoined against slaughter- ing, in accordance with the statute, a herd of cattle afflicted with hoof and mouth disease. The court says that cattle afflicted with a dangerous and contagious disease are publi¢ nuisances as de- fined by the common law, and under the common law such a nuisance could not be legalized because it invaded the peace and safety of i the people. Prevention of the spreading of dangerous dise among cattle is now universally recognized in this country as itis the domain of the police power, as it is so essential to. the public safety and health. It is also now generally recognized that where “a the disease among cattle is so very dangerous and of so contagious or infectious a character as to be communicable to human beings: through the consumption of the flesh or milk of such animals as have the disease, as the foot-and-mouth disease is generally considered, aM Ey yas re # eee Birt sadat etait cet By os hos Oe ee a ee fe ee 4 rey “Bll - >» ¢ Pi os J ow - - ae “ate Cas % Ae $e ‘ 4 35 - ‘ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 717 io to be, legislatures may, and should, confer on boards or commis- - sions the power to destroy animals afflicted with such a disease when thought to be necessary to public safety. A Massachusetts case upholds a statute authorizing summary proceedings to kill horses i: with the glanders. Proceedings for the destruction of property in A many cases must necessarily be summary and without a previous >. trial or hearing. It would certainly not be contended by any one that a hearing ought to be had before demolishing a building in the or with the bubonic alee: or before the destruction of a dog suf- aire with rabies. ae some cases hearings may be reasonably one regarding the Peavecsctiin of animals or food which is not only s unfit for human use, but may be fatal to those who use it, the em- _ergency is such that the legislature should have the entire disposi- tion of the matter without being subject to being reviewed and its acts declared void by the courts. REICHEL. —. _Ineurnat Traumatic Hernia i A 15 Montus Corr—Birar- _ ERAL .CastratTION—Recovery. Mr. E. Jacquot. Rec. de Medic. Veter. A well built colt jumped over a plowing machine and the shaft penetrated the left inguinal region. There was no cutaneous wound but a tumor appeared and grew gradually during the fol- lowing days. The colt had eolics more or less severe. Treated first iy te be an outsider the tumor became hard, had an ovoid regular shape ; iS. and was as big as an adult’s head. It extended in the inguinal -_ eanal by a very hard peduncle as big as the fist. It was reducible. / per right testicle was in normal position but the left was not found. _ Diagnosis of chronic inguinal hernia was made in which the trauma had only dilated the inguinal canal and permitted the entrance. of ‘the intestines through the vaginal wall. After preparation an op- eration was performed. Incision on the enlargement, dissection, liberation of the hernial sae as far as the peduncle, reduction of the hernia and ligature of the sac by. transfixion with half a cir- cular and a fuil circular turn. This done, the left testicle was looked -for.and found situated high up behind the peduncle, free from the -hernial sac. The neck of the hernial sac and the left testicle with the vaginal were secured in one large clamp and the interference closed by castration of the right testicle in the usual way. Recovery was uneventful. | | Liaurarp. path of a piggies that was rapidly destroying a city, in case — ~F Prony ny Let On BF BD PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY - MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (Continued from page 557) Oakland, Calif., seer 2, 1915. _ by the President, Clarence J. Marshall, in accordance with ‘the ie printed program, at 7 :30 0 ‘clock P. M., on said day. — - oe PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Gentlemen, with the exception that there may be}: a report of the executive committee—something further in reference to -col- — officers. We will first hear the recommendation of the executive committee. a ; Dr. Mayo: It is moved by the executive committee, and that committee ; recommends to the association, that the association provide a stenographer for the Association of College Faculties and Examining Boards and that the pro- fi ceedings of the college faculties and examining boards be referred to the com- ; -mittee on journal for their consideration and publication of such portions as” they may deem advisable. Dr. Kinsuey: I move the adoption of the recommendation. Seconded og Dr. Murphey. ae PRESIDENT MARSHALL: It has been moved’ and seconded that the recom: — mendation of the executive committee be adopted. Any remarks? If not, all | those in favor of the motion signify it by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed no? i Carried. It is so ordered. Yip : Dr. Mayo: I believe that is all. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Before we take up the subject of the siacuie 1 would like to know if there is any unfinished business which should be taken: uv at this time. ae Dr. MurpHey: What disposition was made of the history committee re- port? : . - PRESIDENT MARSHALL: The executive committee has. not had a meeting since the last session, and I do not see how that ean be handled at this session. — Have you any suggestions to make as to what shall be done with it? De. MurpHey: Can we not have a meeting to-morrow? | Presipent MarsHatu: We could not report it back to the association Da because we have no meeting to-morrow. As I understand it, according to the — by-laws the order of business requires that the election of officers be the last — business transacted, 40 De. Hoskins: Can we not continue that committee by action of the asso- k ciation? I move you, that we continue the committee on history; we will still» retain it as a special committee on the list. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. : Pueesipent MarsHaLu: The motion is made and seconded that the com- | mittee on history be continued. Any remarks? Those in favor of the motion ~ * + Cee, Sule ni ie an Py nay PE >. 4 Ton — - i" Rie hay os we 3 wey se a 4 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 719 it. It is so ordered. ; Dr. MURPHEY: Would it be in order to move that a special committee be "appointed to investigate the feasibility of the establishment of a veterinary i - museum at the Smithsonian Institute? cr? PRESIDENT MARSHALL: Could not that be done by your committee as well be as by this association? 1 oie ae Dr. MurpHey: It might be if the chairman would care to take the re- sponsibility. : PRESIDENT MAarsHALL: I am ready for suggestions. We will put it up to you. if - ‘Dr. Murpuey: We will put it up to the chairman then. . Prestmpenr MarsHatu:; Is there any other business which should be dis- posed of before the election of officers? If not, the next order of business, that all of the members before me are eligible to vote. If there is no vhjec- tion I will ask every man who is entitled to vote to raise his hand so that we = ; mt not entitled to vote. Could not they sit over on the side seats so that we may ____know the voters? ; : . Dr. Drury: I put in my application for membership this year, and I don’t know whether I have been elected to membership or not. Dr. Mayo: Yes, you were elected. -__we allow nomination speeches, and if so, how long shall they be? Dr. Mouuer:. I move that the nomination speeches be limited to two minutes. Seconded by Dr. Kinsley. c PRESIDENT MARSHALL: You have heard the motion, that the nomination ‘speeches, if any, be limited to two minutes. Those in favor of the motion manifest it by saying ‘‘aye’’. Those opposed ‘‘no’’. The ‘‘ayes’’ have it. It is so ordered. The first man to be nominated is the president. Whom will you haye for _. president? Dr. Lonetry: For fifty- re years in the history of this association no one has been elected to the presidency from the territory west of the Mississippi - contains a large percentage of the members of this association, The Pacific _ ¢oast has selected a man they would like to place before this association, and he comes from this part of the State of California,—a Native Son. I take pleasure in presenting the name of Dr. R. A. Archibald. * Dr. V. A. Moore: I second that nomination. a Of Indianapolis. ‘Dr. Hugues: I would like to second the nomination of Dr. Archibald also. ae I have known Dr. Archibald for a great number of years and he is well known make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’; those opposed ‘‘no’’, The ‘‘ayes’’ have and the last, is the election of officers for the coming year. I do not know may see what members we have present. There are only a few, apparently, _ PRESIDENT MARSHALL: I would like to know if you are all satisfied. Shall- River. This territory comprises a considerable number of square miles and — oe ‘ Dr. Rosrnson: I take pleasure in presenting the name of George Roberts A ? 930 eee PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. MO ADO ae EE Ly drop their ballots in the hat. Seconded by Dr. Longley. to this association. Dr. Archibald is a practitioner; he is a- scientist; he is | a one of the best all-round representatives of this profession; and a gentleman, — You will not make any mistake if you elect him to this high position—the high- : ‘est this association could possibly give any man. I think Dr. prohitald wae AS hold the position with credit to the association. =: Dr. ROBINSON: I renew the nomination of Dr. George Raherts of Indian- d : apolis. Dr. —————-: I wish to second the nomination, Dr. HucHes: I move that the nominations be closed. Dr. V. A. Moore: I second the motion. PRESIDENT MARSHALL: We have two nominations ; one for Dr. “Arehibald. t 5 and the other for Dr. Roberts, and the motion is now made to close the nomi- nations, which motion has been seconded. Are #here any remarks? All those ia - in favor of the motion make it manifest by saying ‘‘aye’’; those oes a ‘ Nothing of special moment has occurred in veterinary matters since the last report. No additions or amendments to the present veterinary practice act were attempted during the session of the last legislature. The present law, if it were “enforced, is fairly satisfactory. A -bill was introduced requiring that the State Meat and Slaughter Plant Inspector should be a veterinarian, but it failed to pass. A bill was passed, however, giving the State Veterinary Surgeon authority to appoint graduate veterinarians in various por- tions of the state as deputy state veterinarians to receive compensa- tion only when employed. This will enable the state veterinarian to have all cases of reported diseases investigated without loss of time, which will be of great advantage many times. The state is-comparatively free from live stock diseases at the present time. Mange in cattle, which has been a bugbear for sev- eral years, is practically eradicated and scab in sheep is rapidly being exterminated. These results are largely due to the efforts of the Bureau of Animal Industry working in conjunction with the state authorities. Only a few cases of glanders have been discovered and these in isolated cases and nothing resembling an epidemic. _Blackleg has been quite prevalent and of a particularly viru-. lent type, deaths continuing in spite of vaccination. A few deaths from anthrax have been reported but from a portion of the state which has for some time been infected and where deaths occur nearly every year. Hog cholera is more or less prevalent in all portions of the state though less this year than last. As in other states there is a great difference of opinion among hog owners as — to the advisability of vaccination and of the comparative merits of single and double treatments, ws 728 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A, FLORIDA F. W. Porter, Tampa. As a state, Florida has little to report in veterinary progress; or if it has, your resident secretary has failed to find it. Florida has no law that any white man need respect and as. Haig profession, the veterinarian has no legal recognition at all. The drug clerk who fills his prescription must show that he is qualified 2 to do so; but the darkey on the street or the stable roust-about is peeadenalt to be fully qualified to write said prescription. During my residence in Tampa, Florida, dating from 1914, tie have made an attempt at each session of the state legislature to get a — veterinary practice act passed. Up to the session of 1913 I was nahi any to get any help whatever from the few professional veterinarians 4 in the state. During that winter Dr. Charles F. Dawson of our’ State Board of Health, a few others and myself, formed a nucleus — of what we hope will develop into an active state association. _ In the winter of 1912 a meeting, attended by nearly all of the — most prominent stock growers of Florida, was held at the State — University, at Gainsville, Florida in the interest of tick eradica- tion. Representatives of the Bureau of Animal Industry were pres- ent and government aid offered but no advantage of the offer was taken by the state legislature at its meeting in the spring of 1913 | a and of course no government aid was given. Since then some thirty or forty vats have been built in different parts of the state and the — ‘ § work is progressing slowly. Two of these vats are near Tampa and while at first used only by the owners and visited by the neigh-_ ‘a bors from curiosity; these neighbors are now watching for a dip- aa ping, to send their own cattle through. . Sor It is a noticeable peculiarity in this region : that, while we have about all the infectious diseases that our class of patients are sub- | ject to, such infections are almost always in mild form. I am in- | formed that the same rule holds true in human practice also. For a years glanders was always present in Tampa, yet never epidemi¢, About three years ago we abolished the open, street drinking foun- tain and, with it, glanders. We now have a few specially designed fountains about the city which have proved very successful. I. have a model with me, for tHe inspection of any who may be in- terested. aa Rabies, also is always with ts but very seldom seen except in Susie a ite PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 729 - the form of ‘‘Dumb Rabies’. In 1912 this disease did become highly prevalent and resulted in the destruction of a large number of worthless curs and the practical elimination of this very danger- "ous disease. ‘‘Black Tongue’’ (Hepatic Stomatitis of Mueller) has taken a heavy to!l among our more valuable dogs. but recently we have found that a large per cent of the cases will make a rapid recovery when given the thymol treatment for hook worm. In this connec- . _ tion I wish to report that the only cases of chorea I have ever been . ee es A ee ee he Pg a ures ; : ns ea ee 7 . t.. a - suecessful with, have yielded to the same treatment. The most troublesome local condition that we have to contend with in Florida is a ray fungus infection loeally known as ‘‘Leeches’’. Its habitat is ponds and marshes and it is usually a rainy season difficulty. One is apt to meet it at any season and once introduced into a stable, it remains there. It is readily carried by flies from a seat of infection to any open wound. The small, black, biting fly, common around stables and dairy barns can and does - inoculate it. Cattle suffer very little from these sores, for if the in- fection does occur where the animal can get it with the tongue, that rough tongue will do its own surgery. The growth is very re- sistant to treatment but can be destroyed by caustic potash, in any _ form, or applied with arsenic. This latter method gives a very * slow healing. A fresh infection, that has not gotten deep into the tissue will sometimes yield to chrysophanic acid. Zine, either the oxide or the chloride or in combination, are also sometimes — successful. Silver nitrate is a first class fertilizer for this condi- tion. Where surgery can be applied, either with the knife or by actual cautery, it is by far the best method. When the hoof is at- tacked, treatment is almost useless; although I have had one case where I destroyed the entire outer quarter of the hoof, cutting out the plantar cushion and the coronet half way to the toe and then got complete healing. But it took three years to get it. The animal is now in good service and the present owners have recently refused an offer of $250. for him. This report was originally prepared to be presented at the pro- posed meeting at New Orleans in December, 1914. Since that time, © on February 15th, 1915, the FLormipa VeTERINARY MEeEpDIcAL Asso- CIATION was duly organized in the city of Tampa with Dr. Chas. F. - Dawson, veterinarian for the State Board of Health as president, _ Dr, F, A. Armstrong as vice-president, and Dr. Fred W. Porter as secretary. The first act of the new association was to prepare and _A few epidemics of blackleg occurred, but were quickly controlled, “a In hogs, cholera continues to cause the most excitement, especially seab being reported. This is a fortunate condition, for with the 7 1 ¢ # x \ - tyke : yg ee F ‘ a NR eT ends t v f * : af es “Paes | ' 730 | PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A, present a bill for the control of the practice of veterinary medicine a : in this state. y ‘ The House of Representatives of the Florida Liegielantiee has ‘0 again set us aside; (June 15th, 1915) this time because the engross- ing clerk left out the enacting clause. We shall try again two years hence. In the meantime, Florida will continue to be a very pleas- ant dumping ground for our neighboring states, all me, which have practice laws on their statute books. \ ASS 4 IDAHO age a E. T. Baxer, Moscow. i About one-fourth of the graduate veterinarians in Idaho. are a members of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The status of the veterinarian is being gradually raised in this state by the veterinary practice act passed by our legislature three years ago. While some rather undesirable men secured licenses, it will have a tendency to discourage emigration from neighboring states, as Idaho has long been the dumping ground ~ of the northwest in this respect. * < os cx - - “y San TS Py eee ee = 7 Le ps PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 731 chickens, Idaho being a large poultry producer. Our non-contagious diseases keep our veterinarians fairly busy, being mostly digestive disorders and barb wire cuts in horses; udder and calving troubles in cows; forage poisoning in sheep, — and worms in hogs. We have a wide variety of ailments, and are — often called on to diagnose some diseasés among turkeys and Parent? , SiceLraes MASSACHUSETTS FRANCIS ABELE, JR., Quincy. As resident secretary for Massachusetts I offer the following report: Since our last meeting the office of Chief of the Depart- ment of Animal Industry has been transferred from a layman to a veterinarian. We credit the layman with securing double the _ former salary, which makes the office more of an attraction. Dr. Howard, the new chief, is a long-time member of this association, and came into office January 2, 1915. His predecessor had a com- plete outfit of assistants, not all of whom were veterinarians. Dr. Howard has appointed no new ones. At present our big cattle mar- “*tested at Brighton, Mass.’’ will mean what it says. In 1914, 1948 cattle were killed for tuberculosis in Maxseachit: setts, of which 654 were from outside the state. There were 857 — eases of glanders in 1914 of which 352 were from Boston, a de- — _ erease for that city of 39% from the previous year. This was evidently due to the closing of the water troughs. In the rest of the state the decrease was only 6% with troughs not closed. Rabies has been on the increase of late and in Boston dogs are on leash. In 1904, 250 dogs, 3 cattle, 8 pigs, 1 horse and 1 eat died with this disease. As foot-and-mouth disease will be discussed by others, I will — 1 only say that up to June 22, 1915, 2114 cattle, 6116 swine, 77 sheep __ and 11 goats were killed on 98 premises for this disease. The long delays before killing, allowing a saturation of the premises, ‘during the early part of the trouble, has been remedied, so that twenty-four hours from the time of reporting the infection of the premises, it is eradicated. It is probable that no upstate cattle will be at our fairs this fall. Even local cattle may not be there. _ It is possible that the cattle market may open in September. At ‘ket at Brighton is closed. We expect that in the future a tag saying, __ _ This was held in the new Boston City Club house, the largest in. a ‘732 Pree eae EROCEFDENEE. OF ‘THE A. Y. M. A. / present cattle are shipped i in, to private parties on permit aid quar antined for 15 days until released by the state. > A milk bill, looking to the inspection of out of state dairies: sunilar to our state inspection, failed to pass. Rebellious farmers caused the overthrow of the old Stata Board of Health which persecuted them. They see the same old faces and the same unreasonable treatment. Until a practical t ' veterinarian is appointed on that board, who can see facts as farmers 2% see them, there must be conflicts. ° me The Massachusetts veterinarians feel highly elated at the suc> cess of their association during the last year. In 1914 they ad- | mitted five new members, in the first five months of 1915 they admitted fourteen new members. At their annual banquet, Dr. 2 Klein of Philadelphia, was the invited guest, and for the first time in its history, the Governor of the state graced the meeting. — existence. The Governor expressed his appreciation to the veteri- narians’ services to the state, in a whole souled manner. MINNESOTA > G. Ep. Leecu, Winona. The state of Minnesota has reason to be proud of the fact that — she has passed through the scourge of foot-and-mouth disease which has swept over the country, and surrounded her on all sides, except Canada, and remained a free state, during it all. This may be due to one thing or another, perhaps more particularly to the vigilance of the Live Stock Sanitary Board and their! corps of in- | spectors. However, there has not been a single case within its borders. Our greatest trouble has been with hog cholera, which is still to-day a menace in spite of all the advanced thought in hog chol- era research work, Out of over eight hundred cases reported, from different sources, but forty-three were found to be glandered and destroyed, showing a large falling off in this particular disease. . Dourine gave us some trouble last year, on the western border, but this year none has been reported. Influenza and strangles have been the principal ailments over the state this year, and have taken on complications in the forms of bronchitis, laryngitis, and pharyngitis; with a great many losses reported, al + t,t £ \ \ 7 ; be tion, and taken all together, the Minnesota profession is generally 5 in a prosperous and thrifty condition, and invites you all to our an- nual meeting in January, 1916. tn) 8s -) OKLAHOMA Ie Cuas. H. Jews, Fort Sill. E The question of a report on veterinary matters in this state I x -_~ shall have to confine to such information as I am able to obtain from _ others and for such I am indebted to Dr. E. V. Robnett, State report from his office. The state veterinarian was fortunate in obtaining ten thou- ports that not a single case has been found in the state. . There were several reports of a suspicious nature but these proved to be — . either mycotic stomatitis or cases of animals suffering from necro- lettin v in four counties of Kansas, a very rigid quarantine was estab- lished by the state against interstate shipments and proved effec- During the year sixty-seven (67) head of horses and mules have been killed for glanders and the state veterinarian has several others which have reacted and are being held in quarantine for future action. BRT The state now requires that all horses and mules entering the state be subjected to the mallein test. The Oklahoma State Board of Agriculture recently passed a resolution requiring that all dairy “* , Pd Se ae .. ¥ —_— | 7 eT Ss ee — beh 3a ——— ae <3 s > : : ¥ 5 eek y= given either the intradermal or the thermic tuberculin test, de- ister. Since this order went into effect thirty-two (32) reacting every one of them was condemned to go to the fertilizer tank. All - Board of Agriculture and the reports so far show a very small per reacting are usually found to be animals shipped in from northern s _ Ing are found to be practically free from tuberculosis. ; PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. MOA, + | . 733 — Our state veterinary society is in a most flourishing condi- ‘Veterinarian for Oklahoma, who kindly furnished me with a brief sand dollars to make a fight against foot-and-mouth disease and re-— bacillosis. On account of the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease — tive. 3 cows furnishing milk for public or private consumption shall be _ pending in each case which might be the most practical to admin- _ ee cows have been killed under federal post-mortem inspection and - : testing is done by veterinarians who are recognized by the State cent of reactors, estimated at one-half of one per cent, and those ~ _ states. The native stock which has never been subjected to hous- 734. PROCEEDINGS OF THR A! V.MA, 9° hs ; ; ; \ ‘ {5 ‘ 7 During the past year there has been one outbreak of coital vy exanthema and this originated from an infected stallion and he transmitted the same to thirty-one (31) mares which had been bred to him. cs Hog cholera has caused extensive losses within the state and _has been prevalent in every county. Considerable vaccination has been carried on and the results have been highly gratifying, es- pecially when carried out before the disease had made too much - headway. ‘ The simultaneous method is the one which seems to Sie given the\best results and is most generally the method employed by ie veterinarians within the state. On account of the extensive trade in hares and mules, due eg _. the demand abroad for war animals, there has been a constant _ gathering together of large numbers of animals and this has re- sulted in numerous outbreaks of shipping fevers such as influenza, strangles and catarrhal fever with their numerous complications, such as pleurisy, pneumonia and hemorrhagic septicemia; which entailed heavy losses for the dealers. There have been numerous reports of blackleg and a considerable number of Texas fever. — The state law relating to inter-state shipping seems to be work- a a ing smoothly and good results have been obtained with very little friction. There are two state veterinary societies, one composed of peg ct ate veterinarians and the other of non- graduates, the latter out- numbering the other many-fold. ; Practice, from what I can learn, has been very good during a 3 the past year and there is a great demand within the state for live energetic qualified practitioners. —_——_9-—— NEVADA. Winrrep B. Mack, Reno. As there was no meeting of the association in 1914 no report | was made for that year. Therefore this report covers the years — 1914-15, The legislature of 1915 created a State Veterinary Control — Service and a State Board of Live Stock Commissioners. The first provides for the diagnosis of infectious diseases of animals and the preparation and distribution of sera and vaccines for their con- eit PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 735 ae 4 ‘trol. The work is done in the veterinary bacteriological laboratories - of the University of Nevada. The writer was appointed director % of that service and becomes by virtue of such appointment, ez-offi- § a cio State Quarantine Officer, a position created by the act The appointment is made by the President and Regents of the Univer- = influence. The duties are similar to those of a state veterinarian. - The Live Stock Commission cooperates with the Director of the 2 State Veterinary Control Service in the control and eradication of pamper oaks of infectious disease. They may levy special taxes on live stock to combat infectious diseases and have authority over all _ live stock matters except sheep, the latter being handled by a State is flexible; under normal conditions nominal sums will be raised, | suitable to meet those conditions, but in case of emergency larger _ amounts will be available. Provision is made for cooperation with ie the Bureau of Animal Industry when their assistance is needed. Bees With high prices for live stock and a gradual improvement _ im the ¢are of animals together with the development of the dairy- y i: ing and hog-raising industries the conditions for practice continue _ toimprove. Several men have established successful practices here by and there is room for a few more well qualified men. of our meat animals in this respect is not exceeded by those from any state. In the abattoirs which draw their supply of cattle and : sheep from Nevada, condemnations by the meat inspectors at time ~ of slaughter are almost unknown. While the list of diseases with which this report deals may appear formidable, this is due rather tem rather than to an undue prevalence of those maladies. . Much of the veterinary activity of the state centers about the ' University of Nevada. Their veterinary department was estab- _ lished January Ist, 1907, For eight years it was a one-man affair devoting its energies and resources to research and instruction, - gradually undertaking to assist in control work as the demand in- F creased. In 1913 the responsibility for quarantine and control : was vested in a State Quarantine Board, of which the writer was - chairman. He assumed the full responsibility for that work in a, 1915 as above noted. In January, 1915, two veterinarians were d sity, this arrangement removing the quarantine power from political Sheep Commission, created in 1907. The financial arrangement ASS The health of Nevada live stock is proverbial. The reputation to a close watch for their occurrence in an adequate control sys- 736 oe PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V, M. A. eteatle latter in cooperation with the Agricultural Extension Division of the University. A second laboratory man has been secured re- — cently, making a staff of four veterinarians. The department thus — i undertakes teaching, research, quarantine, control and eradication of infectious diseases for the state, employing, in addition to its staff, the various practitioners upon a per diem basis as needed: This ‘organization is rendering efficient service to the live stock industry - of the state, reducing the losses from infectious diseases to a mini- mum. A system of district veterinarians under the control of the — State Quarantine Officer is contemplated which will enable us to ~ quickly locate every outbreak of infection and eradicate it. This rapid growth of veterinary activity in the state does not indicate an increase in prevalence of disease but an appreciation of veteri-— 3 nary service by the live stock men and a refinement of methods of raising and handling domesticated animals. Our live stock com- — panies are coming to realize that communicable diseases are, to a great extent, preventable and that most of the losses due to them” can be avoided. The plan of centering the state’s veterinary activities at the State University has much to commend it. It avoids duplication — of men and equipment; secures a proper alignment and coordina- tion of effort; attracts to it talent of a high order, thus making for greater efficiency; frees it from political influences ; and all ata = greater economy of expenditure than other plans. It should be applied more widely in the stock-growing states. : Sheep scabies has been completely eradicated and the Federal ~ i Quarantine raised from the remainder of the state. The State ~ Sheep Commission has had to deal with a somewhat serious out- break of genital necrobacillosis in rams and are advising dipping sheep to rid them of ticks, which many sheepmen consider sufficient- ly detrimental to warrant the labor and expense of dipping. a Equine anemia, which in 1906-09 was prevalent in certain dis- — ‘a tricts, destroying a large number of horses, has been of little eco- nomi¢ importance of late. Only a few scattering cases have come to our notice, too few in fact for a proper continuance of our study of that disease. Strangles and equine influenza have levied their usual tax upon the horse breeders, their prevalence being about what the breeders — consider normal. og Hog cholera has appeared in several sections of the state but fy ae Pel yy is OP Ae ad i' = et es ae, Ag 7 {7 , : - PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 737 _ each outbreak has been quickly suppressed by the prompt use of ‘serum. Partially as a result of the effective use of serum in the . prompt control of outbreaks of hog cholera, the swine raising in- dustry has assumed considerable proportions, farmers being no longer apprehensive regarding the safety of their investments in hogs, as the menace of cholera has been largely removed. | | Bovine tuberculosis is less prevalent in our dairy herds than we have ‘supposed. Considerable tuberculin testing has been done ~ _ in the dairying districts, revealing but an occasional reacting herd and: those but slightly affected. That fortunate condition renders - the eradication of tuberculosis possible in the not remote future. As the state allows dairy cattle to enter only subject to the tuber- — - eulin test, by retesting after a suitable interval, by testing existing herds, and exercising a proper control over all reacting animals, — as is being undertaken, we can soon rid the dairy herds of the dis- - ease and keep them free from it. Tuberculosis is exceedingly rare in Nevada range cattle. Anthrax is prevalent in a few districts. The loss from it is slight as vaccination is coming to be generally practiced in the herds grazing upon infected lands. ~~. Blackleg is widely prevalent but in the infected districts vac- cination is universally employed with the result that the loss from _ it is insignificant. ~ Chicken cholera has appeared in a few flocks in widely sepa-- rated localities. Attempts to suppress these outbreaks by the use ¥ of killed cultures of Bacterium avisepticus have proven successful. _ The Agricultural Experiment Station will issue a bulletin in the near future giving the results of this work. Pas Contagious epithelioma in chickens was unusually prevalent | - and destructive in Reno flocks during the winter of 1914-15. The Agricultural Experiment Station undertook to control it by vaeci- 4 nation as a research project. The results of the experiments were gratifying. They have been published as Nevada Agricultural a. Experiment Station Bulletin No. 82. A popular account of that 3 work, well illustrated, will soon appear as bulletin No. 83. Ba) Two rare diseases in young lambs have been encountered. The - first, umbilical necrobacillosis, was observed in one flock, where the _- loss due to it was estimated at 1540 lambs out of 5200 born in the flock. An account of those observations appeared in the August, 1915, number of the American Veterinary Review. The second, \" ° / Me lambs died from the trouble. Autopsies revealed extensive fatty _ the body. This condition is discussed briefly by Hutyra and Marek. 738 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. ¥. M. A. Bi ety a eh fatty degeneration of muscles in suckling lambs, was observed in a small band of pure-bred Hampshire sheep. The ewes were closely confined during the winter upon an exclusive alfalfa diet. Several lambs, from three to fifteen days old, developed an extreme mus- cular weakness, first appearing as a peculiar wobbling gait, soon | developing into inability to stand or walk. The progress of the . disease was rapid, the affected individuals succumbing in a few days after the first symptoms were noticeable. Clinical observation indicated muscular rather than paralytic trouble. About twenty degeneration of the skeletal muscles, generally distributed throughout They state that the cause is unknown but suggest hereditary pre- disposition, too close breeding, and excessive fat content of milk. _ A brief description of this occurrence will appear in the Annual - Report of the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station for the year — ending June 30, 1915. The appearance of rabies in the state is the most serious’ occur- rence of the year. The far west was free from rabies untii 1909, when it appeared in Los Angeles, California. It spread over Cali- -fornia, into Oregon and thence into northern Nevada. The first - definite knowledge of its appearance here was gained from the ex- amination of a coyote’s head, sent from extreme northern Humboldt County for that purpose. It has appeared several times at Cali- fornia points near the state line during the past three years but never extended into our territory. Since its introduction here it has spread into five counties and is now disseminated over a wide area. In view of the fact that northern Nevada is a sparsely popu- lated mountainous country, devoted to live stock raising under range conditions, and infested with coyotes, the problem of control is different than in a thickly populated district which is free from wild animals, and correspondingly difficult. A number of people have been attacked and bitten by rabid coyotes and dogs and live ‘stock losses from rabies are becoming numerous. Fortunately no deaths have occurred in human beings. All exposed persous have received the Pasteur treatment at the University. So far the disease has not invaded the larger towns but it will do so ultimately. Then the muzzling and confinement of dogs will enter into the problem of control. Coyote extermination is the logical method for holding rabies PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. Y. M. A. ‘ >” 739 : ’ } , ; in check under the above mentioned conditions, but the difficulty of j that undertaking is appreciated only when the character and extent of the country, together with the nature and habits of this crafty animal are considered. However, an attempt is being made to ex- _ terminate or to at least greatly reduce the number of coyotes. By __ arrangement between the veterinary control authorities of the state _. placed twenty-five men in the infected territory under the direction Br of an inspector to hunt, trap and poison coyotes. They are doing ~ excellent work which we are hopeful will serve to at least reduce the losses due to the disease. __ Nevada has, in common with her neighbors, maintained a rigid " saovalaaan against the shipment of live stock from the East and “middle West on account of foot and mouth disease and has escaped - its introduction. ie & i ‘a q Pe NEW MEXICO FRANK H. Barr, Albuquerque. veterinarians concerning the veterinary situation in New Mexico : my report is intended to include the year 1914 as well as the present year, as it is understood that no report from New Mexico was sub- _ mitted last year on account of the National Association not having met. s - Laws directly affecting the practice of veterinary medicine and . veterinary practitioners in this state have been introduced before the legislative bodies of New Mexico at the past two meetings and although no direct laws governing practice or protecting the quali- ae fied practitioner have been enacted, several acts, such as providing for veterinary inspection of hogs; the mallein testing of horses; a the testing of cows for tuberculosis; and the stallion registration _ within the state doing public service to be certified and passed upon " practice for the qualified man. fe" The control of animal diseases in New Mexico is in the hands a Ce of two boards which are respectively known as the New Mexico ‘an Sheep Sanitary Board, with jurisdiction over sheep and goats; and ee - the New Mexico Cattle Sanitary Board, dealing with matters affect- and the United States Bureau of Biological Survey the latter have In rendering a report briefly covering points of interest to- law, which provides for the certification of all stallions and jacks by qualified veterinarians; have a tendency to raise the standard of © 4 —. be a a en Zz 740 -- ~ | PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. ¥. M. A. ae ae 7 ing the health of horses, mules, cattle and hogs. Each board is | empowered to formulate regulations as conditions may require, es There is no state veterinarian. 2 a The number of qualified veterinarians, (class A. school men) < a now engaged in private practice in New Mexico is about seven.’ The United States Bureau of Animal Industry employs approximately fifteen in its cooperative work within the state. : The New Mexico sanitary boards at this time recognize and have & commissioned all private practitioners within the state who have — previously satisfied the boards regarding their fitness and who have — shown that they are graduates from class A. schools. Veterinarians employed on state work are reimbursed on a per diem basis including expenses. Such per diem rate compares favor- ably with that provided for by other states doing similar work. The field for the general practitioner is necessarily somewhat limited owing to the sparsely settled condition of the country, how- ever qualified men at present with the aid of state work make the. practice of their profession a fairly remunerative work and are gradually enlarging their scope of usefulness. The field of veter- inary practice in this state is well covered by qualified practitioners ; the non-graduate veterinarians, of whom there are several, do not — find business at all lucrative. 4 Relative to animal diseases within the state it can be stated that our live-stock generally is very free from contagious and infectious diseases. Cattle in general, as in the case of range stock in other = western range sections are particularly free from disease; especially — tuberculosis. However, considerable tubercular infection is being found in dairy cattle recently shipped into the state. Horses are ' quite free from glanders ; only three cases having been recorded with- — in the past four years. An outbreak of dourine has occurred on the Navajo Indian Reservation in western New Mexico, the original infection having been introduced in a stallion originating in the state of Wyoming. Above situation is at present being handled by the Office of Indian Affairs cooperating with veterinarians of the a Federal Bureau of Animal Industry. Contagious abortion of cattle is at a minimum and only occasionally is there being reported spor- - adie outbreaks of hog-cholera. . The quarantine regulations affecting the entrance of live-stock _ 4 4 into the state have been considerably modified the past year in order ~ to meet conditions relative to the prevention of the spread of foot — ° PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 741 -- and mouth disease. Copies of any state regulation may be had by application to the secretary of the particular board governing the ’ kind of live-stock in question. Both boards maintain offices at . Albuquerque, New Mexico. Be. In conclusion I am pleased to report that legislation is con- templated looking toward a workable practice act and it is very ___ probable that when passed will also provide for the office of state 4 ' veterinarian. Inasmuch as it is generally conceded that state-wide 3 _ measures affecting the health of live-stock should be in the hands of the qualified veterinarians, so here in New Mexico, even though : there is no state association efforts will constantly be made to keep the _. profession in public demand, and so ever increase the usefulness of local practitioners as well as eventually having the problems of state sanitation devolve upon the qualified, professional men. ——_o——_ NEW YORK C. D. Pearce, Binghamton. As far as diseases of domestic animals in the State of New / from past years. The most serious proposition, however. which has confronted us within the past twelve months was the outbreak of _. foot-and-mouth disease. At present everything looks extremely favorable: for the complete eradication of this plague. The total number of animals destroyed in New York State was 5709 cattle, 498 swine, 150 sheep and 38 goats, involving a total expenditure of about $27,000 for indemnities, expenses, ete. During the past few weeks we have had one or two isolated cases of foot-and-mouth | trouble. These latter cases do not show in the above figures. Bovine tuberculosis, has, as heretofore, occupied much atten- tion: Legislation has been proposed looking toward more practi- cal means of controlling or eradicating the disease. A commission was appointed by the Governor in 1913, which made a careful study _ of the situation and issued a rather complete report. Certain & iB changes in the law were suggested, which will perhaps be enacted during the coming legislative session. The number of animals tu- __ berculin tested has increased, while the percentage of reactors has ae decreased. The total number, however, that are examined each year a ~ by means of this test, is but a very small percentage of all cattle in the state. It seems to be the consensus of opinion by those who te - Fy % hte ‘a y is 4 . ae i. ; E ag ms > ‘ ~ >. val J =: A York are concerned, conditions probably have not materially differed =~ 742 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. Aah ea Ea.) Seek a have studied this question that skim milk is an important means for the distribution of this disease, and that complete pasteuriza-— tion of such milk before feeding to hogs and calves is ashes ase one of the means of checking bovine tuberculosis. “Me a Glanders is still prevalent in. our larger cities, but the per-. i, centage of clinical cases of this disease is less than heretofore. The A 4 _ ophthalmic test has been generally recognized as an official test _ in the state and is very satisfactory because of its ease of f operation. — _ There is a tendency toward decreasing indemnity allowance by the state for clinical cases of glanders. Rabies exists in New York to a considerable extent. Owing! to the local system of control over dogs and to the lack of interest ‘ on the part of town and municipal authorities, it has gotten some- — what. beyond control and is apparently more prevalent than for some time. Legislation looking to a more drastic supervision over — this disease is necessary to control the spread of rabies. " An outbreak of swamp fever occurred in the northern part of the state. Drs. Udall and Fitch, of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, were called to investigate the cause of — ee: horses dying in this section and finally made the diagnosis of swamp __ fever, and by inoculation reproduced the disease in well animals. - a No one suspected swamp fever as this is the first known outbreak to a | have occurred in the East. The district is now under quarantine ~ by the State Department, and it is hoped that the disease may be confined to that section of the state. Its introduction into New York — is supposed to have been brought about by shipments of western horses. . Anthrax and blackleg are still quite prevalent, but because ae 4 prophylactic measures now generally employed are less serious than 4 4 in the past. Hog cholera seems to be increasing. The serum treatment is the only method generally advised by the state authorities, but the * x a simultaneous treatment may be used under proper supervision. — : Recent investigations at our State Veterinary College at Cornell — University indicate that this disease is being spread to some ex- tent by pork scraps, ham rinds, ete., from affected hogs. a Other diseases have not been reported to any alarming extent, — with the exception of contagious abortion, which is fairly general throughout the state and is productive of much loss. It is difficult — * to control and is one of the big problems of the dairy industry. Dr, a ~ 7 ‘\ 7a Fa a + 5 ~ og PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ‘ “743 Williams, of the New York State Veterinary College, Cornell Uni- _ versity, and others interested are working on this problem with a uy pe view to controlling this wide-spread disease. In regard to changes in the veterinary laws, there are three changes which have occurred recently: In the appointment of the State Board of Veterinary Medical _ fs Examiners, there is to be a board of five veterinary medical exam- iners holding office for five years as heretofore, but beginning with a is August 1, 1915, the board shall be appointed so that the term of one — member shall expire each year, which has not been the case hereto- _ fore. Furthermore, the New York State Veterinary Medical So- ciety shall at each annual meeting nominate five examiners. These - names are annually transmitted to the State Board of Regents who ‘shall appoint from this list the examiner whose term expires and it ‘fill any other vacancies which may occur. Another change or addition to the old law occurs in the article under registry. It requires that every person who lawfully prac- _ tices veterinary medicine in the state of New York shall report an- nually during the month of January, under oath, to the State Board of Examiners, any facts required by the board, shall pay to the Regents a registration fee of one dollar ($1.00), and shall receive a certificate of registration that must be conspicuously displayed to- gether with the original certificate of registration. Heretofore it has not been necessary to register annually. The third change in the veterinary laws refers to the article on penalties and their collection. Heretofore any person practicing © veterinary medicine within the state without lawful registration or in violation of any provision of this article forfeited $50.00 to the _ county in which said violation occurred for each violation and for every day of such unlawful practice, and any incorporated veteri-- nary medical society of the state or any county veterinary medical society of such county entitled to representation in a state society, might bring action in the name of such county for the collection of penalties, and the expenses incurred in such prosecution might be _ deducted from penalties collected and the balance turned over to | the county treasurer. Under the changed law,.the portion of the article referring to the above reads: every person who shall practice veterinary medi- | ‘cine within the state without lawful registration or in violation of _ any provision of this article shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and a the past year or two the veterinarians have been active in organiz- 744 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A, “aiatitaretinny ' FF shall forfeit to the people of the State of New York, the sum of fifty dollars for each offense, which may be paid to the board or — sued for and recovered in the name of the people of the State of — New York in an action brought therefore by the attorney general. This makes the attorney general the prosecuting attorney. it One other item which may be of interest is the fact that for _ing local veterinary societies, taking their members from one to sev- _ eral counties and holding meetings at stated intervals. The districts — covered. by these local veterinary medical associations practically — cover the whole state. Besides the New York State Veterinary — Medical Society, we have in the state the following: The Southern Tier, the Western New York, the Central New York, the Genesee Valley, the Hudson Valley, the New York County, and the Rock- land County Veterinary Medical Associations. The Genesee Valley ~ and the New York County Societies have been organized for some time. - eer pera NORTH CAROLINA G. A. Roperts, Raleigh. Early history of the veterinary profession in North Carolina - has chronicled the residence of Dr. D. E. Salmon at Asheville in 4 4 1875. In 1893 Dr. T. B. Carroll returned to his home town, Wil-— mington, N. C., having obtained his D.V.S. from the Veterinary a Department of the Baltimore Medical College. In 1896 Dr. J. W. Petty received his degree from the National Veterinary College and after a short practice at his home town, Winston-Salem, moved to a : Greensboro and later to Durham. " z. In 1897 the North Carolina Veterinary Medical ‘KepGintton: aie was formed, its members consisting of the above two veterinarians, a two M.D.’s and four others. Dr. Ellis, M.D. of Charlotte was — made its first president. a In 1898 Dr. Cooper Curtice was elected by the State Board of — Agriculture as the first State Veterinarian and Animal Husband- man of North Carolina, After some two years of service as such — he accepted a position with the Rhode Island Experiment Station, In 1901 Dr. Tait Butler became State Veterinarian and Ani- mal Husbandman to which was added Director of Farmers Insti- _ tutes. It was in this capacity that he became popularly known as a PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. \A. > z “Mieke”? Butler for his demonstrating the feasibility of eradicating - favorably known perhaps as any individual in the state. Ee ; After filling this capacity for seven and one-half years he re- _ signed in December, 1908, to become associate editor of the Pro- gressive Farmer. ~~ In March, 1903, a veterinary practice act was Epes by the “served as a good ‘‘scarecrow’’ to many. It recognized the associa~ ‘tion as a body politic and gave us a State Examining board. The first Board consisted of Dr. J..W. Petty for 1 year ; Dr. 'T. B. Carroll, 2 years; W. C. MeMackin, Raleigh, 3 years; B. L. Griffin, Concord, 4 years; and Dr. Tait Butler, 5 years. . We now have fifty graduates in the state, all but four or five’ I< of which are members of our state association and nine are members Ee bgt the A.V.M.A., with others seeking admission. Four BALL. men are employed at present on tick eradication. — Twenty-eight counties of the one hundred in the state are still tick - infested. ; One B.A.I. man is engaged in hog cholera serum demonstration work, Six non-graduates have been licensed to practice in the state by the board for diplomatic reasons. ) Some twenty-five men have registered under the father’? clause of our law. We have quite a variety of diseases in North Carolina, yet we -_ are free from some serious maladies and suffer little from others. ~ Anthrax: No authentic reports, though one or two suspicious cases. , : : Ae Black Leg: Considerable in the mountainous region of the -slete, several recent reports. Occasionally seen in the central part. ~ Black Tongue in Dogs: (Southern Dog Plague) continues to — baffle the investigator and the practitioner in spite of the fact that _ frequent reports announce positive causes and other ‘‘sure cures’’. | Bursatte: . Horses ani mules are occasionally afflicted with ~~ stubborn ‘ ‘summer sores’’ that are only certainly relieved by et weather. . Forage Poisoning: One of our most serious losses comes from #~ ‘‘orand _ the fever tick. As Director of Institutes he became as widely and a _ legislature and while it contained no penalty clause till 1913 it -.— 4 It was six months following the passage of this law before she % it writer appeared in North Carolina upon the scene of action. : it ye: LJ pes hE? Re ene os, Pe EO Pk al Set i bys Lime er : My he: ie 746 eo PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V..Mo A. OY RS : ~ this source. A great deal of investigation has been made concern- — . 4 ing its etiology and therapeutics but little more information has. been obtained than formerly possessed. The mortality is very high, yet. a greater number of recoveries are being obtained by wisi purecny and stimulants. than formerly. . Glanders: Despite the fact that a very Nira per cent of our 3 horses and' mules are shipped into the state and without any cer- Bi tificate of health, very few cases of glanders are to be found. Rie: Hemorrhagic Septicemia: A number of us have diagnosed this trouble in cattle occasionally from clinical and autopsy symptoms — - but none so far as I know have been verified by laboratory findings. _ Parasites: As naturally to be supposed parasites are very com- mon in the South. The most detrimental are those affecting calves — and lambs such as.stomach worms, hook worms and nodular disease -. - worms. ~ ————s Rabies: Among dogs this trouble is very common and sevaralal eases in cattle haye been observed by the writer. One or two other ; ____ troubles in cattle, as yet not fully determined from which roaeretie often occurs, have to be differentiated from it. : . The State Laboratory of Hygiene has administered the Pastel treatment to 1335 patients during the past seven years and to 206 BS during the past twelve months. a Ape Strangles: As in most every state we have some of this trouble q Pe: but perhaps because of so little colt raising it is not so common as ha 9 in the central west. : a _. Tuberculosis: This scourge is to be found in a number of we 4 dairy herds and a few other places, yet it is not the menace that it _ is in many states. Most of the larger dairy herds in the state are * now free. Public opinion is causing the milk supply for many ~ towns in the state to come from tubercular-free cows. Hog Cholera: This disease takes quite a little toll from the: state, but it exists very largely only in the eastern free range see- Ag tion where many of the hogs are of little value. During the winter season, and occasionally at other times when hogs are being marketed the disease spreads to the central and mountainous parts of the state. Influenza: This disease is very common though ordinarily is of little consequence. For the past three years, however, it has been complicated with so called ‘‘epizootic-laryngo-tracheitis, and . the mortality from such has been very great. A few veterinarians ~ have reported excellent results from the use of guaiacol in glycerine, ah t) oc Cee hy bie ee ae at re Wie Yeti a ie oak 4 ' oe duel 7 Pate} : Rav BTL we ‘ ‘a . Oe ty tes lia sical *e e* PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. y. M. A. TAT f oir i i 4 it ; ; cay Mange: A few cases are to be found in nearly if not all classes “ of animals. The sareoptes is rather common in the dog and eat. __ _The demodex is occasionally seen in dog and hog. 3 ee _ Milk Sickness: From the mountain section of the state fre- quent reports come, that certain coves harbor a trouble called “milk sick’’ affecting cattle and also people using the milk products ~ of affected cattle. It is still undetermined whether they all refer to a single entity or whether a number of different troubles may not be included in this same category. Jordan and Harris reported several years ago the finding of a specific organism, B. lactimobi, in suspicious cases of milk sickness in New Mexico and in Tennessee, but their findings do not seem to: '_ be generally accepted as the causative agent for all cases. _~ Venereal Diseases of Domestic Animals: For several years past we have been led to believe from investigation and from writ- ings of others that perhaps every class of domestic animal like man had its own venereal diseases, It is quite possible, and perhaps positive, that the infection may enter the system through other avenues than the genital and by other methods than sexual inter- course. The serious results following the infection, however, must involve infection of the genital organs. Out of several thousand head of cows and unbred heifers ob- served all over the state during the summer not more than one-half dozen were free from symptoms of granular vaginitis (of vulva). RN We are inclined to believe that this venereal infection is character- ized by the following lesions and symptoms and that few cases oc- __ - eur from other causes: (1) granular vaginitis; (2) abortions © (premature births, still births, and births of weaklings) ; (3) re- : tained fetal membranes and metritis following parturition); (4) _ sterility, temporary and permanent, requiring more than one ser- '.. \wiee, Methylene Blue and phenol per orem nor the latter hypoder- mically will be of any service in its control. Meat and Milk Inspection. Federal Meat Inspection is con- templated at Wilmington, N. C., at an early date. Municipal Meat and Milk Inspection is maintained at the fol- \ lowing places: Asheville, Charlotte, Durham, Fayetteville, Golds- Bs boro, Greensboro, High Point, Kinston, New Bern, Raleigh, Wil- - mington, Wilson, and Winston. Other places are considering such - inspection, | > 7 748 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. ONTARIO, CAN. D. McA.ping, Brockville. It affords me much pleasure to report the prosperous ee is tion of the live-stock interests of Ontario, and the prosperous and — contented condition of the veterinarian of the provinee, on naturally follows in high valuation of stock. Our contagious diseases are under the control of the Fedéral- Department of Agriculture at Ottawa and the Veterinarian of the Health of Animal Branch has been able to handle in a very efficient _ Taanner any outbreak that has existed within the province. Bes A Rabies gained quite a foothold a few years ago but by rigid ee quarantine and the muzzling of all dogs the officers were able to con- fine it to a definite area in the western part of Ontario. Hog chol- era has made its appearance on several occasions but it too has been : stamped out by the same rigid methods. Glanders is very seldom heard of now. Tuberculosis has the attention of every veterinarian withis the province and it is of very great importance to the dairy industry, especially in the northern climate where the cattle are closely hous ed e for six months each year. . : Our federal government has seen fit to formulate a as of co- operating with the municipality in procuring a clean, healthy milk ~ supply. It should be far reaching and do much good in the way of eradicating bovine tuberculosis from the dairy herds. It should be considered by every one having at heart the sanitation of the muni- a cipality in Ontario. We have two associations in the province of Ontario; The Vet- > erinary Medical Association, which meets in the western part and enjoys a large membership, and the Central Canada Association, which meets in Ottawa twice yearly; the C.C. V. A. has a member- ship of about forty and, from an educational standpoint, has done much for the profession in the East. The mid-winter meeting is a divided into reading papers previously prepared by the members and then taking up and discussing the different points pertaining | to them The mid-summer meeting is a clinic and general discussion tending for the welfare of the veterinarian and, if not enjoying so large a membership as its fellow association in the West, it makes a up in enthusiasm, / PROCEEDINGS OF THR A. V. M. A. . 749 ° " It is to be regretted that there is not more personal interest displayed by some of the members of the association in the wel- fare of this work, carried on by the active members and the com- a - mittees of this association. It is hoped that every veterinarian in the province will feel it his personal duty to’-become a member; all of which will help to raise the standard of the profession and give _ the members a better opportunity to become more familiar with the work and also become better acquainted with one another. t ——0-—_ Bi: OREGON .*) W. Dean Wrieut, Portland. The veterinarians of Oregon are enjoying an area of prosper- ity; practice is good; increased consideration is being given the _ * profession, and a number of veterinarians are exerting a dominant _ influence in executive and sanitary matters. At the election held in 1914, Dr. James Withycombe, a veterinarian, was elected Gov- -_ ernor by one of the largest pluralities ever recorded in an Oregon ae election; the legislature extended the scope of the Live Stock - Sanitary Board in that it was empowered with the execution of the Brand Inspection Law. The city of Portland has been active in the support of vet- erinary sanitation. A veterinarian is Chief Sanitary Officer of the Portland Board of Health. -A municipal meat inspection ordinance patterned after the _ federal meat inspection regulations was unanimously passed by the _ Portland Commission and is now on the city statute books, but its enforcement has been delayed on account of litigation—the supreme court is considering, under appeal, the constitutionality of the or- dinance. It seems only a question of time until municipal meat in- Spection regulations will be operative in Portland. During the dis- cussion of the ordinance, while it was in legislative status, consider- able feeling was in evidence. The butchers who conduct small _ slaughtering plants, with but little regard for sanitary or health con- _ ditions bitterly opposed the enactment of legislation that would _ curb or interfere with their business, but the entire public, with’ 4 _ few exceptions, rallied to the support of the ordinance and veteri- __-narians received their just quota of commendation. Publicity was given to most every phase of the inspection of meats and, for the __ public’s benefit, a system of educational enlightenment was conducted ‘ % bi”) TS Ae ON foe ie foo et oe * 750 ‘PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. through no sani amount of newspaper space being devoted to its consideration and the people as a whole quite well understood and — appreciated the benefits derived from a workable municipal meat ” inspection. During the Pacific Northwest Live Stock Show a ucent? a number of interested people visited a modern abattoir working There have been no serious outbreaks of the ordinary trans- missible diseases. At the present time no funds are available for payment of in- -demnity for animals condemned to prevent the further spread of _ transmissible diseases. Heretofore tuberculous cattle, and horses and mules affected with glanders were appraised and paid for by - the Commonwealth. The present policy is to quarantine animals _ ¢ondemned on account-of the above named diseases if the owner is not willing to destroy them without receiving indemnity. vere TUBERCULOSIS. Tuberculin tests are no longer conducted on native cattle at state expense. Quite a few herds are being tested at the owner’s expense. The state furnishes tuberculin to approved veterinarians free of charge and all tuberculin tests are required by =F law to be reported within one week from date of test. All con- % we demned animals are quarantined until disposed of under official — supervision, diay 1 The new act made some material changes in the then existing _ law relating to interstate transportation of domestic animals. The. ettes state veterinarian is enabled to exercise extensive jurisdiction over A ey, interstate transportations and the examination and tuberculin test- ye ing of interstate cattle is now being conducted on a much more satis- “Fe ~~ factory basis than was possible under the old law. About one- half of the imported cattle are tuberculin tested before shipment by = _ federal inspectors or by veterinarians who have been approved by - the livestock authorities of their respective states, In case of a sus- picious or improper test, the state veterinarian has the autKority to refuse such test and order a retest at destination by an agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board. Cattle which are imported per, on a permit without examination and tuberculin test, are held in ~ quarantine at destination and tested by a designated agent; the ex- pense of such test is borne by the state. The tuberculin test. is compulsory on interstate cattle which are not to be used for im- mediate slaughter, but it is optional with the owner of a native herd.« — GLANDERS was prevalent to a somewhat less degree than usual in the larger cities and with the exception of a chain of cases in “3 ~ Laneaster County, we had very few cases of this disease in the rural ‘districts. | , - . . ANTHRAX and BLACKLEG were confined to localities in which - ~ . x these diseases have existed for years. There were no new centers of _ ; _ infection, An annual spring vaccination against both of these dis- 754 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. | eases has been carried out for years with marked success. The losses are kept at the minimum and comparatively few cases of either disease are reported between the annual spring vaccinations. HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA has caused fewer deaths in the last two years than in the previous two years. Our laboratory has been — i - prepared to send out a vaccine for the treatment of animals affected with this disease and for the protection of exposed animals. We | have not had an opportunity to use this treatment, neither have we had an opportunity to use the permanganate of potash treatment Be which is reported to have given good results in Germany. fe Hoe CHouerA has not exacted the heavy toll that it did in pre- a vious years. Pennsylvania has never been heavily infected as com- pared with the hog raising states, and we, therefore, have been get- ting gratifying results from the use of the serum alone treatment combined with the enforcement of strict sanitary precautions. Every advantage has been taken to impress upon the stock owners P the necessity of the destruction of carcasses of swine that die. They have also been told regarding the necessity of frequently cleaning © and disinfecting pens and lots. With the advent of foot-and-mouth disease and the cessation of shipments of livestock, hog cholera — practically disappeared. With the resumption of shipping and the holding of public sales, cholera again made its appearance but we have not had anything approaching an epidemic of this disease. Rasies is reported frequently from various sections of the — state but the good effects of the strenuous campaign which was waged in 1911 and 1912 are still apparent. During 1911 rabies was prevalent to an alarming degree in our mining districts and larger cities. That year, and the following one, numerous general | quarantines of one hundred days’. duration were established and all. dogs within the quarantined area found running at large, not muzzled in such a manner that would effectually prevent them from — biting, were destroyed by state agents who patrolled the quarantined g areas armed with shot guns. ConTAGious ABORTION causes heavy losses in the dairy districts. Some of our best herdsmen have tried out the various treatments recommended in recent years and feel that the only effectual treat- ment is strict sanitation. Others report good results from the methylene blue treatment but these men have also carried out oe sanitary precautions, It is an established fact that tuberculosis is disseminated to a PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. ¥. M. A. 755 considerable extent by feeding skim milk to calves and swirie. The new law provides that creameries, cheese factories, ete., must pas- -teurize skim milk and separator slop before returning same to pa- trons for feeding purposes. Considerable opposition has been en- - countered in the enforcement of this portion of the law both from creamerymen and patrons. It is notable that after a proper system of pasteurization has been installed, all objections are re- moved and the patrons of a creamery will not accept unpasteurized — skim milk. The pasteurization law was aimed primarily at tuber- culosis but its value in the control of other diseases is evident. _ This was amply demonstrated during the recent epizootic of foot- and-mouth disease. A considerable number of infections, involving _ different creameries, were directly traceable to the use of unpas- teurized skim milk. Our new law which pertains exclusively to the health of domestic animals is very comprehensive and has en- abled us to handle every phase of this work in a satisfactory manner ; but we are greatly handicapped and embarrassed by the deficiency — _ of a law to govern the production and handling of milk for human food. It is generally recognized that this phase of milk hygiene ‘should come under the jurisdiction of the livestock sanitary authori- . ties and should be looked after by veterinarians who have an inti- mate knowledge of animal diseases and sanitation. Our Livestock Board conducts this important work under a law which was enacted ten years ago and which has not been amended to meet the present ‘day requirements. This law limits the activities of the board to cooperation with local boards of health. Under this plan, continuous _ inspection of milk supplies has been maintained in a few boroughs and good results obtained; but in general, it is difficult to obtain cooperation with local boards owing to the expense. Notwithstanding the inadequacy of law, considerable progress — : has been made in milk hygiene work through a campaign of edu- cation involving producer, dealer and consumer. Better results. will be obtained after the consumer shall have been made to under- stand the value of clean milk and demand the enactment and en- - forcement of proper laws. The 1915 legislature passed a new meat hygiene law. It is an improvement on the 1907 law, which it repeals. In addition to in- eluding the best features of the old law, the new act makes it man- _datory upon the butcher to prevent prospective purchasers and all unauthorized persons from touching or handling meat or meat pro- | 7 ' 756 ‘ PROCEEDINGS OF THE A.V. M. Aw) = , ~ ducts and to so equip his establishment that meat and meat pro- duets will be properly protected from flies, animals or fowls. It makes it unlawful to sell, offer for sale, or to expose for-sale, any meat or meat food product from swine to which have been fed any carrion (dead animals). Another point worthy of mention is that it is unlawful to feed offal or slaughter house refuse to swine with- ce in a specified distance from an establishment, and finally, any qualified agent of the State Livestock Sanitary Board can serve as_ agent under it. The old law limited the force of inspectors to ten — agents. Sees? See TEXAS R. P. Marstreuuer, College Station, - As resident secretary for the state of Texas, I beg to. submit the following report: Veterinary medicine and sanitation has received greater en- couragement during the last two years than it has ever experienced. This is manifested by the wide-spread interest in live stock sanita- tion. Never before has such great interest been taken in the control of hog cholera, tick eradication and anthrax. At times, during the past years, it seemed that all efforts to arouse the enthusiasm of the people on these important questions were futile, but the earnest ~ efforts of the officers of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, the Live Stock Sanitary Commission, and the Federal Govy- ernment have been rewarded. The preparation of hog cholera serum was begun by the Agri- cultural and Mechanical College about seven years ago. At first, the public had little faith in it, but, at this time, serum is used effeec- tually in nearly every county in the state. The successful use of hog cholera serum has not only protected a great many hog raisers, but also inspired much public confidence. It was necessary to gain the public confidence, before it could be interested in the importance of sanitary measures in the control of diseases of live stock. Tick eradication is being carried on by about fifteen counties, - and many others are considering holding elections on tick eradi- cation. . The control of anthrax is one of the most perplexing problems, but the public is being impressed with the importance of controll- ing outbreaks, rather than wholesale vaccination. With the co- PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 757 operation of the public, this disease will be under control in a few years. . | The thirty-fourth legislature gave the Agricultural and Me- chanical College of Texas an appropriation of $100,000.00 to estab- lish a veterinary college. This, with the present equipment of the veterinary department, should provide ample facilities for start- ing the freshman class in September, 1916. The law, regulating the practice of veterinary medicine in Texas, still gives the untrained men an opportunity to practice in Texas. It is noted that public sentiment is rapidly demanding the very highest class service and advice. The qualified veterinarian of regular business method need not fear that his services will not be appreciated and his interests protected. The Texas Veterinary Medical Association held its annual meeting at College Station, Texas, May 17-18, 1915. It was one - of the most interesting and instructive meetings in the history of the association. The following officers were elected : " President, Dr. J. S. Watson, Mexia, Texas. First Vice-President, Dr. Frank Barnes, Waxahachie, Texas. Second Vice-President, Dr. W. F. Hayes, Farmersville, Tex. Secretary, Dr. A. A. Foster, Marshall, Texas. - Treasurer; Dr. J. A. Gossett, McKinney, Texas. Texas veterinarians are looking forward to the time when it will be their pleasure and good fortune to entertain the American Veterinary Medical Association within the borders of the State of Texas. nee UTAH. H. J. FRepericK, Logan ~Not much has been accomplished along veterinary lines in Utah during the last season. During the last session of the state legislature a new livestock sanitary bill was passed combining the | present sheep law and other livestock laws into one and creating a livestock sanitary board to look after all livestock interests. This would have been a great improvement over the existing conditions, but this bill was vetoed by the Governor. Therefore our livestock sanitary situation in Utah is the same as formerly and a long way the best they can under existing conditions and are determined to from being satisfactory. Veterinarians and livestock men are doing — 758 . PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. “es improve them as soon as possible. A new board of veterinary ex- aminers was appointed and quite a number of applicants have taken ‘the state board examination. The Bureau of Animal Industry has done efficient work ie this state in eradicating scabies among sheep and also in running — : down other contagious and infectious diseases. The veterinary pro- fession is making advancement and also material increase in its — members. All veterinarians have been invited to join the A.V. | M.A. The State Veterinary Association meets annually for the election of officers and interesting programs are carried out. Other — a meetings are held occasionally in different parts of the state where the veterinarians of that locality take part. There are no new diseases prevalent in this state at the pres- — ent time. During the past spring and summer there has been an epizootic of influenza among horses, in a mild form. Hog cholera has been quite prevalent in some parts of the state during the past year, but this was practically stamped out by applying proper sanitary measures and anti-hog cholera serum. This work was done under the supervision of the Agricultural College Extension Division in connection with its county demonstrators. Black leg _ still makes its appearance in some localities, but stock men are learn- ing that it is necessary to have their young cattle vaccinated. There have also been a few cases of anthrax and glanders. Abortion still exists, as well as tuberculosis. There are occasionally small — outbreaks of forage poisoning or cerebro spinal meningitis. Quite — a number of animals die yearly as a result of poisonous plants on our ranges. : The Stallion License Law is being enforced and is doing much to improve the horse industry. There has been a great demand for army horses in this section, and draft stock is constantly sought. Although the motor car is displacing many horses, the demand for horses is greater than ever before. There are many good dairy herds and we are fast becoming a dairy section, all of which helps the veterinary practitioner. The Utah Agricultural College is continuing its educational al work among the people, instructing them regarding diseases and ad- vising them to call in competent help for their animals when neces- cary. uacks are fast disappearing, and qualified men are getting most of the work, Prospects for the future of the veterinary pro- fession in this state seem very good, PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. A. 759 WASHINGTON. J. T. Seruy, Seattle. By virtue of a bill passed at the last session of the legislature we now have in this state a Department of Agriculture; the head of the department is known as the Commissioner of Agriculture. - He has under him three assistant commissioners; one whose duties are with the horticulture division, a second in behalf of pure foods, drugs, oils, ete., and a third to guard the live stock industries. _ Dr. H. T. Graves was elected to head the department of dairy and live stock and he is making a very creditable showing in view _ of the fact that he has been badly handicapped for lack of funds, _as the appropriation for this department is insufficient. In any progressive movement, as a rule, the good things come slowly. The state of Washington for a comparatively new state is doing quite well in legislating in behalf of the live stock interests, but we who are conversant with the actual conditions are aware that we are stopping far short of our goal; it is difficult to convince men, who are not familiar with the live stock situation, that a size- able appropriation is absolutely necessary in order to combat con- - ditions which come to our attention daily, to say nothing of em- -- ergencies, Lats We hope to see several amendments to our veterinary law at , the next session of the legislature that will work to the ultimate benefit of the stock owner, and at the same time give. the depart- ment explicit power so far as controlling or coping with energencies. Hog cholera: there have been several outbreaks of this dis- ease in different parts of the state but it has been handled by the department judiciously and well by the usual methods of quaran-— tine and in some instances with the assistance of serum. Glanders: this disease makes its appearance from time to time, clinical cases being destroyed immediately and suspicious ones _ dealt with according to the usual procedure. Rabies: this disease has given us considerable trouble west, Se of the Cascades, the cities being the principal battle ground, hun- ~ dreds of cases being reported in dogs; as a rule the dumb form has’ - prevailed with the furious cases the exception; in the neighborhood of fifty people have been exposed and taken the treatment. | The state department was unable to enforce its regulations owing toa weakness'in the law, while in the city of Seattle there was i he ok 760 PROCEEDINGS OF THE A. V. M. Aw having no power with which to regulate conditions the veterinarians | _as it.is, it is better than none at all. Dr. J. J. Cranwell, Clarksburg, — longer be the dumping ground for diseased animals. so rach agitation that the Siuieal would not pass a muzzling ordi. nance; lobbymg was the common thing daily by the sentimental — dog picts with the result that the disease gained a foothold and q were compelled to use their own discretion in handling the situation, — Tuberculosis: the department is after this disease with as” much vigor as their limited appropriation will permit and dairy cattle coming into Washington must be accompanied, with a chart - showing them to be free from this disease. It is unlawful to bring stock into this state until $hiey have been examined and found to be free from the following: diseases: glanders, farey, tuberculosis, actinomycosis, rinderpest, foot-and- - mouth disease, contagious abortion, contagious keratitis, scabies, ue maladie du coit, swine plague and hog cholera. WEST VIRGINIA Bue 4 5 L. N. Reerer, Wheeling. © : In making my report as resident state secretary for West _ Virginia, | am delighted to say that, after many useless efforts, we “ have been rewarded by our state legislative bodies in having passed — for us a veterinary practice act. We were obliged to accept it in its patched-up condition or go without any; but we considered that — W. Va. is president of the examining board and Dr. W. E. baneeye ford, Martinsburg, W. Va. is its secretary-treasurer. - The West Virginia Veterinary Medical Association held its — annual meeting in Parkersburg, W. Va., on July 6th, 1915 and — elected as its president, Dr. O. C. Bradley and its secretary-treas- — urer, Dr. Layne of Huntington, W. Va. After hard work on the — part of the Commissioner of Agriculture, Hon. H. E. Williams, we have now a live stock sanitary act, which is being enforced to the letter, and in the future it is hoped that West Virginia will no- S : The Proceedings of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Asso-— : ciation contains 161 pages of papers and discussions given at the ~ first annual meeting held at Madison, January. 18-20. The papers — are of much interest and the volume is a credit to the association, SOCIETY MEETINGS ae - Fourrn JoInt MEETING OF THE Casesliuts STaTe VETERINARY MepicaL ASSOCIATION AND ITs SOUTHERN AUXILIARY, HELD tN Los ANGELES, JUNE 21-22, 1916. -~—_—____ When Pres. W. R. Carr called order in the Assembly Room of - the Chamber of Commerce, Wednesday, June 21st, 1916, he opened _ Beet see fourth and largest joint meeting of these associations, and after a shert eddress appreciative of such a full attendance, all eager to — take up the program he introduced Mr. John 8. Mitchell, President ie Zs ot: the Chamber of Commerce. Oe IG '. Mr. Mitchell, in his usual happy manner, weleomed those as- \a _ sembled to the city to which President Roadhouse of the Northern | i Association, very ably replied. re ai (aa Dr. R. A. Archibald, President of the Western Laboratories, 4 then read his very able paper on ‘‘A Brief Review of some of the i Late Developments Along Immunological Lines’? which was fol- — Oe bg lowed by a most interesting paper on ‘‘Hemorrhagic Septicemia’? i by Dr. J. P. Iverson, Deputy State Veterinarian. The discussion © of these papers continued up to the noon hour. pet 4 After lunch all took automobiles to ‘‘Santa Anita Ranghae? bee the Country Estate of Mrs. Anita Baldwin, which was formerly the: aa g home of her father, known to the turf as ‘‘Lucky Baldwin’’. Here oa - Professor J. I. Thompson and Professor Major, present and former _’ Professors of Animal Husbandry, University of California, enter- = tained with demonstrations of Live-stock judging, using the pure _ bred animals of which there were plenty. ke In the evening all met at the Hollenbeck Hotel at the banquet, ee and every chair prepared was occupied. At the close of the ban- eo - -quet, Toastmaster J. L. Tyler, called on R, A. Archibald, President = ‘of the A.V.M.A., who gave us some past, present and he hoped, —- future, of that aiintintion’ to which Dr. C, M. Hare. Secretary of _ the A.V.M.A., also responded. Pn: a . Dr. L. M. Powers, Health Commissioner of Los Angeles, then read a paper on “‘Fields for Veterinarians in Preventive Mediciné.’’ ~ Other cities have their health officers, but none has one that is a better friend or more appreciative of the veterinarian’s services _ than Dr. Powers, and in his paper he cited many ways by which the = i departments of food, health, and sanitation could be assisted by the ____ yeterinarians, 3 f 762 ant SOCIETY MEETINGS Sak ae J. Traum, Bacteriologist, Divisicn of eter:nary Science, Uni- versity of California, followed with a very complete paper on ‘‘Methods of Diagnosing Tuberculosis.’’? His wide experience giv- ing him ample material to take up the various forms of applying the tuberculin test as well as physical examinations: ‘The diac tatee ; of this paper consumed the balance of the evening. The morning session, June 22nd, was opened at the Chamber of Commerce by a paper on “‘ Anthrax Serum and Spore Vaccine’, by F. W. Wood of the Veterinary Department of the Cutter Lab-- oratory. This paper was thoroughly discussed, especially by State: and county veterinarians present. L. M. Hurt, Los Angeles County Live Stock Inspector, then read his paper, ‘‘Illegal Practitioners and Steps to be Taken to Cor- um rect this Evil’’. This was presented in such a manner as to cross the live wires of discussion to the extent of carrying it over to the 3 afternoon session, which convened at the Hospital of Drs. Carr & Stevens, at 1.30 P. M., for the clinic and conclusion of the session. — The discussion of Dr. Hurt’s paper included the County Farm — Adviser and higher education for the veterinarian, and a motion was made and passed that resolutions be framed and presented to the Regents of the California State University, urging the establishment of a veterinary school at that institution. Drs. Archibald and Longley, the two remaining active aii rs a of the State Veterinary Examining Board, announced their intention _ of resigning from that board, and requested that the association — take some action calling the attention of the Governor to eppentine a new board. A committee was apposed to draft au present such ‘aoe | tions. a The publication committee was instructed to publish the pro- ae ceedings of the meeting and all meetings for the coming year. a _ _ At the clinie Dr. G. 'T. Irons, Inspector in charge, Los Angeles — Station U.S. Bureal of Animal Industry, presented an exhibit of — pathological specimens found in meat inspection. 1t was a museum — in itself and appreciated by all. y} Dr. J. R. Beach from the University Farm, demonstrated the; method of preparing and administering chicken pox vaccine, which being a new field, was very interesting to all present. : A cholera pig was procured, and Dr. Bert J. Cady, of the Field ® Dept. of the Bureau of Animal Industry, posted it calling attention ; Dr. W. R. Carr operated on a roarer which required the double operation, and this closed the meeting. Tine . J. A. Dewy, Secretary. ; ee ei Sea - Narionau Association Bureau or ANtMAL INDUSTRY EMPLOYEES The following is a synopsis of some of the business to be tran- re -sacted at the Third National Convention of the N. A. B. of A. I. E., | at New York City, August, 1916: ee ‘1. Reports of officers. | = 2. Considering question of whether or not the N. A. B. of _ . - guecessful in combating animal diseases ; g. Members of the live-stock sanitary’ service of each of the American Republics should meet at regular intervals to consult and inform each other regarding the measures taken for furthering co- _ operation in protecting the live-stock industry of the American countries. : The annual report of the chief veterinary officer (Sir Stew- Bs art Stockman) of the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, Great Britain, for 1915, contains references to foot-and-mouth disease ; swine fever; swine erysipelas; tuberculosis in swine; glanders; anthrax; sheep scabs and rabies. Towards the end of 1915 a serious outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease occurred in the south- west of England. The number of animals slaughtered as affected or to prevent further spread of the infection was 1,267 cattle, — 482 sheep, 382 pigs and 1 goat. The original source of infection was not discovered. A case of rabies developed in an imported Irish terrier during its period of quarantine at one of the prem- ises authorized for the detention of imported dogs. House Resolution No. 253 by Mr. Hull of Iowa provides for | adopting the decalogue and Jesus Rules as standard measures for — laws and regulations of the Government+of the United States. x REVIEWS TION ON ANTE-MORTEM AND POST-MORTEM INSPEC- TION OF FOOD PRODUCING ANIMALS. RICHARD EDELMANN, Ph.D., Medical Veterinarian, High Sehool, Dresden. Third Revised English Edition and authorized translation revised for a -U. 8. Bureau of Animal Industry. Octavo 452 pages, with 161 illustrations and 5 colored plates. Cloth $4.50 net, Lea and Febiger, Publishers, Philadel- phia and New York, 1916. The third edition of this deservedly popular book will be _ welcomed by all who have to do with the inspection of meat or meat products. The German text of Edelmann’s Meat Hygiene ~ was closely followed in the,two previous editions but in this, the third edition, all reference pertaining to German conditions espee- ially in regard to the disposal of diseased animals has been disre- governing meat inspection as formulated by the Bureau of Animal Industry. It will, therefore, be of greater value to those in this - class of work in the United States. The subject matter has been divided into fifteen chapters each of which treats of an important phase of inspection work. The method of arrangement of the text is excellent and deserves special commendation. It is especially good from a pedagogical standpoint and also permits of ready reference. The book has been brought up to date in regard to the pathology of the various diseases and several new diseases have been included in this edition. In the final chapter the authors have added information concerning the practical side of meat inspection with special reference to the prep- aration and inspection of meat-food products such as the Curing of Pork and Beef, Sausage Making, Manufacture of Lard, ete. Much interesting and valuable information is here presented. é oe 7 yen is an excellent book and should have a wide circulation. C: PF. 7 - ee ie See 7s eee en te ar ary i | kn i Do «9 ae ae im s x ee ae a eee mere ‘i aii - * - wf gee ET ee Se ae = ee a he ~ The U. S. Department of Agriculture has issued the Reports of Drs. Veranus A. Moore, Mazyck P. Ravenel and William Ty - Sedgwick upon the federal meat inspection as circular No. 58, The reports commend much of the work that is being done and EE me offer suggestions for further improvement, some of which have already been acted upon. i —_Doetors J. D. Moore of Albion, N. Y. and J. W. Ardell, of At- ~~ lanta, N. Y. have been engaged in army veterinary service work at the Training Camp at Tobyhanna, Pa. They have the rank of ed Second Lieutenants. A Boarp or VETERINARY EXAMINERS FOR Porto Rico. The Legislative Assembly of Porto Rico has enacted a bill providing for a board of veterinary examiners. The bill provides for the _ appointment of ‘‘three skilled and capable veterinarians who shall be graduates of colleges of good reputation, etc.’’ The veterinarians so appointed are to hold office for five years. The board will accept only those candidates for examination who have diplomas from the colleges recognized by the A.V.M.A., and Bur- eau of Animal Industry. Juan Varas Catalé, Ohio State Uni- versity, 1910, is a member of the board. Porto Rico is to be con- -gratulated on the progressive step that has been taken, 774 _ MISCELLANEOUS | Dr. C. J. Marshall gave an address on ‘‘Observations on — Army Veterinary Hospitals and Systems Abroad’’, at the last meeting of the Alleghany Veterinary Club. The third National Convention of the National Association — of Animal Industry Employees will be held in New York City, Monday, August 14. The Hotel McAlpin, Greeley Square, 34th Street and Broadway, will be the convention headquarters. Con- | gressman Lobeck will be a guest of the convention. Other promi- nent officials have been invited. ; The Report of the Practitioners’ Short Course held at eo Iowa contains a number of interesting and important articles. The illustrations are numerous and excellent. yal The marriage of Miss Gladys Howell Warrick of Cayuga, N. Y. and Dr. W. W. Williams of Ithaca, N. Y. has been announced. The ceremony occurred July 1, at Yonkers, N. Y. The veterinary inspectors classification bill was introduced » in the U. 8S. Senate June 22, by Senator Hitcheock and on the 27th by Senator James Hamilton Lewis. The bills are identical — and all Bureau employes are urged to write to their senators q urging them to support the bills. 3 7 It is also urged that veterinary colleges; alumni associations; — state and county veterinary societies and veterinary students — write their congressmen and senators to enlist their support. The number of employees in the Bureau service on June 1, 1916, who would benefit by the passage of these bills, which are i the same as the Lobeck bill, are 3150. The Report of the Bureau of Biological Survey on the Rabies a Eradication Campaign in the State of Nevada, calls attention to. the fact that while no accurate figures are available, it can safely ¥ % be said that predatory animals and rabies have destroyed a quar- ‘ ter of a million dollars worth of live stock in Nevada since last yi September, when the disease first attracted serious attention. ta S In the effort to combat the spread of rabies, the Biological — Survey now has about 143 hunters in Nevada. These men are devoting their time to poisoning, trapping, and den-hunting coy- otes, bobcats and other predatory animals, which are largely re- — sponsible for the spread of rabies, in addition to the havoe which | they annually work among the liye stock of the western ranges, 4 PRLS Po) SON ae ee Pokep oto” fy apy + - = fe . F, to oes yy hye ie? ‘ a ae ee ‘\ | < - which is composed of Governor E. D. Boyle, Dr. W. B. Mack, _» Mr. J. H. Clemmons, Mr. George Russell, Jr., and Mr. W. M. Me- Gill. _ cine and Surgery provide that the board of agriculture shall ap- ‘point three men who shall constitute a state board of veterinary examiners, one to be appointed for two years, one for four years and one for six years, and biennially thereafter one shall be ap- _ pointed to serve for a term of six years. They must be graduates of reputable, but different, veterinary colleges and be persons skilled in their profession and of good moral character. The arte veterinarian shall be ex-officio a member and secretary of the: board. Examinations will be held’in April and July of each examiners. veterinary medicine and surgery in the state prior to May 21, Bp 28s, and who pays a fee of $2.50, shall be entitled to practice in the state and shall receive a certificate to that effect. 1% The certificate of a veterinarian may be revoked: for failure to report dangerously contagious and infectious diseases that are prescribed as such by the board of agriculture; for dishonesty in applying the tuberculin test in cattle, such as injecting tuber- — eulin within six weeks prior to an official tuberculin test, know- % ing that application has been made for such official test, or mak- ‘er ing false record of such test; gross malpractice or violation of - eriminal laws. less than ten dollars nor more than twenty-five dollars, and for _ more than sixty days or both. The present board of examiners _ consists of: Dr. Reuben Hilty, president; Dr. C. W. Fogle; Dr, Be 2, Fair, and Dr, A. S. Cooley, secretary, ex-officio, MISCELLANEOUS . 775 - Cooperating in the work is the Nevada Rabies Commission — Laws of Ohio Regulating the Practice of Veterinary Medi- : Be year. The secretary is also to report violations of the laws. Ap- — plicants must be graduates of colleges recognized by the board of -- The law also provides that any person who, within six months Zi : Whoever engages in the practice of veterinary medicine or — surgery in violation of any provision of law, shall be fined not. each subsequent offence shall be fined not less than fifty dollars hor more than one hundred dollars or imprisoned in jail not DIRECTORY OF STATE VETERINARY OFFICERS | Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado + Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia C. A. Cary W. E. Severn R. M. Gow Chas. Keane Chas, G. Lamb Hon. J. O. Phelps H. P. Eves _ A. D. Melvin State Veterinarian oe ae “ce “ oe ae Auburn Phoenix Little Rock Sacramento Denver Comm’r on Domestic Animals Hartford nt Sec’y State Live Stock Sani- Wilmington Pea) tary Board Chief, Bureau of Animal Ind. Washington W. C. Woodward Health Officer Washington Florida Chas. F. Dawson eo wig State Board of . Jacksonville as ealt Georgia Peter F- Bahnsen State Veterinarian Atlanta Idaho H. G. Bodle “ y Boise Illinois O. FE. Dyson es : Springfield - Indiana A. F. Nelson : ‘a Indianapolis Iowa J. I. Gibson I Des Moines Kansas J. H. Mercer State Live Stock Sanitary Topeka Commissioner Kentucky S. F. Musselman State Veterinarian Frankfort Louisiana E. Pegram Flower Executive Officer, State Live Baton Rouge Stock Sanitary Board Maine Boyden Bearce Live Stock Sanitary Comm’r Augusta . Maryland L. Hickman Chief Veterinary Inspector Baltimore Massachusetts Lester H. Howard Comm’rof Animal Industry Boston Michigan Geo. W. Dunphy State Veterinarian Lansing H. H. Halladay Pres. Live Stock Sanitary Commission Lansing Minnesota S. H. Ward ~ Executive Office Live Stock : Sanitary Board St. Paul ~ ; Mississipi E. M. Ranck State Veterinarian “Agricultural eolege : Missouri D. . Luckey is ‘ Columbia .— Montana W. J. Butler State Veterinary Surgeon Helena Nebraska " J. S. Anderson Deputy State Veterinarian Lincoln ; State Quarantine Officer Reno Pe aite | Nevada W. B. Mack : J. J. Gallagher Executive Officer of the State Lovelace Sheep Commission | Commissioner of Agriculture Concord ji New Hampshire Andrew L. Felker New Jersey Jacob C. Price Sec’y State Board of Health Trenton Franklin Dye Sec’y Commission on Tuber- ‘ . culosis Trenton New Mexico W. J. Linwood Sec’y Cattle Sanitary Board Albuquerque R. H. Crews Sec'y Sheep Sanitary Board Albuquerque New York J. G. Wills Chief Veterinarian © Albany North Carolina B. B. Flowe State Veterinarian Raleigh North Dakota W. F. Crewe og us Bismarck Ohio A. S. Cooley Columbus ‘ \ Oklahoma F. M. Gault Pres. State Board of Agri. Oklahoma City — Oregon W. H. Lytle State Veterinarian Salem Pennsylvania C.J. Marshall *Y * Harrisburg Rhode Island John S. Pollard eee. es Provide. ce South Carolina R, O. Feeley | Clemson College South Dakota A. EF. Beaumont Sec’y State Live Stock Sani- Pierre’ tary Board Tennessee M. Jacob State Veterinarian Nashville Texas E. F. Jarrell Fort Worth J. H. Avery. Chairman Live Stock Sanitary Fort Worth Commission Utah A. Carrington Young State Inspector Salt Lake City A. A. Callister Sec’y State Board of Sheep Salt Lake City" 3 Com missioners Vermont F. I,. Davis Live Stock Commissioner White River res Virginia J. G. Ferneyhough State Veterinarian Richmond Washington J. H. Perkins Commissioner of Agriculture Olympia West Virginia H. &. Williams Commissioner of Agriculture Charleston Wisconsin O. H. Eliason State Veter narian Madison | U Wyoming B. F. Davis Cheyenne’ . Sec'y State Board of Sheep H. R. Millard Commissioners Cheyenne JOURNAL OF THE Piieceat Veterinary Medical Association Formerly American Veterinary Review (Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n) PIERRE A. FISH, Editor ITHACA, N. Y. Cetiegs on Journal F. ilakse cle Chairman, A. E1cHHORN, Secretary, C. J. MARSHALL, W. R. Buair, RR. A. ARCHIBALD, M. JAcoB, N. 8. Mayo, G. R, Wuire, V. A. Moore, L. Froru- INGHAM, C. H. STANGE, H. JENSEN, G. H, Roserts, R. P, LYMAN. Sub-Committee on Journal C. J. MARSHALL, Chairman, R. P. LYMAN, A. ErcHHorn, Secretary The Fe Veterinary Medical Anectiation is not "peaneauible for views or statements _ published in the JOURNAL, outside of its « own authorized actions. Vor. XLIX. N. S. Vor, II. GEERT 1916. No. 6. Communications relating to eomborskip pape matters lecrteietad | to the Peres a Veter- inary Medical Association itself should be addressed to Secretary L. A. Merrillat, 1827 Wabash Ave., Chicago, Ill. Matters pertaining to the Journal should be sent to Ithaca, N. Y. THE ANNUAL MEETING AT DETROIT The indications for a successful meeting were evident from the start. At the opening exercises there was some disappointment at the non-appearance of Governor Ferris and Mayor Marx, who were to deliver ‘the addresses of welcome. Official duties were responsible for this; Mr. Lee appeared as the representative of the Mayor and delivered a well chosen and hospitable address. This was responded to in an appropriate and agreeable manner by Dr, Tait Butler of Memphis, Tennessee on behalf of the as- sociation. To demonstrate that his interest in the veterinary pro-— _fession was more than a perfunctory one, Governor Ferris came to the association headquarters Tuesday evening and entertained the ; members with an address which, with numerous humorous allusions, showed his appreciation of the relation of the veterinary profession to the commonwealth, the progress it has attained and the impor-. tance of a sound educational foundation preliminary to veterinary training. Dr. J. G. Rutherford of Calgary, Canada, whose oratorical ability has been well tested on numerous similar occasions, followed with a speech which ably supplemented that of the Governor and - conveyed the thanks and good will of the members for the interest — 778. EDITORIAL and trouble taken by the Governor to keep his belated engagement. 3 Social entertainment was afforded Monday evening by a re- — ception and ball. Tuesday evening: there were various alumni suppers and gatherings in addition to the Governor’s address. On Wednesday evening a very enjoyable banquet was held in the ball room. Dr. Dunphy officiated very acceptably as toastmaster. This list included remarks by Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, Dr. Tait — Butler, Dr. Kedzie, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple, Dr. J. G. Rutherford, — Ry Dr. E. M. Ranck, and Dr. J. W. Adams. The speeches were enter- taining and uniformly brief. Entertainment was provided for — _the ladies by a sight-seeing trip of the city, including Belle Isle, and a very enjoyable theatre party. On Thursday the associa; — tion was the guest of the Parke, Davis Co. The company was a bountiful host. After conveying the members and friends by boat to their manufacturing plant, numerous guides were furnished to — 3 pilot the visitors through the various departments. There was a much to interest and instruct. The remainder of the day was spent in a boat ride up the river into Lake St. Clair, on the steamer _ Britannia. Boxes containing an appetizing lunch were served on aq steamer to 1000 or more guests. The bounty of the hosts will long , — be remembered by those fortunate enough to be present. The papers on the program were ‘of timely interest and im- portance and received appropriate discussion. Undoubtedly the greatest interest centered around the business session of Thursday evening, at which the new officers were elected and the report.of | the Committee on Reorganization was presented. Dr. C. E. Cotton — of Minneapolis was elected president without opposition. The vice-presidents chosen were: Doctors G. W. Dunphy, Michigan; F. A. Bolser, Indiana; S. Hadwen, Canada; V. A. Moore, New York; L. H. Howard, Massachusetts. There was some rivalry for the secretary’s office. The names of Doctors Merillat and Mayo were presented. Dr. Haring announced that he was not a candi- date. The vote turned in favor of Dr. Merillat and upon motion— of Dr. Mayo his election was made unanimous. Dr. Schneider was re-elected treasurer and Dr. Frost librarian. ie The report of the committee on reorganization aroused ani- mated discussion. A report, so comprehensive in scope involving some new and untried features, is naturally susceptible to criti- cism. It was the endeavor of the committee, as announced by Chair- man Cary, to profit, as much as possible from the efforts of EDITORIAL | | 2 4979 es former committees without losing sight of whatever merit was pos- , sessed by the old constitution. As previous notice had been given, the report was presented for adoption at the Detroit session. Dr. ~ Campbell, of Chicago, submitted to the members’ printed copies of a pamphlet on ‘‘A Pian for Reorganizing the American Veteri- nary Medical Association’? based upon his service on previous committees, An amendment to the report offered by Dr. Klein, stead of 1917-1918, was passed by the association. Much of the ef “ sehoools. The report was adopted. _. members being elected by mail ballots from districts based on -and these members, like all active members, will hereafter pay | ‘their annual dues. To replace the honor holl and as a recognition of long and faithful service, the former honor roll member is to be being issued by the secretary. The executive committee, formerly appointed annually, is to be replaced by an executive board to be nominated and elected by mail ballot from five districts, each district to elect its own mem- ber. In addition there is to be a member at large elected by the ‘4 The term of office of each member is five years; so that, after ie _ the plan is organized, one member will drop out each year and a BE new one elected by the constituents of the given district. This — blood from one of the districts annually. The chairman is to be elected by the members of the board. of the president, secretary, treasurer and chairman of the execu- i tive board, those most familiar with the financial condition of the ~ __ association. The function of this committee is largely to keep the Be: Axpenditures within the income, to the effect that the curriculum of twenty-eight months, involv- ing four collegiate years, should go into effect in 1916-1917 in- _ debate centered around the requirement of one year’s high school _ work or its equivalent in studies taken in other preparatory — Among the new features is a member at large on ‘the ‘ex-. ecutive board to be elected at an annual meeting, the other five | -_ geographical arrangement. The former honor roll was omitted designated as a Fellow of the A.V.M.A., a certificate to that effect — | ; association at an annual meeting, making a board of six members. | arrangement gives greater continuity of service and should pro-. mote efficiency and yet arranges for the introduction of new - A new feature is a committee on budget. This is to consist 780 ‘EDITORIAL hig The committees on intelligence and education, and legislation . a are arranged for continuity of service similarly to the executive — board, except that the members of these committees are appointed —— by the president. After organization one member will drop out. - each year and the president will appoint. his suecessor for a term . of five years. Although it was voted at the Oakland meeting that the annual dues should be increased to five dollars, a point had arisen, which — questioned the correctness of the action. On this account notices for the 1916 dues had not been sent out by the secretary previous — 4 to the meeting. The matter was decided in favor of the $5.00 — dues. The fact that the treasurer’s report showed a balance on hand of $1349.00 with the 1916 dues as yet uncollected, and while the association was still on the basis of three dollar dues, reflects ae much credit upon the efficiency of the outgoing administration. = The possession of a balance or reserve fund is necessary for the success of any organization but it also has its dangers. If more money should, perchance, be available, more methods may be devised for dissipating it. A successful organization is measured more satisfactorily by the results accomplished rather than by the amount of money it can spend. Under all conditions — _ it is desirable that there should be suitable ballast to keep the wee of state properly balanced. . Approximately 400 members, 300 visiting veterinarians, ace 275 ladies were in attendance, a total of nearly 1000. (3) aan The association received invitations to hold its next meeting — “a at Mobile, Alabama, and Kansas City, Mo. The claims of each were eloquently presented. Reig Dr. Archibald, Secretary Haring and the other officers are yy to be sincerely congratulated on the success of their administra- _ tion. Much effort has been expended in making this one of the : most successful meetings in the history of the association both in | — attendance and in the results accomplished. The new administra- __ tion will have new problems to solve, new difficulties to overcome. We know their standard is progress and with the proper coopera- tion of the members every effort will be made to maintain the standard that has been set, and, if possible, advance it. ) P. A. F, EDITORIAL : 781 | THE STERILITY OF THE FREE-MARTIN — _ ~~ «~-'When twins of different sexes are born of cattle the female is = called a free-martin. In rare instances cases of normal fertility ' have been recorded but the general experience of breeders for ee some centuries past has been that such female twin is sterile. Sta- a ~ tistical evidence has not been abundant and such as there is, is not exempt from confusion. i _ Twins may be produced from a single ovum ‘‘identical twins’’ -in which case they are always of the same sex, or they may be | produced from separate.ova, in which case they may be either of ~ _. different sexes or of the same sex. In any case if the twins are ¥ u _ of the same sex (homosexual) they are likely to be fertile, but if _ of different sexes (heterosexual) it is the female which is barren, _ except in rare instances, in the case of cattle. Statistics do not is throw much light upon the causes which produce the free-martin. These must be sought from the embryological side. sg . In a recent paper by Dr. F. R. Lillie (Science, April, 1916) some interesting facts are presented which appear to offer a ra- — ‘3 ‘tional basis in this matter. He has examined forty-one cases of ‘= bovine twins ix utero and found fourteen homosexual males, six homosexual females and twenty-one heterosexual twins: the sum eof the homosexual being about equal to the heterosexual twins. | If the sterile free-martin and its masculine mate could arise oe from a single ovum they should be included in a single chorion and _ there should be but a single corpus luteum present. If they arise ___ from separate ova we should expect two separate chorions and two —s corpora lutea. The condition of a single chorion, however, he does - not consider a conclusive test of origin from a single ovum as two _ chorions originally independent may fuse secondarily. The ob- ; & servations in his forty-one cases showed that about 97.5 per cent of the bovine twins possessed a single chorion, but in spite of this - condition nearly all of the twins developed from separate ova. . The basis for this belief is that he found a corpus luteum present in each ovary. In normal single pregnancies in cattle there is 1 never more than one corpus luteum present. He believes there- =. fore that in cattle a twin pregnancy is almost always a result of 1 by the fertilization of an ovum from each ovary. Development be- le gins separately in each horn of the uterus. When the embryos meet in the cavity of the uterus, the blood vessels from each side 7 782 ; EDITORIAL 4 larly wide arterial anastomosis develops, so that either fetus can be injected from the other, the arterial circulation of each also over-_ laps the venous area of the other, so that a constant interchange of then anastomose in the connecting part of the chorion; a particu- . 4 blood takes place. If both are males or both are females, no harm _ i results from this; but af one 1s male and the other female, the re- productive system of the female is largely suppressed, and certain male organs even develop in the female. This result he believes is unquestionably to be interpreted as a case of hormone action. (A hormone is a substance which is capable of exciting chemical- — ) ly other substances.) It is not yet determined whether the invari- —— ™ able result of sterilization of the female at the expense of the male is due to more precocious development of the male hormones’ — or to a certain dominance of male over female hormones. Steinach’s experiments in changing the sexual characteris- tics of young rats by the implantation of parts of the sexual ap-— paratus from the opposite sex appear to have a confirmatory bear- eS a ing upon this view. _It is reported that sterile free-martins are very rarely found = in sheep. In four twin pregnancies :n sheep examined by Lillie, he found in each instance a single chorion for each fetus and that _ ; each had developed from different ova; the circulation was there- an fore confined to each fetus. Fundamentally, then, the conclusion seems to be that when the twins are of different sexes and the chorions fuse and the cir- culations of each fetus overlap, the female results in a sterile free- martin, because of the male hormones. This condition is more common in cattle. If the chorions do not fuse and the circulation of each fetus is closed, then the female is fertile. This condition is more common in sheep. | In the very exceptional cases in cattle where the female of the heterosexual twins is fertile, it is to be assumed that the chorion and circulation for each fetus remained separate, as is usually the case in sheep. P. A. F. The marriage of Miss Anna Lisabeth Corwin and Dr, John McCartney is announced. They will be at home at ‘‘The Franklin,” Middletown, N. Y., after Oct. 1, EUROPEAN CHRONICLES Bois Jerome. rieirohies IN MAN.—It is very fortunate that the contagion of this disease to human beings is of very rare occurrence, and when such takes place and a veterinarian is the victim, the fatal end is generally recorded. Sometimes a full and long description of the sufferings of the patient are given in, at least, the professional papers and yet in other cases the sad news is scarcely mentioned _ or perhaps treated briefly in an obituary. Cases of recovery. from an attack of glanders in man, when the nature of the disease has been established in a positive manner, have not, I believe, been recorded. Years ago there was a report of one recovery spoken of and published in the pages of theAmert- can Veterinary Review. But unless I am in error, this is the only one I can allude to. _ For these reasons, I confess to neglect in overlooking the au- _thentic case described in the Journal of Comparative Pathology, in 1913. In the March number of this year of the same Journal the case is de novo brought before the attention of the readers and this time I will notice it. In 1913 Mr. 8S. H. Garger, M.R.C.V.S., then in the military service in India, reported the full history of an infection with the Bacillus mallei from which he had suffered. At that time he thought it had terminated in recovery after a series of suffering and various manifestations, lasting a period of two years and four months. The main features of this first attack as published were: ((a) ‘‘TInfection occurred by way of the alimentary canal: (b)-a period of three weeks elapsed before the disease became visibly localized, during which time there was high fever and rheumatie pains and a diagnosis was impossible: (¢) the disease localized itself in the left hand, after a slight blow: an acute infection setting in by way of the lymphaties with the hand lesion as its starting point: (d) this acute lymphatic invasion was overcome and a chronic form of dis- ease supervened, frequently aggravated by unavoidable surgical interference: (e) an occasional blood infection occurred, causing lesions in remote regions of the body, such as the right wrist, and : left ankle, these then forming new centers from which the disease developed locally, and from which it was conveyed by way of the s -. eured because of the sound healing of all the local lesions, the dis- 784 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES oA lymphaties to groups of glands nearer the body: (f) the larger — number of the lesions were connected with the lymphatic system, either in the glands or on the course of the vessels, their predilection — seat being the neighborhood of joints, the ankle, wrist and knee especially: (g) the disease lasted for a period of nearly twenty-~ eight months and nearly proved fatal on two occasions, namely, during the first acute attack and at a critical period a few weeks after the left arm was amputated: (h) the total number of opera- — tions was forty-five, of which twenty-seven were done under chloro-_ ‘form: (i) the treatment was surgical, vaccinal and general.’’ - After such a terrible experience the author considered himself — appearance of all traces of inflammation, the gradual whitening of : the scars, the return of almost complete freedom of movement in all the parts affected and the complete return of a former fit con- dition and an increase of weight to above the normal. But all of these were subservient to an essential condition e seemed, namely: that the defences of the body should not become weakened by another attack of some disease. Garger was still in India and an attack of malaria dusnlonna and then, the apparent recovery from glanders, considered complete — in June, 1912 and which had lasted until the middle and latter part © of February, 1914, disappeared as manifestations again became eyi- dent. Garger was again admitted to the hospital on Mareh first. A period of a little over seven months had elapsed between the two. attacks of glanders. . Then began a long series of various symptoms of suppurations, of synovitis, of periostitis and necrosed bones, of rebellious nasal 4 hemorrhages, of neuralgia, of formation of abscesses demanding es: a several surgical interferences, etc. ae The manifestations of temperature varied from day today and ~ accordingly the developing of the lesions. As to the form of treat- ment followed, this was altogether according to the indications and certainly these were many if one reads of the great variety of drugs which were administered or applied: soothing lotions, dressing with tincture of iodine, applications and injections of peroxide of hydro- gen. Internally, purgatives, calomel, arsenic, aspirin exalgine, phenacetine, caffeine, morphine, heroin, bromides, chloral, adrena- line, strychnine, digitalis, ete. . I cannot follow the minute deseription so thoroughly given by / - BUROPEAN CHRONICLES : 785 the author in his sojourn at the Lahore Hospital and the Walker Hospital, Simla, until his return to England, nor the detailed pre-_ sentation of the ravages made by the Bacillus mallet found at each examination but will remark that this wonderful condition has at . last come to an end. , During the first attack, forty-five operations were performed and during the second thirty-seven. A total of eighty-two opera- tions which have spotted his whole body and limbs with ugly cica- trices, and with all, left him mutilated by the amputation of his left arm, and yet the author, victim of his profession, still writes in_ January, 1916: ‘‘I believe that I have recovered and that, provided I remain in a healthy climate, there will be no further relapse, but this, only time can show.’’ _ A terrible prospect, is it not, for such a brave and courageous — man? —_——_>——- REMARKS ON GLANDERS.—That this disease is and has probably so in all wars, but probably in our day the possibility of its early . detection has reduced the danger of its spreading a great deal. Mal- — - Jeination and principally the palpebral method, has had a great op- portunity to demonstrate its undoubted, practical and scientific value and its general application must have been the occasion for many remarks and interesting observations. Such indeed has been the case with veterinary Majors Cazalbou and Meyer of the French army, who have reported some of their experiences at the Societé Centrale and which are published in the bulletins. _ The authors give first an account of an epizootic, which had broken out in a group of campaign artillery. Classical glanders, cutaneous and suspicious lymphatic lesions had been noticed in some horses and palpebral malleination was applied to 520 horses. The positive results were: 6 cases of nasal glanders, 9 of euta- - neous glanders with lesions on the legs or other parts of the body such as lymphangitis, cutaneous ulcerations, farcinous cords, ulcerated farcinous buds, ete., and 49 cases of pulmonary glanders. without the slightest external symptom and all in fair condition. These 64 positive cases were destroyed. ‘" The test having revealed the presence of the disease in 18% of © _. the whole number of horses-and of those, in the 64 sick ones, 76% prevailed among the horses of the various armies of Europe now “engaged in war, is a fact that was expected. It has always been = t 786 EUROPEAN CHRONICLES which presented no symptom. A great proportion, which might have been raised, as knowing that in all cases of the cutaneous or nasal glanders there are always pulmonary lesions, it is possible to admit that 9 cases, classified here among the cutaneous, had pulmo- nary glanders as well and that if they had not been wounded, they would have remained as the 49 others unsuspected and in that case, for the clinician, the proportion of these unsuspected would have reached 90%. From this history of the outbreak and the consideration of the results, three important observations are made by the authors which deserve attention. 1—Taking into consideration the question of the late origin of the contagion and admitting among the possible dates, the one that 4 a this origin goes back to five or six months after the exposure, the question of the morbid evolution is then, that after such exposure and with the hygienic condition of war time, a group of horses may be invaded in the proportion of 18% and that out of the sick ani- _— _ Short bibliographic acknowledgements :—The Fourth Annual — Report of the Commissioner of Animal Industry, 1915, by Doctor Lester H. Howard, D.V.S. Farmers Bulletin 713, from the Bureau of Animal Industry: | Sheep Scab by Veterinary Inspector Marion Imes. Z From the Research Laboratory of Parke, Davis and Co.: The action of a coal tar disinfectant on hog cholera virus, by Drs. W. BE. King and R. H. Drake. » ‘oa is ae a eh ys nt ie or. eal cet ‘| >. ire 4 i My ane a vis a: "a 4 Be, Pa Phy 4 i BS , 7 ed be = bing ame Ky, ny A. LiauTArp, from an organization of their own similar to those to which allu- ome ~ MODERN REQUIREMENTS IN THE SHORING OF HORSES—ESPECIALLY IN CITIES* : Ropert W. Euuis, New York, N. Y. For many years, (as the result of the advent of the automobile) | the consequent changed conditions of street surfaces has been more or less at all times, a great menace to the safety of horses, but es-— pecially after a light shower at any season and in the winter from ice. This latter condition resulting from the modern system of re- | _ moving snow from the streets as soon as it falls, thereby rendering the old plan of sharpening the calks on the horses’ shoes imprac- ticable. For a considerable time I have been longing for the develop- ment of some form of shoe that would be adaptable to the breweuy . conditions at all seasons. You will remember, (many of you from having heard the paper read, and most of you from having read it in the American Veteri- nary Review for January, 1915) a paper presented to the Veteri- — 4 nary Medical Association of New York City, entitled ‘‘ Horseshoe- ing in Many Countries’’, by Mr. W. J. Kent, of New York City, in which he briefly reviewed the history of horseshoeing from the time of Xenophon who tied leather soles on with straps, followed by the — fibre soles, the pouring of tar on sand and walking the horses over it, thus making an artificial sole, the metal sole adopted by the — a Romans in Nero’s time, and finally the iron shoe, fastened on the hoof with nails, as first adopted by the Celts. All of these methods of shoeing, it will be seen, have had for their object the protection of the hoof from breaking or too rapid wearing. As a matter of fact, that continued to be the object of shoeing, with the exception of the sharpening of the ealks for ice, down to our own day and generation. Advance was made in the details of shoeing, as in the better mechanical preparation of the — shoes and of the feet, but the principles remained the same. During the life-time of the present generation, it became evi- dent that the harder, smoother road surfaces called for something else besides protection from breaking and too rapid wear; it re- quired some form of shoe to relieve concussion and give the horse’s *Presented at the meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Ithaca, N, Y., August 3, 1916. MODERN REQUIREMENTS IN THE SHOEING OF HORSES 791 i foot a hold on the street surface that a steel shoe did not give; and % the many forms of pads were developed, first made from some sort of composition and later of rubber. All these pads required at least a three-quarter steel plate to retain, them in position and pro- tect the wall of the foot. & _ Then a channel shoe with rubber filling was put on the market, 1 do not know in what year, but my first recollection of it dates back probably to seventeen or eighteen years, possibly twenty. oe They appealed to me, and I put them on my driving horse in the i winter and drove him over the snow-covered street, (that was be- _ fore they used to remove the snow and leave us an ice-covered - surface in its place) with impunity. I remember well an old horse- * man who used to drive a four-in-hand of four Wilkes stallions to -__ a two-wheeled cart, stopping me to see what I had on my horse, - a a that enabled him to go so fearlessly, as he could see that he was shod plain. ___.., That shoe was not suited for plain, wet, or ice-covered asphalt NE mr ee en Re stand the wear and tear. The same applies to the rope-filled chan- nel shoe. , So for many years, as the street conditions have continued to grow worse for the horse, being constructed more and more along t . a - lines favorable to the automobile and unfavorable to the horse, the - ' dernand for a shoe that would adapt the horse to the streets, has ig constantly increased, and was met only when the principle of shoe- ing the automobile, (for which the streets had been constructed) was imitated. pees, ? You all know what a hazardous thing it would be for a man to , drive over asphalt streets in an automobile with steel tires, and you Aas : /_ all just as fully appreciate your position in driving a horse with ____ Steel shoes, or even with the best kind of pads and steel tips, over an | ___ oily, smoothly-worn asphalt street after a five minutes shower, be- - cause many of you have experienced it. The only thing to do is to imitate the shoeing of the automobile with an all-rubber contact _ of as broad a surface as possible, in order to protect the horse from strains or more fatal injuries and your client from financial loss “due to the same. . 5 The public too, has become deeply interested in this problem from a humane stand-point, and in New York City this past spring, oe Board of Aldermen attempted to pass an ordinance compelling - _ surfaces,.as the rubber contact was not sufficient, and it would not 792 ROBERT W. ELLIS 2 horse-owners to shoe their horses and mules, between the months of November and April, in such a manner as to prevent sipping; but were unable to pass it, as the owners did not feel that the humane societies who were behind the project, were capable of determining just what constituted such shoéing; and the veterinarians felt the ‘same way about. it, and so opposed the measure. This opposition by the veterinarians, was not fully understood, (probably due to the manner in which they went about it) and the societies formed ce the impression that the veterinarians were arbitrarily opposed to humane measures. I did not attend any of the aldermanie hear- ings, but a few days before the last hearing was to be held, a com- mittee waited upon me at my office, and requested me to give an ex- — - pression of my views that they might use them at the final hearing. [ told them that I believed that horses should be shod, not only be- ‘~ a tween the months of November and April, but at all times so- as to" prevent slipping, but I did not think it a fair proposition to give any one on the street the power to arrest a man because the man on the street, (or the woman, still worse), thought the horse was not prop- erly shod. 2M **T would not like to ; wolingatéh the right to be the judge asto how my horse should be shod,’’ I said, ‘‘as the man on the street may not know as well as I do, how to shoe my horse for my work, and my clients would feel exactly the same about it.’’ They then remarked that my horse was always out in all — - weathers and street conditions, and asked me how I managed it. ‘*How do you shoe him’’? one of them asked. ‘‘The same as my friends who use automobiles shoe them’’, I replied. Then at their request. I showed them the shoes I was using. They became in- ce terested and wanted to know how such shoes were procured, I told them that they were in the open market, and any horse-shoer a could get them, the same as he got his nails and other necessities. They asked me if all veterinarians knew about them and I said: is ‘Why certainly, as I have explained to you, they are on the mar- ket’’. Then they asked me if I would not discuss them with my colleagues at some time, and I finally yielded by promising that at some time I would have something to say regarding the requirements of modern conditions in relation to horse shoeing, hence this paper, which I am sure is going to get me in hot water, particularly be- cause it is not possible to prepare a rubber shoe at the forge spe- cifically for the foot that you are going to shoe, and some of my Zz Hs ~ MODERN REQUIREMENTS IN THE SHOEING OF HORSES 793 sf “> _ friends will remind me of the old caution against fitting the foot to _ the shoe instead of the shoe to the foot. I welcome the chance of - an argument along that line, however, as it will give me an oppor- tunity to endeavor to eliminate from the minds of my colleagues, ‘some of the prejudices that the actual use of a rubber shoe for near- _ly three years, has eliminated from mine. So as my desire is to make this paper as brief as possible, I will endeavor to go straight at the subject. me We all know that an unshod hoof will take a firm hold on a _~ yielding surface, such as turf or dirt road, and that that same hoof, when protected by the addition of a steel shoe, will take an equally firm hold under the same conditions; but will not take hold on an unyielding surface, and is a positive menace to the horse’s safety on'a smooth, polished, unyielding surface, such as our present city streets. So that, as the street surface is unyielding and smooth, we must, while protecting the hoof from breaking or too rapid wear, make it yielding and clinging on its own surface; and rub- ber is the one material we know of today, that will fill thac role, and at the same time, possesses the requisite wearing quality. We must shoe with rubber. — The demand for such a shoe has been met, _ and there is now to be had, a shoe that not only fills that demand, ; but by its construction, tends to broaden an abnormally narrow, -. or contracted foot. One of the fundamental principles and the most important step in the shoeing of a horse’s foot, is to have that foot absolutely level, so that every segment of the limb from the pedal bone up, will meet its fellow with a level articular surface. The second step is to apply to that foot a shoe whose surface, both in relation to the foot and to the ground, is absolutely level—no matter whether it is a steel shoe ora partly rubber shoe. That is | one of the principles of horse shoeing from which we must make no departure, With your permission, to illustrate its importance, I will cite a case from my practice. A horse was brought to me with the history of being slightly same. I rode behind him and found him to be unmistakably lame in one fore foot and took him to the forge to remove the shoe to ex- : amine the foot. When the smithy had removed the shoe, I took the foot in my hand to examine it, and noticed it was not level. I __ looked it over more carefully and found the foot a half inch higher Ip a on the outside than on the inside. I asked the shoer to lend me his |. apron as | wanted to try an experiment, (I did not want to hurt ye 02 a ee Aa Vine eae as Tle hee ig ap a4 ‘ 794 ROBERT W. ELLIS his feelings as he had shod the horse), and I took a rasp and leveled that foot, had the same shoe put back (it being level), told the owner to put on a wet bandage from the coronet to above the pas- tern and keep it wet. I called to see the horse the next day and he ~ a was going sound. It was one of those feet that I shall refer to, as) growing on one side only, the outside in this case, having its normal obliquity, while the inside wall was vertical. I saw to it that that foot was kept level after that, and the horse continued to go sound. When it comes to the width, length and conformation of the 3 foot, we can approximate a normal foot so nearly in a ready-made shoe, that even the limitations of cold fitting will permit all the changes in it that are required; and even in the case of an abnormal foot, or one of bad conformation, after adhering to the principles of ‘a level shoe and’a level foot, it has been my observation, that itis . often a good thing to fit the foot to the:shoe. We are dealing with an abnormal foot, we will say. Probably it grows only on one side, so spreads on that side and not on the other. In a foot of that — character, if the unilateral contraction is but slight, I would fit the eh shoe so as to give as much fullness at the quarters and heelasithas =~ on the normal side, allowing the shoe to extend beyond the foot wall. | If the unilateral contraction is excessive, of course I do not fit the shoe quite as full as in the normal foot, but still leave it pretty full, The rubber shoe that I have had experience with for the past three years, will permit of opening or closing as required. Its surface is absolutely level and can readily be fitted to any level foot. I am not speaking theoretically, but from the stand-point of one who has shod horses. I never did it for a living, but I learned the art of ij shoeing when a youth. This shoe is so constructed that it not only prevents slipping, but also reduces concussion to a minimum and = expands the foot, because the rubber does not only come in contact = with the ground surface, but also with the wall of the foot and a portion of the sole. That is, contact to all intents and purposes, being divided only from those parts by a layer of cotton duck. ~ This contact with the sole for an inch or more inside the wall, causes a gradual, healthy expansion of the foot. | In the case of my own horse, a pair of No. 3 fitted him the first. time he was shod with this style of shoe, and the next time, it re- quired a 31% to give him the proper support; and so you see that | virtually fit the foot to the shoe. The inside of his foot ap- proached the vertical more than the oblique direction, because the MODERN REQUIREMENTS IN THE SHOEING OF HORSES 795 inside of his foot did not grow as fast as the outside. It was there- fore without the same degree of contact a good part of the time, be- cause the outside of the foot would grow and lift the inside up from _ the bearing surface. But by shoeing him full on the inside I gave him a wider base and better bearing on the ground surface, which, to- _ gether with the pressure upward and outward on the sole and wall, effected by the form of the shoe, tended to gradually but effectually shoe, which he has continued to wear. Hence fitting the foot to the shoe proved to be not only practical but highly beneficial. The horse in question, on account of the contraction, was going a little sore and placing his feet down with great care, which gave him a mincing, limited stride; so you can appreciate my gratification, more, enthusiasm, when the horse not only soon traveled with free- | dom and confidence, but began to display a little action, a quali- __. fieation that evidently belonged to him, but had not been possible to exhibit on account of the tenderness and consequent lack of eon- fidence. Furthermore, the horse was wearing three interfering boots — _ up to'the time he was given the wider firmer base of support by this shoeing, and has never required them since. | _ I could cite a great many similar cases in my practice, but do ~~ not think it is necessary to bring out my object, which is, to get my colleagues to interest themselves in the shoeing of their clients’ _ horses to meet the modern street conditions, not only from the com- mercial side, which interests our clients, (as despite the usefulness of the automobile the horse is a great necessity in our cities and in greater New York approximately 110,000 are still in use) but also from the humane side, in which we are intensely interested; just as — - much interested as any of the societies that devote all their time and _ energy to that one end,—more earnestly interested than some of . them. i You and I feel that it would not be just to pass an ordinance Bi} «that would place the matter of proper shoeing in the hands of any *y one that comes along, but we also know, that a very ‘great many ~ horse-owners make no attempt to shoe their horses to meet street _ conditions. Never is that more clearly demonstrated than after a _ snow fall, when all teams are engaged that can be procured, and we have the painful sight of horses slipping, sliding and skating all over the streets with plain steel shoes on. The humane go- _ ¢ieties go after them and they appeal to us, and we naturally, try spread the foot, so that at the next shoeing he required the larger ~~ 796 ~ HE. GooK to protect them, but feel in our hearts and souls that they ought to do something to protect their horses against the straining that such slipping causes. This society has adopted as its slogan, ‘‘the Hu- “mane Treatment of Animals’’ and we as its members must be con- sistent if we would command the respect of the good people that — give their lives and their fortunes to the protection of the animals ~ that afford not only their owners, but ourselves, a means of sup- port. So I come to you, not to indorse this shoe because I have ~ — S found it to be the best yet produced for the purpose, as I am — not in the least interested in the shoe or any one connected with it ~as you of course know. (To be fair to the producers of it, I should add that they have not the slightest idea that I am reading this : __ paper, or exhibiting their shoe.) But I wish we could think more about this problem of shoeing horses to meet modern conditions. If we put all sentiment and all humane feelings aside it should interest us, because it is the street conditions more than everything else together, that is taking our horse clients from us. They will tell you so themselves, and I know it is a fact. Many men who want to use them in business have ceased doing so, not be- cause the horse’s work can be done any better or cheaper, on the. contrary, but because of the street conditions. Let us try to meet them as much as possible by shoeing. It is the only way that we ean do it. ‘ PROBLEMS IN MILK PRODUCTION* H. E. Cook, Canton, N. Y. I early became mixed up in the milk business. All my life in one way or another I have been interested in milk, in manufae- turing butter or cheese or other products of milk in some form. Considered as a whole, the milk business is one of the most compli- cated and difficult of solution of any industrial question before this . _ country today. Milk is our most perishable food product. That makes. its handling very complicated at the start. So many people are en- gaged in its traffic; that adds to its complication. Then the nature of the business; its origin and development add not a little to the difficulty of solving the problems. "Delivered before the New York City Veterinary Association, May 3, 1916, PROBLEMS IN MILK PRODUCTION 797 It has partly, at least, come about in this manner: farmers had to have plant food. They wanted fertilizers and so they kept — cows. As a result cows have been kept, raised and milked in such vast numbers that milk became a by-product and manure tlie es- sential product. A fundamental factor in the law of economies is _ that the value of a by-product has no relationship to the cost of raw _ material from which it is made. Hence, we found ourselves produc- ing milk atless than the actual cost of labor, feeds and other over- G! head charges incident to the business, The only way found to save _- the farms in New York was to introduce dairy cows. Cows were rushed on to farms all through the east and to the middle west, not to _ make profit, but to make fertilizers until we had so much milk we | did not know what to do with it. We know now how to grow crops without cows, but we have learned these things only in recent years. The producers, however, did not handle and sell the milk; they ‘turned that over to other people. That gave rise to new problems. Then came laws to control the quality of milk. These laws ~ - have been conducive of wholesomeness and purity but not in ad- ~ -Yancing the price, yet price advances have taken place in respect — _ toallother products. People accept these advances without a word. If, however, a small advance is suggested in the price of milk, the — air at once is disturbed with protests. The city papers ery out to - the effect that the milk trust has shown its teeth, encircling out in every direction those words spread. ee oa iS ~ ” é 4 + i hs. The fact is, not one quart of milk in ten quarts that goes into New _ York City has charged against it the total cost of production. If all legitimate charges were made and paid, producers would go bank- rupt. The milk that goes to the city trade is the work of the family, —father works, mother works, the children work. Suppose the | milk checks are paid. Is the wife or the children paid for the labor they put into the production of milk? The fact is, these workers i) are unpaid and every day their labor is put into milk production without full compensation for what they do, but people won’t do this _ always. Uprisings are occurring in the country. Wives and chil- _ dren some of these days are going to strike. It will not be a ques- tion of higher wages but of payment of wages for labor actually ex- _ pended at nominal prices for it. I believe dealers are working on small margins in handling . milk, This is not the rural belief or sentiment, but, nevertheless, all ee wd considered, the profit that the dealer makes on each quart \ oS ee ee ~ 798 H. E. COOK Ay: tees ie of milk is small. What is, therefore, the logical conclusion? Just this: consumers must pay more for milk or they must be content — with cheaper methods in its production. It won’t be the latter, hence milk must go up in price. ‘So Farmers are entitled to a labor compensation and a fair return on their investments. Cheaper methods of distribution are pos- sible, but cheaper methods of production are not possible. The — average good dairyman can not possibly lessen the cost price of his milk. Producers are entitled to as much profit and consideration as either the carrier or the distributor. eee I am interested to know if transportation can be lessened. Apparently the railroads are getting more than their fair share, — i providing they were paid enough at the outset. The transportation =~ is now efficiently organized, long trains are handled, it is an every © ie day certainty and does not have to be exploited. Producing milk is a business and to produce clean milk costs — ue more money; yet the fact remains that but little more is paid for clean milk. Moreover, the men who produce clean milk are from the very nature of the business, a class of producers whose stan- — dards of living are high. They refuse to be classified with incom- ee petent producers or submit to a low scale of living. A low scale of ae living means a poor grade of milk. Milk made under dirty condi- tions is not fit to use. Dairymen are making themselves better in order to produce bet- ter milk. In doing this they have got-to get more for their milk c beeause it costs more to produce it, and because the people who pro- duce it cannot live under the conditions where dirty milk is pro- duced. An important step in better milk is better cows. Dr. Moore, whom we all know and all respect, has*worked out a plan whereby we can register healthy herds. The registry of healthy — — cows does not mean that they are all to be full-blooded. You can | not take a few cows, put them together and make a healthy herd. _ It takes time to develop healthy cows, with strong udder tissue, good | digestion and free from communicable diseases. ; We have been accustomed in the past to consider milk cheap and more or less a contaminated food. A new era is spreading be- — fore us and some of us now understand that milk must be kept from contamination after it is drawn from the cow, Permit me to prophesy that the pathological and physical condition of the milk- ing cow will be as prominent and as important in the judging of milk : : PROBLEMS IN MILK PRODUCTION 799 My own opinion is that our present standard of measure is not ideal and only half correct. The problems are to free cows from a ‘tuberculosis which we fairly well understand, and to clear away — Fe abortion and kindred troubles, which we soon will understand and - control. I am speaking now of certified not of the cheaper grades Se of milk. What is wanted is to maintain a normal, physical condi- a pan of the cow from day to day by a sane system of feeding and care. This means high grade intelligence at every point. It means more costly milk, and must put it into a class by itself. _ We have fought oleo with butter made from filthy stables and we all know the result. A similar verdict awaits the milk business _ unless laboratory hygiene and sanitation coupled with physiological 4 - strength, vigor and purity get into the stable, factory and the dairy s cow. We have discovered to our sorrow that sunlight and country . air do not destroy pathological bacteria around a farm home as fast, pe as negligence and ignorance develop them. We have learned that 'a-rural birthplace and the little red schoolhouse are no longer a charter of wisdom ora certificate of broad-shouldered strength. ove have discovered that a man does not have to be born in the : country to be a farmer any more than a veterinarian must be born fe in a clinic, : ee The pure grades of raw milk generally known as certified are better and safer than pasteurized milk and consumers know it, but, of course, as producers we must not lose sight of the essentials in its production. - In regard to pasteurized milk, I believe that the average market milk is better when heated. We have had many sad experiences with tuberculosis, due to feeding skim milk to dairy herds. Yet very. many people who would be protected by such legislation op- . _ pose the change. The difference between good milk and market . milk is the difference in men. You cannot make high grade or E certified milk with every type that comes along. We have passed _ the time in the certified field when the barn is to be the dominant ; -. factor. Weé want a certified cow. To get a certified cow means / room to let the young cow loose. She should be allowed to run } 7 loose from calfhood until she takes her place in the dairy herd. ie _ The feed should be uniform ab weaacnes the o.year. Still another problem. It is to have ‘consumers appreciate the food value of milk, to let them know what an extensive process is involved in milk production and to appreciate the full food value | of milk. This can be done by advertising; but advertising ca only be done by dealers. The producers are too numerous to be organized. Cheaper methods of distribution will in time be worked out. Then the control of the milk and cream supply will be done by a single corporation or it will be done through municipal owner- ship. One or the other is coming. Either would cheapen TO methods of distribution. : As now organized, the government offers no enter chance ton business enterprises. We have no policy anywhere; in the small town, in the city or in the-state. Where there is a three-headed commission we say there ought to be one, and where there is a one- headed commission there ought to be three. Ours is a state with- out a policy. The government ought to run its business this way. Unfortunately, when we get a new administration, everybody i IS ex- pected to drop his work and a new set of men take it up. Oceas ionally men. continue through different administrations. That is: little better, but still bad, because of uncertainty. “To the victor belongs the spoils’? has not been eliminated from the minds of men Until this is eliminated, handling big business problems such as the milk traffic cannot be as economically administered by gov ernment as by individual or corporate interests. There has been developed, however, a workable system of gov- ernment supervision of big business that does have the endorse ment of the people. It is just as logical and workable to have a- single combination in New York City to handle milk as to handle telephone messages. ‘Two telephone companies tried to do business in New York State, but when they combined better service resulted than when we had two systems. Efficiency goes up as competition goes down. Competition is ruinous and is not the life of business. Cooperation today is the life of trade. : If we could save a half cent through combining all of the ‘eal “ concerns, it would mean much, but that saving should go wholly to | the producer. What a tremendous advance a half cent a quart would mean in milk production! More than efficiency is wanted. — You cannot get a big harvest done with a short cutting bar, no mat-- ter how sharp the knives or well geared the machines. The whole milk business is not, but should be, properly organized and properly | THE OCCURRENCE OF THE GIANT NEMATODE 801 linked together. Prices have got to advance; consumers must be - made to understand that they are getting their full money’s worth __in paying more ‘for a better product. Railroads, dealers and pro E- we _ ducers, all parties concerned must work to give each full justice. : - I believe thoroughly in organization.to obtain a larger profit for the milk producer. It must come, however, from a full know- a ledge of all the factors involved: production, transportation, dis- _ tribution; any other plan will produce anarchy and warfare which = multiplies expenses and which in the final balancing of accounts _ the producer must pay. Bs te OCCURRENCE OF THE GIANT NEMATODE, - DIOCTOTHYME RENALE (EUSTRONGYLUS) IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA ~Wituiam A. Ritey, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. The giant nematode, Dioctothyme renale, or, as it is more com- monly known, Kustrongylus gigas, or Eustrongylus visceralis, is one of the most striking of parasitic worms and one which is not likely _ to be overlooked in autopsies. Recently the writer had brought to his attention 3 cases of its occurrence in dogs in New York State and - this led him to search through the literature for other records for the United States. These proved surprisingly few, and in an at- tempt to get together ‘data which might possibly be of aid in a - study of its life history, letters of inquiry were sent to leading ‘workers in parasitology and in comparative anatomy in every state ~ and in Canada. Of these the great majority replied that they had never personally noted the worm, though several stated that they _. had for years watched for it in the course of their studies. ~ For these reasons it seemed worth while to bring together the data collected, as well as to place on record the cases above men- tioned. I shall first deal with the unpublished cases and then bring | tieothior such records as [ have found noted in the literature. This L: a summary makes no pretense of being complete but may lead to the a ee on record of additional information regarding this interest- _ ing species. ¥ I am under obligations to all who have so kindly responded to | my inquiries as well as to those who furnished positive data, men- ’ Bx * eee a ary a ate Tart es 4g sa Sh Pa IGE vex ct SQ Pte we Pra 5 OS ew = tite 7s Eee soe Y ca, eA Se Lina 2 Nw) SE: Ss ent Fu 7 We oy Eee th ig i a Ne F Bae och hie: ss ght era We hs ae ; 4S =# _ ro if - fen, Lane a ea ip OE is apna: ee 2 kien Q oo i802 WILLIAM A. RILEY Arar a ; \ ‘ i _ tioned below. Especial thanks are baile to Drs. Ransom, Hassall; a and Hall, who put at my disposal the records of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. te 4 UnpuBuisHED Cases. I. A pointer dog which was being fumi- a gated with nitrobenzene for external parasites, in the Department _ of Entomology of Cornell University, died during the process. As eo many other animals had been subjected to this treatment withogess untoward effect, by Professor William Moore and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota,.and by Mr. W. L. Chandler and my-— a self at Cornell, we promptly held an autopsy to determine the cause of death. On opening the abdominal cavity two large female speci. 3 mens of Dioctothyme renale, measuring some twenty-two inches” ince length, were found overlying the left lobe of the liver, closely crowded between it and the diaphragm. The general pathological conditions, to be reported upon more fully by Mr. Chandler and the writer in a forthcoming paper, were such as to leave no room for doubt that the predisposing cause of death of the animal was the presence of the parasites in this unusual position. he The dog was born and reared in Georgetown, 8. C., and had been in the north but a few days. It is to be noted that it was a male, a point of special significance in view of the suggestion of Sonsino 1897, that Dioctothyme renale may enter its host through am the genito-urinal aperture and that occasionally in female animals _ it may gain entrance to the peritoneal cavity by passing into the : b uterus and finally through the funnel of the fallopian tube. There i was no sign of injury of either of the kidneys, and there was no evidence of earlier lesion which would indicate the escape of the worm from those organs. . . Il. A male specimen of Dioctothyme renale is preserved in a ’ the collection of the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University. There are no further data regarding it, but it is very probable that the specimen was collected at Ithaca, in the course okt the work of the Veterinary College. ‘a III. One specimen, a female, was found by Dr. Israel rune a in the peritoneal cavity of a mongrel at the laboratories of the — Rockefeller Institute, New York City, December 15, 1914. I haye ~ not available information as to the sex of the dog. Since it was suffering from experimentally induced peritonitis there were no — pathological conditions noted as due to the presence of the worm. 4 For bringing this case to my attention, I am indebted to Dr. F. S. Jones, who determined the specimen. oe 1g | ." f aa a4 VE THE OCCURRENCE OF THE GIANT NEMATODE 803 IV. This interesting case is reported by Dr. O. V. Brumley, of the Ohio State University. The host was a female dog, weigh- ing perhaps sixty pounds, and apparently in fine physical condition, - which was being used for operative surgery. ‘‘On making an in- ~ cision through the abdominal walls one of the parasites was found at the point of incision. Upon investigation we found that there ~ were several of these parasites present in the abdominal cavity. After we had disposed of the animal, an investigation of the kidneys was made. One kidney was apparently normal, the other one about four times larger than normal, and upon opening it we found it to be filled with the females of this same species. The kidney — ' substance itself was entirely destroyed, nothing but the capsule left, and it was very much thickened. ********The remarkable thing so far as I could see was that the animal during life showed absolutely no symptoms of any infestation. It was quite evident that the kidney not effected was taking care of the excretions made without any difficulty’’. Dr. A. G. G. Richardson, referring to the same case, states that two of the worms were found in the kidney, and four in the abdominal cavity. be V-VII. Dr. Arno. B. Luckhardt, of the Department of Physi- ology, of Chicago University, reports the following three eneeitie cases. In each-the host was a female. ‘*T first met the worm about 1910 or 1909, during a laparotomy in what appeared to be a perfectly healthy dog. On opening the — peritoneal cavity I noticed the worm, but supposed it to be a highly | hemorrhagic loop of bowel which was swaying gently from side to side. On taking hold of it, and finding it free from mesenterial attachments, I found I was dealing with a giant worm. It was the largest specimen I have ever seen, measuring ‘about one meter in length. It was the only specimen present, both kidneys being free from the worms.’’ ‘*Early in June, 1914, Dr. Keeton brought a dog to the labora- tory from Albany, New York. It was a well-fed fox terrier. Soon after its arrival it began to vomit. At first the vomiting was attri- _ buted to the double vagotomy (above the diaphragm) performed shortly before its arrival in Chicago. The dog vomited incessantly. As a result it rapidly lost weight. All procedures instituted to _ eheck the vomiting having failed, Dr. Keeton etherized the dog and at necropsy found that vomiting no doubt arose refiexly from the stimulation of the peritoneum by the irritation of six or seven of - * ’ j “e ? - ~ $04 : “WILLIAM A. RILEY gee. the worms HBAcE discussion. These worms were free in the ec toneal cavity.’ : 2 scpae ‘Last summer (1915) I disconnected the Pawlow pouch froma _ brindle pug that I had used for some research work during the preyv- ious year. On entering the peritoneal cavity the first structure — which came to view was a kidney worm. The peritoneal cavity was thoroughly explored but no other worms were found. I still have ‘the dog’’. ie Vill and IX. Reported by Dr. T. W. Hastings, of: the ‘Cornell - s . Medical School, New York City. ‘‘Two cases, only, are recalled. coh One dog had hematuria and in both cases a post-mortem showed — the worms in the pelvis of the kidney. Details of the cases were c S - not recorded.”’ X. Professor E. M. Walker , of the University of Toronto’ writes ‘‘A pair of these worms, male and female, were sent to me last — spring (1915) from the Provincial Board of Health, Toronto. They had been taken from the abdominal cavity of a small dog i: To- -ronto. The female measures about 60 cm. and the male 41 em.’ XI. Professor Walker also states ‘‘In our museum there i is a ‘specimen of the kidney of a mink, containing a coiled-up worm which I have always believed to be this species. It occupies a ; greatly dilated pelvis of the kidney, the glandular part being very thin and atrophied. This speeimen, I believe, we taken at Go Home Bay, Georgian Bay, Ont., but I am not certain.’ ~ XII. Dr. J. Perey More informs me that there is in tne col-. lection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, a large © female specimen from the kidney of a coyote. ‘‘No locality is — given but as Dr. Horn spent much time ae western collecting trips it was probably secured on one of these.’ : This record is accompanied by data relative to the two speci- ‘mens in the Leidy collection, reported below. os XII-XVII. There are preserved in the collection of the Bu- reau of Animal Industry, at Washington, D, C., specimens from six ; _ cases of infestation of dogs by Dioctothyme renale. One of these ~~ cases has always been reported by Sommer, 1896. Dr. M. ©, Hall has kindly given me the following data regarding the others: - XIII. From visceral cavity of a dog, Washington, D. C., 1909. Collected by Dr. Robert Formad; determined by Dr. Hassall. XIV. At least five worms, of which two were preserved, from the abdominal cavity of a dog shot as a rabies suspect. Negri bodies demonstrated. Collected by Dr. Formad, J uly 19, 1908, : si Hh a DE waning, 2 Re ant tataas Perel an ar ae P73) _ ‘DHE OCCURRENCE OF THE GIANT NEMATODE 805 XV. One specimen from the abdominal cavity, in. contact with the liver, of a dog. Collected by. Benj. McInnes, at Charles- ton, 8. C., Sept. 17, 1908. Determined by Drs. Hall and Hassall. XVI ‘and XVII. No data. — XVIII. One case of the parasite in da dog, observed by Dr. - Guthrie, of the Department of Physiology, of the University of Pittsburgh Medical School ‘‘a number of years ago’’. Reported to me by Dr. R. E. Sheldon, of that institution. XIX. Dr. F. Robert Zeit, of the Northwestern University : Ge ‘ - Medical School, Chicago, Ill., reports having found the worms re- peatedly between 1910 and 1915, in stray mongrel dogs, caught by the city dog catcher on the streets of Chieago. A number of speci- mens of the worms and of infested kidneys are preserved in the collections of the Pathologic Museum of the Northwestern Univer- sity Medical School. In addition to the above reported cases, Dr. Luckhardt, of the University of Chicago writes ‘‘Between 1909 and 1914, I met the worm several times free in the peritoneal cavity,—never in the : kidneys.’’ ‘ AMERICAN CASES ON Recorp. As stated before, the published ‘references to the occurrence of Diotothyme renale in North Amer- ica are few. The following have been noted by the writer: I. Breeder, 1882, in a communication to the Journal of Com-— __ parative Medicine, reports finding twenty-one round worms, ‘‘of the lumbricoid variety’’, varying-in length from nine to twelve centimeters, in the abdominal cavity of a horse, after several days of suffering. ‘‘The kidneys were full of small, round holes about — one centimeter in diameter. These holes were very numerous, giv- ing the kidneys a worm-eaten appearance. The change was sup- posed to be due to the passage of the round worms through the gland tissue for two reasons. First, the holes passed through the cap- sule, as well as the kidney tissue, and a second worm was found in one of the kidneys’’. ‘‘Transverse sections of the openings gave x _ them the appearance of pretty clean-cut holes at the expense of the kidney structure. Each canal was surrounded by a thin layer of - inflammatory exudation, but the inflammatory action was limited - toa very thin area, and evidently had not irritated the gland tissue ~ to any marked degree.’’ In commenting on this communication the editor (W. A. Conk- | - lin or W. H. Porter) says ‘‘Undoubtedly this case is that properly ee entitled Strongylus gigas’’. See ae PR eaten ae ae oA i era din Key Mac ae 806 : WILLIAM A. RILEY Il-and III. Leidy, 1856b, states regarding this parasite: — ‘*Frequent in the kidneys of the mink, Putorius vison, and occa- — sionally occurring in the dog, Canis familiaris’’. Stiles and Hassall list specimens from both sources in the Leidy collection. Dr. J. P. Moore writes ‘‘The Leidy collection at the University of Pennsylvania, under the name of Eustrongylus 3 gigas includes two lots of the worm in question. One of them is a an large female, aloe re lacking data. The other is labeled : from — a : Putorius vison’. It is Leidy’s No. 89, Stiles No. 4954, but no lo- © 3 cality is given, the probability being that it came from the vicinity H of Philadelphia. There are several of small and medium size”, . a IV. Sommer, 1896 reports finding two specimens in a kidney ~_ of one of fifty dogs examined for animal parasites at Washington, D.C. These specimens are preserved in the collection of the Bureau | of Animal Industry. V. Stratton, 1848, found four specimens, varying in length from ‘six to eight and a half inches, in the peritoneal cavity of a bitch, at Kingston, Ont. He apparently was the first to suggest © that in such cases ‘‘there is some possibility that they passed from — the uterus, along the Fallopian tubes”’ VI. Torrance, 1900, found an bahiean inch specimen in the — right kidney of an Indian dog at Winnipeg, Canada. The parasites had caused the death of the animal. Torrance adds ‘‘Indian dogs — in the vicinity of the big lakes are usually fed on fish which are — thrown to them whole and uncooked.’’ oe VIL. Leidy, 1856b, is also authority for the statement that a_ oe Mr. Joseph Jones, ‘‘of Georgia’’, found an eight inch specimen of this same species associated with Filaria immitis, in the heart of a - dog. Some European writers cite Railliet as having reported such a case but he merely says ‘‘On en a vu aussi dans le foi, dans la _ F cavité thoracique, dans le coeur (7%), ete.’’ Evidently he had the — . Leidy report in mind, e While this case is very generally discredited by parsbitelpgiataly I can see no good basis for repudiating it. Magnie, 1870, reports — finding the worm in the pleural cavity of a dog. ‘ Y VIII+. In addition to the above records, Stiles, 1898, inci. dentally states concerning Dioctothyme renale: ‘‘ Welch and others have found it in Baltimore; several specimens are contained in the Leidy collection of parasites belonging to the University of Pennsyl- i vania, and various members of this Bureau have found the parasite ‘ THE OCCURRENCE OF THE GIANT NEMATODE 807 in dogs in Washington, D. C.’’ Most of these cases are referred | to elsewhere in this paper. _ . Reporrep HuMAN Casks IN THE UNiTEep Srares. It is well & known that Dioctothyme renale may occur rarely, as a parasite of | man, and a number of cases are on record. The following supposed instances are reported for the United States: I. Engert, 1898. The case-of a patient residing in St. Louis, Mo., who complained of sudden darting pains in the region of the kidneys. This was followed by diarrhea and by hemorrhage from the bladder. Later the patient moved to a region where the drink- ing water was strongly impregnated with sulphur. He experienced _ difficulty in urinating and passed a worm about 5—6 inches in length, and in a few days 5 or 6 more of varying length. . II. George, 1888. Patient was a man seventy-three years of age who had been gradually failing in health for a year, and who i ae suffered from vague pains in the back. Following a severe attack be ‘) of renal colic, ‘‘in a few days, he passed from the bladder a half AE dozen worms’’. The supposed worm seen by Dr. George ‘‘was about — =. three inches in length, two lines in diameter, bearing some resem- _ blance to the common earth-worm. He said the others were both — longer and thicker’. The patient died and Dr. George states that — on autopsy ‘‘we found the right kidney enlarged, weighing two and — a half pounds, not a particle of healthy or normal tissue about it. In external appearance it resembled a fatty kidney. We found no worms either in the kidney, ureter or bladder but, on section, we found unmistakable evidence of their habitation. About one-fourth the entire mass, including the pelvis and infundibula, presented the appearance of being eaten by worms; looked like a mass of dry eurds.”’ _ UI. Martin, 1891. A man sixty-six years of age, suffered in- tensely from pains centering in the region of the bladder, ‘‘every few minutes rising to void his urine, or trying to but failing, only a few drops would pass, which had the appearance of clotted blood, —or would coagulate in a little time into a firm clot’’. The patient was a traveling veterinary surgeon, or castrator, whose work sub- jected him to very great muscular strain, day after day. On the eighth day after treatment began, he passed two ‘‘worms’’, seven — and fifteen inches in length through a No. 9 catheter. ‘‘These worms, or entozoa, were of a dark-red or brown color and about the ee ORL ee 808 (WILLIAM A. RILEY lat Eee ee oe size of a small rye straw or a large knitting needle, somata re- = sembling the ascaris lumbricoides found in the intestines’’ a LEY Morehouse, 1898. Patient, in Ohio, had severe renal colic and seventeen days later passed a worm nearly a foot in — length, followed in two or three days by a four inch and a seven > inch specimen and, up to the time of the report, by fifty-five, vary- ing in length from one inch to one foot. Concerning this case see ~ z. the illuminating report by the samy physician of the patient, Lewis, 1898. The great majority of the supposed cases of infestation etiae x by Dioctothyme renale have been shown to be based on error. In this S class must be placed the above four alleged cases. Those of George, ; a 4 and of Martin have been investigated by Sommer, 1897, and that of Morehouse has been explained by Lewis, 1898.: The four cases are. aM typical instances of pseudoparasitism, blood. clots, fragmentary i: blood coagula, and casts having been mistaken for worms. es Summary anp Comments. There are herein reported twenty- ‘seven definite cases of the occurrence of the giant nematode, Dioc- ~ tothyme renale in the United States and Canada. Of these, nine- — teen are published for the first time, while eight were aeetey on record. A surprising number of the cases, twelve out of twenty-seven, or 44%, relate to the occurrence of the worms in the peritoneal cavity. This is probably due to the fact that most of the twelve were observed by physiologists, in the course of their experiments. In one instance the parasite is said to have been in contact with the liver, while in another, Case I, two of the worms lay over the left lobe of the liver, between it and the diaphragm. : Stratton’s suggestion, made independently by Sonsino many years later, that the parasites may pass from the uterus along the - Fallopian tubes, and thus finally come to lie. in the abdominal ecavy- ity is not borne out by the above data, Case I relates to their oc- currence in the abdominal cavity of a male host. The four cases of supposed occurrence of Dioctothyme renale as a parasite of man in the United States cannot be accepted. In this connection it may be said that Dr. F. R. Zeit states that in three thousand autopsies he has never met with the parasite in man. Available data furnish no safe basis for determining the per-— centage of infestation of dogs in this country. Sommers found one case in fifty examinations, The writer has found one out of ap-— THE OCCURRENCE OF THE GIANT NEMATODE 809 - proximately a hundred dogs. On the other hand Dr. Barker reports that it has not been met with in two hundred and five examinations. While the present report adds considerably to the known eases of the occurrence of Dioctothyme renale in the United States — F. and Canada, it must be pointed out that this is the result of co- ) operation on the part of workers in every state as well as in Canada. As compared with Italy, where most of the cases in the literature : have been found, the territory covered is enormous, and most of the: 2 reports have been negative. The parasite cannot be regarded as. 2 -- ¢ommon in this country. ; ae eye —_.>_—__ “ex LITERATURE CITED. soa _ Breeper, BH. 8. 1882. Strongylus, seu Eustrongylus gigas, Asearis renalis, Pi Jr. Comp. Med.,, iii, p. 168-170. re versity of Pennsylvania, (coll. Leidy), and the coll. Stiles and coll. Hassall. ee Vet. Mag., Phil. i, p. 245-253, 331-354. “hy - STRATTON, THos. 1843. On the existence of entozoa in the shut cavities of: oe living animals. Hdinb. Med. and Surg. Jr. \x, p, 261-262. y - Torrance, F. 1900. Strongylus gigas in dogs. Jr. Comp. Med. xxi, p. 422- a © 423. AN APPEAL TO THE VETERINARIANS TO HELP IN THE FIGHT AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS* RicHARD CoLE Newton, M.D. Late President New Jersey State Board of Health, Consulting Physician of the Mountainside Hospital, Montelair, N. J. When I was invited by Doctor Me Donough to address this meeting, and was told that I might talk upon any subject that I preferred, I felt greatly honored. Just at that time I was doing - some work on the new treatment of tuberculosis in men, and was deeply interested in it. Recently it has occurred to me that there ~ are certain very important agreements in the action of tuberculosis in men and animals, and while there is danger that I may tell you things that you are already more familiar with than I am, I trust that you will bear with me in view of the intense interest which surrounds the subject, and its incaleulable importance so far as it touches human life, and the well being of the entire animal king. dom. - : So far as I know, there is not very much to report that is new in the fight against the great white plague in animals and what is so deeply interesting us in the handling of human tuberculosis is in‘ reality, a modification of Koch’s method ‘of using tuberculin. Whether this method can be profitably and effectively used in treat- ing cattle, only time and careful experiment can determine. As you are probably aware, the treatment of tuberculosis with —__ tuberculin was advocated by Professor Koch about 1890, and was taken up by the medical profession with the utmost avidity. Un- fortunately Professor Koch and his assistants were, comparatively speaking, setting sail on an uncharted sea, and were guiding their — course largely by conjecture and by results obtained in treating other diseases. They had discovered a remedial agent of unknown power and unmeasured possibilities. They seemed to assume that two or three doses of the new agent ought to cure a case of tuber- | culosis, and tuberculosis they looked upon as an infection to be forestalled by a vaccination, like smallpox, or rendered harmless by antitoxin, like diphtheria. As both of these conceptions were erroneous, it is not surprising that these experimenters were e dis- pppounten in the results of their treatment. *An address before the New Jersey State Veterinary Association, July 15th, 1916. THE FIGHT dite TUBERCULOSIS 811 - Professor Virchow, the most celebrated pathologist of the world, at that time, led a crusade against Koch’s new remedy, and tried to establish the claim that the pitiful condition of the ad- vanced consumptive was at least rendered worse by tuberculin, if it was not caused by it. He asserted that this agent ‘‘mobilized”’ the tubercle bacilli already in the consumptive’s body, and dis- persed them through the system to extend their work of destrue- tion. Inasmuch as even minute doses of tuberculin do activate to some extent, the bacilli already present in the patient’s body, and large doses may cause local, focal and constitutional reactions, there is a certain amount of truth in Professor Virchow’s state- ment regarding the mobilization of the bacilli; but that they are drawn into the blood stream and passed all over the body in it, is . not true. _ At any rate the tuberculin trpatnent of tuberculosis in human beings, got a decided ‘‘black eye’’, from which it has not yet en- tirely recovered. Veterinarians know that tubereulin is not a - poison and that it has no effect on healthy animals. Physicians . _ seem to still cherish the delusion that it is a poison, and that it may seriously injure a healthy person even if it does not set up the very disease it is intended to eure, hc The long and successful use of tuberculin, in testing eattle, has taught the veterinarians a most valuable truth, and these in- numerable tests like the routine examinations of the urine in life _- insurance examinations, have had an extremely important bearing - upon both the pathology and treatment of men and animals. As it is stated in the Report of The International Commission, of- the ie Commission recognizes after careful study, that the tuberculin __ test is the fundamental factor in any policy having for its object, Animal Industry, March 17, 1911.) This Commission consisted of ~ such men as, Professor Ravenel, Doctors Hurty, Moore, Schroeder, bs rete. ; : As science advances, and as the search after truth by actual _ experiment supersedes the old so-called philosophical conception of medicine, by which it was in vain attempted to make the facts conform to a preconceived theory, the collateral branches of. medi- eal practice naturally are assuming closer relations with the great __ body of the profession and are themselves doing much experi- mental work, — _ American Veterinary Medical Association, in 1911: ‘‘That the | the control. of bovine tuberculosis.’’ (Cireular 175, Bureau of — ° f ae pe Se een a x 812 : RICHARD COLE NEWTON * In this particular instanee, it would seem wise for the veteri- _harians to at least attempt the treatment of tuberculous cattle on — a large scale with tuberculin. Unfortunately, with the limited time at my disposal, I have not been able to make a résumé of the literature sufficiently extended to show whether this plan of treat- ment has ever been carried out on a seale large enough to prove or disprove its value. There is no question that many cases of bovine tuberculosis recc-ver and that many more would recover in animals, as well as in men, under more favorable conditions of life. The _ modern cow, like her owner, lives under entirely abnormal condi- — - tions which must be altered if dairy herds are to be kept free from tuberculosis. xs ' However, I will not take up your time by enlarging upon this — ~ obvious truth. I wish especially to emphasize the fact that, in men -and animals, tuberculosis tends toward recovery, and that a. very =: little help at the opportune moment, will change the entire course — of the disease. In this belief I find myself in accord with Professor Conn, who says (Report of Storrs Agricultural Experiment Sta- | tion, 1898) ‘‘The fact is, that the more experience accumulates, the — more we learn that many of these incipient cases of tuberculosis are only temporary, and that the animals in question, if kept in a- favorable condition, will soon recover and may live many years of useful life.’’? C. S. Phelps, the agriculturist of the Storrs Ex- | “a periment Station, gives the history of four tuberculous cows, two at least of which, seemed to have recovered their health entirely, and. the other two were greatly benefited simply by hygienic living. | [ have no doubt that there have occurred thousands of similar cases. De Schweinitz reported (Bulletin 13 of the Department of Agriculture, September 19, 1896, page 17) ‘‘An animal originally tuberculous kept at the Station of the Bureau of Animal Industry, has received about three thousand ¢.c. of tuberculin in different ‘injections extending over a long time. The ee is now well and fat and has entirely recovered from tuberculosis.’ On page 21 of Dr. Gilliland’s paper, (Report on the Results. Obtained in the Eradication of Tuberculosis from a Herd by the Use of Tuberculosis Vaccine and the Bang System, read in To- -ronto in August, 1911)—favorable comment is made on the result — of the treatment of twelve shorthorn yearlings, which had reacted to tuberculin, with tuberculosis vaccine and tuberculin. The com- - ment concludes with the statement, that the ‘‘treatment had a dis- a a Se ais, A. in quarantine. A newspaper item states that Dr, Richard Ebbet formerly of Grand Island, Nebraska, has been deported from Ireland by the British Government. He has been in Ireland for about four years, — twenty miles from Dublin. It is reported that he was returned to — this country because he had written to friends here of the conditions — in Ireland, It is stated that Dr. Ebbet will take up the matter with the Department of State at Washington and that he contemplates some kind of legal action against the British Government. " OBSERVATIONS ON 2800 PIGS INOCULATED WITH HOG CHOLERA VIRUS ee H. Preston Hoskins, V.M.D. aa Assistant Professor of Veterinary Science, University of Minnesota, meas University Farm, St. Paul, Minn. The following observations and experiments have been made upon 2800 pigs, inoculated for the production of hog cholera virus, at the Minnesota State Serum Plant, during the period of approxi- mately two years ending December 31, 1915, The virus obtained from these pigs was used mainly for the hyperimmunization of hogs for the production of anti-hog cholera serum (Dorset-McBride- © -__ Niles method), although considerable was also used in the work of routine serum-virus vaccination (so-called ‘‘double treatment’’). The observations recorded in this paper may not appear to be of any particular significance, in fact some of the conclusions drawn are already known to most workers with hog cholera, in a general way, but the fact that there are no published data on many of these points has prompted the author to report them. ~When-the word ‘“‘virus’’ is used, we refer to the defibrinated blood obtained from a pig sick with acute hog cholera, the blood be- ing defibrinated mechanically immediately after drawing, rather than allowing it to coagulate spontaneously. In a small number of “nae eases (not over 5%) the blood can not be satisfactorily defibrinated -_ immediately, but im these cases it will usually coagulate upon 24 hours standing at refrigerator temperature (4°C.). Experience has shown that it does not pay to use this blood, either separately or by mixing it with the blood from other pigs. The failure to properly coagulate is probably due to the absence or insufficient amount present of some one of the fibrin elements, and when the poor blood i is mixed with the good, small shreds of fibrin are formed, a making it difficult to handle and dangerous to use for hiyshrantieal _ zation purposes. Almost without exception the pigs which yield i = the non-coagulable blood show very extensive hemorrhagic lesions on autopsy. ¥ Narurau Immunity ro Hoa Cait pak: It is very interesting to note the fact that of the 2800 pigs inoculated, 390 (13. 9%) failed to succumb to the infection. Failure to succumb means that the pigs either did not die of cholera, or did not at any time become . ‘sick enough to warrant slaughter for the purpose of obtaining viru- 8S eae aM =e eS Von at = pa’ + 818 H. PRESTON HOSKINS lent blood. The optimum time for killing the pigs is usually de- . - termined clinically, the experience gained through observations made on several thousand pigs serving as a valuable guide. Ex- — perience has shown that it is best to allow the inoculated pigs to reach the height of their reaction, based largely on the temperature, — but with other clinical symptoms taken into consideration, and ‘a bleed them before they become too weak. The pigs killed in the ‘ advanced stages of the disease will usually yield blood rich in the | secondary invaders common to hog cholera. This is not only un- desirable, but also unnecessary for the production of a potent anti- hog cholera serum. aa ee __ The reactions following the injections of virus varied between a the two extremes possible, namely, from no reaction that was notice-— able, up to death in as short a time as five or six days (peracute , hog cholera). Some of the pigs which did not die became severely ill, however, and then usually made a quick recovery. In the SS periods during which the pigs were under observation, careful clini- cal records were kept as far as conditions permitted. The necessity for handling large numbers of pigs in rather crowded quarters, at certain times of the year, prevented the se gh of detailed indi-- vidual clinical records at such times. Pe The following table concerns the 390 pigs which failed to sue- 4 , cumb. For convenience they have been divided into six groups, determined by the highest temperature shown following inocula-— tion. Temperatures were taken once daily, at about 8 A. M. usually — not earlier than the fourth day following inoculation. ‘A marked 4 rise of temperature before the fourth day could hardly be attr buted to the injection of the filterable virus of hog cholera. - It is a much more reasonable to suspect prior infection, or a contaminated virus, where a marked rise of temperature is noted before the fourth or fifth day, or when death occurs before the fifth or sixth day. TABLE 1. Showing the percentage of 390 pigs (survivors) exhibiting different grades of susceptibility and immunity, classed by maximum a fh recorded following inoculation. Grade Grade Limits of Number maximum of % of of temperatures | pigs | reaction immunity 101.8_102.8° 39 10.0 None Complete 103.0.103,8 | 101 25.9 Slight High 104.0.104.8 | 120 80.7 Moderate Slight 105.0.1058 | 84 21.5 Marked None 106.0_106.8 | 36 9.3 Severe None 107.0..1074 10 2.6 Extreme None - 3 OBSERVATIONS WITH HOG CHOLERA VIRUS : 819 This grouping is entirely arbitrary, but in a general way the temperature reaction is a very good gauge for roughly determining the condition of the pigs. Once in a while a very sick pig will not show much of a temperature reaction, while on the other hand some - pigs that appear to show little or no clinical symptoms frequently will show a surprisingly high temperature reaction. In the group showing slight reactions, as a rule there was rarely any other clini- cal symptoms manifest besides the slight rise in temperature. In the group showing moderate reactions, usually the pigs would be ‘‘off feed’’ for a day or so, and then show no further disturbance. In the groups showing ‘‘marked’’, ‘‘severe’’ and ‘‘extreme’’ re- actions, very frequently there would be such symptoms as anorexia, depression, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, ete., for a day or so, but the condition of the pigs hardly warranted slaughter. In most such cases the pigs would be given a respite of twenty-four hours, at the expiration of which time the condition would usually be either _ unchanged or improved. In a few instances such pigs succumbed. In a general way these 390 pigs might be divided into two great classes: (a) those which proved to be immune, or nearly so; and, — (b) those which reacted noticeably to the injection of the virus, but made a recovery. It is interesting to note that no pigs survived a recorded temperature higher than 107.4°F. Table 2 shows the tem- peratures of six pigs, selected to show examples of the six different grades of reactions referred to. TABLE 2, Temperature reactions in pigs with various grades of natural immunity. Reaction Pig Days following inoculation (grade) No.| 6 7 8 | 9 | 10} 11 | 12 1.13 114 None 6516|102.0/102.4|101.2/101.6|102.2)100.8|101.2/101.4|101.4 Slight 6279/ 101.6) 102.0/103.8)101.0/102.0)102.4/101.6/102.2)101.8 Moderate 5967 |103.8|104.0/ 104.2) 104.0/ 102.4) 103.0/101.0/101.6 Marked 6507 |102.6|103.0/103.0|104.0/105.6| 103.0/ 102.2) 103.0/102.2 Severe 5691) 104.0) 106.0/103.4) 104.0) 103.2) 102.4/102.4/101.8 Extreme 5687 | 103.2) 107.4/105.0) 106.0! 102.0) 106.0|103.2/103.2 It is interesting to note that the foregoing temperature reac- tions very closely simulate those shown by test pigs which have re- ceived an injection of virulent virus (usually 2.0 ¢.¢.) simultane- ously with various amounts of anti-serum (usually 10.0 to 25.0 «.c.), in the potency tests to which the serum is subjected before its dis- tribution and use. Pigs receiving the larger test doses of serum usually show temperature reactions corresponding to pigs 6516 and mA bh ie tee TAREE SRY STS OAS Pa ae a re amen, ee \ i, oe} ign of Eat eats ey i + 820 : _H. PRESTON HOSKINS | / paper i «or 6279, reactions graded as ‘‘none’’ or ‘‘slight’’. Pigs receiving the _ smaller doses may show reactions corresponding to the other grades, from ‘‘moderate’’ to ‘‘extreme’’, depending upon the relative potency of the serum and virulence of the virus. . ImMuNITY AND Suscepripitiry AccorpInG To AcE. In order ‘to determine, if possible, at what size or age, estimated from the weight of the pigs, the maximum and minimum resistance oceurred, a study of the weights (at time of inoculation) of the survivors was made. It was found that most of the pigs used weighed be- tween forty and one hundred and ten pounds (40-110 Ibs.), with a small number both above and below these limits. The following table will show the pigs grouped according to ten pound limits, showing the number inoculated in each group, the number of sur- -yivors, and the percentage. ; TABLE 3. \ Showing number of survivors in different groups of pigs, classed accord- Ne ing to weight. Weight Number Number limits of pigs failed to Per cent (Ibs.) inoculated ; succumb 21- 30 . 10 1 10.0 31— 40 32 4 . 12.5 <= _.41- 50 125 10 8.0 51- 60 320 57 > 17.8 61— 70 498 79 15.9° sys .* T1- 80 525 75 14.3 81— 90 506 71 14.0 91-100 459 57 12.4 101-110 237 28 11.8 111-120 ip | 5 7.0 ri 121-140 18 3 16.6 2800 390 13.9 Leaving out of consideration the pigs which weighed less than forty-one pounds, and those which weighed more than one hundred and ten pounds, there being but relatively few pigs of these weights, it would appear that resistance is lowest in pigs weighing from forty-one to fifty pounds, and greatest in pigs weighing between fifty-one and sixty pounds, with a gradual decrease in resistance being shown by the pigs as the groups increased in weight. Ap- — proximately eighteen per cent of the pigs weighing from fifty-one to sixty pounds failed to succumb, whereas only twelve per cent of the pigs weighing one hundred and one to one hundred and ten pounds survived, es _ “OBSERVATIONS -WITH HOG CHOLERA VIRUS ¥ 821 ‘We were not surprised to notice the extreme susceptibility of _ pigs weighing less than fifty pounds. Experience has shown that ie at this age mortality from cholera is very high, opportunities hay- { 3 ing been offered for making observations on herds in which cholera had made its appearance in a natural way, and such herds contain- ing pigs and mature hogs of various ages. Even pigs from im- ‘ mune sows are quite susceptible at this age and weight (40-50 Ibs.), provided they have been entirely weaned for several weeks. It is believed that such pigs have been protected during the nursing if period, probably through the agency of antibodies in the milk. At a weaning time this protection (passive immunity) is taken away, F and infection follows exposure very rapidly. Several experiences Ae with vaccinating pigs of this age with the double treatment would e even lead us to believe that there is a hypersusceptibility at this time, possibly due to the disturbances caused the young pigs inci- _ dent to the change of feed following weaning. a , - the 2800 pigs represented in this report, but a very large proportion. _ of them were shipped into the South St. Paul stock-yards from points in North Dakota, Montana and Canada. It is highly im- ie _ probable, except in rare instances, that pigs of the above weights a (50-110 lbs.) had been vaccinated previously. Certain local con- Bey. ditions, such as shortage of feed, sometimes necessitates shipping ‘a young pigs to market, but the owners and shippers usually do not Be go to the expense of having pigs vaccinated before shipment. Our _ buyer knew our wants, and his instructions were to buy Dakota, _ Montana and Canadian pigs whenever they were available. We be- _ lieve that pigs from these sources would be more susceptible, would he - probably not have been exposed to infection or previously vacci- nated. 7. TIME OF APPEARANCE OF HeigHr or Reaction. The day on ¥ _ which the height of the reaction took place, following the inocula- tion with virus, estimated by the highest temperature recorded, has been determined. It would appear interesting to note, in this con- nection, that a majority of the pigs which failed to succumb ap- parently reached the height of their reaction twenty-four hours _ earlier than in the case of the pigs which died or were killed in a * more or less moribund condition. Of the 390 survivors, 77 pigs (19.7%) showed a maximum temperature on the sixth day. On the other hand, a series of 390 consecutive pigs which died or were Very little was known of the history of the great majority of | ty Pe, ine y “s ,, x ne , ohes et, t vid y ma ee 822 - _ H. PRESTON HOSKINS ; Pe Nee killed showed 78 pigs (20.0%) with highest temperatures on the sixth day, but 149 pigs (38.2%) with the highest temperature on the seventh day, and 69 pigs (17.7%) on the eighth day. Seca facts are set forth in tabular forms as follows :— < : TABLE 5. Showing days after inoculation when maximum temperatures were ‘18 corded in the 390 survivors, compared with 390 consecutive fatal cases, int Pigs that failed Pigs that died or ee to sueeumb were killed ’ 4 8 2,1 1 0.2 5 38 9.7 38 0.0) ie S 6 77 19.7 78 20.0 7 53 13.6 149 38.2 8 54 13.8 69 AF 9 51 13.1 25 6.4 ea eg! AS. 26 6.7 17 4.4 11 33 8.4 4 1.0 12 16 4.1 6 1.6 13 16 41 0 CORRS 14 7 1.8 2 0.5 15 5 1.3 0 0.0 16 6 1.6 1 0.3 Totals 390 100.0 390 100.0 * These observations coincide very closely with those reported — by Craig and Whiting’, on the temperature curves drawn from the temperature records of 900 pigs used for testing serum or vacci- — nated by the double method. The average daily temperatures show the highest on the sixth day. In another series of 250 pigs, inoculated with hog cholera virus, which died or were killed between the seventh and fourteenth days, a temperature curve drawn from the temperature records shows the highest average temperature on the seventh day. MAINTENANCE oF VirULENCE or Hog CHOLERA Virus. The | maintenance of a strain of hog cholera virus of maximum ee is of the greatest importance in the production of highly and uni- — os formly potent anti-hog cholera serum, In a general way the viru-— ie lence of the virus is reflected in the potency of the resulting anti-\4 serum. In our work we aimed to keep only one strain of virus- going, although other workers have attempted to keep a number of strains going. Our serum was prepared for use in a limited — territory (Minnesota) and the reasons advanced for using a number — of strains of virus, principally to produce a polyvalent serum, did, — OBSERVATIONS WITH HOG CHOLERA VIRUS 823 j + - not seem necessary as long as our Strain of virus did not show any _ signs of weakening, and the field results with the serum continued to be satisfactory. On. the other hand, it is doubtful whether it is possible to keep a given strain of hog cholera virus pure, under conditions usually - met with in serum plants, on account of the extremely contagious nature of the virus. It is not a practical proposition, except for purely experimental purposes, where the item of expense can be forgotten. ; Nevertheless it would appear that we succeeded fairly well in keeping our strain of virus up to a degree of extreme virulence, really the most important point after all, when it was possible to make frequent passages through susceptible pigs. At the time this particular strain of virus had just gone through its 120th pas- sage, claim was made’ that it was as near to being a fixed virus as it would be possible to get it. At the time this paper is being prepared it is going through its 137th passage. The problem of a _ fixed virus is discussed later in this paper. Briefly, our plan was to select a pig from each group inoculated, a pig that showed an _ early and marked reaction to the injection of 2.0 ¢.c. of seed virus, usually made intramuscularly. The animal was killed by bleeding — from the throat, as aseptically as possible, the blood defibrinated, and then placed in a refrigerator. A careful autopsy would then _ be held on the pig, and if undoubted lesions of hog cholera were found, however slight, and not contaminated with any other infec- — tion, as far as macroscopical examination showed, a part (usually about 250.00 ¢.c.) of the blood was reserved and divided into two — portions. One portion was preserved with a 0.5% phenol solution, while no preservative was added to the other. The virus was then placed in sealed containers and kept in a refrigerator at about 4°C., until used. In a number of instances, when frequent passages of the virus were not made, there was an apparent decrease in virulence noticed in the unpreserved sample, when used for inoculation purposes. _ The preserved sample of the same passage, in most cases, did not lose its virulence so rapidly as the unpreserved portion. This is thought to be due to the growth and action of the organisms con- _ taminating the unpreserved sample. However, as long as the latter _ remained ‘‘sweet’’ (absence of putrefactive odor), the virus usually proved to be of satisfactory virulence. Although phenol as a pre-— 824 H. PRESTON HOSKINS servative in strengths as high as one per cent will not destroy the hog cholera virus, our reasons for attempting to keep virus with-— ~ out a preservative were simply along the line that the phenol might . possibly attenuate the virus, if only to a slight degree, which was undesirable if it could in any way be prevented. Errect OF AGE ON VIRULENCE OF SEED Virus. The length of time that virus would remain virulent under the most favorable conditions was variable. In a few cases where tests were made to _ determine this point, the virulence did not seem to have been lost ae - after several months storage in the refrigerator under the condi- ~ tions already named. Table 6 gives the results of two of the tests. TABLE 6. Experiments to determine the effects of age on the virulence of hog cholera virus. Vins | fge- | Pg Wet. | Date) Max. | yy — _inwe Ine. No. | days | No. ths. | — inoc. temp. Od | Fresh | Dec.* — j “aio | 216 | 7434 | 49 11-17-15] 105.0 }.9 | D 17 20.0 | 8.6} —114 110 | 216 | 7435 | 30 |11-17-15| 105.2} 8 | D 23 , 420 | 131 | 7433 | 55 [11-17-15] 1068 | 8 | K 9] 95}. 86) —09 320 | 131 | 7443 | 32 [11-17-15] 1064 | 9 | K 10 124] 93 | 7438 | 45 |11-17-15| 1070 | 9 | K 9} 100! 80] —20 124 | 93 | 7440 | 30 |11-17-15| 105.0 |10 | K 11 | 125 | 80 | 7442 | 54 |11-17-15| 107.2] 8 | K 10] 105] 7.5] —3.0 125 | 80 | 7444 | 32 |11-17-15| 107.4 |10 |'K 11 ; 126 | 68 | 7437 | 58 |11-17-15] 1062] 9 | K 9) 85] 75) —10 126 | 68 | 7439 | 40 /11-17-15| 1068 | 7|K 8 126 | 162 | 7617 | 52 | 2-19-16 105.2) 5 |K 6] 80] 7.5} —05 126 | 162 | 7637 | 48 | 2-19-16] 1058 | 7 | D 10 | 127 | 37 | 7492 | 44 |11-17-15| 107.0] 7 {| K 10] 105] 80) —25 127 | 37 | 7436} 25 }11-17-15] 105.8] 8 | K 11 127 | 132 | 7639 | 53 | 2-19-16 1064| 7.|K 7) 7.0] 80] +10 127 | 132 | 7625 | 50/| 2-19-16] 106.0 | 7] K 7 | 128 | 7 | 7431] 59 |11-17-15| 1096 | 8|K 8} 80) 87) +07. 128 | 7 | 7441 | 42 |11-17-15| 107.4 | 7 |'K 8 | 128 | 102 | 7627 | 50 | 2-19-16] 106.2 | 7 |*K 7] 95] 87) —08 128 | 102 | 7622 | 67 | 2-19-16] 106.2] 8 | K 12 129] 49 | 7642 | 52 | 2-19-16] 108.2 | 7 | K 11] 11.5} 130) +15 129 | 49 | 7632 | 72 | 2-19-16] 1064] 7 |: K 12 | 4 OBSERVATIONS WITH HOG CHOLERA VIRUS 825 f Errecr or INJECTIONS oF Various AMouNTS oF Virus BY DiPr- - FERENT MerHops. The amount of virus injected, or the manner of introduction into the body of the pig, seemed to be no factor in the appearance of symptoms following inoculation. Two cubic centi- meters would invariably bring a pig down as soon as ten cubic taneous injections made with the same virus, at the same time, on _ pigs in the same group. A few of these experiments are shown in Table 7. TABLE 7. Experiments to determine the effects of the injection of different sized ‘doses of hog cholera virus, subcutaneously and intravenously. Pig | Wet. | Date | Virus | Amt. Highest Out No, | ibs. Inoc. No. | ce. | temp. bey 5301 76 | 3-31-15 | 108 2.0 | S | 103.4) 8 | Remained well 5302 | 46- | 3-31-15 | 108 | 10-0 | S | 103.4/ 10 | Remained well 5303 78 3-31-15 | 108 2.0 | S | 107.0) 7 | Killed 7th day, Cholera 5494 | 66 | 4-12-15 | 110 2.0 | 8S | 106.4) 8 | Killed 9th day. Cholera 5495. | 52 | 4-12-15 | 110 5.0 | S |106.8| 9 | Killed 9th day. Cholera 5611 65 4-18-15 | 111 3.0 S | 106.2) 7 | Killed 8th day. Cholera 5617 72 | 4-18-15 | 111 5.0 | S$ | 107.0! 6 | Killed 8th day. Cholera 5621 62 | 4-18-15 | 111 3.0 |. S | 107.0| 9 | Killed 9th day. Cholera ~ 5624 75 4-18-15 | 111 5.0 | S | 106.6) 9 | Killed 9th day. Cholera’ 5755 55. | 4-23-15 | 112 5.0 | S | 106.2) 6 | Killed 9th day. Cholera 5759 57 4-23-15 | 112 5.0 I | 105.6| 7 | Died 9th day. , Cholera 5760 | 55 4-23-15 | 112 2.0 | S | 106.6} 8 | Killed 9th day. Cholera 5761 | 63 | 4-23-15 | 112 | 2.0] S |107.4]| 7 | Killed 8th day. Cholera 5762 65 4-23-15 |.112 5.0 I | 106.4| 7 | Killed 9th day. Cholera 5765 | 67 4-23-15 | 112 | 10.0 I | 105.8| 6 | Sick 3 days. Reeovered 5768 62 | 4-23-15 | 112 2.0 | S | 106.4| 8 | Killed 9th day. Cholera 5770. | 53 | 4-23-14 | 112 2.0 | S | 104.6! 8 | Sick 3 days. Recovered 5888 55 4-28-15 | 112 10 | S | 106.6) 8 | Killed 9th day. Cholera 5893 74 | 4-28-15 | 112 |. 10.0 | S | 107.6| 9 | Killed 9th day. Cholera _ x S—subcutaneously. I—intravenously. Fixep Virus or Hoa CuHouera. The problem of obtaining a fixed virus of hog cholera is one attended with a number of diffi- — culties. Reichel* was the first to suggest the possibilities, as well as the desirability of such a virus, while the writer* has already _ pointed out some of the difficulties of the problem. One of the greatest difficulties to meet and overcome, perhaps, is the fact that hog cholera is an infection that is very frequently complicated, a number of organisms of varying degrees of pathogenicity playing. a part in the disease. This is not so true of a disease like rabies, centimeters, and intravenous injections did not seem to shorten the — -ineubation period, when compared with intramuscular or subeu- | bagi, | 4 ¥ - + : *% 826 H. PRESTON HOSKINS at least in the light of our present knowledge, a fixed virus of rabies < being obtainable by a number of frequent, successive passages — through rabbits, and secondary infections appearing to play little tee or no part in the disease itself. In the production of anti-hog cholera serum, the virus pigs. are’ usually killed in a more or less moribund condition, and not allowed . to die, when death can be anticipated. Here the personal factor = __ 4 enters into the problem, and there is not a little divergence of opin- ‘jon on the question as to when the sick virus pig is in the best con- dition’ for bleeding, in so far as the virulence of the virus is con- cerned, its concentration, the amount to be obtained per pound of body weight and its relative freedom from large numbers of organs sae ~ isms of the class of secondary invaders. The sicker the pig, the greater the chance for the blood stream | to be entered by these secondary invading organisms, most of them if undoubtedly coming from the intestinal canal. They easily gain ae if entrance to the circulation due to the weakened condition of the pig and the lowered resistance offered by the relaxed tissues. This is an important point, already briefly touched upon, when the blood is to be used for hyperimmunization purposes, due to the danger of producing a bacteriemia in the hogs receiving intravenous injec- tions of from one to two litres of the defibrinated blood. © © Table 8 shows a summary of one passage of our virus. Three lots of pigs (45 pigs in all) were inoculated with 2.0 ¢.c. of seed virus No. 80, each of the three lots being inoculated on different days. Six pigs proved to be non-susceptible, while one pig died from causes other than hog cholera. The remainder (38 pigs) either died or were killed about the eighth day (average 8.1 days). ‘Summaries of the other passages made during 1914 and 1915 (60 in all) showed slight variations, of course, passage No. 80 being ~ selected as typical. TABLE 8, ae Summary of a passage of hog cholera virus. PassaaE No. 80 tot No, Date No. D. or K D. or K Average No. Pigs inoc. immune cholera other causes Days "44. | 8 | 6-23-14 Bake | 1 8.4 45 | 20 5-26-14 2 18 0 7.8 46 | 17 | 5-28-14 | 2 15 0 8.1 Totals) 45 | |. 6 |, 38 1 8.1 \ < : ‘ ot ~ : < ; ¥ ; a eney “‘sodBsi9Ae oy} Surynduos Url PoapIsuos Jou oie quuMdONS oF porrezy yorum sBrd OEE eyL, “omy STyy Sutnp posn ueeq Suravy s8id og Tpz ‘suvok omg Jo porsod v ‘LT UVHO 10A0 Zurpuezxe ‘(suoyvsoueds) soFussed og yFnosyy ‘snita vsspoys Soy jo urey4s B JO eouapNATA UT SUOTPELIvA SuLMoyY y ; = SS = == = = = = 2 == = = =— = == Aad W_BOFIOT PY 5 8a7807) = Li f 4 ——- —+ — -_ <=: » \ a 5 x — = SSE + Ff x — 2 + = = SS SSS TEV 4 < ss = = —> =. — =e. —— == = = == = =>: —— ae Sr s = F + _— =< = = = —Poe ia a 4 va — a ae me to J—t _ es > f - —+$ + PAS ==; ei Se Se SS SSS Ss ' + — ." 7 - = —-—}- —_+}—- — —p——t 5 + - ” ~ < _ - = on — + —-— — —j~-—F— -< t + = —_ Fa LiF — —— — —— f~ = ft =» + .< fF y eg Sled t + 4 + oo. ; F + -_ —~—} — af — — , + {--—4 : = =a = Ft + f- 4 Ff = == + —— + a J == JZ = == a es ee oe +4 <= <= = f- $ + ~— 4 + = 4 ———— 7 = = b—- —t— ~ _= + —— : = oe oe + + Zz = = <= = = +t 7 t + == 4 Ms Fs SS. < ra f = = = c=. \ 5 i = a: hy t : = — = ,4 . f St: =° ¥$ +f Z } 4+ + =. panne a tt So a ce tf } + 7 7 ae 2 + a 8 — os - A F +t + + Z << + I=. — oe 7 + =5 - f t a =F a = + + 7A =, Af } = ae rs Sif 4 + - — = + Zt + +++ + + = ++ +t ‘ +i ==. \ =—- +++ t +++ +++ Sas 2 2 + t + = SY tr 828 H. PRESTON HOSKINS St The accompanying chart (No. 1) shows that the majority of - the 2410 pigs were killed on the eighth or ninth day after inocula. __ tion. The virus obtained was used for hyperimmunization purposes at the rate of five to six cubic centimeters per pound body weight, (a and the resulting serum proved to be quite uniformly potent, when the hyperimmunes were bled on the eleventh, eighteenth and twenty- fifth days following hyperimmunization, and the serum subjected — a to the standard test of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The middle line in the chart is the average number of days 7 after inoculation before the pigs died or were killed, all pigs in- oculated with a certain passage of virus being placed in one group, __ and the number of pigs in such groups varying from 2 to 91. The — upper line is the maximum number of days in each such group, and ‘the lower line is the minimum number of days in which a pig was. killed from each group. If a pig was killed or died later than the nineteenth day, it is not included. Likewise, pigs dead or killed be- fore the fifth day are excluded, on account of the probability of Asa _ prior infection or some other cause for death. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. The author takes this opportunity to. thank Dr. H. C. H. Kernkamp, who was associated with him for about eighteen months of the time covered by this report, and Dr. J. T. E. Dinwoodie, also associated with him for about nine months; for valuable assistance rendered in making inoculations, holding autopsies and recording the lesions found. Summary. 1. Of 2800 pigs inoculated with a virulent strain of hog cholera virus, 390 (13.9%) failed to suecumb to the infection. 2. Reactions shown by the inoculated pigs which failed to succumb, varied between wide limits, indicating all grades of sus- ceptibility and immunity to hog cholera. at 3. No pigs survived a temperature higher than 107.4°F. 4. Pigs weighing between 40 and 50 pounds showed greatest susceptibility, only 8% of the pigs inoculated at this weight sur-— viving. oculation apparently showed the greatest resistance, judged by the percentage which failed to succumb, resistance slowly decreasing as the pigs became heavier. 6. Pigs which failed to sueeumb reached the height of their reaction (temperature) most frequently on the sixth day. 7. Pigs which died or were killed when moribund reached the height of their reaction most frequently on the seventh day. 5. Pigs weighing between 50 and 60 pounds at the time of in- OBSERVATIONS WITH HOG CHOLERA VIRUS $29 He 8. By frequent passages of a strain of virus through suscep- tible pigs, and carefully selecting the seed virus pig from each ~~ group, a virus has been obtained which can be depended upon to x _ bring pigs down on the eighth day with a fair degree of regularity. ae > 9. Pigs inoculated with virus of different ages, up to 162 days, ee succumbed quite regularly, within a few days of the time necessary hag for the same virus to bring the pigs down when comparatively fresh. ae: 10. Virus 216 days old had apparently lost its infectivity. | ae -< 11. Pigs inoculated with varying amounts of virus (1.0 to 10.0 in - ¢.c.) came down in the usual length of time, regardless of the amount — ___ injected or the manner of introduction. _ .. . Conetusions. 1. On the average it is safe to assume that va about 14% of pigs weighing between 40 and 140 pounds have suffi- t ’. cholera virus. This fact should be kept in mind in all experimental Ey work with ‘hog cholera, especially the testing of anti-hog cholera serum, and conclusions should not be drawn from experiments made Rie a small series of pigs. == Pees — yi ~ susceptibility as the younger pigs, according to our observations. be” 8. Virus pigs will usually show the height of their reaction iam ‘at or about the sixth or seventh day. For some unexplained reason the pigs which failed to succumb reached the height of their reac- ‘_uon a day earlier, on the average, than those pigs which died or were killed. It may be that the reaction to the filterable virus oc- ; tse eurred before the pig was sufficiently weakened to invite the inva- _ sion of secondary organisms from the intestinal canal, in which case recovery followed. 4. With Gertaty restrictions attached to the meaning of the term “fixed virus’’, such a virus for hog cholera may be obtained by frequent passages through susceptible pigs, the number of such a pigs being large enough to allow considerable choice in selecting _ the seed virus pig from each group. 7 a REFERENCES _ 1. Crate anpD Wuitinc. Hog Cholera. Ind. Agr. Exp. Sta, Bull. No. 173. a — : ee 1 2. Proc. Minn, State. Vet. Med. Asso., 1915, p. 124. 3: one’ Fixed Hog Cholera Virus. Jour. Inf. Dis., 1913, Vol. XII, No. 28, Pp 4, Hoskins. Some Observations on Hog Cholera and the Use of Sandia: of Amer. Vet. Rev., 1915, Vol. XLVII. Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 46-56 and 188- 196, cient natural immunity to resist fatal infection with virulent hog 2. Pigs appear to be most susceptible during the period be-— tween weaning time and when they reach about 50 pounds in weight. - Pigs of this size, however, are not economical for routine virus pro- . duction. Pigs as heavy as 120 pounds show as great a degree of Hoskins. A Review of Recent Progress in Hog Cholera Investigations. : does not permit, nor is it practical: for veterinarians, to keep the FURTHER STUDIES IN X-RAY DIAGNOSIS. IN VETERINARY MEDICINE* Louis GRIESSMAN, New York City. At the last convention I gave a brief outline of the history, development, diagnostic and therapeutic value of the X-ray as it — 4 is used in veterinary medicine and surgery. Detailed experiments — and especially studies in tuberculosis and glanders of the larger — animals were difficult to undertake because of lack of material. — — Work of such tremendous importance must be financed by and per-- ™ formed under the auspices of the state, by veterinarians who are competent and able to use and understand the X-ray. The state larger tubercular animals in the laboratories in the center of the | city: Such work, however, would be invaluable to the state and— not only could plates be taken of suspected animals and kept. under observation, but the progress of the lesions could be noted and re- : corded on the plates at stated intervals. For the radiographic examination of the larger animals we _ need a more powerful apparatus than that of the kind ordinarily — used in the examination of such parts, as the hip and the stomach. The fluoroscopic examination of the lungs of a horse or cow, for example, is comparatively simple, although the distance to pene- - trate is great, the density is little. The X-ray apparatus may © even be taken into the field at any distance from the source rr ee electrical supply, and then connected to an automobile for its” motive power; a detailed description of how to hook up an X-ray machine to the hind wheel of an automobile is described in a-re- | ‘cent number of the Journal of the American Medical Association. _ Let us turn for a moment to some of the average cases met — with in general practice where roentgenology is invaluable, In — order to determine whether a fracture is well set, it is necessary to take two views at right angles to each other; for although the antero-posterior view may show that the fragments are apparently in correct alignment, the lateral view may show overlapping of the. bones. This cannot be determined in any other way. borit *Presented at the meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, Ithaca, N. Y., August 3, 1916, ‘ X-RAY DIAGNOSIS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 831 In the examination for foreign bodies, the antero-posterior + view will show the shadow of the foreign body, but it will not show - its depth. Therefore, it often becomes necessary both in the ex- * e amination for foreign bodies and for fractures to make a stereo- bs Z scopic set of plates. In order to do this, two plates are made, the plates are put into the plate holder in exactly the same position and exposed one immediately after the other; the tube, how- . 4 a ever, is shifted one and a half inches to the right of the median line for the first plate and one and a half inches to the left of the e ‘median line for the second plate. The total tube-shifting is there- _ fore three inches, which is the distance between the two pupils of the eyes. The plates are then, after having been developed and . dried, put into a Wheatstone Stereoscope and on examination are found to give three dimensions or the value of depth. This method. is also very valuable to determine the direction of a sinus which is hs so tortuous that it cannot be probed. In this type of case a bis- es muth paste is injected into the sinus and a stereoscopic set of hy plates will determine its position in space and whether or not the ' sinus reaches the bone. An ordinary flat projection would show __ the sinus shadow superimposed upon the bone shadow. The study of bone lesions requires plates which show not only _ the morphology of the bone, but they must also show good bone de- re i tail or structure. In the smaller animals we must have a soft tube © for this type of work. One study was made along these lines i: 5. after an experimental fracture of a chicken’s femur. It was noted when the fragments were corrected a large amount of callus was 5 _ deposited as early as the fifth day. After the callus is deposited, it takes a considerable length of time, from three to four weeks pa before the black line (callous line) between the fragments dis- appears. As long as this line persists, it would be unsafe to re- Me move the cast and the roentgenogram therefore serves as an indi- _eator as to when union is completed. ‘Another type of studies was made in the following manner: this consists in the study of the uterus and urinary bladder. The only way in which to visualize the urinary bladder and the uterus’ Beis by injecting some opaque innocuous fluid as the salts of a heavy ms metal. Since the density of the shadow varies with the atomic Be _ weight of the obstruction, we use a ten per cent solution of collar- Ei gol, a silver preparation, or a solution of thorium nitrate, which ful- “ es, is} | '§ ; ee Cs a FE ett lieth = 5 Ait es 832 % "LOUIS GRIESSMAN $ ee \ fills the the requirements. The latter is preferable, as it is trans- — parent and does not cause stains. 4 Technic: One to two ounces of.a ten per cent solution of col- 4 largol or thorium is injected into the bladder through an urethra a: catheter, a plate is then made with the solution im situ and any uy polyp or other tumor growing into the bladder is therefore. visual- 2 ized and thus we may also see malformations of the bladder as a diverticulum or an abnormality in the size of the bladder. a This now brings our studies to the gastro-intestinal tract. BY a the use of the Roentgen ray we ean visualize the lumen of sti part . of the gastro-intestinal tract. 2 : a4 _ Technic: The dog or other animal is given two ounces of bis. muth subearbonate or bayium sulphate in milk or in porrid then seyeral plates are made in the antero-posterior and lateral position. A plate or fluoroscopic examination is then made every — hour for six hours. The diagnosis is then dependent on the pres ence of defects, the amount of peristalsis and the rate of emptying Numerous experiments have been made along the lines abov indicated, but the work can only be done as, the material presents a itself. Nor can it be done indiscriminately because of the expense — involved. Let me again eall your attention to the tremendou dl value of this work, and the absolute necessity that the state or some endowment create a fund which will finance this work and | what is just as important, it should supply suitable animals for the study of the disease in the living. a The following pictures will illustrate the points mentioned in this paper. . X-RAY DIAGNOSIS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 833 Fie. 1. Malformation of bone. (congenital). 834 LOUIS GRIESSMAN Fie, 2, Fracture of tibia in dog. -— X-RAY DIAGNOSIS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE 835 Fie. 3. Bullet and amputation of left leg in dog showing periostitis of end of bone. ru cedure: THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE PHYSICAL EXAMIN- ATION OF DAIRY CATTLE IN ACCORDANCE — os : WITH THE REGULATIONS OF THE STATE ’ AND CITY CODES* A. Sane New York City. Among the rules and regulations that have been adopted Be the Board of Health for the production and sale of milk other than Grade A Raw, is the following :— ae ‘Only such cows shall be admitted to the herd as have been — physically examined by a regularly qualified veterinarian and don) : a clared by him to be healthy and free from tuberculosis in so far : . as a physical examination may determine that fact. Such an exam-— ination of all cows shall be made at least once a year.’’ A physi- S. cal examination of dairy cows shall, consist of the following pro- e 1. General condition of each cow as a whole. 2. Commencing on one side of a cow examination shall in- elude : é( . The submaxillary tania . The retropharyngeal glands The prescapular glands . The auscultation of the left lung The precrural glands The supermammary lymph glands . Lift the tail and examine for any purulent Vaaiwat: discharges Oe h. Palpate the udder ge 3. Going on the other side of the cow, conduct in reverse » order an examination similar to that under preced- ‘a ing clause. - 4. If anything is found to be wrong in the physical examina. tion as above given,the temperature is to be taken and ' other details gone into thoroughly, such as sampling the milk, ete. [ appreciate the honor that has been bestowed upon me in ask-— ing me to address you where there are so many able men whose Rinmepe op "Presented at the meeting of the New York State Voconner Medical - Society, Ithaca, N, Y., August 3, 1916, ne ae ‘ ea * 4 ae ue ; ores ya ¥en v y ) j : PHYSICAL rs aaa as OF DAIRY CATTLE : ; 837 : dadintpompes - practice along these lines has made them more or less expert. ce - set rule always productive of satisfactory results. I have for a _ long time been intimately connected with this class of work, and am conscious of the fact that a veterinarian who is in close touch or by positive signs, so called, but often by a sort of intuition, - which comes from long practice and association with these cases. The ordinary practitioners frequently pass by some of these cases iN _ without discovering the existence of tuberculosis. For this reason, it is wise to depend only upon the best expert examiner, for he - does not speculate nor guess. He knows. ) I am advised that Drs. Moore and Udall are carrying on re- e _ search work and testing out the use of the sputum cup in making : clinical examinations in conjunction with physical examinations, ’ and this work should be watched with interest by veterinarians. These men are clever and conscientious, and if their work should prove successful, it is hard to estimate the great economic value of ‘their efforts. 4 SuacGestion. The certificates that are sent in to the Department of Health by veterinarians of their examinations, simply state that _ be better for the veterinarians to have certificates with the names of all superficial glands printed in, and which could be checked off ‘as having been examined? This would show that a careful ex- . amination had been made. eh . It is reported that bi ied shipments of Dipped Cattle from es Jacksonville, Fla., is now possible, under federal inspection, when * a the shipment is large. This results from the building of a large _ dipping vat and non-infectious pens, and materially assists Florida in her trade relations with other states. , _ Every member of the 1916 graduating class at the veterinary we college at Ames, Ia., has gone into practice save one. The one ex- % gh ception has been granted a fellowship at the Rockefeller Institute a a for Medical Research at New York City. Es Dr. William Killough of Elk City died of brain’ trouble at the be st home of his parents at Ottawa, Kans, . mo x a * It is not easy to make a correct diagnosis, nor is the following of a — with this branch of his profession, diagnoses not always by rule they have examined so many cows and find them free from any symptoms of tuberculosis or any infectious disease. Would it not m CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS ** Knowledge is born in laboratories and in the experience of the. thoughtful, § It develops form in the journals and ‘when dead it is decently buried in books’.’’ Rs FOREIGN BODIES IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF BOVINES J. M. Curriz, Rome, N. Y. The presence of foreign bodies in the digestive tract of the eo bovine family occurs more frequently than I at one time supposed. a? It is a well known fact that animals of this class are careless about their eating; masticating coarsely and swallowing rapidly all Se food. They often swallow nails, sack needles, pieces of wire, cor- set steels, fence staples, pieces of wood, bone, ete. If these objects — pass through the oesophagus and reach the stomach and remain. . there, they do not as a rule seem to do any harm, but if by chanee _ ~ they should pass on and enter the intestines, they are apt to be come intercepted, in making the curves, the point becoming im _ bedded in the mucous membrane and by pressure from behind and the natural muscular action of the intestine, they puncture the — walls and enter the abdominal cavity, and if the object be a com- mon nail the head will prevent it from passing entirely free from ; the intestine, then the trouble begins. Perhaps a small amount of ingesta may pass with it and by the action of the intestine wafting — it to and fro an acute peritonitis sets in causing death. Post-mor- ~~ tem reveals the above mentioned inflammation with considerable serous fluid and some coagulum; the foreign body is readily rec- ognizable. ‘ The most common course in my experience has been for these objects to puncture the wall of the reticulum and travel through =~ the diaphragm toward the heart, causing pericarditis and death in — a few days; but I have known a case to linger two weeks from the time the first symptoms developed. In an ordinary case the cow stops eating and from her gen- eral appearance might be suspected of having indigestion, She | looks full over the region of the rumen; refuses to eat or war rumination ceases, ete. A cathartic is now administered followed by whatever line of — treatment is deemed most advisable, In a couple of days she will | fs : / CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 839 very likely show an inclination. to eat a little. There is some en- ~- couragement but improvement is of short duration. The early symptoms return with some additional ones: such as hurried cs breathing; sometimes elevation of temperature; a distressing _ me grunt, which is modified by standing the animal with her forward ? feet six or eight inches higher than the hind ones and intensified _ by standing in the opposite position; anxious expression of eye; not much evacuation from the bowels, etc. Auscultation reveals a - - condition similar to hydro-thorax but more localized over the heart region. At about this time an edematous swelling will appear im™ the submaxillary space gradually increasing in size and extending down to the inferior cervical region, sometimes as far back as the — posterior part of the sternum to the abdomen, At about this time on all symptoms intensify and death soon follows. ih, Autopsy usually reveals all organs in the abdominal cavity — normal, but from the diaphragm anteriorly there seems to be a line~ of indurated new tissue extending to the pericardium, which is often much distended. Upon opening the same a large amount of foul smelling serum, pus and coagulum escapes. The heart itself — looks like a misshaped mass of granulating tissue of a whitish-yel- — ; low color. Usually one of the above mentioned sharp objects is, 7 found in close proximity to the heart. * Another condition which I have witnessed was the- puneturé:” rae by a piece of copper wire four inches long through the mucous membrane of the rumen imbedding itself between that and the — muscular walls, causing an abscess as large as a man’s head, re- ’ i) vealed on post-mortem. ke s . If these cases could be correctly diagnosed early, slaughter of ap the animal should be advised and the carcass passed for food. - Along the line of an early diagnosis I am in hopes that some F genius with an inventive turn of mind may perfect an apperaton Sy: of the X-ray order, which will be reasonable in price, practical and applicable to viewing the innermost recesses of animals as large. a as an ordinary cow, so that we might early advise our client of ex- isting conditions and that the animal might be disposed of in such a manner that practically no loss might occur. : ‘ A post-mortem should be held whenever opportunity presents itself. Many unsuspected conditions are revealed which other- — ‘wise would remain veiled in mystery. In the last three years I have. : found the objects above mentioned in as many as fifteen cases, of which I could not have been positive without so doing. used on one of our North Dakota farms as work animal-and brood % : morning the owner discovered it run in the full length of the tines (about 10 inches.) . fork had been removed and examination showed the fork as enter- rapid, the fetus was jumping about a great deal but it was impos- _ the location it appeared probable. - perature and about two months later gave birth to a very nice colt es 840. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS | - PUNCTURE OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY T. O. BRANDENBURG, Lakota, N. D. Large Clydesdale mare; heavy in foal, age about eight years and — mare. A fork was accidently left in her stall one night and in the I was called at once and found the following condition: the ing the abdomen below the twelfth rib right side and running di- rectly inward and slightly posteriorly. The mare was in a very excitable condition and showed considerable pain, serum dripping from two of the openings, pulse 65 and respirations shallow and sible to determine whether the uterus had been punctured. From < Treatment :—Sedative of chloral hydrate, one ounce. Poly- valent bacterin. 3 Five days later examination showed a temperature of 1045 9 and pulse 70. Polyvalent bacterin in double dose. Five days later animal was in nearly normal condition as to pulse and tem- but suffered with retained placenta. The mare has showed no effects of the accident, except occa- . sional slight pain from adhesions. DROPSICAL UTERUS AND RACHITIS OF FETUS T, O. Branpensure, Lakota, N. D. Grade Shorthorn cow, four years old and a splendid milk ani- mal, During the previous winter months she had been fed very coarse feed, consisting mostly of straw and a little grain and had — < Br during that period become rather emaciated. However, due tothe rich spring pastures, she had gained in flesh and the abdomen had become enormously distended for a month previous to calving and had gradually enlarged as parturition time neared. a CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 841 Labor, accompanied by a great flow of very thick gelatinous fluid slightly solidifying when exposed to air and of a peculiar odor, (estimate of 20 gallons.) Examination showed an emaciated fetus, posterior presentation, lateral position, all limbs flexed and all joints enlarged and anky- losed. Delivery was accomplished by breaking the hind limbs in tarsus — and pelvis. This was easily done as the bones were very brittle and broke easily in the epiphysis. Calf weighed about 75 pounds, all joints ankylosed, lateral and posterior curvature of the spine and lateral curvature of the neck, _ The cow made an uneventful recovery. Diagnosis :—Rachitis of the fetus and dropsical condition of the uterus. i i HYDROCELE IN A YEARLING BULL ae ‘s R. S. Heer, Platteville, Wis. 4 One of the most interesting cases that came to my attention — during the past year was that of a pure-bred Guernsey bull owned the ties by Charles Wilkins. First inspection revealed a very large hy- drocele of the left scrotal sac, the scrotum extending below the ‘hocks. After making a careful examination, I concluded that as-— piration of the fluid would be the proper procedure, so I disin- — ‘fected the skin of the scrotum and introduced a horse trocar and _ ‘canula. A large quantity of bloody fluid was withdrawn. Fol- ~ lowing the aspiration, I injected a 25 per cent solution of fluid ex- tract of thuja. Ten days later I was called again and found the scrotum as 7 large as ever, but a great deal harder. I again introduced a tro-— car, but this time the contents of the scrotum were so thick and flaky that only a small amount came away through the canula. I then made an incision large enough to admit one finger and found the entire left scrotal sac lined with a tough membrane about an inch in thickness. A large. quantity of a thick flaky fluid resem- oe bling the contents of a neglected hygroma of the withers was pres-_ 2% ent. I enlarged the scrotal incision, so that it would admit my . hand, and then proceeded to remove the mass of tissue, which - seemed to be of a fibrous nature. After all the diseased tissue had i wt ~ > ‘sharp end of a board on a broken partition. It caught him in the ‘ ~ hydrocele was due to tuberculosis of the testicle, or its appendages. 842 s CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS been removed, the scrotum was flushed with Lugol’s solution, then. e packed with sterile gauze, which was left in for twenty-four hours. The subsequent treatment consisted of a daily flushing with a 1:2000 bichloride solution. In four weeks the scrotal wound was healed. At the end of that time the scrotum had regained its” normal size and shape. ee Eight months later the Wilkins herd was tubereulin. ‘estou and this bull reacted to the test. I am inclined to believe that the — —Proceed. Wis. Vet. Med Ass’n. STRICTURE OF THE ESOPHAGUS a L. A. Wricut, Columbus, Wis. ; > Some time in November we were called to see a two-year-old colt that had received a peculiar injury. The farmer was breaking the colt to halter when he threw himself backward against the region of the throat, severing the jugular vein and evidently in- juring the esophagus. The vein was picked up and ligated and the wound healed nicely and all went along fine for about a month, when we were again called to relieve him this time of a choke. We failed in our attempts at the farm, so had him brought to the hospital. It was decided that there was a stricture of the eso- a phagus and that an operation would be necessary. The stricture - was so complete that it would not admit the passage of an ordinary : horse catheter down the gullet. We cut down upon the esophagus 7a % and found a heavy band, of cicatricial tissue encircling it. This band was divided in several places and then it was possible to pass a stomach tube and later an ordinary probang.. The colt was able to drink liquids but unable to swallow any solid foods. Just at this time the owner decided that he did not care to go to any more. trouble and expense, with so little prospect of a complete recovery, so we destroyed the animal.—Proceed. Wis. Vet. Med. Ass’n. CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 843 a ahaa be LUXATION OF THE RADIO-ULNAR- HUMERAL JOINT. E. A. Weston, B.V.Sc., University of Western Australia, Pigg The pup walked in the position shown in the picture, with the leg from the elbow downwards on the ground. The’external condyle a of the humerus rested on the internal glenoid eavity of the radius “ and the external cavity was displaced outwardly. The beak of the olecranon process of the ulna rested on the depression on the outside of the humerus from which the external lateral ligament arises. The bone was thus rotated outwards and the joint immobile. ~The condition was not diagnosed during life, the impression given on examination being that of ankylosis with bony exostoses. J The State Veterinary Medical Association of South Dakota on held its meeting in July at Mitchell, 8..D. The association took a action towards prosecuting illegal practitioners. A clinie was also aa held. The association was organized last winter at Huron as an yy. outgrowth from the old association. About 60 veterinarians were in attendance. -The officers are as follows: President, Dr. John L. Barber of Tyndall; Secretary, Dr. C. R. Andrew of Huron; Treas-- urer, Dr. O. C. Shepard of Centerville. The Minnesota State Veterinary Medical Association at. its ~ meeting in Minneapolis passed a resolution recommending that the Board of Regents appoint a ‘‘ Veterinary -pathologist’’ ‘‘who will direct the work of the division, especially along the lines of research - with animal diseases.”’ ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE - Minx Fever Four Montus Arter Caving. R. W. Knowles, M.R. C.V.S. Veterinary Record—This ease is recorded because of the un- usual length of time elapsed since parturition had taken place. The — - cow had calved some four months since when she was taken ill. Down, unable to rise, cerebral symptoms, champing of the mouth, and flow of saliva, suggested to the writer that the case was one of simple hysteria, for which he prescribed sulphate of magnesia and chloral hydrate. The next day the animal was worse: helpless, ec unconscious, moaning, lower jaw dropping, in fact, typical mani-— festations of milk fever. The régular inflation udder treatment was immediately applied, with the application of cold compresses — to the head. Four hours after the cow was up, and has been well — ~ ever since. LIAUTARD. concept meemeenenitian . GREEN DISCOLORATION OF THE BONES OF A SHEEP. E. Messner. Deutsche Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, Vol. 23, pp. 389-390, 191503 A butcher found a sheep in which all the bones were colored green. | The bones and adherent meat were of the size, odor, shape, etc., normal to sheep. On longitudinal and cross section, the radius was green throughout the innermost layer of the compact bone sub- — stance. In spots the coloration extended to the spongy substance. — The colored layer was on the average, 1 mm. thick. In the distal — half of the femur the green coloration was found as a layer, 1 mm. thick, under the inner surface of the compact substance. On | cross section of the femur, the layer appeared as a ring. . Jaundice was absent. The meat inspectors examined and passed the carcass. Miéroscopic examination of thin bone sections taken from the — colored areas showed a diffuse distribution of the coloring matter ; a granular deposition of the coloring matter was not noted, al-— though looked for. | The green color was soluble in hydrochloric acid. Chemical tests showed that the color was due to iron. Fresh, normal sheep _ bones when similarly extracted with hydrochloric acid gave no stronger tests for iron than the acid itself. rf On searching the literature nothing similar to the above con- — dition was found. Beel (Zeitschrift f. Fleisch und Milch Hygiene, Vol. 12, p. 350, 1902) described a green discoloration of the fatty e: i sues 5 5 es r ee nt wate le si cae aL Sales a ee ne a ee) owe Fn et + Mae ‘ ay. Ne ee - Ae TEE oP 8. 7 Be be a: a ie r tear Ot Sere ae ae mg See “ — —*) vi $5 pas as Oho me el PN SRC Wet PRT sang iran? DPhp to on + Oz ’ g 4 ‘J tissue and underlying muscle, located at that part of the body which comes in contact with the ground when the animals lie down. ee The coloring was green, but located differently and probably of a different nature. BERG. | Mux Fever(?) H. Walpole, M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record. + Some three or four years ago, writes the author, a small half-bred z North Country ewe was the last one of a small flock to lamb. She ; _ did it in the pasture where the grass was not rich. After lambing _ she was taken with the others and put in an orchard full of rich - suceulent grass. Within twelve hours after she had been there, _ she was found insensible on her side in a ditch and showing alt the ' symptoms of milk fever: eyes amaurotic, stertorous breathing and a and pump. Within one hour, she was on her legs and in an hour or 80 after showed no symptoms that anything had been wrong. LIAUTARD. hia THe Fare of Twins IN THE UTERUS OF THE Cow. G. Giovan- oli, Schweizer Archiv fiir Tierheilkunde, Vol. 57, pp. 520-524, 1915.—Oceasionally both fetuses (twins) enter the pelvic inlet at | the same time. A cow, after laboring 10 hours, was unable to pass ~ the fetus although powerful traction was applied to the forelimbs. On careful examination I found that the forelimbs betnnaed not to one calf, but to two. I then located both forelimbs of one calf and roped them and traction was applied. I repelled the other calf at the same time with my hand. ‘The first calf was easily brought out, soon followed _ by the second. ha Generally the birth of one calf serves as a stimulus to the birth of the twin, but this is not always the case, as is shown by the fol- lowing: A cow threw a normal calf and the fetal membranes were - passed normally. Two days later the same cow threw a second t normal calf. @ What happens when one or both twins die in utero depends Fy, upon a large number of factors. The results cannot be predicted. _ Following is an interesting case: A 6 months pregnant cow came into milk. At the end of the normal gestation period the cow threw two calf mummies as large as cats. The fetal membranes were moist, intact and firmly attached to the fetuses. The cow ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE | 845 complete insensibility. The udder was inflated with a small syphon 846 ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE came into heat again at her regular time. \The Sitiowuie? case shows that the birth of one twin does not stimulate the birth of the 4 other: On July 5, a cow expelled a very small dead fetus, it was — as large as a mouse and enclosed in a sac of fluid. The cow was ~ normal in general behavior and condition, udder slightly swelled and contained some milk; but the cow was not milked. In this case, as in the previous one, the expulsion of the dead fetus was coincident with the onset of estrum. On November 14, the same - cow threw a perfectly normal, vigorous calf, much to the astonish- ment of the owner who believed the cow to be non-pregnant. —_ BERG. PERITONITIS AND TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS IN THE CAMEL. _Her- F ; manes Gibson. Veterinary Record—A camel was reported dead: He was a five year old animal in good condition. The post-mortem is here revealed: carcass distended, considerable, claret colored, fluid escaped from the abdominal cavity when it was opened. The stomach was filled with ingesta. The liver showed fatty degenera-— tion. Spleen, kidneys and bladder apparently normal. Congealed material was noticed near the esophageal entrance to the rumen, a traced through the diaphragm to the pericardium, which contained one pint of claret colored fiuid similar to that of the abdominal Zi cavity. The condition pointed to the action of a small foreign body, a wire nail perforating the auricle, which had been picked up a in the food by the camel. LIAUTARD. TUMOR IN THE Petvic Cavity or A Horse. Contribution to the i. Operative Treatment of Colic. Dr. Dornis. Zeitschrift fiir Vet- erinirkunde, Vol. 27, pp. 325-326, 1916.—A horse (gelding) suf- —— fered from chronic colic. The symptoms were somewhat variable and consisted of unrest, expressions of pain, and straining on the — i rectum, which caused the protrusion of a deep-seated swelling- visible on the left of the anus and near it. A similar picture was noticed, to a lesser degree, during the preceding 8 days and in all probability had existed unnoticed before that. Rectal examination disclosed a tumor in the pelvic cavity, estimated to be as large asa child’s head. The pelvie part (Beckenstiick) of the small colon — was pressed together toward the right by the tumor. % Soon after the patient was admitted to the veterinary hospital the colie began anew and assumed such grave form as to indicate the necessity of immediate operation, | ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 847 The horse was laid on his right side and chloroformed. In the furrow between the anus and the left tuber ischii an incision was made, 25 em. long through the skin and underlying muscles (semi-membranosus and semi-tendinosus). Meanwhile an assistant pressed the tumor backwards, working with his hand in the reetum. A yellowish tumor was protruded. It was grasped with a large Billroth forceps and detached from the adjacent tissues. This was a comparatively simple operation, as the tumor had a smooth surface and was attached by loose connective tissue. In many — places the separation was possible by blunt dissection. There was” little hemorrhage. This made possible the complete removal of the tumor which extended anteriorly to the abdominal wall; it * __~ was limited on the left by the pelvic wall and on the right by the | st _ rectum which it surrounded dorsally and ventrally. Re” Shortly after the operation the horse defecated freely and without pain. He made a complete recovery and never showed symptoms of colic. The tumor was unexpectedly large. During the operation it ' __ became apparent that the clinically estimated size of the tumor fell ___ far’short of the actual fact: the tumor weighed 4450 g. (9 pounds). Histological examination showed it to be a fibrosarcoma. It had the consistence of relaxed muscle. Berg. * hat Caan _ Puumonary TUBERCULOSIS IN A CANADIAN Horse, Veteri- nary Major Bringard. Rec. de Med. Vet.—Arrived from Canada, this horse entered the hospital on account of great debility from the ocean trip, and with pulmonary complications of distemper. His recovery was slow and incomplete. ‘He soon gave full mani- - festations of chronic pulmonary and _ pleuritic lesions. Suspected - of possible latent glanders, he was malleined on three occasions but ~ always with negative results. He died in an extreme cachetie con- _ dition. At the post-mortem, no lesions of glanders were found. But in the thoracic cavity there were found old lesions on the pleura and in both lungs were numerous centers of imperfectly recovered lobular pneumonia were detected. These were princi-. __ pally in the anterior lobes with numerous grayish, homogeneous tu- _ _ bercles, without centers of caseation or softening. The bronchial Bete lymphatic glands were very large and contained numerous yellow- i a ves grayish granulations. The bacteriologic examination of the lesions _ revealed the presence of the bacilli of Koch» Guinea pigs inocu- 848 ABSTRACTS FROM REOENT LITERATURE a lated with products from the lungs died in a few days and pre- — sented also the same bacilli at the microscopic examination. . LIAUTARD. “+ ‘a EERE DAES. FRACTURE OF THE-OLECRANON PROCESS OF THE ULNA. J. a M.R.C.V.S. Veterinary Record.—Case handsomely illustrated by. a double inside and outside view of the fracture resulting in a six year old, well bred draught gelding, from a kick received during the night. There were small wounds on the outside of the fore — arm and no lameness. The animal was put to work as usual but the next day he was very lame. At rest, the horse stood squarely on all four and apparently in no pain. In moving the affected — leg was carried well; On manipulating, very little could be. noticed and it was only on minute examination of the point of the elbow that the diagnosis was made with extreme difficulty for“) detection of the crepitation. The olecranon process at the post- hy mortem was found fractured into five fragments. | LiAUTARD. Epipemio.oay or Equine INFLUENZA. (Pink Eye, Brustseuche). ad Dr. Macek. Wiener Tierdrztliche Monatsschrift, Vol. 2, pp. 553- —~ 567, 1915.—In their recent investigations of equine nie Gaffky and Liihrs summarize their results ‘as follows: we 1. The transmission of influenza ordinarily takes place from horse to horse, without an intermediate carrier. 2. The incubation period is at least 16 days, in most cases baa tween 20 and 40 days, and more than this in a few cases. ie ee 3. The inflammatory alterations begin in the finest alveoli in the lungs and may spread through the lung to the pleura. 4. About the fourth or fifth day of the disease, other bac- ; teria, (streptococci) may invade the inflamed lung areas and cause | Pi necrosis. nie 5. The disease is not transmissible to healthy horses by in. oculations from blood or organs of diseased horses. But the trans- mission may be made, though not always successfully by inoculating the bronchial secretions in the nasal cavity of a susceptible animal, without any trauma whatsoever. 6. In the ciliated epithelial cells found in the plentiful eee chial secretions of diseased animals, structures are noticed which may represent degeneration processes; and probably are not para- sites. The authors believe, however, that parasites were found in = other cells throughout the respiratory tract, / ( Ne. influenza in 1913-14, and are of interest because they were made under natural conditions. There were 380 horses of which 76 were affected with typical equine influenza (Brustseuche). . 1. The incubation stage in influenza is by far longer than has been supposed. In working horses it is from 3 to 4 weeks, while in i & resting horses twice this period may elapse before the outbreak of __ yisible signs of the disease. This may account for outbreaks caused by bringing horses, quarantined for 4 weeks, into contact Bs with healthy horses. Generally, during a 4 weeks quarantine, the ‘disease will make itself manifest. 2. An infected horse can infect another horse not alone when ineubative stage, when it is apparently in good health and espeec- jally in the last.few days preceding the outbreak of the disease. 3. The spread of influenza may be checked with certainty if the first cases are promptly isolated, thus preventing contact be- ~ tween infected and non-infected horses; the isolation stall need not ‘be far from the others. It may be among them, just so long as healthy animals are not exposed by contact. 4. Influenza is transmitted mainly from horse to horse. In ~ this connection the intermediate carriers play an unimportant role (i.e., the stall, people, dirt, straw, feed, rats, mice, sparrows, | blankets, harness, pails, etc) Apparently, the causative agent of Bk influenza soon dies outside of the body of the horse. 5. The spread of influenza from place to place is to be ex- plained according to the previously made observations, i.e., that horses having a long incubation period transmitted the niteeliin to other horses with which they had come in contact. 6. Reconvalescent, symptomatically treated horses should not be permitted to come in contact with healthy ones, until 4 weeks after fever has subsided. On the other hand, in animals that have — received neosalvarsan injections, fever subsides in 36 to 48 hours after injection and 8 days after this subsidence of fever, the ani- ~ mals may be released. Generally a single dose of 4.5 g. neosalvarsan was sufficient to peice the fever in 24 to 36 hours. Bene, ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 849 | According to these authors, the causative agent of influenza ~ _ loealizes in the epithelium of the finer bronchi and alveoli without entering the general circulation. There the agent develops a toxin . which causes influenza. ~The following observations were made during an epidemic of ~ ‘, Ss 2 : ’ Ha on ¢ 7 distinct clinical symptoms of influenza are present, but also in the ‘ $8 + 4 1-7 ‘850 : ° ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE \ Tue SIGNIFICANCE OF CERTAIN NarTuRAL FLAGELLATES OF IN- ~ SECTS IN THE EvoLuTION or DisEasE IN VerTeBRATES. H. B. Fan- tham and Annie Porter. Journ. Parasttol., June, 1916, V. 2, No. 4, “3 - pp. 149-166.—In this paper the authors have summarized the work a so far accomplished in showing the relation of the flagellates para-_ sitic in insects to the flagellates parasitic in vertebrates. The very interesting fact has been demonstrated by a number of workers that many of the flagellates which are insect parasites, especially a flagellates of the genus Herpetomonas and Crithidia, may be intro- duced into vertebrates, either by feeding the parasitized inseets to — - the vertebrates or by subcutaneous or intra-peritoneal inoculation, — and that these flagellates will develop and multiply in the new host and exert pathogenic effects. Thus Laveran and Franchini have — infected dogs with flagellates from dog fleas, and have infected - rats and mice with flagellates from the fleas occurring on these animals. Fantham and Porter publish a rather extensive list of experiments where they have introduced various herpetomonads of a insects into different vertebrates and produced conditions resem- c. bling leishmaniases or kala-azar. The authors believe that the various herpetomoniases, includ. ing the leishmaniases, in vertebrates are the result of the intro- duction of the flagellates of insects or other invertebrates. The pathogenicity of these forms is explained on the basis that ‘‘The newer a parasite is to the animal harboring it, the less it is in | harmony with its environment. The consequence is that its discord : with the host is manifested by pathogenic effects and the latter ani- mal succumbs. Chronic maladies are usually correlated with greater powers of adaptation of the parasite to its host, with the period that has elapsed since the original introduction of the para- site to the host, and with the relative resisting powers of the host to the specific action of the parasite.’’ Thus certain trypanosomes appear to have developed from the flagellates of certain insects (as Drosophila), and these insect para- sites in turn appear to have developed from free-living forms, the flagellate becoming increasingly pathogenic in its evolution from a free-living form to one parasitic in vertebrates. The writers be- lieve that the malarial parasites represent a similar development from a coccidian. a In the writers’ experiments the inoculation of insect flagel- ~~ lates into vertebrates resulted in an active multiplication of the { rep 1 a ABSTRACTS FROM RECENT LITERATURE 851 ‘ parasite, giving rise to diseases running an acute or chronic course. _ Natural infestation of vertebrates with herpetomonads which were apparently from invertebrate sources is also known. The evidence is complete, according to Fantham and Porter, that the important group of diseases known as leishmaniases are really invertebrate- borne herpetomoniases, the parasites having evolved from flagel- f lates of invertebrates. ee. This is a very interesting collateral development of the tre- -_ mendously important subject of arthropod transmission of disease, = and suggests the need of prophylaxis directed against arthropods ee as transmitters of pathogenic protozoa which are just becoming parasitic in vertebrates. M. C. Hau. ’ ae it * es pnd | ee GLANDERS DIMINISHING IN NEw York Crry. The administra- - ia tive measures enforced by the Department of Health embrace the : _ sanitary control of all stables in the city, the closing of publie horse . _ troughs, the making of specific diagnostic tests for glanders of all "horses exposed to a proved case of glanders, the destruction of all 3 reacting animals, the supervision of all horse-shoeing establishments, and the distribution of circulars of information on glanders to all horse owners, stable keepers, horse shoers, ete. ae | CASES OF GLANDERS IN NEW YORK CITY oe! 1914 1915 1916 he First quarter........ 229 232 127 be Second quarter...... 313 161 82 as Third quarter....... 227 145 —- i tf; Fourth quarter...... 384 166 — Sh. wees ars oan ae Totales:. s\4,<': 1,153 704 209 a In an article on Municipal Abattoirs—A Community Necessity, i _ by Alex. Grouchy, Jr., Mayor of Baton Rouge, La., the following | -__—s Statement is made: ‘‘The municipal abattoir of Baton Rouge, is __ & monument to the constant, earnest, intelligent recommendations of Dr. W. H. Dalrymple of the Louisiana State University, strongly seconded by Dr. Oscar Dowling, President of the Louisiana State om - Board of Health, and represents a giant step forward in matters of _ - health regulations.’’ Fig, _- we here in Detroit through Dr. H. E. States, the veterinarian con- ASSOCIATION MEETINGS : AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ADDRESS OF WELCOME James H. Lex, Detroit, Mich. | Mr. Chairman and Ladies and Gentlemen of the fifty-third - Annual Convention of the American Veterinary Medical Associa- tion: It is a pleasant duty this warm morning, perhaps the warm- est we have had in Detroit this summer, to extend to you a wel- come on behalf of the Mayor of the City of Detroit. Mayor Ee Oscar B. Marx is at the present time very busy, and it was an ab- _ solute impossibility at ten o’clock this morning for him to make arrangements to be here and welcome you in person, as he very earnestly desired to do. So he requested me to come here and in his behalf extend to you ladies and gentlemen who are entering ‘upon this five-day convention in our city, a welcome. i ae In respect to the profession which you gentlemen represent, nected with the Board of Health of Detroit, have done much work along the line of conserving the public health through the veteri- vitae nary profession. We are helped a great deal in this respect we . the twelve government inspectors who work in conjunction with 4 the Detroit Board of Health. My attention has been called by _ Dr. Patterson, a local veterinarian of very high repute, to the fact that the horse doctor of olden days has been relegated to the past; that the man who could go out and practise your profession without a scientific education, without a state examination, and a diploma, Ry 4 has gone the way of the old time lawyer who could be acme e. : to the bar upon motion. (a It was my privilege about five years ago as a member of the states senate, to go into some of the laws governing your profession.I — did that in conjunction with an effort to pass a bill relative to raising the standard of the legal profession by making it compul- — sory that candidates for admission to the bar in the state of Michi- x gan pass a bar examination. At that time I found that every eo: fe that a man have a scientific Sanaatibiy that he pursue a certain: course in his chosen profession in a standard school, and that he then take an examination. I was agreeably surprised to sb ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 853 if at the time, because I had the prevailing idea that the veterinarian was simply a horse doctor, I say I was agreeably surprised, ladies . and gentlemen, to find that the standard here in Michigan for admission to this profession is very high; that a man must have a college course in this work of, I believe, four years, and — ' must then take an examination before a state board before being _ admitted to practice. It speaks well for the growth in popular es- timation, and for the growth in professional standing, that this pro- fession has attained. To digress a minute to the City of Detroit, of course without the protection and the development of the faithful friends of man, the live stock on the farm. é It seems to us that the future of the American Veterinarian is particularly bright. Perhaps it does not occur to you that of all the means of economically maintaining soil fertility—and by the way, the American acre only produces about one-half as much as the European acre—it is a fact, however, that among all the other — means of building up and maintaining soil fertility economically, — yA ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 855 “that live stock has become recognized by all the authorities as one ‘of the chief agents. Therefore, instead of having a small number of animals in this country per capita, the time is not far distant, certainly the time is coming when the number of domesticated animals in America will be doubled and trebled, they must be quad- rupled, in proportion to the per capita, to what they are now, and the American veterinarian must profit in the same measure by the increase. I am a substitute this morning, my friends, as was the gentle- man who made the address of welcome. I have not the ability to . express to Mr. Lee the appreciation of our welcome to Detroit. © We have been here before. Sixteen years ago we were in this city. I remember it particularly for good and sufficient reasons. I am sure everyone who was here on that occasion has not failed, dur- _ ing all these past sixteen years to have in his heart a warm place for the veterinarians and the people of Detroit. I wish to assure you, Mr. Lee, that we accept your kind wel- come in the spirit in which it is given; and we feel. confident, Ss from past experience, that we shall have a splendid time in the city of Detroit; because as you have so truly said there is not a more beautiful city on this American continent. Long before I had ever seen Detroit I had heard of its beautiful streets, its splendid boulevards, its magnificent buildings, and when I came b here I was not disappointed. I had not conceived that there was BS, - an American city so clean, so well built, so beautifully located _ with such picturesque parks and highways. Therefore we feel _ certain we are going to have a splendid time in this city of Detroit ei thad this fifty-third meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association; and I wish to thank you on behalf of my colleagues and the ladies and gentlemen here assembled, for your splendid address of welcome. > ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE A. V. M. A. R. A. ARCHIBALD, Oakland, Cal. ts, Fellow Members of the American Veterinary Medical ‘Association — and Friends: a By reason of the high honor you conferred upon me a year ago, I am privileged to follow the time-honored custom established 9 _ by my distinguished Een of addressing you this morning. - + ete ties > i / 856 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Before proceeding, however, I desire to take advantage of this opportunity in attempting to express my heart-felt appreciation for 3 the great honor conferred in being elected to the office of President nie : of the largest veterinary association in the world. I am keenly — conscious of the fact that this honor was not bestowed upon me be- — cause of any intrinsic merit I might possess, but rather I desire 2 the privilege of considering it a well deserved recognition of the — _yeomanry service in the work of upbuilding the veterinary eee fession in North America by the veterinarians of the Pacific Ooaiite, particularly those of California. yy California, even though somewhat isolated by location in the far west, has for the past few years ranked among the first two or — three states in point of membership in this association. This should ~ ‘be looked upon as remarkable, and more credit is due when we: con-- ie sider the veterinary population of the State of California as com- _ pared with the veterinary population of such states as New York, ‘% Pennsylvania, Illinois, lowa, Ohio, and others. As this condition — of affairs cannot be ascribed to accident, it demonstrates that the. -_ work of organization along veterinary lines in California has been prosecuted unceasingly for the past twenty-five years. From an analysis of the work accomplished by this association — Be during the past twelve months, the following achievements stand out most prominently:—The acquiring of an official scientific Journal for this organization has been for many years a crying ne- wy cessity and that this administration has been able to purchase the American Veterinary Review and successfully finance and edit the same for the past year as its own publication in the face of in-- numerable difficulties, must be considered gratifying in the ex- treme. When it is realized that in previous years this association — es was frequently in such financial straits as to make it necessary to borrow money in order to meet its obligations, makes this achieve- ment still more impressive. We believe nothing has been done in recent years that will do more towards concentrating and cement- | ing the interests of the veterinary profession in this country than ri \@ the continued successful publication of this heretofore much needed veterinary literature. Lachey As you all know, our efforts to obtain leaialation for the army — veterinarian has been finally brought to a suecessful termination, and while this administration desires as much credit as possible for the consummation of this desired recognition of our profession, tay: \ ASSOCIATION MEETINGS : 857 years have untiringly waged a campaign to obtain this recognition _ for our army veterinarian. We realize very forcibly that many of - our members have toiled faithfully for years to lay a foundation for this legislation and perhaps we have been undeservedly for- - tunate in being able to step in at the psychological moment and reap the reward for our army confreres that has long been their due. ; fact that a campaign is being waged to provide legislation whereby ' dustry may be legalized and we sincerely hope and trust that the a so-called ‘‘Lobeck Bill’’ will meet with a success similar to that of the army bill. While we in the far West have only vague ideas of the intrica- F ‘ hay - cies of the sanitary and police problems which arose incidental to.) the late outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the east and middle - west, we do believe we are sufficiently alive to the situation to ue manner in which it assumed the work of control and eradication. _ As a result of the firm stand adopted in the handling of this dis- ease, the results accomplished by our Bureau will go down in the achievements of all time. nection, we must not. overlook the splendid work performed by members of the profession occupying semi-official or perhaps un- _ official positions. With few exceptions these men when called upon to assist at great personal and business sacrifices contributed their time and energy with only one objective viewpoint: viz, the eradi- eation of aphthous fever from this country. _ that we can only report progress at this time. It is hoped, how- _ ever, that the International Commission on Bovine Tuberculosis ‘ will submit at this meeting data and advice that will tend to guide ¢ our footsteps over the many obstacles this problem presents, as it : has done on several occasions in the past. ‘ od consideration, We trust that some action will be taken during , we do not wish in any way to undervalue the work of those who for While considering legislative matters we must not overlook the — -unqualifiedly commend the work of our Bureau of Animal Indus- - try whose destinies are watched over by our Drs. Melvin, Mohler, and an efficient corps of trained veterinarians, for the splendid ~ archives of veterinary history as one of the remarkable scientific _ ‘While great credit is due the federal authorities in this con. | Regarding the control of tuberculosis, it is quite apparent * proper classification of employees of the Bureau of Animal In- — M - Hog cholera is another disease that should receive more study ee ‘ a » ¥ 858 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS this meeting towards laying a foundation for the control and use of anti-hog-cholera serum and virus, particularly virus. It has un- doubtedly been shown in some states where the use of these biolo- — a gics is properly controlled, that the most encouraging results have been obtained, whereas in communities where their use has been — placed in the hands of the laity and other scientifically irrespon- sible individuals, the results have been disastrous, detracting as a result from the confidence that should and would be placed in_ these prophylactic agents if they were properly applied. Little need be said with reference to the next most important — disease, namely, contagious abortion. The program committee has arranged for a symposium upon this vital question and there is no— - doubt but that the ground will be thoroughly covered both by scien- tifie papers and discussions. Only passing mention of the above named disease is made, as Te: it is realized that the various committees appointed for the specific — - purpose of considering the same will deal with them at such length ' and in such a manner as could not possibly be attempted in an ee i __ dress of this character. A matter that is dear to our heart and which is conpidaweae pertinent to an address of this nature is the tremendous progress — being made in the solving of problems underlying the question of immunity. As probably you all know the theories of Metchnikoff, Erhlich and others, while they have served as stimulants and have laid a foundation for research and study, later developments have - a shown that such theories have failed to furnish logical explana- — tions for the changes an animal undergoes during the progress of — an infectious or toxemic disease. The work of Vaughn, Peterson, Wright, Jobling, Abderhalden, Bordet, Friedberger and many others have shown that the theory of phagocytosis of Matchinkoff and the side chain theory of Ehrlich have not been entirely satis- factory, and as a consequence they will have to undergo modifica- 2a y tion or even give way to the newer theories which deal with the physio-biological factors designated as ferments and antiferments. These elements are attracting the attention of physiologists, biolo- gists and pathologists almost to the exclusion of all the hypotheti- — cal factors heretofore considered. The fact has already been estab- lished that normal balancing of these elements has a vital bearing on normal metabolism and that the therapeutics of the future will be largely confined to an attempt to regulate the normal balanced = Rae ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 859 relationship between these elements. In other words it becomes - more and more apparent that upsetting this balanced relationship is the main factor in bringing about pathological conditions, and in controlling pathological conditions, the big problem confronting the ‘medical world to day is how to rationally maintain the normal bal- ance between the ferments on the one hand and the antiferments on the other by increasing or decreasing either as the occasion requires. The action of these ferments and antiferments, as research has shown, is not necessarily specific in character, hence, while specific. reactions and changes are not denied, they are not the only factors i ‘involved in the process of immunity. 489 The lesson to be learned here is that those of us who have been. : pinning our faith on specific therapy in the treatment and control — — of infectious diseases and relying upon the doctrine of specificity to explain the changes occurring during the progress of acquiring immunity and in our study of immunology, must prepare ourselves to accept and to understand the principles involved in the newer ideas gained from actual experimental research and clinical appli- cation of the knowledge acquired by a study of the role played by the physio-biological elements known as ferments and antiferments. - The man who endeavors to keep up with the progress of scien- — are tific medicine of today has his work cut out for him, and in order ; eae _ to keep pace with modern progress, he must be endowed with ex- ._.___ traordinary energy, in fact must be of an exceptional character and be fortified with a mentality that is capable of being stimulated by association and contact with those who are interested and are work- ‘ing along similar lines. No man who is devoting his life to the work, study, and elucidation of the many questions concerning the _ control and eradication of disease can hope to make progress along — these lines unless he mingles with his fellow-men whose mission and oe life work is devoted to the solving of these problems. sey. Our main object in calling attention to these facts is to en- _ deavor to show that the big problem of the man who is working along scientific lines today, even though he may be engaged in con- structive work himself, is to keep abreast of the tremendous progress _ that is being made and to emphasize the fact that he who does not exert every energy he possesses with this object in view, will fall — __ by the wayside or will at least become a nonentity in his community ay as far as the medical profession is concerned. 1 860 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS If these be the facts, it is quite evident that the veterinarian who . desires to be alive to the issues of the day and remain in the march ~ of progress, must take advantage of the facilities afforded by mem- — bership in the American Veterinary Medical Association and to use to the fullest extent the meetings of this association ‘as a medium to commune and exchange ideas with his fellow-workers. Coming down to a consideration of the future as it pertains b, to the welfare of this organization, the first problem that strikes — us most forcibly is that of reorganization. It is self-evident that this association should proceed as rapidly as constitutional prac- aes tice and parliamentary law will permit to change the present meth-_ me ods of conducting its ultra business affairs which have proven to be entirely inddequate to handle the enormous amount of Fusing “ ! i that is forced upon us as the result of rapid growth, increased membership and responsibilities. Reorganization of this associa-— tion therefore, bringing it up to a standard commensurate with its _ size and future aims and objects, is unquestionably the most vital problem confronting us during this session. If this body should . do nothing else during the next few days but reconstruct its consti- — tution and by-laws, rendering them adequate to meet the necessities of such an organization as ours, we will feel when adjournment is ~ : reached that we have witnessed the conclusion of the most. success- ‘fi ful meeting in the history of this association. While we have no ~ 4 doubt that the committee on reorganization will submit a complete — report dealing with this problem, we feel that the experiences of — the past year have given us some insight as to the inadequacy of our present constitution and by-laws to meet the necessities and particularly the emergencies that crop up from time to time. In’ — \ this connection therefore, I desire the privilege of submitting to. Ke you and to your executive committee, certain recommendations or suggestions. We believe steps should be taken to interest all state associa- tions in national association work, for if all state organizations be. came component parts of this association, it would solve the problem — of controlling the personnel of our membership and in this way it — could be readily determined whether or not a prospective member was or was not an association man and whether he was a man in good standing in his own community. The custom followed by the American Medical Association of electing its president one year prior to the actual assumption t ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 861 of the duties of his office should be adopted by this organi- zation as we do not believe, judging from experiences gained during the past year, that any man should be injected into or be required to assume the duties and responsibilities incidental to the office of president without some time for preparation. ; Some arrangement should be made to better control the indis- bse criminate use of the association’s money, more especially in the matter of regulating appropriations and controlling the unauthor- a ized contraction of bills by the various committees and resident _ State secretaries. The finance committee should be properly con- _ stituted and be required to pass upon all proposals for appropria- tions before such proposals are submitted to the association for final action. The committee on finance should also have jurisdie- _ tion over all matters pertaining to the finances of the association and should be empowered to employ an expert accountant to ex- ~ amine the books of the association at least once a year. Regarding this would also suggest that all moneys collected in the name of the pe: ‘association be placed in the hands of the treasurer and its use be controlled by the administration at all times. sds 2 appears that the time has arrived when it is absolutely im- — - perative to have a full time secretary elected for a period of not iy less than five years, whose office should be located where he would eit pe i in almost daily contact with the editor of our Journal. _ It is essential that a fixed policy be adopted in regard to the pon Blatter of dues as it is quite evident that the present chaotic condi- _ tion of affairs in this connection is, to say the least, deplorable. Your secretary in his annual report will probably have something fh to say on this question. ‘fs Associate members should be provided for as there are many aa men whose qualifications do not enable them to active membership, but whose support and co-operation would be invaluable from a i aojeritifie standpoint. One of the most pressing needs is the early selection of a busi- ness manager for the Journal. At present such duties devolve upon the editor. We think it is the experience of all who are familiar with journalistic work that the functions of editor and business manager have seldom, if ever, been carried on success- fully by one person. If this is true, the future success of our Journal necessitates the immediate selection of. a business manager, whose mission it will be to take charge of the business features of boas publication. — 862 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS — “ SONNE The suggestion is made that all papers and committee reports . presented to the association be copyrighted and that only origina alg papers be submitted to this body for consideration or to the Journal _ Ey % for publication. wb In view of the tremendous change in the character of veteri- © nary practice, especially in rural districts, conditions that are largely due to the passing of the horse, it would not only seem de- a sirable but in fact especially necessary for this association to take a decided stand in requiring veterinary colleges to supplement regu- lar veterinary instruction with a course on animal husbandry, par- ticularly with reference to the breeding and care of meat and milk f producing animals. If this policy is carried out, the veterinarian — “i of the future will be enabled to occupy the position in farming com- munities that is now indifferently filled by the so-called Farm ad- viser or agricultural graduate. ; The various veterinary educational institutions of this coun- try should also be required to change their curricula so that stu- dents could acquire, at least, a fair working knowledge of problems incidental to veterinary sanitary science and police and og health matters in general. eee This thought is suggested because in recent meetings called © for the purpose of dealing with problems connected with animal — husbandry, and sanitary problems incidental to the production of meat and milk, the veterinarian instead of being the leader or ae prominent factor in such movements is only present py! courtesy “fe or as an invited guest. The program committee has labored hard to prepare a splendid literary banquet for this meeting and bearing as it does, the names: of the men who are constantly doing things, it is hoped that all. Be will take advantage of the occasion presented to obtain all possible ', benefits therefrom. a This opportunity is taken to express my deep sense of apprecia- or tion for the splendid support accorded me during the past year by both officers and members of the various committees and I ‘par-— aa ticularly desire to express my heart-felt appreciation for the sup- e : port and assistance accorded me by your secretary, Dr, ©. M, Har- — st ing, who has been untiring in his efforts not only to assist me with | counsel and advice in the hour of need, but also for the vast amount of time and energy he has displayed in conducting eae ay ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Pe Se 863 La : é affairs of the association with only one thought in mind, the best: interests of the profession we have the honor to represent. we I realize fully that your time is altogether too valuable to be pe _ taken up by me in the discussion of generalities so I will close by = A expressing the hope that this meeting will be a success and will be 3 4g _ marked by harmonious deliberation so that our thoughts will not be swayed by personal grievances and desires, but will be centered = I upon the business at hand for in that way only can the best possible im interests of the veterinary profession as a whole and the individ- f aes . ey my ual as a unit be conserved and promoted. ; re BE EY, a REPORT OF THE TREASURER OF THE A. V.M. A. ia Behe. RecerPts FRoM Ocr. 4th, 1915, to Auacus? 2nd, 1916. 1a br AOL5: a Oct. 4, Balance in bank as per report of George R. White, : — Treasurer, as of August 30th, 1915............... $ 1,192.27 © oe “Oct. 18, Received from ©. M. Haring, Secretary............-. 2,740.60 Dec. 4, Received from ©. M. Haring, Secretary............-. 349.00 «| 1916 Sa Jan. 8, Received from C. M. Haring, Seeretary.............. 166,30 ©? Feb. 24, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.............- 700,00 Sy ‘ SURO MINE SNORE: DAT n'y mo a o'e'e vic ora aap s Sp UR eons pbk a Cand 4.50) oe Mar. 1, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.............. 500.00 Mar, 23, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary............+. 500.00 = April 10, Received from C, M. Haring, Secretary.......... 1 SE 400.00 ; April 24, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.............. 300.00, ore 27, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.............. "” 300100: aa _ May 29, Received from C, M. Haring, Secretary.............. 450.00 June 22, Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.............. 500.00 7 July 21, Réeeived from C. M. Haring, Secretary.............: 1,000.00 af Aug. 2) Received from C. M. Haring, Secretary.............. 1,000.00 ye Aug. 2, Cg 8 TY Se PT Se eaten By 8.67 bm! Total receipts from Oct. 4, 1915 to Aug. 2, 1916.. $10,111.43 if \ ‘ DISBURSEMENTS FROM OorT. 4, 1915, to Auge. 2, 1916. & 2 1915. pee” Oct. 15, M. H. Reynolds, Expenses College Committee. ........ $ 40.54 ee _ Oct. 15, Dr. Wm. M. Burson, Expenses Resident Secretary, om MMM REI SES '2's sine Spl 2S Sho BOD cle Cache ee Fabel eante 3.00 Oct. 15, Mrs, Elta L. Paxon, Postage expended by the late H. D. r Paxon as Secretary of Bhinow ie. KAI. eee 2.00 Pa _ Oct. 15, N. S. Mayo, On account of salary...............-2005 ; 200.00 . 5) Oct. 15, F. H. Schneider, Postage and printing as Resident Sec- POC PORE. FS. eater 4. SESS ointy soa a iinstbe en 29.00 - Oct. 15, N. S, Mayo, Postage and Incidental expense from May 7a RY. Waser CO yO LOLO 0750's amin BW Sh Hista O aaNe a bh raakele 71.35 womereet. ) 15, Dr. Geo. Bs Glover, Expense as chairman of Committee on ee: hie : Advertisement of Veterinary Remedies.!........... 7.20 me Oct. 20, American Veterinary Review, First installment on _pur- . cay A chase of Review, as per contract between Robt. W. ’ in Ellis, and Sub-committee (Dr. Eichhorn, Dr. Lyman, eA Dr. Marbball) SONS ea i Nake Re 1,000.00 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 864 1915 ; Oct. 23, W. Dean Wright, Expense as Resident See’y of Oregon — Oct. 23, Dr. David Fox, Expense as Resident Sec’y of California A Oct. 23, N. S. Mayo, Expense and incidentals as Secretary, Aug. ea - Oth 40 Sept: 20; BiG. oho ohare pas ee ec es ; r Oct. . 23, N. S. Mayo, Expenses from Chicago, Ill., to Oakland, Cal. 141.18 Oct. 23, Foster & Parker, Printing and shipping Treasurer’ s Re- . POG eS xed Mahe Nise as arate thie 2 Ae ev ca ane palate Tia Oct. 23, E. Burrel, For typing College Committee’s Report: ests Oct. 23, Dr, J. D. Fair, Expense as Resident Secretary of Ohio. Oct. 23, Dr. Arthur Hughes, Veterinary History Committee of hie AON MA ere iad Vs 5 Fass 0:0 aed ee aE Oct. 23, Chauncey Halt Co., For 1000-16 pp. Constitution and lie By RAW on 2 arg 8 Sate oe on Sins 8" 3 Vr ee ee 33.00 — Oct. 23, Dr. P. A. Fish, Expenses in connection with new Journal 15.65 | Oct. . 23, Dr. C. J. Marshall, Travelling expense in connection with © go Natit TW OTE Peg es Rea ie cee Ai ee oe ; 5.60 | Oct. 23, Alma Ostrom, Clerical services to Secretary of A.V.M.A. 10 00 Oct. 23, A. J. Tupa, Stenographic services for College Committee ODOT hale EO. pie sv ob AN TS Laine ee ee eae 26.51 Oct. 23, Juster & Baird, Premium on bond of C. M. Haring, BOBO Y iio... oc dre ahi 'g Lee mate So pO aad eg ee 8. 15> Oct. 23, Dr. Richard Lyman, Travelling expenses in connection ' with mew Jourhab. 223), iets ee Roee Ls. ve eee ees 48.88 Oct. 23, Chas. P. McLafferty, Printing and stationery.......... 40.30 Oct. 23, A. Carlisle & Co., Stationery and office supplies for Parte age Bee’ys Office —..) Liu. spa Vt es Vole ees ena 11.70 — Noy. 13, Dr. A. Eichhorn, Expense in connection with sub-com- ee mittee: on... J ourmdh se 0526 2002 ict eee eee genie 18.62 © Nov. 13, Multigraph Letter Co., Multigraphing letters ......... 3.41 _ Nov. 13, Dr. P. A. Fish, Salary as Editor of Journal of A.V,M.A. 100.00 Noy. 13, Dr. C, M. Haring, Acct. of salary as Sec’y of A.V.M.A. 100.00 Nov. 13, United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co., Premium F. H. mt Schneider ’s< bord: wets ek Pci oa es A Pte pa 2.50 Nov. 13, Wm. F. Murphy’s Sons Co., Office supplies for Treas- WHORE i sph ore abs FRAMERS apoip SLO RAL Medi Bie 6.80 | Nov. 13, Sun Printing House, Printing stationery.............. 8.00. Noy. 13, Miss Bertha C. Spencer, Time and services reporting con- Bh! vention Of; A. V:M LAS: 2 ea Sil ais o's 5 the Ppiaiein ane a 245,15 Dee. 4, The Multigraph Letter Co., Multigraphing letters...... 2.85 - Dee. 4, The O’Donnell Printing Co., Printing................. 30.00 Dec. 4, The Multigraph Letter Co., Multigraphing letters...... 2.85, Dec. 4, John W. Spence, Stationery for Executive Committee. . 10,00° Dee. 4, Dr. P. A. Fish, Freight on Reviews for October and ¥ back ‘nninbate > .!65 |. «aw dames) ss ke Aa arene eee 10.43 Dee. 4, Dr. P. A. Fish, Clerical work, typewriting and book- at Keeping so oicin'ts fei. 2 a Kobo WELD eR 37.20 Dec. 4, Dr. P. A. Fish, Aect. salary as Editor of Journal of A. <5 Vi Ma oy Win, ond. Hy cle ooh cw NAMI 8 #) a Ok COUR aii ina a 100.00 Dec. 21, Norton Printing Co., Printing November Journal and wit) Letterheads 2.6 6.406 Fs baie elabes 'k PAN Hew daar oA aN eae Chauncey Halt Co., Balance on bill Aug. 35 2016 hace Dr. C. M. Haring, ‘Acct, salary as Sec’y A, V.M 2 OR ae The Multigraph Letter Co., Multigraphing letters...... Joseph Mosher, Membership Fees and Dues returned. . Dr, C. M. Haring, Office expenses of Sec’y from Sept. 4, ee EAE ak AIDS: EUs ADLG 0, 5 a i55ib'5 es) ainsa ola aes a wee oe N. 8. Mayo, Expense as Chairman of Committee of In- vestigation of Vety. Colleges............./c.000055 N. ©. Netherwood Printing Co., Letterheads and en- velopes for Committee on Agricultural Colleges. .... Dr. P. A. Fish, Salary as Editor of Journal of A,V.M.A,. Lederer, Street & Zlus, Printing application blanks and RIM ie rere ONE Rid'n Go c0 ace le tipi. $500 OlaeReS Boe wees Cc. P. McLafferty, Letterheads and engraving.......... Dr. 8S. H. Ward, Expense visiting Educational Institutions N. 8. Mayo, Inspection Of: Colleges. 2°. iscian'ss $s 5 Penlsits Dr. P. A. Fish, Salary as Editor of Journal A.V.M.A.. American Veterinary Review, Part Payment for A. V. R. Multigraph Letter Co., Multigraphing and addressing. . Dr. Chas, H. Higgins, Postage and stationery......... Ithaca Realty Co., Premium on bond of Editor Journal Lederer, “Street & Zlus Co., Printing circulars, member- MOP OR a mY, Rel ik eas. Vip ledyats 10,111.43 3 Total expenditures. o\...)p ':0ne Visa eon so kh sane ed 8,762.37 Balances: in: barker 2 scales sheiwe faiy os we $ 1,349.06 Respectfully submitted, F. H. ScHNEWER, Treasurer. “American Veterinary Medical Association: _-_.-_—-, GENTLEMEN :—We certify that the enclosed settlement is correct, balance ae) 7 to your credit this date shows $1,349.06 as per enclosed book and cancelled _ checks. ie J. F. Bauper, Cashier, at emai Pa., Aug. 3, 1916. The Tenth National Bank. ‘ if ~ a New York State VETERINARY Mepicat Society i +The twenty-seventh annual meeting of the New York State : pare mary Medical Rociety was held at the New York State Vet- and 4. Slightly over one hundred viterinarians and ‘ghout twontss tae au five ladies were in attendance. Poughkeepsie. Addresses of welcome were given by Prof. T. F. Crane on behalf of the University and Mr. J. L. Rothschild on the the society by Dr. E. B. Ackerman of Brooklyn. These addresses were followed by the general business meet- _ ing, including the reports of the various committees. Included in the Report of the Prosecution Committee were the following two “ea - articles: ‘ **ARTICLE 1. Any member who shall knowingly issue a false j report of a tuberculin or other test for tuberculosis of cattle or shall issue a false certificate of soundness upon any domestic ani- _ mal or shall, with intent to deceive, render a false diagnosis in any ease of dangerous contagious disease shall, after a hearing and due proof, be expelled from the society. Should charges under this - section be filed with the Board of Censors and such Board should deem the charges of sufficient merit, it shall promptly refer such _ charges with evidence obtained to the Regents of the University of : ‘ the State of New York or other authorities for immediate action. by ‘‘ARTICLE 2. Any member who shall have in his employ for _~ the purpose of rendering veterinary service, an unlicensed veteri- es narian as assistant, agent, partner, or in any other capacity what- _ ever, shall be expelled from this society. This section shall not be The meeting was called to order by President Otto Faust of | a part of the City of Ithaca. These were responded to on behalf of $68 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS = “emblem of the A. V. M. A. be a plain enameled cross, color to be a aes construed so as to prevent a licensed veterinarian from employing a bona fide veterinary student fully matriculated in a veterinary college, whose graduates are eligible to take the State Veterinary Examinations, to assist him as a student during the regniartya a tions of the veterinary college.’’ ° It was recommended that these be added to the Code of Ethics, The society voted to present these articles to be incorporated: in: the By-Laws at the next annual pane as is laid down by the Constitution. ; The Resolutions Committee presented the following which were adopted: a ““No. 1. The New York State Veterinary Medical Society as- sembled at Ithaca, N. Y., August 2, 3, and 4, 1915, regrets the de- plorable condition the war has forced upon our brother veterinari-_ ans in Europe and resolves herewith to cooperate with the move- ment instituted by Dr. Liautard of France for their relief and as. es sistance by tendering the financial support of this society to the ex- Fag tent of 107 dollars. oe ine? “No, 2. Resolved that it is the sense of this meeting that the the same as that designated by the United States Army Veterinari-_ : “3 ans and the same to have A. V. M. A. in plain black letters: across a the front. heed No: 3. Whereas: Certain practices and conditions recently exposed as existing in the meat inspection service of New York © a City Department of Health have reflected discredit on the veteri- nary profession of New York City and New York State, and Ae I) Whereas: Only one of the guilty persons involved is a mem- oe) ber of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society, and we be- lieve this case will be properly dealt with as soon as the New York City authorities have finished their investigation, as a Society we assume no responsibility for the conduct, therefore be it CGR Resolved: That this society recommend to the proper authori- ties of the Health Department and the city administration of the City of New York that salaries paid veterinary inspectors be com- — ah mensurate with their duties, thereby insuring better service. And aa further, be it Resolved: That a copy of this resolution be submitted to the Health Commissioner. j= rn y ‘*No. 4. Inasmuch as practical knowledge, scientific investi- gation and research has proven that the spread of tuberculosis and contagious abortion, together with its allied diseases is being extensively disseminated through the dairy and breeding herds throughout the state, due to the feeding of raw skim milk and whey from public milk plants, cheese and butter factories , and -..,, Whereas: A special commission appointed is Ex-Governor _ Glynn prepared a very complete and exhaustive report setting forth __ practical and efficient methods of procedure to remedy these unde- ee ‘sirable conditions through the universal and efficient pasteuriza- _. tion of these by-products, and _ Whereas: This society believes this procedure to be an im- a eases to hogs, calves and young stock, therefore be it Resolved: That this society requests the Commissioner of ‘ig gi Agriculture to do everything in his power to bring about such de- ' sirable legislation at the next session of the Legislature, and fur- thermore be it Resolved: That a copy of this resolution be transmitted to the : _ Commissioner of Agriculture and the chairmen of the committees alee ae ee —— Se BA Se aR + she Legislature.”’ oe The program of papers was printed in the last number of the 4 ht - JOURNAL and was carried out as given. The discussion was excel- » lent and much valuable information was thereby brought out. The papers will be printed in the Proceedings of this society. _ The officers elected for the comming year were as follows: . een: Y.; Vice-President, Geo. A. Knapp; Millbrook; Secretary- Treasurer, C. P. Fitch, Ithaca; Librarian, W. L. Williams, Ithaca. cat Board of Censors: W. G. Hollingworth, Utica; Henry Cady, s - Gloversville ; J. McCartney, Middletown; R. S. MacKellar, New _ York; C. S. Chase, Bay Shore. ‘It was voted to hold the next meeting in Brooklyn. C. P. Frreu, Secy. / ASSOCIATION MEETINGS a) portant and effective means of preventing the spread of these dis- ae on Agriculture in the Senate and Assembly at the next session of — _ President, J. G. Wills, Department of Agriculture, Albany, ‘ “es as he Sa Se eet Lhe ee oe ae 5 Jes ~~ Oi ae A es, 870 ASSOCIATION ‘MEETINGS PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS* Orrro Faust, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Members of the New York State Veterinary Medical Society: I take this opportunity to express to you my gratefulness for the _ 2 honor you have conferred aes me by electing me president. of this. society. This honor I have tried to appreciate by giving she best efforts oe for the welfare of the society and veterinarians of the state. pean In compliance with Section 1, Article 1 of the By-Laws, I agby : mit the following communication : Sashes DisEAses: Foot-and-Mouth Disease. This disease has been — successfully controlled in this state at a cost of $275,000.00, the — last outbreak occurring on August 10th, 1915. The Department of _ Agriculture should be congratulated on the efficient work it has ac- a complished. x Rabies, anthrax, blackleg and hog cholera are being held in oe subjection. ne Contagious abortion. This disease is of great importance to {a the veterinarians and cattle breeders of this state, and I am sorry to report to you that we are still in the dark as to its control, but in the near future, through the work now being carried on by spe- N. ‘ cial investigations under the supervision of Dr. W. L. Williams, we hope to receive a more favorable report. oe Tuberculosis: According to the statistics compiled by the Des i partment of Agriculture this disease has been gradually lessen- — ing; in the year 1909-1910, 21% of the cattle examined by the state were condemned, while in the year 1914-1915, 11% were con- ee 4 demned, also the first half of the fiscal year ending April-Ist, 1916, _ showed about 11% condemned of those examined, showing ’'a de- cided decline from 21% to 11% in five years. The following is a report in full from the Department of Agriculture: i Society, Ithaca, N. Y., August 2, 1916. *Presented at the meeting of the New York State Veterinary Medical — 4a io sscvonnrserrereeecenammmrenees ORDO O[}IBO JO ‘ON [810], % L-"9-GF9' ner Ys-Orr's| BET-199'F| BFI-BIF'S s,s : saat sie cl ‘6e 660° €13'6 6SF'Se BO6ES sy ts " poulwABXe 019489 JO “ON [°9OL i ee 8BL 968, 8% LF CZF gs gy | MONVUTTABXO Yous ye pozoofod 019789 JO "ON Me, n sab ie so e981 CIs ‘ss cre’ 8E0‘ST €66‘¢, ploooy ON prover ou (asuedxe SAaes i > : $,doumo ye) Ayozwatid pouruTexe 919989 Jo “ON ee © a %¥-08 %8-OL %G-S8 %o-E %&- 001 %8-FO1" (punog osvostp ou) ies. 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SI-TI6T TI-OI6T | ~ OT-606T : oo WOK [BIST | LeoX [wosty | ox [wos Avo [Bost | two [Bost | Teex wostg | wex ywosty | : x. of tain SUH 48a pears « | : oT : See { se ; “SUMANVTID) : remnynorady Jo yuowyavdog, oy} woay [uy Ut yzodox v st SuLMOTTOy ou, Bie cess = "SOS [BOLUT]O OLOM 9% CZ—CTGI-FIGT ur pur ‘gasvo [BOIUT] O10 pouUEpuoD soso aU} JO %S-OL-GOGT UI ‘poeonper uaaq sey saseo ASSOCIATION MEETINGS : 873 Legistarion: On account of the new annual registration law passed last year, we have had considerable trouble with our _ legislation, We have for years depended upon our Educational Depart- Stonid to assist us in keeping up our professional standing, but for some reason which does not seem clear at this time the so-called a ~MeNab bill which allows registration without examination under bs certain conditions was supported by that department. I believe fe express the sentiment of a majority of our profession in stating that such legislation is retrogressive rather than progressive. There objectionable bills, but we were unable to make our opposition felt tion on these bills. _ cine. o ‘the Halliday bill, appropriating $15,000.00 for special investiga- 3 a _ tion of contagious abortion, and the Wilson bill, providing for the _ licensing of stallions. 3 , channel of the Attorney-General’s office, but from the experi- Laws favorable to the profession have been passed such as As you know, the prosecution of illegal practitioners is through Most of you know of the effort made to defeat this and other. 7 “as strongly as it should have been because of lack of early informa- This society should employ one: of the agencies at Albany to Ba furnish the chairman of the legislative committee a copy of every bill as soon as introduced having any bearing on veterinary medi- 2 ence of the year just passed very little will be accomplished unless - ; Fh the society takes a decided stand. It is evident that it cannot ac- - complish the desired results unless the profession renders every _ possible aid. mittee on prosecution have a communication which they will pre- sent and I hope that you will give it your earnest consideration. Societies: We have in this state six local veterinary socie- : of those that I had the pleasure of visiting, convinces me that they are a great benefit not alone from an educational standpoint, but er: _ they also promote sociability among our practitioners which has 5 ~The conference given by the Watcrmary Department of the Nei York State Atarnty College at Ithaca on January 11 and I do not wish to go into details, but will tell you that the com- - ties. From the reports received and from my personal observation — v 5 MN - we Ma eS t ¥ Ps Ce Eres a» oa Fae ee tp fi i : le A \ ‘ \ . : BTA ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 12th, 1916, was one long to be remembered. The Faculty and Stu- dent Welfare Club are to be congratulated for their sugcessful z educational and social conference. ; Our state society has a membership of 177, which is a slight increase over last year, but when we take into consideration that * there are nearly 700 veterinarians who are eligible to become mem- bers, it seems to me that something should be done. IL would recommend that the president appoint county secretaries to make a . special effort to increase our membership. a The State Breeders’ Association and the State Dairymen: is Association should be of more interest to the profession as the re-— sults to be obtained are of mutual interest to all and by our at-— tendance at their meetings show them that we are interested. in their work. With the breeders, dairymen and veterinarians united for the one object, the improvement of our live stock, we should ae be a power in this state era I wish to thank the officers and members for their able assis- tance given me during the past year. . omaha GRADUATE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION) oe the coalescing of the two anituats vetarinaty associations of this 13] state with the election of the following officers for the new associa- — ah tion: R. Fred Eagle, Pres.; Joseph E. Nance, Vice-Pres. ; C. Ae “a Hooker, Treas.; and R. C. Smith, Secy. ee, The name of the -new organization is the Oidalona State Vet- f a erinary Medical Association. It starts out with a membership of about seventy-five. — R. C. Smiru, Seey. —— CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MepicaL ASSOCIATION | The semi-annual meeting of the Connecticut Veterinary Medi- cal Association was held at the hospital of Dr. E. F. Schofield at. Greenwich, Conn., on Tuesday, July 25th. There were thirty-eight members and visitors in attendance at the time of the clambake, which was served at about two P. ‘as | and was apparently greatly enjoyed by all. Hi “ Dr. Schofield’s establishment is situated in the midst of, a beautiful city park and its surroundings were highly conducive ASSOCIATION MEETINGS 875 hs to the enjoyment of those present, The day was devoted to the At its business meeting the association Cad to go on record ; “as aaa in favor of the adoption of the blue cross, as the national Veterinary Emblem and directed the treasurer to draw a check _ morial fund. | A. T. Gityarp, Secretary. - el: Wisconsin VETERINARY MepicaL AssocIATION The semi-annual meeting of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical ~ Association was held at Menomonie, Wis., July 26-27, 1916. ing of July 26th, in the Chamber of Commerce Parlors, he called - to order one of the largest and most instructive meetings our asso- . general business session, and the reports of several standing sud special committees. The program which was carried out in full for the balanes of iy the meeting consisted of the reading and discussion of the following ; ppapers: Torsion of the Uterus in the Mare, Cow, and Sheep...... PhS Fink a's spt Bak ig aha ha 4%, cok odin, & eae Ed. Boesewetter Donrine (Maladie du coit).. co.ac. e. eek S. H. Ward State Veterinarian of Minnesota eeapvaria Be PA OL IMEL RBI, Bees AE H. Gutschenritter se eae Bull as a Disseminator of Contagious Abortion. ..... i Si MTR gi yee he ben oe ke os keg F. B. Hadley and H. Lothe i, : An Indication Signified by Bowel Palpation............. Ba oak oo, 0c ba’ ai b ies ble wis wa J. W: Beckwith are Interesting Case Report on Sterility in a Stallion... of vital importance. We were exceedingly fortunate in having Drs. C. E. Cotton and 8. H. Ward of Minnesota with us. The part they took in our pro- _ for fifty dollars as the C.V.M.A.’s contribution to the Salmon Me- _ When. President L. J. O’Reilley pectation the gavel on the morn- “3 ciation ever held. The forenoon of the first day was taken up by a i question box, eatin a prolonged dimuon on questions “A feo and in the general discussions was greatly enjoyed by. all i a feo® and 18th, 1917. _ Ing was well attended and was in every way a success. 876 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS dered by the Chamber of Commerce on the evening of July 27th. er present. To show their appreciation, the association elebted them } to Honorary Fellowship in our Society. aes One half day of the session was given over to a clinic which was arranged for by Dr. J. D. Lee, and held at his infirmary. The 2g amount of material and kind of subjects selected ‘surely did credit to Dr. Lee and his assistants. Out of the ordinary was a stock | judging demonstration by Prof. Pickford of the cee of. Ay : culture. The meeting was closed on the afternoon of July 27th, ik a> short business session, at which time the association passed a reso- — lution setting permanent dates for our annual and semi-annual — meetings for the third week in January and July of each year. _ With many thanks to the citizens of Menominee and ‘Dr. J.D. Lee for courtesies rendered the meeting closed with a smoker ten- k . Adjournment was taken to meet at Madison, January - 16, =f WwW. a Wo.cort, Secreta Missourrl VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION — =a an i The Missouri Valley Veterinary Association held its 22d an- : nual meeting at Omaha, Nebraska, July 10, 11 and 12. The meet- In the absence of Mayor Dahlman the address of eccone was made by City Attorney Tepole. Dr. R. C. Moore, one of the three o charter members present, responded to this address, briefly review- he ing the work of the association and calling attention to present con- rea ditions as they pertain to veterinary progress. Kes Some very interesting reports and papers were voad and valu- able discussions were elicited. Among the newer ideas introduced _ might be mentioned Dr. Bemis’ method of producing local anaes- thesia for equine dental operations. This consists of injections | of cocain or similar agents along the course of the maxillary and man- dibular nerves near the points where they enter their respective — foramina in the jaw bones. Another comparatively new procedure — be introduced was the immunization of cattle against blackleg by sim- | ultaneous vaccination with virus and hyperimmune serum. This iss has been worked out by the Veterinary Department of the Kansas — State Agricultural College and was presented to the association in. a paper by Dr. F. 8. Schoenleber. Sieh a ch a ASSOCIATION MEETINGS Sas es 877 4 kaise . 3 _ A-splendid paper entitled ‘‘Important Essentials in Profitable = _ Horse Production’’ was read by Dr. C.W. McCampbell, Secretary of : BS the Kansas Livestock Registry Board. He pointed out that it is st if aM costing American farmers more to rear the average colt than the = d m animal is worth upon reaching a marketable age; he showed that vp ¥ f pure bred sire is worth, both from the same dam and reared under a colt from a grade stallion is worth about half what a colt froma ~ like conditions. His plea was for a higher standard in our breed- ; 4 ving stock, particularly in stallions. a . Other papers of merit were read by Drs.'J. I. Gibson, 8. W. _ Alford, Henry Hell, E. A. Logan, C. F. Nord, E. L: Quitman, N. 8. ses Mayo, C. J. Norden, W. W. Dimock and C. A. Langenfeldt. a ‘The clinie, which was held on the second day, was unusually : well attended and a very full program was provided by members of the local committee. A young sow with eversion of the vagina — eS _ Was operated on by Dr. Shipley. This case was interesting be- . tz _ cause it was one of a herd of forty or more, nearly all similarly — y a affected. Several members reported the sporadic appearance of — oe this condition in their respective localities. It seems to be not he- — “ _ reditary or due to any anatomical deficiency, but rather to some hoe form of dietary intoxication. Dr. E. L. Quitman, assisted by Dr. ae - D. M. Campbell, demonstrated a new method of inducing anaes- ee ‘ec : thesia i in dogs. 2M od ee ' Tnitiation into the Ak-Sar-Ben, the unique booster organiza- ee: tion of Omaha business men, and a banquet at the Hotel Castle ae Mg prare the most notable features of the social program. a - Resolutions of condolence to the relatives of deceased members ae were adopted. Other resolutions proposed and adopted are as A lows : « _ Recoenrri0on, OF THE Finau ERADICATION OF FooT-AND- Mowe: Ss oy ; ‘Deki FROM THE UNITED States. . Whereas the livestock industry == _ was severely affected by the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth dis- s a ease ; u 878 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS SA and coildanil in the ability of the ‘veterinarians taking -+part in this work; another department. fidence in the Bureau of Animal Industry and urge the Secretary — And be it faction resolved that this association further: appre- ciates the cooperation of the livestock interests which facilitate the prompt eradication of the disease ; - And be tt further resolved that a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to the Secretary of Agriculture, U. S. A. PASSAGE OF THE ARMY Bitu. Whereas the Congress of. he United States has seen fit to recognize the importance of the arn | veterinary service by commissioning the army veterinarians; ‘Whereas the Honorable James Hay and Dr. W. Horace Hos- kins, many Senators, other Representatives, veterinarians and mem bers of the army legislative committee, devoted much time and en- ergy in support of this bill to its successful passage ; Therefore be it resolved that this association OxPIeSS its appre- ciation of this recognition ; And be it further resolved that this association express iia? ap preciation to the various parties for their services to ed army vet. erinary corps and the profession at large. ey aps Hoa CHoLerRA Conrrou Work. Whereas hog cholera i isa ser ous and widespread disease and has for the last few years caused — serious losses. However, through the untiring efforts of the veteri nary profession, it has been kept under control with ciminiehtee losses ; bs ox geen Whereas the veterinarian alone is especially fitted by vigtae of | his education and training to cope with the prevention and treat. ment of hog cholera; ry Whereas there is considerable agitation to transfer cor hog cholera control work from the Bureau of Animal Industry to Whereas the Bureau of Animal Industry through coopetation } with the various state organizations and veterinary practitioners: | has successfully eradicated pleuropneumonia and foot-and-mout disease from our country and has materially diminished the scabies and tick infested areas and has made material progress in the con- trol of hog cholera, thus demonstrating its efficiency ; sore Therefore be it resolved that this association express its eons.” of Agriculture to use his influence for the continuation of hog — cholera control work by the Bureau of Animal Industry ; Rei ay ASSOCIATION MEETINGS eo 879 f et Be it further resolved that a copy of this reislividon be sent to. ‘ Be it resolved. that this aishos Nida commends all the good ‘k accomplished by the county agricultural agent movement, and especially i in those instances where the county agents have cooper- : ated with the local veterinarians ; Bite): Be it further resolved that this association deplores the fact that in some instances county agricultural agents have assumed to render services that only qualified veterinarians are prepared | to do. Therefore, we urge that the Secretary of Agriculture issue structions to all county agents to refrain from treating diseases’ : of livestock unless such agents are qualified veterinarians ; eG ay _ Be it further resolved that a copy of this resolution be sent 10.0 Sian mA Lc \ the Secretary of Agriculture, U. 8. A. Wises ‘ - Whereas the American Veterinary Medical Association has 3 ates held a meeting in the Missouri Valley since 1907; a: Whereas the number of veterinarians has ierenaad materially, since 1907 and the profession is benefitted by such an asepcintina > 2 ‘ meeting i in its territory ; ne De caaheretore be it resolved that an invitation be extended to ie: a | re ty i in 1917. tg | Be it resolved that we sincerely thank the retiring officers and ai 2: omit ittees for their successful efforts in the carrying out of sen oe various duties ; J ita Be it further resolved that we express as an association our ap- ‘eee ciation of the very excellent way in which the local committee = arrangements has provided for the meeting and extend to its ~ be: smbers our thanks for their thoughtfulness for our welfare and ; Officers for the ensuing year are : President, R. C. Moore, St. J seph ; Vice-President, C. C. Hall, ‘Omaha; Secretary- ‘Treasurer, . F. Bourne, Kansas City. = Mvasiees: H.-R. Morris; Omaha; D.. H. Miller, Counoill om s; Joseph Hughes, Chicago; J. H. Scott, Princeton, Mo.; — ae . Conrad, Sabetha, Kans. — | Bs pee . R. F. Bourne, Secretary. f el Vv ait” ERA irae + chy ea NR ak Tl te A ie: Oa ei ‘a ge Be Fira s i, a , aa 880 ASSOCIATION MEETINGS - Jones. those on the program were Doctors Dyson, Tacre A. H, Baker ‘ Scott & Brown, numerous demonstrations and surgical operations — TENESSEE VETERINARY Mepican AssocraTIon OFFIcERS, 1916 ; vs President, Dr. J. H. McMahon, Columbia, Tenn. ; Vice-Presi- dent, Dr. E. M. Culley, Paris, Tenn.; 2nd Vice-President, Dr. G. P. Whittington, Morristown, Tenn.; Secretary, Dr. F. W. Morgan, — Chattanooga, Tenn.; Treasurer, Dr. W. P. Coplin, Humboldt, Tenn. — Executive Committee: F. R. Youree, 8. H. Woods, J. ns Scheibler. | Legislative Committee: M. Jacob, P. J. Landes, A. C. Topimillee, Finance Committee: Wm. Murray, J. J. Gregory, Jas. M. 4p Resolutions Committee: Geo. R. White, C. E. Kord, G. B. Blackman. by tes Ethics Committee: Geo. R. White, F. W. Morgan, G. B. Giltner. : Ba RK x The annual mid-summer meeting of the Illinois State Velen. inary Medical Association was held at Peoria, Ill., July 19. Among and Mayo. At the clinic held at the veterinary hospital of Doctors — were performed by Dr. L. A. Merillat. It is said that more than 250 were in attendance. ce The next meeting of the California State Veterinary Medical Association will be held in San Francisco Sept. 138... | : The semi-annual meeting of the Oklahoma Graduate veterinary — Medical Association was held July 19. After committees had been — appointed, the visitors were treated to an automobile ride, a trip — through the Sulzberger plant and the serum laboratories at Pack ingtown. hero: The marriage of Miss Julia Swan and Dr. D. W. Hurst occured) July 20. Dr. Hurst is a graduate of the Ames, Ia. Veterinary Col-, PY lege and is in the employ of the goverment in connection with hog- As 3 cholera work. They will establish their home at Tecamsehy, Neb- — a raska after August 15, “yt Fae ya ni Pas PRT: Poh raha ee Nee ee ke me art a a ee ore : ae ae Ce Ae. 2 ees Ne ; re Pi . 4 $ 7 eS ae § “a 4 . ‘3 7 y ¥ ¥ re; 453 ; “ee v ¢ b | <2 z ; ft se < 2 / » * Me : j by Pts REVIEWS es DISEASES OF THE DOG AND THEIR TREATMENT Dr. GEORGE MULLER _ Professor Director of the Clinie for Small Animals at the Veterinary : ‘i y High School at Dresden and ALEXANDER GLAss, A.M., V.S. (McGill) > / Professor of Canine Medicine in the Veterinary Department \ atpersity of Pennsylvania Chicago, 1916. os ‘ 4 pe ~The fourth edition of this book has just come from the press, < “and shows some important changes. The most notable of which ye are to be found in the chapter on Infectious Diseases, which contains i sopsiderable new material on canine distemper, and a discussion — % _ of Infectious Hemorrhagic Gastro-enteritis. These two diseases are ey. s of great importance to the veterinarian, and dog fancier, hence, a iva & timely revision of this chapter. These diseases are handled accord- | ing to the present day knowledge of vaccines and serum-therapy. var _ The chapter discussing the diseases of the digestive system has - feed re-written, and particularly, that portion dealing with in- € testinal parasites has been remodelled, and enlarged, so as to include © Rice the latest investigations along this line. This subject has been pre- ‘ sented i in a comprehensive manner so that it will be of inestimable value to both the student and practitioner. Several new things have been added to this chapter, which greatly increase its value over the third edition. A number of new illustrations have been added to this edition, which will make the book more interesting and valuable, especially to the student. wa _ The author is to be commended for his efforts in bringing forth =~ iis revision of such a valuable treatise on the Diseases of the Dog. __ The book as a whole is well bound, is neat in appearance, and coals’ nary medicine, 0. V.B—J.N.S. 882 REVIEWS _ part three pertains to applied microbiology and is made up of. ex for the preparation of special culture media, various ome and ‘ual. The text contains 74 illustrations, nearly all of which are ex- ‘cellent and well chosen. It is natural that in the choice of subject = A LABORATORY MANUAL IN. GENERAL BACTERIOLOGY — Warp GILTNER = _ Prepared by the Laboratory of Bacteriology, Hygiene and Pathology, Michigan Agricultural College, Ward Giltner, Head of the Department. Pp.. XVI, 418. Published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. bs $2. 50. a sf Ki the title indicates, this volume is a laboratory manual in — general microbiology. It is the outgrowth of experience in teach-— ing this subject in the Michigan Agricultural College and in its preparation a number of those who have been engaged in the De partment of Bacteriology in that institution have taken more or less. ; part. The book is divided into three parts. Part one consists of 58 exercises on general morphological and cultural methods; | part two contains 33 exercises on the physiology of microorganisms ; me ercises on the following topics: air microbiology, water and sewage microbiology ; soil, dairy, and plant microbiology, animal diseases and immunity. These are followed by an appendix giving an out- Z line for the study of microdrganisms, a table for the identification ‘ of bacteria and the examination of polluted waters, and directions other topics of general interest. eae As suggested in the title, this book covers a large ieee of j subjects. It is impossible to discuss extensively such a variety of Wee topics fully in the space that can be allotted in a laboratory man- i matter and in the methods recommended, differences of opinion — exist. There are, however, very few changes or additions that sug gest themselves. The author seems to have chosen wisely and it is_ doubtful if an aggregate of 100 exercises could be selected that would be more helpful to the student of general microbiology than those outlined in this volume. The author is to be congratulated — in his choice of topics and the clearness with which he has outlined A them for the help of the student, These directions can be highly recommended to those who desire to study general bacteriology, tens including certain of the higher forms. At the end there is a valu- che able list of text and reference books. The publishers have done ; cn: a one their part most satisfactorily, V. A.M. Sept OUTLINE OF LECTURES IN SPECIAL PATHOLOGY \ SamMurL Howarp Burnerr | Professor of Comparative cess in the New York State Veterinary i College at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Carpenter and Company, Ithaca, Pp. 64. ; re fihe be body is a somewhat difficult task. It is, however aod y important that the student of veterinary medicine sonia have as clear and definite a knowledge of the various changes that may take place i in the different organs and structures of the bodies as possible. It is these changes that the practitioner has to take into account in ormulating a successful method of treatment. In the teaching of pathology it has been found desirable to divide the subject into three parts, namely, general pathology, special pathology and the " athology of the specific infectious diseases. The first gives the | causes and explains what the structural changes are. The second 7 eals, with the diseases that affect the different organs. The first w sakrgee it possible to differentiate from changes due to general ca the lesions peculiar to invasion of the body by specific eti- ological factors. os. For some years the author of this book has given a course of lectures, supplemented with laboratory exercises, on special path- ology. These lectures are devoted to the cardio-vascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system and the skin. ‘Under: each of these general headiigs is a carefully arranged synop- me: of the changes that may take place in each organ and membrane. A list of the more important text and reference books on compara- ~ tive pathology is appended. bash. The purpose of this synopsis is to enable the student to follow - topics that are of the most importance. This synopsis indicates, in a a logical manner, the tissue changes that are known to occur in each rs and tissue. While this volume was prepared pr imarily for a udents taking their lectures on special pathology, it would be y helpful to any person who wishes to study the subject. As cher, the work embodies both the facts based on scientific research d the perspective of the teacher. As M; 38 Utes ate i pey co Hea ae Naa ge Be ANT tS SATE eee as Py ey ALS > ere | ae TTA Sal 7 Seas be . ia fh 8 Wn pelt) é Ore duis ‘ aoe lary ak ‘ Co ee ‘ : , ref Fa ae REVIEWS EN , 883. 1¢ subject and to be able to select from the enormous literature the - author is among the best comparative pathologists and a good. Weert . of acute indigestion on the 23d of last March. _ his home at Ithaca, N. Y. He was a graduate of the N. Y. State - © : _ Veterinary College in the class of 1899, and served for a time as- a NECROLOGY S. M. SMITH ‘ Dr. S. M. Smith of Mitchell, South Dakota died very “eos A CHARLES BEECHER POTTER Dr. C. B. Potter, aged 43, died suddenly of heart trouble ‘aby U.S. Veterinary Inspector at Chicago, Til. ROMANZO PERKINS Dr. Romanzo Perkins, aged 71 years, died March 15 at his — home at Warsaw, N. Y. Dr. Perkins had been in poor health iofie late years which resulted in a general break down. a EDWIN J. PECK e Dr. Peck died in August at Cleveland, Ohio from ippnatae fever. Dr. Peck was a graduate of the Ontario and McKillip Veterinary Colleges. He was stationed at Cleveland as an U. 8S. Veterinary Inspector. Bein THOMAS GREGOR BRODIE Dr. Brodie died suddenly in London, England, August 20, He has been Professor of Physiology at the Ontario Veterinney Se i College at Toronto since 1908, Previous to that he had been Pro- = fessor in the Royal Veterinary College in London for a number of <2 years. He was one of the foremost physiologists and devotees as much of his time to research. At the time of his death he was” NG serving as a captain in the Canadian Army Medical Corps. oe —— BE, LAVALARD } ; Dr, E. Lavalard, an honorary member of the American Veteri- nary Medical Association, died at Paris, France, May 29, 1916, — Ht Ct 2 EEN : at eS ee MISCELLANEOUS The death of Dr. J. B. Powell of Pueblo, Colorado is separa Dr. George L. Schaefer was seriously injured in a motor ae- broken arm, a broken leg and other injuries. Dr. Elinor McGrath of Chicago has the distinction of being can Veterinary Medical Association. -__-The twentieth annual meeting of the United States Live Stock ‘Sanitary Association will be held at Chicago, December 5, 6 and 7. ie _ Dr. Hoskins reports an increase of $700 in contributions to the nga Memorial Fund. . ©. A. Fast has removed from Haviland, Ohio, to Van Wert, Ohie. _ Dr. Carl W. Gay, for a number of years head of the Depart- * ant of Animal Husbandry at the Veterinary College at the Uni- 4 versity of Pennsylvania, has resigned to take a position at the Uni- h regulating the registration of stallions. He is the author of two : recent books on Animal Husbandry and is regarded as an authority be in his department. 4 of erin, Italy, and an honorary member of the A.V. M. A., has been Bey NY, lege, has removed to 11th and Buffalo Sts., Franklin, Pa, Dr. H. rE. Lent, formerly of Sauk Center, Minn., has pee | Dr. Julius Stotchik has taken a position with the Horse Aid ‘cident near Omaha, Neb. He is reported to have sustained a | 3 the first woman veterinarian elected to membership in the Ameri-~ versity of Minnesota. Dr. Gay was active in procuring the law e Dr, M. E. Paiieteen has located at 20 Charlotte St., Bald- ; i Ye. M. Pp Bienen. fecineriy of the North Dakota ae - Dr. William V. Lusk, Veterinarian of the 2nd Cavalry has © Meee transferred from Fort Ethan Allen, Vt. to Fort Riley, Kansas. Dr. E. Perroncito, Professor of Bacteriolgy at the University — ele 4 886 MISCELLANEOUS “= Dr. W. E. Stribling has penaven from New si phe N. D. to e, Clarence, Ia. Dr. H. Preston Hoskins has severed his bouncotion With thee University of Minnesota to take a position in the Research Labora-_ tories of Parke, Davis & Co., at Detroit, Mich. al In the speech of the Hon. William Hughes of New Jone ion the United States Senate, the peace remarks were made relative a to the Army Veterinarian: “Tt has ben stated that there is a tendency to bestow rank on men who are civilians and men who constitute no part of the fight- u ing forces. Yet in the present war the Austro-German forces have lost by death 247 veterinary officers. The German Army is not a SOC- ial organization; and it has clothed these men with rank and au-— thority higher than that sought to be bestowed under this amend-- ‘ ment. They rank from colonel, lieutenant colonel, and major on =e * down to second lieutenants. The British Army has done the same te is thing, as has also the French Army. The Australian and Canadian ~ ‘ Armies—in fact, every one of the armies fighting now on the battle fields of Europe—have recognized the important service that can be, and ought to be, discharged by men doing this work.****** Before I close and submit this matter to the Senate, I desire to read a marginal note that was placed by the Kaiser on the bill re- organizing the German veterinary service, which sets out much bet- iat ter than I can do the regard in which these men are held in the coun- ee tries where fighting is a profession : een Upon the veterinary officer devolve high moral, physical, and Re technical demands in peace and war. Only such young men are to ue be selected for the military veterinary career who possess a high — mind, tact, mental versatility, physical activity, and pride in their’ ad profession. Ms A HORSE’S HPITAPH eae, Soft lies the turf on those who find their rest Bedi) 4, Beneath our common mother’s ample breast, Bah itr, Unstained by meanness, avarice, or pride; Dll a They never cheated, and they never lied. fous Nan? They ne’er intrigued a rival to displace ; 1 an They ran, but never betted on the race; han Dake Content with harmless sport and simple food, eid eae Boundless in faith and love and gratitude; . Happy the man, if there be any stich, naa Of whom his epitaph can say as much. wee Lorp SHERBROOKE, = aueeta gkr. SF American Veterinary 601 Medical Association A5 Journal v.49 cop.2 Biological & Medical Serials PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY STORAGE * wre est SOL gr ny derng enemy oror Pecans See ee yh, grees ry oo 8 eget oe