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JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medical
‘ Association

FORMERLY
AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW

Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.
Edited and Published for
THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
By

J. R. MOHLER, WASHINGTON, D. C.

EXECUTIVE BOARD

George Hilton, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2d District; S. E. Bennett, 3d
District; J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Cotton, 5th District; R. A.
Archibald, 6th District; Cassius Way, Member at Large.

SUB-COMMITTEE ON JOURNAL

S. E. Bennett J. A. Kiernan

_Index to Volume LX

NEW SERIBS VOLUME 13

October, 1921, to March, 1922

WASHINGTON, D. C.
1922

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Portrait oF Dr: A. T. KIvsSLrey. 8.
Portrair oF Dr. Davin S. WHITE, 10.

COMPARISON OF ABORTION IN VACCINATED AND UNVACCINATED CATTLE IN WISCONSIN
EXPERIMENTS (CHarT), 31.

VETERINARIANS ATTENDING TUBERCULOSIS SHORT CourRSE aT NorrH Dakota AGRICUL-
TURAL COLLEGE, 112.

BRONZE STATUE OF JUSTIN MorGan. 261,

BuFFER EFFECT oF HorsE SEMEN (DIAGRAM). 296,
Docs AFFECTED WITH ANTHRAX, 324.

SHEEP AFFECTED WITH STOMACH WorMs, 326,
INTUSSUSCEPTION IN A COLT. 329.

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN A Butt: .

Figs. 1 and 2. 422.
Figs, 2 and 4, 423.
Figs. 5 and 6. 424,

EMBLEM ADOPTED BY AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, 501.
A SHETLAND Pony THAT DIED OF TUBERCULOSIS, 601.

PREVENTION OF LIVESTOCK SHIPPING LOSSES:

Fig. 1. Diaphragm and Lungs of Hog, 618.
Fig. 2. Apparatus for Sprinkling Hogs, 619.
Fig, 3. Thin Cattle, 623.

PorTRAIT OF Dr. DUNCAN MCEACHRAN, 625.
RESULTS OF OPHTHALMIC TUBERCULIN TEsT, 735.

THE FirrH MEpIcaL CoNGRESS OF CUBA:

Portrait of Dr. Bernardo J. Crespo, 774.
Group of representatives of medical and veterinary professions, 777.
Group of special meetings, 777. ‘

CONGENITAL ANKYLOSIS IN HIND LEGs OF CALF, 784.

lil

Le

Index of Authors

Adams, John W., 144.
Anderson, W. S., 291.
Beach, B. A., 600.
Beaudette, F. R., 283, 729.
Bemis, H. E., 51.

Blair, W. Reid, 756.
Boerner, Fred, Jr., 83.
Boyd, W. L., 84.
Bushnell, L. D., 729.
Butler, W. J., 59.
Cahill, Edw. A., 702.
Carr, George H., 194.
Carroll, A. N., 315.
Carter, Thomas B., 782.
Cary, C. A., 329.
Conley, C. C., 191.
Covault,, Co H.,.. 67;
Crawley, Howard, 461.
Cross, Floyd, 562.
Eichhorn, A., 771.
Embree, W. J., 615.
Evans, W. A., 683
Finkelstein, B. J., 208.
Foster, J. P., 46.
Gilman, Herbert L., 416.

Glover, George H., 317, 767.

Graham, Robert, 76.
Hadley, F. B., 26, 600.
Hadwen. S., 724.

Hall, Maurice C., 583.
Hayes. F. M., 435

Healy, D. J., 291.

Henley, R. R., 717.
Hollingworth, W. G., 610.
Hopper, Earle B., 738.
Hoskins, H. Preston, 453.
Jakeman, H. W., 702.
Jardine, Ernest F, 328

Jones, F. S.. 271.
Jorgenson, G. E., 93.
Kingman, H. E., 165.
Lockett, S., 186.

Lowe, William Herbert, 80.
Lumb, J. W., 206.
McEachran, Dunean, 761.
MeNair, F. H.. 170.
Moore, Veranus Alva, 625.
Motley, A. A., 63.
Munce, T. E., 402, 734,
Munce, T. W., 702.
Newsom, I. E., 562.
Nighbert, E. M., 205,
Noback, Charles V., 322, 32
Perry, Frederic M., 648.
Peter, A. M., 291.
Phipps, H., 435.

Piper, H. B., 600.
Cuinlany J--G:, 78.
Ratigan, W. J., 96, 639.
Records, Edward, 155.
Reed, R. C., 691.
Roberts, G. A., 177.
Santa Maria, L., 306.
Schroeder, E. C., 542.
Schwarzkopf, Olaf, 382.
Sisson, S., 736.

Smith, H. R., 310.
Stubbs, E. L., 83, 461.
Torrance, Frederick, 22.
Townsend, J. G., 606.
Traum, J., 186.

Troy, O. E., 299.

Turner, John P., 640.
Vawter, Lyman R., 155.
White, David S., 9.

il

Vv

Index of Subjects

Papers:

Abortion, Bovine Infections, Bureau of
Animal Industry Investigations, 542.

Abortion, Immunizing Cattle, 26.

Abortion, Swine, 435.

Address of President David S. White, 9.

Animal Diseases, Importance of Preven-
tive Measures, 402.

Army Horses and Army Remount Service,
648

Bacillus Bovisepticus, Types in Dairy
Herd, 271.
Bacillus Ovisepticus Vaccines, Investiga-

tions, 562.

Botulism in Relation to Anti-Hog-Cholera
Serum and Hog-Cholera Virus, 702.
Botulism in Swine in Relation to Hog-

Cholera Immunization, 76.

Chicken-Pox Vaccine, Experiment to De-
termine Value, 88.

Clarification of Hog-Cholera Defibrinated
Blood Antitoxin, 717.

Colorado Veterinary Hospital, New, Dedi-
cation, 767.

Cooperation Between United States and
Mexico for Control of Epizootics, 306.
Corpus Luteum, Relation to Estrum and
Involution of the Pathologic Uterus, 34.

Cuba, Fifth Medical Congress, 771.

Digestive Tract, Diseases, Dogs and Cats,
170.

Garbage Feeding and Hog Cholera, 22.

Genital Infections in Bull, 416.

Health Departments Interested in Tuber-
culosis Eradication, 683.

Hemorrhagic Septicemia Organism, Viru-
lent and Non-virulent Strains in Same
Animal, 4538.

Herd Efficiency from Standpoint of Vet-
erinarian, 738.

Hog Cholera, 691.

Hog Cholera and Garbage Feeding, 22.

Hog-Cholera Defibrinated—Blood Anti-
toxin, Clarification, 717.

Hog-Cholera Immunization and Botulism,
76.

Hog-Cholera Serum and Virus, Botulism
in Relation to, 702.

Horse Semen, Hydrogen—Ion Concentra-
tion, 291.

Hoskins, W. Horace, Tribute to, 80.

Hypoderma Larve, Effects of Improper
Methods of Extracting, 724.

Ictero-Hemoglobinuria in Cattle, 155.

Laborattory Diagnosis of Poultry Dis-
eases, 729.

Laryngoplegia of Horse, Surgical Treat-
ment, 144.

Livestock,. Purebred,
194,

Livestock Shipping Losses, Prevention, 615.

Loco, Poisoning, Field Observations, 299.

McEachran, Dean, Tribute on Behalf of
McGill Veterinary Graduates, 756,

McEachran, Duncan, and McGill Faculty
of Comparative Medicine, 625.

McGill Veterinary Reunion, Address, 761.

Mexico and United States, Cooperation for
Control of Epizootics, 306.

Morgan Horse. Occurrence of Five Lumbar
Vertebre, 379.

Veterinarian and,

Vl

Municipal Food Inspection, 317.

Parasitic Diseases, Treatment and Prophy-
laxis, 5838.

Parturient Paresis of Dairy Cow, 63, 200-

Poultry Diseases, Clinical Aids in Diag-
nosis, 283.

Poultry Diseases,
729.

Rinderpest in Brazil, 177.

Sex Determination and
Uterus, 46.

Strongylidosis in the Horse, 67.

Surgical Operations on the Ox, 51.

Surgical Technique—Suturing, 165.

Tuberculosis, Bovine, Control, 186.

Tuberculosis Eradication, Bovine, Progress
in Montana, 59,

Tuberculosis Eradication, Cooperation, 310.

Tuberculosis Eradication, Health Depart-
ments Interested, 688.

Tuberculosis in Shetland Pony, 600.

Tuberculosis, Gbscure Lesions, 191.

Tuberculin Test, Ophthalmic, Pennsyl-
vania Instructions, 734.

Veterinarian and Public, 315.

Veterinarian and Purebred Livestock, 194.

Veterinarian, Practicing, and Accredited
Herd Work, 606.

Veterinarian, Relation to Humane Work,
610.

Viscera of the Cow, 736.

Laboratory Diagnosis,

Embryology of

Clinical and Case Reports:

Ankylosis, Congenital,

Anthrax in Dogs, 322.

Blackleg, Breed and Sex Susceptibility of
Calves, 206.

Capillaria Worms, Pathogenic Effects om
Chickens, 461.

Chorea in Dogs and Monkey, 639.

Granulonia of Frog in Horse, 328.

Intussusception in Colt, 329.

Oleander Poisoning in Bear, 96.

Parasites of Sheep on Sabana of Bogota.
(Colombia), 325.

Pericarditis, Traumatic, 208.

Pyosalpingitis, Surgical Treatment, 93.

Rupture of Uterus in Cows, 640.

Swine Erysipelas, 781.

Udders, Indurated, in Virgin Heifers, 205-

in Calf, 782.

Abstracts:

Abortion, Infectious, in Mares, 464.

‘Anesthesia. General, in Horse by Intra~-
venous Injection of Chloral Hydrate,
784.

Anthrax, Diagnosis from Bone Marrow,
335.

Antitoxins, Effect of Filtration on Po-
tency, 102. ;
Azoturia. Treatment with Animal Char-

coal, 216.

Bacillus Botulinus, Purity of
Strains, 2138. '

Bacteria, Method for Determination of
Number in Suspensions, 330. _

Beef Souring, Caused by Bacillus Me-
gatherium, 214.

Bipolar Infection in Animals, 785.

Blackleg Immunization with Germ-free
Filtrates, 465.

American

INDEX vil

Botryomycosis, So-Called, in Man, 463.
Calcium and Tuberculosis in Rabbits, 214.
Cancer of Stomach in Horse, 334.
Chaulmoogra Oil in Treatment of Tuber-
losis and Leprosy, 385, 336.

Cold, Action on Body, 466.
Distemper in Pig, 215.
Foot-and-Mouth Disease,

334.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease
210

Fowl “Typhoid, Epizootie in France, 415.

Gangrenous Infections, Acuie, Etiology,
212.

Immunization, Nonspecific, Basis, (*2.

India Lepartment of Veterinary Science,
Report, 333.

Johne’s Disease, Transmission to Experi-

' mental Animals, 784,

Lumbago, Treatment with Animal Char-
coal, 216.

Meat of Healthy Animals Free from Bac-
teria, 786.

Oestrin in Pernicious Anemia of Hor ses,
783.

Otitis Externa Parasitica of Cat, £1i.

Paralysis, Lumbar, of Sheep, 44.

Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease), 78!.

Paratyphoid of Honey Bee, 98.

Pneumonia, Necrotizing. in Swine Plague
and Hog Cholera, 466.

‘Septicemic Infection in Lambs Caused hy
Swine Erysipelas Bacillus, 99.

Stains, Polar, Preparation, 211.

Strangles, Vaccination, 98.

Suprarenin in Horse, 783.

Swine Erysipelas and Erysipeloid (in
Man), 645.

‘Tonsils as Part of Entry for Infections,
210.

Tubercle Bacilli, Avian, in White Rat, 642.

‘Tubercle Bacilli in Bile, 100.

Tuberculin, Diagnostic, 644.

‘Tuberculin, Diagnostic Value in
Surgical Tuberculosis, 101.

‘Tuberculosis, Bovine, Complement Fixa-
tion, 99.

‘Tuberculosis, Chaulmoogra Oil in Treat-
ment, 335, 336.

‘Tuberculosis, Friedmann Treatment. 101.

Tuberculosis Immunizing Vaccine, 463.

‘Tuberculosis in Small Rodents, 100.

Immunization,

in Switzerland,

Human

Army Veterinary Service:

Army Veterinary Picnic, 219.

Army Horses and Army Remount Ser-
vice, 648.

Percheron as Army Horse, 467.

Regulations for Officers’ Reserve Corps,
341.

Surgeon General Ireland, Letter, 340.

Veterinary Corps, Examination for Ap-
pointment, 103, 218.

Association News:

American Veterinary Medical Association
Genver Doings, 239.

Notes, 372, 508, 669, 802.

Resident Secretaries, 667,
Women’s Auxiliary, 241.

Proceedings of Fifty-Eighth Annual Meet-
ing

Amendment to By-Laws. 369.

Election of Officers, 350. ;

Place of Next Meeting, 370, 493.

Proceedings, 220, 349, 471, 657, 787.

Report of Auditing Committee, 470.

Report of Budget Committee, 502.

Report of Committee on Abortion, 235.

Report of Committee on Anatomical
Nomeclature, 503.

Report of Committee on
culosis, 363.

Report of Committee on Emblem, 500.

Report of Committee on History, 234.

Report of Committee on Intelligence and
Edueation, 475.

Report of Committee on International Vet-
erinary Conference, 237.

Report of Committee on Legislation,

Report of Committee on Necrology, 35

Report of Committee on Resolutions, 503.

Report of Editor, 787.

Report of Executive Board, 223.
492, 500.

Report of Representative on Advisory
Hoan of Horse Association of America,
54

Report of Secretary, 228.

Report of Treasurer, 231, 790.

Sections, Joint Meeting, 657.

Section on Education ‘and Research, 65

Section on General Practice, 657. 662.

Section on Sanitary Science a Police,
657, 667.

Section on Veterinary Colleges and Ex-
amining Boards, 666.

Special Committee on Prevention and Con-
trol of Animal Diseases, 369.

Other Meetings

Alabama Veterinary Medical Association,
670.

British Columbia Veterinary
520.

California Board of Examiners, 375.

California State Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, 376.

California Veterinary Practitioners’
ference, 799.

Central Michigan Veterinary Medical So-
ciety, 375, 325.

Central Pennsylvania Veterinary Club,
250.

Colorado Veterinary Medical Association,
525, 797.

Conference of Research Workers in Ani-
mal Diseases, 519.
Connecticut Veterinary

tion, 799.
Georgia Veterinary Association, 246.
Ilimo Veterinary Medical Association, 523.

Bovine Tuber-

349. 471,

Association,

Con-

Medical Associa-

International Conference on _ Epizootic
Diseases of Domestic Animals (Paris),
124, 251.

Kentucky Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, 110.

Maine Veterinary Medical Association,

798.
Manitoba Veterinary Association, 374.
Maryland State Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, 114,
Mississippi Delta
249,
Mississippi State Veterinary
sociation, 525.

Veterinary Association,

Medical As-

Missouri Valley Veterinary Association,
106, 526. af
Montana Veterinary Medical Association,

113
National Association of B. A. I. Veteri-
narians, Metropolitan Division, 522.
New York State Veterinary Medical So

ciety, 243.
North Dakota
sociation, 111.

Veterinary Medical As-

Vill INDEX

Oklahoma Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, 670.

Ontario Veterinary Association, 118.

Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical
Association, 377.

Philadelphia Veterinary Club, 3876, 524,
669.

Quebec Veterinary Medical Association,
251.

Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, 524.

Southeastern States Veterinary Medical
Association, 524, 801.

Tuberculosis Eradication Conference (Chi-
cago), 258, 515.

YVnited States Livestock Sanitary Asso-
ciation, 510.

University of Pennsylvania Conference of
Veterinarians, 671.

University of Pennsylvania Veterinary
Alumni Dinner, 245,

Western Michigan Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, 245.

Western New York Veterinary Medical
Association, 113, 378.

Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association,
800.

World’s Poultry Congress, 252.

Editorial:

Animal Experimentation, the Veterinarian
and, 265.

Antivivisection Antics, 268.

Chiropractic, Veterinary, 142.

Cuban-American Veterinary Entente Cor-
diale, 681.

Denver Convention, 1.

Diseases of Livestock on Wane, 679.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Immunization,
139.

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Sweeps Great
Britain. 677.

Old and New Year, 399.

Opportunities for Veterinarians, 400.

President, Our Newly Elected (A. T.
Kinsley), 7.

Press, Annual Meeting and, 268.

Rabies, Reminder of Real Danger, 269.

Students, Veterinary, Enrollment, 537.

Students, Veterinary. Shortage. 143.

Tuberculosis Work, Additional Funds, 401.

Vaccine Therapy, Efficiency, 141.

Veterinarian and Public Health, 538.

Book Reviews:

Diseases of the Small Domestic Animals,
Oscar Victor Brumley. 646.

Italian Veterinary Annual, 647.

Laboratory Manual in General Micro-
biology, Ward Giltner, 216.

Regional Anatomy of Domestic Animals,
The Pig, E. Bourdelle, 337.

Communications:

Cuban Medical Congress, Invitation, 527-

Ecuador, Letter, 256,

Horses, Tractors and Trucks, 383.

Mississippi, Exhibition in, 385.

Morgan Horse, Five Lumbar Vertebrae,
379.
low Fever, 674.

Post-Card Advertising by Veterinary Sup-
ply Houses, 255.

Protecting the Stock, 121,

Purebred Stock, 529.

Watch Out for “Dr. J. Hanigan,”’ 255.

Necrology:

Albrechtsen, Jacob, 530.
Archibald, R. A., 803.
Armsby, Henry Prentiss, 530.
Babcock, Charles H., 386,
Barnes, F. E., 128.

Edwards, W. C., 259.

Gunn, Nelson T., 533.
Harker, G. Frank, 123.
Helmer, Jacob, 532,

Jobson, George B., 672.
Linn, Willard L., 673,
Rectenwald. Mrs. N., 678.
Robinson, Charles Barnwell, 672. -
White, S. W., 387.

Winsloe, J. A. H., 673.

Miscellaneous:

American Legion Adopts Tuberculosis”

Resolution, 526.

Animal Experimentation, the Doctor and
the Dog, 91.

Antituberculosis Vaccination, 282.

Chiropractic, Veterinary, Again, 452.

Food and Drug Law, Violations, 808.

Government Scientific Periodicals Sus-
pended, 676.

Hassall, Albert, Honored, 760.

Hookworm Treatment, 807.

Horse Breeding, Move to Assist, 258.

Horse for Street Cleaning, 21.

Horses and Mules in War, 169.

Horses, Endurance Test, 392.

Horses Raise Cash, 534.. -

Hoskins, Dean, Memorial Meeting, 805.

International Congress on Comparative
Pathology, 605.

McEachran, Duncan, Honored Guest, 388.

Morgan Horse, Famous, Honored, 261.

Mountain Trip, 393.

Rommel, George M., Resigns, 305,

St. Kitts, Veterinary Practice in, 434.

Salmon Memorial Fund. 259.

South Dakota Laboratory Service, 671.

Tapeworms in Dogs, Treatment, 396.

Tuberculin Test by Area Plan, 395.

Tuberculosis, German Savants on, 385.

Tumors in Ethmoid Bones of Horses, 804.

Veterinary and Human Medicine, Co-
operation, 624.

Williams, W. L., Compliment to, 339.

Wood, Gen. Leonard, Fight Against Yel-
low fever, 674.

—~-

JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medieal Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.)
J. R. Mower, Editor, Washington, D. C.

A. T. Kinsey, President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, III.
M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board
GEo. HILTON, 1st District; T. £. MuNce, 2nd District; S. E. BeNNetr, 3rd District;
J. A. KrerRNAN, 4th District; C. E. Corron, 5th District; R. A.
ARCHIBALD, 6th District

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KreRNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNaL, outside of its own authorized actions. _
Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vor. 1x, NS. Vor. 13 OCTOBER, 1921 No. 1

THE DENVER CONVENTION

THE fifty-eighth annual convention of the American Vet-
erinary Medical Association was called to order by President
David _S. White, in the Municipal Auditorium, Denver, on
September 5, after an entertaining pipe-organ recital. The
invocation was. delivered by Rev. James E. Davis, pastor of
the local Central Christian Church. The assemblage was of-
ficially welcomed to the city by the Hon. Dewey C. Bailey,
Mayor of Denver, who related many interesting experiences
of his fifty years in the cattle business, particularly those which
he had with Texas fever in the early days when he trailed
Texas cattle through Kansas and into Colorado. Colonel H.
KE. Bemis, of. Ames, Iowa, responded happily and entertainingly
to the mayor’s address of welcome.

After several well-received vocal solos by H. W. Stanton,
of Denver, President White delivered himself of a scholarly
and well-prepared presidential address, outlining the work ac-
complished by the Association within the last year and_ pre-
dicting a steady growth for the future. This address will be
found as the first paper in this issue.

The first business session of the convention was opened in
the afternoon with the report of the Executive Board, fol-
lowed by the election of new members, the reports of the

2 EDITORIAL

Secretary and of the Treasurer, and various reports of the
different committees.

Monday evening the President’s reception was held in the
ball-room of the Albany Hotel, the headquarters of the con-
vention. Dancing, with excellent music, followed until mid-
night, and many members availed themselves of this oppor-
tunity of rejuvenation.

SECTION PAPERS

On Tuesday morning the various sections of the Association
met in joint session, beginning with an organ recital, and then
proceeded with the reading of papers. Unfortunately many of
those who were on the program failed to appear, but this was
counteracted by the opportunity for more extended discussion
of the papers of the authors present.

Dr. Jakeman, Chairman of the Section on Sanitary Science
and Police, who presided at the combined meeting of the three
sections, noted the need of familiarizing the public with the
work of the veterinary profession. The fact is not appreciated
that the livestock sanitary officer is a veterinarian. The vet-
erinarian should be credited with his service in protecting
human and animal health, in addition to being recognized as
one who treats sick animals. Whenever possible he should
cooperate with the medical man.

Dr. T. E. Munee stated that biological products are being
used by veterinarians as a substitute for true prophylaxis, such
as the primarily and fundamentally important sanitary meas-
ures. Prophylaxis is always possible to some extent, even with-
out full knowledge of a disease, though this knowledge is needed
for formulating the best prophylactic measures. The pro-
ducer of food is a highly important factor in preventing animal
diseases. Pennsylvania has a veterinarian devoting his time
to disease prevention. The application of known measures
will control most, if not all, of our transmissible diseases. Dr.
Munee read a series of sixteen principles for disease control
and recommended that a commission be appointed to study the
subject of prophylaxis and report on it.

Drs. Records and Vawter presented a paper, read by the
latter, on hemoglobinuria, and discussed the symptoms of the
disease and reported the nature of the blood picture. There
is a hemoglobinemia and a leucocytosis. The postmortem pie-
ture was given in detail. The bacteriological findings are of

Eprroriau 3

especial interest. A number of bacterial forms may be isolated
from various eases of the disease, but Bacillus welchi was the
only one constantly found present wherever examination was
made under suitable conditions, and is the only one with hemo-
lytic properties. Administered by mouth to cattle, it was in-
effective in producing the disease, but intramuscular injections
produced a number of eases in cattle. Apparently there are
some unknown contributing or predisposing factors in the dis-
ease, and it has a seasonal and regional incidence. Treatment
was also discussed.

Dr. C. D. Marsh gave a general talk of an informal nature,
illustrated by lantern slides showing poisonous plants and poi-
soned animals. He noted that whereas poisonous plants occur
all over the United States, the losses in the West are much
the more important, due to the conditions under which live-
stock is kept. Cattle are turned loose for months and drift
over areas of poisonous plants, and sheep are handled by
herders who oceasionally herd them over dangerous areas
through ignorance. Stock poisoning is usually the sequel to a
searcity of feed, poisonous plants not being eaten from choice
as a rule. There are few remedies that are of use under range
conditions. Dr. Marsh exhibited specimens of whorled milk-
weed, death camas, sneezeweed, rubber plant, high larkspur
and aconite, and slides dealing with death camas, lupine, azalea,
rubber plant, larkspur, sneezeweed, cherry and whorled milk-
weed.

Dr. Frederick Torrance’s paper, which was read by Dr. Hil-
ton, reported the results of Canadian measures for controlling
the spread of hog cholera by garbage. The law prohibits the
feeding of garbage away from the premises on which the garb-
age is produced, except under regulation and license. It is
provided that such licensed persons must cook the garbage
under suitable conditions and maintain a sanitary establish-
ment. An outbreak of cholera is regarded as proof of viola-
tion of the law in the absence of evidence to the contrary.
This law works well in controlling hog cholera. Since its pas-
Sage, Six years ago, 90 per cent of the outbreaks of hog cholera
have been found to be due to violations of the law in regard to
garbage feeding.

Dr. George H. Glover reported that Fabre has been a greatly
increased interest in the subject of municipal food inspection

{ Ki DITORIAL

among people in general if not among the veterinary profes-
sion. Such inspection is important in protecting the public
health and therefore is more vital than streets, sidewalks, ete.
Municipal inspection is feasible. The veterinarian must take
an interest in this matter and other matters of public health.
Dr. Glover gave a detailed account of the introduction of mu-
nicipal inspection into Fort Collins, Colorado, noting the value
of interesting the women’s clubs in this matter.

Dr. Maurice C. Hall in his paper stated that we must take
stock of our knowledge of treatments and preventive measures
for the various parasitic diseases and adopt the most feasible
and practical measures. In some cases we have good treatments
and no practical prophylaxis. In other cases we, have effective
prophylaxis and no effective treatments yet known. Prophy-
laxis is often impractical in the control of such parasites as
many of the nematodes of herbivores, where it is necessary to
run these animals on pasture. The animals soil their feet with
their feces and the parasites develop too rapidly to make pas-
ture rotation at short intervals a practical control measure,
owing to economic limitations. Under such conditions treat-
ment is more practical and more important than any known
prophylaxis.

Lack of time and space prevents the abstractive of the ex-
cellent addresses presented on the last two days of the meet-
ing by Drs. 8S. Sisson, J.-W. Adams, Fred M. Hayes, H. #H.
Kingman, O. E. Troy, R. H. Beaudette, F. H. McNair, Fred
R. Jones, I. E. Newsom, D. J. Healy, Louis Santa Maria, W. J.
Embree, George W. Stiles, Jr., and R. C. Reed, but they will
be printed in the JouRNAL as speedily as possible.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

The election of officers was the principal feature of the gen-
eral session on Tuesday afternoon. Dr. Glover nominated Dr.
A. T. Kinsley for President, while Dr. Eliason nominated Dr.
T. H. Ferguson. When the ballots were counted Dr. Kinsley had
100 votes against Dr. Ferguson’s 62, so the former was declared
duly elected. Other officers eleeted were Charles G. Lamb,
Denver, Colo., First Vice-President; J. F. McKenna, Fresno,
Calif., Second Vice-President; W. H. Robinson, Portland, Me.,
Third Vice-President; W. A. Hilliard, Winnipeg, Canada,
Fourth Vice-President; Hamlet Moore, New Orleans, La., Fifth

Eprroriau 5

Vice-President; M. Jacob, Knoxville, Tenn., Treasurer. The
Secretary and also the Editor sueceed themselves.

The election of Dr. Kinsley to the presidency creates a va-
caney on the Executive Board in the position of member at
large. This vacancy may be filled temporarily by the incoming
President, but the permanent member must be chosen by the
ballots of the members present at the convention next year.

ENTERTAINMENT FEATURES

Tuesday evening banquets were held by alumni of the vari-
ous colleges, as well as by the Shriners’ Club and several other
associations.

The one big feature of the meeting was the entertainment
provided all day Wednesday by the 70-mile automobile drive
through Denver’s mountain park system, with a ‘‘beef-steak
fry’? at noon on Lookout Mountain, overlooking the town of
tolden and adjacent to the last resting place of ‘‘ Buffalo Bill,’’
the Indian scout and buffalo hunter. The return was made by
Bear Creek Canyon, one of the most famous scenic motor drives
in the Rockies.

The wives and families of the delegates were given additional
‘entertainment by an automobile trip through the city and
surrounding sections on Thursday afternoon, and a card party
Tuesday night. They were likewise present in large numbers
at the general session Wednesday evening, when Prof. H. R.
Smith, of Chicago, spoke on the subject of tuberculosis eradi-
cation and displayed the motion picture ‘‘Out of the Shadows,”’
a film which shows the efforts being made to combat the spread
of tuberculosis among cattle. Other films shown included the
subjects of hog cholera control, tick eradication and Federal
meat inspection.

THe LaApres’ AUXILIARY

Members of the Ladies’ Auxiliary of the Association met
Tuesday afternoon at the Albany Hotel. After prayer by
Mrs. C. E. Cotton, of Minneapolis, Mrs. G. H. Glover, of Fort
Collins, welcomed the members to the city. The President's
address was made by Mrs. A. T. Kinsley, of Kansas City, while
Mrs. J. P. Turner, of Washington, D. C., who was unable to
be present, sent an excellent paper which was read_ by. the
Secretary.

6 EprroriAL

ELECTION OF SECTION OFFICERS

After the programs of the various sections of the Association
had been completed the sections proceeded to the election of
their officers, with the following result:

Section on General Practicee—W. E. Muldoon, Chairman; H.
E. Kingman, Seeretary.

Section on Sanitary Science and Police—R. C. Reed, Chair-
man; H. Preston Hoskins, Secretary.

Section on Education and Research (formerly Section on
College Faculties and Examining Boards)—C. P. Fitch, Chair-
man; L. W. Goss, Secretary.

PLACE OF NExt MEETING

Through a real booster’s talk by Mr. Hatfield, of the Chamber
of Commerce of St. Louis, an invitation was extended to the
Association to hold its next meeting at St. Louis, while both
Drs. Eliason and Ferguson solicited the next meeting for Madi-
son, Wis. At this session there happened to be only 86 mem-
bers present, a slight majority of whom favored recommending
to the Executive Board that the latter place be selected. How-
ever, the final selection will be left in abeyance until the next ~
meeting of the Board in December.

ATTENDANCE AND MEMBERSHIP

During the convention there were 337 persons registered, of
whom 217 were members of the Association. The number of new
members elected at Denver was approximately 250, but this was
not considered satisfactory, so a committee on new members was
appointed, consisting of the President, the Chairman of the
Executive Board, the Secretary and the Editor, to work out
some definite plan for increasing our membership. Sugges-
tions will be gladly received by this committee. Commissioner
of Agriculture Whittlesey of Connecticut was the only honorary
member elected this year.

Taken as a unit, the convention combined one of the most
instructive and entertaining meetings ever held, and a large
number of the delegates declared that from both an educational
and a social point of view it was of vast benefit to them. - The
cool, bracing weather was also deeply appreciated, especially
by those who came from sections of the country where the past
summer’s heat had been unusually intense.

EDITORIAL i

OUR NEWLY ELECTED PRESIDENT

DR. ALBERT T. KINSLEY, who was elected President of the
American Veterinary Medical Association for the ensuing year
at the meeting held in Denver, Colorado, September 5 to 9,
needs no introduction to the readers of THE JouRNAL. Through
his connections with the Kansas State Agricultural College and
the Kansas City Veterinary College, his activities in the inter-
ests of the veterinary profession and the veterinary organi-
zations of which he is a member, his able addresses and liberal
contributions to veterinary literature, his ability as a teacher,
and his geniality, he enjoys a wide acquaintance among the
members of the veterinary profession in this country and is
recognized abroad as an authority on veterinary matters.

Dr. Kinsley was born of English parents at Independence,
lowa, February 26, 1877. His early education was obtained in
the public schools of the State where he was born. In 1899
he graduated from the Kansas State Agricultural College with
the degree of B. S. Throughout his collegiate course he dis-
played such marked aptitude that after graduating he was
employed by the College as instructor in bacteriology. He re-
mained at the College from 1899 to 1901, where, in connection
with his duties as instructor, he continued his studies, and was
awarded his M. S. degree in 1901. After leaving the Kansas
College he took special work at the University of Chicago, after
which he entered the Kansas City Vetermary College, graduat-
ing with the class of 1904. Immediately after graduation he
accepted the chair of pathology and director of the museum in
that college. In addition to teaching bacteriology and pathology
from 1904 to 1918, he was President of the Kansas City Vet-
erinary College from 1912 to 1918.

Dr. Kinsley has been an active member of the A. V. M. A.
for many years and was honored with the vice-presidency m
1909-10. He is a member of the Missouri State Veterinary Medi-
eal Association and the Missouri Valley Veterinary Medical
Association, and served as president of*the latter in 1909-10.

In connection with his duties as an edueator, Dr. Kinsley has
written many valuable articles, including ‘‘Zine Poisoning in
Cattle,’’ ‘‘Wound Healing,’’ ‘‘The Significance of Pathology to
the Practitioner,’’ ‘‘Porcine Tuberculocis,’’ ‘‘Ocular Epithelio-
Sareoma,’’ ‘‘Epithelioma Contagiosum,’’ ‘‘Equine Infectious
Anemia,’’ ‘‘A Disease in Chickens,’’ ‘‘Cornstalk Disease,’’ ete.

EDITORIAL

DR. A. T. KINSLEY

fle is also the author of a work on ‘Veterinary Pathology’? and
another on ‘‘Diseases of Swine.’’

Dr. Kinsley is thoroughly fitted for the responsible position

im the A. V. M. A. to which he has been elected. He has the
backing of the organization, and THE

JOURNAL wishes him a
” . a e e
successtul administration.

THE ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT:

By Davip 8S. WHITE

Columbus, Ohio

IT IS REQUIRED by our Constitution that the President
deliver an address. This imposes an arduous but not unpleas-
ant task. In the political world the President of a country or
the Governor of a State delivers, on his installation into office,
an inaugural address in which he sets forth, sometimes reiter-
ating campaign pledges, his policies. This places him at a de-
cided disadvantage, for before he can realize the many situations
which will confront him and the many important decisions he
must make, he is compelled to commit himself in advance. We
have adopted the safer plan requiring that the President’s ad-
dress be delivered at the end of his term of office and after he
has experienced a year of service. I do not know that the
address is ever taken very seriously by the rank and file of the
members. I think sometimes it is looked upon as a part of the
perfunctory routine, and perhaps by a minority as the ‘‘swan
song’’ of the incumbent.

To become president of an organization such as this I look
upon as a great honor and one which should be conferred only
upon a member who through the years has shown his devotion
to the profession and to the Association by having given through
them some service of benefit to mankind. In looking over the
list of my predecessors in office, I believe this has been the aim
and object of the membership. I therefore take this occasion to
thank each and all of you for this honor. I have tried to accept
it in the spirit in which it was given and to render what service !
could to the cause for which we stand. If I have failed it is
because I lacked in ability and not in inclination.

The term of office is too short for any given President to make
an impress upon the organization. According to our Constitu-
tion he is elected for one year only and may never hope of reelec-
tion. In a democracy, such as our Association should be, this is
probably a wise provision. But nevertheless the continuous

1Presented at the fiftyv-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

9

10 Davip S. WHITE

administration of the affairs of the Association must be left to
other officers whose terms are more permanent. While it is
admitted that an absolute despotism is an ideal form of govern-
ment, provided a good despot is available, the experience of the
world has demonstrated it to be too risky to be adopted gener-
ally. Despots are always human and suffer from the frailties

DR. DAVID S. WHITE

Retiring President, American Veterinary Medical Association

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 1]

of human nature, which frailties, as history shows, seemed to be
intensified in some despots. Civilized humanity, therefore, has
turned from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, and
from constitutional monarchy to democracy. While admittedly
much has been surrendered to make these changes, the least of
the evils seems to be a democratic form of government. I do not
mean to advocate that either the term of office of your President
be lengthened or his reelection be made possible. I do, however,
wish to draw attention to the facts which in part explain the
innocuous desuetude into which your President may seem to
sink.

Fifty-eight years ago a small group of men, graduates of
veterinary colleges, met together in an eastern city and founded
this Association. They builded better than they knew. In those
days veterimary medicine in this country was in a most primitive
state. The value of livestock was low and what little veterinary
service was required was furnished by the illiterate, self-trained
empiric. In no State did laws exist governing the practice of
our profession, and with the exception of two or three schools,
each offering a most abbreviated curriculum and each dependent
entirely upon student fees for its support, there were no oppor-
tunities to gain a veterinary education. State veterinary medi-
cine did not exist. The only thing that lay before these far-
seeing charter members was their faith in the future. During
the half century which has followed some of them have lived to
witness the changes which time has brought and to realize their
aspirations and hopes. Today this Association is the largest
veterinary organization in the world. Laws controlling the
practice of the profession now exist in practically every State.
The private vetermary school which sustained the profession
during its formative years has given way to institutions of veteri-
nary learning supported by the people. There have also de-
veloped National and State Bureaus of Animal Industry, which
have as their function the control and eradication of animal
disease, now carried on, for the most part, through well planned
and directed organizations. The results have justified their
existence. In connection with them veterinary research has been
continuous and fruitful. Today no countries in the world enjoy
greater freedom from animal plagues than do the Dominion of
Canada and the United States.

12 Davip S. WHITE

One of our longest fought battles against disease was in the
nineteenth century when contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle
was conquered. One of our most successful campaigns was di-
rected against foot-and-mouth disease, which had been an inter-
mittent visitor since 1870.

In 1914 the most widespread outbreak in the history of the
country occurred. Within three months the disease spread over
twenty-one States and the District of Columbia. But notwith-
standing the extraordinary communicability of the disease and
the fact that the rank and file of the profession had had no
previous experience with it, and that many people in authority,
ignorant of its powers of devastation, opposed our measures of
eradication as being too drastic, the disorder was finally com-
pelled to desert our shores.

With Texas fever there has been a gratifying decrease in
the geographical areas infested with the tick harboring the
protozoon of this disease. If our well-directed efforts are con-
tinued we are justified in assuming that this cattle plague will
cease to exist in this country. The importance of this work to
the cattle raiser of the Southern States can not be overestimated.
It has removed from him the handicap of a restricted market
and, permitted him to infuse into his herds the best blood.

Dourine, which for a time threatened horse breeding, has also
been conquered. We now know how to control hog cholera.

The control and eradication of tuberculosis has resolved itself
into a purely economic problem. The scientific facts underlying
the mechanism of control are now well established. About the
accredited herd plan I am optimistic. I believe it will eventu-
ally work out, especially since the cooperation of the layman
has been secured. In this connection a certain amount of oppo-
sition has come from the veterinary practitioner, but I do not
anticipate that this will continue when the organizations of
official veterinarians have been functioning long enough to learn
the part which they should rightly play in the game and the
encroachments upon private practice become less obvious. Any
scheme of disease control which ignores the reputable prac-
titioner is faulty. On the other hand, experience has shown that
unsupported individual effort, no matter how skilfully it may
be applied, finds the restrictions imposed too great to accomplish

the best results.

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT il

Once we secure the hearty cooperation of the State and
National Governments, represented by official veterinarians, the
veterinary practitioner and the layman, a successful program
of disease control and eradication can be put into effect. Most
of the difficulties which we as a profession meet in battling
against animal disease are due to misunderstandings, ignorance
and sometimes prejudice. However, as right must always
prevail in the end, so may we expect that when hearty cooper-
ation is obtained among the three groups mentioned, the diffi-
culties will be removed and the chaos changed to cosmos. It
takes time and energy to develop any piece of smooth-running
machinery. The chief engineer of a company building the most
expensive automotive vehicle in this country told me that it
required six years ‘‘to get the ‘niggers’ out of the motor.’’ It
can not be expected, therefore, that in a few months a perfect
mechanism of disease control can be designed and put into ef-
fectual operation. Disease control means war, and war of
necessity makes it unpleasant for many people.

The past half century marks the formative period of the vet-
erinary profession on this continent. The process of its develop-
ment, like that of the other professions, has been. evolutionary.
It is still evolving. None of us will ever live to see it perfected.

This Association is the only mechanism we have to bring
together the leaders of the profession in North America to
exchange experiences, witness demonstrations and formulate
policies. It has always been my desire to see this Association
dominate veterinary policies and politics on this continent.
That we have not to date fully accomplished these things has
been largely due to our intense interest in mere technical de-
tails and the internal politics of the Association. These things
are perfectly natural in an organization representing a profes-
sion still in its swaddling clothes. Fifty years is a long time
in the life of an individual but is only a day in the development
of a profession. :

The future of this organization will depend upon the leader-
ship of those elected to conduct its affairs. Our leaders must
be men, therefore, of broad vision and not representative of only
one of the various phases of professional activity. It would be
a mistake to permit this Association to be dominated by the
teacher interested only in teaching, the research man who sees

14 Davip 8S. WHITE

nothing beyond his narrow field, the vender of biological pro-
ducts imbued only with the spirit of commercialism, the official
veterinarian who lays all stress on regulatory measures, or even
the veterinary practitioner who cares for naught but the art of
practice. Although we can not all be experts at teaching,
research, commercialism, officials, or practicers of veterinary art,
we can be, every one of us, veterinarians. And of veterinarians
only should this organization be made up. Therefore I am ask-
ing each group representing a phase of veterinary medicine to
go over into the camps of the other groups, learn their prob-
lems, see what they are actually up against and endeavor to meet
them half way in any act of cooperation which will contribute
toward making us a united whole. As the President of the
British Veterinary Association puts it: ‘‘No profession, however
large, can be really powerful without unity; and in a small
profession unity is one of the essentials of existence.’’ We

should strive, therefore, to forget our petty differences, trivial |

rivalries and little jealousies and become more tolerant of the
opinions of our colleagues in order that complete unity of pur-
pose and unity of action may be realized. For without these
things we can not as a profession bring to bear our full strength,
and without this we will not be able to attain our legitimate
goal.

I can not emphasize too much the importance of unity. While
admittedly we have made progress in this regard in the last
half century, nevertheless I firmly believe it would have been
more rapid and fruitful had we been more firmly united through
the years which have passed. Our sister profession, the med-
ical, has suffered from the same lack of unity as we. The
tendency to split off into cliques and factions has been common
to it. Lack of unity and hideboundness has injected into the
medical profession various cults and sects which today are
sapping the vitality of the physicians belonging to the so-called
regular school. The difference of opinion among medical men
in technical matters and the tendency for one physician to
berate another has had its effect upon the laity. Those without
the pale stand nonplused at the situation of the doctors con-
tinually disagreeing. Consequently when certain medical cults
and sects ask of the laity modifications in the medical law, which
gives to them a legal professional status, it is too often

.

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 15

granted. In our profession the situation in this regard is much
less complex. But we also have our troubles and dissensions
although not of the same kind. I think sometimes we are too
apt to clique off into little, self- interested groups, each with its
own leader and each at cross purposes with the other groups.
A strong nation has never been built out of a conglomeration of
disunited States, each an autonomous entity and independent
of the rest. What would be our history as a nation today had
the States Rights doctrine of the Confederacy won over the
Nationalism of the Federacy during the Civil War? In place of
a mighty republic, now the strongest on earth, we would find
this continent occupied by a number of disintegrated sections,
each with its own form of government and quarrelling with its
neighbors. Firmly united the veterinary profession is already
weak enough to fight the battles which it must fight im order to
carry on its legitimate work. :

Because of certain dissatisfactions, which may be in part
justified, there seems to be a tendency among certain groups of
veterinarians to abandon already established organizations and
initiate ones of their own. This is deplorable. I do not believe
that any group of veterinarians representing only one or two
of the various phases of the profession can divorce themselves
from the rest of us and go it independently. Practice, research,
teaching, regulatory work and the military must be ever inter-
woven and overlapping. Among them there can be no marked
line of cleavage drawn. They are interdependent. One can no
more think of removing as a body from the American Veterinary
Medical Association or from any State organization a group of
veterinarians representing a phase of professional work and
expect the mechanism to function any more than one could hope
to see a motor car operate from which the transmission had been
removed. We must remember the danger of a Mexican political
policy, a scheme of self determination run riot, a erippling af-
fliction which hurts all of us and in the long run does none of
us any good.

I have therefore taken as my theme for this message the doc-
trine of unity. I have done so in the hope that this acorn of
desire and appeal would fall upon fallow ground, where, nour-
ished by the soil of harmony and watered by the rain of cooper-

ation, it would sprout and grow and develop into a mighty oak

16 Davip S. WHITE

whose branches would reach upward to protect against the sun
of rancor and discord, and whose every part, even to the small-
est twig, would be a component of a beautifully organized whole
able to resist the storms of summer and the tempests of winter.
Whether it stand in the forest or in the open it represents not
only a thing of beauty but also an object of usefulness.

To each of the following items I beg leave to briefly draw your
attention :

Schooils—The greatest need of the profession today, In my
opinion, is men with education and the ability of leadership.
While I believe we possess a few of this type, as yet not enough
have joined our ranks to stabilize our efforts. Our recruiting
station is the veterinary school. According to the discipline of
the profession each member must be first a graduate of an ac-
credited college. Due to influences, some of them emanating
from our own ranks, the student population of our schools has
suffered a material reduction, especially in the past five years.
The following table shows the number of students matriculated
in each of the State veterinary schools and the single accredited
private school in November, 1920:

Alabama-Polytechnic institute
Colorado Agricultural College ... £550. ENE i. Sed 88
Geervia State. Agricultural College"... Se ee 21
fowa state -Apricultural College... 2 eee 94

Kansas State ‘Agricultural College... Le eee 61

Michigan Agricultural College... 21
New York State Veterinary College (Cornell) 78
New York State Veterinary College (New York University) ....... 23
MinioOPS Pate MU MiVeEr SUG, ict ecg ha ae See nc 106
Ontario Veterinary College (Toronto, Canada) 0. cccccc ee OD
Dnigersivy of ‘Pennsylvania: 0 23 ee FSO
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College 18
State .Collegetot Washington...) 2 SS eee 22
Fadiana Vetermary College..." 3 SS ee 136

J ifs) | en ts. neon re coe 2D

It would seem passing strange that in a country of one hun-
dred and ten millions of people, with livestock valued at close
to ten billions of dollars, only eight hundred and forty-six young
men desire to pursue a course in veterinary medicine.

There has been a tendency to increase the number of veteri-
nary schools supported by the people. As a matter of State
pride individual commonwealths have seriously considered the
establishment of such institutions. It would be unfortunate

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 17

should the number of veterinary schools increase until there
came from the people a greater demand for this type of educa-
tion. While there was an excuse for the maintenance of a
private veterinary school of mediocre caliber, there can be no
reason for the existence of a State veterinary college which is in
teaching staff, housing and facilities not in keeping with the
increasing demands of animal husbandry. As _ practically atl
State-supported schools will be located at land-grant colleges,
those having but few students will receive of the legislative ap-
propriations granted the institution but a scant share. Medical
education is an expensive thing. The cost of turning out a weil
trained medical man greatly exceeds that of producing a man
of law, divinity, engineering or agriculture. When the distribu-
tion of the funds of an institution is on the basis of ‘‘the greatest
eood to the greatest number,’’ obviously a poorly attended veter-
inary department will suffer financially. It would be far wiser
if those States ambitious to support a school of veterinary medi-
eine would give only the first two years of the curriculum and
in a tangible way assist the student who wishes to complete the
course at an already well established veterinary school. This
device would not only be more economical for the initial State
but would tend to make the best schools more populous in
student numbers and better endowed by the States in which they
are located.

I believe it is the duty of every veterinarian to encourage
rather than discourage, as some are doing, young men of the
right type to enter the profession. The emoluments of the pro-
fession are today greater for the expert than they ever wer,
but for the man of mediocre type they often do not offer suf-
ficient remuneration to reimburse him for the time and money
spent at school, and from now on they never will. There was a
day when ‘
a man of no education, meager training and little or no dexter-

‘any fool could farm.’’ There was also a day when

ity in the art of veterinary practice vould make a good living or
at least a fairly easy livelihood. That day is gone.

The Army.—While the situation in the Army is very much
better than it was prior to the great war, the Veterinary Service
has not yet been given the authority to do its own job nor has it
attained the stable status of the other staff corps. The Veteri-

nary Corps has still at its head a medieal officer, and I am in-

18 Davip S. WuHiItEe

formed that veterinary officers in the field are under the imme-
diate supervision of medical officers. Concerning both of these
situations I think there exists in the profession a unanimity of
opinion. That a veterinary officer should be at the head of the
Veterinary Service of the United States Army there seems to
be a general agreement. Leading veterinarians of the country,
both military and civilian, seem to feel that the absence of such
an arrangement places a decided stigma upon a_ profession
which in civil life has been able to run its own show whenever it
has been given the authority to do so. So much for the diagnosis.
The treatment, however, does not seem so simple. The Veteri-
nary Service of the Army up until after we entered the great
war had been criminally neglected. The older veterinarians, who
held the rank of a field officer, had never been given the oppor-
tunity to develop themselves ‘as administrators. They were
regimental officers, each the technical advisor of his command-
ing officer. The idea of an organized service had never been
seriously considered even by many of the ranking veterinary
officers. However, this is but a repetition of the history of the
siaff corps services in our Army, each of which attained its
present status only after years of heroic endeavor. It must
therefore be expected that the Veterinary Service must pass
through practically the same evolutionary stages which other
noncombatant services have passed through. Furthermore, 4
military establishment which remains too long at peace tends to
degenerate into a state of conservatism rarely approached in
civil life. This conservative mental attitude harbored by many
officers of high rank and influence obviously make progress for
the new-created veterinary service extremely difficult. The
3ritish Army, which gives to its veterinary officers greater au-
thority than any army in existence, and which for this reason
has been able to create the most efficient animal salvage corps the
world has ever known, offers from a veterinary standpoint many
advantages over our own. In the first place it made the veteri-
nary service attractive to young men not only in rank and pay
but in opportunity to see the world and some action, as this army
is fighting somewhere nearly all the time. It took Great Britain,
however, nearly half a century and two great wars to create its
army veterinary service. It will probably require of us as long
a time.

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 19

I have been in correspondence with Major General Ireland,
Surgeon General of the Army, in regard to this matter, and have
offered some suggestions which im time should work out to the
benefit of the Veterinary Service. In my opinion General Ire-
land thoroughly understands the situation, is in sympathy with
the veterinary officer and his problems, and will eventually be
able to set the Veterinary Service on its feet. It would seem to
me logical, inasmuch as no veterinary officer of sufficient rank is
available to act as director, for the Surgeon General to select
from among the veterinary officers one who with opportunity
and experience would make an efficient director and who event-
ually could be placed at the head of the Veterinary Corps. If
something of this sort is not done, I do not see how we can hope
to develop a veterinary officer for this position. I do not believe
any attempt has been made to do this thing but I do feel the
present incumbent should have an understudy, a veterinary
officer who could take his place when he is relieved. I have the
highest regard for Colonel Morse. He is a good administrator,
a broad-minded gentleman, and has proved an excellent ‘‘ wet
nurse’’ for the veterinary baby. However, it is to be hoped
that this youngster will soon be weaned and taught to eat solid
food.

In my opinion it will be some time before the Veterinary
Corps can become a separate organization. To attempt to make
it one at this time would be disastrous. For the present and
until it has worked out its salvation and attained an undisputed
status in the Army it should remain in the Medical Department.
For many reasons it is better off there than it would be in any
other department.

National Research Council—Pursuant to the action of this
body, a member of it, a veterinarian of national reputation in
research and experiment, has been appointed a member of the
National Research Council. I believe this to be a good thing.
The more we mingle with scientific, folk outside the profession
the better will the profession be recognized and esteemed by
these folk. Furthermore, many problems in medicine of direct
interest and usefulness to the human being can be best worked
out through cooperation with the properly equipped and trained
veterinarian.

National Narcotic Law.—A communication has been received

m0) Davip S. WHITE

from the National Committee, representing the professions of
medicine, dentistry and pharmacy, at work drafting a new na-
tional narcotic law, requesting that this organization also be
represented. It would seem fitting, therefore, for us to take
action in order that our rights and privileges be looked after
when this matter is being given consideration.

General Anesthesia Law.—The Blue Cross Society has re-
quested that this Association use its good offices to create a
sentiment which will lead eventually to the passage of State
laws requiring that general anesthesia be employed in all major
surgical operations upon animals. For practical reasons the
castration of animals is excepted. A similar law has been
enacted in England. Such legislation, it is thought by the
Society, would, among other things, tend to limit the number
of major surgical operations performed by empirics.

Permanent Secretary.—l|t has been voted to authorize the
Executive Board to make the office of Secretary more perma-
nent, probably combining with it the editorship and management
of the JouRNAL of the Association. This matter has been given
careful consideration by the Executive Board, whose report will
vive the results of their deliberations regarding it.

United States Meat Inspection Service.—Influences are at work
to transfer the Meat Inspection Division of the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry to a Department of Public Welfare. The transfer
is urged on the grounds of economy and efficiency. As it looks
at this distance, there lurks within the danger that national meat
inspection would be taken out of the hands of the veterinarian
and placed under the supervision of a physician. The transfer
would also divorce from the Bureau its largest division and very
probably would lead to expensive duplication in laboratory
facilities and equipment. In the light of our present informa-
tion, the step seems inadvisable both from the professional and
lay standpoints. It is certainly the duty of this Association to
investigate thoroughly this important matter, and to do so before
the transfer is made, in order to be in a position to prevent it
if it is to work injury to the profession. This is a national
problem entirely within the province of this Association to
consider.

It is hoped that you will enjoy a successful meeting both from
the standpoints of acquiring information and at the same time

ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT 21

most healthful recreation. You are being entertained in Amer-
ica’s great playground, the mountains of Colorado. You are
among the biggest hearted, most whole souled and hospitable
people in the world—the people of the Great West. I trust,
therefore, you may not only gain from the literary programs
arranged for you but may also enjoy yourselves to the utmost as
guests of the profession of this great State.

THE HORSE FOR STREET CLEANING

Director Frank H. Caven of the Philadelphia Department
of Public Works has advanced ideas on the subject of street
cleaning and rubbish collection.

His plans for the erection of destructories for the odorless
cremation of street refuse is evidence of this fact.

This is the electric age—the ‘‘Johnny-on-the-spot’’ era of ef-
ficiency.

It is the period when efficiency engineers flourish and by-
products are the creators of greater wealth than the original
article of production.

Notwithstanding this the experimental conclusion of the Di-
rector and his force of engineers is that it is greater economy
to spend something like $800,000 for trucks, wagons and horses
with which to start a city-wide street-cleaning program than to
put the same amount of money into costly gasoline trucks, dump
carts and auto machinery.

A tremendous upkeep is the principal argument against motor
vehicles in street cleaning.

With the construction of destructories long hauls necessitated
by far-distant dumps will be eliminated. A team of horses for
short hauls is more economical than the electric vehicle, at least
at the present stage of development in street cleaning.

About 1,400 horses are required to keep the city streets clean.
This includes teams for the collection of rubbish and garbage.

These horses are used to move ‘21 flushers, 57 trucks, 515
wagons, 100 machine brooms and 50 sprinklers.

If the Department of Public Works went into the auto ash
collection scheme over 1,000 motor-driven vehicles would be re-
quired to keep the city clean.

GARBAGE FEEDING IN RELATION TO THE CONTROL
OF HOG CHOLERA *

By FREDERICK TORRANCE
Veterinary Director General, Canada

GARBAGE as a source of hog cholera had been under sus-
picion for some time previous to the year 1912, when Dr. C. D.
MecGilvray read a paper before this association on the sub-
ject. He gave particulars of several outbreaks in the Province
of Manitoba, where every other source of possible infection
could be excluded, and only garbage remained as the prob-
able infective agent. The presence in the garbage of un-
cooked seraps of pork which might have come from hogs
affected with incipient hog cholera was suggested by Dr. Mc-
Gilvray as the cause.

The statement that hog cholera might be conveyed in this
way was received with some incredulity at the time, but ex-
perience and experiment have confirmed the result which he
reached by a logical inference.

The Health of Animals Branch of the Department of Agri-
culture, dealing with hog cholera as it made its appearance
from time to time in various parts of Canada, accumulated
a lot of evidence that garbage feeding was a very real source
of danger and should be controlled if possible. A new regula-
tion was therefore made and became law on April 27, 1915.
It is as follows:

“The feeding of swine upon garbage or swill, either raw
or cooked, obtained elsewhere than on the premises where
fed, is prohibited, unless special permission in writing is first
obtained from the Veterinary Director General.’’

Feeders of garbage were notified to make application for
a license and required to sign an agreement as follows:

‘‘In consideration of the granting of a license to me, I here-
by agree (1) to boil thoroughly all garbage before feeding
it to swine, and to prevent my swine from having access to

uncooked garbage; (2) to maintain my hogs in a clean, sani-
tary condition; (3) to sell no hogs except for immediate

1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

22

GARBAGE FEEDING AND HoG CHOLERA oo

slaughter; and (4) to notify the veterinary inspector without
delay if sickness appears among my hogs.’’

On receipt of a signed application an inspector is detailed
to visit and report on the premises, and no lhcense is issued
unless the premises are fairly such as can be kept clean and
sanitary and are provided with the appliances necessary for
cooking the garbage. For those keeping only a few pigs, up
to twelve but not more, an ordinary food boiler was con-
sidered satisfactory. For owners having any number in
excess of twelve we require a steam boiler and vats of suf-
ficient capacity for the size of the herd.

Inspection of licensed garbage feeders is carried out by
a staff of lay inspectors who visit the premises from time to
time and report on the conditions as they find them.

If a report shows that a garbage feeder is neglecting to
cook the garbage, or failing to boil it sufficiently, or is keep-
ing his premises in a dirty, insanitary condition, he is given
a warning, and if conditions are not made satisfactory at
once his license is cancelled. The inspectors are constantly
on the lookout for persons feeding garbage without license,
and either warn them to procure a license without delay or
else action is taken to have them brought before a magistrate
and a fine imposed.

In case a lay inspector should find some hogs sick he im-
mediately reports to a veterinary inspector, who visits the
cases, makes a diagnosis and deals with the outbreak as cir-
cumstances require. If the disease is hog cholera, the affected
hogs are slaughtered, the hogs in contact are serum treated
and the premises placed under quarantine. The hogs on neigh-
boring premises are visited and if deemed necessary by the
inspector they too are serum treated and the premises quaran-
tined.

In Canada we pay compensation for hogs slaughtered by
order of an inspector for the control of a contagious disease.
Compensation is limited to two-thirds of the valuation, which
must not exceed $20 for a grade or $75 for a purebred pig.
When hog cholera breaks out on a licensed garbage feeder’s
premises it is assumed that he has failed in his duty to cook
the garbage properly or to prevent hogs from gaining access
to it before it is cooked. Compensation is therefore with-

24 FREDERICK TORRANCE

held unless it can be shown that the infection came from
some other source than uncooked garbage.

This system has now been in operation for over five years
and is found to work well. It has not altogether wiped out
hog cholera, but it has enabled us to get early information
of outbreaks and by dealing with them promptly to prevent
their extension to adjoining premises. The frequent inspec-
tion and the insistence on sanitation have had a marked effeet
in improving the cleanliness and comfort of the swine kept
on licensed premises and have helped to remove what was
often a nuisance in the outskirts of a city.

A comparative statement of five years before and five years
after this system was adopted will indicate the progress made.
The first period is from April 1, 1909, to March 31, 1915; the
second from April 1, 1915, to March 31, 1921:

First period. Second period.

Total number of outbreaks............... 1,426 742
Total number of swine slaugh-

(S612/0 Pe een ae: Sone Nena Cn nt ined 42.668 19.709
Valuation of swine slaughtered... $368,783.81 $247 901.70
Compensation paid for swine

SH APETU ICA IW ONL @ laa Sen, SEER ia ea a etd 245,455.72 141,545.43

It will be noticed that the number of outbreaks has been
practically cut in half. Compensation would have been cor-
respondingly reduced but that during the first period the
maximum valuation was #15 and $50 as against $20 and $75.
This increase was made in consequence of the claims of live-
stock owners that the higher market prices of cattle and
hogs entitled them to a higher rate of compensation.

The improvement in the hog cholera situation since the
licensing of garbage feeders was begun is better shown perhaps
by the figures for each of the five years:

Number of Com-

Near. 7% Outbreaks. hogs killed. pensation.
ci st Lies ee a rr 290 2,700 $33,699.95
RRMA Ae Reheat eB 8 Tore... 90 4.623 30,497.59
1 OMS ame memes ie ks, 62 2212 13.031.20
TD ec a 52 2.163 23,342.74
LODO eee ee 92 1,642 19,001.71
1921 (4 months')s.2...... D 81 198.00

Ina country as large as Canada these results have not been

attained without exciting opposition and sometimes active an-

GARBAGE Frepinc AND Hog CHOLERA 23
tagonism. The class of persons engaged in this occupation is
not noted for intelligence. Some of them are foreigners to
whom our laws are strange. Our inspectors have sometimes
been met with threats and even physical violence. We have
persisted, however, and have not hesitated to invoke the law
whenever less drastic methods failed. During the period
covered by this paper we have instituted sixty-three prosecu-
tions and secured fifty-nine convictions, chiefly for the offense
of feeding collected garbage without a license.

A final word as to the connection between garbage feeding
and hog cholera. We have records of 742 outbreaks of hog
cholera of which all but 75 were attributable to this cause. In
other words, 90 per cent of the hog cholera we have had in
Canada during the past five years had its origin in the garbage
pail.

Our system is working well. We now have 471 licensed
garbage feeders and so far as I know not a single case of
hog cholera in the whole of Canada.

JAPANESE RULES OF THE ROAD
(Promulgated in Tokio)

1. At the rise cf the hand policeman stop rapidly.

2. Do not pass him by or otherwise disrespect him.

3. When a passenger of the foot hove in sight, tootle the
horn trumpet at him, melodiously at first, but if he still obstacles
your passage tootle him with vigour and express by word ot
mouth the warning, ‘‘Hi, Hi.’’

4. Beware the wandering horse that he shall not take fright
as you pass him. Do not explode an exhaust box at him. Go
soothingly by.

5. Give big space to the festive dog that shall sport in the
roadway.

6. Avoid entanglement of dog with your wheel spokes.

7. Go soothingly on the grease as there lurk the skid demon.

8. Press the brake of the feet as you roll round the corners to
save the collapse and tie-up.—Journal of the American Medical
Association.

RESULTS FROM IMMUNIZING CATTLE AGAINST
ABORTION *

By F. B. Haney
University of Wisconsin, Madison

THE one question about bovine contagious abortion that
livestock men and veterinarians are asking more often than
any other today is in regard to methods of establishing im-
munity against the disease. Although there is yet much to
be learned about the subject, it is certain that the experimen-
tal work which has been conducted to shed light on the prac-
ticability of establishing an artificial type of immunity has
demonstrated the possibility of this means of control.

Since extensive, adequately controlled experiments have been
conducted in England, Germany and Wisconsin with several
different immunizing products, each of which has given some-
what different results in the hands of the various investi-
gators, it should be interesting to compare the results, as the
countries in which the work was done are widely separated.
In this way it seems that the controversy that exists relative
to the efficiency of these products as aids in preventing con-
tagious abortion may, in a measure at least, be settled.

Three distinct biologic products have been employed in these
experiments. These have been used alone as well as in various
combinations. They are (1) a bacterin consisting of dead
abortion bacilli; (2) a vaccine consisting of living abortion
bacili; (3) an immune serum produced by giving cows large
and repeated doses of abortion bacilli, then bleeding them and
recovering the blood serum.

It is significent that the product containing the dead abor-
tion bacilli is recommended almost exclusively by commercial
firms who are its chief exploiters. Some of these firms claim
astonishing results from the use of abortion bacteri, but
have no reliable data to substantiate the claim. Certain manu-
facturers go so far as to guarantee certain results from the
use of their abortion bacterin. Claims of this kind must be great
exaggerations, if results reported in this paper are authentic.

i1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

26

ba |

IMMUNIZING CarrTLeE AGAINST ABORTION my

It is charitable to believe that the exaggerated claims have
been based on the fact that bacterins have given such excellent
results in typhoid fever of man, rather than upon their actual
use in veterinary practice as an immunizing agent against
contagious abortion.

The abortion vaccine has been used for creating immunity
against abortion on the strength of favorable results secured |
from the use of a similar product in certain other infectious
diseases of animals. Theoretically it should be capable of stimu-
lating the production of abortion antibodies in sufficient amounts
to prevent any abortion bacilli, that may subsequently gain
entrance to the body, from producing disease.

The immune serum has been used alone to a limited extent
only, as trials showed it to be of little value. It has been em-
ployed simultaneously with both the dead and living abortion
bacilli; also to sensitize the live organisms for the purpose:
of preparing the as yet little used products known as abor-
tion serovaccine and serobacterin.

In Table 1 is given a summary of the results of an investi-
gation conducted by veterinarians for the Board of Agricul-
ture of England in an attempt to prove or disprove the value
of two of the products under diseussion. The herds pre-
sented had all experienced severe losses from abortion just
prior to treatment.

TABLE 1.—ReEsuuts oF ImMMuNIzING CATTLE AGAINST ABORTION IN ENGLAND

; Total Less those Per Number | Per cent
Method of conferring number which died, Number} cent calved* | calved
immunity of were barren aborted | aborted | correctly | correctly

animals or were sold

Immunized with live bacilli... . . 594 594—101=493 F32 461 93.5

| 6.5

Controls not immunized........ 472 472— 40=432 101 | 23:4 331 76.6
| 21.0 87 79.0
|

Immunized with dead bacilli... . 146 146— 36=110 23

The following conclusions seem justified from the data pre-
sented in Table 1: (1) That immunization with live abortion ba-
eilli (vaccination) resulted in conferring immunity on 93.5 per
cent of the cattle treated in herds where over 30 per cent of them
aborted before the experiments began. (2) That over 25 per
cent of the untreated controls aborted. (3) That treatment
with the dead bacilli conferred little if any immunity, for the
percentage of abortions in this group was practically the
same as in the group left as controls. This means that al-

28 EF. B. Hapiry

though the abortion bacterin caused little or no harm, it did
not prevent the occurrence of abortion with any degree of
regularity or to any extent.

The men in charge of this series of experiments came to the
conclusion that: (1) It is necessary to continue the imocula-
tions for a time on infected premises after abortions cease
~ to oceur; (2) inoculations should be carried out in an infected
herd until abortion has ceased, but if the herd is one which is
restocked by buying in fresh non-pregnant animals, these ani-
mals should always be inoculated; (3) if pregnant animals
are bought, they may reintroduce infection; (4) although
very few animals which have been immunized for one preg-
naney have aborted at subsequent pregnancies, it appears that
if an animal is immunized for two pregnancies running, there
is very lttle chance of the animal aborting afterwards.

German investigators have also conducted immunization ex-
periments against contagious abortion on a relatively large
scale. The results of this work are detailed in the Arbiter aus
dem Reichgesundheitsamte, 52 Band, Heft 3, in the following
manner :

Tasie 2.—Resuuts oF ImMmMuNiIziING CarTrLe AGAINST ABORTION IN GERMANY

Immunizing material Number | Number aborted | Per cent Per cent calved
employed | treated | after treatment aborted normally
|
Dead bacilli Se a eee - 937 117 > 12.5 87.5
Dead bacilli plus immune serum | 157 | 20 ETT 87.3
Live nbactllienpe se ee ae | 482 28 Ro 5.8 94.2
Live bacilli plus immune serum | 57 3 ea 94.7
Inimune serum soe see es 17 9 ) Sad) A 47.0
Controls not immunized........| 1,356 245 ee oral 51.9

The conclusions arrived at by the German investigators
from the results of their observations were as follows: (1)
The dead bacilli in both non-pregnant and pregnant cows pro-
duced some degree of immunity; it was, however, of low de-
gree and of short duration. Many cows did not abort at the
first calving after this method of treatment, but did at the
second. (2) The dead bacilli when injected with immune serum
vave results similar to those obtained from the use of the dead
bacilli alone, and lead to the conclusion that both are of little
use. (3) The live bacilli gave better results in all circumstances
than the dead. Of 128 cows, which had previously aborted,
treated with live bacilli, only six aborted afterwards. Better
results were also obtained in preventing abortion in cows that

IMMUNIZING CatrrLe AGAINST ABORTION 29

had never aborted yet were in herds with infected cattle. (4)
The live bacilli plus the immune serum gave about the same
protection as the live bacilli alone. This method also proved
helpful in preventing abortion in pregnant cows, reducing
the losses among them as did the live bacilli alone in non-
pregnant cows. (5) The immune serum alone was found to be
practically worthless. (6) The controls were injected with plain
broth which gave no protection; in fact, there were more
abortions in this group of cows after treatment than before.

It was observed that widely varying results occurred in
different herds. For example, in some herds abortion dis-
appeared completely; in others there was a decrease; in still
others there seemed to be no change either way; while in a
few herds there was an actual increase. As a result of all the
methods of immunization taken together, there was a net de-
crease in abortion.

During the two-year period between January 1, 1919, and
December 31, 1920, the Department of Veterinary Science of
the University of Wisconsin prepared and distributed through
veterinarians in Wisconsin nearly 1,000 doses of this vaccine.
At the time this is written reports have been received on 474
vaccinated cattle and 101 controls in 42 different herds. These
cattle were kept under ordinary farm conditions, so the criti-
cism that the animals and their quarters were not typical can
not be made. The vaccine used in this Wisconsin experi-
ment was prepared very carefully to insure a uniform, un-
contaminated and fresh product.

In order to find out how eattle of different ages and classes
respond to the vaccine treatment, the animals were elassified
or divided into the various groups shown in Table 3. So far
as was possible some animals in each herd were left unvacei-
nated as controls. It should be understood in studying these
data that the disease was present in the majority of the herds
here represented and had caused heavy losses in some ot
them, but it is not possible to give either the herd or the in-
dividual history. The average abortion rate in these herds
previous to treatment was not determined. The controls had
an average abortion rate of 31.2 per cent during the two-
year period mentioned. A considerable number of the virgin

30 F. B. HapLEY

Tasie 3.—Resutts or VaccinatinG Carrte AGaryst ABortion IN WisCONSIN
(The 42 herds here represented were under observation from January 1, 1919, to
December 31, 1920.)

| Total |
Description number | Less those | Number) Per Number | Per cent
of animals of { barren, aborted cent calved calved
animals sold, died aborted | normally | normally
Unbred heifers vaccinated . 136 | 136— 9=127 Does PX ai 95 77.9
Unbred heifers left unvac-
cinated as controls...... lk Phag 26— 2= 241 8 33.3 16 66.7

Open cows that have not | |
_ aborted, vaccinated... .. 221 221—14=207 17 8.2 190 91.8
Open cows that have not | ‘

aborted, left unvacci- |

nated as controls. ......| 21 23 — ls 10 55.6 8 44.4

Open cows that have ;
aborted, vaccinated... . . TB || 73— 3= 70 11 ert: 59 84.3
Open cows that have |
aborted, left unvacci- |
nated as controls...... .|

Closed cows that have not | |
aborted, vaccinated.... . 13 TS sale) 3 24 i 8 12.
Closed cows that have not |
aborted, left unvacci-
nated as controls. ...... 26 26— 4= 22

~]

vu
ho
to
al
=
-1
“

Closed cows that have
aborted, vaccinated... .. 31 31— T= 24! 3 12.0 Pei 84.0
Closed cows that have | |
aborted, left unvacci- |

nated as controls....... 3 | 3— l= 2 1 50.0 | 1 50.0
Entire number vaccinated .| 474 | 474—35= 439) 62 14.1 397 85.9
Entire number of controls . | 101 | 101—11= 90) 28 BY 62 68.8

| | | |
| |

heifers had never been exposed to infection before beimg
vaccinated.

Analysis of the figures given in Table 3 shows that out of
127 unbred heifers that were vaccinated previous to concep-
tion 77.9 per cent ealved normally, while only 66.7 per cent
of the controls did. In other words, the abortion’ rate in the
controls was 33.3 per cent, which is very high and shows that
the infection which existed in the herds was virulent. These
results from the use of the vaccine in heifers. were not so
satisfactory as we had anticipated for this age group before
tabulating our data, but they do demonstrate that the vac-
cine has immunizing value for heifers. The figures support
the well-known belief that heifers are more susceptible to the
abortion disease than are mature cows. They do not coincide
with the opinion of the German workers that age has no
bearing either on susceptibility to the disease or to immuni-
zation, provided that the animals are sexually mature.

The most gratifying results were obtained with open cows
that had never aborted. In this group the vaccine was 91.8
per cent effective, which is in marked contrast to 44.4 per

[IMMUNIZING CarrLeE AGAINST ABORTION . 3]

cent of normal calvines for the controls. This indicates that

the vaccine has its greatest value for open cows in herds
where the epizootic is known to exist.

The vaccine had little value when administered to open
cows that had aborted. In this group the percentage of cows

that calved normally was nearly the same as in the case of
controls. This is just what one would expect when the fact
is taken into consideration that some immunity is conferred
as a result of a naturally acquired infection.

PER CENT THAT ABORTED

UNBRED HEIFERS VACCINATED

YU) 4G 0:3:30:0- UNBRED HEIFERS LEFT UNVACCINATED AS CONTROLS

8227 OPEN COWS THAT HAVE NOT ABORTED VACCINATED

WLM UY IA NER SNNACEINATED AS CONTROLS.

OPEN COWS THAT HAVE ABORTED VACCINATED

% OPEN COWS THAT HAVE ABORTED LEFT
Wh. ZY UNVACCINATED AS CONTROLS

CLOSED COWS THAT HAVE NOT ABORTED VACCINATED
IZA, SED SOME TAS CSRUERNOT ABORTED LET
CLOSED COWS THAT HAVE ABORTED VACCINATED
CLES ON PEE ANS EE EEE
ENTIRE NUMBER VACCINATED

WY N22, ZZ, ENTIRE NUMBER OF CONTROLS

Comparison of Abortion in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Cattle
in ‘Wisconsin Experiments. (See Table 3 for Details.)

As would be surmised, a higher percentage of the cows that
Were pregnant at the time of vaccination and that had never
aborted did abort subsequently than did the controls that
Were not vaccinated. The difference, however, was not
marked.

Of the cows that had aborted and that were pregnant at
time of treatment, the figures show that the percentage of nor-

mal calvings was nearly the same as in aborters that were
vaccinated before being bred. The number of controls in this
group is so small that no conclusions can be drawn from them.

KF. B. Happry

Ww

Altogether 474 cows and heifers were vaccinated. Of these
439 were available for data, the others having failed to breed,
been sold or died. Only 14.1 per cent of these aborted, while
of the 101 controls that were not treated 31.2 per cent aborted.
When these figures are compared it is séen that the abortion
rate was twice as great in the controls as in the vaccinated
animals,

The writer believes that these Wisconsin experiments war-
rant the conclusion that the abortion vaccine has a decided
immunizing value, especially for cattle of certain groups. The
vaccinated cattle showed a decrease in both the abortion rate
and the sterility rate. As a result there was an increase in
the breeding efficiency of the treated over the untreated ani-
mals. This was particularly marked in the second gestation
period. In some herds no abortions occurred subsequent to
the treatment; in others the abortion rate was not changed;
in a very few the treatment actually seemed to be a detri-
ment. The sequele of contagious abortion infection in many
herds were favorably influenced; for example, in some herds,
where repeated services had been necessary before conception
occurred, the cows after inoculation promptly conceived; there
was also less trouble reported from retained placenta.

Let us now compare the results secured in England, Ger-
many and Wisconsin from the use of the dead abortion baeilli,
or that product known commercially as abortion bacterin. In
England it was found to be of no value whatsoever; in Ger-
many it produced some degree of immunity, but-the protee-
tion was of short duration, and not substantial enough to be
depended upon; in Wisconsin this product was used in a series
of experiments, not reported in this paper, in which it was
found to have absolutely no immunizing value. These data
warrant the conclusion that under both farm and experimental
conditions abortion bacterin has failed.

By comparing the results from the use of the live abortion
bacilli as shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3 it is seen that this
product was 93.5 per cent effective in preventing abortion in
England, 94.2 per cent effective in Germany and 85.9 per
cent in Wisconsin. This is an average of 91.2 per cent, which
is very gratifying. In England 23.4 per cent of the control
animals aborted, 18.1 per cent in Germany and 31.2 per cent

IMMUNIZING CaTTLeE AGAINst ABORTION 33

in Wisconsin, which makes a general average of 24.2 per cent.
The difference in results may be accounted for by the differ-
ence in virulence of the infection, which apparently was most
pronounced in Wisconsin, considerably less pronounced in
England, and markedly less in Germany, as fewer untreated
controls aborted in the latter two countries and a smaller
percentage of abortions occurred among the vaccinated ani-
mals in these foreign countries than Wisconsin. The possi-
bility also exists that the Wisconsin cattle were more sus-
ceptible to infection.

In closing, the writer wishes to warn against the dangers
of passing premature judgment on the value of any thera-
peutic agent for contagious abortion. One should guard him-
self against excessive optimism based on the results of limited
trials, for this might be a means of confusing the issue. There-
fore the results reported in this paper should be taken with
the same degree of conservatism in which they are given.
In view, however, that success was achieved in such a large
number of animals on which the statistical records are com-
plete, the idea of attributing the results to spontaneous cure
may be dismissed.

A shipment of 3,000 reindeer carcasses, to be sent to all parts
of the United States, including the Atlantic seaboard, was due to
arrive in Seattle from Nome September 1. Five thousand rein-
deer are available for meat, but transportation facilities will per-
mit only 3,000 to be shipped. The surplus young male reindeer
are now being culled out preparatory to slaughtering and ship-
ping. All fresh meat will be stored in the refrigerators of the
Seattle Port Commission until redistributed.

One of the startling conclusions to be drawn from poultry
culling work in Iowa the present season is the widespread prev-
alence of disease found in farm flocks by the investigators.
Some reports show that as high as 75 per cent of the flocks in
some counties are found to be tubereculous.. The general results
found are indicative of the fact that disease is much more prev-
alent than it was last year.—lowa Homestead.

THE RELATION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM TO ESTRUM
AND INVOLUTION OF THE PATHOLOGIC
UTERUS:

By W. lL. Boyp

University Farm, St. Paul, Minn.

IN discussing the corpus luteum the writer thought it ad-
visable to give a brief discussion of the histology and physi-
ology of this endocrine gland.

The corpus luteum or yellow body is a gland of internal
secretion and originates or develops from the mature Graafian
follicle following its rupture. Immediately beneath the modi-
tied mesothelial covering of the ovary is the germinal epi-
theium. The germinal epithelium proliferates actively, as do
also the primordial ova, and is said to dip or extend down
into the stroma, carrying with it the ova. These groups of
cells are called Pfluger’s tubes. The connective tissue sur-
rounding these columns of epithelial cells develops in such a
manner that masses of germinal epithelium containing one or
more primordial ova are split off, until finally the ovary is
formed entirely of primary follicles and connective tissue
stroma.

The Graafian follicles, which were first described by Rene
de Graaf and named after him, are found in three different
stages: primary, growing and maturing follicles. As the
follicle or ovisac approaches maturity, it is then located near
the surface, where it finally projects to the exterior in the
form of a vesicle. When the follicle is fully matured the fibers
of the theca separate, necrosis results, and the follicle ruptures
at this point, which is known as the stigma. The rupture of
the ripe ovisac with the discharge of the ripe ovum consti-
tutes the act of ovulation.

The wound, if one may be permitted to eall it such, which
results from ovulation, rapidly fills with blood, forming what
is known as the corpus hemorrhagicum. This body is soon re-
placed by large epithelial cells, which, according to Novak,

1Presented at the twenty-third semi-annual meeting of the Minnesota

State Veterinary Medical Association, Hutchinson, Minn., July 14 and 15,
1921. Published with Journal Series No. 268.

34

Corpus LurEeEUM AND EsStTRUM oD

originate from the stratum granulosum. These cells contain
a yellowish brown pigment first called lutein, but now ace-
cording to Escher is known to be carotin, a substance identi-
cal with the pigment of carrots. This pigment is very pro-
nounced in the cow. The corpus luteum of the mare, ewe
and sow is not so highly colored, and according to Palmer
carotin is not present in the lutein cells of the sow.

The corpus luteum of pregnancy develops to about the size
of a marble or an acorn and occupies almost the entire part
of the ovary, being surrounded by a network of capillaries.
The arrangement of the cells approximates the placement of
the cells in the cortical region of the suprarenal gland. The
false corpus luteum does not grow to any great size and as a rule
practically disappears within twenty to thirty days. The
histological appearance of both true and false corpora lutea is
probably identical.

THE FUNCTION OF THE CorPUS LUTEUM

To Gustav Born of Breslau belongs the credit of being first
to suggest that the corpus luteum is a ductless gland produc-
ing a secretion which prepares the endometrium for the at-
tachment of the fertilized ovum. Frankel’s researches on this
subject have been extensive and his general conclusions are
as follows:

The corpus luteum is a ductless gland which is renewed every four
weeks during reproductive life in the human female and at different
intervals in the various mammals. . . . Its function is to control
the function of the uterus from puberty to the menopause, to prevent
it from lapsing into the infantile condition or undergoing atrophy,
and to prepare its mucous membrane for the maintenance of the
ovum. If the ovum be fertilized the corpus luteum is responsible for
maintaining the raised nutrition of the uterus during gestation. If
the ovum be unfertilized it merely produces the hyperemia of men-
struation and then undergoes degeneration until it is renewed in a
fresh position.

Most observers are agreed (with a few exceptions) that
estrum and menstruation do not occur after the ovaries have been

extirpated, and that the phenomenon of menstruation is brought
~ about by an internal secretion from the ovary. As stated above,
Frankel believes this secretion is supplied by the corpus luteum.
But Marshall contradicts this by his statement that in most
mammals ovulation does not oceur until estrum. He mentions
that in the rabbit ovulation may not take place until stimulated

36 W. L. Boyp

by coition, and in the dog ovulation occurs after external bleed-
ing has been in progress for several days. Marshall is of the
opinion that in our domestic animals the act of menstruation
precedes estrum: In relation to the bovine, our observations are
different from those recorded by Marshall. We have noticed that
cows frequently menstruate, not markedly but noticeably so,
two to three days following estrum. We also believe that in
most cases where cows are bred and fertilization takes place,
menstruation does not occur. If the ovum remains unfertilized,
or if the fertilized ovum is aborted, menstruation usually fol-
lows. We have, however, known of individual animals to have
menstruated after service, yet having been successfully fertilized.
Most herdsmen are now cognizant of the fact that cows or
heifers, particularly heifers, which menstruate following service
will again be in estrum at the termination of the next dioestral
period.

Marshall and Jolly state that corpora lutea are not present
during the proestrum, and are therefore functional only subse-
quent to ovulation. We believe that generally speaking this state-
ment is true, but when applied. to the bovine it should be modi-
fied. We have upon numerous occasions found cows to be in
estrum in which a corpus luteum was present.

In relation to the function of the corpus luteum and the cau-
sation of estrum, Marshall and Jolly conclude as follows:

The ovary is an organ providing an internal secretion which is
elaborated by the follicular epithelial cells or by the interstitial cells
of the stroma. This secretion circulating in the blood induces men-
struation and heat. After ovulation, which occurs during estrus, the
corpus luteum is formed, and this organ provides a further secretion

whose function is essential for the changes taking place during the
attachment and development of the embryo in the first stages of

pregnancy.

It is our belief that the corpus luteum bears a much closer
relationship to estrum than the researches of Marshall and Jolly
would indicate. Particularly is this true in the cow. The
corpus luteum in the cow probably does not undergo as rapid
degenerative changes as it does in other domesticated animals.
This may be the explanation of the fact that mares come in heat
following parturition much earlier than do cows. In eases
(with few exceptions) where the corpus luteum. fails to degen-
erate or become absorbed it interferes with estrum. This kind
of a structure has been termed a persistent corpus luteum, In

Corpus LureuM AND EstrRuUM 37

non-pregnant cows in which there is an absence of estrum, and
in which there is a corpus luteum present without other exten-
sive pathologic conditions, the removal of same is with marked
and astonishing regularity followed by estrum within three to
five days. The corpus luteum undoubtedly interferes with ovu-
lation mechanically and by the elaboration of an internal secre-
tion which exerts an inhibitory action on the maturation of the
Graafian follicles.

We have examined a large number of cows in our clinic for
the purpose of determining the reason or reasons for the ab-
sence of estrum. Many of these animals, in so far as we were
able to judge from a physical examination, had (with the ex-
ception of a persistent corpus luteum) normal reproductive
organs.

The corpus luteum was removed, or, if difficult of removal,
was massaged for the purpose of making its enucleation more
easy at the next examination, which has usually been at inter-
vals of ten days to two weeks. Invariably estrum would follow
within three to five days after operating. There were, however,
exceptions to this rule, as some cows came in heat as early as
two days after being operated on, while others required as long
as ten days. In some cows estrum undoubtedly did take place,
but went unnoticed, and for this reason it was thought that the
removal of the corpus luteum did not produce the well-known
signs of heat. Examinations for such cases will as a rule reveal
the presence of a newly formed corpus luteum. We have oper-
ated on cows where there was a persistent corpus luteum in the
left ovary. Estrum took place within a few days when they were
bred and then watched carefully for the presence of the next
estrum. If heat did not occur they would be returned to the
clinic again within forty to sixty days, the length of time being
determined by the age of the animal. At this time an examina-
tion for pregnancy was made, and in those which proved to be
pregnant we would frequently find a right horn pregnancy,
with the corpus luteum of course located in the right ovary. In
eases where the persistent yellow body was removed from the
right ovary, the above described changes were frequently re-
versed. This sort of evidence supports the theory that the
corpus luteum does interfere mechanically with ovulation in the
ovary in which it is located, and probably by some internal se-

38 W. Le Boyp

eretion which inhibits ovulation in the opposite ovary. Where
the corpus luteum has undergone a certain amount of atrophy
and has become deeply situated within the ovary it is often
necessary to practice ovarian massage for a number of weeks
before it can be safely dislodged. In one or two cows we have
had to resort to ovariectomy, and in each instance estrum ap-
peared as soon as healing was complete.

The removal of the corpus luteum in the early stages of gesta-
tion is followed by the expulsion of the embryo or fetus within
a few days. If a small portion of the lutein tissue remains,
regeneration may take place to such an extent that it may
prevent abortion. Heifers that have been bred too young, or in
cases where purebred heifers are in calf to scrub sires, the
removal of the corpus luteum will usually produce the desired
results. This operation can probably best be performed as early
as one can be certain the animal in question is pregnant.

The following case report serves as an illustration of the re-
lation of the corpus luteum and estrum:

The patient, a purebred Aberdeen Angus cow, age four or
five years, was reported to have failed to show symptoms of
heat since her last calving. She calved successfully four or five
months prior to the date on which we were consulted. An ex-
amination revealed the presence of a corpus luteum. All other
reproductive organs were believed to be normal. We removed
the corpus luteum and advised breeding as soon as estrum ap-
peared. Estrum was noticed and cow was served within a few
days following the operation. She again appeared in heat at
the termination of the dioestral period and was rebred. No
further signs of heat developed and it was thought she was in
calf. Near the termination of gestation she was examined for
pregnancy, but was found to be open or not in ealf. There was a
corpus luteum present and mild cervicitis was at this time de-
tected. Since that time this animal has been under our close
supervision, and up to the present time, in so far as we have
been able to determine, has never appeared in estrum, except
when we have removed a corpus luteum, which has been per-
formed a number of times. We have allowed her to pass over
three, four or five periods of heat, thinking possibly she might
have conceived, but in each instance the examination for preg-
naney showed that conception had not resulted. It is not of

———

Corpus LurrEuM AND EstTRUM 39

course entirely improbable that she may have aborted an embryo
or two, but a close watch has failed to reveal any evidence of
an abortion. The cervicitis responded to treatment, which has
apparently had little or no effect on the act of estrum.

During our studies of sterility we have not met with a
closely similar case. Our experience shows quite conclusively
that cows affected with sterility due to the presence of a per-
sistent corpus luteum respond rapidly and regularly to treat-
ment. Jn many cases conception takes place on the first service.
There are, however, exceptions to this rule.

RELATION OF Corpus LUTEUM TO PYOMETRITIS

Pyometra is a condition of the uterus in which there are
chronic inflammatory changes of the uterine mucose character-
ized by sacculation of one or both of the horns and flaccid mus-
cular walls with little or no contractile power due to a loss of
muscle tone. The uterus is asymmetrical, abdominal in position,
and one or both horns are partially filled or distended with pus.
The cervix is inflamed and more or less dilated. This pathologic
condition most often occurs in cows which have suffered with
retention of the fetal membranes, but is known to occur in
cases where the membranes were promptly discharged after
calving. One of my colleagues working with the bacterial flora
of this condition has in the large majority of cases been able
to isolate Bacillus pyogenes, which is apparently the predomi-
nating organism in these types of infection.

The history of pyometra is as follows: The owner or herds-
man in describing these cases states that the affected animal has
not been in estrum since calving and that a small pool of pus
is as a rule found back of her after she has assumed a recum-
bent position. They also notice that there is more or less strain-
ing of the lips of the vulva together with collection of pus on the
under surface of the tail. In innumerable instances cows suf-
fering with pyometra are allowed to go for a period of six or
seven months before the services of a veterinarian are employed.
In the treatment of pyometra, unless begun early, the prognosis
should always be guarded, the reason for this being that even
though the uterus undergoes complete involution and estrum is
regularly established, the regeneration of the mucous membrane
is so slow that attachment of the fertilized ovum is made diffi-

4) W. L. Boyp

cult. Or in cases where the ovum does become imbedded, early
abortions are not infrequent.

The vetermarian who is experienced in the treatment of
sterility fully appreciates the value of the dislodgement of the
corpus luteum in the successful treatment of pyometra. In
cows where the disease has been present only a short time the
corpus luteum will frequently be found near the surface of the
ovary, but in the long-standing cases the yellow body will be
found to be more centrally located and therefore more difficult
of ablation. The dislodgment of the corpus luteum in its en-
tirety is responsible for such rapid changes in the uterus that
one wonders at so much power being invested in so small a
structure. Not only does the uterus promptly discharge its
contents through the reestablishment of muscle tone, but it also
changes rapidly, morphologically, regaining its symmetry and
normal anatomical position within a very short time. Estrum
frequently, though not regularly, appears within three to five
days, especially in cases where tissue destruction has not been
extensive. In the treatment of pyometra it is deemed best to
siphon off the contents of the uterus before attempting to remove
the yellow body. In this way the ovaries can be more readily
and safely examined. The uterus can be retracted so that the
ovary or ovaries can be without difficulty brought into the pelvic
cavity, when the corpus luteum can be manipulated through the
vagina. If the yellow body is deeply situated it should be re-
moved per vagina, and no doubt this procedure should be fol-
lowed regularly. We have, however, removed a large number
of corpora lutea by pressure exerted through the rectal walls
without bad results. In carrying out some experiments with
pyometra we decided to remove the corpus luteum without at-
tempting to siphon off the contents of the uterus, which, if
performed, undoubtedly facilitates involution.

The following cases are reported:

No. 1—The patient, a purebred Jersey heifer, calved normally
on February 10, 1921. The ealf was normal and the fetal mem-
branes were promptly discharged. The vaginal discharge grad-
ually lessened, lactation was thought to be normal, and the
appetite was unimpaired. A few weeks after calving the herds-
man noticed that usually in the mornings there would be a small
pool of thick. cream-like pus in the gutter behind the heifer.

ti

eae

Corpus Lureum anp EstruM 41

It was noticed also that there were accumulations of pus on the
edges of the vulva and on the under surface of the tail. Estrum
was absent.

On April 22, 1921, we examined this animal and found her to
be affected with pyometra. The right horn of the uterus was
elongated, enlarged, and filled with pus. The left horn was
apparently only slightly affected. A corpus luteum, which was
located near the surface, was found in the right ovary. The
external cervix was only partially dilated and did not permit
of the escape of pus when the uterus was massaged. The re-
moval of the corpus luteum was somewhat difficult, which was
due to the fact that the ovum was earried so far forward into
the abdominal cavity. The distended horn interfered with the
operation only slightly. The yellow body was removed and
torsion applied to the ovary until it was thought that the hem-
orrhage had been controlled. The heifer continued eating and
evidenced no signs of discomfort. The herdsman was advised
that there would be a considerably larger amount of pus in the
gutter by morning. She was operated on about 8:30 p.m. The
next morning two or three liters of a grayish-white cream-like
pus was found. The discharge continued for two or three days
and ceased. Estrum took place four days after the operation.
On April 30 she was again examined and found normal, the
uterus having undergone complete involution. We advised
breeding on the third or fourth estral period. Prognosis in this
ease is favorable.

No. 2.—The animal, a purebred Holstein-Friesian cow, five
years of age, calved last on November 28, 1920. A normal
healthy calf, but fetal membranes were retained. On March
26, 1921, she was examined and found to be suffering with
pyometra. Cervicitis was found to be fairly extensive. Both
horns of the uterus were enlarged, elongated, flaccid, and filled
with pus. A large prominent corpus luteum was found in the
right ovary. On March 28 we removed the corpus luteum by
way of the rectum, and on the next day large quantities of
pus were flowing freely. This material gave off an offensive
odor. Cultures were made from the pus, which was obtained
from swabs that had been introduced into the internal cervix
and body of the uterus. Bacillus pyogenes was isolated without
difficulty. April 2 estrum appeared, and in the uterus, with
the exception of incomplete return of muscle tone to the right

49 W. L. Boyp

horn, involution was almost complete. The cervix was treated
regularly with Lugol’s solution undiluted. This cow rapidly
grew better and was dismissed from the clinie April 15, 1921.
Since going home she has been bred twice, and it is questionable
if she is now in ealf. No doubt extensive tissue changes were
present in this case, and regeneration of the uterine glands and
surface epitheleum will be slow. I would not be surprised to
hear later that this cow has aborted a two or three months old
fetus. I would not advise early breeding in this type of cases,
and the prognosis should be guarded.

The manner in which the uteri of the above reported cases
with such rapidity regained their normal structure and position
is quite remarkable.

No. 3.—A purebred Holstein-Friesian cow, aged 6 years,
weight 1,400 pounds, in good physical condition, having calved
last in October, 1920. She gave birth to a healthy ealf, but
retained the fetal membranes, which were manually removed.
We examined this cow on April 16, 1921, and found her to be
affected with pyometra. No signs of estrum had been noticed
up to this time. The symptoms observed here were typical of
pyometra, and upon physical examination pathologie conditions
or changes similar to the ones described in the second case were
found. In this case the corpus luteum was located in the left
ovary. Cervicitis was extensive with hypertrophy of the ex-
ternal os. We operated on April 17, and on the 18th the uterus
was found to be practically empty, the left horn was greatly
reduced in size, being almost as firm as the right horn, and
when stimulated by massage contraction was very noticeable.
The os uteri, which was dilated in the beginning, was contracting
slowly. The appetite remained good except that she refused
grain feed following the operation. The milk flow increased
markedly and signs of estrum appeared within a few days. Cul-
tures taken from the pus from the vagina and cervix showed
growths of Straphylococcus albus, scattered colonies of hemoly-
tic streptococci and Streptococcus viridans. These types of
organisms predominated. Colonies of Bacillus pyogenes were
present, but not in large numbers. On April 25 this cow was
practically normal. Clear mucus was discharged from the
vagina, and the cervix was reduced in size and not so highly
colored. April 30 we again swabbed the cervix with Lugol’s
iodin solution, and as the patient was apparently normal she

~t

Corpus LureuM AND EstruUM 43

was dismissed from the clinic. Prognosis in this case is guarded.
We are of the opinion that she will again get safely with calf,
although she may suffer an abortion before so doing.

No. 4.—A purebred Guernsey cow, 5 years, weight 1,050 to
1,100 pounds; good physical condition; last calving date June,
1920. She gave birth to full-time but dead calf. Fetal mem-
branes were retained. This cow was presented in our clinic
January 13, 1921. Here was a case of approximately six months’
duration. On physical examination we found the os uteri par-
tially dilated, permitting the escape of only small particles of
pus when massage was applied to the uterus. The uterine horns
were both greatly enlarged, flaccid, abdominal in position, and
filled with an offensive smelling, creamy pus. Small amounts
of this material were discharged when the cow was recumbent.
A corpus luteum was removed from the right ovary on January
17, 1921, without producing any noticeable physical pain. The
appetite was impaired for a day or two and somewhat capricious
for perhaps a week, but she rapidly rounded to, and the milk
flow was increased. On January 24 the uterus had undergone
almost complete involution. It was then pelvic in position, but
the right horn was still larger and longer than the left one. The
cervix was treated at regular intervals, and while recovery
seemed fairly rapid in this case, prominent signs of estrum dic
not appear until March 7, 1921. A few days later we again
examined this cow and, thinking that she had fully recovered,
we shipped her home. Since leaving our clinic she has been in
heat regularly and has been bred two or three times, but has
failed to conceive. We examined her a few days previous to
this writing and found that a large abscess had formed in the
right ovary. The oviduct on the same side is probably also
involved. The infection has no doubt extended along the mucous
membrane of the tube, entering into the wound produced by
the enucleation of the yellow body, or gaining access to the ovary
at the time of rupture of a ripe ovisac. We advised ovariectomy,
as the cow is a valuable one. Prognosis is unfavorable.

THe Corpus LUTEUM AND MUMMIFICATION OF THE FETUS

Mummification or desiccation of the fetus is not at all un-
common in bovine practice, but is not of course as common as
pyometra. Just what relationship bacteria bear to this phenom-
enon has probably not been definitely determined. Bang reports

44 W. L. Boyp

having isolated Bacterium abortus from mummified fetuses. It
would seem to the writer that possibly Bact. abortus Bang
is the causative factor in a certain percentage of these cases. A
careful bacteriological study of desiccated fetus would be of great
interest and value. W. L. Williams, in his recent publication,
‘*Diseases of the Genital Organs of Animals,’’ states that inter-
placental hemorrhage with fetal desiccation is an interesting and
an important clinical manifestation of placental disease. It has
not been shown to be dependent upon disease of the nonpla-
cental uterine areas. As a result of the hemorrhage the placen-
tal membranes are forced apart, and the fetus, which succumbs,
becomes surrounded by a hematoma which soon undergoes
secondary changes until it becomes a soft, plastic, chocolate
colored material surrounding the fetal envelopes and fetus,
which in turn becomes mummified.

The diagnosis of mummification of the fetus is not difficult.
The history of the case is invaluable and the operator should
give this due consideration in connection with the physical ex-
amination. The uterine seal is well formed and the corpus
luteum may be deeply imbedded, or, in cases of not too long
standing, it will project to the exterior. The removal of the
corpus luteum will in the large majority of cases cause an expul-
sion of the uterine contents within three to ten days. In other
eases where the yellow body has suffered with degenerative
changes and the contractile powers of the uterus is at low ebb,
the seal should be broken down and if necessary douching should
be performed. In certain of these cases we have been able to re-
move successfully the corpus luteum through the vagina, while
in others it has been necessary to operate per rectum. We have
never in these cases had to resort to ovariectomy in order to
dislodge the corpus luteum, but no doubt this operation may
have to be performed, especially in cases where the corpus
luteum is small, centrally located, and difficult of manipulation.
In the past two years we have operated on six of these cases,
one of which, a purebred Guernsey cow, has been returned a.
good breeder, having had one healthy calf since the operation.
In another which we treated a long time for pyometra, concep-
tion occurred early after treatment, but the fetus became mum-
mified, and on account of her having been unable to produce a
healthy calf over so long a period of time she was sent to

Corpus LuTEUM AND EstTRUM 45

slaughter. The other cases, with the exception of those which
were sent to slaughter, have not been followed up, so that I do
not know of their ultimate outcome.

The expulsion of the corpus luteum works wonders in these
cases, and one should not depend upon other means of delivery.
The corpus luteum bears a close relationship to both estrum and
involution of the pathologic uterus, and the veterinarian who is
doing cattle practice, if not already familiar with the workings
of this gland of internal secretion, should immediately familiar-
ize himself with it, for not only will he inerease his activities as a
cattle practitioner, but his clientele will be more appreciative of
his ability, and his services in other fields of practice will be
more eagerly sought for.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Born, G. Contributions to the Physiology of Mammalian Reproduc-
tion :

EscHer, H. H. Uber den Farbstoff des Corpus luteum. Zeitsch. f.
Physiol. Chem., vol. 83 (1913), s. 198

FRAENKEL, L Die Function des corpus luteum. Archiv. f. Gynah.,
vol. 68 (1908), p. 488.

PALMER, L. S., and KENNEDY, C. The relation of plant cartinoids to
growth and reproduction of albino rats. Jour. Bio. Chem., vol. 46
(1921), p. 562.

MARSHALL, F. H. A. The Physiology of Reproduction, 1910.

MARSHALL, F. H. A., and Jotty, W. A. Contributions to the Physi-
ology of Mammalian Reproduction. Philosophical Trans. Royal
Soc., London, Series B, vol. 198 (1906), p. 99.

Novak, £. The corpus luteum, its life cycle and its role in menstrual
disorders. Jour. Am. Med. Assoc., vol. 67 (1916), p. 1285.

WILLIAMS, W. L. Diseases of the Genital Organs of Animals, 1921.

The Farmer says: There is no reason why livestock producers
should not cooperate with the packers or any other marketing
agencies in a campaign to increase the use of meat products.
The fruit men of the West and the dairymen have pointed out
the way to boost consumption, and they are profiting by the
increased demand. Why not apply the same idea to the live-
stock business?

‘

National Stockman and Farmer says: Where are the trot-
ters necessary to entertain the crowds at county fairs to come
from five or ten years hence? Not enough are being bred to
keep up the horse population. Better breed that well-bred
mare.

SOME OBSERVATIONS RELATING TO SEX DETERMI-
NATION AND THE EMBRYOLOGY OF THE
UTERUS '

By J. P. Foster
Minneapolis, Minn.

NOT MANY YEARS have elapsed since biologists quite gen-
erally entertained the opinion that sex determination did not
occur at the time of the fertilization of the ovum. It was held
that Nature did not decide this important matter until the
embryonic stage was fairly well advanced. This belief was
strengthened by the fact that the Wolffian ducts and the Mul-
lerian ducts—forerunners of essential portions of both the male
and the female generative organs—are present in all normal
embryos, and it was supposed that, after a decision had been
arrived at, one set of sex organs progressed to full completion,
while the embryonic structures representing the generative
organs of the opposite sex underwent no further development
and became atrophice.

In the male the Wolffian ducts go to form the excretory chan-
nels of the testicles, and vestiges of the Mullerian ducts are
represented by the uterus masculinus. In the female the Mulle-
rian ducts develop into the Fallopian tubes, the uterus and the
vagina, and vestiges of the Wolffian ducts are represented by
the parovarium and the canals of Gaertner, found’ in either side
of the walls of the vagina.

The fact that hermaphroditism occasionally occurs apparently
corroborates the hypothesis of delayed sex determination and
might lead to the supposition that the condition is referable to
indecision on the part of Nature, resulting in the partial or im-
perfect development of both male and female generative organs.

Although it must be admitted that embryos do possess elemen-
tary structures from which organs of either sex may develop,
this is not proof that sex was not determined at the time of the
fertilization of the ovum. Neither does hermaphroditism prove
delayed sex determination, for the reason that certain influences
might be brought to bear upon the growing fetus which could

1Presented at the twenty-third semi-annual meeting of the Minnesota
State Veterinary Medical Association, Hutchinson, Minn., July 14 and 15,
1921.

46

Sex DETERMINATION AND EMBRYOLOGY OF UTERUS 47

interfere with or modify the normal development of sexual or-
gans in spite of definite sex determination at the time of con-
ception.

In the light of more recent investigations it would seem that
sex determination takes place simultaneously with the fertiliza-
tion of the ovum.

The scope of this paper will not permit of reviewing the phe-
nomenon of mitosis in ordinary tissue cells, the important de-
tails of which are more or less familiar to all. Suffice it to say
that the present-day theory of sex determination is based in
part upon this phenomenon.

A certain definite number of chromosomes have been demon-
strated in the nuclei of the body cells of different species of ani-
mals. For instance, man has 48, the hog has 40, Ascaris meg-
alocephala has 4, and one of the grasshoppers has 14. These
numbers apply to the chromosomes of tissue cells, but not to
those of the ova and the spermatozoa, the so-called functional
reproductive cells. The reproductive cells undergo a process of
maturation so that finally they contain only half the definite
number of chromosomes required by the tissue cells of the species.
The reason for this reduction is that while a tissue cell contain-
ing, say, 40 chromosomes divides so that each chromosome is
split into two, each resulting in a daughter cell containing the
original number of 40, it should be remembered that the chromo-
somes derived from the nuclei of both the ovum and the sperm
cell are present and take part in the phenomenon of fertilization.
Therefore only half the number of chromosomes is needed from
each source to make up the total required by the body cells of
the species.

It will be noted that cell division in growing tissue cells is
a much simpler process than the phenomenon of the fertiliza-
tion of an ovum by a sperm cell. The latter implies either fusion
of the individual chromosomes or their arrangement in such
a manner that when cell division takes place half of the echromo-
somes furnished by the ovum and half of those derived from
the sperm cell will be present in each of the two daughter cells,
marking the beginning of a new being embodying the heredi-
tary properties of both parents.

Investigators have shown that in a certain variety of grass-
hoppers the cells taken from different tissues of males contain
6 pairs of chromosomes of similar appearance and one chromo

48 J. P. Foster

some differing from the others, making a total of 13. The tissue
cells of females show 7 pairs of chromosomes, 6 pairs of which
are apparently like the 6 pairs found in the male, and one pair
resembling the odd or thirteenth chromosome of the male, mak-
ing a total of 14. The female reproductive cells before their
division into the functional reproductive cells (ova) contain the
same number of chromosomes as the. tissue cells just mentioned.
However, after the final division the mature ovum contains
only 7 chromosomes, 6 of which are alike, and one odd one,
which represents, of course, one-half of the 6 pairs of similar
chromosomes and the one pair of odd chromosomes found in
the reproductive cell before its division to form.the functional
reproductive cell. As already stated, the tissue cells of the
male contain 13 chromosomes, which number applies to the re-
productive cells before the final division into the functional
reproductive cells, the spermatozoa. It is evident that there
must be two kinds of sperm cells occurring in equal numbers:
one kind containing 7 chromosomes, the other containing 6, as
a result of the division of a reproductive cell containing 6 pairs
of chromosomes and one odd chromosome, or 13 in all. If an
ovum which invariably contains seven chromosomes is fertilized
by a spermatozoon containing 6 chromosomes, an individual
will develop containing 13 chromosomes in its body eells, there-
fore a male. On the other hand, if an ovum is fertilized by a
spermatozoon containing 7 chromosomes, an individual contain
ing 14 chronosomes in its body cells, or a female, is the result.
The odd chromosome in the ovum and the odd chromosome in
the female determining spermatozoon are referred to by biolo-
gists as the accessory, or X, chromosome. In the human, ac-
cording to Van Winewarter, the male-determining sperm cell
contains 23 chromosomes, while the one determining female sex
contains 24.

The matter of ‘‘identical twins’’ is interesting on account of
the probable relationship to sex determination. In ordinar
twins two ova are fertilized. These ova result from the rupture
of two Graafian follicles in the same ovary, or from two Graafian
follicles one of which is situated in each ovary.’ Three possi-
bilities are presented. First, each of the two ova may be fer-
tilized by a male-determining sperm cell, resulting in twin
males. Second, each of the two ova may be fertilized by a
female-determining sperm cell, resulting in twin females.

Sex DETERMINATION AND EMBRYOLOGY OF UTERUS 49

Third, one of the ova may be fertilized by a male-determining
sperm cell, and the other ovum may be fertilized by a female-
determining sperm cell, resulting in twins, one a male, the other
a female. On the other hand, ‘‘identical twins’’ are the result
of a complete division of one ovum or blastoderm, resulting
m the formation of two distinct embryos. As sex was deter-
mined when the ovum was fertilized, prior to its division, the
twins are of the same sex. Each has its own amnion, but they
are inclosed in one chorion. The common chorion is considered
proof of this form of pregnancy.

A prominent writer on the subject of genetics recently made
the following observations:

Breeders of dairy cattle in particular often become discouraged
with a bull which seems to sire largely bull calves. It must be re-
membered in this connection, however, that rather large departures
from equality may occur simply by chance. Thus if a coin is tossed
20 times, the best expectation is 10 heads and 10 tails, but about
once in 40 times a departure as great, or greater, than 15 heads or
tails is to be looked for. Thus a large number of dairy cattle breeders
may be expected to get 15 or more bull calves out of 20 calves born.

Such a result in one year would not have the slightest effect on the
sex ratio the next.

Another well-known authority states that ‘‘sex seems to be
determined by one of the chromosomes, and is probably settled
at the time of conception. The determination of sex is there-
fore a matter of chance over which the breeder has no control.
For practical purposes, the breeder will find that, over a period
of years, he gets nearly equal numbers of both sexes.”’

Reference has been made to elementary structures known as
the Mullerian ducts, found in all normal embryos. In animals
having rather prolonged periods of gestation, such as the mare
and the cow, they appear early in the second month of pree-
nancy as two rods of mesoblastie tissue arising in the right and
left sublumbar regions, converging caudally in the form of a V
near the posterior common body opening or cloaca. The rods be-
come hollowed out to form tubes, and near the end of the second
month the extremities of the ducts, which already are in contact
with each other, become fused. The coalescing of the two tubes
—right and left—results caudally in the formation of a single
medial tube, the length of which depends upon the extent of
the fusion; and the structures which at first resembled a V in
form now resemble the capital letter Y. The opening of each
duct into the peritoneal cavity in the sublumbar region repre-

50 J. P. Foster

sents the future ostium abdominale of the Fallopian tube. The
fused medial tube represents the future vagina and, in those
species in which the fusion progresses beyond this point, the
body of the uterus.

The following observations relative to the uteri of various
species are taken from Williams’s ‘‘ Veterinary Obstetrics’? :

Derived from the ducts of Muller, it (the uterus) varies greatly
in form and disposition, partly dependent upon the degree of fusion
between these two structures. There are generally recognized a
uterine body and two cornua, each having essentially like functions
in varying degrees.

In the rabbit there exists no uterine body, but two distinct tubular
uteri, opening separately into the vagina. In the bitch, cat and sow
the uterine body is limited in extent and physiologically unimportant,
rarely containing even a portion of a fetus except in transit at the
time of birth, while the two cornua are extensive, and in them de-.
velop virtually all fetuses so that, physiologically, they represent the
two separate uteri of the rabbit.

In ruminants the uterine body becomes markedly greater in size,
and assumes far higher importance physiologically, while the cornua
remain relatively large. In these animals the one, two, or more
fetuses habitually rest almost equally in the body and cornua, so
that they represent a middle point in the transition between the
double uterus of the rabbit and the single uterus of woman, physio-
logically devoid of cornua. In the mare the uterine body becomes
relatively more important than in the ruminant.

The relative importance of the cornua to the uterine body sustains
a close relation to the number of young brought forth at a given
birth. In multiparous animals there are two uteri, as in the rabbit,
or the two extensive cornua with functionally unimportant uterine
body, as in the bitch, cat and sow. In ruminants, which are largely
biparous, the uterine body and cornua become approximately equal
in extent and function. ;

In the normally uniparous mare the cornua are smaller than the
body, while in woman the uterus is virtually without cornua in size
or function. \

In the larger animals, like the cow, size of the parts readily
permits of extensive rectal palpation and manipulation of the
uterus, tubes and ovaries, thereby making it possible to carry
out the excellent work that is being done at the present time in
the early diagnosis of pregnancy and the treatment of sterility.

Washington Post publishes a cablegram from Paris to the ef-
fect that ‘‘Bully beef, from Chicago, known to the poilus as
‘tinned monkey,’ may be the poor man’s menu this winter.
The Department of Agriculture is suggesting a series of propa-
ganda campaigns to develop an appreciation for tinned meats.”’

SOME SURGICAL OPERATIONS ON THE OX'

By H. HE. Bemis

Professor of Surgery, lowa State College,
Ames, Lowa

IN presenting this paper it is my intention to outline treat-
ment for some of the common surgical conditions affecting the
ox, excluding from the discussion the surgery of the repro-
ductive organs, which has been so well presented before your
association at recent meetings. The conditions presented in
this paper are those which need special consideration on ac-
count of the differences in the anatomy of the region affected
from the anatomy of the same regions in the horse, with which
we are probably more familiar. We all realize that the present
trend of affairs is constantly leading the veterinarian toward
greater practice on conditions affecting the food-producing
animals, and it is extremely important that the special prob-
lems affecting each species be emphasized.

DRAINAGE OF THE FRONTAL SINUS

The frontal sinus of the ox is very different from that of
the horse, particularly with respect to its extent superiorly
and the fact that it is partially divided by many bony septa,
which makes direct drainage through the cavity impossible.
Aside from the usual description of the frontal sinus as given
in Sisson’s Anatomy, I wish to call attention to the follow-
ing facts:

1. The frontal sinus in many specimens extends posterior
to the region of the poll or frontal eminence and laterally
to a point just anterior to the external ear.

2. The deepest and freest portion of the frontal sinus is
found about midway between the base of the horn core and
the median line. The cranial plate arches upward in the cen-
ter of the skull inferior to this free portion so that the cavity
is limited to the lateral borders on a line drawn across the nar-
rowest portion of the head, about midway between the pos-
terior border of the orbital cavity and the base of the horn.

1Presented at the twenty-third semi-annual meeting of the Minnesota
State Veterinary Medical Association, Hutchinson, Minn., July 14 and 15,
1921.
5]

52 H. E. Bemis

In the plane which passes through the posterior borders of the
orbital cavity the sinus again swings toward the median plane
and at this point constitutes the second largest cavity and
marks the lower lmit of the frontal portion of the sinus.
Upon a plane passed through the middle of the orbital cavi-
ties, the frontal portion of the sinus is usually separated from
the turbinal portion of the sinus by a complete septum.

The same idea may be expressed in a different and per-
haps clearer way by stating that if a horseshoe having wide
webbed branches and a narrow toe should be placed upon
the ox’s head so that the upper branch would rest upon the
median line in the region of the poll and the toe of the shoe
would rest upon the lateral portion of the frontal region at its
narrowest point, the lower branch would rest over the second
most free portion of the sinus and any point covered by the
shoe would be a safe point for trephining the sinus.

3. On a plane passing through the narrowest portion of
the region a small opening about the size of a lead pencil
passes from the floor of the sinus into a compartment which
is separated from the temporal fossa only by a thin plate of
bone. In ease pus is retained in this compartment, the bone
sometimes becomes necrotic and an abscess develops, posterior
to the eye and occupying the temporal fossa.

4. From the lower limit of the frontal portion of the sinus
on a plane passing through the center of the orbits and about
one and one-half inches from the median line, the frontal
sinus communicates with the nasal cavity through the ethmoid
cells. From a trephine opening located as just described,
drainage may be established through the nose by passing a
curved instrument from above to below and directed slightly
toward the median line.

The frontal sinus of the ox usually becomes infected fol-
lowing accident to the horn or dehorning operations. In these
cases one usually has a means of entrance to the superior free
portion of the sinus. The other two points where it is most
practicable to trephine the sinus for further drainage are
over the toe and the lower branch of the horseshoe-shaped area
already described. From the first of these the compartments
in the temporal fossa may be flushed, and from the second one
bottom drainage may be established through the nasal eavity. If

a jee! |. Se DA Clee eA

ae a

= 4
ae

‘

SURGICAL OPERATIONS ON THE OX 53

an abscess forms in the temporal fossa it may be drained by
an incision through the skin at the most prominent point.
Such drainage is not complete and usually constitutes a tem-
porary relief until animals can be marketed.

EXCISION OF THE EYE

The frequency of the occurrence of accidental wounds, ab-
scesses and malignant tumors of the eye of the ox often makes
it necessary or desirable to remove the entire structure. We
believe that the most satisfactory method of performing this
operation involves the complete removal of the conjunctiva
so as to prevent the formation of secretions which result
in constant discharge.

To perform the operation, confine the animal on the table
or ground, and carefully remove, by shaving, the hair of the
lids and surrounding area and paint the surface with tincture
of iodine. With a small hypodermic needle inject subcutane-
ously a liberal amount of local anesthetic, such as 1 per cent
solution of stovaine, apothesine or procaine, containing adre-
nalin chloride in a 1-to-5,000 solution, into the upper and lower
lids, about 1 em. from the border of the lids. Follow this
by injecting about 1 ¢.c. of the same solution at four different
points into the depths of the region posterior to the orbit.

Suture the upper and lower lids together with a continuous

‘silk suture, confine the skin of the lids with tissue forceps,

and with a very sharp knife make an incision through each
lid about a quarter of an inch from their borders, uniting
the incisions the same distance beyond the lateral and medial
eanthi. The incision should pass to but not through the con-
junctiva. The hemorrhage should at all times be carefully
controlled so that this technique may be carried out after com-
pleting the incisions to a uniform depth throughout their
extent. The conjunctiva is separated from the lids back to
its attachment to the orbit. This leaves the conjunctiva at-
tached to the border of the lids; which have been sutured
together, and these tissues may then be used to apply attrac-
tion upon the orbit. After the dissection has been carried
back to the point of insertion of the conjunctiva to the orbit,
the muscles of the eye are clipped with a pair of curved scis-
sors and finally the optic nerve is cut in the same manner

and the orbit completely removed, the third eyelid being re-

54 H. E. Bemis

moved with it. All of the periorbital fat should be left in
place. The hemorrhage, which is not great, should be con-
trolled with sterile gauze sponges and all blood clots removed
from the cavity. The cavity is then packed with sterile gauze
dusted with equal parts of chlorinated lime and boric acid well
mixed together, or iodoform, and the cut edges of the lids
are carefully sutured with interrupted silk sutures beginning
at the external angle, omitting the last stitch to provide drain-
age. Remove the pack in twenty-four hours and inject into
the cavity about one-half ounce of Bipp, which is a paste
composed of iodoform 16 ounces, bismuth subnitrate 8 ounces,
liquid paraffin 8 ounces.

Very little after-treatment will be found necessary. The
cavity will fill and the edges of the lids become permanently
healed together in about two weeks. The area is finally left
somewhat sunken, but the surface is absolutely smooth and
no discharging wound remains.

ACTINOMYCOSIS IN THE MANIBULAR AND PAROTID REGIONS

Actinomyecosis affecting the glands of this region is quite
common in cattle and often calls for some form of surgical pro-
cedure. There are two methods of dealing with this econdi-
tion. The one involves complete removal of the diseased tissue
and is indicated in case of circumscribed tumors in valuable
animals which are to be kept for a considerable period of
time. The second involves drainage and proper after-treat-
ment and is indicated in case of butcher animals which are
being fed for market. Here it is of advantage to use a method
which will control the condition and at the same time incur
the least possible loss of time and flesh.

Without enumerating the many problems connected with
complete removal of such tumors, due to the large number of
important structures in this region, I wish to emphasize a few
important points in connection with the technique of the oper-
ation.

1. After thoroughly preparing the region and locating as
far as possible structures to be avoided, a liberal elliptical
incision should be made in a longitudinal direction, which
should include any and all fistulous openings and should be
large enough to remove all excess of skin due to the enlarge-
ment. The incision should be carefully carried to the line of

SURGICAL OPERATIONS ON THE OX 5.

~

cleavage between the normal and diseased tissue. This line
can be discovered most easily by beginning the blunt dissec-
tion as near the base of the tumor as possible at some point
from which it will be more easy to work out in all directions
than to attempt to find the line of cleavage over the periphery
of the tumor.

Following the line of cleavage with blunt dissection, using
the scalpel handle or Mayo scissors so far as possible, it should
be possible to recognize any important vessels, ducts or nerves
before they are sectioned. Vessels which must be cut should
be ligated before being cut. Large vessels should be ligated
at two points and then divided between these two points. The
separation should continue until the tumor has been com-
pletely isolated. It is usually found that a small neck of
diseased tissue extends into the depths of the region be-
yond the large portion of the tumor. This should not be
eut across but completely removed. ;

If the wound area is large and important vessels are ex-
posed, the tissue spaces should be closed and protected by
suturing the tissues together in the depths of the wound. If
there is a parenchymatous hemorrhage, a sterile gauze pack
should be placed in the cavity and the skin united with in-
terrupted sutures. It is important to warn the owner against
the danger of post-operative hemorrhage, and to prevent this
the animal should be closely confined in a stall where there
is no opportunity for the animal to place pressure on the
jugular region. A course of potassium iodide treatment may
be given as a further safeguard against recurrence.

2. The second method has been found to be very practical
and satisfactory in case of animals in the feed lot. It con-
sists in thorough drainage of the process, followed by paint-
ing the cavity with tincture of iodine and then packing the
eavity with gauze upon which has been smeared about halt
an ounce of paste made of equal parts of zine chloride and
sanguinaria. This pack should be sutured in place and allowed
to remain for five to eight days, after which it is removed,
together with the slough which has been caused by the pack.
If practicable, it is well to carry out the potassium iodide
treatment in these cases as well. Under such treatment we
have found that the tumors make either complete recovery

or sufficient reduction takes place so that the animal can be

56 H. EK. Bemis

marketed without loss, as there is very little if any loss of flesh
due to the operation if an animal can be handled in the stocks
or chute. For these reasons we believe this method to be
practical, although not so satisfactory from a surgical stand-
point.

| RUMENOTOMY

IT will not attempt to describe the indications for rumenotomy,
but wish rather to direct attention to some of the important
points in performing the operation. Many times the animal is
in such a toxie condition that anesthesia is not necessary and
the problem of control does not enter into consideration. If
this is not the case, satisfactory anesthesia can be obtained by
the use of local anesthetics injected subcutaneously along the
line of incision. The animal may be controlled either in a
standing or recumbent position, according to the circumstances.

After shaving the region. of the left flank, the area should
be carefully sponged out with bichloride of mercury, 1 to 1,000,
and painted with tincture of iodine. The structures to be di-
vided, named in order from without to within, are as follows:

1. Skin.

2. Subeutem and subeutaneous fat in variable amounts.

3. The external oblique muscle. The fibers of this muscle
pass the region in very nearly a horizontal direction and are
relatively thin.

4. Internal oblique muscle, and those arising from the
ilium, whose fibers are considerably thicker and pass in a
direction downward and forward, from the external angle of
the ilium. A definite branch of the circumflex artery passes
along the superior border of this portion of the muscle.

5. ‘Transverse muscle of the abdomen, which in this region
is entirely aponeurotic. The fibers extend in a perpendicular
direction and are white and glistening in appearance and
very thin.

6. The iliac fascia. This structure is thin and yellowish in
appearance and is separated from the previously mentioned
structure by aureolar tissue.

7. The subperitoneal fat.

8. Peritoneum.

The importance of knowing the various structures which
are found in this region is that the operator may be able to
recognize each structure by its color and direction of fibers
and consequently may know at each step in the operation
just how far the operation has progressed.

_ ——_——a

.
¢€

or
=~!

SuRGICAL OPERATIONS ON THE OX

A perpendicular incision about 8 to 10 inches in length,
starting at a point about equal distance from the last rib, the
lumbar vertebre and the external angle of the ilium, should
be made through the skin, subcutem and external oblique
muscle. The fibers of the internal oblique should be sepa-
rated in their long direction, across the center of the wound,
and likewise the fibers of the aponeurosis of the transverse
muscle and the iliac fascia should be divided in the same
direction as a skin incision. After separating the fat the
peritoneum should be picked up with forceps, incised with
scissors or scalpel, and completely divided with a blunt bis-
toury.

The divided edges of the peritoneum should be secured
with forceps, which are allowed to remain in place during the
operation. A liberal strip of sterile gauze should be placed
within the peritoneal cavity, through the lower commissure
of the wound, and finally the rumen divided liberally and the
divided edges fixed with forceps or tape. Under this method
a free opening is made through the abdominal wall and into
the rumen and much less tissue is actually destroyed than
by trying to operate by separating all of the muscles in the
direction of their fibers.

After emptying at least two-thirds of the contents of the
rumen the edges of the wound in the rumen should be care-
fully cleansed and the wounds united by using one row of
interrupted or continuous silk sutures to adapt the edges.

This line of suture should then be buried for a distance
of one-half to three-fourths of an inch by the use of a catgut
Lembert suture, No. 2 or No. 3, passed in with a round-
pointed needle, attempting to avoid passing the needle through
the mucous membrane. Particular care should be taken to get
equal apposition of the peritoneal surfaces, and especially so
at the commissures. Within twelve hours following the oper-
ation a line of sutures so placed will be completely covered
by a wound exudate and adhesion will begin to form.

After removing the gauze and preparing the wound edges,
the peritoneum, still fixed in the forceps, should be pulled
up and sutured with catgut. A few catgut sutures may be
used to unite the muscle wounds or to obliterate spaces within
the tissues, and finally the skin should be sutured with silk,
leaving drainage in the lower angle of the wound and the

58 H. E. Bemis

line of suture protected with gauze and collodion except at
the drainage opening.

The points which I wish to emphasize particularly are the
importance of the careful apposition of peritoneal surfaces,
both visceral and parietal. I am thoroughly convinced that
no abdominal wound is properly cared for which does not
include these two precautions.

The complications may be peritonitis, abscesses in the wall
of the abdomen, and fistula of the rumen. Peritonitis should
be treated on general principles and abscesses treated by
careful and complete drainage. By using catgut sutures in
the depth of the wound I believe the number of abscesses can
be reduced. If fistula results, the process should be allowed
to heal as completely as it will, and if complete healing does
not take place, the final tract should be curetted and cauter-
ized with a hot iron or pure phenol, after which healing usu-
ally takes place.

AMERICAN TO DIRECT NEW BRAZILIAN COLLEGE

Dr. Peter Henry Rolfe, of Florida, has been appointed to
direct the agricultural and veterinary college which is to be
established in the State of Minas Geraes, Brazil. Ambassador
Edwin N. Morgan reports that a credit of 1,000,000 milreis has
been authorized to meet the initial expenses of the school.

U.S. COWS SUPERIOR

The American milk cows which have been distributed through
Bavaria are declared to be better milkers than the German
breed. The Bavarian farmers express astonishment that the
American cows give about twenty quarts of milk daily after
their first calf, which is double the quantity of German cows.

NEW BUILDINGS AT AUBURN, ALA.

The contract for the construction of three new buildings at
the Alabama Polytechnic Institute at Auburn, Ala., has been
awarded. The transaction involves $125,000 and the structures
are to be completed by January 1. One of the buildings will
replace Comer Hall, the big agriculture building. The other
structures will be used for veterinary science.

PROGRESS OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS ERADICA-
TION IN MONTANA

By W. J. BUTLER

State Veterinarian, Helena, Montana

IN 1911 the Twelfth Legislative Assembly of Montana en-
acted Chapter 146, “‘An act to provide for the tuberculin test-
ing of bovine animals, their quarantine, destruction, and dispo-
sition under the general supervision of the Livestock Sanitary
Board.’’ This law specifically required that all dairy cattle be
tuberculin tested and that all reactors be destroyed or segre-
gated and quarantined.

The difficulties that presented themselves in fulfilling this
work were many. Montana is the third largest State in the
Union; its ranches and dairy herds are widely separated. Prac-
tically none of our dairy herds are kept under pasture the entire
year around. When cattle are dry they are turned out on the
adjacent range. In the foot-hill country barns are made of logs,
and in many sections where milking is done only during summer
months there are no barns at all. In addition to this, due to
the many settlers coming into the State, there are a number of
one-cow dairies which carry on a dairy business from time to
time as cows come fresh. Taking all of these adverse conditions
into consideration, it will at once become apparent that the
progress made by the State of Montana in cleaning up its dairy
herds and eradicating tuberculosis in livestock is indeed re-
markable. It gives a concrete example of what may be accom-
plished by an active and consistent campaign in the eradication
of an infectious contagious disease.

The following table is the official record of the number of
animals tested, the number of tuberculous animals found, and
the percentage of tuberculosis for the years 1911 up to and in-
cluding June 30, 1921:

a9

60 W. J. BUTLER

Tuberculosis

Year Tested Reactors Percentage
VOD Ds 7a rete 8 2) 799 829 10.68
uP ae Oe etl 4 a re 7,158 481 6.7
Gut pervert Ae Be tee, 6,769 371 5.4
GWA ere a eR Ren Me ee 5,788 174 3.0
I 3 os. sey TC A 5) dake 345 2.4
TOG 125 lak te 5 3 ne . 9,988 520 5.2
THY eee eet ee 13,781 707 5.2
DOTS Ac Sh oe 22,720 1,151 5.0
1 LS ee A Oe 26,661 752. 2.82
NO 2 Opes eee 29,017 647 2.22
1921 (to June 30)............... 29,990 260 0.86

Migraltre fect. hk 173,517 6,237 3.5

It will be noticed that when tuberculin testing was first inau-
gurated 10.63 per cent of reactors (or tuberculous animals) were
found. The second year was practically a retesting of the herds
that had been tested in 1911. The percentage fell to 6.7. The
testing of 1913-1914 was a repetition of the previous years’ test-
ing, in that methods of testing and funds did not permit an ex-
pansion of the work or the testing of new herds. Tuberculosis
in the herds that had been tested fell to 3 per cent.

On September 21, 1914, the intradermiec tuberculin test was
officially recognized. This test is commonly ealled the ‘‘tail
test.’? Previous to this time the States of Missouri and Cali-
fornia had used the intradermic test, but Montana was the first
State to adopt it officially as its recognized test and to guarantee
its accuracy by paying the owner of any animal falsely con-
demned (through the use of the intradermic test) the full and
true book value of the animal condemned. I think I may safely
state that bovine tuberculosis in western States or in ‘semi-range
States will never be eradicated by the use of the old subeuta-
neous or temperature test. This for the reason that where the
temperature test is used only gentle and well broken animals
can be accurately tested. With the intradermic test any animal,
wild or gentle, young or old, may be accurately tested.

With the adoption of the intradermie test the Livestock Sani-
tary Board issued an order that all cattle in any herd, young and
old, wild and gentle, must be tested. The intradermic test
brought to light the fact that calves may suffer from tubereu-
losis. It also demonstrated the fact that many dry dairy animals
that were running out in the hills were also tuberculous. These
calves and dry animals could not be tested with the subcutaneous
test, and therefore until the adoption of the intradermie test

ye <

TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION IN MONTANA 61

they were a constant source of reinfection to that particular
herd. Strange as it may seem, we have found generalized tuber-
culosis in calves six weeks old. Such an occurrence hardly
seems possible, but it is an absolute fact.

With the use of the intradermic test we were able to test more
than twice as many cattle for the same amount of money as we
had been able to test in previous years. In 1915 the percentage
of reactors fell, even though we tested a number of new herds.
The work in 1915 was expanded by testing in the Flathead
district, where we tested thousands of cattle without finding one
reactor. This is the principal reason for the percentage falling.
Even though our percentage of reactors fell in 1915, we found
considerable tuberculosis in previously tested herds. We realized
there must be some outside source of infection. In most in-
stances we found that their purebred bulls, which had been
imported into the State since our last previous test, were tuber-
eulous. These bulls had been shipped into Montana accom-
panied by an official tuberculin test chart issued by the State
from which they originated, stating that the animals were free
from tuberculosis and any infectious contagious disease.

To protect the stock interests of Montana the Livestock San-
itary Board issued an order that all purebred cattle shipped into
the State would have to be shipped into quarantine and held
subject to a 60-90 day retest.

Our figures for 1916 were a revelation. Out of 1,646 purebred
animals shipped into the State, accompanied by an official tuber-
eulin test chart, we found when we subjected them to our 60-90
day retest that 145 were tuberculous. No wonder that our herds
were becoming reinfected when 8.8 per cent of all purebreds
being shipped into the State, even though accompanied by a
elean bill of health and tuberculin test chart, were tuberculous.

In 1916 the States of Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana
held a meeting to protect themselves against the fraudulent im-
portation of purebred cattle from ontside States. This meeting .
provided for the 60-90 day retest in these respective States, and
1 feel safe in stating that the nation-wide tuberculosis eradica-
tion campaign is the result of the action taken by the States of
Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana.

It will be noted that in 1916 our percentage of reactors jumped
to 5.2 per cent. The principal reason for this was the testing

- of imported purebred cattle, and also to the testing of herds

62 W. J. BUTLER

where we knew they had recently acquired imported sires. It
will be noticed that our percentage of reactors held fairly even
for the years 1916, 1917 and 1918. Due to the enormous dis-
tances to be traveled, to climatic conditions, and the financial
condition of the Livestock Sanitary Board it took us practically
three years to clean up our herds which had been contaminated
from outside sources. It might have taken us longer had not
the United States Bureau of Animal Industry in 1917 estab-
lished its cooperative tuberculosis eradication campaign. We
did not receive very much help in 1917, but we did receive con-
siderable help in 1918, and ever since that time have received
efficient and well directed cooperation from the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry.

With the knowledge of the work accomplished and with the
careful studying of our official records one is safe in stating that
the peak load of our work in bovine tuberculosis eradication has
been reached and that gradually, but surely, bovine tuberculosis
in Montana is being eradicated.

The figures for the first six months in 1921 indicate beyond
words the progress of our work. We have tested 29,990 cattle
and have found but 260 tuberculous animals, a percentage of
0.86. In 1922 even this percentage should be decreased, and
we sincerely trust that each year it will grow less and that
the work of the Livestock Sanitary Board will be crowned with
the achievement of having eradicated bovine tuberculosis in the
State of Montana. F

During the past ten years we have destroyed 6,237 cattle
which could have been and which were in many cases a source
of infection to the human family. It must also be realized that
had these animals been permitted to live they would have
infected countless other bovine animals, which in turn would
have been a source of infection to the human family. Taking
these facts and figures into consideration, the milk-drinking
public must realize the protection which is being given them and
their children by the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board in the
eradication of tuberculosis.

The fact that in 1921 we found only 0.86 per cent of tuber-
culosis in all cattle tested is a positive assurance to the State and
the world in general of the cleanliness and purity of Montana
dairy products and the healthfulness of Montana livestock,

PARTURIENT PARESIS OF THE DAIRY COW:

By A. A. Morey

Alpena, Mich.

PARTURIENT PARESIS is a disease affecting especially the
dairy cow following parturition, rarely before or during birth,
and is generally of a nonfebrile nature, resulting in a general
paralysis, or, in nontreated cases, death.

The cause of this disease is still unknown. Although many
theories have been advanced as to the cause, none of them have
been generally accepted.

The first symptoms are generally manifest from 12 to 72
hours following the birth, although cases are occasionally met
where the first symptoms are noticed within an hour following
the birth, and still more rare where several weeks have elapsed.
It is a noticeable fact that cases that develop extremely late more
often develop tympanites and coma early during the attack.
These late cases may or may not be true parturient paresis; in
fact, they rather suggest auto-intoxication, but the fact remains
that they do answer favorably to the same treatment employed
in the typical cases.

The earliest symptoms probably noticed are greatly decreased
lactation, uneasiness, treading with the hind feet, possibly getting
up and down. This uneasiness continues from one-half hour to
several hours, when animal reaches a state when she can no
longer stand and goes down, lying on her sternum with her head
to her side, tears wetting the face and presenting a picture of
absolute helplessness, and if left alone, will gradually pass into
a state of coma, when the position is changed to lying flat on
the side. The temperature, while generally subnormal, is oc-
easionally found to be as high as 103° F.

I will now discuss the different treatments I have used and
results given.

During my early experiences the Schmidt treatment was used,
with varied results. The percentage of recoveries with this
treatment was not nearly so great as with the air treatment, and

‘Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

64 A. A. Morury

sequele were far more numerous. Many would gain their feet
only to die of pneumonia in a few days; others would develop
mammitis, eventually the gland function being lost, and those
that did recover did so very slowly. These sequelae were met
regardless of how strict aseptic precautions were employed
when treatment was administered.

The next treatment was the trikresol treatment advocated at
the time by Dr. Samuel Brenton of Detroit, Michigan. This
treatment consisted of trikresol and glycerin, equal parts, 2
drams of this mixture in a quart of sterile lukewarm water and
distributed equally in the four quarters of the udder. This
treatment gave excellent results, with no sequela; in fact, it
proved the next best to the sterile air treatment.

The past few years we have had the sterile air treatment and
the oxygen treatment. My experience has been entirely with
the sterile air, which, on account of the convenience and grati-
fying results, has been all that could be desired. The results
from this treatment have been so favorable that many think that
all that is necessary is to inflate the udder of the patient and
she will recover. Granting that this is true in the majority of
cases, it is for the few that will not, that we deem the following
important :

The position in which the patient is kept during the attack is
practically as important as the air treatment, as the cow whose
udder is inflated and then allowed to remain lying on her side,
as they do in the comatose state, has little chance for recovery.
The first thing upon arrival is to roll animal upon her sternum
and insist that she be kept in this position during the entire time
she is unable to stand. One-half a grain of strychnin sulphate
is then given subcutaneously, and repeated in six hours if neces-
sary, but I never give more than half a grain for initial dose
and sometimes less if the animal is of the small type. The bovine
does not tolerate strychnin as the equine, many seeming pecu-
ilarly susceptible to its action. Some practitioners prefer atro-
pin, but personally I prefer strychnin, except in those cases
where the patient seems very excitable, or those that occur on
hot, sultry days. Cases on such days always deserve a more
guarded prognosis.

The udder is then inflated after washing the teats and tube
with a mild cresol solution. The teats are not tied, as by press-

PARTURIENT PARESIS OF THE Dairy Cow 65
»

ing the end of the teat for a few seconds the air will cease to
escape. If a case is met where it seems necessary to tie the
teats, a piece of gauze bandage may be used, but should only be
allowed to remain for a short time. Milking before inflating is
not necessary, as a very small amount of milk is present.

In connection with the inflation of the udder, I wish to con-
demn the use of the bicycle pump as an instrument for this pur-
pose. This practice should be discouraged, as it leaves a bad
impression with the client and it may injure the mammary
elands. Hemorrhage within the glands has been known to occur
following the vicious use of a pump.

It is practically impossible to overinflate the udder with a
small hand bulb outfit. If patient does not recover in six hours
the udder is reinflated. The cylinder of a bulb outfit should be
filled with absorbent cotton which is dampened with a few
drops of trikresol or other suitable antiseptic. Personally I am
in favor of trikresol for this purpose because of the results ob-
tained with the trikresol treatment.

I have had a few cases die while in the act of inflating the
udder, and for this reason it seems best to administer the
strychnin before the air, as since following this procedure such
a misfortune has never occurred.

After completing all work with the udder, if placental mem-
branes are still retained they should be removed, which, in my
experience, is always easily done. The membranes are usually
detached from the cotyledons in these cases and lying in the
uterus, and when they are attached they can easily be removed
by shght traction. |

It is important that the attendant be instructed not to milk
until the patient has been on her feet and apparently normal in
every way for at least three or four hours, and not to give or
allow to be given a drench of any nature, as there seems to be
danger from such procedure during and for twelve hours follow-
ing a severe attack. The muscles of the neck and throat seem
to be affected in these cases. A guarded prognosis must always
be given in those cases which have been drenched before arrival
of veterinarian. Catheterization should be performed on all
animals which are in a comatose condition and also on those
where the attack lasts to exceed six hours.

Occasionally a case is met where the animal regains a per-

66 A. A. Mornrey

fectly normal condition except a refusal to arise; patient eats,
drinks and ruminates normally, and temperature, pulse and
respiration are normal. Sometimes this continues for several
days. One case of this nature, in my practice, crept around
the yard eating grass and apparently well in every way, for a
week, in spite of every effort to make her arise. Finally one
morning the family found her walking around as natural as
ever. This animal had been on a strychnin treatment during the
entire time she was unable to rise. When this condition is met
medical treatment seems of little use and mechanical methods no
better, although it is well to continue the strychnin treatment.
You may try for an hour or two to make a patient of this kind
arise, and fail, leave the barn for half an hour, and return to
find her up and acting as though nothing had happened. Upon
examination of these cases after they had arisen I have never
noticed any muscle atrophy or other condition that would lead
me to believe that any pathological condition had caused the
animal to remain down longer than the usual length of time.
It is probable that muscular weakness is in a measure respon-
sible for the condition. 7

In closing I will say that I have never seen a case in a
primipara or following other than a normal birth, and never a
case with retained placenta that the membranes were at all
firmly attached to the cotyledons.

Many cows suffer attacks each succeeding year; others never
have a second attack, and some suffer an attack every other year.
I recall treating one family cow four times in eight years. Hach
time the animal presented a well-developed case of parturient
paresis, the peculiar incident being that she was attacked every
second year.

No case is too far gone to respond favorably to proper treat-
ment unless the patient is dead upon arrival of veterinarian.

Due to the fact that the cause is still unknown, nothing has
been successfully done along the lines of prophylaxis.

(NoOTE.—Discussion of this paper will appear in the next issue of
THE JOURNAL.)

eS ly

STRONGYLIDOSIS IN THE HORSE '

By C. H. Covauut

Associate Professor of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State College,
Ames, Iowa

STRONGYLIDOSIS is a febrile, enzootic disease of horses
and mules which is characterized by enteritis, progressive ema-
ciation and anemia, and caused by certain of the nematodes
belonging to the family Strongylide. The disease is seen only
in young animals from three months to five years of age, though
the parasites are seen in horses of all ages. The condition has
been described under the names sclerostomiasis and strongy losis,
but the foregoing term seems preferable in the light of our pres-
ent knowledge of the etiology of the disease.

In the State of Iowa alone, hundreds of young horses have
died from this disease in the past few years, and information
reaching us indicates that the losses are as severe in other States
and that it occurs in most of the States of the Union. It is
especially prevalent in the States of the Mississippi Valley,
having been reported from Minnesota to Louisiana. It has been
reported from the Southern States and as far west as Montana.
We can see no reason why the disease should not be found in all
portions of the United States where young animals have access
to wet, swampy pastures, as it is from such that infestation
occurs.

While our knowledge of the etiology of this disease may be
lacking in certain details, we know that it is caused by certain
nematodes of the family Strongylidx, hence the name strongyli-
dosis. Of the many parasites revealed by postmortem examina-
tion of animals dead from strongylidosis the most constant of-
fenders and of first importance are the three species of the genus
Strongylus, namely, S. vulgaris, S. édentatus and S. equinum.
These three have been classified as belonging to the genus
Sclerostomum, hence the name sclerostomiasis. Furthermore,
both Strongylus vulgaris and S. equinum have been designated
as S. armatus.

1 Presented at the fiftv-seventh annual meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, Columbus, Ohio, August, 1920.

67

68 C. H. Covauur

It is from the standpoint of the practicing veterinarian that
this discussion is entered into and I feel safe in saying that it is
seldom that the practitioner so familiarizes himself with these
parasites as to enable him to identify the different species, but
the genus can usually be determined with a fair degree of
accuracy.

The strongyl, being blood-suckers, vary in color from a pale
pink to either a bright or bluish red depending upon the amount
of blood they contain. They vary in size from 14 to 214 inches
in length and from the size of a thread to one-sixteenth of an
inch in thickness, the size depending upon the age, sex and
species.

Probably the most common companions of the strongyli are
the various species of the genus Cylicostomum, considered by
many investigators in the past as being one and designated by
some as Cyathostomum tetracanthum, by others as Strongylus
tetracanthus, and by still others as Sclerostomum tetracanthum.
It has been determined, however, that the small, threadlike white
worms seen in such great numbers and commonly referred to as
tetracanthus and as belonging to some one of the three genera
just mentioned represent in reality at least twenty-two species of
the genus Cylicostomum. In addition to these, Looss recognizes
one species of the genus GYsophagodontus, G4. robustus; five
species of the genus Triodontophorus, T. serratus, T. minor, T.
brevicauda, T. intermedius and T. tennwicollis, and two species
of the genus Gyalocephalus, G. capitus and G. equi. The part
played by each of these in producing the disease is not known,
but the greater part of the damage done is attributed to the
three strongyli.

It is quite generally believed that the life histories of the
various genera of the family Strongylide herein mentioned are
much the same. The adult parasites inhabit the intestinal lumen,
where they lay eggs, which are voided with the feces. Under
favorable conditions of temperature and moisture embryos are
developed after a very few days. The embryos moult one or
more times, and after moulting are very resistant and will live
six to eight months in moist manure or in water. These embryos
are taken into the digestive tract of the host with contaminated
food or water, and either finish their life cycle in the lumen of
the bowel or encyst themselves in the intestinal mucosa or sub-

S@RONGYLIDOSIS IN THE Horse 69

mucosa until sexually mature, when they emerge, copulate and
repeat the life cycle. When burrowing the embryos sometimes
pass through the wall of the intestine and become encysted be-
neath the serous membranes or in the lungs, liver or pancreas,
or they enter the blood vessels. Larve of Strongylus vulgaris
are commonly found in the mesenteric arteries or their branches,
where they+ produce thrombosis and aneurisms. They have oc-
casionally been found in the pulmonary, uterine and _ iliac
arteries or their branches, where they produce thrombosis and
aneurisms. They have occasionally been found in the pulmo-
nary, uterine and iliac arteries, where they produce like lesions.
Larve of S. edentatus are commonly found beneath the serous
membranes, and those of S. equinum are commonly found in
internal organs. It was formerly taught as a part of the life
history of S. vulgaris that the larve developed in the blood
stream until reaching a form resembling the adult, though with-
out sex organs; at this stage it detached from the aneurism,
passed to the walls of the cecum, where it became eneysted ;
later the cyst opened into the lumen of the cecum, setting free
the sexually mature worm. It is now believed by many that
the larve in the blood vessels arrive there through accident and
while they may reach sexual maturity do not reproduce.

The injury to the host is probably due to the combined effects
of the mature and immature worms. The constant irritation of
the blood-sucking adults together with the irritation from the
encysted larve leads to a chronic thickening of the intestinal
wall, with a resultant loss of function, leading to digestive dis-
turbances, as evidenced by diarrhea, ete. This hindrance to
absorption from the intestinal tract, together with the loss to
nutrition through the blood-sucking parasites, as well as the loss
to the host from the absorption of nutriment from the intestinal
lumen by those parasites not bloodsuckers, rapidly depletes the
system of the undeveloped host, leading to emaciation and
anemia. ‘

It is the belief of the writer that the presence of larve in the
mesenteric vessels has little or nothing to do with the disease in
question. It is true that this accident sometimes produces death
through thrombosis and embolism, but clinical experience and
postmortem findings do not indicate that this process operates to
any extent in the production of the symptoms characteristic of

70 C. H. Covauut

the condition which we term strongylidosis or sclerostomiasis ;
therefore, consideration of thrombo-embolie colic does not seem
advisable in this discussion. The mechanical injury to the in-
testinal mucose by the adults and immature parasites opens up
paths for infection leading to local or metastatic abscess forma-
tion or enlargement and infiltration of the mesenteric lymph
glands, resulting in an edematous condition of the mtestine, or
it may result in general infection hastening death. Likewise,
death may result unexpectedly from peritonitis and septicemia
through the rupture of a subperitoneal abscess.

Another factor, possibly of great importance in the produe-
tion of symptoms and death, is the effect upon the host of toxins
liberated by the parasites under certain conditions. In out-
breaks where losses have been extensive and where deaths have
been sudden and unexpected we have been unable to attribute the
losses to any cause other than an intoxication. Postmortem ex-
amination in such cases revealed no changes other than those in
the intestinal wall, and no symptoms had been manifested until
a few hours preceding death. It is known that many of the
other parasites infesting the intestinal tract liberate toxins hav-
ing a marked effect upon the host. With reference to the toxicity
cf the strongyli the following abstract from the Journal of
Agricultural Research is of interest :’

This is a biochemical study of the parasite S. equinuwm. From the
results it is seen that this organism contains fats, fatty acids con-
sisting chiefly of butyric acid, soaps, mucin, albumoses, purin bases
and creatin, a ptomaine, a crystallizable alkaloid, an amino acid, and
an amorphous substance containing a nonprotein nitrogen and phos-
phorus which gives the precipitating reactions for an alkaloid. The
cuticle of this parasite was also found to contain a unique protein
combination which has no relation to chitin.

Contrary to the findings of Weinberg, an alcoholic extract of the
parasite was found to possess a strong hemolytic power. The soaps,
fatty acids, crystallizable alkaloids, and ptomaines were active in the
hemolytic process. The parasite further secretes a lipase which is
capable of digesting the fat contained in horse serum. This lipase,
according to the author, plays an active role in hemolysis. The
bilirubin of horse serum is changed by the cellular activity of the
parasite.

Upon autopsy of the usual fatal cases of strongyloidosis one is
attracted by the markedly emaciated, anemic cadaver. Often
there is edema of dependent portions. Upon opening the ab-
dominal cavity, cysts containing the larve, small abscesses re-

14 chemical study of Sclerostomum equinum. T. Bondouy. Arch. Par. 14 (1910),
No. 1, pp. 5-39.

aes SK. a :,!,.,T,CrCtC SUC

SWRONGYLIDOSIS IN THE Horse 71

sulting from these, or nodules resulting from the healing process
are noted beneath the peritoneum. Often small hematomata
are noted in the peritoneum. The mesenteric lymph glands are
sometimes enlarged, and the subperitoneal tissue in such cases
shows an edematous infiltration with an amber-colored fluid. The
walls of the cecum and large colon are thickened and sclerotic
and contain cysts and abscesses. The mucosa shows innumerable
small red spots due to the piercing of the mucosa by the blood
suckers and is thickly studded with small reddened elevations
which contain larve. Ecchymotic hemorrhages are commonly
present in the different coats of the small intestine. The lumen
of the intestine usually is filled with a wriggling mass of para-
sites, millions of them being present free in the lumen and mixed
with the ingesta and great numbers attached to the mucose.

The embryos are ingested by the host during the late spring
and summer and sometimes produce symptoms of disease as
early as November or December. Usually in our locality the
cases are called to the attention of the veterinarian during the
first four months of the year, though it may be much later, and
as seen by him can be divided into two classes, the difference in
the two being only in the extent of development of the symp-
toms. The interval between the ingestion of the embryos and
the appearance of the symptoms as well as the severity of the

symptoms depends upon the extent of the infestation and the

resistance of the individual, the latter being determined largely
by the feed and care the animal receives.

Upon those farms where the feed and care of the colts is given
proper attention, or in herds where the disease has previously
existed and the owner is alert, the veterinarian is called early
and given the history that the colts are unthrifty in spite of
proper care and judicious feeding. If any of the affected ani-
mals happen to be used for work it is further reported that these
tire easily. Upon examination one finds signs of malnutrition,
rough hair coat, leathery, harsh skin, and fair or poor condition
of flesh. Quite commonly local sweating is observed, especially
in the region of the flanks. Pulse, respiration, temperature,
mucous membranes and appetite appear normal. Feces are
usually normal, but in some cases there are indications of an
intestinal catarrh, the feces being of softer consistency and

malodorous, with the peristalsis active.

72 C. H. Covauur

The second class of cases is characterized by the severity of
the symptoms and are most often met with on those farms

‘

where the growing animals are allowed to ‘‘rough it’’ through
the winter months, 7. e., feed in the cornstalk pasture with little
or no shelter. They also occur under the best of hygienic con-
ditions where the infestation is great or where for any reason
the individual resistance is not marked. There is usually a
history that the animal has lost flesh and strength rapidly; has
a profuse diarrhea and marked thirst; appetite normal, in-
ereased or variable. The principal symptoms are extreme emaci-
ation, weakness and exhaustion. The hair coat is rough, bones
prominent and the eyes sunken. The visible mucose are anemic
and often edematous. Peristaltic sounds are loud, and a watery,
fetid diarrhea persists which soils the tail and buttocks. If the
patient is seen when still able to walk it is noticed to have a
staggering gait especially noticeable in the hind legs. Often the
veterinarian is not called until the animal is recumbent from
weakness. The pulse is weak, thready and irregular, often inter-
mittent. Edema of dependent portions is frequently present.
The temperature is normal except where elevated from secondary
infection. Where daily temperatures are recorded in the febrile
eases the fever is found to be irregular or intermittent. In
recumbent patients areas of decubital gangrene are seen.

The course varies from two weeks to two months from the first
appearance of symptoms, the variation being due to the factors
mentioned as determining the character of the symptoms together
with the extent of bacterial invasion of the traumatic lesions
and the location and character of the accidental lesions produced
by the larve.

In the first class of cases the prognosis is good providing
proper curative measures be early inaugurated. In the ad-
vanced cases the prognosis must be guarded, since the mortality
rate is sometimes very high. Death is usually due to exhaustion
following a prolonged, progressive emaciation and anemia. It
must also be borne in mind that death may come earlier from
any of the following:

(a) Thrombosis of the mesenteric arteries.

(b) Peritonitis, due to intestinal perforation at the site of a
verminous cyst or from rupture of a subperitoneal abscess.

baie. el

~)
we

=, i
STRONGYLIDOSIS IN THE HORSE

(c) General infection taken up through the traumatic lesions
in the intestinal mucose.

(d) Septicemia from decubital gangrene following great
weakness.

(e) Internal hemorrhage from the rupture of an aneurism.

Furthermore, recoveries are often incomplete, it being impos-
sible for the severely injured intestinal wall to resume its normal
functions. The walls are thickened, the circulation impeded, the
mucosa contains much scar tissue, and absorption is interfered
with permanently so that nutrition is impaired. There is chronic
indigestion with constant or intermittent diarrhea, the appetite
is Capricious and emaciation persists.

Diagnosis is not difficult in districts where infestations are
common. Features which lead to suspicion are: History of the
patient having pastured on low, poorly drained or marsh land,
or having been sufficiently exposed to animals known to have
been infested; the enzootic character; the season of the year at
which the symptoms appear; the gradual intensification of the
symptoms as already outlined. Of especial diagnostic import-
ance is the finding of the worms in the feces. When diarrhea is
present the worms are easily seen in the freshly voided feces,
or if the arm is inserted into the rectum the worms will be seen
on the hand and arm when it is withdrawn. Errors are not un-
common in cases where diarrhea is not present. The feces
contain few or no worms. Rectal exploration may fail to reveal
their presence. Where the history and symptoms indicate an
infestation the diagnosis should be withheld until a purge has
been administered and a reexamination made during the period
of purgation, when in positive cases the parasites will be found
in great numbers. It must be remembered that these parasites
can be present in an individual without producing disease, so
that the mere finding of the parasites is not of sufficient import-
ance to exclude the necessity of further careful physical ex-
amination. In our locality laymen who have had _ previous
experience frequently make a diagnosis and call at the office
asking to have their colts treated for ‘‘little red worms.’’ In
those districts where infectious anemia exists the two diseases
can be easily confused. It is reported that in infectious anemia
there is a gradual increase in the temperature from day to day
which might assist in the differentiation.

74 C. H. Covauut

Treatment consists primarily in attempts to remove the para-
sites and to build up the resistance of the patient. To remove
the parasites from the intestinal tract we prefer a combination
of tartar emetic and ferrous sulphate, 1 to 2 drams of the former
and 2 to 4 drams of the latter, the dosage depending upon the
age, given daily in capsule or on a small amount of feed until
six doses have been given. This we prefer to give in the morn-
ing before feeding. Unless the severe diarrhea or the weakness
of the patient forbids, this six-day treatment should be preceded
and followed by a purge. For this purpose aloes is to be pre-
ferred. Leneveu recommends 2 to 5 drams of carbon bisulphide
given in capsule for five days and followed on the sixth day with
a purgative, preferably magnesium, sulphate. Turpentine in oil
at intervals of three or four days has also given fair satisfac-
tion. Thymol in ounce doses given after a period of fasting has,
according to our limited observation, given only fair results.
Oil of chenopodium given in from 14 to 1 ounce doses following
24 to 36 hours fasting and followed by an aloes purge is said to
give good results.

At the time of our first visit we administer 20 to 30 grains of
atoxyl or 30 to 45 grains of sodium cacodylate intravenously,
and repeat this dosage in ten days to two weeks. Rarely a third
dose is given at the same interval. Where recovery is delayed we
repeat the administration of tartar emetic, ferrous sulphate and
sodium cacodylate after three weeks.

While the great value of the preparations of organic arsenic
can, not be denied, there is some difference in opinion as to how
the beneficial action is exerted. It is stated that when given
subcutaneously or intravenously they destroy the mature worms
in the intestinal tract. Also that repeated doses destroy the en-
eysted larve. The marked improvement following their use
leads one to suspect that this may be true. It has been partic-
ularly emphasized that the marked improvement is due to the
destruction of the larve in the blood stream, and while this
action probably takes place, and if so is of value in the end,
it is difficult to believe that their destruction could have any
appreciable effect on the course of the disease under discussion.
Leneveu recommends sodium cacodylate because of its alterative
tonic effect, and it is possible that the beneficial results come asa
result of this action.

a

—ss

4

co |
~

STRONGYLIDOSIS IN THE HorsE

Further tonie treatment consists in the administration of
strychnine and imorganie arsenic in proper dosage. To allay
intestinal irritation and control the diarrhea, salol, bismuth
subnitrate or precipitated calcium carbonate should be ad-
ministered.

Attempt to combat heart weakness with subcutaneous injec-
tions of camphor in oil or digitalis may be used per os.

Complications must be treated as they appear. Decubital
gangrene should be guarded against in the weakened patient by
the use of slings.

Marked weakness or threatened collapse is combated by the
subeutaneous injection of from 1,000 to 2,000 mils of sterile
normal saline solution.

Of first importance is the allowance of a generous diet, and this
phase of the treatment can not be overemphasized.

In addition to the dietetic and medicinal treatment, prophy-
lactic measures must be inaugurated to prevent infestation.
Attempts should be made to secure proper under-drainage of all
marsh land. Horses should be kept away from poorly drained
pastures and care should be taken that.the hay be free from
contamination. The drinking water should come from deep
wells or should be filtered. Infested animals should be isolated
and their quarters frequently cleaned and disinfected and pro-
vided with clean bedding.

Livestock improvement, sectional in many cases, has ad-
vanced rapidly during the past two years through the influence
of the nation-wide purebred sire campaign. Horsemen in the
mid-western horse-producing ‘States have perhaps said less about
their attainments than their cattle-breeding brothers, but they
have been plodding along, getting their results just the same.
Breeder’s Gazette.

They were in a railway train and were discussing Dickens.
““Well.’’ said one, ‘‘John puts ‘Bleak House’ first and ‘Martin
Chuzzlewit’ second.’’ ‘‘Excuse me, gentlemen,’’ said a husky
voice from the seat behind. ‘‘I don’t know your pal, John, but
you’re being steered. There ain’t no such horses runnin’.’’—
Fort Worth Star-Telegram.

BOTULISM IN SWINE AND ITS RELATION TO IMMU-
NIZATION AGAINST HOG CHOLERA

By Ropert GRAHAM

Professor of Animal Pathology and Hygiene, University of
Illinois, Urbana, III.

THE pathogenic significance of secondary bacterial invaders
in hog cholera has been a subject of investigation since the
development and application of the Dorset, McBryde and Niles
anti-hog-cholera serum and virus treatment. Notwithstanding
the reduced mortality from hog cholera due to the widespread
use of anti-hog-cholera serum, the loss in swine immunized
against hog cholera has yet been a heavy drain upon the swine
industry. Beginning in 1918 bacteriological investigations of
swine diseases occurring in Illinois were projected at the Uni-
versity Laboratory of Animal Pathology. The outbreaks com-
ing within the scope of these investigations may occur fol-
lowing the administration of anti-hog-cholera serum and virus
(one week to 90 days), and untreated young pigs on infected
premises may frequently be chronically afflicted. The possible
relation of the serum and virus treatment to the losses in ques-
tien has been suggested, though the exact connection of same
has long been a matter of conjecture.

The disease in question is marked by gross pathological
changes in affected animals, which include a hemorrhagic in-
flammation of the lymphatic glands with petechial hemorrhages
in the serous and mucous membranes when accompanied by
hog cholera. An interstitial pulmonary edema with eatarrhal
pneumonia and pleuritic adhesions may be observed in some
cases. The intestinal wall is thickened in the early stages of
the enteric type of the disease, while circumscribed necrotic spots
are visible on the serous covering of the intestine. In cases of
long standing diffuse areas of diptheritic gastro-enteritis have
been encountered. The latter lesion is more commonly observed
in young pigs. The heart, kidney, and liver show varying
degrees of parenchymatous degeneration.

In etiologie studies a filterable virus test for hog cholera has
generally revealed the presence of a low-grade hog-cholera
virus, providing the animals have been previously immunized

lord id

16

30TULISM AND HoG-CHOLERA IMMUNIZATION ia

against cholera. In a few untreated herds, where the disease
may assume a more chronie course, the filterable virus of hog
cholera could not be consistently demonstrated by the usual
methods. Since the virulence of hog-cholera virus is diminished
by filtration, the negative results are subject to further study
before final conclusions are formulated.

Bacteriological studies of tissues from afflicted animals in 30
spontaneously ‘affected herds frequently revealed the presence
of Bacillus suipestifer and related organisms of the paratyphoid
group, while B. necrophorous was demonstrated in certain local
lesions together with extraneous Gram-negative and_ positive
spore-bearing rods. The latter tinctorially and morphologically
resembled B. botulinus, while subsequent cultural, toxogenic and
serologic tests confirmed the identity of this microorganism.
One or more afflicted pigs were submitted from each herd.
Ninety per cent of the outbreaks were related to B. botulinus
type A. Moreover, B. botulinus type A has been frequently
encountered in the surface soil of many of the infected premises.

The syndrome observed in affected animals may vary in
intensity, depending upon the age of the animal and the pres-
ence or absence of hog cholera. In mildly affected animals
following immunization, weakness or stiffness in the hind legs
with knuckling of the pasterns may be noted. Unthriftiness
and drooping ears followed by a variety of nervous manitesta-
tions appear. Muscular twitching of the tail is observed in
some animals. Occasionally a typical case of posterior paralysis
or gluteal neurasthenia may develop. The breathing in
advanced cases may be shallow with or without a thumping
movement in the flank. Dyspnea and nasal catarrh give rise to
a wheezing sound during inspiration. Conjunctivitis with a
muco-purulent discharge may prevail in some animals and the
eyelids become firmly glued together. Visual disturbances are
commonly observed independent of inflammatory changes in the
conjunctiva. :

The sporadic syndrome briefly described may be reproduced by
injecting hog-cholera serum and virus with varying amounts
of botulinus toxin, while toxin injected per se in young pigs
results in unthriftiness and malnutrition, with enteric and pul-
monie disturbances analogous to those observed in pigs on
naturally infected premises.

78 Rospert GRAHAM

The not infrequent occurrence of the disease or diseases referred
to above throughout the Corn Belt following immunization
against hog cholera suggested its probable relation to the serum
and virus treatment. In order to obtain bacteriological evidence
on this point seventy-four samples of commercial hog cholera
serum and virus were examined with special reference to
anaerobic flora. Many different species of anaerobes were en-
countered, but it seemed significant that 16 per cent of the
samples purchased in the open market proved positive to B.
botulinus type A. Of this number 10.8 per cent of the positive
samples were hog-cholera virus, and 5.2 per cent were hog-cholera

serum. ‘The serum and virus samples included in this series.

were in many instances of the same serial number employed in
the treatment of herds that developed illness subsequent to im-
munization, and it is presumed from the preliminary evidence
that a higher percentage of the commercial anti-hog-
cholera serum and virus is contaminated with toxogenic strains
of B. botulinus type A, while the possible significance of other
pathogenic anaerobes has not as yet been eliminated from con-
sideration. The possibility of botulism in sick herds following
hog-cholera immunization should not be disregarded, though the
filterable virus of hog cholera has been demonstrated in a major-
ity of outbreaks.

In the light of bacteriologic and serologic tests it is apparent
that hog cholera is the predominating disease in post-vaccina-
tion illness in swine. The incubation and development of
cholera in recently immunized herds in our judgment may be
traceable to the fact that the serum and virus treatment is simul-
taneously superimposed upon a specific botulinus intoxication
which lowers the resisting powers of the animal and permits the
development of a latent and low-grade cholera.

Aerobie pathogens such as Pasteurella suiseptica and several
unidentified saprophytes in the tissues of afflicted animals do
not appear to be a significant or primary factor in the losses.
In fact the administration of bacterins prepared from the hemor-
rhagic septicemia group have been found not only worthless, but
detrimental in preliminary experiments. On the contrary the
injection of botulinus antitoxin type A in so-called ‘‘breaks”’
following immunization, in preliminary trials under field condi-
tions, is highly efficacious, providing hog-cholera virus infection

a FIOM

Mi!

ore

£
+

Oy 08 et ert

ee ae

BorunisM AND HoG-CHOLERA IMMUNIZATION 79
is eliminated or subjected to control by the administration of a
second dose of anti-hog-cholera serum.

The logical procedure to be tentatively recommended in avoid-
ing loss subsequent to immunizing hogs with commercial anti-
hog-cholera serum and virus as at present prepared, consists of
a prophylactic injection of botulinus antitoxin (500 units) to
offset the specific intoxication which may be produced by the
use of serum and virus, until a better means is devised to elimi-
nate all possibility of infected serum and virus. Furthermore,
the relation of a food intoxication which might result from con-
taminated rations fed incident to immunization further justifies
_this prophylactic treatment. On infected premises pigs should
be treated before symptoms of unthriftiness and malnutrition
appear, since the curative effects of the antitoxin are limited.
Chronie cases which at autopsy show well-organized secondary
and nonspecific lesions of enteritis are amenable only to early
treatment with botulinus antitoxin. On the contrary, bacterins
of the hemorrhagic septicemia group, sometimes recommended in
the treatment of such conditions, have proven detrimental in
preliminary experiments.

Dr. L. M. Buffington has been transferred from the Govern-
ment tick-eradication force in Arkansas to hog-cholera work
in Iowa.

Dr. W. M. MacKellar, who for some time has directed the
Bureau tick-eradication work in Georgia and Florida, has been
transferred at his own request and assigned to the position of
inspector-in-charge of field work and hog-cholera control in Cali-
fornia, with headquarters at Sacramento. Dr. S. J. Horne as-
sumes the duties formerly performed by Dr. MacKellar, with
headquarters at Atlanta, Ga.

Doctors J. R. Wirthlin and A. M. Kirkpatrick have resigned
their positions on the tick-eradication force of the Bureau of
Animal Indutsry in Georgia.

Dr. Edward Horstman, of the Federal tick-eradication force, |
has been transferred from Louisiana to Georgia.

Dr. George M. Paxton is now acting inspector-in-charge of
this work in Louisiana.

A TRIBUTE TO DEAN W. HORACE HOSKINS

By Wiw1AM Hersert Lowe

Paterson, N. J.

FORTY years ago William Horace Hoskins was graduated
from the American Veterinary College, New York City. He was
then twenty-one years of age, possessed of an indomitable will
and a high purpose. He had learned how to study and had been
inspired to greater things. It was at the feet of Liautard and
his confreres that Hoskins commenced his notable career.

Ability, industry and loyalty were outstanding characteris-
tics of the man. He was a remarkable leader in the profession.
As an organizer, local, State and national, his achievements are
unparalleled in the annals of the veterinary profession in
America.

In the upbuilding of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation, which organization has become the largest and most
influential veterinary association in the world, Hoskins played
a most conspicuous part. He served the association as secre-
tary for a time and later as president for a term of three con-
secutive years. He enjoyed the unique distinction of never
having missed attendance at an annual meeting of the American
Veterinary Medical Association and also of the Alumni Asso-
ciation of his Alma Mater, during the entire forty years of his
professional activity.

From the day of the organization of the Federal Bureau of
Animal Industry, in 1884, until the day of his death, he was a
pillar of strength to that great department of our national
government.

The present high status of the veterinary service in the
United States Army is the result of twenty-five years of arduous
labor on the part of our deceased brother who was largely in-
strumental in placing an act of Congress on the statute books
in 1916, providing for commission and rank for veterinarians in
the United States Army.

To recount his great work in his native State of Pennsylva-
nia would be a task beyond the limits of the present hour.
Leonard Pearson and W. Horace Hoskins were indeed a team

s0

Tripute To W. Horace HOsKINs S1

that has not been matched since the death of the former and
great were the achievements for the University of Pennsylvania
and for the Commonwealth.

Dr. Hoskins served the State Board of Veterinary Medical
Examiners of Pennsylvania as secretary and executive officer
for sixteen consecutive years. He was honored with the presi-
deney of the Pennsylvania State and Keystone Veterinary Med-
ical Associations, and also held the professorship of veterinary
jurisprudence in the University of Pennsylvania for. many
years. He was an honorary member of the vetermary associa-
tions of a number of States, also of other scientific and frater-
nal organizations.

Our brother distinguished himself also in the field of journal-
ism. He became editor-in-chief of the Journal of Comparative
Medicine and Veterinary Archives, the lamented Rush Shippen
Huidekoper being his associate in his editorial work.

Dr. Hoskins was a convincing and brilliant public speaker and
has been referred to by his friends as the ‘‘silvered tongued
orator’’ of the profession.

‘He was not a laboratory man or research worker, but he had
the faculty, developed to a remarkable degree, of being able to
appropriate and utilize the discoveries made in the laboratory
to the advancement of the profession and the uplift of mankind.

A biographical sketch of Dr. Hoskins has been given a place
in ‘‘Who’s Who in America’’ and also in ‘‘ American Men of
Science.’

Four years ago, upon the death of Dean William J. Coates,
Dr. Hoskins succeeded to the Deanship of the New York State
Veterinary College at New York University, whereupon he
moved from Philadelphia to New York. His wonderful work
here is so recent and familiar to us all as not to need review at
this time, but let it be recorded that in placing veterinary edu-
cation at its birthplace on this continent upon a more substan-
tial and enduring basis than it had previously occupied, he
performed a Herculean task which has been highly commended
by true lovers of a noble profession.

Dean Hoskins is survived by his wife Annie E. (née Cheever )
and a daughter, Mrs. Margaret E. Hofstetter of Philadelphia;
also two sons, Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, Detroit, and Dr. Cheston
M. Hoskins, Philadelphia, both of whom are veterinarians, and

§2 WILLIAM HersBertr LOWE

seven grandchildren. He is also survived by a brother, Pro-
fessor J. Preston Hoskins of Princeton University. We would
extend loving sympathy to his family in their bereavement.

He was a God-fearing man of splendid character, respected
and esteemed. The foundation stone of his monument is already
built in this college, which was so dear to his heart. The veteri-
nary ficulty of New York University has lost its distinguished
Dean and the veterinary profession of the State, the Nation
and the world, one of its strong men.

A London cable to the Philadelphia Ledger says: ‘“The royal
commission appointed to consider the removal of the embargo
upon Canadian store cattle, or cattle for slaughtering purposes,
reported September 15 that the removal would tend to increase
the meat supply of the country and lower the price. The
report expresses the opinion that Canadian cattle are healthier
than Irish cattle or British cattle. As to the danger of diseased
cattle crossing the border from the United States into Canada,
the commission says: ‘There is no record of anything of the
kind at any time. Canadian cattle are all branded with dis-
tinetive marks, and with ordinary care there is little chance
of United States cattle being sent to this country as Canadian
cattle.’ ’’

_American Hereford Journal says: ‘‘The purebred-sire cam-
paigns carried on by Federal and State authorities, livestock
associations and breed papers have shown to the farmer the
value of purebred sires in their herds, and have created a desire
for ownership. Now that the prices of good sires are greatly
reduced, these desires can be gratified. The way is prepared
and the field is large.’’

Dr. J. W. Etheridge, who has been on hog cholera work in
North Carolina, has resigned from the service of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, effective September 15.

Dr. F. H. Schleich, formerly of the Federal hog cholera force
in Tennessee, is now doing meat inspection work at Chicago, Il.

"=

EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE THE VALUE OF
CHICKEN-POX VACCINE °

By FrRep Boerner, Jr., and E. L. Srupps

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

THE EXPERIMENTS herein recorded were carried out by
the Pennsylvania Bureau of Animal Industry, first, as the re-
sult of numerous inquiries from poultrymen regarding the value
of chicken-pox vaccine or bacterin, and second, of our failure to
find anything in the lterature which could be considered as
conclusive proof that such products were valuable and worthy
of recommendation. The works of Manteufel (1), Hadley and
Beach (2) and Mack and Records (3) fail to furnish the proof
that we desired.

Since the beginning of our work Beach (4) has reported

‘further investigation upon this subject. He found that a vac-

cine was valuable as an adjunct to other remedial measures.
One experiment was cited in which 168 diseased fowls were vac-
einated and given local treatment, and a like number left as
controls which were given local treatment but not vaccinated.
Of the vaccinated the mortality was 19.6 per cent and of the
controls 39.9 per cent. The average number of days required
for recovery of the vaccinated fowls was 10.8 and of the con-
trols 13.7.

He further states that the vaccine is designed for and chiefly
used as a preventive, and following experiments carried out in
California in 1914 its use was recommended to commercial
poultrymen. In one year over 300,000 birds were vaccinated
in California with vaccine prepared by Beach. A series of ex-
periments was cited in which 1,026 healthy fowl were used, 900
vaccinated and 126 left as controls. . They were then exposed
to infection, with the result that 11 per cent of the vaccinated
and 86 per cent of the controls became infected.

Beach’s method of preparing the vaccine is different from
that of previous workers in that only scabs are employed, these
being obtained from artificially infected fowl. The scabs are

‘Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary

Medical Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

7)
do

s4 FRED BoERNER, JR., AND E. L. Stuns

thoroughly dried and then powdered. One dram of the powder
is diluted with 100 mils of physiological salt solution, and of
this 1 mil represents the amount to be injected.

Our first attempts to prove the value of chiecken-pox vaccine
were carried out during the spring of 1920 in two large, badly
infected flocks. The vaccine was prepared according to the
method employed by Hadley and Beach and which was also used
by Mack and Records. The heads of badly: affected chickens
were brought to the laboratory, where the scabs from combs and
wattles, the pseudo-membranes from mouth and throat and the
cheesy collection around the eyes were removed, finely minced
and triturated with a small amount of normal salt solution. The
mass was allowed to macerate in the ice-box over night. It was
then filtered through cotton, diluted with salt solution, and
finally heated to 58° C. for one hour.

EXPERIMENT No. 1.

The farm, located in York County, Pennsylvania, was visited ,

March 17, 1920, at which time the flock was found to be badly
infeeted with chicken-pox and the mortality high. The owner
stated that it was the first outbreak of its kind he had had and
that the flock had been suffering from it the greater part of the
winter. He was willing to allow us to vaccinate a portion of the
flock and leave the remainder as controls. Heads showing
marked lesions were collected and brought back to the labora-
tory for the preparation of the vaccine. ;

As shown in Table 1, the birds were kept in four houses, num-
bered respectively 1 to 4. In houses 1 and 2 there were three
pens each, designated by the letters A, B and C, while houses
3 and 4 contained but two pens each .

During the week following the original visit all the fowls in
house No. 2 and one pen in house No. 3 and one pen in house
No. 4 were vaccinated. One pen in each of houses 3 and 4 were
left as controls. On this same date one pen in house No. 1 was
given a second injection, and on April 1 one pen in house No.
3 was Injected the second time. ;

In the course of the experiment the owner kept records of the
number which died in the various pens and a record of the egg
production for 21 days subsequent to vaccination.

On May 19 we visited the premises and found a marked im-

‘3
f

VALUE OF CHICKEN-Pox VACCINE 85

provement, there being but few birds affected. The control
pens appeared to be in as good condition as the others.

We have summarized the results in Table 1, a study of which
ean allow but one conclusion, and that is that the vaccine was
not demonstrated to be of any value. The best control we had
was in case of house No. 4, where the number of affected and
healthy birds were in about the same proportion in both pens
and the results were practically the same in both, whether vac-
cinated or not.

It is to be noted that in house No. 1, pen C, and house No. 3
pen A, where the fowls were given two injections, the mor-
tality was very much higher. This was probably due to the fact
that these two pens were in bad condition when first treated,
having a larger number of affected birds than the other pens.
The high mortality also influenced the egg production per hen.

TABLE 1.—ReESuLTS OBTAINED IN ExPEeRIMENT No. 1.

| Date of | Date of Mortality Percent Egg pro- Eggs

Number | Number | first vac- second | subsequent)mortality * duction | per
House | Pen! affected | healthy | cination | Vaccina- to vacci- | subject to 30 days) hen
tion nation vaccina-
| | | tion
——— ee se eee Ale — =. | S
|
A 44 57 | Controls) Controls 12 11.8 1,527 14
1 B 50 22 B= 20-20) rane 11 P52. 993 13+
(C: 63 35 3-20-20 | 3-27-20 | 30 30.6 737 ti!
A 45 See | bse 7-20 (etre se 9 8.7 2,460 | 13+
2 B 16 52 79 EPA al ae eee 10 14.7 BAN ete
( 12 77 Waar =2ON | eoceet che, « 5 aye 1,343 Loo
A 67 23 3-27-20 | | 4- 1- 20" 55 61.1 811 9+
3 B 26 69 | Co ONCLOIS|p ye era 26.3 1,166 13+
A 20 65 | Controls|........ 12 14.1 1,051 12+
fe B 29 pA S-2 7-206 | 10 11.3 1095 | 12+
| |

|
i

a Mortality includes all deaths Pom Mare h 20° to May 19.

EXPERIMENT No. 2.

This flock was located on a farm in Luzerne County, Penn-
sylvania. The disease appeared during the month of April. On
May 13 we visited the farm and arranged with the owner to
vaccinate a portion of the flock and collected material for the
preparation of vaccine. c

On May 20 we returned prepared to carry out the treatment.
The flock was kept in eight different houses, and of these three
were picked as being the worst affected and were selected for
treatment. Each bird was injected subeutaneously with 1 e.e.
of the vaeeine. The houses which contained those treated were

S6 FRED BOERNER, JR., AND E. L. STUBBS

No. 3, in which 178 were healthy and 333 affected; No. 4, with
$2 healthy and 99 affected; and No. 6, with 136 healthy and 200
affected. Those in houses 1, 2, 5, 7 and 8 were left as controls.
The results of this experiment are shown in Table 2, and it is
to be noted that the mortality for three weeks subsequent to
vaccination was about one-half that for the three weeks prior
to vaccination in both groups. This warrants the belief that the
use of the vaccine in this outbreak certainly did no harm, but
it is questionable if it was of any value as a means of checking
the disease. The egg production was practically the same in
both groups.

.

Taste 2—Monrrtatitry AMONG Fow1s IN ExPpEnIMENT No. 2.

Weeks Ending

House No. 5-8-20 | 5-15-20 | 5-22-20 | 5-31-20 | 6-8-20 | 6-15-20 | 6-23-20 | Total
1 5 42 25 13 3 9 8 105
2 1 5 13 10 1 een 35
= 14 15 39 25 3 2, 8 106
4* 8 6 19 De | rime berate 1 48
5 1 2 3 5 i el ee See 9 21
6* 9 28 39 29 2 3 2 112
ie POR Seca hee see Ane al EEE Se Fay 5| [SE es ee Seen Beene 2
8 ei! il AEE OOS 2 adil ec neee Ser 4 10

* All fowls vaccinated May 20, 1920.

TABLE 3.—SuMMARY OF RESULTS OF ExPERIMENT No. 2.

: Mortality for the 3 weeks! Mortality for 3 weeks? sub-

House | Number of | prior to vaccination | sequent to vaccination
No. Fowls | Treatment :
Number Percent | Number Per cent

1 373 None | 72 16.18 25 6.97

2 490 = 23 4.48 2 2.44

5 589 ie 6 1.00 6 .98

7 632 is Be a) Meet eT SIS) (a Se LS

8 408, a ries | 97 | 2- 49
Total.. DGC >| ae 107 Aaa 45 1.80

Vaccinated

3 438 May 20, 1920 68 13.43 | 30 6.84

4 181 = 33 15.42 14 Tess

6 335 Ms 75 18.29 34 10.15
Total. | i Se 176. eal eee 78 8.17

1 Percentage based on number of fowl in flock on April 30, 1920.
2 Percentage based on number of fowl in flock on May 20, 1920.

EXPERIMENT N6. 3

It was not until the following winter that an opportunity was
afforded for the continuance of this work. Beach having re-
ported his results during the summer, it was decided to employ
the same vaccine that he recommended. Sufficient virus for this
work was purchased from the University of California. The

2
VALUE OF CHICKEN-POX VACCINE 87
vaccine was prepared from this virus and injected according
to the method recommended by Beach.

The first flock in which this vaccine was used was in Dela-
ware County, Pennsylvania. The disease had appeared on this
farm in the winter of 1919-20. During the fall of 1920 a few
cases developed, but the disease did not spread. The manager
was able to control it by local treatment. The fact that these
cases developed without a tendency to spread led us to question
the diagnosis. Inoculation experiments were carried out and it
was found that the disease could be readily transmitted. In
November the fowl were housed and by the first of December the
manager informed us that the disease was spreading rapidly and
he was unable to control it. Arrangements were made to carry
out an experiment in one of his houses. This house was divided
into five pens. The two end pens, A and E, and one-half of the
middle pen, C, were vaccinated December 7, 1920. Pens B and
D and one-half of C were left as controls. No treatment other
than the vaccine was attempted. On December 14 pen A was
injected the second time.

Each fowl was leg banded, thoroughly examined, and a record
made of its condition at the time of vaccination. They were all
carefully examined on December 20 and again on January 3.

TaBLe 4.—ReEsutts or ExpenimMent No. 3.
Observation | Observation Observation
Description Condition 12-7-20 12-20-20 1-3-21
Pen A,* vaccinated twice Healthy........ 46 47 34
| Affected... |... 32 29 40
Pen B, controls realty... i-2 46 41 23 =
Affected........ 34 | 39 51
Pen C,* vaccinated Mealthyt a... 16 19 15 7
fettected. 2.1. 19 12 19
Pen C, controls Healthy. <....<. - 18 i= 22 13 <
Aviected. 622° 19 | 12 19
Pen C, controls Elealthy; 52.22. 18 22 13
Wedfected 52: < = ~:+- 19 15 24
é Pen D, controls Rlealthy. «3751. 51 47 = 35
Affected........ 25 29 39
Pen E,* vaccinated Healthy........ 52 52 32
| aflected..°.-.... 21 21 1
SumMMARY: =
Vaccinated | Healthy........ 114 118 81
By | Affertedins <:... . + 12 62 100
Controls iptfealthye.-. 2. . | 115 110 7
7 | 83 114

Adrectetl: 22!%.. :. -78

*Vaccinated 12-7-20.

&8 FRED BOERNER, JR., AND E. L. STUBBS

Table 4 shows the condition of both the vaccinated birds and the
controls on the above-mentioned dates.

It will be noted that the disease remained practically sta-
tionary for the first two weeks following vaccination. During
the second two weeks it increased, as shown plainly in the sum-
mary of results. It would appear at first glance that the vaeci-
nated fowl showed some resistance, as on January 3 there were
81 healthy in the vaccinated lot against 71 healthy in the
controls. A second glance, however, will show that there were
more cases developed between December 20 and January 3 in
the vaccinated lot than in the controls.

The mortality in this flock was relatively low and is of little
value in determining the effects of the vaecine. The followmg
is a record of all deaths from December 7, 1920, to June 1, 1921:

Nacemated birds. 9e 3224 Pens A, C and E, 21
CTE 0 5 eee See SB eee ee Pens B, C and D, 32

These numbers include all deaths, many of which were due to
intestinal disturbances. During the spring enteritis was quite
prevalent in this flock and was the cause of death in many in-
stances. The number of those which died showing lesions of
chicken-pox was: Vaccinated birds, 11; controls, 7.

EXPERIMENT No. 4

Experiment No. 4 was carried on at about the same time as
No. 3 and on a farm situated in the same county. The data are
given in Table 5, from which it will be seen that the infection
appeared in two houses, Nos. 1 and 2, in which there were nine
pens in all, and in six out pens.

The three columns give the conditions as found at the three
different dates, it being understood that such pens as were vac-
cinated were vaccinated December 10, 1920.

It is to be observed that at the time of the first observation a
certain number of birds, those vaccinated, and the controls,
were both affected and healthy. At the time of the second ob-
servation there had been a marked improvement, the number of
infected birds being markedly fewer. At the time of the third
observation, conditions had grown worse, which may probably
be credited to an intervening spell of bad weather.

At the time of the third observation the condition with regard
to the controls was much as it had been originally, while there

VALUE OF CHICKEN-POX VACCINE 89

TasBie 5.—Resurts Ontainep in Exreniment No. 4.

‘Description Condition Observation Ist Observation 2nd Observation
12-10-20 | 12-29-20 1-12-21
House No. 1:
Pen A,* vaccinated Healthy... ._. 35 61 61
gan ectea <>; 38 12 12
Pen B, controls Healthy........ 36 47 42
ieratiected >... | 21 10 16
Pen C,* vaccinated Mealthy:.... =. 29 40 36
Affected........ 20 9 13
Pen D, controls | Healthy... _.. ‘ 18 35 59
Affected... =... 35 18 14
Pen E,* vaccinated | Healthy.\..-.... 28 | 43 34
Affected........ 19 4 | 13
Pen F, controls — Healthy........ | 29 40 29
, Affected........ 17 6 17
~ House No. 2: pa
Pen A,* vaccinated © Healthy... 0. ... . 56 58 4]
Affected........ i! 5 22
Pen B, controls | atealthy: 2: s.4:,: 84 82 42
Mifected S02.) 3: 5 7 4
Pen C,* vaccinated Healthy:\..2/..... 57 54 50
4 Affected... ...... 6 9 13
Yn ee
Out PENs:
. No. 1,* vaccinated Medithiyin. . =... 10 20 21
a Peeoitected (252. ! 13 3 2
; No. 2, controls Healthy: *....... 10 14 17
ieeeottected.. 0... 12 8 5
No. 3,* vaccinated | Healthy... .. 4 16 17
Peepottected: {552 ...,. 8 6 5
h No. 4, controls | Affected....-... | 12 18 14
No. 5,* vaccinated | Healthy: 52:45: 52 9 17 17
Affected....... 15 7 7
j No. 6, controls | Healthy... ... : 12 17 15
Adtectedc 2.55. : 9 1 6
7 SuMMaAny: -
Y Vaccinated Healthy;...... 52... 238 309 277
t Affected........ 126 55 7
Controls Healthy! 2.045" 201 253 198
Affected 107 55 110
* Vaccinated 12-10-20.
Was an improvement with the vaccinated birds. It is somewhat
questionable, however, if this was due to the vaccination. If so,
: it was not sufficient to be of practical value, as neither the
bs egg production nor the mortality was favorably influenced. In
% this experiment but two birds died, one of which had been vac-

cinated and the other had not. These were not listed in the
- table. Egg production, recorded from December 9, 1920, to
January 11, 1921, inclusive, was as follows:

90 FRED BoERNER, JR., AND KE. L. Stupss

Vaccimated. fowlsti) 22 see 8.38 cges per hen
Controls eee 8.25 eggs per hen
DIscussION

These flocks were carefully selected as showing good typical
lesions of chicken-pox, not complicated with lesions which might
be confused with other diseases of chickens.

In each flock there were numerous eases of small wart-like
epithehal tumors on the comb, wattles or skin of the head, and
these lesions are accepted by most authorities as diagnostic of
chicken-pox. In addition to these external lesions there were
also many diphtheritic areas or caseous and cheesy areas in the
mouth, on the tongue and in the throat. All birds were handled
at the time of vaccination and at each examination to determine
the general condition and marking, the degree of affection of the
comb, wattles, face, mouth, tongue and throat.

In all the tables the birds marked affected showed either the
small wart-like epithelial tumors known as external lesions or
the diphtheritic or caseous areas on the tongue, in the mouth or
in the throat. Those marked healthy are birds which were in
good physical condition and showed no lesions of any kind.

In Experiments 1 and 2 the disease had been present for some
time, and if all the birds had been treated it might have led us
to think that they were benefited by the treatment. The disease
entirely disappeared from each of the premises and up to the
present time has not been found again. In Experiments 3 and
4 if all had been treated and no physical examinations made it
might have seemed that the disease had been checked.

It is our hope to do more work along these lines, for up to the
present time the results of our experiments, which were of fair
magnitude and conducted in the field, do not confirm the results
obtained by other investigators. In our hands the vaccine
recommended and produced by Beach has apparently not been
of practical value in controlling chicken-pox. It is of course
possible that further studies will necessitate some modification
of our conclusions, but since the whole matter is one of consid-
erable importance, we felt that we were justified in presenting
the results already obtained. We further hope that other in-
vestigators may be stimulated to carry on similar experiments,
so that absolutely definite conclusions may be reached as to the
value of this product.

1 Aan Sal $e Asta Magy lala ate 4 ah «)

;

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VALUE OF CHICKEN-Pox VACCINE )]

_ The authors wish here to express their appreciation to Dr.
George H. Hart, of the Veterinary School, University of Penn-
sylvania, for the valuable assistance given them in connection
with Experiments Nos. 5 and 4.

LITERATURE

1. MANTEUFEL. Arb. Kaiserl. Gesundh., 33 (1910), 305.

2. HADLEY and BEACH. Proc. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1913, p. 704.

3. Mack and Recorps. Bul. 82, Agr. Expt. Sta. Univ. of Nev.,
June, 1915.

4. BEACH. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 11, No. 3, p. 301.

ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION, THE DOCTOR AND THE
DOG

(From an article entitled “ In the Time of Henry Jacob Bigelow,”
by William J. Mayo, M. D., Rochester, Minn., in Journal of the Amer-
ican Medical Association, August 20, 1921.)

JENNER on a certain occasion presented arguments which
were capable of being proved, but which he had not proved.
The following day John Hunter wrote to Jenner saying, ‘‘ Why
submit hypotheses? Try it on a hedgehog and know.’’ Animal
experimention has resulted in gifts of inestimable value vo
humanity. The pernicious activities of antivivisectionists seri-
ously threaten the continuance of these investigations, which are
of such paramount importance to the nation’s health. It is of
interest to note that in the last election in California the anti-
vivisectionists, aided by various organized cults, such as Christ-
ian Science, osteopathy and chiropractic, were defeated two to
one by a referendum directly to the people, a triumph of an
appeal to reason. The defeat of the antivivisectionists was
owing in a great measure to the sagacity of Dr. Ray Lyman Wil-
bur, President of Leland Stanford University. The people, the
farmers in particular, were shown what animal experimentation
has accomplished in the prevention of disease to farm animals,
what it has accomplished for the canning industry in relation to
botulism, and the possible effect on economic conditions in Cali-
fornia if the work should be discontinued.

It is undoubtedly, true that much of the opposition to animal
experimentation among reasonable persons has been brought
about by a few careless physicians. For at least four thousand
years the dog has been man’s friend and companion, and the

92 ANIMAL [EXPERIMENTATION

occasional buying of stolen family pets at small prices for animal
experimentation, as has been done in some laboratories, has alien-
ated the public. The physician should not be a fence for stolen
property, and his complicity can not be glossed over by saying
that he did not know the property was stolen. The physician
has no more right to a stolen dog than to a stolen purse. All
these difficulties could be overcome by a proper law which would
turn vagrant dogs over to accredited institutions. At the
present time thousands of homeless dogs, many times more than
the number used in all the laboratories of the United States,
are killed at the pounds of the various cities, often by methods
entailing more pain than any experiment carried out in a
controlled laboratory, and are an economic loss except so far
as their hides and fat can be used for commercial purposes.
Some methods should be devised whereby these animals, or as
many as necessary, may become legally available for the use
of recognized, responsible laboratories for experimental work.

Moreover, the medical profession in the past has been derelict
in permitting untrained men to perform animal experimenta-
tion without supervision. It was such experimentation that
roused the resentment of a great many persons. If it is the wish
of the medical profession to continue this work, its members
must not furnish a market for the thief and they must protect
the dog from the untrained experimenter. Fortunately, the
organized physicians of the country have already made con-
siderable progress in controlling the conditions of animal experi-
mentation from within. Regulations which place upon labora-
tory directors responsibility for the importance of the problems
studied and for the propriety of the procedures used in the
solution of these problems have been formulated and adopted by
corporate vote in medical institutions throughout the land. By
pursuing the policy of honesty and faithfulness to a trust,
animal experimentation can be carried on without serious
objection. Experiments on animals were performed in Bige-
low’s time, but today such investigation has become one of the
foundation stones of progress.

Dr. Emlen Wood has resigned from the position of Assistant
State Veterinarian of South Carolina, and has started practice
at Greenwich, Cumberland County, New Jersey.

'
$

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart-
ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful
to others in the profession.)

PYOSALPINGITIS AND THE SURGICAL TREATMENT
THEREOF

By G. E. JORGENSON

Clermont, Iowa

Patient.—A four-year-old purebred Jersey cow.

History.—Had been bred and conceived when at the age
of three years, the pregnancy terminating in parturition after
a normal and uneventful duration. The birth, however, was
quite pathological, presenting both a maternal and fetal dys-
tokia as follows: There was present an anterior presentation
in the dorso-pubie position with a lateral deviation of the
head in the right ilio-cephalic position with both front feet
engaged in the pelvis. Repulsion and version corrected this,
and delivery of a live, well-developed calf followed. This
calf developed acute enteritis and pneumonia within twenty-
four hours in spite of the fact that it was not allowed to re-
celve any nourishment and had been given several enemas to
clean out the digestive tract and one dose of calf-scour serum.
It died in two days. Cultures from the lungs and intestines
showed two streptococci, one of the viridans group and the
other a green-producing, hemolytic, long-chained variety.

The cow revealed extensive placentitis and metritis with
retained placenta and considerable uterine discharge. No at-
tempt was made to irrigate the uterus, but instead capsules
containing zine oxide and iodoform were placed deeply within
its cavity every three days. In seven days the placenta was
removed, and the uterus showed envugh involution in’ four
days thereafter so that it could be douched and the fluid
siphoned out. After about four weeks’ treatment the uterus
and cervix were so nearly normal that the patient was dis-
charged from treatment.

Three months after parturition I was called to see her again
for the reason that she had shown no signs of estrum. Vagi-

93

4 CLINICAL AND Cast Reports

nal examination revealed a normal cervix firmly contracted,
with no signs of any inflammation or discharge. Rectal ex-
amination revealed a cystic corpus luteum in the left ovary.
It is an established fact that cystic degeneration of the
corpus luteum indicates an infection of the oviduct at time
of rupture, which points to tubal infection on the side where
present. Hence, for fear that rupture of the cyst at this
time would further infect the adjacent tissues, treatment was
confined to a careful dilatation of the cervix and irrigation
of the uterus with normal salt solution. A small amount of
flocculent muco-pus was siphoned out. Irrigations were e¢ar-
ried out once a week for three weeks, at which time the writer
was called away and was absent for three weeks. Upon his
return the patient was examined and showed an extensive
enlargement of the left tube with considerable adhesion of
the pavilion to the ovary. The right ovary was normal, as
was the tube as far as palpation could indicate. A diagnosis
of pyosalpinx was made, and as the breeding efficiency of the
animal was nil in the present condition, surgical interference
was advised, cause for such action being based upon the radi-
cal treatment of pyosalpinx in women. The operation was
carried out as follows: a

The animal was given 114 ounces of chloral after being
dieted for twenty-four hours. ‘One hour after the adminis-
tration of the chloral the animal was secured in the stocks
in such a manner that it could not lie down, and an area
twelve inches in diameter on the left side was shaved and
cleansed in the usual surgical manner, after which an in-
cision was made through the skin and underlying fascia down
to the abdominis externus as far back as possible and about
eight inches in length. Following this. the external abdominis
obliquus ‘was divided in the direction of its fibers, while the
internal was incised with the scalpel in the same direction
as the external. The left tube and as much of the cornua as
could be brought out were then exposed through the in-
cision and the ovary and tube freed from the suspensory
hgaments. Following this the tube was clamped off at its
uterine termination and severed from its attachment thereto,
after which the stump was ecauterized with pure phenol and
a purse-string suture inserted in the serous coat and the tip

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CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS Qh

or stump pushed in, similar to the technique employed in an
appendectomy on the human. The parts were then returned
and the laparotomy wound sutured. The case made an un-
eventful recovery and is now pregnant.

Discussion.—Pyosalpinx is in the majority of cases bilateral.
In fact, out of some forty cases seen by the writer this is the
first one which appeared to be unilateral. If bilateral, surgical
intervention is of course contra-indicated. In such cases it is
better to leave the tubes alone and concentrate the treatment
on the cervix and uterus in the hope that the tubal infec-
tion may not prove so severe that occlusion occurs. The writer
has found that a cystic degeneration of the corpus luteum
serves as a fairly constant indication to tubal infection, and
this is corroborated by other writers. In this particular case
there was a spread of infection by contiguity from the
uterus to the tubes, and while the cervix and uterus appeared
to be freed from infection and inflammation, there however
did exist a chronic salpingitis and to a lesser degree pyo-
metra. The chronic salpingitis terminated, as it occasionally
does, in a tubal abscess. Sections of the uterine end of this
tube revealed a complete destruction of the epithelial ele-
ments and a replacement with connective tissue, resulting in
a complete occlusion of the tube, which extended to within
two inches of the tubal abscess. This abscess involved the
pavilion, which was entirely adherent to the ovary, which
Was involved in the abscess.

In this particular case there is another feature of interest.
There was in this herd a chain of evidence running back to
the bull. The bull came from a herd where genital infection
had been rampant, and was finally discarded himself for the
reason that he suffered from a partial sterility which grad-
ually became absolute. Examination of this bull showed sev-
eral pathological features, as. follows: There was present an
oligospermia. There were spermatozoa that showed various
imperfections such as absence of tails, absence of nuclear
membranes or atrophic nuclei and lack of motility, together
with the presence of streptococci in the semen. Clinically an
enlargement. of the seminal vesicles and atrophic degenera-
tion of the left testicle could be demonstrated. Autopsy on
this bull later showed a chronic semino-vesiculitis and an
atrophic degeneration of the testicles. Later it was learned

OG CLINICAL AND Cast REPoRtTS

that this bull had suffered from scours during calfhood. The
cow herein deseribed had been bred to this bull and the
calf born in dystokia and later dying from septic enteritis
and pneumonia was its progeny. Cultures from the ampu-
tated tube showed the presence of streptococci similar to the
cultures obtained from the bull and the ealf. ;

There are two principal outstanding features in this case
which serve as a motive for the presentation of this case
report. First, an infection which can be traced back to the
sire and from him to an infected herd where he originated,
and later progressing in the form of an unbroken chain to
a future generation, demonstrating the part played by the
male in the transmission of genital infections and the ultimate
chaotic results following in the dam and offspring. Secondly,
that tubal diseases can be successfully controlled when uni-
lateral, although such surgical intervention is very difficult
due to the general inaccessibility of the genitalia in cows
through laparotomy.

OLEANDER POISONING IN A BEAR'

sy W. J. RATIGAN

New Orleans Zoological Park, New Orleans, La.

SUBJECT—Black bear (Ursus luteolus), male, three years of
age. ;

The animal was observed to be ill in the early afternoon on
April 14. My office was notified but I was unable to get to the
Park until nearly evening.

The bear was in considerable distress. The symptoms pre-
sented indicated a severe gastro-enteritis. The animal had
vomited several times before I reached its quarters, and while I
was in attendance it changed positions frequently and gave, as
bears do, every evidence of marked abdominal pain, 7. e., lying
upon the back with the limbs extended, attempting to procure
relief by grasping with the paws anything within reach, ete., ete.

It is known down here that the bark and leaves of the oleander
are toxic to animals. I couldn’t account for this animal’s con-

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, Denver, Colo, September 5-9, 1921.

|

CursicaL AND CAse REporTSs U7

dition in any other way than to lay the blame upon its in-
gestion of some of the leaves of this tree. The bark seemed un-
disturbed. The tree was a dozen feet from the cage. The fol-
lowing day one of the employees of the Park said he had seen a
colored nurse, to amuse a child, pluck some leaves and place
them in reach of one of the bears.

The animal showed slight improvement until the following
noon when it became worse and died that evening.

Upon autopsy the stomach was found to be empty, its wall
was considerably thickened and the mucous membrane was a
slate or purple color. These changes extended into the duo-
denum, where several blood clots were found, indicating the
previous hemorrhagic inflammation.

The following may be found in Law’s “‘Principles and Prac-
tice,’’ vol. 2:

DOGBANE FAMILY

In Apocynacee must be named the Neurium Oleander (a common
house plant in the North and a garden or wild plant in the South and
West). Thevetia and Apocynum Andresemifolium (spreading dog-
bane) are most deadly acrid poisons to all kinds of stock. In my
experience a horse cropping a few leaves of an oleander died in a
few hours with violent gastro-enteritis. The dogbane is less poison-
ous when dried in hay. ;

The Pasteur Institute at Paris produced during the period
of the war about eight million doses of serum of various kinds,
according to an interesting article reviewing the work of the
Institute during the war, by Dr. A. Calmette, assistant direc-
tor, in the Revue d’Hygiene. The American Army and the
American Red Cross received 800,000 doses. At the time of the
German offensive in Mareh and April, 1918, the Institute was
able to furnish 20,000 vials of antitetanie serum per day.

Sigma Xi, the honorary scientific fraternity, accepted Dr.
Leonard W. Goss of the Veterinary Department, Ohio State Uni-
versity, as an initiate at its recent meeting. Membership is
based upon accomplishment and promise in the field of science.

Dr. P. W. Loob, who has been engaged in Federal hog cholera
work in Kansas for over a year, has recently been transferred
to Iowa on the same elass of activities.

ABSTRACTS

VACCINATION AGAINST STRANGLES. René Van Saceghem. Ann.
Méd. Vét., vol. 66 (1921), p. 100.

After referring to the seriousness of the malignant epizootic
form of strangles affecting horses at army remount depots, and
after reviewing briefly the work of other investigators, Van
Saceghem describes a method of vaccination which has been
tried in a preliminary way with good results in the Belgian Army
and which is being introduced on a large seale in that army.

The vaccine is made of a two-days’ culture of the strepto-
coccus of strangles on bouillon, heated to 56° C. for half an hour.
The streptococcus employed is a culture isolated from pus from
affected horses at the remount depot for which the vaccine is
intended. Before being used the vaccine should be tested by
making cultures to make sure that it contains no living organ-
isms. The vaccination consists of three subcutaneous injections,
the first of 5 ec. and the others 10 ¢.¢. each, eight days apart.
The first injection always gives a greater local reaction than
succeeding ones. The thermic reaction rarely exceeds one de-
eree (Centigrade). Old horses show a much milder local and
thermic reaction than young horses. This may be accounted for
by a natural immunity of the older horses. Horses already
affected with strangles, especially those convalescing, show no
local reaction. The horses vaccinated by this method have not
contracted the disease in the midst of heavy infection.

The vaccine not only possesses preventive immunizing powers,
but is also curative. After injecting subeutaneously repeated
doses of 10 ¢.c. into horses gravely affected with strangles a mani-
fest therapeutic action has been observed. In all cases the vae-
cine influenced very favorably the course of the disease.

PARATYPHOID OF THE Honry Bee. UL. Bahr. Skandinavisk
Veterinar-Tidsskrift, vol. 9 (1919), pp. 25-60.

In the digestive tract of bees affected with a severe intestinal
diarrhea the author found a type of bacteria which he classified
as belonging to the paratyphoid group of bacilli and to which
he gave the name ‘‘ Bacillus typhosus alvei.’’ The disease mani-
fested itself in producing in these animals slight paralytic

98

ABSTRACTS )

symptoms and diarrhea, which was exceedingly infectious. In
a few days a considerable number otf bees were affected, the
mortality being about 50 per cent. The organism, with few ex-
ceptions, could be recovered in pure culture from the intestinal
tract of infected bees, and it is said in some instances from
the blood. The organism is characterized as rod-shaped and
has a certain biological and morphological similarity to the ty-
phoid bacillus, but it is not identical with that occurring in
man. The disease can easily be transmitted to healthy bees by
feeding them with pure cultures of the bacillus. In concluding
his investigations, the author lays particular stress upon meas-
ures for the eradication of the disease, particularly in controlling
the purchase and sale of hives and queen bees.
de bs O7uEARY:

SEPTICEMIC INFECTION IN LAMBS CAUSED BY THE BACILLUS OF
Swine Erysirpenas. M. Christiansen. Maanedsskr. Dyr-
loeeger, 31 (1919), No. 12, pp. 141-254. Abs. in Exp. Sta.
Record, vol..44 (1921), p. 583.

This is a report of post-mortem examination made of a lamb
38 hours old in a flock in which there had been a very high
mortality among the lambs, revealing hemorrhagic enteritis,
great enlargement of the mesenteric glands, degenerative changes
in other organs and small hemorrhages under the endocardium
and epicardium. Small bacilli present in pure culture were
found to represent the swine erysipelas bacillus. It is stated
that no case of swine erysipelas in pigs had occurred at the
farm during the time of the outbreak among the lambs.

CoMPLEMENT FIXATION IN Bovine TuBercuLosis. C. Hruska and
Wo Ptennmeer. Ann.’ Inst. Pasteur, vol. $5 (1921),
p. 96. Abs. in Amer. Rev. Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p. 98.

The antigen of Besredka fixes alexin in the presence of serum
of tuberculous cattle. In the sera df 304 known tuberculous
eases, 84.5 per cent positive reactions were recorded. Of 90
sera where tuberculosis was not demonstrable at necropsy, 2.2
per cent reacted positively. Where tuberculosis was not ad-
vanced (glandular only) the percentage of positive reactions
was 60 per cent. Where the involvement included lungs, pleura,
peritoneum and some of the abdominal viscera, the reaction

100 ABSTRACTS

was 85 to 95 per cent positive, and when the disease was gener-
alized all sera reacted positively. The method should be an im-
portant diagnostic aid in bovine tuberculosis.

EXCRETION OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN Bm. A. C. Marchisotti.
Semana Méd., vol. 28 (1921), p. 87. Abs. in Amer. Rev.
Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p. 98.

Marchisotti found the liver often affected in tuberculous
cattle. Healthy milk can thus become readily contaminated by
droppings from tuberculous cattle, or the apparently healthy
cow herself may be voiding tubercle bacilli by way of the stools.
His research was done on cattle slaughtered for the market and
thus supposedly healthy, the tuberculous lesions being a ne-
cropsy surprise. Human urine and stools are liable to trans-
mit the tubercle bacilli as readily as sputum. Tuberculosis of
the liver should be classed as open tuberculosis on this account.
Tubereulin tests do not reveal the involvement of the liver in
particular.

TUBERCULOSIS IN SMALL Ropents. <A. Boquet and L. Negre.
Ann. Inst. Pasteur, vol. 35 (1921), p. 142. Abs. in Amer.
Rev. Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p. 99.

The experiments recorded confirm the statements of previous
authors such as A. Koch, Rabinowitsch, De Jong, Weber, Bofin-
ger, Straus, Romer and A. S. and F. Griffith, that white rats and
mice are susceptible to infection with tubercle baéilli, human,
bovine and avian types, but are so resistant to small doses that
they cannot replace the guinea pig or rabbit in experimental
work. Intraperitoneal inoculation of 1 to 2 mgm. offers the
surest means of producing infection, which is manifested chiefly
by the formation of tubercles in the lungs, and by the intense
multiplication of bacilli in the liver and spleen. Intracutaneous
inoculation in the ball of the foot occasionally provokes exten-
sive, severe lesions. Infection is favored in general by the in-
troduction of repeated small doses. Only rarely is tuberculosis
infection fatal to rats and mice. The three types are of about
equal virulence. Inoculation of the bacillus of Arloing and
bacilli of the piscine types does not cause infection. Infected
animals are not very susceptible to tuberculin. The phenomenon
of Koch is not observed.

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ABSTRACTS 101

DiAGnostic VALUE OF TUBERCULIN IN HUMAN SuRGICAL TUBER-
cuLosis. C. Mau. Deutsch. Ztschr. Chir., vol. 161 (1921),
p. 145. Abs. in Amer. Rev. Tuberce., vol. 5 (1921), p. 110.

Ninety-nine patients were tested first with the Pirquet test
and, if positive, with 1, 5 and 10 mgm. of O. T. subcutaneously.
Conclusions: 1. A positive focal reaction is obtainable in only
two-thirds of cases of surgical tuberculosis. Closed cases react
more frequently than those with fistulae or abscesses. Occa-
sionally a certain case of tuberculosis reacts focally but not
constitutionally. Healed cases do no longer give a focal re-
action. 2. A focal reaction which is only subjective must be
accepted with great caution. 3. If all tuberculin tests are nega-
tive, tuberculosis can be excluded with certainty ; if temperature
and focal reactions are absent, but the puncture reaction is posi-
tive, tuberculosis can be excluded with great probability, or
healing can be assumed’ to have taken place. 4. An absent focal
but positive temperature reaction does not speak against tuber-
culosis. In these cases the onset and cause of the temperature
may have a limited diagnostic value. 5. The tuberculin test,
carried out systematically and cautiously, is a valuable and
harmless diagnostic help.

THE FRIEDMANN TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS. M. Nathan.
Presse Méd., vol. 28 (1920), p. 819. Abs. in Amer. Rev.
Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p. 104.

The chief characteristic of the method is the inoculation of
living acid-fast bacilli, isolated from a turtle. They are differ-
entiated from human tubercle bacilli (1) by growing at a tem-
perature betwen 13° and 42° C., (2) by producing miliary tuber-
eulosis in cold-blooded animals, and (3) by being harmless for
warm-blooded animals. Friedmann would classify them as a
separate species, intermediate between the human and reptilian
bacilli. Pierkowski and others dispute this claim, saying that
they are human bacilli, accidentally infecting the turtle and
becoming transformed gradually in its new host. Calmette states
that Friedmann’s cultures contain human as well as turtle bacilli.
Friedmann maintains that his bacillus, while innocuous for man,
will immunize against human and bovine infection, and sup-
ports his claim by animal experiment, but in 1912 he was more
conservative than in 1904. Orth and Ehrlich could not con-

102 ABSTRACTS

firm Friedmann’s claims. Selter in a recent work was unable
to prove the existence of antibodies following inoculation with
the Friedmann organism and could not alter the course of dis-
ease In guinea pigs infected with human organisms by treat-
ment with turtle bacilli. Friedmann has inoculated infants and
caused positive skin reactions which later disappeared, but
Selter in duplicating this work obtained negative results. Clin-
ically, the method has been tried in surgical cases with contra-
dictory results and no definite conclusions can be drawn at
present. With pulmonary tuberculosis the results are also in-
conclusive and accidents have been reported from the use of this
method. Some successes have been obtained, whether due to
the method or not is a question, and most results are negative
or doubtful and cases as comparable as possible have given
different results. The writer concludes that Friedmann’s case
is far from being proved and time alone will decide. All new
methods have produced transitory successes.

EFFECTS OF FILTRATION ON THE POTENCIES OF ANTITOXINS. W.
N. Berg. Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 29 (1921), pp. 86-90.

The author wished to ascertain whether any antitoxic units
were adsorbed when a product, such as tetanus antitoxin, was
filtered through a Berkefeld type filter.

In filtration experiments with diatomaceous earth, protein
was adsorbed from tetanus and diphtheria antitoxie products
in quantities ranging from 5 to 33 per cent of the original
protein content.

In experiments with fuller’s earth, the protein absorbed
was 4 to 78 per cent.

The conclusion reached was that there will be a detectable ad
sorption of antitoxic units if there is protein adsorption in
large amount (20 per cent or more), while if protein adsorption
is less than 20 per cent, there may be no detectable adsorp-
tion of antitoxic units.

As ordinarily carried out, filtration of an immune serum
through a Berkefeld type filter does not result in appreciable
losses of antitoxic units.

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

EXAMINATION FOR APPOINTMENT IN VETERINARY
CORPS

The Surgeon General recently announced that an examina-
tion has been authorized by the Secretary of War for appoint-
ments to the grade of second lieutenant in the Veterinary Corps
of the Regular Army. Not to exceed 16 appointments will be
made as the result of this examination. The date is not fixed,
but the examination may be expected to occur during the next
three or four months.

These examinations will be held by boards of officers con-
vened in the various corps areas and applicants should apply
to the commanding general of the corps area in which they re-
side for circulars of instruction, announcement of the date and
all other information.

Before authority to take the examination can be given it is
necessary for each candidate to file an application for commis-
sion in the Regular Army on Form No. 88 AGO. This form
may be obtained at any military post or station or from the
Adjutant General, U. 8S. Army, Washington, D. C.

The information given in the application must include names
of veterinary colleges attended, date of graduation, and satis-
factory evidence of the required one year’s experience in the
practice of veterinary medicine or its equivalent in hospital
work, or as an instructor in an approved veterinary college, or
as an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United
States Department of Agriculture actively engaged in veter-
inary professional work, subsequent to graduation, and a com-
plete statement of military service, if any. The application
must be accompanied by evidence of citizenship, if the applicant
is of foreign birth, and by certificates, based upon personal ac-
quaintance, from at least three reputable persons as to citizen-
ship, character and habits. When ,completed, the application
should be forwarded through military channels to the com-
manding general of the corps area in ease the applicant is in
the military service. All others may submit their applications
directly to the nearest corps area commander or to the com-
manding officer of any nearby military post, camp or station.

Another requirement is that the applicant shall be a mem-
ber of the Veterinary Reserve Corps at the time of taking the

z 103

104 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

examination. Consequently prospective candidates who are not
now enrolled in the Veterinary Reserve Corps should apply
without delay by letter to the Adjutant General, War Depart-
ment, U. S. A., Washington, D. C., for a commission in the
Veterinary Reserve Corps, stating in the application that they
desire to be so commissioned for the purpose of taking the ex-
amination for appointment in the Veterinary Corps, Regular
Army.

No candidate will be permitted to take the examination who
will not at the probable time of appointment be between the
ages of twenty-one and thirty years. The earliest limit of prob-
able time of appointment may safely be considered as Decem-
ber 1, 1921.

The examination follows the general requirements of AR
605-20. This publication is not available for general distribu-
tion and the extracts therefrom given below will be found of
value to candidates.

The policy of the War Department to require a preliminary
examination, a period of observation of four months at the
Medical Department Service School, and a final or qualifying
examination has been waived for this examination and the pre-
liminary and final examinations will be combined into one.

To be eligible to take the examination a candidate must be a
male citizen of the United States. He must have a satisfactory
general education, must be a graduate of an acceptable veter-
inary college legally authorized to confer the degree of Doctor
of Veterinary Medicine, or its equivalent, and which requires
students to have covered satisfactorily a four-years high school
course, or its academic equivalent, as a minimum entrance re-
quirement, and which maintains this course of instruction cover-
ing a period of four years of not less than seven months in each
year. The applicant must also have had, subsequent to gradu-
ation, at least one year’s experience in the practice of veter-
inary medicine, or its equivalent in hospital work, or as an in-
structor in an approved veterinary college, or as an employee
of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, actively engaged in veterinary professional
work.

Each candidate must present to the examining board a
diploma conferring upon him the degree of Doctor of Veterinary

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 105

Medicine, or its equivalent, or a certificate of graduation, which
will be returned to the candidate when it has served its purpose.

The physical examination conforms to the standards pre-
seribed by the War Department for officers of the Regular
Army. Candidates cannot be accepted subject to the perform-
ance of operations for the removal of physical defects. Candi-
dates are also examined and investigated for moral character,
adaptability and fitness for the service.

The mental examination will be written. The subjects covered
and the relative weight of each follows: Anatomy, 12; physi-
ology and histology, 10; materia medica and therapeutics, in-
cluding toxicology, 8; pathology, bacteriology and parasitology,
8; meat and dairy hygiene, 11; practice of medicine, 12; ob-
stetrics and zootechnies, 5; chemistry and physics, 4; surgery
(general, operative, dental and of the foot), 12; veterinary pre-
ventive medicine, including animal sanitation and management,
12; and horseshoeing, including pathological shoeing, 6.

The Veterinary Corps of the army was reorganized in 1920
and now presents an attractive career to the young civilian
veterinarian to whom army life appeals. Commissions are
granted in the grade of second lieutenant with eligibility for
promotion to first lieutenant after three years’ service, captain
after seven years, major after 14 years, lieutenant-colonel after
20 years and colonel after 26 years. Veterinary officers receive

the pay and allowance of all other officers of corresponding
grades.

A hound dog went mad at Massapeag on July 11, and bit Mrs.
A. M. Etheridge in the thigh, a man named Rogers, in one of
his hands,.and also bit a cow. The dog died later. The wounds
on the man and woman were cauterized and they will be pas-
teurized as soon as possible-—Norwich (Conn.) Record.

.

The following question and answer from an examination for
nurses is reported by a Pittsburgh physician to the Journal of
the American Medical Association:

Question—How is certified milk produced ?

Answer—The cows are milked by people who are dressed in
white, kept in clean stables and put in sterile containers, then
kept in a cool place.

ASSOCIATION NEWS

MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

THE twenty-eighth annual meeting of the Missouri Valley
Veterinary Association was held at the Hotel Rome, Omaha,
Nebraska, July 11, 12 and 13. The attendance was excellent
and good interest in the program was displayed.

The program opened with an address of weleome by James
Dahlman, Mayor of Omaha, an old-time friend of our associa-
tion, who extended to us the key to the city and offered his
pardoning power in case any member was unfortunate enough
to fall into trouble. Dr. J. S. Koen responded in a very fit-
ting manner to this address.

The scientific program opened with a very complete series of
reports by the Committee on Milk and Food Inspection, as fol-
lows: ‘* Vitamines in Milk, with Special Reference to the Effects
of Heat,’’ R. F. Bourne, Fort Collins, Colo.; ‘‘The Milk Goat
and Its Relation to Our Future Milk Supply,’’ P. L. Cady,
Arlington, Nebr.; ‘‘Organization of Food and Milk Ispection
in Small Cities and Towns,’’ G. H. Mydland, Horton, Kan.;
‘‘Meeding and Care of the Dairy Cow for Milk Production,’’
W. H. Bailey, St. Joseph, Mo.; ‘‘Souring Bacteria in Milk, with
Special Reference to the Aciduric Group,’’ J. S. Barbee, Kan-
sas City, Mo.

Among the notable features of these reports might be men-
tioned the lively interest manifested in vitamines as concerned
with animal nutrition. Many interesting points were brought
out in this connection, particularly along the line of paralysis
in pigs and cattle, in which was ineluded the so-called loin dis-
ease reported on by Dr. A. T. Kinsley, in a paper to be men-
tioned later.

The efficiency of the milk goat as a source of the family milk
supply was well presented by Dr. P. L. Cady. He ealled at-
tention to the fact that the goat, Polly Mac, produced twenty-
nine times her weight in milk in 365 days, while Segis Prospect,
a Holstein cow, holding the world’s record for milk production,
failed by 10,470 pounds of producing twenty-nine times her own
weight in milk. The freedom of goats from tubereulosis and
their adaptability to use on small premises were also empha-
sized.

106

ASSOCIATION NEWS 107

Dr. J. S. Barbee in his report introduced some interesting
data on the use of new strains of milk bacteria in the treatment
of intestinal disorders in man.

The report of the Committee on Surgery was exceedingly
valuable. Dr. H. E. Bemis discussed two methods of wound
treatment; the first by the use of Dakin’s solution; the second
known as Morison’s method, in which a paste known as ‘‘ Bipp”’
is used. This paste consists of iodoform 16 ounces, bismuth sub-
nitrate 8 ounces, liquid paraffin 8 ounces, or a sufficient quan-
tity to produce a paste of the desired consistency. In using
this paste, the area surrounding the wound should be cleaned,
shaved and disinfected—all portions of necrotic material or
other foreign matter removed, and the wound surface carefully
sponged. The paste is then rubbed into the surface of the
wound, the excess removed, the wound sutured or bandaged
and left alone for 10 to 14 days. Various types of wounds are
treated in this way, and healing occurs in a very satisfactory
manner. j

Dr. Bemis also called attention to a new method of prepar-
ing Dakin’s solution from two stable stock solutions. These
solutions are made by diluting 135 ¢«¢. of the B. P. liquor
ealcis chlorinate to 750 ¢.c. and the making of a saturated so-
lution of boric acid. Two hundred and fifty ¢.c. of this second
solution added to the first gives one liter of Dakin’s solution,
known under the trade name of Eusol.

Dr. W. G. Gregory reported on the treatment of fistula fol-
lowing strangulated umbilical hernia. Following proper re-
straint and preparation of the fluid, he removes scar tissue
around the fistulous opening, but does not disturb intestinal ad-
hesions. The opening is then closed with heavy braid silk and
the animal kept in a clean place for from 10 to 15 days, the
wound being dressed with a mild antiseptic solution and laxa-
tive food being provided. Dr. Gregory reports a suecessful out-
come in eight cases treated by this method.

Dr. R. C. Moore in a verbal teport called attention to the
frequency of rheumatism, obscure lameness and similar disorders
resulting from focal infections which are easily overlooked. He
believes diseased uteri may be commonly responsible for affee-
tions of this kind.

Reports by the Committee on Therapeutics gave some inter-
esting data on a number of preparations in common use. The

108 ASSOCIATION NEws

following reports were rendered: Nux Vomica, R. C. Foulk,
Holton, Kan.; Arsenic, E. H. Kartrude, Jasper, Minn.; Echi-
nacea, A. Kaderabek, Fort Dodge, Iowa; Lobelia, P. C. Molgard,
Ruskin, Nebr.; Digitalis and Serums, F. C. Carter, Sedalia, Mo.

Dr. W. T. Spencer, chairman of the Committee on Sanita-
tion, called attention to the developing field of sanitation as a
science and the. thoroughness with which such work is being
done when unhampered by polities and financial considerations.
He emphasized also the great importance of thorough clean-ups
following the removal of tuberculous animals from herds, stat-
ing that in Nebraska one veterinarian gives his entire time to
this work.

Reports by Drs. B. F. Davis, B. W. Conrad and J. H. Me-
Leod described conditions in their respective States relative
to communicable diseases. Dr. Davis reported only one out-
break of hog cholera in Wyoming during the past year. Scabies
has existed in cattle, sheep and horses, but is under strict super-
vision and is being rapidly eliminated. Dr. McLeod reported
the inauguration of municipal food inspection service in his
home city, taking effect August 1.

Dr. W. E. Muldoon read a very complete paper on dog dis-
temper from a clinical standpoint. He stated that the specific
cause of the disease has not been determined, although it is
present in the catarrhal secretions of the mucous membrane and
in most instances is taken into the body through food and water.
He considers that various organisms are present as contributing
factors in its causation, and that biologic products prepared
from them probably have some value as prophylactic agents.
His paper is well worthy of careful study when it appears in
the veterinary press.

Dr. W. S. Ferrand reported his experience with the stomach
tube in treating indigestion in the horse. He finds it a most
valuable means of dealing with such disorders, if properly used.
He employs a comparatively small caliber single-flow tube.

Loin disease in cattle as studied in the coast region of Texas
was the subject of a report by Dr. A. T. Kinsley. The condi-
tion is a typical lumbar paralysis and affects range cattle graz-
ing on prairie land, but not on river bottoms or timber land,
so far as has been observed. No specific cause has been found,
but in many respects the disease suggests deficiencies in the
diet. The absence of water soluble B was suggested, and the

ASSOCIATION NEWS 109

treatment with foods containing this vitamine seems to promise
good results.

One of the most scholarly and valuable papers, entitled ‘‘The
Veterinary Practitioner,’’ was read by Dr. David S. White. He
called attention to many of the achievements of the veterinary
profession and presented his vision of its future field, empha-
sizing the need for unity, rendering of real service and the
adaptation of methods of new problems.

Dr. J. I. Gibson presented a report of the progress made in
Illinois by the welfare movement imaugurated by the State
Veterinary Medical Association, of which he is field secretary.
He makes a plea for thorough organization in each State, in
order that the profession may present a united front in mat-
ters which concern the profession as a whole.

Dr. J. H. Lynch in an address entitled ‘‘The Veterinarian
and Citizen,’’ very forcefully expressed his views relative to
the part which the veterinarian should play in the life of his
community.

Prof. H. R. Smith gave some very interesting statistics in the
control of tuberculosis in animals and man, which was followed
by the showing of a two-reel motion picture prepared by the
B. A. I. for exhibition to the public in the interest of tubercu-
losis eradication. Dr. Smith stated that 30 per cent of per-
sons dying between the ages of 15 and 60 years die of tubereu-
losis and that one-third of human tuberculosis acquired before
the age of 5 years comes from milk. He also states that 95
to 98 per cent of tuberculosis in hogs comes from milk or ear-
casses of affected cattle. In 1908, 2 per cent of the hogs slaugh-
tered in Government establishments were retained for tubercu-
losis, while in 1920 nearly 11 per cent were retained.

The work of tuberculosis eradication is progressing satisfac-
torily, however, many applications cannot receive immediate
attention because of the lack of men and funds to begin the
work. :

Following this paper, Drs. Hall and Morris of Omaha placed
on display specimens showing tuberculous lesions in a horse,
which excited great interest.

The entertainment features of the program were complete and
enjoyable. The wives of members were admirably entertained
and the usual show at the -Ak-Sar-Ben was provided for
men. The performance was one of the best which has been

110 ASSOCIATION Nrws

our privilege to see, and many members could relate interesting
episodes in which they played a leading part if they could be
induced to do so.

The following officers were elected for the ensuing year:

President—P. L. Cady, Arlington, Nebr.

Vice-President—J. W. MeGinnis, Ord, Nebr.

Secretary-Treasurer—R. F. Bourne, Fort Collins, Colo.

Trustees—S. W. Alford, Lincoln, Nebr.; L. U. Shipley, Shel-
don, Iowa; B. W. Conrad, Sabetha, Kan.; A. T. Kinsley, Kan-
sas City, Mo.; J. S. Koen, Bloomington, III.

The winter meeting will be held in Kansas City during the
last week of January. kh. F. Bourne, Secretary.

KENTUCKY VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

At the meeting of the Kentucky Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion, held in Danville, Ky., July 6, 7 and 8, the following resolu-
tions were adopted:

** Resolved, That we, the members of the Kentucky Veterinary
Medical Association, do hereby express our sincerest apprecia-
tion and thanks to the Chamber of Commerce, Elks Club and the
citizens of Danville for the most cordial reception in Danville;
to the State Livestock Sanitary Board and the U. S. Bureau of
Animal Industry for the able and efficient manner of control-
ling disease and offering assistance to the practitioner; to Drs.
E. S. Good, W. 8S. Anderson, W. W. Dimock, M. Schérigo of the
University of Kentucky; Dr. E. L. Quitman of Chicago; Dr. L. B.
Ernest of Washington, D. C., and Dr. C. W. Fisher of Danville
for the enlightening and instructive papers read at this meet-
ing.

“Be It Further Resolved, That the secretary be and he is
hereby instructed to send to each of the above organizations
and individuals a copy of these resolutions, and that a copy be
spread upon the minutes of this meeting.’’

The meeting was a big success, over 100 members being pres-
ent. Citizens of the town turned out to make us welcome. The
Chamber of Commerce is made up of live members. The Farm
Bureau entertained us with an auto ride in the country. Next
meeting will be held at Owensboro, February 8-9, 1922. New
officers will be elected at that time. Rising vote of thanks was
given to Drs. E. L. Quitman and L. B. Ernest for interest shown
us. Cuas. W. FisHuer, Secretary.

ASSOCIATION NEws 111

NORTH DAKOTA VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

On July 6 to 9 over 100 North Dakota veterinarians gathered
at Fargo to attend a short course on tuberculosis. The course
was presented by B. A. I. representatives, members of the North
Dakota Livestock Sanitary Board and the faculty of the Veteri-
nary Department of the Agricultural College. The work was
carried out at the Veterinary Building of the college. Lectures
and papers filled the forenoons while the afternoons were de-
voted to laboratory work and practical demonstrations of the
various .tuberculin tests, especially the imtradermic test. A
tubereulous herd of twenty-two animals was quartered in quar-
antine pens at the Veterinary Department and the technic of
making the injections for the intradermic test and the making
of observations were thoroughly worked out by each of the vet-
erinarians present. Tuberculous swine and fowls were also avail-
able for the testing work. At the close of the course a number of
the cattle, pigs and chickens were slaughtered and the technic
of inspecting tuberculous animals was demonstrated by B. A. I.
inspectors and the lesions carefully examined. Following the
short course a Federal examination was given all men expecting
to do accredited herd work and ninety veterinarians wrote pa-
pers. Dr. EB. Lash of Washington, D. C., Dr. W. F. Crewe,
North Dakota Livestock Sanitary Board, and Dr. A. F. Schalk,
Inspector in Charge of North Dakota, Dr. C. H. Babcock, of the
North Dakota Livestock Sanitary Board, and Dr. A. F. Schalk,
Dean of the Veterinary Department of the Agricultural College,
attended to the arrangements for the course and took prominent
parts in its presentation.

Among the lectures delivered. were the following: North
Dakota laws, regulations and policies, W. F. Crewe; etiology,
bacteriology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis, L. M. Roderick;
the diagnosis of tuberculosis by the various tuberculin tests, C.
H. Babcock; pathology and pathologie anatomy, L. M. Roderick;
the preparation of tuberculins, R. E. Lubbehusen; Federal laws,
regulations and policies concerning tuberculosis, H. H. Cohenour ;
relations between veterinarians and livestock owners, W. F.
Crewe; tuberculosis in swine and poultry, A. F. Schalk; eco-
nomic¢ importance and clinical aspects of tuberculosis, R. 8.
Amadon; the relation of animal to human tuberculosis, Don Me-

OCIATION News

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ASSOCIATION NrEws 113

-Mahan; hygiene and sanitation in the control of animal tuber-
culosis, H. L. Foust; immunology in tuberculosis, A. F. Schalk;
the significance of tuberculosis in meat inspection, C. Brady.

Rk. S. Amapvon, Secretary.

WESTERN NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The seventh semiannual meeting of the Western New York
Veterinary Medical Association was held at Hamburg, N. Y.,
July 14. Dr. Edward Rafter had prepared a very interesting
clinic consisting of cases for diagnosis and operation.

At 1.30 the association adjourned for lunch at Grange Hall,
after which the business meeting was called to order by the
President, Dr. F. E. McClelland.

Five new members were added to our number, which brings
our membership nearly up to the seventy mark.

Dr. J. N. Frost of Cornell University gave a very interesting
and instructive address on ‘‘Meningitis in Calves,’’? which
aroused considerable discussion.

A hatpin in the alimentary tract of a dog was the subject of a
paper read by Dr. Chas. D. Blaser, Buffalo, N. Y. It also
created considerable discussion and brought out reports of simi-
lar experiences among the other members.

The annual meeting will be held the second week in December
at Buffalo. F. F. Fenr, Secretary.

MONTANA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The Thirteenth Annual meeting of the Montana State Vet-
erinary Association was held in Bozeman on July 29-30.

The association assembled at the Agricultural Building of the
Montana State College. Prof. C. N. Arnett welcomed the as-
sociation’ in behalf of the college and the City of Bozeman.

A clinical demonstration of Montana poisonous plants con-
ducted by Prof. Swingle of the Montana State College, assisted
by Drs. Marsh and Welch, featured the afternoon session.

In the evening the association met at the Three Bears Inn for
its annual banquet. The horse problem in Montana was dis-
cussed by Prof. C. N, Arnett, representing the breeder’s stand-

114 ASSOCIATION NEWws

point; Dr. W. J. Butler, from an economical standpoint, and Dr.
A. D. Knowles, from the standpoint of the veterinary prac-
titioner.

On July 30, Dr. C. N. Arnett, assisted by Prof. Oscar Fretsven
and Prof. Millin, gave a very interesting and instructive clinic
on the principles of stock judging of beef cattle, horses, dairy
cattle and sheep. This number was one of the outstanding fea-
tures of the session.

Dr. Hadleigh Marsh gave a paper on the pathology of progres-
sive pneumonia in sheep, assisted by a clinical demonstration
of lesions by Dr. Howard Welch of Bozeman. Drs. Marsh and
Welch have been doing considerable research work in this con-
dition and much valuable information to the Montana practi-
tioners is a result of their efforts.

Dr. B. T. Simms, of the Oregon State College, presented a e¢lini-
cal demonstration and discussion of sterility in cattle, assisted
by Dr. Welch with a wealth of clinical material furnished by
the Veterinary Department of the Montana State College. This
interesting problem of the veterinarians was handled in a most
thorough and painstaking manner by Dr. Simms and the associa-
tion members can consider themselves extremely fortunate in
having such an able demonstrator of this important economfe con-
dition of the livestock industry.

Professor W. F. Schoppe of the Montana State College con-
cluded the program by a clinical demonstration and lecture on
caponizing. :

Election of officers for the ensuing year resulted in the choice
of Dr. C. H. Stevens of Stevensville, President ; Dr. O. L. Devore
of Bozeman, Vice-President; Dr. Hadleigh Marsh of Helena,
Secretary-Treasurer.

The meeting adjourned to meet in Billings in 1922.

N. Gunn, Secretary.

MARYLAND STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

Through the energetic cooperation of the officers and mem- ~
bers of the Maryland State Veterinary Medical Association, to-
gether with the officers of the Pennsylvania and West Virginia
Veterinary Medical Associations, an interesting and enjoyable
meeting took place at Mountain Lake Park, August 9 and 10.

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ASSOCIATION NEWS 5

There were present about fifty veterinarians from the three
States. The program was largely surgical and the patients were
furnished for the most part through the untiring efforts of our
‘‘*human dynamo’’ member, Dr. George E. Melody, of Oakland,
and most of the clinical demonstrations took place on his four-
thousand acre farm, just below Deer Park.

The meeting was opened with an address by the President of
the Maryland Association, Dr. R. F. Smith, of Frederick. He
urged the importance of hearty cooperation upon all members
in furthering the interests of the profession, in an endeavor to
raise our standard throughout the State, and requested all pres-
ent to assist him in obtaining for membership every graduate
veterinarian in the State.

The elinical program was opened with demonstrations of the
standing and the recumbent castrations, by Drs. Melody and
Smith, respectively. Much interesting discussion arose as to
the merits of each method. However, as the two operations
were performed perfectly, the discussion is likely to continue
indefinitely.

The next clinical case presented was an umbilical hernia in
a hog, complicated by an intestinal fistula through the hernial
sac. Radical treatment was decided unon and Dr. R. F. Smith
was requested to operate. About eight inches of intestine were
found necrosed and were excised and end to end entero-anasta-
mosis of the small intestine was necessary. Although under
ether for an hour and a half, the hog manifested immediate ap-
petite upon returning to consciousness. Shortly thereafter,
without any by-your-leave, and without waiting to call a taxi,
the hog started for home and was not again located until the
following forenoon, at which time he was quietly eating and
seemed in fine spirit. Inasmuch as the owner promised Dr.
Smith a ham, should the animal live, all present wished the
hog well.

Two cases of lameness and a peculiar case of actinomycosis
followed.

We then adjourned for lunch, which was provided at the top
of the mountain on the estate, at an elevation of 3,500 feet. The
comedy of the meeting was here supplied by Dr. Bryan, who
endeavored to thrust an eight imch leg, properly clothed in

‘

pressed trousers, through a six inch opening in a barbed wire

116 ASSOCIATION Nrws

fence. The fence was victorious and kind friends offered help
in the shape of paint, lantern soot and other similar camouflages.

After lunch we enjoyed an address by Dr. T. E. Munee, State
Veterinarian of Pennsylvania. He dealt mainly with the prog-
ress of the veterinary profession and its importance to the live-
stock industry of the country. The annual losses from pre-
ventable infectious diseases were graphically illustrated by
figures.

Dr. Munce was ee ed by Dr. J. A. Kiernan, chief of the
Division of Tuberculosis Eradication, Bureau of Animal Indus-
try. In a brillant address Dr. Kiernan reviewed the work and
accomplishments of the veterinary profession of. America, with
special reference to the eradication of animal scourges. He de-
scribed how contagious pleuro-pneumonia still rages in some
parts of Europe and would be still prevalent in this country
but for the united efforts of the veterinary profession. His
statement that the Kingdom of Holland spent twenty million
dollars last year in a more or less unsuccessful effort to ‘‘control”’
foot and mouth disease and that Spain had appropriated twenty-
five million for the same purpose, surprised his audience. This
justified his conclusion that although the American veterinary
profession has been severely criticized for its ruthless slaughter
of affected animals, nevertheless foot and mouth disease had
been completely eradicated from our borders at a much less
cost than either of the countries previously mentioned spent in
efforts to merely prevent its further spread.

The remarkable results of the efforts of the Bureau of Anil
Industry to rid the South of Texas fever were next ably de-
seribed. It was shown that only a small percentage of the ori-
ginally affected area remained to be cleaned.

Dr. Kiernan concluded his remarks by a discussion of the all
important subject of tuberculosis eradication. Perhaps the most
surprising statement was that ‘‘at least 50 per. cent of all the
milk consumed in the United States was not pasteurized.’’
Another statement of interest to all was that three-quarters of
our States had shown a relatively small percentage of reactors
among the cattle tested by the Bureau and that it would, there-
fore; be a relatively easy matter to eradicate the disease from
these areas in a short time. Although the remaining 25 per cent
of the area of our country was rather badly infected, neverthe-

cd

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ere Sk er

d% Ayrtais ee

s

ASSOCIATION NEws 117

less tuberculosis could be and will be eradicated from all areas
in the United States in time.

Later in the afternoon clinics were again opened with a case
of immense ventral hernia in a cow. The case was deemed in-
operable and Dr. Melody performed the flank operation for
ovariotomy and Dr. R. C. Reed, Chief, Division of Animal In-
‘dustry, Maryland State Board of Agriculture, spoke for a time
of the manipulation of the ovary direct and through the rectal
walls.

In the evening all members attended the moving pictures at
the Auditorium, where, in addition to several thrilling reels,
we had exhibited the Bureau of Animal Industry film: ‘‘Out of
the Shadows,’’ a tuberculosis picture in story form.

On Wednesday we again met at Dr. Melody’s farm. A _ post-
mortem was held on the cow with the large ventral hernia, dem-
onstrating the hernial ring and the content of the sac. Dr. T. A.
Ladson, inspector in charge of tuberculosis eradication for Mary- ~
land, and Dr. John J. Muller, of the State force, then completed
the postmortem by demonstrating the lymph glands usually af-
fected by tuberculosis.

The great treat of the meeting came when Dr. John W. Adams,
Professor of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, demonstrated
the operation for roaring, with correct methods for anesthesia.
The years seem to treat Dr. Adams most kindly and he simply
excelled himself, more than which could not be said of any
member of our profession.

Dr. Ladson, assisted by Dr. E. B. Symonds and Dr. W. G.
Benner, also of the Maryland office of tuberculosis eradication,
demonstrated the intradermic tuberculin test. Drs. W. E. Lang-
ford and W. M. Stanley, of West Virginia, and Dr. L. B. Ernest,

-of Washington, D. C., led the discussion of the operative tech-

nique and interpretation of results of this test.

In the afternoon the association held its regular semi-annual
business meeting. The minutes of the previous meeting were
read and approved, following which Dr. G. A. Grapp, of the
Maryland State Board of Agriculture, led the discussion re-
garding a more comprehentive and closely drawn act to regulate
the practice of veterinary medicine in Maryland.

The meeting closed with a rising vote of thanks to Dr. G. A.
Melody for his efforts to make the meeting a complete success,

11§ ASSOCIATION NEWs

and to Dr. Adams for his courtesy in extending to us the pleas-
ure of his company.
A. H. Bryan (through Hutpert Youne, Secretary).

ONTARIO VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The forty-second annual meeting was held at the Ontario
Veterinary College on August 11 and 12. Over one hundred
veterinarians from different parts of the province were present.

The meeting convened with the president, Dr. J. A. Camp-
bell, presiding.

Business matters, election of officers, ete., occupied the whole of
the first morning, and addresses, papers and discussions were on
the program for the afternoon and evening. ‘‘Standardization
of Veterinary Fees,’’ by Capt. J. Dunn of Barrie, Ont., brought
forth much discussion, and a schedule of fees for members of
this association has been presented to the executive committee
for consideration. It is hoped that by adopting this schedule
greater cooperation will exist among the practitioners in the
province. Dr. A. B. Wickware of the Biological Laboratories,
Ottawa, gave an illustrated address on ‘‘ Diseases of Poultry.’’
He emphasized the economic importance of poultry to Canada
and urged veterinarians to pay more attention to this phase of
livestock breeding. He stated that the fowls in Canada were
worth $200,000,000, and it was therefore essential to conserve
this great industry by safeguarding the flocks from the ravages
of disease. The diseases of chicks were dealt with, and tubereu-
losis, blackhead, ete., were also briefly mentioned.

At the end of the afternoon session, an excellent lunch was
served in the assembly hall and great credit is due Drs. Otte-
well and Gwatkin for preparing such a satisfying meal.

The first address in the evening was delivered by Dr. C. D.
McGilvray, principal of the Ontario Veterinary College. He
spoke on the Andrew Smith Memorial Fund and stated that
during the past year the sum of $134.55 had been realized for
this fund. He appealed to the members for further subserip-
tions, and Dr. C. H. Higgins of the Lederle Antitoxin Labora-
tories, New York, also made a strong appeal, with the result that
$143.85 was collected at the meeting and $9 more pledged.

Dr. F. Torrance, Veterinary Director General, addressed the
meeting on ‘‘Tuberculosis and the Accredited Herd Plan.’’ He

ASSOCIATION News 119

outlined the fight in progress against tuberculosis which is be-
ing made by his department, and drew attention to the number
of municipalities availing themselves of government inspection
of cows. The number of cows tested under this system for the
first four and a quarter months of the present fiscal year greatly
exceeds the number tested during the whole of the preceding
year. The accredited herd plan is also making great progress.
The number of accredited herds in Canada is now 22, and 541
are under process of accreditation.

Dr. Robert Barnes, Chief Inspector, Meat and Canned Foods
Act, gave a very interesting paper on ‘‘The Inspection of Canned
Foods.’’ He pointed out that no profession was so well qualified
to inspect the raw material (which, of course, constitutes the
principal part of the inspection) as were veterinarians. The
numerous difficulties that had been encountered by his depart-
ment were being overcome, and the inspection was being carried .
on efficiently and to the entire satisfaction of the canners. This
paper brought forth some interesting discussion and the ques-
tions which were asked were promptly answered by Dr. Barnes.

Dr. C. H. Higgins next gave an interesting talk on ‘‘Service.’’
Dr. Higgins is one of the most popular members of the associa-
tion, and in his address made many timely remarks that were
well received.

Both Drs. MeGilvray and Higgins spoke on the Canadian
Veterinary Record, and pointed out that the united efforts of
Canadian veterinarians were necessary in order that the journal
might continue to be published. They remarked on the good
work being done by Colonel Evans (the editor), Dr. Gwatkin,
Dr. Fowler and others. At this meeting 25 more subscriptions
to the journal were made.

The meeting on the second day opened with demonstrations
in the application of the tuberculin tests by Dr. MeGilvray.
He thoroughly explained the technique of all the tests and

_ Showed reactions in cattle that had been injected previous to

the meeting.

Dr. J. F. De Vine of New York next gave an instructive talk
on sterility. He stated that the methods employed on this conti-
nent were far ahead of those in any other country. The corpus
luteum was fully described and its significance explained. Di-
agnosis of pregnancy was thoroughly outlined from a few weeks
after conception up to parturition. Uteri of cows, both virgin

120 ASSOCIATION NrEws

and in various stages of pregnancy, were supplied by Drs. D. A.
Irvine and C. W. MeIntosh, enabling Dr. De Vine to fully illus-
trate his methods.. Dr. De Vine also demonstrated the treat-
ment of sterility in several cows sent in for that purpose.

Equine surgery was performed by Dr. W. J. R. Fowler of
Toronto, and Dr. D. R. Caley of Bracebridge performed cryp-
torchidectomy and reduced a hernia in a large pig.

Drs. R. A. MeIntosh of Oakville and H. E. Batt of Toronto
acted as assistants during the clinics.

The officers elected for the ensuing year are: Dr. J. A. Camp-
bell, Toronto, president; Dr. D. R. Caley, Bracebridge, first vice-
president; Dr. T. B.-Buckley, Toronto, second vice-president ;
Dr. H. E. Batt, Toronto, Dr. J. Dunn, Barrie, Dr. D. A. Irvine,
Toronto, and Dr. W. A. Thompson, Washago, executive com-
mittee; Dr. J. S. Glover, Toronto, secretary-treasurer and
registrar. J. S. Guover, Secretary.

An American writer in Denmark tells of an interview with
‘“Dr. Bang, who has led the fight against bovine tuberculosis
for 30 years. Dr. Bang was intensely interested in the prog-
ress of tuberculosis control in America and said that he
believed our system of accrediting herds would accomplish good
results. ’’—Hoard’s Dairyman.

Sixty-four species of mosquitoes have been discovered so far
in Costa Rica, according to a list recently presented before the
French Academy of Sciences.

Deseret News says of Federal meat inspection: ‘‘This is one
of the reforms that has made progress swiftly and the thorough-
ness with which it is carried out is at once admirable and
marvelous. ’’

Dr. W. A. Scott, of Akron, Ohio, has assumed charge of the
dairy and food division of the city department of health of
Canton, Ohio. Dr. Scott has been engaged in this same kind of
work, in the city health department at Akron. He succeeds the
late Dr. Charles Ray, who died recently. .

/

COMMUNICATION

“PROTECTING THE STOCK”

To the Editor:

We are inclosing a copy of an editorial which appeared in the
Harrisburg. Telegraph of June 27, 1921, under the title above
quoted, as follows:

_‘*The whole State will wish well to the campaign launched
under the auspices of the State Bureau of Animal Industry and
backed up by- federal authorities and the veterinarians of the
State for the reduction of tuberculosis, cholera, parasitic and
other diseases which have been killing the livestock on Penn-
sylvania farms through lack of systematic effort. During the
war people woke up, perforce, to the great importance of safe-
guarding the health of the horse and cow, the pigs and sheep
and the chickens, too, and, thanks to the emergency, restrictions
and inspections could be undertaken, which it is planned to
supplement.

‘<The mere statement of the loss occasioned every twelve
months to stock in Pennsylvania by controHable diseases should
be enough to make everyone join in this movement to clean up
the herds and the flocks and protect not only the investment of
the farmers and many townspeople but our health as well be-

~ cause we all use milk and meat.’’

As this editorial brings out, the work to be successful must
include the combined interest and cooperation of every agency
that has to do with livestock. In this connection there is no more
important agency than the practicing veterinarian. The prac-
titioner becomes intimately acquainted with the livestock owners
and is familiar with their problems. By continuing to do mis-
sionary work among the livestock owners of the State the Bureau
of Animal Industry will be materially assisted in its work of
preventing and repressing animal diseases. 7

By reason of the work the practitioner has done in keeping us
informed of conditions in his district we have come to look upon
him as a local representative of our Bureau.

In addition to the assistance rendered in preventing and re-
pressing other wasteful diseases of animals and poultry, he has
also been supporting the Accredited Herd Plan for repressing
tuberculosis, and we are sure his efforts along this line are
equally appreciated by the Federal authorities.

121

122 COMMUNICATION

We are proud of the fact that the cordial relations, the co-
operation and support that exist between the private practition-
ers of Pennsylvania and the Bureaus are not surpassed, if in-
deed equalled, by any other State in the Union. This is exactly
as it should be.

We trust the practitioner will continue to keep us in toueh
with affairs in his locality, and we stand ready at all times to
assist him as far as lies within our power.

The Bureau may formulate plans for carrying out measures
pertaining to livestock problems, but without the cooperation
and support of the practicing veterinarian our labor will be in
vain. :|2

We are counting on his continued support and cooperation in
the drive to reduce losses from preventable animal diseases.

T. EK. Muncr, State Veterinarian.

One thousand buffaloes in the National Park at Wainwright
(Alberta, Canada) will be slaughtered this year, according to
Government plans. The park contains 5,000 at present. Those
picked for slaughter will be mostly bulls. They will be sold in
the markets of Canada and the United States.—Wichita Daily
Stockman. .

Dr. W. T. Spencer has resigned his positon as State Veter-
inarian of Nebraska to become livestock commissioner in conneec-
tion with the Omaha Livestock Exchange. Other important
exchanges will shortly be organized with livestock commissioners,
in order to assist in the tuberculosis eradication campaign im
their communities.

Dr. J. T. Ellis, formerly of the hog cholera control force of
the Bureau of Animal Industry in Tennessee, is now assigned
to the same class of work in Iowa.

Dr. A. J. Wahn has recently disposed of his practice in Fos-
ters, Ohio, and has again become affiliated with work of the
Bureau of Animal Industry in South Carolina.

.
~
a

~~

NECROLOGY

Dr. G. Frank Harker, one of the most prominent veterina-
rians of New Jersey, died September 3, 1921, and was buried
from his late residence, 566 Perry Street, Trenton, N. J., Sep-
tember 6. .

Dr. Harker was a graduate of the University of Pennsyl-
vania, class of 1889, and had practiced his profession in Trenton
since graduation. He was City Veterinarian and Chief Food
Inspector of the Board of Health of Trenton since 1906. He
was honored by the veterinary profession in his State in being
elected President of the New Jersey Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation. He was prominent in Masonic circles, belonging to Ash-
lar Lodge No. 76, F. and A. M., Trenton; Consistory 8. P. R.S.,
32d degree Scottish Rite; Crescent Temple, A. A. O. N. of the
Mystic Shrine. He also belonged to Meni Lodge No. 217, I. O.
O. F. :

Dr. Harker was a victim of one of the most violent endemiecs of
typhoid fever of which there is record. He attended a harvest
home supper held at Jacobstown, N. J., on July 27. Chicken
salad was served, and as a result of infection 200 cases of typhoid
have developed in 116 homes in 23 municipalities, resulting in
26 deaths up to September 5.

The funeral was very largely attended. Many beautiful

floral pieces attested his many friends. The following veterina-

rians were among those present at the funeral: J. H. McNeil, W.
G. Middleton, James Mosedale, R. E. Mosedale, R. W. Carter,
J. M. Herron, R. Brown, C. Beechwood, J. M. Delaney, J. H.

Carter, H. H. Bair, L. P. Hurley, Henry W. Turner, New Hope,

Pa., and John P. Turner, Washington, D. C.

Dr. Harker will be greatly missed by his friends and profes-
sional associates, as he was a man of the highest personal integ-
rity and of a quiet, lovable disposition. , He leaves a widow, two
sons, and one daughter.

Dr. F. E. Barnes, of Waxahachie, Texas, who recently was
bitten by a rabid dog which he was treating professionally, has
* g gp i
gone to Austin for treatment in the Pasteur Institute.

123

MISCELLANEOUS

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EPIZOOTIC DIS-
EASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS

AT THE International Conference on Epizootic Diseases of
Domestic Animals, held in Paris in May, 1921, the following
conclusions and recommendations were adopted:

RINDERPEST

The Conference finds:

1. That in view of the uncertainty of our knowledge with
regard to the resistance of receptive animals and of the varia-
tions due to the species, race or individual circumstances, the
introduction of ruminants and hogs from regions that are not
absolutely free from rinderpest constitutes a danger that justi-
fies prohibitive measures.

2. That there is reason to continue er, investiga-
tions with regard to mode of contagion, receptivity of the dif-
ferent animals, virulence of the various animal products, dangers
that may result from conveyance of the virus by animals ap-
parently cured or healthy, and, in general, everything relating
to the experimental study of rinderpest.

Supplementary Recommendations

The Conference recommends that the fight against rinderpest
be based on the following fundamental rules:

1. Immediate information, by telegraph to neighboring coun-
tries, of the new sources of infection that may be found in
regions previously free.

2. In principle, compulsory slaughter of diseased animals
and of those clinically suspected, also, as far as possible, of ex-
posed animals, even if apparently healthy, with ample and
immediate indemnity.

3. To prohibit the use of a live virus for the purpose of im-
munization in places that are free from the disease.

4. To prohibit the industrial or commercial manufacture
of serums and vaccines against rinderpest, in districts free from
the disease, with the exception of scientific institutions or those
controlled by the state.

124

ee ee en eee

Pe cal Fe OT m5

Le) |

MISCELLANEOUS 12

Foot-ANb-MoutH DISEASE

The Conference finds:

1. That there is reason to continue actively the investiga-
tions relative to the study of foot-and-mouth disease, princi-
pally for the purpose of discovering scientific methods of treat-
ment and a process for the practical immunization of the ex-
posed animals.

2. That it is desirable that, without in any manner affect-
ing the independence of investigators, connections be established
among the several laboratories specializing in the study of
foot-and-mouth disease, and that the results obtained, both in
the laboratories and on the field, including negative or partial
results, be immediately communicated and centralized.

DOURINE

The Conference finds:

1. That strict and continued vigilance should be organized
in all countries where sources of infection of this disease should
at any time be discovered.

2. That investigations relative to the treatment, practical
methods of diagnosis of dourine, and persistence of the virus
in animals apparently cured, should be continued, and reports
immediately made of the results obtained.

Supplementary Recommendations

The Conference recommends:

1. That in districts menaced by the disease the stallions be
registered and submitted to a monthly sanitary inspection.

2. That in those districts all mares already served or ready
to be brought to the stallion be registered and also be subject
to a monthly sanitary inspection.

SANITARY INFORMATION AND BULLETINS

The Conference finds:

1. That sanitary information should be telegraphed to all
countries represented at the Conference when rinderpest appears
- im a region previously free from it, and also when the first cases
of foot-and-mouth disease are noticed in a country previously
free.

2. That printed periodical bulletins should be published fol-
lowing a uniform plan and furnishing information with regard

126 MIscELLANEOUS

to the existence and extent of the following diseases: Rinder-
pest, foot-and-mouth disease, contagious pneumonia, anthrax,
sheep pox, rabies, glanders, dourine, hog cholera.

3. That such information should include, for each province
or State invaded :

(a) The number of counties and farms still infected at the
beginning of the period reported ;

(b) The number of counties and farms infected during the
period reported, and, if possible, the number, classified by
species, of the animals that are found sick or exposed.

4. That the bulletins should be published on the 1st and 15th
of each month, and that they should be distributed, at the
latest, ten days after the date of their publication, so they
will reach the interested governments without delay.

Export SANITARY MEASURES

The Conference believes that animals and dangerous animal
products, when exported from one country to another, should
be accompanied by a ‘‘certificate of origin and health’’ issued
under the responsibility of the exporting country, by a govern-
ment veterinarian or one approved by the government.

The wording of the certificate should be studied by each coun-
try, and the different texts or wordings should be examined in
a future conference, with a view to arriving at the appropriate
form, which should be submitted to the approval of the dele-
gates of the countries represented. .

oe

INTERNATIONAL BUREAU

The Conference expresses the wish that an international bu-
reau be created in Paris for the campaign against infectious
animal diseases. It should have for its essential purpose:

(a) To collect and bring to the notice of the governments
and their sanitary departments the facts and literature of gen-
eral interest regarding the progress or condition of epizootic
diseases, and the means employed to fight them.

(b) To promote and coordinate all investigations or experi-
ments relative to the pathology or prophylaxis of all infectious
animal diseases, wherever there may be occasion to resort to in-
ternational cooperation.

(c) To study international plans and agreements relative to

z
A
a

MIscELLANEOUS 127

the sanitary inspection of animals, and to place at the disposal
of the governments signing these agreements the means of con-
trolling their execution.

The office should be placed under the authority of a commit-
tee composed of the technical delegates of the several countris.
This committee should meet periodically at least once a year.
With the approval of the governments signatory to the Rome
Convention of December 9, 1907, said bureau should be attached
to the International Bureau of Public Hygiene.

The Conference desires that the French Government pre-
pare a draft of a convention embracing the resolutions adopted
by the Conference, submit it to all countries represented at the
Conference, and invite the interested governments to appoint
representatives to sign such convention at the earliest possible
date..,

The Conference appoints Messrs. Lutrario, Pottevin and
Leclainche to get in touch with the proper French authorities
and place themselves at their disposal for the purpose of helping
them in the preparation of this draft of convention.

Nores oN RINDERPEST

Rinderpest, which was believed relegated to the Asiatic and
African continents, has reappeared in these latter times in
Europe and has reached South America. In August, 1920, rinder-
pest was discovered in Belgium, imported through the simple
passage in transit at Antwerp of Indian zebus destined to Brazil.
In March, 1921, it is found in Brazil, and it is probable that it
was brought there by the same animals. Russia in Europe has
been infected largely during these last years by livestock from
Asia. The disease was introduced in Poland following the in-
vasion of Russian armies and the exodus of population pro-
voked by it.

International sanitary conferences were held at Vienna in
1920 and at Kovno on February 23 and 24, 1921.

The rinderpest invasion of Russia in Europe and its spread
to regions invaded by the Bolshevist armies could be foreseen
as an inevitable consequence of the disorganization of adminis-
trative services and particularly of the sanitary police. On the
other hand, the introduction of the contagion by the commercial
route seemed unlikely. It demonstrates the necessity of a more

128 MIScELLANEOUS

complete study of epizootic diseases and of possible ways for
their transmission.

Notes taken during the Belgian epizootic bring very re-
assuring new views on the ways in which the contagion is spread.
It is established that indirect transmission is very exceptional
and that in a country possessing a good sanitary organization
the spread of rinderpest is easily stopped by appropriate sani-
tary measures. On the other hand, rinderpest spreads rapidly,
especially through the movement of exposed animals in coun-
tries which do not possess both an organized veterinary service
and an administrative organization enabling rigorous applica-
tion of prophylactic measures.

Prophylaxis of rinderpest is rendered difficult and uncertain
by our lack of knowledge on a number of questions.

Studies carried on in Brussels by the French Mission have
established a few points. They have brought the proof that
swine may contract rinderpest under forms that render them
very dangerous from the viewpoint of contagion. These ani-
mals were previously considered refractory and various regu-
lations in force seldom take them into consideration.

It seems that contagion by animal products is little to be
feared, the virus being rapidly destroyed in most mediums.
However, it is indispensable that conditions of sterilization be
determined exactly before giving up the very severe measures
of protection heretofore apphed. The realization of these re-
searches present for commerce a considerable immediate interest.

Also, the danger resulting from the introduction of live ani-
mals will have to be established by new observations. The re-
sistance of certain species allows the movement of exposed ship-
ments to great distances. It is possible also for cured animals
to remain dangerous for an undetermined time.

Finally, the use of various processes of immunization, sero-
therapy and sero-vaccination, will have to be studied anew.

It would be very desirable that missions which various gov-
ernments have placed at the disposal of Poland be able to
gather data and complete experiments according to a plan estab-
lished by the Conference.

Rinderpest in Brazil
Rinderpest has appeared recently in Brazil, in the State of

Sao Paulo,
The origin of the disease has not been clearly established;

—

MISCELLANEOUS 129

however, the importation of Indian zebus, which infected Bel-
gium, has been incriminated, and this hypothesis is by-far the
most likely among those that have been presented.

It appears from information dated April 13, 1921, that rinder-
pest has caused the greatest ravages in the State of Sao Paulo
and that it has reached the neighboring States of Minas and
Rio,

“The epidemic is developing with a fearful rapidity,’’ says
a report. ‘‘The spreading agents would seem to be other ani-
mals and more especially stray dogs and above all ‘urubus.’
Urubus are birds of prey of the vulture species. In cities they
are found in proximity to abatfoirs and feed on trimmings from
carcasses. In stock-raising regions they are always found around
herds. They alight on the animals and tear the skin to eat
certain parasites. Covering rapidly great distances, these birds
are terrible spreading agents of epizootics. Up to this time
urubus have owed their survival to the belief held in the coun-
try in their role of scavengers. But rinderpest is about to give
them a fatal stroke, for now everywhere the necessity of their
destruction is proclaimed to prevent the spread of epizooties.

‘““The Government of the State of Sao Paulo has taken, from
the beginning, energetic measures to limit the epizootic. The
neighboring States and the Federal Government also adopt
strict measures to prevent rinderpest from attacking herds pre-
viously free.’’

Instructions have been prepared by the Direction of Stock-
Raising Service at Sao Paulo and sent to all proprietors.

It seems that Brazil unfortunately lacks veterinarians to as-

sure the execution of prescribed measures.

Rindervest in Poland

Rinderpest was introduced into Poland in July and August,
1920, by Bolshevist troops followed by infected herds. It spread
during the occupation of eastern territories and during the
weeks that followed between the retreat of the invaders and the
installation of Polish authority. The palatinates of Bialystok,
Lublin, Warsaw, and two districts of eastern Galicia were
reached.

In September partial demobilization of veterinarians permit-
ted the beginning of sanitary action, and a eredit of one billion
marks was granted. A commissioner-inschief was appointed with

130 MISCELLANEOUS

wide powers, and three sanitary zones were instituted. A first
mobile zone called ‘‘military zone’’ is situated at the limit of
the invaded territories; a second zone called ‘‘of high com-
mand’’ is established on the actual political frontier; a third
zone called ‘‘Ministry of Foreign Affairs Zone’’ isolates the
eastern provinces, in which intervention must be abandoned

ee

temporarily to military authority because of lack of personnel.
A laboratory has been established at Pulawy for the prepara-
tion of anti-rinderpest serum, with 300 cattle, and a second
laboratory has been established at Brest-Litovsk with 100 cattle.
In November the personnel was reinforced by the students
of the veterinary colleges and of the superior schools of agri-
culture. Numbers of new centers of infection were discovered.
Rinderpest was introduced as far as Pomerania, in the dis-
trict of Blonsk, by military formations, which, despite prohibi-
tion, have brought exposed livestock back from the front. This
center of infection was rapidly cleaned up.
The following figures give a résumé of the progress of the
disease :

RINDERPEST IN POLAND

|

Period Infected Infected | Affected Died Slaughtered | Recovered

Localities Premises | Cattle | |
November 1,1920.......| 135 | i572 | 3.815. esse 1,549 | 419
November | to 30....... 146 |} 2,091 | 2,141 | 958 © 1.286 \'. 63
January 1 to 31. 1921.... 107 886 2A | st 171 50
February 1 to 28....... 74 | uses) 230) 23 43 10

Marchilatoa 2. cs =.) 30 | 68 90 | | 78 5
i | '

Information concerning Galicia is lacking.

The presence of rinderpest in Poland has alarmed all the
countries of Central Europe, and two sanitary conferences have
been held: one in Vienna in November, 1920, and the other at
Brest-Litovsk in February, 1921.

On the other hand, great assistance has been extended to
Poland to aid her in fighting the plague. Denmark sent Pro-
fessor Jensen with fifteen Danish or Norwegian veterinarians
and a subsidy of 50,000 crowns for the purchase of material.
France sent two veterinarians with material and a supply of
anti-rinderpest serum. Czecho-Slovakia and Hungary were rep-
resented also, and Germany, Austria and Norway offered their
aid.

The Conference can not do otherwise than note with satis-

4
7

MIsceELLANEOUS 3

faction this spontaneous manifestation of solidarity which pre-
sents a timely demonstration of interest of a joint action of the
civilized nations against the dangers that threaten the animal
populations.

Notes oN Foot-anp-MoutH DISEASE

Foot-and-mouth disease has existed permanently in Europe
for nearly half a century, with periods of calm interrupted by
epizootic outbreaks. The most varied sanitary systems have
been utilized without suecess. The closing of frontiers is not
sufficient in the absence of insurmountable natural obstacles,
and even the presence of these is not an absolute guaranty.
The example of Great Britain is striking in this respect.

In the interior of an infected country it is possible to achieve
the eradication of the first centers of infection by the slaughter
of all sick and exposed animals conditionally on the discovery
of centers of infection on their appearance and the availability
of a police and technical organization equally active.

The experiment that Switzerland has carried on in these lat-
ter times presents considerable interest. ‘‘Stamping out’’ has
been applied under the most favorable conditions—a small coun-
try possessing a good administrative organization and an ex-
cellent veterinary service; general acceptance of the population
of protective measures rigorously applied; very judicious use
of the method. In spite of these exceptional conditions the ex-
periment has failed. The system appears as practically use-
less in most-circumstances, especially if succeeding reinfections
are feared (presence of the disease in a neighboring country ;
numerous centers of infection already established, etc.).

The lack of sanitary police measures can be replaced only by
the immunization of exposed animals.

To be practicable a method of immunization must be simple,
cheap, and of general application. In the present state of our
knowledge the processes of sero-therapy, sero-vaccination and
vaccination seem alone susceptible of utilization.

The laborious researches carried on during the last twenty
years in Germany, France and Italy have brought, in place
of the foreseen practical solution, a number of useful indica-
tions. Perseverance in this path should be continued in spite
of the difficulties encountered. The governments have under-
stood all the interest of these studies. At this time experi-

132 MISCELLANEOUS

mental study of the prophylaxis of foot-and-mouth disease is
carried on officially in Great Britain, France and Italy.

The Conference will probably consider it desirable that, with-
out interfering with the independence of investigators, rela-
tions be established between the various laboratories specializ-
ing this study, and that results already obtained be communi-
nated as soon as possible, to be checked or to serve as the basis
for further experiments.

Notes ON DOoOURINE

Recent war happenings have resulted in numerous centers
of infection of dourine.

In 1914 the disease was practically unknown in Central and
Western Europe. In 1921 dourine is found in Poland, Ger-
many, Czecho-Slovakia, Rumania, Belgium, France, Italy and
Spain, as follows: }

Poland (January), two centers of infection in the Govern-
ments of Lods and Warsaw.

Germany (February 28), 12 cantons, 89 communes and 144
stables in Prussia (Konigsberg, Mersebourg, Erfurt, Minden)
and in Thuringia.

Czecho-Slovakia (March 17), Departments of Varasz, Pozeska,
Zagreb.

Rumania (January 28), 8 departments, 157 stables with 286
affected animals.

Belgium (April), 18 stables in 12 communes, with 1 stallion
and 16 mares affected.

France: Dourine is found only in Alsace, where it was im-
ported during the German occupation. In April there were
152 stables having infected animals in 33 communes.

Italy (March 27), 6 provinces (Bergame, Farrare, Mantua,
Pisa, Reggio of Emily, Syracuse), 11 communes and 14 stables
infected.

Spain (February), 9 provinces (Avila, Burgos, Huesca, Lo-
grona, Navarre, Santander, Teruel, Biscay, Saragossa), 43 in-
fected stables with 27 solipeds dead or slaughtered.

It is certain that dourine has been spread throughout Europe
by infected mares brought back from Russia by the movements
of armies.

In Alsace dourine was recognized in July, 1919, in the ar-

a

MISCELLANEOUS 133

rondissement of Selestat. A first investigation disclosed that
ten stallions of the Strassburg stud and three stallions owned
by a private party of Marckolsheim and 775 mares were in-
fected in 64 communes of the cantons of Beufeld, Selestat,
Marckolsheim, Ribeauville and Andolsheim.

In Belgium dourine was recognized in Flanders in Mareh,
1920. Its origin was not determined.

It is to be considered that dourine may remain unrecognized
for a long time; either that forms of atypical evolution are
alone noted, or that affected mares are scattered in small num-
_ bers in the country.

The attention of veterinary forces must be drawn to the pos-
sibility of the appearance of dourine even in the absence of all
veason for suspicion. The late discovery of known centers of
infection leads to the fear that infected mares have been shipped
out of these to other destinations.

It would be desirable that methods of prophylaxis and means
of diagnosis be studied together by the various countries con-
cerned. The remarkable results obtained recently by Canada
furnish important indications in this regard.

EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION CONCERNING CoNnTAGIOUS DISEASES

Issuance of Sanitary Bulletins

The uncertainty of the real sanitary condition of the coun-
tries of origin constitutes the principal obstacle to the traffic
in animals and animal products.

To protect themselves against an eventual danger all nations
strike all doubtful importations with systematic prohibition.
With reason we dread what we know not, and shipments from
countries which do not supply precise information as to their
sanitary condition are refused on a par with those from infected
regions.

An exporting country therefore has every reason for giving
information on the health of its livestock that guarantees the
harmlessness of its shipments. This obligation is more impera-
tive in regard to adjoining countries exposed in the absence
of unsurmountable natural frontiers to neighboring contagion
by the extension of infected zones.

The value and the import of information thus transmitted

134 MIscELLANEOUS

are subordinated to two essential conditions. They must (1) be
rigorously exact, and (2) be transmitted promptly.

(a) The exactness of sanitary information implies a perma-
nent efficacious surveillance over all exposed animals. It pre-
sumes a complete sanitary organization; in other words, a veter-
inary police service giving all desirable guaranties, from the
double viewpoint of the control exercised and of the competency
of the personnel employed.

The all-embracing and permanent character of sanitary sur-
veillance is evidently indispensable. These conditions are re-
alized at this time in almost all the countries of Europe and in
a few others. They are lacking more or less completely in
others, especially in the colonies.

A graver circumstance is that the nosology of certain regions
is not known exactly. Tropical diseases, for example, are badly
defined and their etiology is insufficiently known. In the legiti-
mate dread of a possible danger a number of prohibitions are
promulgated which it will doubtless be found practicable to
abandon in the heht of further research.

Permanent control over all animals must be exercised by a
learned and disciplined personnel. A contagious disease should
be quickly diagnosed and its existence brought at once to the
attention of the authorities. A veterinary sanitary organization
can not be considered adequate unless it comprises a competent
staff of scientists utilizing all scientific means of research.

To sum up: Sanitary reports must not only give:more or less
complete information; they must show the real sanitary state
of the country for the period covered. It is by this essential
condition that they will be of value from an international stand-
point. Any incomplete report should expressly mention the
fact that it is incomplete.

(b} Sanitary information must be exchanged promptly.

Indications in this regard vary according to the diseases con-
sidered. For certain diseases like rinderpest and foot-and-mouth
disease, the notice of appearance should be immediate; all gov-
ernments should be notified by telegraph. In the case of rinder-
pest this obligation must be extended to simple suspicion in all
cases where an experimental diagnosis can not be made imme-
diately. It must be agreed that this state of suspicion exists

— =

MIScELLANEOUS 135

for any affection resembling rinderpest that has not been
identified with absolute certainty.

Afterwards it will be sufficient, for both rinderpest and foot-
and-mouth disease, to publish information on the progress of the
disease under the conditions hereinafter mentioned.

In a general way, and save in cases indicated above, informa-
tion of a sanitary nature has not a character of absolute urgency
and it may be usefully inserted in periodical sanitary bulletins.
These should contain information related, on the one hand, to
contagious diseases generally classified, such as contagious
pleuropneumonia, sheep pox, rabies, glanders, dourine, anthrax,
swine erysipelas, swine plague, hog cholera and avian pest, and
on the other hand to all the special affections susceptible of
transmission through an epizootic or enzootic type (piroplas-
mosis and anaplasmosis, contagious mammitis, Malta fever, swine
pox, malignant strangles of the horse, influenza of the horse,
ete.). The bulletins should give as much statistical information
as posibsle concerning bovine tuberculosis, blackleg, and scabies
of horses, sheep and goats.

The geographical division of the reported diseases will be
sufficiently indicated by the mention of cases in provinces, de-
partments or corresponding territorial divisions.

Statistical Information, varying according to the diseases con-
sidered, should give in all cases the number, for each animal
species, of the affected and exposed animals. In a general way
figures given should comprise (a) the number of communes and
premises still infected at the beginning of the period considered,
and (b) the number of new centers of infection observed during
this same period (communes, premises, and, if possible, the
number, by species, of affected and exposed animals).

It would be very desirable that the sanitary bulletins of vari-
ous countries follow a uniform or comparable style which would
facilitate their perusal and the use of the statistical material.
The adoption of a standard form by all the nations participating
in the present Conference would be ideal. The periodicity of
bulletins now published is very variable; they are published
monthly, semi-monthly, every 10 days, or weekly. These vari-
ations render statistical comparison very difficult. If is to be
hoped that the same periodicity be adopted everywhere.

136 MISCELLANEOUS

In France for a long time the bulletins were published
monthly. This method presented the grave inconvenience of
not bringing to the knowledge of those concerned the changes
occurring in the sanitary state with sufficient promptness. The
weekly publication, afterwards adopted, had the other inconve-
nience of not permitting the preparation of exact monthly or
even yearly statistics. For these reasons a bulletin appearing
every 10 days has been chosen, or, more exactly, a tri-monthly
bulletin, for periods terminating the Ist, 10th and 20th of each
month.

Whatever method of publication is adopted, it is essential that
bulletins be issued very promptly, six to eight days seeming
sufficient for their preparation, printing and forwarding.

SANITARY MEASURES FOR EXPORTATION
Quarantine Station for Exportation

So far, countries importing animals or animal products have
had to protect themselves against the dangers of contagion by
appropriate sanitary measures applied on landing or on entry
at the frontier.

In the case of animals, these measures comprise the ‘‘ sanitary
visit,’’ consisting either of a simple clinical examination or in
the use of certain rapid diagnostic processes (use of tuberculin
or mallein). In addition ‘‘certificates of origin and health’’ are
required, the value of which varies according to the conditions
of their issuance. In fact, the ‘‘sanitary visit’’ of animals fur-
nishes only very incomplete information. In all cases it permits

ee

only the discovery of affected animals, and the importers often
have all facilities for eliminating those at the time of entry at
the frontier and entering the exposed animals.

The requirement of quarantine for observation constitutes a
heavy charge on commerce. It necessitates the construction of
special buildings, well equipped, if we would avoid both acci-
dents and contagion. Practicable for a few great ports, these
installations can not be multiplied on the land _ frontiers,
especially as the variability of commercial currents tends to
make them useless in a short time.

In a number of cases the ‘‘sanitary visit’’ is not reliable even
for detecting affected animals, The necessity of inspecting in

MISCELLANEOUS 137

a very limited time a great number of animals (herds, train
loads of important shipments) renders greater the uncertainty
of the inspections.

Special methods of control are utilizable only in a few cases
and then give only very insufficient guaranties. The ease with
which the results of the tuberculin test are falsified by frauds
is well known.

The necessity for numerous countries to multiply the ports
of entry for livestock, with the aim of facilitating commercial
transactions, tends to enfeeble the efficacy of a control that can
not be usefully exercised at ports of small importance having a
personnel insufficient in number if not in quality.

Again, considerations of another character intervene. Ani-
mals recovered from certain affections may remain dangerous
for a long time. Others carry indefinitely virulent agents
difficult or impossible to discover. For all these reasons control
at the time of importation can give only relative guaranties
and explains the fact that sanitary regulations of most coun-
tries provide that imported animals must submit to a more or
less prolonged sanitary surveillance at destination.

It is also understood that importing countries hesitate to per-
mit the introduction of animals of which the state of health can
not be guananteed with certainty, regardless of required in-
spections. In fact, the exporting country alone can gather all
the elements necessary to the affirmation of the state of health
of an animal. The ‘‘certificate of origin and health’’ can give
all guaranties provided it is issued in good faith. In the first
place, this certificate must be delivered under the responsibility
of the Government, by duly qualified agents, themselves effect-
ively responsible to their government. In the second place, the
text of this certificate must indicate explicitly the character of
the guaranties offered ; it will attest, for example, that the animal
or animals designated are free from such or such affection, and
that they have not been exposed to the ‘contagion of this or that
other disease.

The fact that the issuance of such certificates will be prac-
tically very difficult in most countries can not be overlooked.
It supposes, in fact, that the delivering agent knows the origin
of the animals and the sanitary condition of the premises where
they have been kept, and that he has also controlled the condi-

138 MISCELLANEOUS

tions of shipment from the premises to the embarkment or at
the crossing of the frontier.*

These difficulties have suggested the creation of ‘‘quarantine
stations for exportation,’’ in which animals would be subjected
to a prolonged inspection and to a series of controls permitting
the certification that they are free from certain diseases. Great
Britain at Pirbright has installed a station of this character.
Exported bovines may be placed under surveillance, tested with
tuberculin, and even immunized against epizootic abortion,
hemoglobinuria, and, eventually, against other diseases.

It seems that this control can be exercised currently only for
certain kinds of animals, breeders for example. It may still
function while a general prohibition is promulgated by im-
porting countries, exception being made in favor of animals
having passed through the quarantine stations and thus offering
exceptional guaranties. The surveillance exercised must include
the embarkation, measures being taken to avoid all risk of con-
tagion during the necessary operations and during the voyage.

This question seems to be withheld by the Conference in the
common interest of exporting and importing countries, the con-
ditions of control to be exactly determined. If it is admitted
that quarantines of exportation are practicable only under ex-
ceptional conditions, there is need of consideration of guaranties
that may be normally required.

The old formula of the ‘‘certificate of origin and health’’ is
practicable and can have a real value only if it is correctly
applied. The certificate will vary in its import according to the
requirements of the importing country and the sanitary con-
dition of the country of origin. It may mention that the animals
are free from determined contagious diseases and, if need be,
that they originate in regions likewise free. It should be issued
by a veterinarian designated or approved by his government,
having received precise instructions and being responsible for

??

their execution.

14In France a decree of the Minister of Agriculture dated December 31,
1920, prescribes that bovines originating in the Netherlands must be ac-
companied by a sanitary certificate attesting that the animals were free
of tuberculosis, epizootic abortion, hemoglobinuria or hematuria, and con-
tagious vaginitis, and that they came from premises free from such diseases.
The Government veterinarians of the Netherlands have refused with reason
to deliver these attestations, declaring that it was impossible for them to
control the origin of the animals and for this reason to certify to the san-
itary condition of the premises from which they came.

eatinchiattiientee ees

ie eel

JOURNAL
OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.)
J. R. Mou er, Editor, Washington, D. C.

A. T. Kinsey, President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, Ill.
M. Jacog, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board
Gro. HILTON, Ist District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BeNNett, 8rd District;
USeAc KIERNAN, 4th District; Cc. E. Cotton, 5th District; R. A.
ARCHIBALD, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNat, outside of its own authorized actions.
Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Voi. LX, N. S. Vo. 13 NovEMBER, 1921 No. 2

IMMUNIZATION AGAINST FOOT-AND-MOUTH
DISEASE

RECENTLY there have appeared in the agricultural press
articles announcing the discovery in France of a serum for the
immunization of cattle against foot-and-mouth disease. These
articles create the impression that a new discovery has been
made and that in the future foot-and-mouth disease can be pre-
vented as successfully and economically as hog cholera, rabies,
diphtheria and typhoid fever, which is not true.

To Prof. Loeffler we owe most of our present knowledge rela-
tive to the effects of serum immunization for foot-and-mouth
disease. When he was in charge of the laboratories of the Ger-
man Government he developed a serum that was in a measure
successful. The work in France by Vallée, Nocard, Leclainche
and Carré is based on the previous investigations of Loeffler. In
a recent communication Prof. Vallée says: ‘‘ At present we are
studying the immunizing value of ‘the blood of recovered
animals; but material difficulties are always encountered in the
application on a large scale.’’

_ ‘The experiments of Prof. Loefiler proved that the serum does
not protect animals in small doses (20 to 30 cubic centimeters),
but large repeated doses afforded a protection to the animals for
a short time and might be employed to advantage in eradication

139

140 EDITORIAL

work when control of the disease is attempted by quarantine
measures and also to immunize cattle for transportation and ex-
hibition purposes.

In the partly successful German experiments, animals over
3 months old received four injections of serum at intervals of
10 to 14 days. The first injection consisted of 200 ¢.c. and the
subsequent injections of 60, 30 and 30 ¢.¢., respectively. Con-
sidering that the preparation of a liter (about a quart) of
serum cost $25.00 in Germany before the war when the ex-
periments were made, it cost over $8.00 to protect every
animal over 3 months old even when the hogs used for the
preparation of the virus were passed for food. If the hogs
were not passed for food the cost of the serum would be at
least doubled. It should also be considered that in these ex-
periments 6 to 8 per cent of failures occurred. <A single failure
in the United States to protect might prove to be the source
of a new outbreak.

The impracticability of the serum immunization is further
augmented by the difficulty of preparing the serum; and par-
ticularly on account of this disadvantage the method could
not be utilized satisfactorily in countries where the disease is
not generally prevalent or where it occurs only as a result of
its periodical introduction.

The preparation of the serum requires propagation of the
foot-and-mouth disease virus, and such a procedure in this
country would be a constant menace to the livestock industry,
even with the exercise of the greatest precaution and care.
This was demonstrated in Germany when the Government was
called upon to pay damages for losses from outbreaks result-
ing from the escape of the virus from Prof. Loeffler’s labora-
tories.

Protective serum can not be kept for a period of years, as it
deteriorates; therefore the preparation of such serum could
only be considered at the time of the appearance of an out-
break. In view of the great quantity required for immuni-
zation cof a single animal, it is almost incomprehensible how
a sufficient amount could be produced to protect the suscep-
tible animals in one of our large livestock counties. It should
be borne in mind that the fluid from vesicles of hogs: affected
with the disease is used for the hyperimmunization of cattle.

EpIroriaAL 141

One or more injections of 100 ¢.c. of such vesicular fluid are
made into each of the cattle which produce the protective
serum. The average quantity of vesicular fluid obtained from
a sick hog is about 5 ¢.e.; thus for each injection of 100 ¢.c. in
hyperimmunizing cattle 20 hogs affected with foot-and-mouth
disease would be required and many of the hogs inoculated do
not develop sufficiently large vesicles to be of practical use.
The difficulties involved at present in producing serum in
large quantities suggests the impracticability of serum immu-
nization in the United States against this disease should
another outbreak occur. Furthermore the immunity conferred
by the serum usually lasts only from 2 to 6 weeks.

It is hoped that Prof. Vallée will be successful in developing
an immunizing treatment that will prove effective and at the
same time practical from the standpoint of economy, but to
date no such cheering official report has reached this country.

In view of our present knowledge of the disease and the past
results of immunization we agree with the editor of the
National Stockman and Farmer who states ina recent issue
that ‘‘Such a discovery is of the greatest importance to Con-
tinental Europe, where foot-and-mouth disease causes untold
loss every year. Our policy of keeping out the disease, and
eradicating it if it accidentally gets in, is correct. Millions
spent occasionally for eradication will be cheaper than mil-
lions spent every year for treatment.’’

THE EFFICACY OF VACCINE THERAPY

THE value of vaccine therapy was demonstrated in a strik-
ing way during the recent war. Antityphoid vaccination was
employed with wonderful effectiveness in the Allied armies.
The Journal of the American Medical Association (vol. 76, p.
1576), summing up a large series of statistics from numerous
armies, finds that the frequency of typhoid fever in vaccinated
and unvaccinated troops is generally in about the ratio of 1 to
10. The specificity of the vaccination was also established, as
paratyphoid was relatively high until triple vaccines were
employed.

In previous wars of the last half century the typhoid mor-
tality had varied from 11.2 to 21\per thousand troops. In the

142 EDITORIAL

World War the rate in the French Army in 1917 was only 0.4
per hundred thousand. Among 211,000 French troops in AI-
geria only 154 cases of typhoid occurred, and 108 of these
were in men who had escaped vaccination through fraud. In
the Japanese Army the morbidity of the vaccinated soldiers
was but one-seventh that of the unvaccinated, and the mor-
tality but one-eighth. In the American Army, which was prac-
tically 100 per cent vaccinated, there were but 1,056 cases of
typhoid with 156 deaths among 4,000,000 troops from April,
1917, to November, 1919. This was 1 death for each 25,641
soldiers, while the death rate among the civilian population
was 1 in 7,143. The British experience was also highly
favorable.

““It is strange,’’ says the Journal, ‘‘that of all nations en-
gaged in the World War, only Germany expresses doubt as to
the efficiency of antityphoid vaccination.’’ The German
skepticism is attributed to the inefficiency of the vaccine used
and faulty methods.

VETERINARY CHIROPRACTIC

And now the lower animals are to be ‘‘adjusted’’! The
house organ of a brand of chiropractic dispensed from Daven-
port, Iowa, prints letters from some of its ‘‘graduates’’ de-
scribing wonderful results attained in the ‘‘chiropractie treat-
ment’’ of sick animals. One enthusiastic Georgia chiropractor
relates that when he ‘‘was adjusting Henry Vinson’s son for
an incoordination causing pneumonia’’ that ‘‘Mr. Vinson says,
‘Doc, I have a mule that is down in the back and can’t get up
and wish you would come out and see if you can do something
for him.’’’ The versatile chiropractor looked over his new
patient and ‘‘adjusted the mule between the hip bones.’’ The
mule recovered—presumably slowly enough to allow the ad-
juster to escape. The same practitioner also reports that he
‘‘was called to attend Mr. Ben Vandalsem’s Seotch Collie who
was dragging his hind legs, and after adjusting the dog he
improved and got quite normal.’’ A Texas chiropractor
records the interesting case of a ‘‘cow down, all swelled up, as
if she would burst.’’ Diagnosis: ‘‘A poisoned condition.’’
Treatment: ‘‘I adjust sixth and eighth dorsals and K. P. In

ee

EDITORIAL 143

two minutes cow was up vomiting. I came back by in one
hour, cow seemingly in normal condition.’’ Now, putting the
‘‘dorsals and K. P.’’ of a cow in position and adjusting a mule
‘‘between the hip bones’’ may get chiropractors into serious
trouble. It is one thing to fool with the health of human beings
and an entirely different thing to trifle with the health of live-
stock. The ‘‘patent medicine”’ interests of the country have
been powerful enough to keep off the statute books any law
that would protect the public by giving it information regard-
ing the composition of nostrums sold as home remedies. But
there are some States which forbid the sale of any livestock
remedy that does not bear on the label the names of its active
ingredients. Hence it may easily come to pass that if the chiro-
practors attempt to treat cows and pigs they may find them-
selves in hot water. That men, ignorant of the body and its
processes, should treat the ailments of men, women and chil-
dren is apparently a small thing; human life is the only thing
involved. But that ignoramuses should trifle with the health
of a horse or a hog is an outrage; that is property. If chiro-
practors are wise they will confine their malpractice to
humans; it is safer—From Jour. Amer. Med. Assn., Sept. 17,
1921, p. 944.

SHORTAGE OF VETERINARY STUDENTS

The National Stockman and Farmer for September 17 says,
in an editorial: ‘‘The College of Agriculture of the Ohio State
Univerity reports a decrease in the number of new students
taking agricultural courses. Ohio is not alone in this respect
this year. Though we have not observed other States saying
much about it probably a majority of them could report the
same thing. * * * There is one profession, allied to agri-
culture, which should be considered by the right kind of young
men because of a prospective shortage in its ranks in the future—
veterinary medicine. This year only 923 students of veteri-
nary medicine appeared in all the colleges, and only 277 grad-
uated. In 1916 there were 2,992 students, and in 1918 there
were 867 graduates. These figures * * * foreshadow a
shortage of competent veterinarians and we have none too
many of that kind now.”’’

THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF LARYNGOPLEGIA
OF THE HORSE?

By JOHN W. ApAmMs

Professor of Surgery, Veterinary Department, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

LARYNGEAL STRIDOR, ‘‘whistling,’’ ‘‘high breathing,’’
“‘roaring,’’ ete., in the horse is in from 96 to 99 per cent of all
cases due to a partial or complete paralysis of the left recur-
rent nerve. This is the motor nerve of the dilator muscles of
the larynx. These dilator muscles which abduct the arytenoid
cartilage and open the glottis to its full extent at the be-
ginning of an inspiration are two in number for each side of
the larynx. The posterior cricoarytenoideus abducts the aryte-
noid and elevates its anterior end. The lateral cricoaryte-
noideus abducts the anterior end of the arytenoid cartilage and
tilts the upper border of the arytenoid strongly outward. As
a rule, it is these two muscles of the left side that are paretie or
paralyzed, and finally become atrophic, pale in color, and under-
go fatty metamorphosis. As a result of the paralysis the left
side of the larynx does not dilate during inspiration. The co!
umn of inspired air forces the passive arytenoid and the relaxed
vocal cord downward and inward toward the middle of the
glottis, where they obstruct inspiration, cause dyspnea of vary-
ing degree, and produce a sound whose pitch depends upon the
tension and rate of vibration of the vocal cord and arytenoid
cartilage.

Paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve occurs in all breeds
of the horse and in the ass, mule, ox and dog. It appears most
frequently in the English Thoroughbred and halfbred, but is
by no means infrequent in the draft breeds and in the grades.

The etiology of recurrent paralysis is not fully known, but
two rather distinct etiologic groups are recognized: Primary
laryngoplegia, and secondary or consecutive laryngoplegia.

Primary laryngoplegia arises usually without previous in-
fectious disease or other attributable cause, and most frequently
between the ages of three and six. Hereditary predisposition

Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical y
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

144

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SurGicAL TREATMENT OF LARYNGOPLEGIA 145

may be strong in certain horses. Some families of Thoroughbreds
show numerous roarers; other families few or none. It is pos-
sible that the early and severe training of the horse used for
speed and the high development of his blood vascular system
are causative factors. The recurrent nerve may be damaged by
the stronger pulse wave of the common aorta or of the carotid at
points where the nerve is in contact with these arteries. This,
however, is a pure assumption, because the most careful his-
tologic examination of the nerve in primary laryngoplegia has
not shown the least pathologic alteration either at points of
contact of nerve and artery or distal to these points. The only
nerve lesion noted has been fatty degeneration of the nerve
fibers of the terminal two or three inches, at the stage when
extreme atrophy and degeneration of the laryngeal muscles
were in evidence. In rare instances pathologic changes have
been demonstrated in the ‘‘nucleus ambiguus’’ or origin of the
recurrent nerve in the medulla oblongata.

Secondary laryngoplegia may follow such an infectious dis-
ease as influenza or such a contagion as dourine. Acute lead
poisoning and the ingestion of a few plants occasionally give
rise to roaring. In the pectoral form of influenza it seems prob-
able that there may be a toxic neuritis of the nerve elements”
of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve, dependent in some way
upon the close association of the left recurrent in its mediastinal
course with a chain of lymph glands. In dourine roaring has
followed peripheral neuritis of the recurrent nerve, with small
round-cell infiltration. Colt distemper (suppurative lymph-
adenitis) and angina (acute laryngopharyngitis) have infre-
quently been followed by laryngoplegia. In acute plumbism
there may be primary degeneration of peripheral motor nerve
fibers and secondary atrophy of muscles animated by these
nerves. Among plants whose ingestion may be followed by roar-
ing are chick pea, monkshood and lucerne or alfalfa (Medicago
sativa). ;

Vermeulen in an article entitled ‘‘Das Kehlkopfpheifen heim
Pferde,’’ Utrecht, 1914, advanced the opinion that roaring is
not a symptom of an isolated and localized paralysis of the
recurrent laryngeal nerve, but is rather to be regarded as evi-
dence of a systemic disease involving several motor nerve centers,
as the recurrent, oculomotor, trigeminal, abducens, facial. Ver-
meulen has repeatedly observed in roarers facial paralysis,

146 JOHN W. ADAMS

ptosis, strabismus, nystagmus, ete. He has also found in two
roarers degeneration of the nucleus ambiguus of the medulla
oblongata.

The firm, permanent adhesion of the lateral face of the aryte-
noid cartilage and vocal cord to the inner face of the thyroid in
the position of forced inspiration may follow the removal of
the mucosa of the lateral ventricle, provided there be paresis
or paralysis of the dilator muscles of the arytenoid. This was
first announced in 1845 by Karl Guenther, professor in the
Hanover Veterinary School. He performed the operation, but
did not learn its full value and did not recommend it to his
students.

In 1906 Prof. W. L. Williams resuscitated the operation and
abundantly demonstrated that stripping the laryngeal ventricle
is the most efficient means of dealing with roaring of nerve ori-
gin. In 1910 Frederic Hobday gave the operation wide pub-
licity throughout England and Continental Europe. Since then
no more efficient operation has appeared, but numerous modi-
fications of the original technic have been introduced by various
operators.

I have presumed to present briefly the surgical procedure
that I am at present following, in the hope that a general dis-
cussion may settle mooted questions.

About three-fourths of my cases have been hunters from pure-
bred to halfbred, with Thoroughbred runners, trotters and
pacers, saddlers, ponies and work horses in diminishing numbers.

EXAMINATION

The patient should be winded. Be satisfied that the objec-
tionable sound, whether whistle, hiss or low-pitched snore, oc-
curs during inspiration and does not originate in a nasal pas-
sage. The expired air from the two nostrils should strike the
hand or cheek with equal force. Ascertain the width and rigid-
ity of the larynx by compressing it laterally between the fingers
of the two hands. In young animals it is elastic and easily com-
pressed; in older animals somewhat stiffer. An enlarged, hard,
unyielding larynx indicates chondritis and contraindicates the
laryngeal operation. I have operated upon twenty-odd windy
horses showing such laryngeal chondritis, without noticeable im-
provement in a single case.

SurGcicAL TREATMENT OF LARYNGOPLEGIA 147

PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT

A warm mash twelve to eighteen hours before the operation,
with no food or water intervening, is sufficient preparation.
I cast and induce general anesthesia in all cases. I cast be-
cause it enables me to restrain the patient safely and completely
and to carry out placidly the technie I undertake. I know be-
fore I begin just how I am going to finish. A small proportion
of all horses, but a large proportion of the hot-blooded, will
not stand sufficiently quiet even when fastened in the stocks for
a surgeon to exercise proper care in an intra-laryngeal opera-
tion. Acrobatic surgery upon a valuable horse, in the presence
of the owner and his friends, or his employees, makes a bad
impression, does not increase your clientele, nor redound to the
welfare of the patient. The first principle of surgery is to have
your patient under complete control, and no horse on his feet
and conscious is under control.

The horse is led out into the open where there is good, smooth
sod, free of stones, and the twitch is adjusted. The English
hopples are adjusted, the unbalancing rope attached, the feet
assembled, and at the command the animal is thrown on the
flat of the shoulder, the attendant holding the tail, delaying
the descent of the hind quarters. A grain sack tightly stuffed
with straw and flattened in its middle is placed crossways under
the neck to elevate the poll and protect the under eye. Chloro-
form is given to produce unconsciousness and insure absence of
head movements, rather than for its anesthetic effect.

When the stage of surgical anesthesia appears, turn the pa-
tient into the dorsal position, which is maintained by two men
on either side, while a fifth at the muzzle keeps the head ex-
tended. From the time the horse is rolled upon his back till
the operation has been completed no further chloroform is
needed.

INSTRUMENTS

Razor, convex scalpel, spring retractor, two or three hemo-
static forceps, curved scissors, sharp-pointed coneave bistoury,
dressing forceps, tracheal tube, tape, cotton or gauze, tape suture
needle.

THE OPERATION

The operation consists of an invading incision from the median
prominence of the thyroid to the first tracheal ring, as near as

148 JOHN W. ADAMS

may be on the median line; the dilation of the wound, cireum-
cision of the left ventricular sae, teasing out of its mucosa, and
the introduction and securing of a tracheal tube between the
ericoid and the first tracheal ring.

When the laryngeal incision has been made, compress the
spring retractor and adjust the terminal hooks just anterior to
the eut ends of the ericoid with its angle directed backward and
resting on the skin over the middle line of the neck. Pull the
skin up through the ring at the angle of the retractor and
transfix it with the attached pin. The retractor will now main-
tain its position automatically. No artificial illumination is re-
quired when operating out of doors, even on cloudy days, but
under cover or at dusk an ordinary spot light is sufficient.

The operator kneels on the left side of the neck and opposite
him is an attendant holding the tray of instruments. Inspection
reveals the left arytenoid motionless or moving slightly. I have
never seen a right-sided paresis or paralysis with a sound left
side. Under deep chloroform anesthesia neither arytenoid may
move, but the left if paretic is usually slightly displaced down-
ward and toward the lumen of the glottis. Its angle at the
point of attachment of the vocal cord projects decidedly beyond
the general surface of the laryngeal wall.

The first step is to incise the mucosa entirely around the top
of the ventricle. This is easy by the following method:

Introduce to the bottom of the ventricle the end of a round
stick about 10 inches long and of the diameter of a fountain
pen, which is bent at its middle at an angle of about 45 degrees,
and, grasping the outer end of this bent stick or curved instru-
ment, pry the arytenoid cartilage and attached voeal cord toward
the center of the lumen of the larynx. The bend in the lever
places the hand holding it to one side of the opening and per-
mits an unobstructed view of the voeal cord and ventricle, which
are now tense and in a position to be incised. Introduce the
point of the concave bistoury through the mucosa of the vocal
cord at a point about one inch from the thyroid angle and upon
the exact edge between the medial and lateral sides of the vocal
cord, and make a superficial slit down to but not into the aryte-
noid cartilage. Next introduce the point of the bistoury through
the middle of the lateral border of the ventricle and make a
curving incision which will join the first at the arytenoid ear-
tilage. Finally, introduce the bistoury at the beginning of the

SurGicAL TREATMENT OF LARYNGOPLEGIA 149

first incision and pass it just beneath the mucosa to the be-
ginning of the second incision, where the point should emerge.
The mucosa covering the blade is then cut through by a care-
ful drawing stroke and the circumcision has been completed.

Stripping the ventricle—Withdraw the pry. Grasp the
mucosa of the circumscribed ventricle at the middle of the vocal
cord, using the side of the jaws of an ordinary pair of hemo-
static forceps. Lift this edge slightly and gently, for it is often
quite thin and is easily torn, and tease it away from its attach-
ment to the muscle of the vocal cord. As soon as a quarter of
an inch of this edge has been freed, grasp it with a second pair
of forceps snug against the muscle. This procedure is repeated
till the mucosa below the muscle has been brought to the sur-
face, when the grasping hemostat may be rotated on its long
axis and the mucous membrane rolled about its end. The loosen-
ing of the remainder of the sac is best accomplished by intro-
ducing the index finger of the left hand into the space between
the vocal cord and forceps and gently teasing away the loose
submucosa and lifting the sac. Use eare not to scratch the peri-
chondrium of the arytenoid, not to cut through or weaken the
vocal cord, and not to wound the arytenoid cartilage.”

Ablation by Eberlein’s method—Introduce the index finger
of the left hand into the left ventricle and by straightening this
finger press the arytenoid and vocal cord toward the midline of
the larynx. In the latter position the vocal cord will be in full
view and will be tense. From a point one-half inch from the
arytenoid and exactly on the upper edge of the vocal cord make
an incision through the mucous membrane to the arytenoid,
thence for one-half an inch upward along the anterior border
of the arytenoid parallel with this border and quite close
to it. The length of this angular incision should not exceed an
inch. Introduce the point of the index finger into this incision
and carefully bore down between the sae and the outer face
of the arytenoid and gradually loosen the sae from its sur-
roundings and push its base upward through its mouth. With
a pair of forceps seize the bottom of the sae, which now covers
the end of the finger like a thimble, and, holding it tense, cut
it away with scissors or probe-pointed bistoury.

The left sac has now been removed, and attention is turned to
the right side. By this time the patient has so far recovered from
the effects of the anesthetic that the right arytenoid is im mo-

150 JOHN W. ADAMS

tion. If on inspiration this right arytenoid does not bury itself
in the wall of the larynx till its medial face is approximately on
a level with the surface of the ericoid below it, I regard its ab-
ductive power as suspicious, and am inclined to remove the right
ventricle. I confess, however, that for several years I have
been removing the right ventricle in but approximately 10 per
cent of my eases, for this is about the proportion in which the
normal amplitude of right arytenoidean swing has seemed to
me to be deficient. For some years I removed both sacs in all
cases, and the percentage of improvement and recovery was dis-
tinctly lower than it has been since I began to remove the right
sae only when the arytenoid on this side seemed to have deficient
movement. The double-sided operation doubles the danger of
chondritis and thickening and anchylosis of the arytenoids.
When the abductors of the right arytenoid are not paretiec,
even the removal of the corresponding ventricle does not fix
this cartilage to the thyroid, as I have observed on numerous
occasions when operating upon a roarer the second time. Three
times during this present year I have done laryngotomy on
horses that had been subjected between eight months and two
years previously to a double-sided operation in which the ‘‘burr’’
had evidently been employed, and in each of these cases the
right arytenoid seemed to have its normal amplitude of swing.
It is to be noted that in these three cases the mouth of the
ventricle was found intact, and the cord had not healed out-
ward against the thyroid, but continued to present an obstruct-
ing ridge to the inspired air. The removal of the deeper two-
thirds of the ventricle had not impeded the arytenoid’s move-
ments.

I believe that the right side is rarely involved, even though
I operate upon it in about 10 per cent of my cases. Postmortem
inspection of the posterior and lateral cricoarytenoideus muscles
should enable one to settle this question.

One or both ventricles having been removed, the blood is
swabbed from the larynx and gently from the depths of the
ventricle, and its interior is moistened with a 10 per cent solu-
tion of iodoform in sulphuric ether. The wound retractor is
removed, and a specially constructed aluminum tracheal tube
armed at the end with 4 inches of stiff white rubber tubing is
inserted and fixed in the lower commissure of the wound between
the cricoid and first tracheal ring by means of a tape passing

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’ SurcicaL TREATMENT OF LARYNGOPLEGIA 151

through the edges of the skin in front of the tube. The middle
of the tape is drawn through an eye in the front part of the
plate of the tube, where it passes around a leather button or
keeper. The ends of the tape are then tied in a bow-knot in
front of the tube.

The advantages claimed for this form of tube for this operation
are:

1. The tube is light in weight.

2. It ean not become displaced.

3. It does not occupy any part of the larynx even when the
head is strongly flexed upon the neck.

4. The rubber tubing projecting from its intratracheal end
keeps the tube parallel with the lumen of the trachea, prevents
its upsetting, and so softens the end of the tube that no wounding
of the tracheal mucosa can occur.

5. It is easy to remove and to introduce.

As soon as the patient begins to struggle the hopples are re-
moved. No food for two or three hours. Afterwards for the
ensuing four weeks the patient is restricted to walking exercise
in box-stall or at the lead, and is fed lightly as any horse out
of work. The tube should be removed daily, cleansed and re-
placed. Usually if the operation has been one-sided the tube
may be removed on the morning of the fourth day and left out.
The horse should be watched closely during this day and on
the occurrence of the slightest dyspnea the tube should be
promptly replaced and continued for a few days. If, however,
the horse passes the fourth day comfortably without the tube it
should be replaced at night, removed on the fifth day, and if
not needed during this day may be left out. Lymphatic ani-
mals require the tube for a longer period, as a rule, than do
Thoroughbreds or thin-throttled horses.

During the fifth and sixth weeks following the operation the
exercise should be confined to walk and slow trot on lunging
line, hitched to a light vehicle or under the saddle. After six
weeks the horse may do his regular work, beeause the cicatrix
should be so strong that forced respiration will not break it.

The time required for complete contraction of the cicatricial
tissue at the site of the stripped ventricle varies within narrow
bounds, but is approximately four months. Of those which are
eured the great majority have lost the objectionable inspiratory
sound and the accompanying dyspnea in six weeks. <A few will

152 JOHN W. ADAMS

exhibit rough breathing at first, but lose it gradually and en-
tirely during the succeeding three to five months. Rarely a
horse will remain sound of wind for eight to twelve months fol-
lowing the operation and then will slowly develop inspiratory
stridor, due in the few cases that I have examined either to
exuberant granulations at the seat of operation, a mucous cyst,
or a moderate, slow chondritis, especially of the upper or
pharyngeal border of the arytenoid.

As to the danger of cricotomy in the production of a chronic
deforming chondritis, I am satisfied that it has been inordinately
magnified. I always section the cricoid. Twenty-six per cent
of a series of 500 cases with which I kept in touch for five to
six months after operation were either improved only to the
extent of being serviceably sound or were worse. Undoubtedly
many or most of these developed a chondritis, but what propor-
tion arose from perichondritis of the arytenoid and thyroid, and
what proportion from section of the narrowest part of the cricoid,
I have no means of knowing accurately. From numerous in-
spections of the interior of larynges of living horses affected
with laryngeal chondritis, and careful examination of a few
larynges on postmortem, I have been impressed by the fact that
the hyperplasia of cartilage was most pronounced in the aryte-
noid and particularly in its superior spongy half. It was pres-
ent in less degree in the wide and thick deeper half of the cricoid.
In these cases the arytenoid was anchylosed to the cricoid and
so thickened as to project into the lumen of the larynx by its
anterior and superior borders.

For a short distance on either side of the point of section of
the cricoid the latter showed no thickening. In most cases the
sectioned ends of the cricoid were found separated by the width
of the tip of the index finger, were small, in fact of normal size,
and covered with connective tissue. In a few cases the ends of
the cricoid were in contact, and at that point there was calci-
fication, forming a lump the size of an ordinary pea, but no
observable thickening for an inch or so on either side. It is
improbable that infection entering at the exposed ends of the
sectioned cricoid manifests itself only at some distance in this
and contiguous cartilages.

My reasons for cutting the cricoid are:

1. The larger wound prevents absolutely the aspiration of
food particles, saliva, pus, ete., through the trachea to the lungs.

i 2 aii

SurRGICAL TREATMENT OF LARYNGOPLEGIA 153

Among more than 700 cases which I have operated upon since
1906 there has not been a single case of inspiration pneumonia.

2. In the hands of the average operator the ‘‘burr’ does not
remove the mouth of the ventricle, but leaves a pocket which will
admit the end of a finger. I believe the burr when skilfully used
will evert the entire sac, but I know that few learn to do it
properly. If students are taught the dissection method alone
they must remove the mouth of the sac, the most difficult part
by any method, and the fundus comes away easily. This dis-
section method is impracticable through an incision confined
to the crico-thyroidean ligament.

3. Through the larger wound the entire interior of the larynx
is open to inspection and to a free and methodical surgical pro-
cedure.

4. To my mind, the advantages gained far outweigh the pos-
sible complications ensuing upon section of the ericoid.

In conclusion I submit a summary of statements elicited from
the owners of 500 horses operated upon between 1906 and 1915.
In a questionnaire sent out at least five months after each opera-
tion, I asked the following questions:

1. Five months after operation was your horse in your opinion
perfectly cured?

2. Five months after operation was your horse merely im-
proved; that is, made serviceable to hunt, run, jump or pull,
but with noisy breathing, or a troublesome cough?

3. Was your horse practically unchanged by the operation, or
worse ?

From 548 such letters I received 500 replies. Of these 355
(71 per cent) answered the first question in the affirmative.
Ninety-seven (19 per cent plus) stated that their animals were
made serviceable but remained noisy. Forty-eight, or 9.6 per
cent, were either no better or were worse after operation.

Horses. Percentage.
LEE A ee » 35D 71
UNTO) 97 19.4
SEReOLeWORSe... <.. Saree se ss 48 9.6
“US ES ae, see ee .. 300 100

There were no deaths nor injuries attributable in any way
to the operations other than the havoe I wrought in some of the
48 larynges of the unsuccessful cases.

1 Chloroform pneumonia (1 case) excluded.

154 JOHN W. ADAMS

In this series are included somewhat over 20 animals in which
I recognized chondritis before operating. I think the number
was 25, but I am not sure. None of these cases were benefited ;
most were worse. I do not now operate when this condition is
recognized. Had these, say, 20 cases been excluded, the results
would have been:

Horses. Percentage.
Curedit cid hee eeoueae 35D 74
Tap POVE Cease 60 has tee Soni 20.2
aE COR AWOTSO ut cm cee tae ation 28 5.8
otal $2. tie cate oe 480 100

In the next series of somewhat over 200 cases, the results of
which I know only in part, I lost 3 horses. One died within
twenty-four hours from pulmonary congestion; a second
died within a few hours, showing intense cerebral or meningeal
irritation, both deaths the result of faulty administration of the
chloroform. <A third horse, after operation upon the table, had
paraplegia—a broken back.

Dakota Farmer discusses the Government analysis of the
runt situation and declares: ‘‘You will note that runts are not
due to a law of nature but are caused by circumstances that
the owner can prevent.’’

Argentina has only about one-tenth as many farmers as the
United States, but she produces about one-third as many eattle,
one-third as many horses, and nearly twice as many sheep. It
is only in hogs that the Argentine farmer falls decidedly below
the American farmer. * * * Jearn everything you can
about Argentina. She is our great competitor.’’—Wallaces’
Farmer.

In noting the purchase of 250 horses from the King ranch,
Texas, by a Mexican general staff officer, the Brownsville
Sentinel says: ‘‘They are larger and stronger than the average
horses and because of the similarity of climates are more
adaptable than horses bought in the northern and central parts
of the United States.’’

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ICTERO-HEMOGLOBINURIA IN CATTLE!

By Epwarp Recorps and LyMAN R. VAWTER

University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada

THE DISEASE of cattle to which we have provisionally given
the designation of ictero-hemoglobinuria, more commonly known
in the districts where it occurs as ‘‘red-water disease,’’ ap-
pears in the light of recent developments to be more wide-
spread in its occurrence and therefore of more general interest
than was at one time supposed. While primarily a disease of
cattle, our attention was recently called to a case in a sheep
which showed symptoms and lesions identical with those in
bovines. This disease is now known to occur widely over the
Pacifie Coast and the western portion of the intermountain
country, its presence having been conclusively demonstrated in
western Nevada, the adjoining portions of California, and in
Siskiyou, Shasta, Marin and Los Angeles counties in the latter
State. In Nevada, at least, it is known to have been present
for from twenty to twenty-five years, though not attracting
marked attention until rather recently. Its presence has also
recently been demonstrated in Oregon.

While spectacular outbreaks involving a large number of ani-
mals simultaneously or within a short period of time in the
same herd are infrequent, they do occasionally occur. The more
usual history is the loss of an occasional animal throughout the
season, such losses often extending over a long period of years
on the same ranch. In the aggregate, of course, losses of this
sort are economically as serious as acute outbreaks more likely
to attract marked attention.

The disease has received intensive study at the Nevada Agri-
eultural Experiment Station since 1914, and has also been the
_ subject of considerable investigation by various workers in
California. The literature dealing with the subject, however,
is rather sparse. An article by Dr. K. F. Meyer, ‘‘Studies to
Diagnose a Fatal Disease of Cattle in Mountainous Regions of
California,’’ appeared in the JouRNAL oF THE A. V. M. A. in
February, 1916. Dr. J. P. Iverson presented a paper on this

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921,
155

156 Epwarp RrEcorpDS AND LyMAN R. VAWTER

disease at the Los Angeles meeting of the California Veterinary
Medical Association in 1916, and Doctors Mack and Records
presented a paper entitled ‘‘Studies of an Obscure Cattle Dis-
ease in Western Nevada’’ at the Kansas City meeting of this
Association in 1917. This is apparently about all that has
appeared dealing specifically with the condition under consid-
eration. Since the presentation of the latter paper a great deal
of work has been done at the Nevada station, and it is some of
the developments in this work since that time that it is desired
to present in this paper.

Limitation of time will not permit of a very detailed presenta-
tion of what has been done, and some aspects of the work will
have to be almost entirely ignored at this time, to be dealt with
later in fuller detail in a publication on this subject.

The clinical manifestations and gross pathology of this dis-
ease are very well set forth in considerable detail in the papers
by Meyer and Mack and Records referred to, but it is perhaps
essential to review them briefly after this lapse of time.

The typical clinical symptoms shown from the time cases are
usually discovered are as follows: Appetite, rumination, milk
secretion and bowel movements are suddenly suspended. The
animal stands apart from the herd, with its back arched and
abdomen tucked up. The coat is dry, lusterless and staring.
The animal is loath to move and may grunt with each step. The
facial expression is distressed; the eyes have a characteristic
sunken appearance. Respiration is moderately accelerated and
of a shallow costal type; a characteristic grunt usually accom-
panies each expiratory movement. The muzzle is dry and hot.
The visible mucous membranes are icteric, but may assume a
pigmented reddish color. Generally there is a marked rise of
temperature during the outset of the attack which may reach
106. The temperature drops later and may be subnormal for a
considerable period before death. The pulse is increased in
frequency but is thready. Venous pulse is very pronounced.
As the disease progresses, bowel movements become very active,
with frequent passages which are soft, small in amount, and
range from slightly catarrhal to almost pure blood. Urination
is frequent and copious; there is well-marked hemoglobinuria,
the urine usually attaining a deep garnet color. This continues
until the animal suddenly collapses and dies after a brief agonal
period.

IcrrERo-HEMOGLOBINURIA IN CATTLE 137

The clinical blood picture manifests a rapid destruction of
erythrocytes with hyperleucocytosis, the erythrocytes diminish-
ing to two million or lower, a destruction of approximately 65
to 70 per cent of the number normally carried by cattle in this
latitude. The leucocyte count is high, averaging 40,000. A
high degree of hemoglobinemia accompanies this pathological
blood change.

The duration of illness after detection ranges from a few
hours to a few days, averaging perhaps thirty-six hours. The
mortality is very high, over 90 per cent at least, in cases marked
enough for reasonably certain diagnosis.

The lesions found at postmortem are strikingly uniform with-
in certain well-defined limits of variation. Rigor mortis de-
velops rapidly after death. Bloody mucous discharges from the
nostrils and anus are observed. The conjunctiva is icteric and
may exhibit a reddish pigmented color. There is marked
cadaveric icterus. Numerous petechial hemorrhages are found
in the subeutis. Occasional cases manifest pronounced localized
hemorrhagic edema and exudation in the subcutis along the
sides of the neck and shoulders.

The abdominal cavity contains a varying amount of hemor-
rhagie transudate, in some eases as high as two liters. The omen-
tum, parietal peritoneum and mesentery are extensively mottled
with ecchymotic and profuse hemorrhages and diffuse imbibi-
tion around the blood vessels. The connective tissue of the duo-
denal loop and the colon manifests a hemorrhagic edema. The
entire omentum is quite frequently flecked with reddish fibrin
deposits. The serosa of the intestines is brick red in color.

The wall of the duodenum is thickened and edematous, oc-
casionally manifesting a fibrinous adhesion to the liver. The
contents may be either deeply bile-stained or bloody. The lin-
ing epithelium is desquamated and shows numerous submucous
hemorrhages.

The jejunum, ileum and colon contain either viscous bile-
stained or blood-stained material. The lining epithelium is
desquamated and may show numerous deep erosions. Submu-
cous hemorrhages are constantly observed. The regional lymph
nodes are swollen, edematous, and manifest a reddish pigmen-
tation of the cortex. The abomasal mucosa is congested and
sometimes manifests petechiz.

The liver is always enlarged, icteric in color and soft in econ-

158 Epwarp Recorps AND LyMAN R. VAWTER

sistency. A large infarct resulting from thrombosis of the
portal vein is always found on the parietal surface, usually at
the upper or lower extremity. The infaret on incision is ir-
regular in outline and the thrombus of the portal vessels sup-
plying the infarct area is readily observed. The serous surface
of the gall bladder manifests diffuse areas of bloody imbibition
and in some eases fibrinous exudate. The bile is excessive in
quantity, dark in color, and contains many coarse flocculi.

The spleen is usually normal in size and in most eases slightly
soft in consistency. On the capsule well-defined eechymoses are
observed.

The kidneys are dark brown in color with numerous pune-
tate hemorrhages in the cortex. The medullary portion mani-
fests a diffuse reddish color and a streaked appearance. The
kidneys are friable and bloody fluid is apparent on incision.
A very high degree of hemoglobinuria is always noted. The
serosa of the uterus often manifests petechiw. The subeutis and
viscera of the fetus exhibit hemorrhages very similar in char-
acter and location to those in the cadaver of the mother.

In the thoracic cavity varying amounts of fluid are found
in both sacs; in the majority of cases it is deeply blood-tinged.
The parietal pleura may have fibrin deposits which are reddish
in color. Subpleural hemorrhages varying in extent from
petechie to diffuse suggillations are very common. The lungs
in a majority of cases manifest a slightly reddish pigmented
color which changes to a decided icteric color on exposure to air.
Edema is present to a varying degree. The trachea, larynx and
pharynx manifest either petechiw on the mucosa. or diffuse
bloody imbibition. The regional lymph nodes are swollen and
oedematous, manifesting reddish pigmented color. The peri-
cardium manifests suggillations or petechie and the pericar-
dial fluid is deeply blood-tinged. The epicardium manifests
petechiz and hemorrhagic extravasations, particularly along the
coronary vessels and auricles. The endocardium of the left
ventricle always exhibits more or less diffuse subendocardial
ecchymotic hemorrhages, occasionally suggillation in type. The
myocardium is turbid and friable.

The brain and meninges manifest extensive perivascular hem-
orrhages, but to lesser degree than noticed in other parts.

At first confused with anthrax, later with hemorrhagic sep-
ticemia, but now apparently conclusively proven to be a dis-

|
.

TcrERO-HEMOGLOBINURIA IN CATTLE 159

tinct disease entity, the specific etiological factor or factors in
this disease are still not absolutely demonstrated. The striking
and uniform lesions found in the liver of these cases would seem
to point very strongly to a more or less specific infection which
established itself at that point, gaining entrance from the diges-
tive tract either by way of the portal circulation or the lym-
phatie system.

Disregarding the extensive work done at this station earlier in
the investigation of this disease largely in an effort to demon-
strate it as being an atypical form of hemorrhagic septicemia,
our bacteriological studies have been to a great extent concen-
trated on this liver lesion, supplemented by general cultural
work throughout the careass, carried on collaterally with it.
During the last two years these studies have stressed particularly
the anaerobic organisms found, and the bacterial flora of this
group has been found to be, as a rule, quite constant, after mak-
ing suitable allowance for the age of the material examined and
the conditions under which it was obtained and transported.

Briefly summarized, these bacteriological findings are as fol-
lows:

Bacillus botulinus was recovered in four cases from the liver
infarcts; type B in two eases on one ranch; type A from a ease
on an adjoining ranch, and from another case on a ranch sev-
eral miles distant but directly connected with the other two
by draimage water. Other organisms were associated with it.

B. oedematiens was recovered from the liver infaret of one
case associated with other organisms. B. histolyticus has also
been encountered, as have some other not definitely classified
anaerobes.

Colon organisms of the coli-aerogenes and B. communis types
are frequently found as secondary invaders. A Gram-positive
diplococeus apparently belonging to the Type IV pneumococcus
group is encountered in every case. B. sporogenes has been
isolated from the liyer infaret in a majority of cases.

B. welchvi, Type IV, has been found in every ease where the
cultural methods used and the conditions under which the work
was done were such as to make the recovery of this organism
possible. It can be recovered not only from the liver infarct
but from the portal, mesenteric and mediastinal lymph glands,
spleen and heart muscle. In no naturally occurring cases, how-
ever, have we been able to recover this organism from the blood

160 Epwarp REcorps AND LyMAN R. VAWTER

stream, the tendency being apparently for localization, particu-
larly in the organs mentioned. This is the only organism re-
covered which has shown the presence of hemolytic properties,
a fact which, taken together with its uniform presence, has led
us recently to concentrate our attention upon it as the possible
bacteriological cause of this disease. It may be fitting to men-
tion that no cadaver was considered for bacteriological study
which had been dead over four hours. Animals manifesting
typical clinical symptoms were killed for experimental bac-
teriological study. B. welchit was isolated from liver infarct,
spleen, mesenteric and mediastinal lymph glands and _ heart
muscle.

All of the organisms recovered which proved pathogenic for
small laboratory animals, and some of those which did not, were
used for cattle inoculations in the attempt to reproduce the dis-
ease. B. botulinus and its elaborated toxins proved highly
pathogenic for cattle, but caused only typical symptoms and
lesions of botulism, producing nothing simulating the natural
cases of this disease.

B. oedematiens proved highly pathogenic for cattle, animals
succumbing in fifteen hours following injection of small quan-
tities of culture into the mesentic veins by means of a laparotomy.
The latter procedure was carried out in an effort to simulate the
supposed natural channel of infection as closely as possible.
While the lesions produced were suggestive of this disease as it
naturally occurs, they were not as much so as were those pro-
duced by B. welchii, which will be dealt with later; and this
fact, together with the finding of this organism only onee, led
to its dismissal as a possible causative factor.

B. welchvi administered orally to four cattle in doses as high
as 1,000 mils of culture daily for one week produced no effect
beyond a slight diarrhea which could readily have been induced
by the amount of foreign material contained in the culture in-
gested. Direct inoculation experiments were, however, more
encouraging.

Approximately 30 head of yearling and 2-year-old cattle were
given 25 to 35 mil doses of a 24-hour glucose-meat media culture
deep in the muscles of the thigh. All of the animals developed
more or less extensive edematous swellings at the site of in-
jection, and of this number two developed decided hemoglobinu-
ria, icteric visible mucous membranes, sunken eye appearance,

IcrrERo-HEMOGLOBINURIA IN CATTLE 161

constipation followed by diarrhea and great depression entirely
typical of natural cases. Blood examinations made after the
development of hemoglobinuria also corresponded closely to
those made on natural cases. The erythrocyte count fell as low
as 3,000,000, as compared with the average normal, which in
our locality is known to average about 6,000,000.

The postmortem lesions, while not absolutely identical with
those of natural cases, were as close as could be expected, con-
sidering the different method of infection. The general cad-
averie icterus, subserous hemorrhagic edema and hemorrhages
were present. The liver infarcts were small and multiple but
typical. The retained bile in the distended gall bladder was
tarry in color and floceulent. Kidneys manifested the typical
dark color with numerous cortical hemorrhages. The bladder
was distended with dark garnet-colored urine. The lungs showed
a reddish pigmented appearance and were slightly edematous.
The heart manifested the typical petechial epicardial hemor-
rhages with the diffuse subendocardial hemorrhage in the left
ventricle. The lymphatics manifested a reddish pigmented color
and were edematous. We feel that the multiplicity and small
size of the liver lesions is amply accounted for by the different
ehannel of infection. None of the other organisms recovered
that were used for inoculation experiments proved pathogenic
for bovines.

Dr. F. W. Wood of Berkeley, working independently on cases
of this disease occurring in California, has informed the writers
in personal communications that he also has isolated B. welchii
almost uniformly when suitable material was available for ex-
amination. Inoculation experiments on bovines performed by
Dr. Wood with the strains isolated by him also produced results
apparently about identical with our own.

The findings so far made in connection with B. welchii seem
to indicate quite strongly that this organism may prove to be
responsible for the clinical symptoms and lesions seen in these
eases. The fact that B. welchii is not found in pure culture
does not exclude this possibility, the importance of the adjuvant
role of nonpathogenic aerobes and anaerobes in B. welchii in-
fections being clearly pointed out by the Committee on Anaero-
bie Bacteria and Infections, Special Report, Series 39.

Before forming a definite conclusion, however, as to the actual
etiology of this condition, certain reservations should probably

162 EpwaArp REcoRDS AND LyMAN R. VAWTER

be kept in mind in this connection with regard to B. welchit.
This organism is well known to be practically world-wide in
distribution and may be even more plentiful in nature in parts
of the world other than where this disease occurs. Also the
strains isolated by us do not appear to have any unusual
pathogenicity for bovines, as evidenced by the comparatively
small percentage of deaths among animals inoculated with
really large doses as practiced by us.

It would seem, therefore, most probable that there is some
as yet undetermined predisposing factor or factors which make
it possible for this organism to assume invasive properties and
establish itself in the living tissues of apparently normal animals.
Just what these factors are, it will probably require consider-
able additional study to determine. Some of the apparently
predisposing conditions are, however, already fairly well estab-
lished and may be briefly outlined as follows:

Generally speaking, the disease is more or less a seasonal one,
cases beginning to appear in late spring or early summer and
increasing in frequency throughout the warm season, being most
numerous at the end of the summer or early fall and practically
disappearing by December. There are occasional exceptions to
this, cases occurring in the dead of winter.

There also seems to be a very close connection between telluric
conditions and the occurrence of this disease. The premises
where the most serious losses occur are almost invariably those
lying at the bottom of a more or less extensive drainage area
where surface and superficial underground water collects with
no natural point of outlet. On many premises the disease ap-
pears only in the late summer when the sloughs and natural
pools reach their maximum of stagnation and concentration.
Moving back from these areas toward the foot-hills, there seems
to be a progressive diminution both in the number and the
severity of the cases, the percentage of recoveries being higher.
Once out of the irrigated areas on the dry open range, the disease
does not occur, at least to any appreciable extent. There are,
it is true, occasional exceptions to this, cases occurring in feed
lots when the cattle are on hay and receiving well water. As a
general thing, however, the hay in these instances is harvested
on the same sort of land where the disease occurs among animals
on pasture. It would seem, therefore, that there is a very close

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IcTERO-HEMOGLOBINURIA IN CATTLE 163

connection between this disease and the presence of excessive
amounts of what might be called dead water and relatively high
temperature. The nature of the pasture itself does not appear
to be a material factor, cases being almost equally frequent on
natural wild hay meadows and alfalfa pastures.

The treatment of these cases can not be said to be on anything
approaching a satisfactory basis at this time. In the absence
of definite knowledge as to a bacterial cause, nothing which can
be properly classed as a specific antiserum has as yet been
used. Anti-hemorrhagic-septicemia serum has been used exten-
sively, but we now know this material to have been nonspecific,
and it will be considered merely as a serum in summing up this
phase of the question.

As a matter of routine practice, it is found that the intra-
venous administration of horse serum in doses of 200 mils,
preferably repeated several times at intervals of 8 to 10 hours,
supplemented by the administration of fairly active but non-
irritant purgatives, such as large doses of ground flaxseed boiled
up in a liberal amount of water to which has been added a
pound or less of sodium sulphate, is of benefit. Stimulants can
apparently also be administered to some cases advantageously.
Treatment such as outlined when started fairly early in the
course of the disease appears to bring about a marked reduction
in mortality, provided the ease is not of an unusually severe and
acute or fulminative type. Cases of this sort and those in which
treatment is started rather late in the attack appear to be but
little influenced by therapeutic measures of any kind.

Disregarding the extensive use of hemorrhagic septicemia

_ bacterins and vaccines, which have proven valueless for reasons

which are now quite obvious, this disease being in no way asso-
ciated with infection by B. bovisepticum, very little has as yet
been done along the lines of direct control by the use of biol-
ogics. :

Recently when indications pointed more and more strongly
toward B. welchii as an etiological factor, work was undertaken
along the lines of specific immunization, using an aggressin pre-
pared by inoculating young cattle with this organism in the
Same manner as is blackleg aggressin. We have to date treated
approximately 1,200 animals with this aggressin in the districts
where this disease usually causes the heaviest loss. Part of the

164 Epwarp Rrecorps AND LyMAN R. VAWTER

material so used was prepared and supplied to us for experi-
mental use by Dr. Wood, and the balance was prepared in our
own laboratories. As this portion of the work was undertaken
only during the present season, it is too early to make any
definite statement as to the results obtained, but present indica-
tions are that the use of this aggressin has afforded at least some
protection, the percentage of cases occurring among the treated
animals being appreciably less than among the untreated con-
trols, an adequate number of which were left in each herd. Dr.
Wood has also used this material to some extent in California,
with what result we do not know.

The more general measures of control which seem clearly in-
dicated by our observations on the occurrence of this disease are
unfortunately impracticable on account of the great expense
involved. ‘To drain the lands properly where excessive water is
now present either as a result of natural conditions or unju-
dicious irrigation in the past would require in most cases engi-
neering work of considerable magnitude. What it has been
possible to do along this line on some ranches in the way of
keeping cattle out of pastures where excessive water was pres-
ent, and the practice of more careful irrigation so that dead
water was not allowed to accumulate, has apparently resulted in
a material lessening of the losses, and such procedures are cer-
tainly indicated in the light of our present knowledge.

It is of course obvious that if some thoroughly effective means
of specific immunization could be devised it would‘afford by far
the cheapest and most practical means of controlling this disease,
placing it on a par with anthrax and other diseases which are
now so well held in check in this way. Unfortunately the use
of the aggressin referred to above does not give any present
promise of being feasible on a large scale, even if it should prove
effective in preventing the disease, owing to the fact that the
very small percentage of successful inoculations of cattle with
B. welchu for its production would make the cost almost pro-
hibitive. This may, of course, be overcome by the devising of
some more satisfactory technique for its preparation. The suc-
cess of this aggressin would, of course, in any event, depend en-
tirely on B. welchu being the actual causative factor in this
disease.

SURGICAL TECHNIQUE—SUTURING!

By H. E. KincMAn

Professor of Veterinary Surgery, State Agricultural College of
Colorado, Fort Collins, Colo.

IN presenting this paper, it is to be understood that no at-
tempt has been made to cover completely the subject under dis-
cussion. The writer is anxious to present the cases in mind in
such a manner as to interest his fellow surgeons, leaving out
all details that might be essential to a group-.of students or
others less able to grasp the context than those for whom this
paper is intended. It is presumed that we are past the basic
steps and are interested only in solid facts. In this paper I
hope to present and illustrate a phase of technique that has
been very useful to me and I am sure can be to others.

Suturing enters as an important factor in nearly every opera-
tion, and frequently occupies as much time as incision, dissec-
tion and hemostasis. In Cesarian section, for example, one’s
time is principally taken up in suturing. Many other opera-
tions demand an equal amount of attention to uniting the
wound. Next to cleanliness, the operator is most concerned in
thoroughness or carefulness, but following these in importance
comes speed. A patient can withstand a severe operation, pro-
vided the animal is not made to endure it for a long period of
time and given large amounts of anesthetics or restrained in a
cramped position. The time element enters in as a matter for
careful consideration in conserving the strength and resistance of
the patient and in obviating surgical shock. Speed in suturing
goes a long way toward reducing the length of time that the
patient must remain under restraint or anesthesia.

With the idea in view of improving our technique in suturing,
I wish to present several methods of tying knots.

It is to be remembered that the hands are frequently covered
with blood and that securing the ends of the suturing material
is liable to consume more time than it should.

The needle having been passed through both margins of the
wound, it is held with the needle holders in the right hand.

1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

165

166 H. E. KinGMan

The free end is picked up with the thumb and finger of the
left hand and the opposite suture grasped with the second and
third fingers. The sutures are then crossed until the free end
may be drawn under by the second finger; releasing the hold
with the thumb and first finger makes the first part of the knot.
The free end is again grasped by the thumb and first finger,
the second and third fingers are laid with the palms up, while
the needle end is crossed over again and the second finger draws
the other end under, completing the knot.

Forceps may be used instead of fingers. The following method
is preferred by many operators. We call it the two-forceps
method. After passing the suture through both margins of the
wound, the suture is wrapped around the end of thumb, forceps
held in the left hand; the free end of the suture is then grasped
with the forceps and drawn through the loop. The same thing
is repeated in the opposite direction, completing the knot.

The four-foreeps method is less practicable than the first two
described, but is very useful when skilled assistance is available.
The assistant grasps the needle end of the suture three inches
above the wound with the forceps in his right hand; he then
ties the first part of the knot the same as in the second forceps
method. The operator then completes the second part of the
knot by the same process.

I wish to describe in detail the application of three sutures
that have proved to be especially useful. The first, of these was
the so-called interrupted mattress suture. Its advantages lie
largely in the fact that it brings into apposition raw surfaces,
turning the external surface away from the margin of the wound.

To illustrate one instance in which the mattress suture is par-
ticularly adapted, I wish to discuss the treatment of split ears.
The split ear is of common occurrence and wherever barbed wire
is found. However, this is not the only offender. One was
brought to our attention in which a Jersey bull split his ear
for a length of four or five inches on a nail, giving him a very
unsightly ear, especially if he was to be used for show purposes.
It is seldom advisable to attempt suturing an accidentally split
ear until the edges have completely heated. The operator may
then have a clean field upon which to work.

The technique consists in preparing the field in the usual
manner; the entire ear is serubbed with Dakin’s solution, and
the area lathered with tincture of green soap. The hair should

SuRGICAL TECHNIQUE—SUTURING 167

be shaved from both sides of the ear for at least a space of half
an inch in width. Anesthesia consists in chloral enough to quiet
the animal. Some beneficial results have been obtained from
the use of apothesine over the posterior and internal auricular
nerves. A sterile sheet with a hole in the center is placed over
the head and the ear drawn up through the hole. All instru-
ments should be sterile, as well as the operator’s hands. An
incision is made on the edge of the healed surface, exposing
two flaps of skin and the yellow fibrous concha. The flaps are
loosened: to the extent of one-fourth inch and the protruding
concha removed the entire length of the incision. The opera-
tion is repeated on the opposite side. The cutaneous surfaces
are then united up by means of mattress sutures of linen, one-
half inch apart. By this method the fresh surfaces are main-
tained in apposition. The inside and outside of the ear are
sutured separately. The united surfaces are then covered
with a solution made of gum mastic in benzol. At the
end of three days the suture should be examind for signs
of infection. Then if moisture is present or if there are other
signs of pus, the infected suture should be removed and the
wound bathed in alcohol or 1 per cent of tincture of iodin.
Under ordinary conditions the wound unites by first intention.
Occasionally a few of the sutures must be removed or treated
with aleohol, but if given the proper attention small infected
areas need cause no alarm. In fact, eases have been operated
upon and given no further attention after the first day and
made complete recovery, although a few of the sutures became
infected.

T should like to eall attention in detail to two other methods
of suturing. The first of these is a continuous peritoneal and
subeutaneous suture, used especially in small animals where
the peritoneum and abdominal walls are to be closed.

The thumb forceps lifts the peritoneum on the right side away
from the viscera, and the needle is passed through the muscle
and peritoneum. The peritoneum of the left side is then lifted
and the needle passed through the peritoneum and muscle from
beneath. The suture is then grasped with the fingers or forceps,
drawing the peritoneal surfaces together and lifting them so
that the needle may pass through both at the same time. This
is repeated until the peritoneal wound is closed by a simple
continuous suture. The skin is then grasped and held, while a

168 H. E. KingMan

subcutaneous suture is placed in it. This suture is then ear-
ried continuously from one side to the other until the skin wound
is closed. The two ends of the suture are united by a surgeon’s
knot. If No. 1 gut is used, the knot should be small enough to
be completely hidden. 3

The second is the mattress suture as used in closing the wound
and hernial ring in the treatment of ventral hernia.

An elliptical incision is made over the fundus of the sae and
the skin carefully removed, exposing the serous sae. This separa-
tion of cutaneous and serous coats is continued until the hernial
ring is reached. The tunie and fascias forming the ring are
firm and may be easily recognized by the sense of touch. One
frequently encounters a thick layer of fat lying close to the
hernial ring, which impedes the progress of dissection. Hemor-
rhage should be slight and is easily controlled by means of
sponge and foreeps. One should avoid sponging as much as
possible, since it is a common source of infection. Repeated
wiping of the tissues lowers their resistance and inhibits repair.

The next step consists of preparing the flaps of fascia for
suturing. One begins by splitting the margin of the ring as
close to the parietal peritoneum as possible, taking great care
not to invade the peritoneal cavity. The flaps should be one-
half to three-fourths of an inch in width. A full curved needle
threaded with No. 4 catgut is then passed down through the left
flap at a point one-half inch from its margin, down through the
margin of the opposite flap, then up through the margin of the
same flap and up through the left flap one-fourth of an inch
from the starting point. This constitutes a mattress suture.
Repeat the sutures over the leneth of the hernial ring. The
sutures should then be drawn tight. This will foree the right
flap beneath the left, causing them to overlap one-half inch.
The free margin of the right flap should then be sutured to the
left surface by means of a continuous suture. The skin should
be sutured with a mattress suture, bringing into apposition eon-
siderable denuded surface.

A place for drainage is left at the anterior commissure of
the cutaneous wound. One may insert a strip of gauze to be
removed at the end of 12 hours. The entire wound, except the
place for drainage, is covered with gum mastie and gauze. The
wound will unite by first intention if reasonable care has been
observed to avoid the introduction of infection. The skin su-

~ SurGicaL TECHNIQUE—SUTURING 169

tures may be removed in about five days; the catgut sutures are
permitted to take care of themselves.

The advantages of this technie over some of the others com-
monly used are that the peritoneal cavity is not invaded, and
further, that the overlapping of the fascias insures a perma-
nent union and obliteration of the hernia. Also there is no
danger of injury to intestine or other viscera. If one should
fail in the matter of asepsis, there is little to fear from peritoni-
tis, since one has.only a wound of the skin and subcutaneous
tissues to treat.

In ease of infection, one or two skin sutures should be re-
moved and the wound dressed with Dakin’s solution, or a 2 per
cent aleoholic solution of iodin.

HORSES AND MULES IN WAR

In public recognition of the important services performed by
horses and mules in the United States Army during the war, a
large bronze tablet has been placed on the east wall of the State,
War and Navy building, Washington, D. C. It depicts a field
artillery piece drawn by four spirited horses, with their riders
and two cannoneers on the field of battle, and makes a vivid
picture of action. Underneath in raised bronze letters is the
following descriptive inscription :

‘This tablet commemorates the services and sufferings of
the 243,135 horses and mules employed by the American Expe-
ditionary Forces overseas during the great world war which ter-
minated November 11, 1918, and which resulted in the death of
68,682 of those animals. What they suffered is beyond words to
describe. A fitting tribute to their important services has been
given by the commander-in-chief of the American Expeditionary
Forces, Gen. John J. Pershing, who has written: ‘The Army
horses and mules proved of inestimable value in prosecuting the
war to a-successful conclusion. They were found in all the
theatres of preparation and operation doing their silent but
faithful work without the faculty of hoping for any reward or
compensation. ’

‘*This tablet is erected by friends of the horse and mule in the
United States, under the auspices of the American Red Star
Animal Relief, a department of the American Humane <Asso-
ciation.’”’

SOME DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT IN DOGS
AND CATS!

By F. H. McNair
Berkeley, California

ASIDE from the sentimental viewpoint, it seems to me that
it is well worth while from an economic standpoint to relieve
the ailments and prolong the lives of man’s faithful allies and
companions, the dog and the eat. Cats yearly save to mankind
much valuable material by killing rats and mice. The use-
fulness of the dog is varied, but one of his chief offices is that
of private policeman. Many a house, especially in our cities,
* has been protected from burglary by the family dog. So let
none of us consider these animals as beneath his professional
dignity.

Foops

Since much sickness in pet animals is caused by improper
feeding, let us consider briefly the subject of proper foods.

Many breeders and others believe that dogs and cats, being
by nature carnivora, should be fed entirely upon a raw-meat
diet. It is true that a generous diet of raw meat will cause
rapid, thrifty growth in puppies and kittens and make them
salable in the least possible time. But if such a diet is con-
tinued indefinitely the animal will sooner or later become dis-
eased. The advocates of meat feeding overlook the fact that in
the wild state dogs and cats are obliged to exercise considerably
in hunting their food, while our domestic animals are usually
overfed and underexercised. Many dogs and eats are success-
fully raised and kept in good condition on a mixed diet that
contains a minimum amount of meat. Also heavy eaters of
meats are more inclined to be vicious than are non-meateaters.
In short, the feeding of meat should always be governed by good
judgment.

Though an occasional feed of liver may be permissible, an ex-
clusive diet of it is usually more injurious than other forms of
meat, because of the concentrates and waste products contained
Init. Bones, except in the form of bone meal, should not be fed
unless they are large bones that can not be chewed down. Milk

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

170

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mre,

DISEASES OF DIGESTIVE TRACT IN Docs AND Cats 171

in the ration of both dogs and cats is usually permissible, pro-
vided the animal ¢an retain it.
In order to lessen the tendency to eat poisoned or tainted food

‘on the outside, my patrons are usually advised to feed their

cats and dogs twice a day, one hght and one fairly heavy meal.

Foods we have found satisfactory are: Dog biscuit and its
derivatives; the various mushes, except that oatmeal and eorn-
meal must not be fed in too large amounts, especially in hot
weather ; boiled rice; macaroni; stews containing a small amount
of meat but plenty of such vegetables as carrots, turnips and
cabbage, little if any potato. Stale bread, if fed dry, may be
tolerated, but we have found that the continuous feeding of
potatoes or soaked-up bread usually causes a trouble—some
diarrhea in both dogs and eats.

For bulldogs and other large breeds we find an excellent food
consists of a prepared meal which is mixed with cold water and
baked in a slow oven for 114 hours. This meal is a combination
of oatmeal, cornmeal, wheat meal, barley meal, soya-bean meal,
blood meal and fish meal.

DISEASES

The diseases to be considered are only those that I consider of
the most importance, and the cases cited are those that have
occurred in my own practice.

THE TEETH

The teeth of both dogs and cats should be occasionally ex-
amined and any accumulation of tartar should be removed so
as to prevent sore gums and decay of the teeth. It may at
times be advisable to fill small tooth cavities, but as a rule when
the veterinarian sees the case decay is so far advanced that
extraction is the better procedure. In making extractions con-
siderable distress to the patient and owner can be avoided by
injecting the gums with a nontoxic anesthetic. Of course this

. Should command an extra fee, which will be cheerfully paid by

many owners.

In one dog recently treated an aggravated case of articular
arthritis was apparently due to the absorption of pus from 12
badly decayed teeth.

TUMORS

Papillomas often found on the mucosa of the cheeks of dogs

usually yield to surgical removal and cauterization, but in one

172 F. H. McNar

dog under my observation they later developed a malignancy.
Surgical removal or treatment of malignant tumors in any
portion of the digestive tract seems useless, and to save suffering
the chloroforming of the animal should be advised. One case
can be mentioned of a dog with cancer of the jaw. The growth

was removed three times within two months, but to no purpose.

o
HARELIP AND CLEFT PALATE

These deformities often occur in the same individual, and
while harelip alone may be successfully operated upon, my ex-
perience with both conditions has been discouraging.

RANULA

This cystic tumor underneath the tongue usually yields to
surgical removal, though in one cat so treated the operative
wound refused to heal.

NECROTIC STOMATITIS

In my experience simple stomatitis is uncommon, and the
necrotic type, although evidently infectious, seems to occur
sporadically. The infecting agent is possibly Bacillus ne-
crophorus, though why it should attack some animals and not
others is a puzzle. Weak, debilitated dogs are supposed to be
the most susceptible to the disease, but in my practice it has
occurred largely in apparently strong, healthy dogs. One case
in mind was that of a large, vigorous collie dog, which, on re-
turning from a tramp in the hills with his owner, ‘drank freely
of stagnant water. The next day he was out of sorts, and three
days later necrotic stomatitis had developed and in a week’s time
it proceeded to a fatal end. Other cases have developed ap-
parently after the eating of garbage.

The symptoms are uniform and easily recognizable. In the
early stage the gums are red, swollen and sensitive; there is
some salivation and a temperature of 2 to 4 degrees above normal.
In a few days ulcers develop on the gums and cheeks, there is
almost a continuous flow of saliva of a stringy, sticky character,
often blood-stained, and the odor is intensely disagreeable. The
ulcers soon extend to the stomach and intestines; diarrhea
usually occurs; the temperature becomes subnormal, the animal
grows rapidly weaker and dies.

The writer has tried many forms of treatment, but with suc-

a ee ek ee Pea Beetle a gitied

.

DISEASES OF DIGESTIVE TRACT IN Docs AND Cats’ 173

cess in only a few cases. The successful treatment consisted in
swabbing the visible ulcers with tincture of chloride of iron and
giving teaspoonful doses of the same, well diluted with syrup,
every three hours, together with 4 ¢.c. hypodermic injections
of 50 per cent alcohol three or four times daily.

FOREIGN Boptres

When in the esophagus foreign bodies may be removed by
gently passing a probang, though as a rule it is safer to produce
emesis with a hypodermic injection of 1/20 grain apomorphine.

Foreign bodies in the stomach are of great variety and may
be removed by first giving a liberal does of sweet oil as a lubri-
cant, followed with a hypodermic of apomorphine.

Foreign bodies in the intestines must be regarded as very
dangerous. I always advise against the feeding of bones, be-
cause frequently we find that a sharp bone has caused death by
puncture of the intestinal wall. In old dogs especially, because
of the lessened amount of hydrochlorie acid secreted by the
stomach, bones will pass through the gastro-intestinal tract
undigested.

I wish to mention four outstanding eases:

Case 1—A 12-year-old Irish setter dog with symptoms of
impaction. By palpation an obstruction could be felt in the
intestines. Large doses of oil, together with other physics and
copious warm-water enemas, had no effect and the patient died.
Postmortem examination revealed, lodged in the small intes-
tines, a stony mass of partly digested bones 12 inches long and
2 inches in diameter. The mass was so hard that it required a
blow from a hammer to break it.

Case 2.—A large 6-year-old collie, to which, in spite of pre-
vious trouble, the owner had continued the feeding of bones.
The history was that he seemed perfectly well when turned out
of the house in the morning, but half an hour later seemed to
develop an extreme weakness of the hind legs. On examination
the pulse was very thready and the visible mucous membranes
were pale. Internal hemorrhage, following intestinal puncture,
was the diagnosis. An hour later the dog was dead. Postmortem
examination revealed the abdominal cavity filled with blood, and
in the wall of the rectum was a tear 3 inches long. In the small
intestines the passage of a sharp object, evidently a bone, could
be traced by the denudation of the mucosa.

174 F. H. McNair

Case 5A 10-months-old Airedale dog with a history of good
health till within a period of two weeks, when he developed an
inability to retain food on his stomach. At the time of my visit
the dog was in a dying condition from starvation, but I scoffed
at the owner’s statement that the trouble was due to a good-
sized hard rubber ball that the dog had accidentally swallowed
three months before. However, postmortem examination re-
vealed such a ball, two inches in diameter, firmly lodged in the
duodenum. Evidently the ball had remained harmlessly in the
stomach for 214 months, but had finally been forced through
the pylorus, effectually blocking the duodenum.

Case 4A 3-months-old Japanese spaniel puppy, suffering
with constipation. Laxatives revealed the presence of numerous
pieces of coal, and death finally resulted from a prolapse of the
rectum. The owner stated that he knew of the pup’s coal-eating
habit, but did not consider it harmful, as the mother had
always eaten coal!

HAIR-BALLS

Long-haired dogs and cats are quite apt to swallow consid-
erable hair in the process of licking themselves, and are some-
times made dangerously sick by the accumulated mass. Owners
of such animals should be advised to brush their coats thor-
oughly every day to remove the loose hair and also to give the
animals a dose of sweet oil twice a week to prevent hair-balls
forming. When other methods fail daily copious enemas of
warm water will prove effective in removing hair-balls.

GASTRITIS

Gastritis may be acute, due to some temporary irritation, or
chronic, when associated with some hopeless condition such as
cirrhosis of the liver, often found in old dogs and eats. Acute
gastritis is often due to overloading of the system with food, so
that if the patient is not too weak a thorough washing out of the
entire gastro-intestinal tract with a warm normal salt solution
will often clear up the condition. Of course the patient should
not be allowed to eat any food for several hours and to drink
only small quantities of water. When food is given it should
consist of beef juice, the white of eggs or a small amount of raw
beef. Medicinal treatment should consist of bismuth and pep-
sin or sodium bicarbonate and extract of pawpaw. If torpidity

-
¥
3
fe

DISEASES OF DiGEstTIvVE TrRAcT IN Docs AND Cats’ 175

of the liver is suspected, good results can be obtained by giving
small doses of calomel or aromatic cascara.

Couic

Colic is often due to the presence of indigestible food, but may
be caused by impacted masses of worms, which condition fre-
quently causes the death of puppies. One peculiar case recalled
was that of an 8-months-old Chow dog imported from China.
Being a boarder, he was under our observation for four weeks,
and during that time was in apparent good health. Suddenly
one night he was seized with violent colicky pains, which con-
tinued until his death eight hours later. Large doses of mor-
phine and chloral had no effect whatever. Postmortem exami-
nation revealed a severe inflammation of the small intestines.
For a distance of 14 inches the intestinal wall was much thick-
ened, and hanging to the mucosa were many hookworms of un-
usual appearance under the magnifying glass. Prof. Freeborn,
Assistant Parasitologist of the University of California, discov-
ered this hookworm to be Uncinaria stenocephala, a type hitherto
unreported in the United States. This emphasizes the fact that
on the Pacific Coast at least we must be on our guard against
hookworm infestation in dogs.

CONSTIPATION
Old dogs and cats are very subject: to constipation, but it can
be controlled by rational feeding and regular doses of sweet oil
with an occasional laxative pill.

DIARRHEA

Diarrhea is the most common and troublesome condition in
the raising of puppies and kittens. It easily leads to an incur-
able chronic catarrh or fatal enteritis or prolapse of the rectum.
The cause may be intestinal worms, improper food, or, what is
quite common, the deadly patent worm medicines. Distemper
also sometimes first manifests itself in this way.

The treatment should consist of small repeated doses of castor
oil followed by bismuth to effect, or the following:

Meetinei. Opi Cainphorate..-.....ccceccwses ees 1 dram
PPMP ESE act Sk 5 cnn aarcini< cS MORES So oe a o's 2 ounces
NPAT UTIRRPEN Paes e as. =... vos Sect nn we se ws 3 ounces

M. Sig. 1 teaspoonful every two or three hours.

176 EF. H. McNair

(2) <-Malke oft bismiGhi7 at ee staat 2. Ae one et, SS 2 ounces
Bhx: catnip “ands fennel). jc.i5.%. se. Meee ees ee 1 ounce
SH ple RyFUEG:, Sh Sse eis, Se ee 4 ounces

M. Give \% teaspoonful every three hours.

Some cases yield to small doses of copper arsenite when other
treatments fail.

The food should consist of boiled rice to which is added
ground beef. No milk should be allowed in most cases, and
then only if boiled. The indiscriminate use of patent worm
medicines can not be too strongly condemned.

If in doubt as to the presence of worms in a dog or a eat,
a small dose of arecoline, provided the animal’s condition will
warrant it, is often useful as a diagnostic agent.

«

ENTERITIS
Enteritis, especially when following distemper, is a discour-
aging condition to treat. I have had some good results when
other measures failed by giving hypodermic injections of 50
per cent alcohol three or four times daily and by mouth a tea-
spoonful each of powered gentian and tannin suspended in
simple syrup, the dose to be repeated two or three times daily.

HEMORRHOIDS

Hemorrhoids can often be controlled and sometimes cured by
swabbing once or twice a week with 50 per cent solution of
silver nitrate, freshly made. This sounds like drastic treatment,
but in reality the pain following treatment is much less than
if a 25 per cent solution is used. If the surface to be treated
is large, the animal should first be anesthetized.

The operative treatment of hemorrhoids or rectal prolapse
often results fatally because of the previous debilitated con-
dition of the patient.

INFECTED ANAL GLANDS

Sometimes this condition can be corrected by simply emptying
the glands by pressure between the thumb and index finger, and
afterwards keeping the bowel movements soft with liberal doses
of sweet oil. Often, however, it is necessary to open freely the
glands with a scalpel and cleanse them out, later cauterizing
with a silver nitrate pencil or swabbing with 25 per cent argyrol
solution or tincture ferri chloride. A recurrence of the trouble
must be expected in many eases.

|
|

RINDERPEST (“PESTE BOVINA”) IN BRAZIL!

By G. A. Roperts

Clinical Veterinarian, Instituto de Veterinaria, State of Sdo
Paulo, Brazil

RINDERPEST had not been officially reported in Brazil until
the present year, 1921. The origin of the present outbreak
herein reported has not been determined. Some believe that it
came with the zebu cattle from India that introduced the disease
in Belgium on their way to South America, but this has not
been proven. The first reports of cases of rinderpest in Brazil
occurred at the plant of the Continental Products Company
(Wilson & Co.) at Osasco, just outside the city of Sao Paulo,
and the diagnosis of the disease was first made by the author.
The infected zone was limited to a radius of a few miles from
this point and included the city of Sao Paulo, a large, modern
eity of 550,000 inhabitants in the State of Sao Paulo. ,

About the first of the present year the Continental Products
Company began losing some of their work oxen. These oxen
were used about the plant and at night were inclosed in a small
pasture near by. As it was not uncommon to lose an animal now
and then, no note was made of the first cases, as to which ani-
mals succumbed nor as to where they came from. Since it was
their practice frequently to introduce new work oxen into
service from the cattle pens, the origin of the disease at their
plant could not be definitely traced. Up to the present time no
case has been reported outside of the infected zone about Sao
Paulo.

Whether or not other cases occurred at the same time, or
before those cases occurring at the Continental, we were not able
to determine; but shortly after the: epizootic broke out at the
Continental, oxen which had been used by farmers of the neigh-
borhood in hauling fertilizer from the plant began to die myste-
riously, and the farmers themselves suspected that the source
of the trouble was at the plant. During this time similar cases
had been observed by various veterinarians and had been vari-

* Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.
ATT

178 G. A. RoBERTS

ously suspected as anthrax and blackleg. Vaccinations against
these diseases, however, did not stop the losses.

On the 5th of March I was called in by the Continental Com-
pany to see five sick oxen and to consult with their Federal
Meat Inspector, Dr. Foschini. Up to this time they had lost
about twenty oxen. After observing the symptoms in all five,
one was slaughtered for autopsy. By the gross pathological
picture and also direct microscopic examination of tissues it was
easy to eliminate anthrax and blackleg, but it was difficult to
make a positive diagnosis. In my own mind the disease could
be either rinderpest or hemorragice septicemia (intestinal form).
The former, however, had never been reported in Brazil, and it
was difficult to understand how the disease could appear first
among work oxen about Sao Paulo.

Material was collected, therefore, and taken to Dr. W. G.
Smillie, of the Institute of Hygiene of the Rockefeller Founda-
tion, for bacteriological examination and small-animal inocula-
tions. A bipolar organism of the pasteurella group was easily
isolated from spleen and liver, and guinea-pigs, white rats and
rabbits died of a septicemia. Autopsies of these small animals
showed a pure culture of bipolar organisms. Differential bac-
terial cultures on MacConkey’s medium and all the various
sugar mediums proved the organism to be one of the pasteurella
group. Therefore a hemorrhagic septicemia bacterin was made
and the remaining six oxen vaccinated.

In the meantime other autopsies had been madé. In spite
of the bacteriological findings the symptoms of the disease and
the gross pathology caused us to entertain grave suspicions of
rinderpest. Four of the six vaccinated oxen soon died with
typical symptoms of the disease, showing that the vaccination
did not bring protection. Only two were left, which later proved
to be immune to rinderpest.

The heart’s blood of several cattle in various stages of the
disease was injected into various small animals, but no disease
was produced. In another experiment the heart’s blood was
cultured and inoculated into small animals, but no bipolar or
other apparent organism was isolated. This blood was divided
into two portions, one being passed through a Berkefeld filter
(N). This material was injected into the jugular of a heifer;
the other, unfiltered and apparently sterile blood, was injected

ee ey ee

RINDERPEST IN BRAZIL 179

into the jugular of a yearling steer. No signs of illness occurred
in the former, but the latter became ill on the third day and
died on the eighth (subacute case) with typical lesions of rinder-
pest. A similar experiment was carried out in goats, with the
same results. The goat inoculated with unfiltered blood died
with typical symptoms of the disease on the fourteenth day.

A résumé of all the laboratory tests showed that:

1. The heart’s blood of the sick animals never contained an
organism which could be cultivated by usual means.

2. Pasteurella bacilli were frequently cultured from the spleen
and liver of sick animals.

3. Direct microscopic examination of the blood was always
negative. Direct microscopic examination of liver and spleen
tissue showed Gram-negative bipolar bacilli. _

4. Intravenous -inoculation of a minute portion of the ap-
parently sterile blood of the sick animals produced typical
symptoms of the disease in cattle and goats, but no symptoms in
rabbits, guinea-pigs or rats.

These laboratory tests, together with the typical symptoms
and characteristic gross pathology, made us absolutely sure of
our diagnosis of rinderpest. We ruled out hemorrhagic septi-
cemia as the epizootic, despite positive cultures of pasteurella
bacteria obtained from the liver and spleen of the sick animals,
because these organisms were never found in the circulating
blood. It is interesting to note in this connection that pasteu-
rella bacilli were sometimes found as a secondary invader, but
were not the cause of death in the animals.

The disease then became prevalent among the dairy herds
about SAo Paulo and caused serious losses. One interesting ob-
servation was made in watching the progress of the disease
through a dairy herd of 28 head, mostly Holsteins, including 1
bull, 15 cows, 5 heifers and 7 calves. . On the twenty-third day
following the death of the first case the last one died, showing a
mortality of 100 per cent. They were housed in a barn and an
adjoining shed, and had the run of a common barn lot. In order
to note the natural progress of the disease no effort was made to
isolate nor to contaminate. In other instances, among zebu
eattle especially, a few had light attacks and recovered, showing
that they were somewhat more resistant to the disease. The
disease occurred normally only among cattle, but sheep, goats

180 G. A. ROBERTS

and a deer sickened and died from natural infection when con-
fined with sick animals. The period of incubation among cattle
by contac} was from 3 to 5 days, from inoculations 2 to 4 days,
occasionally at longer intervals.

SYMPTOMS

It is well to state here that, as in many diseases, the symptoms
and lesions are both subject to marked variation, and therefore
some are present in some cases and modified or entirely absent
in others.

The disease is largely characterized by an affection' of the
mucous membrane, particularly of the alimentary tract. After
the required period of incubation, the first abnormality to be
noted was a rise of temperature, which gradually ascended, with
shght irregularities, for a period of two to four days, and
reached in some very acute cases 107.5, but more commonly
registered between 105.5 and 106.5. The temperature then began
to descend rather rapidly until it became subnormal, which
required from one to three days, and the animal soon died.
With the elevation of temperature there was likewise more or
less acceleration of pulse and respiration. In some cases also the
respirations were further modified by more or less dyspnea,
especially in the latter stages, accompanied by grunting or
groaning with each expiration. In many eases a shght cough
was noted. In about one-half of the cases when a point near
the acme of temperature was reached there was noted some
lacrimation and some discharge from the nostrils. In a some-
what larger per cent of cases there was noted more or less
salivation, but not so profuse as in foot-and-mouth disease. Ex-
amination of the mucous membrane of the eyes at this time
would usually show marked redness and congestion of the con-
junctiva. <A similar condition of the mucous membrane of the
nose also was sometimes noted. Likewise, at the same time, or
slightly previous, the mucous membrane of the mouth assumed
alterations. These alterations were quite variable. In many
cases there developed on the lips, cheeks, palate and under sur-
face of free end of tongue, small, usually scattered, but occa-
sionally confluent patches, few or many. They appeared usually
as finely granular, fibrinous, slightly elevated patches of a yel-
lowish gray color, some of which became removed, leaving small

RINDERPEST IN BRAZIL 181

erosions, lacerations or ulcers. In other instances the entire
mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue became covered or
replaced with a soft, mushy, necrotic coating—a generalized
stomatitis.

It was remarkable in many cases how much altered the mucous
membrane became and yet the animal continued to eat. For a
day or two before death, however, there was a complete loss of
appetite and rumination. Often at this stage there was frequent
gritting of the teeth. Throughout the course of the disease
marked thirst was manifested.

Among the most characteristic symptoms was the diarrhea,
which usually set in about the second or third day after the
temperature began to rise. In nearly all cases this was the first
sign of trouble noted by the owner or attendant, though in
some cases death occurred without such manifestation. It be-
gan with a softening of the feces, which later became quite
fluid and were often involuntarily ejected. The color was usu-
ally of a greenish yellow and in the majority of cases streaked
with clots of blood. With this condition present the odor of
the feces was usually very offensive. Examinations of mucous
membrane of vulva often showed redness and at times a muco-
purulent discharge.

As the disease progressed there was increasing dullness, mani-
fested by lowered head, drooping ears, more or less closed eyes
and prostrate condition. Shivering or trembling of muscular
groups was often noted. In lactating animals there was a
rapid decrease in milk secretion, and in subacute cases marked
loss of flesh. The reason that some persons mistook the disease
for blackleg was that there was a subeutaneous emphysematous
swelling in a limited portion of the cases, occurring along the
back at any point from the withers to the croup. This was
undoubtedly due to rupture of emphysemie air vesicles of the
lungs, as it was found only in cases where marked emphysema of
the lungs occurred. ;

Many animals were autopsied with a fetus contained in the
uterus, but very few abortions were seen or reported. The
course of the disease varied from five to eight or nine days, but,
as in many eases the disease was not suspected until diarrhea set
in, death often occurred from three to four days after the first
symptoms were noted by the owner.

182 G. A. RoBERtTS

LESIONS

Lesions, like symptoms, are subject to great variations, but,
as would be expected in a typhus-like affection, the most char-
acteristic lesions are to be found in the mucous membranes of
the alimentary tract. The esophagus and first three compart-
ments of the stomach rarely showed anything of significance,
but the mucous membranes of the mouth, pharynx, fourth stom-
ach, small and large intestines and rectum usually had well-
marked alterations.

The lesions of the mouth have been described under symptoms.
Some animals died, however, with very slight or no evident
lesions of the mouth. In some eases the mucous membrane of
lips showed only small, dirty, yellowish spots. The lesions of
pharynx were less common than of the mouth, but when pres-
ent were similar to those found in the mouth.

The mucous membrane of the fourth stomach showed the
most constant and conspicuous alterations. These consisted in
many eases of a very deep, diffuse reddening of the whole mem-
brane, which was more or less tumefied. In other cases the deep
congestion was limited to areas particularly about the pylorus.
In other cases the injected areas were in the form of streaks
half an inch wide by 2 to 6 inches long. The color in some
cases was an ashen grey. In many cases the involved areas
contained hemorrhages varying in size and were usually more
or less scattered. Not infrequently erosions were observed, and
at times distinct ulcers or necrotic centers. ;

The small intestines were likewise the seat of grave lesions.
Here the whole intestine was sometimes involved, but more often
it was confined to sections. Even the outside of intestines often
showed a deep reddening with injection of the accompanying
blood vessels. The mucous membrane within these areas also
would be found deeply reddened, but hemorrhages and erosions
were less frequently found than in the stomach and large in-
testines. Some tumefaction of the mucous membrane and of
Peyer’s patches were frequently observed. The mucous mem-
brane of large intestines, particularly near the cecum and in-
cluding it, showed areas of various sizes deeply reddened, within
which were often observed seattered hemorrhages and at times
caseous covered ulcers. The entire mucous membrane of the
cecum was at times reddened. The rectum commonly showed
a varying number of hemorrhagic spots or streaks only. The

7

RINDERPEST IN: BRAZIL 183

mesenteric blood vessels were frequently engorged, and at times
some subserous edema was present, but rarely were there any
hemorrhagic spots on serous membrane. The great omentum,
however, showed at times loose, scattered, reddened, fibrinous
deposits on it. The mesenteric lymph glands were usually very
succulent and at times slightly congested. The mucous mem-
brane of the vulva and vagina were often deeply injected and
at times presented hemorrhagic spots and erosions or necrotic
ulcers. The urinary bladder invariably contained clear urine,
the mucous membrane often showed petechial hemorrhages in
limited number. The submucous blood vessels were sometimes
visibly injected. The kidneys were commonly somewhat con-
gested, the Malpighian bodies being visible as pin-point red
specks. The bases of the papille of the medulla were likewise
much reddened and congested, with light centers and apices.

The spleen seldom showed lesions, but at times was slightly
enlarged and softened or showed a few hemorrhagic spots under
the capsule. The liver was often more or less congested and
friable. In a fairly large proportion of cases quite large hemor-
rhagie spots were visible under the capsule, which extended
some distance into the liver structure. The gall bladder was
invariably engorged with a limpid, dark, yellowish green bile.
The mucous membrane was often studded with yellow granular
appearing submucous areas, the size of pinheads. In only a few
eases was there perceptible excess of peritoneal and pleural

fluids.

' The nutrient blood vessels of the heart were often deeply
injected, and at times there were hemorrhages under the epicar-
dium and more rarely under the endocardium. The heart mus-
cle was usually more or less flabby. In many eases the lungs
showed nothing or at most there was a hypostatie congestion.
In perhaps 20 per cent of the cases, however, there was a slight
or at times exceedingly well-marked jnterstitial emphysema.
Occasionally there was observed some edema about the base of
the heart and in the lungs.

As stated under symptoms, the conjuctiva was in nearly all
cases deeply reddened in its entirety or limited to an area near
the inner canthus on the lower eyelid. The mucous membrane
of the nasal cavities was in many cases greatly inflamed, the
surface often presenting an ashen gray color. The mucous mem-

184 G. A. ROBERTS

branes of the larynx and trachea occasionally presented ecchy-
motic areas.
CoNTROL

On or about April 1 the State Government of Sao Paulo and
the Federal Government adopted measures for the control of
the disease and its possible extermination from the country. As
above stated, the disease was known to exist only within a radius
of 50 miles, largely to the west of the city of Sao Paulo.

The plan of action decided upon in the beginning was to notify
the officials of all the municipalities (counties) of the State of
the existence of rinderpest, and to advise temporary restriction
of the movement of all cattle, sheep, goats and swine until the
limits of the infected zone could be determined. The zone hav-
ing been determined, a rigid quarantine line was placed about
it. A second quarantine line, some five miles outside the first,
was then established, and the territory within was called the
suspected zone. The Federal Government also prohibited all
movement of cattle into or out of the State of Sao Paulo. With
the restriction of the movement of cattle upon the highways the
cisease in the country district soon became self-limited, but near
the city, where many dairy cows subsisted largely by grazing
over unfenced grounds, it was necessary to employ rigorous
measures to exterminate the disease.

The State Government offered an indemnity of 200 milreis
(about $50) a head for animals sacrificed, and 100 milreis for
each animal which succumbed to the disease.

Inspectors made frequent visits to the different dairy herds,
noting conditions and giving information as to modes of spread
of the disease and taking temperatures. Upon positive evidence
of first case in herd, the owner was advised to have all slaugh-
tered at once. If he refused, his premises were placed in com-
plete quarantine and he received only 100 milreis indemnity for
each animal. Some inspectors insisted upon the killing also of
buzzards, pigeons, chickens, dogs and cats. Nearly every one
accepted the advice when given, and it was a sad sight to see
the poor owners part with apparently healthy animals which had
cost them four or five times as much as the Indemnity promised.

It may be noted here that on autopsies of these sacrificed
animals a large per cent were found to be tuberculous, but
fortunately no one thinks of using unboiled milk in this country.

RINDEREST IN BRAZIL 185

Within the quarantined area there were some 30,000 head of
cattle, of which approximately 600 died of rinderpest and some
1,000 were sacrificed. All dead and sacrificed animals were
buried deeply and covered with lime. The premises were then
cleaned up, disinfected and whitewashed.

A limited amount of antirinderpest serum has been prepared
by the writer and others to be used in case the disease should not
be controlled by the quarantine and slaughter methods.

The last official report of a case of rinderpest was made on
May 23, and it is hoped that the disease has been completely
exterminated from the country. All restrictions on the transit
of animals were removed by the Government on August 26,
1921.

ACCEPTABLE ROQUEFORT CHEESE MADE FROM
COWS’ MILK

Almost the entire world’s supply of Roquefort cheese comes
from Aveyron, a department or county in southern France.
It is made principally of sheep’s milk, and ripened in eaves.
The steady demand in this country for the green-mold varie-
ties of cheese, especially Roquefort, has led specialists in the
Department of Agriculture to experiment with the commercial
manufacture of a domestic Roquefort cheese. As it would be
impossible to obtain a sufficient supply of suitable sheeps’ milk,
cows’ milk has been used. The chief effect is to give the
cheese a slightly vellower color. The temperature, humidity,
and peculiar ventilation of the Roquefort caves which are
favorable to mold growth and proper ripening of the cheese,
have been approximated at Grove City, Pa., in special curing
rooms. Considerable cows’ milk Roquefort cheese of good
quality has been produced and marketed from this experi-
mental plant.

The American milk cows which have been distributed through
Bavaria are declared to be better milkers than the German
breed. The Bavarian farmers expressed astonishment that
the American cows give about 20 quarts of milk daily after
their first calves, which is double the quantity of German cows.
—Kansas City Star.

NOTES ON THE CONTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

By J. Traum and 8. Lockett ?

Agricultural Experiment Station, University of California,
Berkeley, California

IN THE CONTROL of bovine tuberculosis we should always
bear in mind the self-evident fact that all our efforts should be
directed toward providing for the uninfected cattle an environ-
ment free from tuberculous cattle and from materials made in-
fective by the latter. Our procedures and recommendations in
obtaining this end naturally differ to a varied extent, depending
principally on the percentage and number of reacting animals in
the herd and upon facilities and equipment at our disposal. .

In February, 1921, we were called upon to recommend a mode
of procedure in establishing a tuberculosis-free herd from one
which proved to be (as shown below) badly infected with tuber-
culosis. The herd, as a whole, had never been previously tested.
We appled the intradermal tuberculin test and made recom-
mendations. The observations on time of appearance of the
reaction and the recommendations are not new, but are given
here to add to and emphasize those previously made.

I—TiME or APPEARANCE OF LocAL REACTION IN INTRADERMAL
TUBERCULIN TEST j

The question of the best time to make readings of the intrader-
mal test has received much consideration at this Station and by
others interested in the work. In a test performed on the badly
tuberculous herd mentioned above the following observations
were made bearing on this point:

In interpreting the results the standards contained in the
report of the committee appointed by the Chairman of the Tu-
berculosis Conference” were adhered to, 7. e.: Any eireumseribed
swelling the size of a pea (three-sixteenths of an inch in di-
ameter) or larger, or a diffuse swelling, giving the inoculated
fold a thickness of two or more times the thickness of the unin-
eculated fold, was considered a definite reactor. Any appreci-

+S. Lockett temporarily stationed in California; now with University of Nevada.
? Proceedings twenty-fourth annual meeting, U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association,
1920, pp. 67, 68.

186

‘
r
c

Controu oF BovINE TUBERCULOSIS 187

able thickening less than above was classified as indefinite or
suspicious.

In all, 670 cattle were tested. For convenience of the reader
they are grouped as follows:

Group I, 441 cattle (230 adults in lactation and 211 bred
heifers) showed 299 reactors. Of these, 295 definite reactions
were established during the first 96 hours; 4, not until the one
hundred and twentieth hour observation. Of the 295 head, 8
were examined at the forty-eighth hour only. Of the other 287
reactors inspected at the forty-eighth and ninety-sixth hours,
113 were recorded negative at the forty-eighth, and 48 showed
indefinite reactions at that period; thus at the forty-eighth hour
161 had not yet developed a decisive reaction. Five of these 287
reactors, showing a positive reaction at the forty-eighth hour,
failed to show a decisive reaction at the ninety-sixth hour.

Group II—Eighty-five adult milking cows, with one exception,
were examined at the end of the seventy-second hour and again
at the ninety-sixth hour, and, as result, 58 definite reactors were
found. Of the 58, 6 were indefinite at 72 hours and 2 at 96
hours. None of the 58 were altogether negative at either seventy-
second or ninety-sixth hours.

Group III, consisting of 88 head (71 examined at the seventy-
second and one hundred and twentieth hours, 17 at the seventy-
second hour only), showed 67 reactors, all of which exhibited
definite reactions at the seventy-second hour. One reaction re-
ceeded from 3x at the seventy-second hour to 114x at the one
hundred and twentieth hour.

Group IV, 30 head of 5-months-old cattle, examined at forty-
eighth and ninety-sixth hours, yielded 24 reactions, which were
very pronounced at both 48 and 96 hours.

Group V.—A test performed on 26 milk-fed calves, 2 to 3
months of age, with readings at seventy-second and one hun-
dred and twentieth hours, showed 5 reactors. At seventy-two
hours all 5 were definite; at 120 hours 2 were still definite, 2
were indefinite and 1 was negative.

Two different batches of tuberculin were used in the above
test. As a practical field check, tuberculin. of the same serial
numbers was later used in testing 645 eattle in four certified
dairies. This test yielded 636 nonreactors, 7 reactors, 2 indefi-
nite.

—
0 D6)
(o )

J. TRAUM AND S. LOCKETT

Dr. G. K. Cooke, of Berkeley, furnishes us the following in-
formation bearing on this phase of intradermal tuberculin test :

In May, 1921, he performed a test upon a herd of 331 adult
cows never before tested. Readings were made at 60 and 96
hours respectively. (It was originally planned to make the
second reading at the one hundred and twentieth hour.) Two
hundred and thirty-seven animals were classed as reactors. Of
this number, 58 were indefinite and 38 negative at the sixtieth
hour obesrvation. Eight animals, indefinite at the sixtieth hour,
were definitely negative at the ninety-sixth hour, and 141 were
positive at both sixtieth and ninety-sixth hour readings.

These observations emphasize what has been pointed out by
this Station’ and the California State Department of Agricul-
ture, namely, that a large percentage of adult cows will fail to
react at the forty-eighth hour, but may react later, and that
some few do not react until the one hundred and twentieth hour.
The percentage of late reactors is not constant; in some herds
it is small, while in others it is considerable. In the young
animals the reactions were all definite at the first reading.

The above and other findings further indicate that two read-
ings should be made for the best results, the first between the
forty-eighth and seventy-second hours and the second at the
one hundred and twentieth hour. When one reading alone is
possible, the results suggest that it be made either at the seventy-
second or ninety-sixth hour. In official testing by the California
State Department of Agriculture the ninety-sixth hour reading
is preferred.

TI—RECOMMENDATIONS

This Station ? * has gone on record repeatedly as not being
in favor of indiscriminate slaughter of reacting animals.
Slaughter of reacting animals seems to be justified principally
in herds, areas and States where the percentage of reactors is low
and where the reacting animals can not be otherwise disposed of
properly and safely.

The data given above show 70 per cent reactors, and we ad-
vised the Superintendent :

1Report of the College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station,
University of California, year ending June 30, 1919, pp. 82, 83.

2Report of College of Agriculture and Agricultural Experiment Station, Uni-
versity of California, year ending June 30, 1920, p. 77.

°C. M. Haring. Bovine Tuberculosis. C reular 155, Agricultural Experiment Sta-
tion, University of California.

ContTROL OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS 189

(a) The statistics of tuberculin tests indicate that no single
method of test can be depended upon to discover more than about
90 per cent of the tuberculous animals in an extensively infected
herd such as the one under consideration. Therefore it would
be nearer an accurate statement of the tuberculosis condition in
the’entire herd (excluding the subsidiary test on the 26 milk-
fed calves) to say that about 80 per cent of the herd is tuber-
culosis-infected.

The high percentage of reactors among the younger animals
suggests very strongly the source of infection to be in the milk
upon which they have been reared, as was suspected.

Although there is some variation in the percentage of reactors
in the other groups, in no group is there a low percentage of re-
actors. Everything indicates a general and widespread infec-
tion of the entire herd. On the evidence of the test it is certain
that the barns, corrals and fields grazed by such a herd must be
grossly infected and therefore absolutely unsafe for healthy
animals.

(b) We are of the opinion that the safest method of estab-
lishing a free herd from the cattle at present on the premises is
to regard, for practical purposes, the whole herd as infected and
begin with the newly-born calves.

(c) They should be removed, as soon as possible after being
dropped, to an environment entirely free from any possible
chance of contamination by the old herd.

(d) Such ealves should not even be permitted to suck the
colostrum, but instead should be given a 2 to 3 quart salt solu-
tion enema. They should be fed either milk heated to pasteuriza-
tion or higher temperature, or milk from nurse cows that are
without question free from tuberculosis (such cows can only be
obtained from a 100 per cent clean herd).

(e) These calves should be tested at between 4 and 6 months
of age and again tested before breeding. Any reactors or ques-
tionable animals should be, of course, eliminated from this herd
and autopsies performed upon them. :

(f) We consider it an almost impossible task to clean up the
old herd by the Bang or any other system; and, whatever be
done with the nonreactors, we insist that the calves that are
reared under segregation as a nucleus for the new herd do not

190 J. TRAuUM AND S. LOCKETT

in any way come in contact with any portion of the present herd
at any time during its entire existence.

(g) In brief, it would be necessary to have a calf barn and
pastures which would be entirely separate from the old herd and
be cared for by individuals that have absolutely no association
or dealings with the original herd. In view of the fact that.the
artificial rearing of calves is more or less of a difficult undertak-
ing, we would strongly advise the choice of a site for locating
the calf establishment to comprise good drainage, plenty of
pasture, freedom and sunny exposure, with protection against
wind and inclement weather. (This was very carefully done.)

(h) The carrying out of these recommendations would fur-
ther entail the establishment of sanitary and easily cleaned
maternity sheds and pens, with systematic attention to clean-up
methods after the use of such cow compartments.

It is self-evident that, in order to carry out efficiently the
above recommendations, it would be necessary to have an intel-
ligent and reliable man detailed or charged with keeping tab on
the dates that cows are due to calve. Cows should be put in
these maternity corrals about a week before calving. As stated
above, the calves should be removed as soon as possible after
being dried (not licked and dried by the mother, but dried by
an attendant) and promptly transported to the segregation
location.

These, in substance, are the main features of making a start
toward the establishment of a tuberculosis-free herd from the
existing herd.

Dr. M. J. Harkins, who for a number of years was on the
veterinary scientific staff of the H. K. Mulford Co., Glenolden,
Pa., has resigned to accept charge of the breeding farms of Mr.
Willis Sharpe Kilmer, with headquarters at Remlik Hall, Rem-
hk, Va. Mr. Kilmer, though devoting himself primarily to the
Thoroughbred horse, is very active in breeding Jersey and
Aberdeen Angus cattle and Duroec-Jersey hogs.

Dr. L. A. White, who has been located at Turtle Creek, Wis.,
has moved to Parkersburg, Iowa, where he will continue the
practice of his profession.

OBSCURE LESIONS IN TUBERCULOSIS *
By C. C. CoNLEY

U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Burlington, Vermont

THE subject of postmortem inspection of reactor cattle is of
peculiar interest to a conference engaged in discussing progress
in the control and eradication of tuberculosis. Without doubt
it is seldom that veterinarians applying the various tuberculin
tests do not anxiously await the abattoir report on findings,
and it is but fair to say that the men assigned to postmortem
inspection are fully aware of the cooperative part they are tak-
ing in this work when called upon to vertify, if possible, through
thorough inspection, the results obtained by men in the field.
With this in mind, therefore, one can easily understand the
seriousness with which the postmortem inspector approaches his
work and how reluctantly he reports ‘‘no lesions’’ following a
thorough examination of viscera and careass.

In the routine work of inspection there arises at times evidence
to prove that tuberculosis in its macroscopic appearance under-

' goes changes differing from the form usually presented to the

inspector; in fact, there are many times when the aid of the
laboratory is deemed advisable in reaching a diagnosis. I have
in mind an animal which had reacted and upon postmortem
showed in addition to the usual visceral lesions large and small
tumors in all the muscles of the carcass. These tumors when
incised revealed nothing characteristic of tuberculosis, yet upon
laboratory examination were pronounced tuberculous growths.
The parasitic invasion of lymph glands will sometimes cause a
condition simulating tuberculosis, but the characteristics of tu-
bereulosis being lacking, one can usually differentiate without
fear of mistake.

In the examination of enlarged joints in cattle it appears that
mistakes in diagnosing this condition as tubereulosis have been °
made, as material from joints clinically pronounced tuberculous

3 have often been forwarded to the laboratory only to receive a

negative report. Mind you, I do not say that tuberculous joints
are not found; in fact, we have to report many of them; but

1Presented at the conference on tuberculosis eradication, Boston, Mass, June,
1921.

191

192 Cz: Ci Contry

I wish to caution against a positive clinical diagnosis in these
cases owing to the many conditions which cause lesions resem-
bling tuberculosis, especially in the region of the femoro-tibial
joint.

Inflammation of serous membranes will many times cause a
condition resembling tuberculosis, while acute lesions of the
proliferative type will, through error, be dismissed as of no
consequence; hence the need of great care in considering these
cases.

fn the examination of reactors it is interesting to note the
various locations of primary lesions. For example, a renal
lymph gland, an iliac, a popliteal, an ischial, a precrural, pre-
scapular hemo-lymph gland draining a hide lesion, the glands
of the head and cervical region, the posterior mediastinal between
the caudal lobes of lung, the inguinal glands of bulls and mam-
mary lymph draining the udder with ofttimes evidence present
in structure of udder; those mesenteric glands adjacent the
ileocecal valve; also various bone structures, especially the dor-
sal region of the vertebral column. In the selection of specimen
tissues for laboratory examination in those cases in which no
visible lesions are it is well to include those glands of the mesen-
terie chain adjacent the ileocecal valve, regardless of whether
suspicion is directed toward them, also any lymph glands show-
ing enlargement and swelling with either unusual content of
fluid or a hyperemic condition bordering on a plum red.

From laboratory data it is evident that with the aid of the
microscope confirmation of reactions may be obtained in eases
where macroscopic evidence was lacking. |

A condition of fat necrosis is found in eavities of the body,
also necrosis of the bones, both of which must be differentiated
from tuberculosis. Another example is lime deposits in the
region of the sternum and the ilium, which upon section re-
minds one of dried cream-colored paint.

Much can be written about the prevalence of hide lesions,
though they appear to be restricted, geographically, to those
States north of Virginia and are especially found in the States
bordering the Canadian line. These lesions often present the
characteristics of visceral lesions and are usually found at points
where injuries have been received followed by manure infec-
tion, the fore and hind legs being favorable sites. On the hind
legs the infection can often be traced to the small lymph nodes

OBSCURE LESIONS IN TUBERCULOSIS 193

leading to the popliteal gland and its course followed into the
large lymph system, but in many cases hide lesions are re-
stricted to the inner side of hide and fascia and appear not to
involve the muscle proper, while in other cases the muscle is
unmistakably infected, the evidence pointing to a strictly local
lesion.

Attention is invited to the fact that not all lesions of the hide
are verified by the laboratory as tuberculosis, there being a con-
dition caused by pyemic infection which undergoes the same
degenerative process, revealing upon incision inspissated pus and
calcification. These various lesions of the hide bear such a strik-
ing resemblance that I consider it wise to make a conditional
diagnosis and ask of the laboratory a confirmatory report.

The results attending the examination of reactors must be
judged by the time the inspector can give to the work, and the
importance attached to this work is evidenced by the unusual
preparations being made to handle reactor cattle. Thus in many
of the abattoirs of the country two or more men are assigned the
task of further inspecting those cases which in the ordinary
routine revealed no lesions. This supplementary inspection is
many times rewarded through the finding of a lesion in some ob-
secure part of the carcass, and proves an incentive for the in-
spector to bend every effort toward verifying the results obtained
by the field men in the intensive campaign now being waged
against bovine tuberculosis.

INCREASE IN TUBERCULOSIS-FREE HERDS

Latest report of the tuberculosis-eradication work by the
United States Department of Agriculture shows that a total
of 204,892 head of cattle in 8,839 herds have been accredited
by the Government as free of tuberculosis infection, while
702,590 additional cattle in 56,113 ,herds have already been
once tested and found free of the disease. On August 1, 1921,
a total of 1,294,159 cattle in 79,341 herds were under super-
vision in the tubereculosis-eradication campaign. Furthermore,
there were 218,531 cattle in 14,494 herds on the waiting list for
testing. There is a constant increase in the number of animals
and herds tested and accredited and in the demands on the
part of herd owners who desire to place their cattle under
Federal and State supervision.

THE VETERINARIAN AND PUREBRED LIVESTOCK

By Georce H. Carr

Brighton, Colorado

THE VALUE of purebred livestock has been attracting more
and more attention during the past few years. Practitioners ten
years ago considered it folly and a waste of time to advocate the
raising of purebred livestock, but we are constantly being forced
to meet new problems, among which are the limiting of the
ranges and the displacement of horses with motor power. It is
only a matter of time until the ranges will be divided up into
comparatively small ranches, and the man who formerly owned
thousands of inferior cattle or horses must raise smaller num-
bers and better’ quality. The tractor and the truck will con-
tinue to replace some of our horses, and we can see that the
number of possible patients will not be as great as formerly.

This presents a problem to the practitioner which can be very
satisfactorily met if his clients will breed better animals. When
a stockman raises purebred animals the value of the possible
patients is increased. .

Under the present conditions it becomes necessary for the
veterinarian to increase his scope of usefulness to the public.
He must be as well informed as possible on all problems of the
breeder and owner of livestock, including advice especially as
to the best methods of breeding to pursue. The practitioner
should be informed as to the possibilities in all popular breeds
of livestock, then should carry on a live-wire campaign to estab-
lish as many herds of purebred animals as he can. This the
veterinarian has an excellent opportunity of domg. No one has
a better understanding of the value of a purebred sire in a grade
herd than the practitioner, and he should be equally able to
recognize the value of registered animals.

The veterinarian owes it to his clents to be able to advise
them what blood lines are of the greatest value, and this can not
be done unless he possesses a thorough knowledge of pedigrees.
It is a common occurrence for the breeder to seek someone who
knows pedigrees when contemplating the purchase of foundation
breeding stock.

194

a
P

Soy OE bree

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;
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THE VETERINARIAN AND PUREBRED LIVESTOCK 195

Many stockmen believe that one registered animal is the same
as any other of the same breed. This is not the case. We have
a client who owned what he was pleased to call ‘‘the best-bred
bull in the State,’’ and the price he paid would lend some sup-
port to the claim. An explanation of his pedigree to the owner
convinced him that the individual was of very mediocre breed-
ing. Upon our advice and with some constructive criticism he
was persuaded to dispose of the bull and employed us to assist
him in buying a high record bull to head his really good herd
of registered cattle. That was a profitable and pleasant service
and one that was much appreciated by the client. In cases like
this the breeder does not want half-baked opinions, but wants to
know scientific breeding facts, and it pays both client and
veterinarian if this service is available.

Every pedigree is different and establishes to some extent the
value of the animal. A well-intentioned breeder in our com-
munity has a cow which is his favorite because of the fact that
the name Tilly Alcartra, the world’s greatest long-time milk pro-
ducer, is mentioned in her pedigree. We also have a client who
has what he ealls ‘‘the best-bred Percheron stallion in the State.’’
Asked his reason for so thinking, he points with pride to the fact

’ that the name of that great foundation horse, Brilliant, is men-

tioned among the ancestors of his horse. As a matter of fact it
would be difficult to find a Percheron pedigree without the name
of either Brilliant or Coco or both. These clients demonstrate
the average understanding of pedigrees, and can be shown that
the value of a pedigree on a purebred animal is in proportion to
the proximity of well-known and high-producing ancestors.

The selection of foundation stock in any line is a very im-
portant step and one in which the breeder deserves. and needs
the advice of someone who is better informed than himself on
the merits of the different breeds. . It is at this time that the
practitioner can exert his influence as an animal expert if he is
qualified to do so; and to become qualified means that he must
have given a good deal of time and thought to the study of pure-
bred problems.

The breeder who is trying his hand for the first time raising
registered stock should be advised not to buy a large herd to
begin with, because he most certainly will not be able to buy
a knowledge of scientific breeding with his herd. The prac-

196 GEORGE H. Carr

titioner can see that the purebred business is one involving
many risks, especially to a beginner who is short on capital and
knowledge of breeding. Inasmuch as a loss to the client means
a loss to the veterinarian, overstocking and injudicious buying
should be carefully guarded against. These problems necessitate
ability and diplomacy on the part of the practitioner and repre-
sent a distinct service to the client.

One of our most successful breeders started eight years ago
with one registered cow and her calf. He has increased the
number in his herd as knowledge of the business was gained, and
today is one of our most substantial and enthusiastic advocates
of purebreds. He buys nothing without first having it passed
upon by his veterinarian, including a contract permitting a
sixty-day retest.

There is no phase of veterinary practice in which the returns
are gauged so closely by the quality of service given as by the
purebred business. Knowing that his returns depend almost
entirely upon the service given, the veterinarian should be a
purebred expert. He must know the location of registry offices,
the procedure of registration of animals and the cost of this
service. This work is usually left to the county agent, but a

veterinarian’s clients should not be forced to underrate him as —

a livestock expert. It has been our pleasant duty to obtain
registration papers on over 100 purebred horses and cattle during
the past year and to be called upon to assist in a number of
purebred sales. The breeder values and appreciates such service
and is willing to pay the same fee or more for service of this
nature than for an ordinary call. It certainly is a pleasure to
make a call when the results of the service are known. There
is no patient to be lost nor long-drawn-out course of treatment
to be undertaken.

In our section we can be of most value along these lines by
placing purebred sires in grade herds. The veterinarian who
applies himself diligently to the matter can be the best informed
man in his territory as to the location, ownership and breeding
of desirable sires and the price asked. If conscientious in the
matter and reputed as knowing purebreds and pedigrees, his
recommendations to the prospective buyer carry great weight.

Our greatest help and best friend in placing purebred live-
stock, especially purebred sires, among our clients is the county

>
4

THE VETERINARIAN AND PUREBRED LIVESTOCK 197

agent. Here let me deviate long enough to say that our county
agent is performing a very valuable service along these lines.
He appreciates cooperation and advice and is ready at any
time to make a trip to the farm of an interested client to urge
him to purchase a registered sire or other purebred livestock.
I believe that this demonstrates, in a way, that the county agent
is an asset to any agricultural community, and that the prac-
titioner has been a little hasty in always assuming that the
county agent is his enemy. The county agent has come to stay;
his services are of value, and he functions much better as an
interested friend than as an antagonist.

It has been our pleasure and privilege to assist at various
farm bureau and livestock meetings in advocating the improve-
ment of breeding methods, and I believe that at no time has
the stockman been more eager and willing to accept proven
methods than at present. This type of service is somewhat
unusual for a practitioner, but it certainly is ethical and of value
to all concerned.

Along this line the veterinarian can perform a distinct service
to his community by assisting in the organization of purebred
clubs, especially calf and pig clubs for the boys and girls. En-
thusiasm for purebred cows is rivaled only by that shown for
purebred pigs by the members of our boys’ and girls’ clubs.
We can already see that the boy or girl with one registered calf
or pig today will be the purebred breeder and good client of
tomorrow. They take a keen interest in the particular breed of
which they own one individual, and naturally they have many
questions regarding type, feeding, care and management which
the practitioner can be easily in a position to answer. These
boys and girls are starting with only one or two individuals and
are increasing the number as knowledge of their problems are
gained; therefore we expect them to become the future well-
informed, scientific purebred owners and clients. With their
questions they are willing to go to the practitioner if they feel
that he is vitally interested in their future success and able to
give them sound advice.

Another method of stimulating the purebred business and
eventually the practitioner’s business is the showing of worthy
animals at the various fairs. There is no greater incentive
toward the desire for better animals than competitive showing
at these fairs. The pride that comes from the ownership of a

198 GEORGE H. Carr

winning animal is infectious and spreads in a community. Most
owners of one or two purebred animals hesitate to show them
because they are not familiar with methods of conditioning for
show purposes and rules of entry. Going from one farm to
another, and knowing the desired types, the veterinarian can
greatly increase the number of animals shown by constantly
advocating better breeding methods and informing the client
how best to fit his animals, and by selecting worthy livestock to
be shown. This service does not make a direct daily return to
the veterinarian, but it certainly builds a good foundation for
satisfactory future business. We have, as a class, been expect-
ing too great immediate returns and have just begun to realize
that upon the welfare of the livestock owner depends the future
of our profession.

Too many of our purebred owners are committing the error
of registering every purebred animal regardless of conforma-
tion to type or suitability as a breeding individual. This is a
poor business policy and one which in a short time will cost
the purebred livestock breeder more than he ean possibly real-
ize on the sale of such animals, for nothing so reacts upon a
breeder as the sale of an unworthy individual. The veterinarian
can do a great deal toward eliminating undesirable breeding
animals. Castration of scrub purebreds should be just as closely
practiced as the castration of grade animals, and the practitioner
need not hesitate in recommending such measures. He will be
doing the individual owner and the purebred industry a favor
by seeing to it that there is only a survival of the fittest.

These are some of the ways in which the veterinarian can be
of greater service to his clients, especially to those who own
registered stock. It is a source of great satisfaction to have a
good percentage of clients who are owners of purebred animals.
Veterinary service is much more promptly and _ intelligently
used. On purebred patients we do not experience so great a dif-
ficulty in obtaining some consideration and care as we do in
grade animals. The owner of a fifty-dollar animal hesitates a
long time before calling the veterinarian, while the man whose
three-hundred-dollar registered animal is sick usually seeks the
best veterinary service available, and at once.

This has quite a tendeney toward making better veterinarians
by eliminating those who do not keep abreast of the times and
consequently can not give high-class service on valuable ani-

Sebbeedlalt

sam digbemea one ee

a

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THE VETERINARIAN AND PUREBRED LIVESTOCK 199

mals. The time of the ‘‘old farmer’’ has passed, and in his stead
we have the agricultural business man who knows, appreciates
and is willing to pay for good service.

There is certainly a greater stimulus toward the making of
better veterinarians by linking the interests of the practitioner
with the interests of the owner of purebred livestock. The vet-
erinary profession is a young profession and has progressed only
so fast as the value of animals has increased. Therefore let us
have a concerted effort on the part of the veterinarians to place
more and better purebred livestock on our farms.

DISCUSSION

Dr. O. E. TROY (Raton, N. Mex.): I wish to second Dr. Carr’s sen-
timent regarding cooperation with the county agent. My experience
has not always been the best with the county agent. I think we
should solicit their cooperation and cooperate with them, instead of
working in the opposite method.

Dr. KINSLEY: The Doctor should be complimented on presenting such
a paper as this to a group of practitioners. The practitioner can not
afford to overlook the advantages of the purebred animal. Those men
that are in the communities in which the purebred animals predominate
we find are the thrifty veterinarians of today. The veterinarian, the
practitioner, is dependent upon the livestock industry. The livestock
industry, however, is the basic principle in itself. Your function is to
further the benefits of the industry, and you can do this better in a
community in which the animals are purebred. They are much more
valuable to the owner. They are much more serviceable to our com-
munity, to our State, and to our country, than are the scrubs. Nearly
all the veterinarians are advocating purebred animals, but I fear a
great many of the practitioners are not making careful study of the
advantages and the individuals of the breeds. I fear that is one of the
weak points, particularly of our older practitioners. The younger men
have had the privilege that the older men did not have in college of ob-
taining courses in this subject. I should like to see a lively discussion
on this topic.

DR. JAFFRAY: I want to draw attention to one little point the Doc-
tor brought out there, about the pedigree of an animal. I was called
down here a little while ago by an attorney in Chicago who was sued
for $10,000 for a valuable sire which was supposed to be one of the
finest around that point, and he wanted to know where he could get
judges as to the value of that animal. It appears he had a copy of
his pedigree, and he claimed he paid $10,000 for him. I said, “Have
they backed that up with anything?” He said, “What do you mean?”
I said, “What has this sire done? What can he show?” He said,
“That is a good idea.” They defeated the law suit with that one
point. They couldn’t show that that sire had followed up with the
ancestors. There was just one law suit of $10,000 decided because
they couldn’t back up what the animal did.

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: There are a lot of good points in this paper.
I am interested in that particular point that the Doctor just men-
tioned. I think that it is just as important to eliminate purebred
scrub as it is the grade and the scrub. There are plenty of pure-
bred scrubs, and the purebred industry has been handicapped largely
by dealers. The purebred man has let the dealer run his business
to a great extent, and it has hurt him. The time has come right now
when that part of it must be eliminated.

DISCUSSION OF PAPER ON PARTURIENT PARESIS'

Dr. C. C. STEWART (Colorado Springs): I didn’t get to hear the
first part of this paper, but I noticed an article in THE JOURNAL
some months ago, by one of the members, who seemed to consider that
he had a very unusual case, it having occurred seven days after par-
turition, and I suppose it has been the experience of most of the men
that it might occur then or later. I have had particular cases occur
four weeks, and one six weeks after parturition, and if there is any-
body who hasn’t experienced that, it might be well to keep it in mind,
because I found that it will occur that long after parturition. From
the article in THE JOURNAL it seems as though that particular writer
was very much surprised and doubted his diagnosis somewhat for a
time because it occurred seven days after calving. I don’t know what
the general experience has been, but I had a case several weeks ago,
in a Jersey cow, four weeks to the day after calving, and it was a
typical case in every way and responded to the treatment.

Dr. G. H. HUTHMAN (Portland, Oregon): We find that camphor
and oil is better than strychnin. We use 30 c.c.

Dr. J. B. PATERSON: In the line of treatment that this gentleman
has used, it seems as though he advised not earlier than four hours.
In a number of cases that I have had there have been return attacks
after six hours, and in one case especially a calf had been allowed, to
suck early in the evening and the cow was decumbent. In two or
three hours we had her on her feet, but some time in the night the
calf got with the cow again, and the next morning she was down.
During the day we got her up and in twelve hours she gave a gallon
of milk. We had another case where the cow was milked regularly,
and every few hours she was inflated.

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: That is a good point to bring out—that
relieving of the udder after the treatment is applied in relapsed
cases is good. That very frequently happens, and the way I handle
them in practice is to repeat the gauze. We don’t ligate the teats.
We take a little rubber band and tie it over the teat, with instructions
to the owner to remove it a little later. As a common procedure we
don’t ligate the teat, but do make a return call on valuable cows, and
in those cases have the owner milk them out, and inflate the second
time, and feed the milk to the calf if it is thought advisable to feed
him. It isn’t a good plan to feed the calf too early, and it is better
to remove the calf from the cow’s stall to another stall so he can’t
interfere with her udder at all. That is a good point to bring out,
because the cow might be reported as up, and the milking of this
animal might ke recommended, and the owner might lose her. A
man with experience wouldn’t recommend this, but a young prac-
titioner might. He might forget to have the calf removed, and the
calf might remove the milk in the night, and it might cause the loss
of the cow.

Dr. G. H. Carr (Brighton, Colorado): I have had during the last
month two cases in which the patient was extremely susceptible to
strychnin. It was strychnin poisoning and it was quite alarming. Is
there anything that you would give in those cases to allay those
symptoms? I have had one death in the last three years from
strychnin poisoning.

SECRETARY MULDOON: I think there were a few things which the

1This d’scussion followed the reading of. the paper on ‘“Parturient Paresis,” by
A. A. Motley, Alpena, Mich., at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American
Veterinary Medical Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921. Dr. Motley’s
paper appearel in THE JourNat for October, 1921, vol. 12 (n. s.), p. 63.

200

Petri ran acne:

3

DISCUSSION OF PAPER ON PARTURIENT PARESIS 201

essayist did not bring out; that is, the fact of the temperature. He
says it may sometimes be 103. We should not forget that the tem-
perature oftentimes in the beginning of these cases goes to 105 or 106.
There is a sharp curve, and then it drops down to subnormal. Then
we must not forget that the animal sometimes shows nervous symp-
toms in the beginning of parturient paresis. We should keep those
in mind.

One or two doctors have brought out the matter of strychnin
poisoning. Personally, I don’t use strychnin. I use cocaine, if I use
anything at all, as a stimulant. I like cocaine for things of that
nature, and I use cocaine in place of strychnin. Im cases of this
kind I use 2 to 3 grains. Sometimes I use more than that if I think
it is necessary. I like cocaine better than I do strychnin in a case of
this kind. Camphorated oil I am not particularly fond of. You are
likely to get abscess formation and other things, if you have a dirty
syringe. The fact is, you are likely to get abscess formation with
camphorated oil, no matter how sterile you feel the injection is.

Dr. HUTHMAN: We have tried camphorated oil two years and a
half, in every case of milk fever, and we have still the first case of
abscess to find, and we disinfect with iodin and lysol, and so on. So
far we have had no abscess formation, where we use it subcutaneously.
We don’t use it intramuscularly. We find we get much better re-
‘sults, and it is perfectly safe. Even as little as a quarter grain of
strychnin has had a bad effect on animals, producing toxic effects.
In a high-grade Jersey cow we had toxic symptoms from strychnin.

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: That is very true. - I believe it is the ex-
perience of all practitioners that the cow is very susceptible at that
time to the action of strychnin. If it is used, a small dose is indi-
cated, and I agree with you in that camphorated oil a good many
times does not cause the formation of abscess, although, as Dr. Mul-
doon has said, I have seen a lot of trouble from camphorated oil, for
some reason or other; it may be the mixture or preparation or some-
thing of that kind. We have been mixing our own and use cotton-
seed oil and ether, and we have no trouble. We inject that intra-
muscularly. We don’t take any pains in sterilizing the skin. We
select some point of skin to go through that is clean. We take a
little pledget of cotton and wipe it off with iodin a little while before
making the injection, and, of course, a clean syringe is used. The
syringe is not boiled every day if we are not using it for something
that might contaminate it.

Dr. HUTHMAN: It may be that many use just common camphor-
ated oil, and that may be where they get abscess formation. I have
noticed the difference in camphorated oil and camphor and oil. We
have had abscess from straight camphorated oil. We get the 30 c.c.
ampule, which costs something like 20 cents. We charge that to the
owner of the animal. We make a minimum charge of so much for
the trip and so much for medicine and a general charge for injection
of camphor and oil, 50 cents.

Dr. STEWART: I have found that camphor and oil is all right if it
is warmed to the temperature of the body. I have had abscess where
I used it cold. The oil will naturally retain the cold temperature
longer than when we make the solution warm. I have used caffein,
sodium, and so on, when the patient was very nervous.

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: This question of abscess formation after the
injection of the agent into a cow is an important one. If we are
dealing with high-class cows, we must keep away from abscess as far
as possible. It is well to know how to handle camphorated oil, where
it is indicated. There is a time when the camphorated oil you buy

202 DISCUSSION OF PAPER ON PARTURIENT PARESIS

is made with neutral oil. Some claim that that isn’t so good. - I
never used any myself. These are all excellent points.

Dr. PATERSON: I have had a number of cases of parturient paresis
where there was a light-headedness and the cows were weak on their
feet and wobbly, and would fall around, and not seem to know any-
thing. In those cases I was just wondering whether I was treating
the right disease or symptoms.

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: I believe you were. That is one of the
symptoms. You may be called on to see a cow.and she may be a
little wobbly on her feet and nervous. If you get a treatment in, it
will very often prevent her going down. Quite often it will keep her
on her feet. Those cases that come six or eight days after partu-
rition respond to the treatment. Anything you get right near par-
turition time is right sure to be parturient paresis. Of course you
may get toxemia then. Those cases that come some time afterwards
are mammary toxemia or toxemia from other causes. In those cases
of mammary toxemia you will get good results from the air treat-
ment, and you will find in most of those cases that if it isn’t present,
if there is not noticeable symptom of it present at the time, a day or
so later you will find you have had an insignificant mastitis, but
enough to cause toxemia.

Dr. HUTHMAN: I want to ask a question that has been called to
my attention, about the farmers’ own treatment of a case, pumping
it up. I have gone on two cases recently where the whole body
surface seemed to be inflated with air, and I was wondering if there
was any way by the use of the bicycle pump that they tore the skin
loose from the udder tissues. Where that took place, my treatment
has been the use of camphorated oil and hot applications to the back,
and continually massaging the body. In two out of three I got re-
sults. One died with pneumonia. I think the bicycle pump gives too
much force. Instead of inflating the milk tissue, it tears the skin
loose and inflates the tissue all over the body.

Dr. D. S. JAFFRAY, JR. (Chicago): Around Chicago we have the
box-stall cow, the cow that doesn’t get any exercise. We use the
treatment a good deal, and we have cases of toxemia just as often as
parturient apoplexy. I don’t agree with the Doctor in massaging the
cow where the air has gone through her body. I think it well to leave
that alone. I have had cases where I was called in afterwards, where
the air had gone all through the muscles of the back. I never touch
that. I use hot applications to the udder. Once I found an infection
after the air treatment where a bicycle pump had been used. They
had used no precaution to sterilize the pump, and there was infection
due to the dirt in the hose. I think there is one point that should be
looked into. ;

DR. GRIzzELL (Kansas): Before entering college I was acting as
herdsman for a large dairy firm in the East, and when I first came
there we had a number of cases of parturient paresis. We made it a
rule there never to milk the cow thoroughly for a week after calving,
and we diminished these cases materially. I wondered since whether
that did good or not. I have advised a few men to do that and they
have. By leaving a portion of the milk in for a week or ten days, it
doesn’t seem to hurt the udder any and does hold the animal back from
being attacked with this disease. I want to take exception to one

thing in the paper of Dr. Motley, and that is, that I have treated two .

cows three years successively, with the history that they were treated
one year previous to that, making four years. I would like to know

whether anybody has anything to say about leaving some milk in the -

udder.
Dr. HUTHMAN: My experience has been the same. We milk about
half of the milk three times a day, instead of all the milk twice a day.

—a

be
7

DISCUSSION OF PAPER ON PARTURIENT PARESIS 203

In cases that I have had two years in succession I tried it the third
year and had no success. We also give a good dose of physic imme-
diately after calving, say twelve or fourteen hours after calving.

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: What do you do with a case that you find
stretched on the side, almost all in, and bloated? You have to relieve
the bloat right away or it will be a case of asphyxiation. Then there
is another class of cases, the kind that come down with it before the
act of parturition has taken place, or during parturition. There are
two good points to bring out.

Dr. STEWART: I have found those cases, and the first thing I do is
to get the animal on the other side, and before I get it on the sternum
I use a little spirits of ammonia on a piece of cotton and hold that in
the nostrils. I let them inhale some of the air that is more or less
charged with ammonia. It seems to relieve them quicker than any-
thing in the way of hypedermics or anything I have tried.

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: What do you do with those cases that
haven’t calved yet, coming during parturition or a little before? How
do you handle those?

A MEMBER: How do you handle them?

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: The way I handle them is this: I give them
the treatment before I try to deliver the calf. I give them the air
treatment immediately. I get them into the proper position and then
go on and deliver the calf. I prefer doing that way rather than to try
to deliver the calf first. You have a very inert uterus and air treat-
ment seems to invigorate it, and by giving a treatment and possibly
leaving them an hour or so, the parturition is made easier and much
safer for the cow. ;

Dr. H. E. KINGMAN (Colorado): Do you find the cervix dilated?

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: Yes; it is dilated, but inert. There is a
lazy uterus. It doesn’t affect the uterus, because that is demonstrated
many times in the retention of the placenta. The placenta is already
in shape to come, but there isn’t any vigor, and involution doesn’t take
place or doesn’t start, and the placenta just remains lightly at-
tached. If the cow receives treatment, in a few hours it usually
passes away itself. If you apply the treatment before assisting the
cow to deliver the calf, you will find it invigorates them. If you
go to work on the cow before applying the treatment, you will have
trouble.

As to those cases of bloat I might say a word. I am referring to
the case that is bloated to such an extent that the animal is almost
asphyxiated. Of course we all know about tapping, and tapping will
relieve them. If the cow hasn’t gone too far, roll her up on her
sternum, and she will belch up, but it isn’t safe. The nicest way to
do is not to disturb the cow at all, but take the stiff stomach tube
and guide it down over the epiglottis into the esophagus into the
rumen, blow out the clog and let the gas off. A stiff tube will follow’
down into the rumen and get the gas that is disturbing the animal.
It is nearly always dry gas, and it will relieve it in an instant. The
bloat will be relieved. Then give the treatment. It is safe to leave
the cow on her side until you treat the udder. Roll her on her sternum
and you have a good, safe prospect for recovery.

The object in having this paper was to bring out a discussion
that would better the treatment, and guard against being a little
bit careless in applying one of the best treatments that we have
ever had for any disease, the oxygen or Schmidt air treatment. The
men in the profession belittle that treatment to the extent that they
are a little careless with their equipment. They have a dirty old
bicycle pump along, or an outfit that is ridiculous for them to use,
and they attempt to make an impression with that. If they will
get some sort of equipment that is out of the ordinary, like a water
bottle with two tubes in it, and a nice bulb and a nice clean needle,

204 DISCUSSION OF PAPER ON PARTURIENT PARESIS

you can make an impression on the owner that way. His herds-
man may be using a dirty old outfit. He wants you to do the work.
If you do it in a way that will attract his attention, it will mean a
great deal.

As to the hypodermic medication of animals with this disease, of
course we all use it, and it is almost always indicated, and we know
why. We are going to continue to use it. The impression that your
treatment leaves goes a long way toward keeping up this good treat-
ment that this man Schmidt has given us. He is about the only
practitioner that gave the profession something that is big. This is-
big, when you stop to think of the number of valuable cattle that
used to die in the earlier days with parturient paresis. You must
appreciate that this is a wonderful treatment, and Schmidt is the
man that is responsible for it. He started in with the iodid potassium
solution first, and then worked up to the air method. If we guard
it carefully we will have a fine treatment and we can keep it right
in the profession. If we have our outfits in proper shape to make an
impression, that is all that is necessary.

Dr. Chauncey E. Sawyer, of Carlyle, Kans., has been appointed
as instructor in pathology at the Veterinary Division of the
Kansas State Agricultural College.

The veterinary extension work of the university of Penn-
sylvania has been placed under the general supervision of Dr.
George A. Dick, Professor of Animal Industry in the Veterinary
School. Dr. Dick will have charge of correspondence and other
administrative work and the other members of the veterinary
faculty will assist him in giving addresses at meetings and in
the other instructional work.

Dr. Dick will continue his regular classes in animal industry
in the Veterinary School.

Dr. B. L. Dawson and Dr. F. J. Lingo, of the Federal tuber-
culosis eradication forces in Florida and Ohio, respectively, have
been transferred to similar work in New Mexico.

Dr. Clement E. Wilmot, formerly engaged in Government
work for hog cholera control in Iowa, has been assigned to
tuberculosis eradication in Missouri.

Dr. Paul Vaughn has been placed in charge of the Federal
tuberculosis eradication work in North Carolina with headquar--
ters at Raleigh.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart-
ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful
to others in the profession.)

INDURATED UDDERS IN VIRGIN HEIFERS
By E. M. NIgHBERT
United States Veterinary Inspector, London, England

IN facilitating exportation of purebred cattle from Great
Britain into the United States, on a recent visit to Scotland my
~ attention was called to a disease affecting the udders of young
heifers prior to breeding them. The condition was commonly
referred to by breeders as ‘‘udder clap.’’ I was informed by
breeders that treatment was unsuccessful and that affected ani-
mals were consigned for slaughter.

History—tThe disease was reported to be quite common,
developing during dry and unusually warm summers, when
cattle would bunch in the pastures and seek shade. It appears
from the information gained that not more than one to four
animals would be attacked during a season on the same farm.
The disease always appeared in young unbred heifers or well-
developed heifer calves. Also the disease developed so slowly
that it often escaped notice until the animal began to lose flesh
or failed to keep in good condition under the customary care that
the herd was receiving. The disease was reported to have been
seen in unbred ewes.

Symptoms.—tThe first symptoms noticed were that one and
sometimes two teats would be prominently enlarged and hard
to the touch, with acute local inflammation of one and sometimes
two quarters of the udder. The disease would slowly progress
until the affected parts would become greatly enlarged, giving
the appearance of a developed udder in advanced pregnancy in
an adult cow. The affected parts would be extremely hard to
the touch, generally painless on palpation, except when abscess
formation appeared superficially. The general appearance of
the animal would show slight unthriftiness, appetite remaining
good but development retarded. These are the symptoms de-
seribed by the owner.

I asked if I might be shown a case, and was promptly taken

205

206 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

to a local slaughtering establishment where two heifers between
eighteen, months and two years of age had been sent for
slaughter. One of the animals was affected with the udder
trouble and [ had an opportunity to make a postmortem.

Postmortem appearance——The carcass appeared normal and
fairly fleshed. No enlargement or abnormal appearance of the
body lymph glands. Abdominal and thoracie viscera normal,
with no involvement of lymph glands. The udder was the only
organ showing disease. One teat and quarter were involved,
being greatly enlarged, reaching the dimensions of approxi-
mately 6 by 14 inches. On palpation the teat and quarter
showed extreme induration. In cutting through the quarter a
hard fibrous mass was displayed, with pus pockets intermixed,
filled with a greenish-hued fetid pus. The cut surface was
smooth to the touch, and the parts affected displayed a progres-
sive and prolonged interstitial inflammation.

Differentiation.—The macroscopic pathological appearance
showed no calcified deposits nor enlarged lymph glands as are
seen in tuberculosis. The pus was thin, greenished hued and
fetid, which would exclude actinomycosis. There was no appear-
ance of local injury or point of infection. Therefore the con-
dition indicated chronie garget commonly seen in aged dairy
cows at the time of slaughter.

In my experience in practice, in the field and in postmortem
work in connection with United States meat inspection, this con-
dition in young heifers was not observed in the United States.

BREED AND SEX SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CALVES TO
BLACKLEG

By J. W. Lump

Sioux City, Iowa

THE QUESTION has often been raised as to what breed and
sex of calves is the most susceptible to blackleg infection. Some
contend that the beef breeds are more susceptible than the dairy
or dual-purpose breeds. Others hold that the reverse is true.
The data regarding sex and breed susceptibility appearing to be
so exceedingly meager, it was thought that a short compilation of
that kind might be of interest to the profession.

——

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 207

The calves from which these data were compiled were bought
on the open market in mixed lots without reference to breed or
sex, keeping, however, within a certain weight and age limit.
They were inoculated with a standard dose of pure virus for the
routine production of blackleg aggressin. Each calf received
practically the same dose of virus, administered in the same
way. This virus had been previously standardized so that varia-
tions in the virulence of the virus would be practically negligible.
Almost every lot of calves presented for inoculation at any one
time was made up of both males and females, as well as being
of a mixture of breeds, all of which tends toward a uniformity
of results in eliminating unequal variations. The calves were
all grade calves. Any that did not show a distinct breed type
were put in the no-type column.

Table 1.—Classification by Breed

1918 1919 1920 | Per

| Total | Total cent

Breed Inocu- | Im- Inocu- | Im- Inocu- Im- Inocu- | Im- | Im-

lated mune| lated | mune| lated | mune| lated | mune! mune

=i

Aberdeen-Angus. 36 6 | -32 5 29 8 97 19 19
Hereford. 75. ..! 50 Sealine Ome ui |peelsn 172 30 352 55 15
olstemsen ones. . 77 9 123 21 84 22 284 52 18
ETSOY teste ate os 30 4 42 | 9 19 2 91 15 16
Red Polled...... 18 2 71 | 11 66 8 155 21 13
Shorthorn...... 354 54 491 | 92 488 103 | 1,333 249 18
INowLypen ako o 71 13 112 24 ; 119 18 | 302 55 18

It will be seen from Table 1 that the breed susceptibility
varies but shghtly, the limits of the immunes in all the breeds
falling between thirteen and nineteen per cent. Three of the
seven classes each showed 18 per cent of immunes. Figuring the
percentages by years for the Shorthorns we get 15 per cent, 18
per cent and 21 per cent. This leads to the conclusion that the
great number of Shorthorns used gives us a more reliable per-
centage of immunity than we get from the small lots used of
Aberdeen-Angus (19 per cent) and Red Polled (13 per cent).
Had there been as many animals inoculated of these breeds as of
Shorthorns the per cent of immunes might have been brought
to approximately the same level.

The conelusion, then, would be that the breed has very little
if anything to do with the susceptibility of the individual
animal.

208 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

Table 2.—Classification by Sex

1918 | 1919 1920 Per
iret a |) Potala hotalimcent
Class { Inocu- | Im- Im-
| Inocu Im- Inocu- Im- | Inocu- Im- lated | mune | mune
| lated | mune} lated | mune| lated | mune
Heifers-.. a5. 265 53 416 79 425 100 | 1,106 232 PAI
Bidisenss skh ck 180 23 239 28 207 18 626 69 11
Steers’ ce ee, | 236 20 367 54 310 55 913 129 14

In figuring the yearly percentages of immunes of the three
types inoculated, in Table 2, we find that the heifers in all three
years, using a large number of animals, showed a persistently
high per cent of immunity as compared with either the bulls
or the steers. There is not a great difference between the num-
ber of heifers and of steers inoculated. While the num-
ber of bulls is only a little more than half that of the heifers, it
would seem as if enough animals were used to form a repre-
sentative group. It will be seen that a total of the males gives
an 8 per cent lower average immunity than for the females.

The conclusion would be that heifers are, when inoculated,
more highly resistant to blackleg than the males.

TRAUMATIC PERICARDITIS

By B. J. FINKELSTEIN

Cherry Valley, N. Y.

I REPORT the following case as being both interesting and
somewhat unusual :

Holstein cow, five years old. Saw her first on August 8. No
history other than that she had dropped off in her milk, and
refused to eat. Examination showed the following: Tempera-
ture, 102.3; pulse, 118; respiration, 24. Cow was recumbent,
but would get up without much urging. On auscultation over
the heart region I could determine a splashing sound. Rumina-
tion had not stopped, according to the owner. I could not de-
tect any rumen contractions. On percussion over the region
where reticulum lies cow showed marked pain.

I diagnosed the case as traumatic gastritis and administered
a saline purgative. Told the owner the cow would die and I
should like to ‘‘post’’ her after she had gone to bovine heaven.

5

paemes ce

’ CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 209

[ heard, nothing of this case until August 24. Then the owner
called on me and informed me that the cow was still alive but
very weak. He agreed to butcher her so that I might perform
a postmortem.

When I saw her again I found on aeenanntien that the pulse
was very weak and frequent (I could not count the number of
beats per minute). The brisket and submaxillary space were
both markedly edematous. However, the feces looked normal.

Postmortem showed the following: Liver enlarged to twice its
normal size, was friable, and the capsule peeled easily. Lungs
both congested throughout. Heart was about five times normal

size, and the muscular walls were taut against the pericardial

sac. On opening the reticulum a thin, evil-smelling pus slowly
oozed away. I followed the course of the abscess and found a
piece of wire about three inches long on the pleural side of the
diaphragm. Here the abscess was just about the diameter of the
wire. The pericardial sac was punctured and there was a small
hole in the right ventricle. On opening the right ventricle about
four quarts of the same thin, evil-smelling pus was released. The
endocardium was thickened and rough. The valves leading from
the right auricle were hard and greatly enlarged. The right
auricle, although somewhat enlarged, appeared quite normal.
The left side of the heart showed no very marked changes other
than that the muscle was somewhat thinner than usual.

I have wondered since why this cow did not die of acute
septicemia. The heart weighed 14144 pounds with its pus con-
tents.

DYEING DOGS IN PARIS

Reports from Paris indicate that many women are having
their pet dogs dyed a tint to match the gowns they wear.

The blonde, henna, rust and brown shades are easily accom-
plished as coats of both Chows and Pekes responded well to the
usual peroxide and henna treatments, but some difficulty has
been experienced in securing matching lavender dachshunds
and purple Pomeranians.

The fashion has been further complicated by disinclination to
use German dyes on French dogs.

ABSTRACTS

MeASURES TAKEN IN SWITZERLAND AGAINST Foot-AND-MouTH
DISEASE IN Recent Years. L. Panisset. Rev. Gén. Méd.
Vét., Jan. 15, 1921, pp. 1-12. (Abs. in Bul. Inst. Pasteur,
vol. 19, p. 536.)

These measures are grouped under three main headings:
General slaughter, sanitary measures, and treatment with
blood of recovered animals.

Slaughter is a good measure at the beginning of an epizootie,
when there are but few centers of infection. It may also be
useful at the end of an epizootic, in freeing the country of
isolated centers. But when the disease is widespread this
measure becomes useless.

Sanitary measures, although well applied in Switzerland,
have proved effcacious only in the first centers quarantined.
When the centers become numerous all sanitary barriers are
powerless to prevent the extension of the disease.

It is rather difficult to determine the value of treatment with
the blood of recovered animals. This treatment is not pre-
ventive. It seems capable only of diminishing the gravity of
the natural development of the disease.

THE TONSILS AS A Port OF ENTRY FOR INFECTIONS. Julius
Citrona. Deut. Tier. Woch., 1920, no. 27, p. 240.

The physiological function of the tonsils has not been fully
explained. Their functions may be excretory, as well as being
the point of entry for infections and at the same time they may
be apparently normal.

In producing experimental paratyphus the normal lymphatic
esophageal ring has been found to be the point of entry for
infections per os. It is therefore probable that in this
manner natural infection with typhoid and paratyphoid takes
place. Infection of the tonsils is not proof of their being a
port of entry for infecting material. This is only probable, as
tonsillar affections precede general infections. Tonsillar re-
lapses lead to chronic tonsillar diseases. Injuries to the ton-
sils give rise to fresh attacks and only tonsillectomy favors

210

ABSTRACTS 211

recovery. The connection between relapsing chronic super-
ficial tonsillitis, polyarthritis rheumatica, glomerular nephritis,
acute endocarditis, pleuritis, and cryptogenic sepsis is simply
the result of tonsillar infections. J. P. O’LEary.

THE PREPARATION OF POLAR STAINS IN VARIOUS BACTERIA. E.
Epstein. Arch. fur Hygiene, vol. 90 (1921), pp. 136-154.

Polar staining is not characteristic of any particular species
of bacteria. It may be induced quite generally in bacilli, and
hence has no differential diagnostic value. The usual heat
fixation with the flame injures or destroys polar staining.
Alcohol fixation conserves it. Polar staining following alcohol
fixation is not an artifact; a true morphological picture is
obtained. Organisms must be cultivated in fluid media to
show the polar staining; when grown on solid media only few
species show it. Polar staining seems to be related to the vital
processes connected with growth and fission of the organisms,
and is caused by the intake of water. W. N. Bera.

CONCERNING OTITIS EXTERNA PARASITICA OF THE Cat. D.
Bruderlein. Deut. Tier. Woch., 1920, no. 27, p. 231.

The treatment of a malady produced by the acarus, Der-
matophagus auricularis felis, is accomplished by a thorough
cleansing of the external auditory canal. The agent best suited
for this purpose is liquid paraffin. As specific remedies the
following are recommended: 3 per cent creolin, balsam of
Peru, styrax liniment, or 5 per cent oil of caraway. These
remedies are applied at 2 to 3 day intervals. They possess ex-
cellent parasiticidal properties, are non-irritating, are readily
miscible with oils or fluid fats, and in «addition are easily pre-
served. The animal’s bed should be treated with 2 per cent
formalin solution or creolin water. The author has found that
when fresh mites are placed in liquid paraffin they die on the
fifth day. From this he concludes that the general opinion
which exists broadcast that the mite is destroyed in a rela-
tively short time as a result of suffocation is not substantiated.

J. P. O'LEARY.

212 ABSTRACTS

Etiotogy oF AcuTE GANGRENOUS INFECTIONS OF ANIMALS.
Hilda Hempl Heller. Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 27
(1920), pp. 385-451.

In this very interesting article the author reviews the three
great groups of anaerobic invading microorganisms found during
the world war in human wound infections. Of these three
groups the writer has placed the Vibrion septique as being first
in incidence in animal infections. Blackleg is placed second in
incidence in the anaerobic animal infections. The writer has
examined thirteen specimens of bovine muscle tissue all of
which yielded the blackleg organism. In three instances the
Vibrion septique organism was also isolated, as well as the
blackleg organism. In no instance was a pure Vibrion septique
infection found.

The author has also studied fifteen cultures of anaerobic mi-
croorganisms recovered from cattle by different imdividuals.
Ten of these cultures were found to be Vibrion septique strains,
and five were found to be blackleg strains.

Eleven dried sheep muscle tissue samples and one culture
recovered from sheep constitute the investigations made by the
author on the anaerobic infections in sheep. The one specimen
originating in the United States proved to be blackleg, while the
other ten received from Europe and labeled ‘‘Bradsot’’ were
found to be Vibrion septique infections.

In so far as the theme of this paper is concerned, the sheep
investigations if presented in the abstract would be misleading,
since practically all of the instances given were cases of Euro-
pean bradsot infections, and do not represent the anaerobic
infections found in sheep in this country.

Throughout this article the author contends that spontaneous
Vibrion septique infections in cattle and sheep are common, pre-
sumably because in the examination of thirteen samples of
bovine muscle tissue, three Vibrion septique strains were isolated
in addition to the blackleg organism. The author is of the belief
that in these three instances the animals in question died as a
result of a mixed blackleg-Vibrion septique infection. In spite
of the fact that in no instance was a pure Vibrion septique in-
fection encountered and on the strength of the three cases of
alleged mixed infection, the writer draws the rather remarkable
conclusion that the veterinarian does not know blackleg disease

me e+e ad

ABSTRACTS 213

when he sees it, that the majority of the veterinary profession
has misunderstood the etiology of the anaerobic invasions of
cattle, or must deliberately include, when making a diagnosis of
blackleg, all infections caused by the Vibrion septique group of
organisms, as well as the blackleg organisms.

In view of the seriously faulty technique employed by the
author in insolating the anaerobic microorganisms from the
tissue specimens examined, together with the lack of evidence to
support the conclusions drawn, it is more than probable that the
writer’s judgment concerning the anaerobic infections in ani-
mals is'as badly warped as is the expressed opinion that ‘‘the
attitude of the veterinary profession has been that we already
possess all the necessary knowledge concerning blackleg.’’

Most certainly the judgment of one so inexperienced in the
anaerobic infections of animals can not be taken seriously or in
any degree to alter the mature judgment of those investigators
who for years have studied these diseases in the field as well as in
the laboratory. W. S. GocHENOUR.

AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE PURITY OF AMERICAN STRAINS OF
Bacituus Boruuinus. George F. Reddish. Jour. Infect.
Diseases, vol. 29 (1921), pp. 120-1381.

The author calls attention to’ the fact that descriptions of
Bacillus botulinus by various investigators of this country differ
markedly in certain respects from those of European investiga-
tors. In his study of this organism, the author employed nine-
teen different strains of the organism obtained from various
laboratories in different sections of the United States. In every
instance but one, impurities in the culture were observed in the
stock strains, the contaminant having all the characteristics of
Bacillus sporogenes. When Bacillus sporogenes and Bacillus
botulinus are present in the same material, they are so closely
associated that it becomes a difficult task to separate them, the
former, being the less fastidious of the two, is favored by the
method of isolation generally used by American workers. The
author’s results explain clearly the reasons for the sharp dif-
ferences noted in the descriptions of the organism given by the
European and American investigators. Furthermore, the use of
impure cultures in the making of antiserum is unsatisfactory

214 ABSTRACTS

and may account for the absence of uniformity im the results of
treatment of botulism victims. Thus, the use of antiserums in
the prophylaxis of botulism has given good results experimen-
tally in some instances, but it has not as yet been pronounced a
success in actual practice. The toxicity of the strains of Bacillus
botulinus which are contaminated with B. sporogenes will vary
with the age of the culture and with the proportion in which the
contaminant is present.

The author summarizes his work as follows:

Nontoxic strains were isolated from 18 out of 19 so-called
‘*strains’’ of B. botulinus examined. These nontoxic isolations
were proved to be B. sporogenes.

Isolations of B. sporogenes were made from stock ‘“‘strains’’
of B. botulinus by 4 different methods, that is, by the use of
anaerobic plates, simple dilution, aerobic plates with Staphyloc-
cus aureus, and by heating in order to kill vegetative forms after
the spores of B. sporogenes had been formed.

‘The ‘‘strains’’ of B. botulinus examined resemble morpho-
logically and in their action on meat mediums and milk, pure
cultures of B. sporogenes, except that the action of B. sporogenes
is more rapid, and in some ecases carried nearer to completion.

CALCIUM AND TUBERCULOSIS IN Raspits. R. Massini. Schweiz.
Med. Wehnschr., vol. 161 (1921), p. 238. Abs. in ‘Amer.
Rev. Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p..102.

Massini injected young rabbits with calcium chloride after
they had been inoculated with tuberculosis, and found that
they lived a little longer than the controls.

A SouRING OF BEEF CAUSED BY BacinLUS MEGATHERIUM. Hubert
Bunyea. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 21 (1921), pp. 689-698.

The author has made an interesting study of a condition
known as ‘‘sour beef’’ which occasions no little economic loss,
especially to firms which have no facilities for the storage of
meat to prevent this alteration. As a result of his studies, the
following conclusions were drawn:

The phenomenon known as the souring of beef is a bacterial
one.

ABSTRACTS 215

The organism responsible for the souring of beef is Bacillus
megatherium.

Bacillus megatherium will sour beef under a wide range of
temperature, but not in the absence of oxygen.

In the souring of beef by Bacillus megatherium propionic acid
is produced.

Bacillus megatherium is nonpathogenic for experimental ani-
mals (rabbits and guinea pigs) and does not produce an appre-
ciable amount of toxin when propagated upon raw beef.

DIsTeMPER IN THE Pic. J.P. M’Gowan. Scot. Jour. Agr., 1920,
vol. 3, No. 4, p. 407.

This paper discusses an epidemic, among pigs, of what the
author terms distemper, the disease which is usually observed
in dogs and eats. The origin of the infection was traced to
newly purchased sows which were suffering from mild ‘‘eolds,’’
thought to have resulted from the train journey. However, in
about a fortnight after the first of these sows had farrowed
the disease broke out among their pigs in a very severe form.
Later the infection spread quite generally to all the young pigs
in the piggery.

The symptoms in the older animals were usually mild, con-
sisting of lack of condition, a soft, husky cough, and sometimes
a definite paresis of the hind quarters. Recovery was the rule.
Iu young pigs the symptoms were much more marked and the
mortality was high. There was sneezing, eyes reddened, mat-
tery, and lids gummed together; discharge from the nose, and a
husky cough. In some cases there developed red papules on the
skin, which. later became tipped with scabs. In late stages of the
disease there was slight diarrhea and sometimes paralysis, par-
ticularly of the hind quarters. The sick animals had a ‘‘doggy”’
smell similar to that present in distemper of dogs.

Postmortem examinations on a number of pigs showed quite
constantly pneumonie lesions of greater or less extent. No
pathological alterations were found in the abdominal organs.
Bacteriological examination of the trachea and lungs yielded
cultures of the distemper organism (Bacillus bronchisepticus)
in all cases. The heart blood was sterile.

The disease was effectively controlled by enforcing strict sani-
tary measures. These included frequent spraying of walls of

216 REVIEW

sties, passages of pig houses, ete., with hot lime wash; confining
pigs to their own sties; removing sows about to farrow to a
clean, lime-washed house; avoiding transferring infection on
utensils, feed, and person of caretaker; keeping dogs and ecats—
out of pigs’ houses; killing off hopelessly ill pigs. In addition
to these, a vaccine prepared from various strains of the distemper
organism was used. It was recommended that pigs should be
injected about four days after their birth. L. T. GILTneEr.

THE Use or A Two Per CENT WATERY SUSPENSION OF ANIMAL
CuHarcoaL (CArBo MrpicrnALiIs MERCK) IN LumMBAGO (Azo-
TuRIA). D. Detlefsen. Berlin Tierarztl. Wehnschr., vol.
37 (1921), no. 27, p. 315.

A ease of azoturia was treated by injecting 200 cc. of a 2%
watery suspension of animal charcoal intravenously. In the
course of a half hour following the injection the symptoms were
aggravated, but after three or four hours the condition of the
patient improved, and on the second day of the attack the horse
had practically recovered.

In septic diseases and in catarrhal fever of the upper air pas-
sages, the same treatment gave good results. In all instances
it has proved harmless and the cost is insignificant. Doses of
100 to 200 ¢.c. are recommended. L. T. GILTNER.

REVIEW

Lasoratory MANuauL IN GENERAL Micropiotocy. Prepared by
the Laboratory of Bacteriology and Hygiene, Michigan Agri-
cultural College, Ward Giltner, Head of the Department.
Published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. Price
$3.50.

This is a second edition of the Laboratory Manual in Gen-
eral Microbiology issued in 1915. A comparison with the first
edition shows that the author and his coworkers have added
greatly to the excellence of their previous work. The steady
advance of knowledge in microbiology and laboratory technic
requires that standard books on these subjects be kept up to
date. That the author is alive to this fact is shown by the ex-

REVIEW 217

tensive revision and the mass of new information which the
work contains.

That a book of 472 pages, including 42 pages devoted to the
index, and a large, valuable list of references, can encompass so
great a fund of practicable information is a tribute to the concise,
clear manner of expression of the author. The exercises are
enlivened by frequent, appropriate explanations for the steps
taken or agents used.

The purpose of the manual is to supply the student with
detailed information which will make him more independent
in the course of his laboratory work. The subject matter is
divided into three major parts and an appendix. Part one is
primarily for the purpose of giving a working knowledge of
laboratory methods used in the study of microorganisms, in-
cluding molds, yeasts and bacteria. Part two consists of
exercises demonstrating the various physiological activities of
microorganisms. Part three deals with applied microbiology
and includes exercises on the microbiology of air, water,
sewage, soil, the dairy, plants, and exercises on animal diseases
and immunity. All told, the three parts contain 129 well-
chosen exercises accompanied by a profusion of helpful illus-
trations.

Detailed instructions are given for the various biological
tests, and for the preparation of important diagnostic agents,
toxins, antitoxins, bacterins and vaccines.

A 100 page appendix gives numerous formulae, tables and a
wide variety of information of great value to the laboratory
worker. A book of this character not alone fills the purpose
for which it was primarily intended in a most satisfactory
manner, but finds a ready place in all bacteriological labora-
tories because of its value as a reference text on laboratory
technic.

Years of teaching and laboratory work in their several
specialties have given the author and his associates an oppor-
tunity to study the requirements of students in general mi-
erobiology, and the book represents an accumulation of their
observations and material obtained from the best sources of
microbiological knowledge. Bs AS Gy

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

EXAMINATION FOR APPOINTMENT

An examination for appointment as second lieutenant, Vet-
erinary Corps, Regular Army, will be held November 14, 1921,
throughout the continental limits of the United States, to fill
sixteen (16) vacancies, under the following provision of law:
‘‘ Appointments in the Veterinary Corps shall be made in the
grade of second lieutenant from reserve veterinary officers be-
tween the ages of twenty-one and thirty.’’ (Sec. 24e, Act of
June 4, 1920.)

Applications for this examination will be made on the blank
form for application for a commission in the Regular Army
(Form 88, A. G. O.). This blank form may be obtained at any
military post or station or from Corps Area Commanders, or
from the Adjutant General of the Army, Washington, D. C.

Appleations, after completion, will be forwarded to the Com-
manding General of the Corps Area in which the applicant re-
sides or to the Commanding Officer of the nearest military post
or station of the United States Army. In ease the post or sta-
tion commander receives an application he will immediately for-
ward it to the Corps Area Commander.

It will be noted that the law quoted in the first paragraph re-
quires that applicants for appointment be selected from reserve
veterinary officers. Consequently, if an applicant is not a mem-
ber of the Veterinary Officers’ Reserve Corps, he will, before
examination, make application for membership direct to the
Adjutant General of the Army, Washington, D. C., stating that
the appointment in the Officers’ Reserve Corps is desired to
make him eligible to take the Regular Army examination.

In addition to being a member of the Officers’ Reserve Corps,
an applicant must be between the ages of twenty-one and thirty
years at the probable time of appointment, which will be about
two months after the examination. He must also have a satis-
factory general education, must be a graduate of an accept-
able veterinary college, legally authorized to confer the degree
of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, or its equivalent, and which
requires students to have covered satisfactorily a four years’
high school course, or its academic equivalent, as a minimum

218

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 219

entrance requirement, and which maintains this course of in-
struction covering a period of four years of not less than seven
months in each year. The applicant must also have had, sub-
sequent to graduation, at least one year’s experience in the
practice of veterinary medicine, or its equivalent in hospital
work, or as an instructor in an approved veterinary college, or
as an employee of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United
States Department of Agriculture, actively engaged in vet-
erinary professional work.

AN ARMY VETERINARY PICNIC

The Army veterinary officers attending the School of Meat
and Food Inspection in Chicago gave a very delightful picnic
in Jackson Park on the afternoon of September 22. Those
present were Colonel and Mrs. Steel, Major and Mrs. Mill,
Major and Mrs. Jewell, Captain and Mrs. Whitney, Captain
and Mrs. Houston, Captain Eakins, Lieut. and Mrs. Juzek,
Lieut. and Mrs. Lovell, Lieut. and Mrs. Curley, and Lieut. and
Mrs. Herbott. Lieut. Wolf, a lone bachelor, managed to forget
his loneliness with two young ladies. Dr. and Mrs. A. H.
Baker, Dr. and Mrs. D. M. Campbell, Dr. and Mrs. N. S. Mayo,
Miss Dorothy Mayo and Miss Marguerite Jones were also
guests.

This year a careful watch was kept on Dr. Campbell and
the base of supplhes was not raided. There was surely some
‘‘chow.’’? A bushel of fried milk-fed chicken ‘‘an’ every-
pioiage. 7?

After a successful attack on the eatables Mrs. Baker made a
motion that. all the civilian veterinarians present join the
Army, where they would have such fine eats and nothing to
do. This started hostilities immediately, but owing to the
excellent organization of the veterinary corps the civilians
were willing to refer the matter to the Disarmament Conven-
tion in Washington.

After the treaty of peace had been concluded a delightful
time was spent conversing until dark, when a swarm of
Hun mosquitoes from ‘‘no man’s land’’ made a concerted at-
tack. As silk hose is not an efficient protection the forces,
both military and civil, were withdrawn to previously prepared
positions. N. S. Mayo.

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo.,
September 5 to 9, 1921

MONDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 5, 1921

The first session of the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the
American Veterinary Medical Association convened at 9:45
a.m. in the City Auditorium, Denver, Colorado, President David
S. White presiding.

The invocation was delivered by Rey. James E. Davis, pastor
of the Central Christian Church of Denver.

PRESIDENT WnuitE: Ladies and gentlemen, there are three rea-
sons why I am very happy to introduce to you the gentleman who
will deliver to you the address of welcome. The first and most
important reason is that he is a near-Ohioan. He confesses to
having been born as near Ohio as he could have under the cir-
cumstances, namely, the State of Michigan. (Applause. )

Secondly, he has been out in this great western country nearly
half a century. A large part of this time he has been engaged
in the cattle industry. Thirdly, he happens to be the Mayor of
Denver. I take great pleasure in introducing to you, therefore,
the Honorable Dewey C. Bailey, Mayor of Denver. (Applause.)

ADDRESS OF WELCOME

Mayor Batmrey: Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen, Mem-
bers of the American Veterinary Medical Association: As your
chairman has said, for a great many years I was in the livestock
business in Colorado. My ranches were out about sixty miles
southeast of Denver. A great many years ago I bought and
brought a great many southern cattle into this northern coun-
try, before they shipped them on the railroads or thought they
could. We drove them or trailed them across into this country
and Wyoming. Texas fever was distributed over this northern
country by these southern cattle. There was not a large loss
by death, but it continued along the trail where these cattle
were driven until veterinarians and men well experienced in
that disease and in the cattle business made up their minds that
there was no doubt but what that disease was brought into this
country by southern cattle. So I have made up my mind since
being requested to make an address of weleome that there were
a great many things that I knew of that shoyved that the veteri-
narians of the United States were an exceedingly useful body
of doctors of this country.

While in the ranch business I also raised a great many horses.
I started in the livestock business in a very small way and grew

220

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. ripe

up with it. I can remember an old span of horses that I had
started with that were as loyal and faithful and trustful and
hard-working a team as a man ever saw. I loved them. I loved
a great many of the horses that became personal pets of our
family as the years rolled by, but especially this team that never
failed me, helped me make a living, and honestly (that was
forty-odd years ago), I dream of that old team occasionally yet.
They made such an impression on me that I never forget them
and never will.

Of course, in handling a great many of these horses, raised in
this country, I had use many times for the veterinarians. Since
I have been Mayor, before our fire department was motorized,
we had all the way from 100 to 165 head of horses. I came in
contact with a number of veterinarians in that way, and

“especially Dr. Dunleavy, who looked after our horses; and I
want to say that the help and kindness shown to these dumb
animals, the most loved, the most intelligent and hardy of any
animal grown in the world, makes me see what a great necessity
there has always been for veterinary surgeons.

I am not disposed to make a long talk. I know you are here
for business. The good people of Denver, through their Mayor,
extend to you greetings and a most hearty welcome to Denver.
We hope this convention will be successful in its work and
duties. We hope you will like our city, as I am sure you will.
Where else could you see such a morning as we have here this
morning—cool, the air bracing?

Denver is a city of 270,000 people. Times are good here
notwithstanding the reports that you hear from other sections
of the country. Denver gives more free amusement to its citi-
zens than any other city of its size that I have ever heard of.
There will have been held in this city by the first day of Jan-
uary 90 conventions. People like to come here, and we like to
have them. I wish again to extend to you a most hearty welcome
to the City of Denver. (Applause.)

RESPONSE TO ADDRESS OF WELCOME

PRESIDENT WHITE: Dr. H. E. Bemis, of Ames, Iowa, will
respond to the Mayor. (Applause. )

Dr. Bemis: Mr. President, Mayor Bailey, Ladies and Gentle-
men: I learned to take orders from Colonel White during the
war, and no matter how difficult the task was that he ‘asked me
to do, all I could do in those days was to salute, say ‘‘ Yes, sir,’’
and proceed to do the best I could. I remember when we were
in France when he got tired of office duties he would start for
a trip to the front, knowing full well when he left that the wait-
ing list in the horse hospitals of. France was longer than the
waiting list in the hotels of Denver at the present day. How-
ever, in spite of that fact, about the second day after his

222, PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A.

departure I would receive a telephone message to prepare to
receive about three thousand animals within the next twenty-
four hours. Of course, all I could do was say ‘‘ Yes, sir,’’ hang
up the receiver and proceed to do the best I could. But I did
have one other loophole in those days, and that was to practice
the good old army method of passing the buck, and simply get
busy on the telephone and distribute these animals to a number
of the already overcrowded hospitals.

So in this instance, when I received word a few days ago that
the President expected to have me make the response to the
address of welcome, I simply said to myself, ‘‘ Well, the Colonel
has got ’em again! When, oh when will this cruel war be over?’
But this time I was not able to pass the buck.

To think of being welcomed to a city like Denver and a State
like Colorado, with apologies to our friend Briggs, ‘‘Ain’t it a
grand and glorious feelin’ ’’ simply to be here? Why, sir, you
couldn’t keep us out! We have been prepared to come to this
city and this State for the last five years, by the wonderful word
pictures of our good friend Dr. Glover. You may think we
didn’t want to come to Denver because we delayed so long after
his first invitation, but I assure you that was not the reason
at all. We were simply so inspired by his oratory that we
wanted to wait for the grand finale which he gave us last year
in Columbus, in spite of the effort of as good a State as Iowa,
when he landed the convention, and we, are glad to be here and
be welcomed here today.

Colorado has the opportunity and has learned the happy
lesson of combining work and play. This State, as we all know,
is called ‘‘the Playground of America,’’ ‘‘the Switzerland of
America,’’ and yet Europe can boast of no such pageant as the
Rocky Mountains show us every day from the streets of Denver
or from the trips which we are to enjoy. The land of magnifi-
cent heights, of awe-inspiring depths, of roaring waterfalls and
laughing brooks and ozone-laden air and rejuvenating waters—
we realize and appreciate them all. Surely the Creator has ex-
pressed himself in superlatives in the State of Colorado, and
without any stretch of the imagination we can believe with
Shakespeare that there are ‘‘tongues in trees, books in the run-
ning brooks, sermons in stones, and good in everything.’”’

But there is another reason, perhaps a more special reason,
why this particular body should be glad to come to Denver and
to Colorado, it seems to me, and that is on account of the name
and fame of this State in her industries. We have long known
of her resources in iron and coal, gold and silver, and the
precious metals, but we are more particularly proud of her
accomplishments in agriculture and in the good ally of agricul-
ture, veterinary medicine.

Colorado has many special problems to solve in veterinary

PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. 223

medicine. Some years ago she came to Iowa to get someone to
head the work, and for a good many years the rest of America
has watched these men and their progress and has been proud
of their accomplishments. It is a gratification to know that
Dean Glover and his corps of workers, and Dr. Lamb and his
workers, and the practitioners of the State of Colorado, though
few in number, yet large in efficiency and earnestness and en-
thusiasm for the work, have been able to make their impression
upon such people as Mayor Bailey, and I am sure upon the State
as a whole. So it seems to me that we should be particularly
proud and happy to come to Colorado to do these men honor,
and it is our hope that the presence of this body in this city
ail give them new inspiration for the work which lies ahead.

I am sure, Mr. Mayor, it is the pleasure of all present to
thank you for your gracious welcome to the City of Denver and
to the State of Colorado. (Applause.)

PRESIDEN'T’S ADDRESS

PRESIDENT WHITE: The next item on the program is the Pres-
ident’s address.

(President White delivered his address. It was published in
THE JOURNAL for October, 1921, page 9.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: The next: item on the program is the pre-
sentation and adoption of the minutes.

Secretary Mayo: I hereby present the official report of the
last meeting at Columbus as the report of that meeting.

(On motion of Dr. Munce, seconded by Dr. Kelley of Albany,
N. Y., the minutes were adopted as the officral report of the
preceding meeting. )

Adjournment.

MONDAY AFTERNOON

GENERAL SESSION

The meeting convened at 1:30 p. m., President White pre-
siding.

Report oF Executive Boarp

PRESIDENT WHITE: The first item is the report of the Execu-
tive Board, which will be presented by the Secretary.

(Secretary Mayo read the list of applications for member-
ship. )

(On motion of Dr. Kinsley, seconded by Dr. Connaway, it was
voted to suspend the rules and instruct the Secretary to cast the
ballot of the Association for the election of the persons whose
names had been read.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: Is there any further report from the
Executive Board?

. SEcRETARY Mayo: Ihave here the applications of Dr. W. F.

294 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A.

Klee of Lima, Peru, a graduate of Royal Veterinary College of
Copenhagen, Denmark; Dr. Carlos Lloveras of Buenos Aires,
Argentina; Dr. L. Santa Maria, Pedros Negras, Mexico, graduate
of the National Veterinary College of Mexico; Dr. H. P.
Shepard, Killeen, Texas, graduate of the Southwestern Veteri-
nary College, 1916; Dr. W. R. Smith, North Brookfield, Mass.,
graduate of Harvard Veterinary College, 1898; Dr. E. H.
Sterling, Uruguay, graduate of the National Veterinary School
of Uruguay.

These gentlemen are graduates of veterinary schools that are
not recognized by the Association. Four of them, I think, are
graduates of national veterinary schools of other countries. One
is a graduate of Harvard. That veterinary school is no longer
in existence; in fact, it went out of existence before this Asso-
ciation had an accredited list of veterinary colleges, although I
think graduates of that school have always been admitted. The
Southwestern Veterinary College is no longer in existence.
When a veterinary school has gone out of existence the Con-
stitution and By-Laws provide that the graduates may be elected
to membership under suspension of the rules five years after
the college has suspended. The Executive Board recommends
that the rules be suspended and these men whose names I have
read be elected to membership.

(On motion of Dr. H. P. Hoskins, seconded by Dr. Connaway,
the recommendations of the Executive Committee were approved
and the persons whose names were read were admitted to mem-
bership in the Association. )

SECRETARY Mayo: It is recommended by the Executive Board
that the Constitution and By-Laws be amended as follows:

Section 7, Article G, by adding: ‘‘Excepting members resid-
ing in countries other than the United States and Canada, the
said ballot shall be returned in ninety days after the date of
issue.”’

This section deals with the election of members from the
various representative districts. We have members in the
Philippines, and it is impracticable to get a ballot to the Philip-
pines and get it back within the sixty days provided by the
Constitution and By-Laws. Another district aside from the one
including the Philippines is South America, so that there are
really two districts that will be affected by this. The recom-
mendation is simply to change the Constitution and By-Laws to
give ninety days’ time, to get a ballot to and from these foreign
countries.

Another recommendation for a change in the Constitution and
By-Laws is that Article 11 of the By-Laws be changed by
adding: ‘‘Excepting the Editor, Secretary, Business Manager
and Treasurer, who shall assume their duties within thirty days
following their election.’’

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. 225

At present the Constitution and By-Laws provide that the
officers shall assume their duties immediately upon election. The
annual meetings of the Association come just about at the
closing of the fiscal year, or the beginning of the fiscal year,
which is on the 1st of September. At this time the dues are
being collected from the members and there is an immense
amount of work connected with these offices. It makes it im-
practicable to change them immediately at that time. They
really have to have a little time to get things entered and
straightened out. It has been customary for several years to

ete the old Secretary hold over until the end of the month and
get things in shape for his successor. That is to provide for
that.

Another recommendation by the Executive Board is to change
Article 5, Section 5, to read: ‘‘That the Treasurer shall give an
acceptable bond to the Executive Board.’’

At present the Constitution and By-Laws provide that the
Treasurer shall give an acceptable bond in the sum of $10,000.
On the recommendation of the Treasurer last year, the Board
increased that bond to $25,000, the amount of money, approxi-
mately, in the treasury of the Association. You will note that
this recommendation does not specify any amount that the
Treasurer shall give bond for. That is left entirely to the
Executive Board. If they should have $50,000 they can then
demand a $50,000 bond.

PRESIDENT WHITE: You have heard the further report of the
Executive Board. This may be received now and will lay on
the table until the next annual meeting.

(On motion of Dr. Kinsley, seconded by Dr. Hoskins, the
recommendation of the Executive Board was accepted and the
recommendations for amendment were laid on the table. )

SecrETARY Mayo: The question of the ethics of certain forms
of advertising has been brought up by members of the Associa-
tion. This refers particularly to advertismg by moving pic-
tures, and the Executive Board recommends that advertising by
moving pictures, except the veterinarian’s name and address,
should be considered unethical.

PRESIDENT WuHitTe: You have heard the report in regard to
advertising through the medium of the moving picture. This
would constitute an amendment to Article 19 of the Code of
Ethics.

SEcRETARY Mayo: I hardly think it would be considered an
amendment, but rather an interpretation of the Code of Ethics.

PRESIDENT WuiTe: Moving pictures do not seem to be spe-
cifically included. If you desire to take it as an interpretation,
it would not be an amendment.

Secretary Mayo: I think it would be a great help. Some
firms supply veterinarians with slides and films, dealing, we will

2°26 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A.

say, with hog cholera, in which the veterinarian’s name appears
in connection with certain brands of serum. The matter was
brought to the Seeretary’s attention by the Resident Secretary
from this State. The Secretary doesn’t like to pass the buck,
but sometimes I like to have some backing in the matter. At
other times matters have come to my attention and I have taken
them up with the manufacturers. These slides and films will go
out to veterinarians in country districts, and sometimes they
don’t consider whether it is a violation of the Code of Ethics
or not. One of the manufacturers, in reply to my request that
he discontinue it because I didn’t think it was ethical, said that
he wanted to do what was ethical, but he would lke to have
this Association’s opinion on it. That is why it was brought to
the Executive Board and to the Association for an expression
of opinion.

PRESIDENT WuHite: The Chair will recognize expression of
opinion in regard to this action of the Executive Board concern-
ing the use of the moving picture as a medium of advertising.

Dr. E1cHHORN: I move that recommendation of the Executive
Board be adopted.

Dr. JENSEN: I would like to hear that recommendation again.
I presume this attack is directed at the firm I represent. The
Government has been using posters to encourage and stimulate
the farmers to vaccinate hogs, and in order to help out the idea
promulgated primarily by the Government we took it up and
offered to get our friends these slides. Considerable criticism
arose, and when we heard of it, we advertised it and put it in
our little paper. Dr. Mayo, I think, had written a letter saying
that it was not considered ethical. That is as far as we are
connected with it. When we took the matter up we thought we
were rendering a real service to the country and to the hog
raisers.

Dr. Georce Hiron (Canada): Section 5 of Article 19 of the
Code of Ethics distinctly states that in advertising the veteri-
nary surgeon shall confine himself to his business address. It
also states that advertising specific plans of treatment, medi-
cines, advertising through the medium of posters, illustrated
stationery, or newspapers, will not be countenanced by the
Association. I think the first sentence in that section defines
exactly how far we can go in advertising matters. I, therefore,
second the motion that the Executive Board’s recommendation
be accepted.

SECRETARY Mayo: For Dr. Jensen’s information I may say
that some firms supply posters, for instance.

Dr. JENSEN: That leaves me out.

SECRETARY Mayo: Some firms supply little posters with pranc-
ing hogs and grinning hogs, with the veterinarian’s name. With
one firm particularly, I took it up. I wrote them as nice a letter

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. rey |

as, I could, telling them I didn’t think it was ethical and that I
thought they were leading some young veterinarians astray, so
to speak. They said they didn’t want to do that and so on,
but they rather questioned my judgment in the matter and said
they wished the American Veterinary Medical Association would
take it up, and that they would stop if the Association said they
should.

Dr. ConNAway: It seems to me that there is a rather deeper

ad more vital matter concerned in this. The moving picture is

Pein a fine means of education of the laity on many of these
things on which they should be educated. It seems to me that
we are opening the way for carrying to the farmers much mis-
information about the ways and means of controlling animal
diseases. I see in the room just back of you certain methods
of treating contagious abortion, for instance, which to my mind,
if those doctrines are spread through moving pictures and in
other ways, will carry a menace in a very forceful way. I
think we ought to be very careful as to how we back up the
advertising business to the laity by commercial concerns and
through their agents, the practitioner who may be using their
products. This is a more important thing than the simple
question of whether some individual practitioner is ethical or
not. This is a matter I would like to see thrashed out.

Dr. L. L. Guynn (Monte Vista, Colo.): I am Resident State
Secretary for this State, and, as Dr. Mayo said, he passed the
buck to me. The reason [ brought this proposition up was that
I had been asked whether that would be ethical. The reference
was made by firms supplying serum, and the advertising of the
slide would be confined strictly to that firm, but the veteri-
narian’s name would appear at the bottom of the slide as the
agent supplying that particular serum. I didn’t think tke thing
was ethical advertising, and hence referred to the Secretary.
That is the reason I wrote the letter and probably the reason
why so much was stirred up. I didn’t think that any but au-
thorized agents for that particular firm should have their names
connected with the particular firm supplying the serum.

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Eichhorn, seconded by Dr.
Hilton, that the report of the Executive Board regarding mov-
ing picture advertising be adopted.) ;

SECRETARY Mayo: The question of appointing a special com-
mittee to help formulate a Federal Narcotic Law was referred
to the Executive Board, and they recommend that the President
be authorized to appoint a committee, not to exceed three, to
confer with the representatives of other associations on the re-
vision of the Federal Narcotic Law.

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Eichhorn, seconded by Dr.
Adams, that the recommendation of the Executive Board with
reference to the Federal Narcotic Law be accepted.)

228 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A.

Secretary Mayo: The question of publishing a directory of
members with the Constitution and By-Laws was considered for
the coming year, and in view of the financial condition of the
Association it was recommended that the names of the new
members be published in the JourNAt of the Association, also
the names of the new committees, the resignations, deaths, etc.,
and that no directory be printed this year.

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Kinsley, seconded by Dr.
Hoskins, that the recommendation be accepted. )

SECRETARY Mayo: This is a report of the Executive Board
meeting in Chicago last November of which most of you have
been informed through THE JourNAL. At the suggestion of
Treasurer Jacob, it was moved that the bond of the Treasurer of
the American Veterinary Medical Association be increased to
$25,000, which was done.

SECRETARY’S REPORT

PRESIDENT WHITE: That concludes the report of the Execu-
tive Board. The next item is the report of the Secretary.

(Secretary Mayo read his report, as follows:)

The Association has now an active membership in good standing of
3,935, and 39 honorary members. During the past year 17 members
have died, 12 resigned and 17 have been reinstated. Three hundred
sixty-three have been dropped for nonpayment of dues. There are
about 225 applications for membership this year.

‘The general economic depression that prevails has had a marked
influence upon our membership, as it has on practically all associa-
tions. One large and influential organization has reported a loss of
25 per cent of its membership during the past year. The number
of members who have delayed sending in their dues is greater than
ever before, in spite of special efforts to collect them, and the number
of letters expressing financial stress has been much greater than
usual. ;

The interest in the Association and its work has been excellent.

The expenses of the Secretary’s office, aside from the Secretary’s
salary, may be classified as follows:

Printing ‘and (stationery: ewer 40). cae ee $1,488.41
Clerical help cnt28 socieac ta Os. 668.27
POSUAGE nse cee carta te ee hy 378.36
Office ‘Supplies. en ee a eg Neg Sl, 71.27
“aneidentals’ 21228. 8 Ces S07 ene ea ae 11.92
Hreipht and hauling 24. be ee eee 64.57
Storage. charges’: 20 c.* 2 tek aie), nn Pa 21.00
Buttons for the meeting 18.00
Expenses of Columbus mectin go. ae. teen eee 150.30

The printing and stationery item includes stationery not only for
the Secretary’s office but also for Resident Secretaries and various
committees, and also for printing the directory of the members, com-
mittees and officers of the Association, as well as the Constitution and
By-Laws. Four thousand five hundred copies were printed, and a
copy was sent to each member of the Association. A few copies were
sold. Previously the directory with the Constitution and By-Laws
had been published with the proceedings of the Association in an
“Extra Proceedings Number” of the JOURNAL OF THE A. VY. M. A.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. 229

On account of the ruling of the Postmaster General, it was not pos-
sible to follow the plan previously in force. The cost of printing the
directory was $560, and the postage for mailing was $80, a total of
$640, which was charged to the General Association Fund. This ex-
pense had been previously carried on the Journal Fund.

Your attention is called to the fact that the influence of the A. V.
M. A. is extending to other countries, and this year we have applica-
tions for member’ship from Mexico, Uruguay and Argentina. Prac-
ti all countries in the Americas are represented in our Associa-
tion, and we have members in various parts of the world. If notices
were inserted in some foreign journals calling attention to the advan-
tages of being a member of this Association, it is quite probable that
members could be obtained from other countries and the scope and
the influence of our Association could be made world-wide. There is
no veterinary association in the world that compares, either in size
or influence, with the American Veterinary Medical Association.

It is interesting to note that one of our members, Dr. G. A. Roberts,
of Sao Paulo, Brazil, was the first to recognize an outbreak of rinder-
pest in Brazil, the first time that this disease has ever been reported
upon the American hemisphere.

The term of the member of the Executive Board for the Fifth
District expired. A postal card nomination and election was held
in accordance with the Constitution and By-Laws. The following
were nominated: Drs. C. E. Cotton, W. F. Crewe, C. P. Fitch, W. B.
Spencer and C. H. Stange. After the votes had been received and
before they had been counted, a number of requests came in from
members to change their ballots to some other candidate. This prob-
lem had never been presented before, and the matter was referred to
the Executive Board. The Secretary was instructed by the Executive
Board to count the first official ballot as it was sent in. Dr. C. E.
Cotton, of Minnesota, was elected member of the Executive Board
from the Fifth District.

In preparing the Constitution and By-Laws for publication in the
directory, some changes appeared to be desirable. The proposed
changes were submitted to the Executive Board for their consideration
and will be presented in the report of the Board.

According to instructions of the Executive Board, the Secretary
obtained from the former Librarian of the Board, Dr. Frost, of
Ithaca, N. Y., the material that was in the Librarian’s possession.
Dr. Frost asked the Secretary for directions as to shipping, and was
advised that if the weight of material was less than 100 pounds to
send it by express; if over 100 pounds, to send it by freight. The
Secretary was somewhat surprised to receive two and a half tons of
books by freight. Nearly all of this was made up of printed reports
dating from the year 1906. Fortunately, the material was sold for
nearly enough to pay the expense.

The Secretary was instructed by the Executive Board to advertise
in THE JOURNAL and to sell as many copies of the reports as he could
for 25 cents each. This was done, and a few dollars’ worth were
sold. The balance was ordered sold for old paper with the exception
of a few sets that were selected and made as complete as possible in
order to supply possible inquirers.

So far as the Secretary knows, there is not a complete set of the
Reports of the Association that belongs to the Association. If any
member of the Association can supply reports earlier than 1890, the
Secretary will be very glad to receive them and will see that they
are preserved as a permanent record of the Association.

Very few complaints have been received from members who do not
receive their JOURNAL promptly. The few reports that have come in
have been taken up promptly with the Editor of THE JouRNAL, who

230 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A.

has given his hearty cooperation in getting the mailing list arranged
and kept up to date. Most of the complaints received are from mem-
bers who have changed their addresses and have failed to notify either
the Editor or the Secretary.

It is important that we, as individual members, should render all
the assistance within our power to the Editor of THE JOURNAL in
helping him make it more valuable in every way.

During the past year your able President has attended a number
of State and local association meetings as a representative of the
A. V. M. A. This has helped very materially in bringing the A. V.
M. A. into a more sympathetic and practical relationship with these
associations, and this has been of mutual benefit.

With the growth and development of the Association and its widen-
ing field of usefulness there comes an increased expenditure of funds.
Part of this is due to general high cost of living and part to the
general tendency to expand. This is proper, provided the expenditure
is warranted by the results to be obtained and the situation of our
treasury. It is important that the Association as a whole in con-
vention assembled and the individual members should carefully study
the expenditures and proposed expenditures so that they may be fully
informed how the funds of the Association are used.

The matter of procuring a permanent home for the Association is
already under consideration by the Executive Board and will probably
be put into effect before many years. It is well that we should keep
this in view and be prepared to meet the obligations which this will
impose.

At the last meeting of the Association in Columbus, Ohio, the dis-
tribution of the Veterinary Relief Fund was placed in the hands of
the President and the Secretary of the Association. During the year
relief has been given to the wife of one of our honored members who
died, leaving his immediate family and two old ladies, the doctor’s
mother and his wife’s mother, with very little means of support.
Upon the recommendation of the local veterinarians in that State, as
well as the Chairman of the Executive Board, the sum of $500 was
left available to the doctor’s widow.

Five hundred dollars was contributed last year as an additional
contribution to the Anglo-American-Franco-Belgian Veterinary Relief
Association. This was acknowledged in a very grateful letter from
Professor Vallée, who also sent a printed report showing in detail
how the funds have been expended.

The Association has a substantial fund for the relief of needy mem-
bers and their families, and any member of the Association knowing
of cases where the fund can be used judiciously and effectively are
urgently requested to take the matter up immediately either with the
Secretary or the President.

The American Veterinary Medical Association has taken an active
part in securing proper recognition for the Veterinary Corps in the
United States Army. There are still some changes that should be
made in order that the Corps may be more efficient, and I recommend
that this matter be given consideration either by the Committee on
Legislation or a special committee appointed for this purpose.

In preparing the program for the annual meeting of the Associa-
tion the different sectional presidents and secretaries are expected to
prepare the programs for their respective sections. In some instances
articles are secured for one section that properly belong in another
section. The final rearrangement depends on the Secretary of the
Association. It is recommended that the chairmen and secretaries of
the different sections provide their programs sufficiently early so that
any readjustment that may seem best can be made directly with the
officers of the sections, rather than to leave the matter until the last

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. 231

moment before going to press. It is believed that this arrangement
will prove more satisfactory.

You will note that the program for this meeting is not as full as for
several meetings previous. Formerly the meetings have been crowded,
and it-was decided, after consultation with the Executive Board, that
it woul better to give more time for discussion and for general
business. It is hoped that this slight change will meet with the
approval of all.

It is important that the membership of the Association be increased.
At present approximately one-fourth of the eligible veterinarians of
the United States and Canada are members. While this is a higher
percentage than that of the American Medical Association, we should
have a much larger membership. At present the problem of getting
new members depends largely upon the Resident Secretary. Some
Resident Secretaries have done excellent work and some have done
practically nothing, in spite of all the stimulating efforts that I could
bring to bear upon them. In this connection I wish to thank the
inspectors in charge as well as officials of local associations of the
Bureau of Animal Industry for their splendid assistance in getting
new members. We ought at least to double our membership. There
are very few students graduating from veterinary colleges at present,
and we must depend upon the practitioners in the field for increased
membership. Doubling our membership would not only greatly in-
crease our revenue but would extend the influence of the Association.
I recommend that this matter be given your careful consideration and
that a committee be appointed to carry the plans into effect. In con-
nection with increasing the membership, such a committee could be
of value in getting new subscribers for THE JOURNAL and stimulating
an interest in it.

I wish to express my appreciation for the cordial support and assist-
ance given by the officers of the Association, the committees, the
Executive Board, and individual members in carrying on the work
of the Association.

(Applause. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: You have heard this very excellent report
of the Secretary. What is your pleasure in regard to it?

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Munece, seconded by Dr.
Kinsley, the report of the Secretary be received and referred to
the Executive Board.)

TREASURER’S REPORT

PRESIDENT WHITE: The next item of business is the report of
the Treasurer.

Dr. Jacop: The Treasurer’s report has been prepared and
printed in pamphlet form. It has been distributed among the
members, and it gives detailed information regarding the Asso-
ciation’s financial affairs.

Secretary Mayo: Mr. President, I have had an opportunity
of seeing this report, and I think that Dr. Jacob can give a
brief statement of the general financial condition of the Asso-
ciation, and I think the members ought to have such a brief
report. There are a good many that might not understand the
report as given in this formal way, and I would like to have
him present such a brief report. I know he has one.

232 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A.

PRESIDENT Wuite: You have heard the suggestion of the
Secretary that the Treasurer give us an abstract of his very ex-
cellent report.

Dr. JAcos: For the benefit of the Executive Committee, so
that they might understand more readily the exact status of the
financial affairs of the Association, I got up a little supplemental
report. To a considerable extent it is embodied in the general
report. Our total balance, cash and bonds on hand, at, the time
that the books were closed for the fiscal year, was $27,341.26.
Out of this, $20,000 (or about that amount) is invested in
United States Government and Canadian bonds; that is, it has
been the policy of the Association to purchase the bonds on an
equal basis between the United States Government bonds and
the Canadian bonds; consequently, $10,000 was put into each.

We have been dividing the Association’s funds into three
parts, the Association proper, the Journal Fund and the Relief
Fund, and have tried as nearly as possible to keep these ac-
counts absolutely separate so that we may know without any
difficulty just how each part of the Association is operated.

One of the most interesting things, probably the most im-
portant thing, for the Association to give consideration to, is that
our net profit, so to speak, our net gain for the past year, for
all the activities of the Association, was $978.36. In other words,
we have run practically even. This includes also the uncollected
accounts, which amount to a little over $1,250. The interpre-
tation of that is this: Had it not been for the interest we col-
lected during the past year, our Association would have run
behind. The condition was a little bit different during the year
1920, when the net gain was $3,329.78. So that you see we are
losing ground a little bit. That is an important point and one
not to lose sight of.

So far as the Association proper is concerned, the sis: gain
during the past year was only $47.31, practically even, and the
little gain that we made was on the part of THE JOURNAL, where
we made $912.37.

That, in a few words, I believe covers the status of affairs of
the Association.

It might be of further interest, however, to know just how
this money is handled. As I stated at the beginning, the $20,000
representing the face value of the bonds at maturity is, of course,
held in bonds, and the interest is collected at regular intervals.
It is necessary in order to meet the demands of the Association
to keep a certain amount of money on check deposit, and it has
been my policy to keep as small an amount of money on check
deposit as it was possible to just squeeze through with, in order
to be able to keep as much as possible on time deposit. The
time deposits, of course, can be converted to the checking account
at any time. Just at this time we have $7,000 on time deposit.

PRoceEDINGS oF A. V. M. A. 233

Since the report was made out $3,000 worth of Canadian bonds,
which were short-time bonds, matured; consequently I had
those cashed, and we have on time deposit just at this time
$7,000, and practically $3,000 covering the three funds for
checking.

No funds are paid by the Treasurer except on orders from
- the President and the Secretary covering the Association Fund,
the Editor and the President covering the Journal Fund, and
the President and the Secretary covering the Relief Fund.

PRESIDENT WuiTeE: I would like to ask the Treasurer if all of
the money belonging to the Association is in the hands of the
Treasurer, or is not some of it in the hands of special commit-
tees? Are there any other funds to be accounted for?

Dr. Jacop: So far as I know the only money that is not in
the hands of the Treasurer is the money that has been main-
tained by the Salmon Memorial Fund. Who is holding that
money at the present time I don’t know. As far as I know, that
is the only one that I don’t handle.

Dr. J. R. Mowuer: Mr. President, I would like to say, in re-
ply to your request regarding other funds, that the last check
I sent to the Treasurer was on the 31st of July, in order that he
could get it in this year’s report. Since that time we have
collected over $500 in cash and $900 in bills receivable in the
form of notes. So with this $1,400 added THr JouRNAL earn-
ings would be a little better than the $912 indicated by the
Treasurer.

Dr. JAcos: That shows our best revenue is THE JOURNAL.

SECRETARY Mayo: That is good in a way, since that report
covers the matter thoroughly; but that doesn’t alter the fact
that the Association ought to know that we are just about run-
ning even at the present time, and that is what I wanted to
bring out in this report. If the Journal Fund had published
the Constitution and By-Laws last year, my funds would have
been $600 better off.

Another thing that you should, know is that at present all the
funds turned over to the Treasurer by the Secretary are divided
on a three-fifths basis; that is, 60 per cent of it goes to the
Journal Fund. My understanding is that according to the
Constitution and By-Laws only three-fifths of the dues ought to
be turned over to the Journal Fund. You understand that con-
siderable revenue is derived or sent in by the Seeretary aside
from dues; for instance, this year there are 180 applications for
membership. Each one pays $5 initiation fee. Three-fifths of
that is turned over to the Journal Fund. I have collected a few
other funds from various sources that are turned in, not dues
at all. That is also divided on a three-fifths basis. The Journal
Fund gets three-fifths of that, and two-fifths of that goes to the
general Association Fund. I am not saying this in a eritical

234 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A.

way. It is all Association funds. It is your fund and belongs
to the Association, but I thought you ought to know that.
PRESIDENT WHITE: Does any member wish to ask of the Treas-
urer any question?
Dr. Hoskins: The question was raised as to the Salmon

Memorial Fund. I am not a member of that committee, but I can

say that the funds are on deposit in the name of Salmon Memo-
rial Fund in the Rittenhouse Trust Company. They are on time
deposit and drawing interest. I believe there is about $4,000
net fund. My father was secretary-treasurer of the committee,
and the account is in the name of the fund.

SECRETARY Mayo: I think the Association ought to know, too,
of a fund of $500 that was voted, I think, at the Philadelphia
meeting and was in the hands of Dr. Thomas Smith of New
Jersey. It was a fund designed to afford some immediate relief
to members of the Association who were starting overseas and
found themselves about strapped when they got to the Atlantic
coast. The balance of this fund that wasn’t expended, I think
four hundred thirty-eight dollars and some cents, was turned
over to me by Dr. Smith, and I turned it in to the Treasurer.
That, I would say, was not divided 60-40.

Dr. Stance: If I am not out of order I would like to make a
motion that we extend a vote of appreciation for the services
of Dr. W. Horace Hoskins as the secretary and treasurer of the
Salmon! Memorial Fund, and that the funds now be turned over
to the Treasurer for his care.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. J. G. Eagle, and carried. )

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Munce, seconded by Dr.
Hilton, that the report of the Treasurer be received and referred
to the Auditing Committee. )

REPORTS OF COMMITTEES

PRESIDENT WHITE: The next item of business is reports of
committees. I will call for these committees in the order in
which they are printed in the program.

(The reports of the Sub-Committee on Journal, Committee
on Intelligence and Education, Committee on Legislation, Com-
mittee on Resolutions, Audit Committee and Committee on
Necrology were called for, but these committees were not ready
to report.)

PRESENT WHITE: Is the Committee on History ready to re-
port ?

ReEPoRT OF COMMITTEE ON HISTORY

Dr. J. W. Apams: Two years ago a committee was appointed
by the Chair to write the early history of this Association and to
fill in the gap up to the time when our first minutes appeared in
printed form. During the first year of the committee’s history
quite a little work was done, but no systematic work until a year

-

PROCEEDINGS OF A: V. M. A. 235.

ago, when I was reappointed chairman, and since that time I
have attempted at every opportunity that I had to write such a
history. The nature of the work is such that it has to be carried
on by one man. The committee that is with me is perfectly
willing, but it is impossible to get the data that we want through
several members, and I have attempted to do that myself. Dur-
ing the last. year I have written to members of the families of
deceased founders and practitioners associated with them, and
126 letters have accumulated. I have accumulated quite a
stack of newspaper articles bearing on the meetings, and a great
number of private letters, and it will take some little time yet
to glean from this mass of material what I am after. I am
attempting to write a little biography of the men who were the
founders, and an account of their professional activities, and I
have accumulated quite a number of photographs of the men.
At this date I can only report progress. I believe it will take
about four months yet to carry that up to 1891 or 1892. There
are still gaps where I have nothing to put in. That is the re-
port of the work of that committee to the present time.

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Fitch, seconded by Dr.
Kinsley, that the report be accepted. )

(The following additional committee reports were called for
but were not ready: Committee on Anatomical Nomenclature
and International Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis. )

REporT OF COMMITTEE ON ABORTION

(Dr. Fitch read the report of the Committee on Abortion, as
follows :)

Last. year your Committee on Abortion presented as a part of its
report a resolution which was unanimously adopted. This resolution
was as follows:

“Be it resolved, That the American Veterinary Medical Association
strongly urges that larger appropriations for the investigation of
bovine infectious abortion be made by Federal and State Governments
and through such agencies as the National Research Council to make
possible cooperative work by the institutions engaged in investigating
‘this disease.”

Your committee this year has directed its efforts toward carrying
out the directions of this resolution. A preliminary meeting was held
in Chicago early in December. At that time it was voted that data
should be collected as to what institutions were engaged in the study
of this disease and what phases of the infection were being investi-
gated. It was also decided to interest, if possible, the National Re-
search Council in the project. Correspondence was begun with Dr.
C. E. McClung, who was chairman of the Section of Biology and
Agriculture of the Council, also with Dr. G. W.-McCoy, chairman of
the Section on Medicine. After considerable effort a conference was
secured with the representatives of the Council, your committee and
a few other investigators. The Council appropriated a sum of money
to defray partially the expenses of this conference. This meeting was
held in Washington, D. C., August 4, 1921. As a result Dr. McCoy
asked that a brief be prepared stating the economic losses resulting
from this infection, its importance to the breeding industry, the in-

236 PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A.

vestigations now being carried on, amount being expended in such
investigations, and the facts which should be known about bovine in-
tectious abortion and the approximate cost of such studies. These
data are now being prepared by your committee and will be submitted
to Dr. McCoy some time during this month. He will in turn present
them before the Interim Committee of the Council. If they approve
of the project as a worthy one they will initiate efforts toward secur-
ing funds for the study of this disease. These funds will probably
be expended at those institutions already engaged in the study of this
disease, although this is not at all mandatory. We have good reason
to believe that our efforts will be successful in securing additional
money to be devoted to the study of bovine infectious abortion.

The investigations of the past year have not influenced us to alter
or amend the report presented to the Association by the committee
last year. You will recall that the report of last year consisted
of 14 short paragraphs, each concerning some particular phase of the
disease. Among the 14 paragraphs, as far as your committee has
been able to determine, 13 have received universal approval, and only
one, the first, has been reasonably criticized. The paragraph in
question is that in which the disease was named “bovine infectious
abortion,” and the adverse criticism is based on the fact that this
name is derived from a symptom which may or may not be present.
‘The true character of the infection seems to be a placentitis. In order
to meet this objection a subcommittee has been appointed. Dr. Ch.
Wardell Stiles, an expert on nomenclature, has been requested to
serve as a member. The other members are Dr. E. C. Schroeder and
Dr. Ward Giltner. They will report to the general committee on this
question some time during the coming year. We believe that next
year’s report will settle this troublesome question.

Another point in last year’s report which needs clarifying is that
relating to the diagnosis of the disease. Another subcommittee con-
sisting of Dr. J. M. Buck, Dr. G. T. Creech and Dr. W. E. Cotton has
been appointed to study this question and submit a report with the
definite purpose of standardization of methods and technique in order
to avoid many embarrassing and confusing discrepancies.

A careful study of bovine infectious abortion shows that there are
many phases of the disease which are still imperfectly understood.
Definite information can be obtained only by carefully conducted ex-
perimental work. Because of the character of the disease and the
species of animal affected, research studies are very expensive and
reliable results slow to obtain. Your committee feels that all available
efforts should be directed toward aiding such studies and assisting
in solving the problems in connection with bovine infectious abortion,
which is of the greatest economic importance to the livestock industry.

C. P. FitcH, Chairman.
E. C. SCHROEDER.
WARD GILTNER.

J. F. DE VINE.

HERBERT LOTHE.

PRESIDENT WuitTE: You have heard this excellent report of
the committee. What is your pleasure in regard to it?

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Connaway, seconded by Dr.
Adams, that the report be accepted. )

Dr. ErcuHorn: I desire, in view of the importance of this
question which the committee has now under consideration and
the necessity of the continuation of the work, to move that this
committee be continued and a sufficient fund be provided for
the work for the coming year.

PROCEEDINGS OF A. V. M. A. , 237

(The motion was seconded by Dr. V. A. Moore.)

Dr. Stance: I would like to ask what we mean by sufficient
funds. In view of the financial situation we are facing, I think
- we ought to be careful, because we must remember we have a
Budget Committee that considers all expenditures of the Asso-
ciation for next year, so I would like to amend that motion,
unless it is pretty well understood, that the Budget Committee
decide the amount.

Dr. E1icHHOoRN: That was understood.

Dr. Stance: With that understanding I will be glad to with-
draw my amendment.

(The motion was put and carried.)

COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL VETERINARY CONFERENCE

PRESIDENT WHITE: We will hear from the Committee on In-
ternational Veterinary Conference, J. R. Mohler, chairman.

Dr. Monier: The secretary of the committee will make the
report.

Dr. E1cHHoRN : The committee has not had any occasion to do
any work in the past year, for the reason that in the report of
the committee of last year we pointed out that Great Britain
was very anxious to have the next International Congress held
in London again. Great activity has been started to reestablish
the International Veterinary Council, but up to date it has not
been accomplished, principally due to the fact that our esteemed
colleagues, particularly of France, would not reestablish inter-
course with the German veterinarians. Our last year’s report
also requested that this committee be continued, not for the
reason of inviting the next International Congress to the United
States, but in case it should be decided to have the International
Congress anywhere in Europe. This committee could resume
work immediately and establish a committee for the United
States to cooperate with the International Congress wherever it
would be decided to have it. For this reason we believe that a
committee should be continued, and it is possible, in fact it is
now almost certain, that a member of this committee will visit
various countries in Europe next year, and it might be well to
obtain the sentiment with regard to the next International Con-
ference.

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Fitch, duly seconded, that
the report be accepted and the committee continued.)

Reports OF COMMITTEES

PRESENT WHITE: Is the Salmon Memorial Committee ready
to report?

(The committee was not ready to report.)

(The Liautard Memorial Committee was not ready to report.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: The Committee on Emblem.

238 PROCEEDINGS oF A. V. M. A.

Dr. S. E. BENNETT: I am about the only member of the com-
mittee present. I have not been able to do anything. I have
received no replies from my inquiries. There have been two or
three designs submitted from different sources. If possible, I
would suggest that you appoint one or two members present
_ here to meet with me and we will make the report at some other
time. I move that two members present at the convention be
appointed to act with me. I suggest Dr. McKenna, who has
taken considerable interest and submitted designs.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Kinsley and carried. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: The Chairman will appoint two appro-
priate members for this committee.

The Committee on Unofficial Veterinary Remedies, Dr. H. J.
Milks.

Dr. H. D. BEraman: Dr. Milks has this report and I believe
has not yet arrived.

PRESDENT WHITE: Is Dr. Dick here, who is our representa-
tive on the Board of Managers of the Horse Association of
America?

SECRETARY Mayo: In connection with that, I think the Asso-
ciation ought to know that this Association is a member of the
Horse Association of America. They bought ten shares of stock
last year at the Columbus meeting, costing $50. I supposed
when we bought the stock that was all there was to it. It seems
that when you buy $50 worth of stock you agree to pay $50 a
year. That has been paid. I looked up and found we obligated
ourselves, and I am sure the Association is willing to put that
into it.

Dr. Jacos: I believe that is for a period of three years.

Secretary Mayo: I think you will be interested to know that
Dr. Santa Maria, who was elected to membership, is the official
representative of the Mexican Government to this meeting.
(Applause. )

Adjournment.

(Proceedings to be continued.)

President Kinsley has appointed Dr. Cassius Way, of New
York City, as member at large on the Executive Board of the
A. V. M. A., to fill the vacaney made by Dr. Kinsley’s accepting
the presidency of the association. Dr. Way has resigned from
the Committee on Intelligence and Education.

President Kinsley has appointed Dr. James Fleming a mem-
ber of the Committee on Intelligence and Edueation, to succeed
Dr. L. Enos Day, and Dr. J. S. Koen to fill the unexpired term
due to the resignation of Dr. Way.

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ASSOCIATION NEWS

DENVER DOINGS

At the Wild West show at the foot of the Rocky Mountains,
after numerous Westerners had been thrown from an outlaw
broncho, the manager announced by megaphone before the
grandstand that he had been requested to call for Col. David
S. White, the champion broncho-buster of Ohio, to undertake to
ride the outlaw. This was the only instance during the meet-
ing when anyone succeeded in ‘‘getting the goat’’ of our effusive
and irrepressible president.

The horse has not been driven from streets and farms by the
auto, declares a report submitted by the Horse Association of
America to the Denver Convention. The report stated that
horse equipment costs less than that for motors and that truck-
ing companies and farmers find that certain parts of their work
ean be better done by horses than by motors. The result is that
the demand for draft horses is found to be inereasing.

To show this, Chicago was quoted as a representative example
of American cities. In Chicago in 1920 there were approxi-
mately 30,000 horses in business, and in 1921 there are 33,000.
The report disclosed a nation-wide campaign by the association
to bring horses back into popularity, and also to increase the

production of horses, which shows a startling decrease for the
last three years.

On the door of a restaurant frequented by many of the con-
ventioners was a sign reading: ‘‘Let your conscience be your
guide; pay the cashier before leaving.”’

Major John H. Blattenberg was greatly missed at the con-
vention, as the Westerners had planned to pull off a jack-rabbit
game and a snipe drive, with the Major as master of ceremonies.

A Missouri delegate to the convention reported seeing a
woman, who had just come from the municipal market, with
a live chicken under her arm, stop to give it a drink at a sani-
tary drinking fountain near the convention hall.

240 ASSOCIATION NEWS

The only accident which happened during the famous auto-
mobile trip to Lookout Mountain was the loss of Major Cotton’s
cap, when a gust of wind from Bear Creek Canyon sent it fly-
ing down the roadside.

A number of Eastern members hired an automobile one moon-
light night and visited the coyote cage in the Denver City Park,
thinking that a few yelps of the coyotes would make their West-
ern trip more realistic. Report has it that notwithstanding
much coaxing, the coyotes refused to comply.

During the homeward trip from the grave of ‘‘ Buffalo Bill’’
the trained eye of Dr. Edmund W. Weber, of Utah, enabled
him to locate a drove of elk browsing on the side of Bear Moun-
tain, a half mile or more away.

Commissioner John M. Whittlesey, of Connecticut, was one
of the most interested delegates at the convention. Much of his
spare time was devoted to the study of the agricultural con-
ditions in the vicinity of Denver, including garbage feeding,
hog ranches, purebred cattle farms, certified milk dairies, and
chicken ranches.

Unfortunately, in the absence of its chairman, Dr, E. H. Shep-
ard, there was no meeting of the Practitioners’ Club, which was
organized at the Columbus Convention last year.

The only incident that marred the otherwise pleasant journey
of the Convention Special, which left Chicago on the night of
September 1, was the arrest of two of our fellow members for
playing an innocent game of cards in Nebraska on the Sab-
bath. A ‘‘sheriff’’ suddenly appeared in the Pullman and an-
nounced the breaking of the law of the State and proceeded
to take the two members to the platform of the car awaiting the
stop at the next station. Much pleading and promising were
without avail, and the ruse did not become apparent until an-
other veterinarian who happened by and inquired as to the
cause of the commotion, recognized the so-called sheriff as Dr.
David S. Jaffray, a veterinary practitioner of Chicago.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 241

THE WOMEN’S AUXILIARY TO THE A. V. M. A.

The fifth annual meeting of the Women’s Auxiliary to the
A. V. M. A. was held in the Magnolia Room of the Albany
Hotel in Denver, Tuesday, September 6, 1921.

The President, Mrs. A. T. Kinsley, Kansas City, Mo., pre-
sided. A short, interesting program was given, the main fea-
tures being the President’s address and a paper by Mrs. J. P.
Turner of Washington, D. C., telling of the assistance the
Auxiliary funds had given in that city.

A telegram of good wishes for a successful meeting from the
former President, Mrs. W. H. Hoskins, was read.

The new members were accepted before the business meeting.

A revised constitution was presented and accepted, wita
minor changes. This incorporates in the object of the Aux-
iiary (Article Il) a loan fund for needy veterinary students
as well as financial assistance to veterinarians or their
families. ‘

The report of the Loan Fund Committee was read and
proposition No. 1 was adopted with minor changes, so that,
beginning July 1, 1922, the Auxiliary offers to lend to a senior
in attendance at one of the recognized veterinary schools in
the United States or Canada a sum not to exceed $350 at 4
per cent interest, subject to the conditions suggested by the
committee.

A telegram of sympathy in her recent bereavement was sent
to the ex-President, Mrs. W. H. Hoskins, and the following
resolutions were adopted:

Whereas, God, in His infinite wisdom, has removed from our
midst Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, the beloved husband of our
most loyal and faithful member, the originator and first presi-
dent of our Auxiliary; and

Whereas, Dr. Hoskins always showed the keenest interest in
the affairs of our Auxiliary and was ready to help with advice
and counsel;

Therefore be it Resolved, That we, as members of the
Women’s Auxiliary to the American Veterinary Medical As-
sociation, extend to Mrs. Hoskins our heartfelt sympathy in her
grief,

And be it further Resolved, That the Secretary be in-

‘structed to send a copy of these resolutions to the bereaved

242 ASSOCIATION NEWS

member, Mrs. W. H. Hoskins, and that these resolutions be
spread upon the minutes of this meeting.
Mrs. C. E. Corron, Chairman.
Mrs. I. A. JOHNSON.
Mrs. N. 8. Mayo.

As the tenure of office is two years there was no election at
this meeting and the Auxiliary was adjourned to meet during
the next annual meeting of the A. V. M. A.

MaArGuERITE M. LockHart, Secretary.

A. V. M. A. ELECTION NOTICE

Postal ecards for nominations for a member of the Executive
Board for District No. 6 will be sent out from the Secretary’s
office soon. District No. 6 comprises California, Nevada, Utah,
Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Louisiana,
Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico and Central America.

According to the Constitution and By-Laws, no member can
vote who has not paid his dues for the current year.

All members of the A. V. M. A. who live in this district and
who have paid their dues will receive both nominating cards
and regular ballots. N. S. Mayo, Secretary.

HELP WANTED

At the next meeting of the Executive Board of the A. V. M. A.
that will probably be held in Chicago about the first of December,
plans will be considered for increasing the membership of the
A. V. M. A. The Executive Board will greatly appreciate sug-
gestions from the individual members as to how our membership
can best be increased. If you have any suggestions send them

to me and they will be presented to the Board.
N. S. Mayo.

DUES ARE DUE

About the middle of August statements for dues were sent to
every member together with a program of the annual meeting.
Quite a number have not paid their dues for the year 1920-21. If
“you have not sent a remittance, please do so now. The dues are
payable in advance and if they are not paid promptly, it will
be necessary to stop your JOURNAL. Please send your dues now
to the Secretary.

Perinat ren Om , . elptina sae P-Oer Par onse

ASSOCIATION NEWS 243

NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY

THE thirty-first annual meeting of the New York State
Veterinary Medical Society was held at the Lafayette Hotel,

_ Buffalo, July 27, 28 and 29. The meeting was called to order
by the President, Dr. Wright J. Smith, at 10 a.m. The repre-

sentative from the Mayor’s office who was to give the address
of welcome had to leave before the meeting was opened and
that feature was deferred until the afternoon session. The
entire morning session was used in carrying out the order of
business up to the reading of papers.

At the opening of the afternoon session Mr. Sweeney, on
behalf of Mayor Buck, gave the address of welcome. Dr.
Chas. 8. Chase of Bay Shore gave a very fitting response to
Mr. Sweeney. Dr. E. Sunderville read a paper for Dr. L. A.
Norget on the “‘Importance of Correct Diagnosis.’’ Dr. Norget
was present but just recovering from a very severe attack of
tonsilitis he was neither able to read his paper nor take part
in the interesting discussion which followed. Dr. P. A. Fish
read the next paper. It was entitled ‘‘The Spermatic Secre-
tion.’’ Discussion was opened by Dr. W. W. Williams of

Springfield, Mass. Dr. W. Reid Blair read an excellent paper

on ‘‘Hookworm Disease in Dogs.’’ Dr. H. J. Milks led the
discussion on this paper.
The annual dinner of the society was held at the Lafayette

Hotel. Dr. V. A. Moore gave an instructive and helpful talk
-on the veterinary profession. Drs. Wills, Hollingworth, Blair,

DeVine and Volgenau were called upon for discussion.
These men sustained the interest in the topic and helped to

-make this part of the program one of the best features of the

meeting.

The first session of the second day was given up to papers
by Dr. W. W. Williams and Dr. W. L. Williams. The paper
by Dr. W. W. Williams was on ‘‘Observations upon Reproduc-
tion in a Purebred Dairy Herd.’’ The one by Dr. W. L. Wil-
lams was on ‘‘Observations upon Reproduction in a Purebred
Beef Herd.’’ These were interesting and valuable papers and
they, with the discussions which followed, took up the whole

- of the morning session.

The papers of the afternoon were by Dr. J. W. Benner, Dr.

_W. G. Hollingworth and Dr. C. J. Spencer. The paper by Dr.

244 ASSOCIATION NEWS

Benner was on *‘ Mixed Infection in Swine.’’ The title of the
paper by Dr. Hollingworth was ‘‘Am I an Asset or Liability ?’’
Dr. C. J. Spencer talked on the subject ‘‘A Few Ideas of an
Ordinary Practitioner.’ Dr. Spencer illustrated his talk by
several appliances which have been used with success in his
own practice. The paper by Dr. Hollingworth was rich in the
philosophy of an honorable and successful life in veterinary
practice. Its teachings are those toward which every man in
the veterinary profession should look.

Dr. D. H. Udall of Ithaca was elected President for the en-
suing year; Dr. W. Reid Blair was elected Vice-President;
Dr. C. E. Hayden, Ithaca, Secretary-Treasurer, and Dr. H. J.
Milks, Ithaca, Librarian. Twenty-four new members were
elected during the meeting. There is a steady and substan-
tial growth which marks an increase in the influence of the
organization. It was voted to send a telegram of sympathy to
Dr. W. Horace Hoskins who, it has since proven, was in his last
illness. Resolutions were presented on the death of Dr. D. W.
Cochran, Dr. James Law and Dr. W. S. Eggleston. It was
voted ‘to hold the next annual meeting at Syracuse some time
during the summer of 1922. The invitotion was extended by
Dr. A. E. Merry on behalf of the Central New York Society.

The local Committee on Arrangements provided a boat ride
to Crystal Beach as the entertainment for the evening of the
second day. Crystal Beach is one of the most popular amuse-
ment places which Buffalo offers. A large number of members
and visitors took advantage of the opportunity to visit Crystal
Beach and found it an excellent place to have a good time.

During the morning of the third day a visit to the Stock
Yards, Dold’s Abattoir and the Crandall Sales Stables was
made. There was opportunity to see the regular operations in
the Dold plant. An instructive exhibit of pathological speci-
mens had been prepared by the staff and there was much
interest manifested in it. Lunch in the Dold dining rooms was
an enjoyable feature of this visit. In the afternoon a large
number of members and visitors took an automobile trip to
Niagara Falls. A well-deserved vote of thanks was extended
to the members of the local Committee on Arrangements for
their splendid and effective work in caring for the meeting.

C. E. Haypen, Secretary.

*
Van

deel

ASSOCIATION NEWS 245

WESTERN MICHIGAN ASSOCIATION

The summer meeting of the Western Michigan Veterinary
Medical Association was held at Manhattan Beach, Reeds
Lake, Grand Rapids, Mich., August 16, about 40 being in
attendance. An excellent entertainment program was enjoyed
by all present.

New members accepted at this meeting were Drs. B. A.
Perry of Hastings and R. C. Rawlings of Caledonia.

O. H. Van Brussex, Secretary.

U. OF P. VETERINARY ALUMNI DINNER

Following the ancient custom of all loyal sons of Old Penn,
graduates of the Veterinary School of the University of Penn-
sylvania never fai! to ‘‘gather ’round the congenial and festive
board’’ whenever a few of the sons find themselves together.

True to Old Penn tradition every Penn man attending the

recent A. V. M. A. meeting, held in Denver, attended the
‘‘Pennsylvania dinner’’ held Tuesday evening, September 6,
at the Albany Hotel.

After a very enjoyable repast each man present told what
he knew of the activities of the members of his class. Many
very interesting reminiscences were indulged in and thor-
oughly enjoyed by all.

Dr. Chas. E. Cotton of Minneapolis presided, and the follow-
ing submitted ‘‘reports’’: Dr. John W. Adams, Veterinary
Sehool, U. of P.; Dr. John R. Mohler, Washington, D. C.; Dr.
T. EK. Munee, Harrisburg, Pa.; Dr. H. P. Hoskins, Detroit,
Mich.; Dr. H. W. Jakeman, Indianapolis, Ind.; Dr. M. Jacob,
Knoxville, .Tenn.; Dr. N. L. Townsend, New York City; Dr.
Howard H. Custis, La Jara, Colo.; Dr. F. S. Jones, Princeton,
N. J.; Dr. C. S. Shore, Lake City, Minn.; Dr. R. M. Staley,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. Munce reviewed briefly the report submitted by the
Welfare Committee at the June, 1921, meeting of the Alumni
Society. He told of the good spirit shown by the alumni body
and particularly the Welfare Committee, during their meet-
ings and discussions. Also of the valuable and cordial co-
operation received from the faculty of the Veterinary School.

It is believed that the greatest possible good will result from
the closer relationship between the school and the alumni body.

246 ASSOCIATION NEWS

The enthusiastic and optimistie note that was evident in the
remarks of everyone at this meeting shows that every Penn
man is for Penn.

Dr. Adams reviewed the work at the school during the past-
few years, and told us that the prospects for a larger freshman
class are better than they have been, at this season, since prior
to the war.

Great satisfaction was expressed that the clinical material
presented daily at the free clinic held at the Veterinary School
is very abundant and includes practically all domestic animals.
The work of the ambulatory clinic, which takes the students to
some of the greatest dairy and livestock breeding establish-
ments in the country, was described as one of the best con-
ducted ambulatory clinics in operation. It is under the super-
vision of Dr. C. J. Marshall, who is giving the students the
benefit of his years of }:ractical experience, in conjunction with
his course in Veterinary Medicine.

As proof that the present teaching methods and ambulatory
clinies are fitting men to enter present day general practice
it was recalled that, at the 1920 Alumni Day exercises, all of
the clinical work was carried out by senior students, who
accomplished the work like seasoned practitioners.

The meeting adjourned with a toast—an exceedingly dry
toast—to Old Penn and the continued success of the Veteri-
nary School. R. M. Srarey, Secretary.

GEORGIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The fifteenth annual meeting of the Georgia Veterinary Asso-
ciation held in Macon, Georgia, September 21 and 22, passes
into history as one of the most successful meetings ever held by
this association. In spite of the fact that financial conditions in
the South have been very discouraging during the past year,
a larger number of veterinarians were present than have been
in any meeting of the past five years.

The meeting, held at the Hotel Lanier, was called to order on
the morning of the 21st by President Dr. B. E. Carlisle, of
Montezuma, Georgia, and a welcome on behalf of the city of
Macon was extended to the association by Roger Miller, Secre-
tary of the Macon Chamber of Commerce. This welcome was
responded to by Dr. John I. Handley of Atlanta.

MiRee ick dadeke eel oe ee

pine

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ASSOCIATION NEWS 247

The first session of the meeting was devoted to the discussion
of the hog cholera question. The first paper, ‘‘ Parasitic Infes-
tation in Its Relation to Hog Cholera,’’ given by Dr. Guy T.
Cole, U. S. Inspector in charge of meat inspection at Moultrie,
Georgia, was a revelation in that it showed that parasitic infes-
tation of hogs causes more condemnation of hog careasses than
all other diseases combined. Thousands of pounds of pork are
condemned in the packing plants; and if conditions seen in a
small packing house are indicative of the country generally,
millions of dollars are lost annually due to the needless harbor-

_ Ing of parasites by the hogs on the farm. A motion was made

at this time to give this paper as wide publicity as possible
through the press of the State.

The next paper, ‘‘Intra-peritoneal Injection of Hog Cholera
Serum Compared with Other Methods of Injection,’’ by Dr.
J. H. Coffman, Assistant State Veterinarian, Atlanta, was a short
history of the vaccination of hogs against cholera. This paper
brought out the fact that due to the ease of the operation, the
absence of abscesses and the readiness with which the serum is
absorbed, the intra-peritoneal method of injecting hog cholera
serum is far superior to all other methods.

A short review of losses following the serum simultaneous
treatment of hogs was given by Dr. D. L. Proctor, Hawkins-
ville, in his paper ‘‘Hog Cholera? If not, What?’’ Dr. Proctor
reported that the herds under discussion had been treated and
retreated with serum and virus alone and in conjunction with
bacterins and, though the ante-mortem symptoms and _post-
mortem lesions were those usually found in hog cholera, the
disease could not be checked. This paper brought out an
abundance of opinions as to the cause of these losses and the real
identity of the disease. '

‘Indications and Contra-indications for the Use of Bac-
terins’’ was well handled by Dr. J. l. Ruble of Quitman, who
showed, by citing cases in his hog practice, that there are con-
ditions in which bacterins are indicated.

The afternoon session of the first day was given over to the
discussion of subjects pertaining to general practice. Dr. G. W.
Browning, LaGrange, read a paper on ‘‘Some Things We Should
Not Do in Canine Practice.’? He pointed out the fact that care
should be taken in administering drugs to puppies, and showed

248 ASSOCIATION NEWS

that simple remedies were often more effective than poisonous
drugs. This paper brought out some interesting discussions
along the line of canine practice. Following this paper, Dr.
T. F. Abercrombie, Secretary of the State Board of Health,
Atlanta, gave a report of the work being done by the State Board
of Health Laboratory in the control of rabies in Georgia. The
figures given by Dr. Abercrombie showed that rabies is on the
increase in this State and as a result of this report, a committee
was appointed, consisting of Drs. Bahnsen, Americus, and
Burkland, Atlanta; Drs. Richardson and Pureells, Athens, and
Dr. E. D. King, Jr., Valdosta, to investigate experiments con-
ducted by the Board of Health Laboratory and if results were
satisfactory, to recommend to the General Assembly of Georgia
at their next meeting, the passage of laws controlling dogs with
a view of lessening the occurrence of this disease.

Following the discussion of this report, Dr. John W. Salter,
Dawson, gave an interesting paper on the pathology of and the
technic of the operation against roaring in horses and mules.
Dr. P. W. Hudson, Americus, then related some of his experi-
ences with parturient paresis. This paper brought out a variety
of arguments for and against the use of different drugs to be
given in connection with the inflation of the udder in treating
these cases.

The final paper in this session was given by Dr. E. L. Jarvis
of Macon, on the subject of abortion. Dr. Jarvis. gave an in-
teresting review of his experiences with this disease in cattle.
He considered the use of bacterins very satisfactory in treating
herds of cattle infected with contagious abortion. The discus-
sion following this paper was participated in by a number of
veterinarians present, and brought out the fact that abortion is
present in Georgia, not only among the cattle, but also in herds
of hogs.

The evening of the first day was spent around the banquet
table. Due to the absence of Dr. M. A. Morris, Dr. Bahnsen
acted as toastmaster and a memorable evening was enjoyed by
all present.

The morning of the second day was given over to the subjects
of municipal meat and milk inspection. Dr. E. D. King, Jr.,
City Meat and Milk Inspector, Valdosta, in his paper, “‘Is Pub-
lic Sentiment a Factor in Establishing Meat and Milk Inspec-

* hee

ASSOCIATION NEWS 249

tion?’’ showed that no public work can be successfully carried
out without the backing of the public. In his opinion, the
public should be educated as thoroughly in the relation of
contaminated and diseased milk and meats to the health of a
community as it is in the branches of the common school.

‘“Why Should a Veterinarian Be in Charge of Municipal Meat
and Milk Inspection?’’ was well handled by Dr. A. G. G.
Richardson, Dean of the Veterinary Division, State College of
Agriculture, Athens. Dr. Richardson, who for many years was
a B. A. I. Inspector, showed that the veterinarian is the only
man who can control the sanitation of meats and milk from the
farm to the consumer. He also showed that no lay inspector can
determine the health and condition of the animal or carcass
before its products are offered for public consumption, and that
few lay inspectors are qualified as sanitary officers.

Dr. R. K. Roberson, Milk Inspector of Columbus, Georgia,
on ‘‘Dairy Sanitation,’’ gave the points to be considered in
conducting a sanitary dairy and the production of wholesome
milk. This paper brought out an interesting discussion.

The afternoon session was to have been a demonstration of the
combination test for tuberculosis, but as no reactors were found,
this part.of the program was substituted for a clinic held in
Dr. Jarvis’ hospital.

The business session closed the meeting. Dr. A. L. Hirleman,
U. 8. Veterinary Inspector in charge of cooperative hog cholera
and tuberculosis control, Atlanta, was elected President for ihe
coming year, with Dr. A. G. G. Richardson, Athens, Vice-P resi-
dent. Dr. Peter F. Bahnsen, Americus, was unanimously re-
elected Secretary-Treasurer. Upon invitation of the Chamber
of Commerce and Drs. Epple and Toliver of Albany, that city
was awarded the meeting of the association for the year 1922.
It was voted that the next meeting be held between the fifteenth
and thirtieth of September. ,

Perrer F. BAHNSEN, Secretary.

MISSISSIPPI] DELTA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

The Mississippi Delta Veterinary Association held its regular
quarterly meeting in Cleveland, Miss., on September 14, the
sessions being held in the Firemen’s Hall. The meeting was

250 ASSOCIATION NEWS

ealled to order at 10 o’clock, with Dr. C. D. Crawford, presi--
dent of the association, in the chair.

Papers were read and general discussions held on the follow-
ing subjects: ‘‘Periodie Ophthalmia,’’ Dr. S. E. Osborn, of
Greenwood; ‘‘Black Tongue in Dogs,’’ Dr. Luster, Clarksdale;
‘“Swamp Fever,’’ Dr. Sullivan, Sumner; ‘‘Rabies,’’ Miss Goach,
of the Bolivar County Health Department ; ‘‘Hog Cholera,’’ Dr.
Fry, Jackson; and ‘‘ Anthrax,’’ Dr. Norton, of Greenville.

The association has asked the leading laboratories to study
the question of a stronger vaccine for anthrax, and a commit-
tee of veterinarians reported to the association that the labora-
tories are now working on a product which will give permanent
immunity.

The veterinarians in attendance were: Drs. C. D. Crawford,
Rolling Fork, president; Bannester, Greenwood, vice presi-
dent; E. B. Mount, Cleveland, secretary-treasurer; Fry,
Jackson; Nye, Grenada; Clark, Grenada; W. S. Sullivan, Sum-
ner; J. C. Boyce, Tutwiler; C. Stallworth, Drew; Luster, Clarks-
dale; R. H. Mohlenhoff, Cleveland ; Osborne, Greenwood ; Norton,
Greenville; Berry, Leland; Royal, Hollandale; and Heath, of
Grenada. E. B. Mount, Secretary,

NEW VETERINARY CLUB ORGANIZED

A meeting of veterinarians of seven Central Pennsylvania.

counties was held recently at the home of Dr. H. T. McNeal,
Sunbury, Pa., and a.permanent organization, to. be known
as the Central Pennsylvania Veterinary Club, was formed.
The club, which consists of veterinarians of Northumberland,
Columbia, Montour, Snyder, Union, Juniata and Mifflin counties,
was organized to form a closer personal and professional rela-
tion among the members, as well as for the discussion of sub-
jects pertaining to the profession and otherwise advancing the
interests of its members.

The meeting was well attended by veterinarians throughout
the district. Dr. H. R. Church, of Harrisburg, deputy State
veterinarian, gave an interesting talk. Dr. B. M. Potteiger, of
Selinsgrove, was elected secretary. The next meeting will be
held at Bloomsburg, and Dr. Wm. Smith, of Stillwater, Columbia
County, was named president for that session. Meetings will be
held every three months and a president for each meeting will
be named from the section in which the meetings are held.

shhieeel Sie ee

.
Te

\

ASSOCIATION NEWS 251

MONTREAL VETERINARY CONVENTION

The Quebee Veterinary Medical Association, officially known
under the name of College of Veterinary Surgeonsofthe Province
of Quebec, will hold its annual convention early in November,
when a veterinary surgeon officially delegated by the Société de
Médecine Pratique, of Paris, France, is expected to be present to
perform surgical work and possibly read one or two papers.

Owing to the uncertainty of the date of sailing of the French
veterinary surgeon, it has been found impossible to set defi-
nitely the date of the convention, which will take place either the
latter part of October or the very beginning of November.

Those who have had the good fortune of being present at
former conventions will probably give the incredulous look when
they read that the forthcoming convention will eclipse any-
thing ever attempted before by the Montrealers, but the offi-
cers have the doggy determination which spells success with a
capital S, and, since they have never before failed to keep their
word, the convention is bound to be heard of favorably later on.

The demonstrations of the intended delegate from France
will take the almost if not the altogether exclusive form of sur-
gical work, and many are the names of prominent veterinary
surgeons throughout the country who have signified their in-
tention of being present.

The committee wishes to extend a hearty invitation to all vet-
erinary surgeons outside the scope of the association to be pres-
ent as guests, those of Quebec having already received a circular
letter requesting them to attend as active members and asking
for their cooperation.

The convention will take place at the Montreal Veterinary
College, under the chairmanship of Dr. Albert Dauth, with Dr.
J. H. Villeneuve as secretary-treasurer of the Organization
Committee, at 266 Craig Street East, Montreal.

J. H. VitLENEUVE, Secretary.

THE PARIS VETERINARY CONFERENCE
Belated reports of the Paris conference from several of the
French veterinary periodicals indicate that forty-three countries
(including dominions, colonies, ete.) were represented by
delegates.
Germany was represented by Prof. Robert Ostertag and two
others.

252 ASSOCIATION NEWS

Sir Stewart Stockman represented Great Britain and also
Canada and was chairman of a committee.

The French delegation of eight included Doctors Galmistie,
Leclainche, Roux and Vallée.

Sir Arnold Theiler represented South Africa and Dr. W. H.
Wray the United States. Prof. Hutyra was there representing
Hungary, while Dr. DeJong was the delegate from the Nether-
lands.

Every country in Europe except Russia and Turkey seems to
have been represented ; also Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Aus-
tralia, New Zealand and Japan.

The president of the conference was a French Senator, Massé.
The details of this conference will be found in the October,
1921, JOURNAL.

THE FIRST WORLD’S POULTRY CONGRESS

The first World’s Poultry Congress was held at The
Hague, Holland, September 5 to 15, 1921, Queen Wilhelmina
and the Prince Consort opening the Congress. ‘The work was
divided into two parts, viz., that of papers, and that of an ex-
hibition.

Of interest to veterinarians was the exhibition, which comprised
a collection of pathological specimens of fowls, nicely mounted
and staged by the State Serum Institute of Rotterdam, inelud-
ing specimens of tuberculosis, roup, diphtherie enteritis, para-
sites, etc. The other section on disease was by the Poultry
Pathology Research Laboratory of the North Carolina Experi-
ment Station and included enlarged photographs, photomi-
crographs and prepared specimens of tumors of fowls and black-
head of turkeys, ete.

The program of papers was divided into sections, the third
being that of Hygiene and Disease, which was presided over by
Dr. D. A. De Jong of the State University of Leyden. Twelve
papers were presented in this section by veterinarians who have
specialized in diseases of poultry. Among the contributors were
Prof. Dr. J. Poels, Professor Dechambre, Dr. D. A. De Jong,
Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Prof. Dr. L. Le Blieck, Dr. J. R. Beach, Dr.
F, Van Heelsbergen, Dr. B, J, ©, Te Hennepe, Dr. H. Van

bo
Or
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ASSOCIATION NEWS

Straaten, Dr. H. E. Reeser, Dr. L. F. Rettger and Prof. Dr.
Camillo Terni.

Among the resolutions passed two are of especial interest to
the veterinarian : °

1. In all countries where poultry production is an important
industry, that adequate courses be provided in the teaching of
poultry diseases in all veterinary and agricultural colleges.

2. In all countries where poultry production is an important
industry, that investigation of diseases of poultry be continued
and a study of the advisability of official control of outbreaks of
contagious and infectious diseases among poultry be made, and
in the event of the advisability of such control, to determine
whieh of the contagious diseases should be so controlled.

One of the excursion trips was to Rotterdam to visit the State
Serum Institute. This institute conducts studies of diseases of
the domestic animals of Holland, including poultry. It also
maintains a laboratory for the examination of milk and water.
It produces the sera and vaccines used in Holland for both
prophylactic and curative measures in combating diseases of
livestock and poultry. In this part of the institution there are
kept 150 horses, 60 cattle and 200 hogs. The sera used on
cattle are made from hyperimmunized cattle. It was found that
some cattle suffered ‘‘serum disease’’ when sera from horses were
used. The sera used in combating diseases of poultry included
one for fowl cholera and one for fowl typhoid.

B. F. Kavupp.

TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION CONFERENCE

The Tuberculosis Eradication Conference, which will be held
in Chicago, November 25 and 26, 1921, promises to be the most
important meeting of its kind ever held in the United Stafes.
The program which appears below contains the names of many
of the best authorities in their respective lines in the United
States. Every person assigned to the program has a close con-
nection with the tuberculosis eradication problem either from the
human or livestock side. If there is not sufficient time to discuss
all of the subjects thoroughly during the two days of the con-
ference, it will be extended over another day. <A feature of
this year’s: conference will be the attendance of the field inspec-
tors—county, State and Federal

assigned to work in the States

254. ASSOCIATION NEWS

adjacent to Illinois. Every veterinarian, livestock owner or other
interested persons who can arrange to attend the conference will
be made weleome. The sessions will be held m the Red Room
of the La Salle Hotel, Chicago, Illinois. The program follows:

NOVEMBER 25.

1OSaesm= Address ote WielComer seen Hon. B. M. Davison.
10.30 a.m. Object of Conference. Dr. John R. Mohler.
11.00 a.m. The Work of the Bureau EneE =
ment Station on Tuberculosis........... [ . E. C. Schroeder.

11.80 a.m. Relation of Bovine Tuberculosis Bis

Bumank Healings ems _.Dr. W. A. Evans.
1.30 p.m. Obscure Lesions in Bovine Tuber-

CULOSTSIN {6 -eU ES ee, e eeae e eeaE Dr. L. Enos Day.
2.00 p.m. Clinical Studies Relative to Tuber-

culosiswot Childrenwsses == nee Dr. Isaac Abt.
2.30 p.m. Progress of Tuberculosis Eradica-

iON eI .ET ONG) eee ee eee eee Hon. E. S. Brigham.
3.00 p.m. The Farm Bureau and Tuberculo-

SS Pha Wh 5 Peel ote ote Be 1s EP ir ie PEED Ed Hon. James Howard.
3.30 p.m. The Eradication of Tuberculosis

from a Purebred Herd of Cattle...Mr. James Brown.
4.00 p.m. The Specifications Under Which the
Intradermic Test Should Be Made.....Dr. C. E. Corwin.

Discussion.

NOVEMBER 26.
9.00 a.m. Turning Back Accredited Herds to

Approved Veterinarians 2.0.0.2... Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough.
9.39 a.m. The Economic Importance of Eradi-
cating? Enberenlosiss= sees Mr. Thomas Wilson.

19.00 a.m. The National Live Stock Exchange

and Its Interest in Eradicating Tu-

DOT CULOSTS eee te ee eee oe Mr. Everett C. Brown.
10.30 a.m. The County Agent’s Place in the :

Ree oe Eradication Cam-

Ff 0 Vaart ee ote dre ee fe aa Set ea re ar Mr. H. E. McCartney.

11 00 a.m. The Editor and the Breedev... .Mr. A. J. Glover.
11.30 a.m. The Advantages of an Accredited

Herd (2eo8e po ee eee eens Mr. L. A. Campbell.
1.00 p.m. The Eradication Campaign in Mis-

SOUND 220 ee Roe Bae eee Dr. D. F. Luckey.
1.30 p.m. The Combination Tuberculin Test

Meéthodtd: 2 3s) 3th: are Sele ee Dr. L. B. Ernest.
2.00 p.m. Report of U.S. L. S. S. A. Com-

mittee” on luberculosis == Dr. T. E. Munce.
230 p.m. The Practicing Veterinarian in Ac- :

creditedmHlerdiaw Or kegeer se ee Dr. J. G. Townsend.
3.00 p.m. The Eradication of Tuberculosis

from: -Ameasie sti see eS tae eaeee Dr ienS. alwiches
3.30 p.m. The Eradication of Tuberculosis

in, Minnesotaic.2. 0 ese ee ee ee Dras€. He Cotton:

4.00 p.m. Report of Committee on Tuberculo-

sis FreemArreas jo. tea ee ee ne Dr. M. Jacob.

Discussion.

COMMUNICATIONS

“WATCH OUT FOR DR. J. HANAGAN”

To THE Epiror:

Letters on file in this office carry the information that one
*“Dr. J. Hanagan’’ was ‘‘located’’ in Harlowton, Montana, dur-
ing the month of August, 1921, that he pretended to have ‘‘ just
returned from the U. S. Army,’’ was a graduate veterinarian,
and expected to follow the practice of the profession at Harlow-
ton.

Through the pretenses above mentioned, Hanagan secured the
instruments of the late Dr. A. H. Mehn, from his widow, giv-
ing a note without security. Hanagan also borrowed some money
from a druggist in Harlowton ‘‘to make the trip to Helena to
get his veterinary license.’’

Hanagan took the veterinary instruments he secured from Mrs.
‘Mehn and has failed to return to Harlowton, and has never made
application for a veterinary ltcense.

I solicit your cooperation and request that you report any in-
formation you may have of ‘‘Dr. J. Hanagan’’ to this office, and
also to Dr. W. J. Butler, Helena, and Mr. H. C. Hawley, Har-
~ lowton. A. D. KNOWLEs,
Secretary, Montana Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners.

POST-CARD ADVERTISING BY VETERINARY SUPPLY
HOUSES
To THE EDITorR:

I wish to bring to your attention the habit which seemingly
is growing with the supply houses of sending out post cards
advertising their products, prices, ete., to the publie eye as
well as to the veterinarian addressed,

Today I have just received such a card. No doubt many of
my brother practitioners have received similar cards. Veteri-
narians, let’s get together on this thing and stop it while still a
young practice. It is easy to do. When any firm sends you a
post card, simply return it to them with a letter notifying them
you will stop using their products if they can not send your
mail more privately. And we shall soon see if that firm is
willing to sell only to the graduate or if such firm wants to

255

256 ASSOCIATION NrEws

sell to the pubitce, and is so aiming to double-cross us, with the
post-card scheme of broadcasting the prices of their products.
Stand by the firms that stand by you. If the majority of us
will not tolerate such a cheap way of doing business as to send
mail regarding prices of products, etc., on post cards, we can
soon put a stop to it, and so uphold our professional interests.
Brother practitioners, it’s your turn now— Act.
Greensboro, N. C. G. S. GLover.

LETTER FROM ECUADOR
To THE Eprror:

As you doubtless know, in countries like these stock is very
seldom treated, or if so in a very routine manner. This is due
to ignorance, the manner in which stock raising is earried on,
and the low value of most of the animals. I may say that this
is especially true of Ecuador. Of all the South American coun-
tries this is, in my opinion, the most backward in stock raising,
and added to that the people really refuse to learn anything new.
I am the only graduate veterinarian in the country, and if I
had to depend on practice I guess I would starve to death. I
do a little private practice on race horses and dogs when I am
not engaged on the haciendas. As yet we have not our Animal
Industry Department in shape, and I do not know if we ever
will have any animals or laboratory which are very much needed.
However, we are going ahead slowly, and if allowed to continue
I yet have hopes of making a success of it. But everything here
advances very slowly.

It may be of interest to you to know, if you do not know al-
ready, that we now have foot-and-mouth disease in Eeuador for
the first time. This was introduced May 2 by some Shorthorn
bulls imported from Chile. These cattle arrived sick, but since
there is no veterinary examination or quarantine, the port medi-
cal officer passed them. They were shipped directly to the Sierra
near Quito, where the owner called in the municipal veteri-
narian, who diagnosed the disease as acute rheumatism and not
contagious. Very soon over a thousand head were sick, and it
spread to other haciendas, so that when the President finally
called on me to investigate this disease there were some 20
haciendas and about 5,000 head or over sick I diagnosed it as
foot-and-mouth, and tried to show the authorities how to com-

ASSOCIATION NEWS 257

bat it by quarantines, but with poor success, for as soon as I
had diagnosed it everyone became a veterinarian and my serv-
ices were no longer needed. As a result it has spread over a
good part of the country and has gotten down here on the Coast.
There are still many haciendas infected, and it is continuing to
spread. There are no animal sanitary laws, inspectors, or help
of any kind. The most of the haciendados will not cooperate
or take the disease seriously on account of the low mortality, and
decreased production means nothing to the most of them. The
Government has no money and will give no help, so I do not
see how we can make much progress in eradicating the disease
under the existing conditions. It is, however, in a very mild
form, and the mortality is next to nothing, even in the calves.
But on some ranches the loss in milk production, after recovery
of the cows, is 20 per cent. Here on the coast where all the
eattle are ‘‘eriollo’’ the disease is even more benign than in the
Sierra where there are a lot of grade Holsteins and some Short-
horns.

Other diseases that cause losses among ealves are traumatic
gastritis caused by hair balls, broneho-pneumonia, and pyo-
septicemia of sucklings. This latter disease I believe is re-
sponsible for many of the deaths among calves, although in many
eases the symptoms are very vague. But the umbilicus of most
of the calves born becomes infeeted. In fact, it is the custom to
allow this to become infested with serew worms for eight days.
after which it is cleaned out, the worms killed with ecreolin and
then the wound packed with dry manure. In only a very few
cases have I seen the articular form, but in many postmortems
on ealves which had been consistently ‘‘bad doers,’’ I have
found large abscesses in the liver, others in the lungs, and many
times a bronchial pneumonia, and I believe the infection enters
through the navel cord. In regard to vaccines, the only ones
used here are for blackleg. The use of other biologics is not
known here or is not permissible because of their cost. There
should be a big demand for hog-cholera serum, as every year
probably 60 to 70 per cent of the hogs die of cholera, and it is
impossible to raise hogs on any scale. Yet I have not persuaded
anybody to vaccinate, although the price of pigs is relatively
high, so that it would pay if the serum could be imported, and
I suppose it could be if kept on ice during the trip.

In addition to my position with this cattle company, I have

258 ASSOCIATION NEws

been appointed Inspector General, Sanidad Veterinaria del

Litoral, by the Government, but I am sorry to say I don’t be-

lieve we can accomplish much at the present time in control of

diseases, because of lack of cooperation, but we have a start

anyway, if only a very weak one. EUGENE FERRON.
Guayaquil, Ecuador.

MOVE TO ASSIST HORSE BREEDING

A movement is on foot to encourage horse racing in every
State in the Union in order to insure the United States of im-
proved breeds of Thoroughbred horses and thus open to this
country a horse market which will sueeessfully compete with
England and Ireland, which for 200 years have been the horse
markets of the world.

Thomas Clyde, Maryland horse breeder and patron of horses,
agrees with the Horse Association of America, in its stand for
the breeding of fine Thoroughbred horses in this country.

‘“‘The United States is immeasurably behind European coun-
tries in the matter of horse breeding,’’ Mr. Clyde stated recently.
“‘In Germany and in Austria-Hungary it was found necessary
many years ago to assist private breeders by various methods
to which the state contributed. In Russia in 1772, government
studs and horse races were established with a view to improving
the breed.

‘‘France before the war had an interesting system of govern-
ment horse breeding. ‘Two or three times a year a commission
appointed by the ministry of agriculture invited owners to bring
their best horses to the various depots for inspection. Good
racing records being essential, inspectors, with all particulars and
performances on hand, made selections for size, soundness and
looks. The offers were then made to the owners of the selected
horses which could be accepted or refused. Such horses when
bought were sent to one of the government depots for breeding
purposes. English racing is the backbone of English horse breed-
ing. The armies of central Europe were horsed by England.
One of the most valuable pieces of property an Englishman ean
own is a popular and successful Thoroughbred stallion.’’—Chi-
cago Tribune.

NECROLOGY

Hon. W. C. Edwards, Senator in the Canadian Parliament
and former member of the International Commission on Tuber-
culosis of the A. V. M. A., died September 17, in his seventy-
eighth year. At the meeting of our association at Ottawa in
1903 Senator Edwards entertained those present for an entire
day by taking them to his estate at Rockland on his steamer
Empress. He provided a band, a luncheon and supper as well
as a horse show of his Hackneys in his private pavillion. The
ladies were given tallyho rides about the country in the morning
and when the music started in the afternoon he began the cere-
monies by dancing the Highland Fling himself. One session of
this memorable meeting was held on his farm for the discussion
of tuberculosis, as his individual herd of valuable Shorthorns
was under the Bang system. Six years later the International
Tuberculosis Commission met at Ottawa and after the business
sessions were concluded the Senator again entertained the mem-
bers at his home in Rockland in true Canadian fashion.

The passing of Senator Edwards removes not only one of the
outstanding personalities in Canada, but a staunch and ardent
friend of the veterinary profession.

SALMON MEMORIAL FUND GETS BEQUEST

The will of Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, dean of the New York
State Veterinary College, of New York University, bequeaths $100
to the veterinary school ‘‘as a suggestive testimonial of my in-
debtedness to the veterinary school that afforded me a life work
of usefulness and service and that brought me richer results and
pleasures than money.’’

A similar sum is bequeathed the Salmon Memorial Fund
‘as a tribute to one of the most complete lives of unselfishness
and true public service ever lived by any member of my chosen
profession.’’

The Country Gentleman contains a feature article entitled
‘Pedigrees and Pork,’’ showing that purebred stock pays at
the trough. It concludes with the statement ‘‘the purebred
hog makes pork most economical and this is the big factor
breeders must teach and prove and sell.’’

259

MISCELLANEOUS

HONOR FAMOUS MORGAN HORSE

Justin Morgan, progenitor of the famous breed of Morgan
horses, which made farm animal history during the last century,
was honored on the centenary of his death, October 1, as very
few horses ever have been honored. A statue of a representa-
tive Morgan horse was presented to the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture at the department’s Morgan horse farm,
Middlebury, Vt., by the Morgan Horse Club.

The statue, which cost $18,000, is by Frederick G. R. Roth, of
Engiewood, N. J., one of the foremost animal sculptors of the
world. It is of bronze, one-fourth oversize, and stands on a
pedestal of Vermont granite in front of the barn of the breeding
farm, near the top of a beautiful sloping lawn, about 250 yards
from the highway and 50 yards from the circular driveway of
the grounds.

To get the type correctly, Mr. Roth studied all the literature
of the breed, examined old prints, inspected modern representa-
tives of the type, and interviewed dozens of American Morgan
horse breeders. It is expected that the statue will stand as a
permanent standard of the breed.

The presentation speech was made by E. A. Darling, of East
Burke, Vt., president of the Morgan Horse Club, and the statue
was accepted by Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry. It was unveiled by Miss Elizabeth G. Still-
man, daughter of C. C. Stillman, of New York, secretary of the
club.

Justin Morgan, founder of the famous family, was the prop-
erty of a Vermont breeder by that name, and was foaled in
1789. He was by True Briton, by Imported Traveler by Mor-
ton’s Traveler, which traces in near and direct lines to Arab
stock. From the line descended a number of famous trotters
of the last century, but the popularity of the family was based
chiefly on the endurance, beauty, and style of its members.

In recent years the race became seattered and nearly extinct,
but has been largely restored to its original form through the
efforts of the Department of Agriculture.

In accepting the statue, Dr. Mohler said:

260

AO —— = == ———

MISCELLANEOUS 261

‘“Members of the Morgan Horse Club and friends:

‘Hew horses have been honored as the horse which stands on
this pedestal has been honored. Nor is it a transient impulse
that has led to this beautiful tribute. _Within the span of a
hundred years many things are forgotten. Human life and
human memory are necessarily crowded with events that demand
thought and attention. Yet here in bronze is a creature whose
service to mankind has won for him human esteem that has con-
tinued through a century. It was an esteem so sincere that
intervening generations have accepted it, nourished it, and
passed it on to us as an inheritance.

Bronze Statue of Justin Morgan

‘*In this statue of Justin Morgan, progenitor of the breed
that bears his name, we have the expression of a glowing zeal,
a desire to go on, to build, and to beautify. The seulptor’s art
has given us a Justin Morgan of enduring bronze. But there
is also another Justin Morgan, a horse of flesh and bone and
blood. In a material sense, and from a lay standpoint, that

262 MISCELLANEOUS

horse died a century ago. But as horse lovers and breeders of
living creatures you know that the great sire whom we honor
today still lives wherever Morgan horses are bred.

‘‘Definite purpose, vision, cooperation, and skill—these attri-
butes combined in a permanent organization like the Morgan
Horse Club virtually guarantee the immortality of its notable
sires and dams as expressed through their progeny.

‘‘Within the century that has just passed our national de-
velopment has been unusually rapid in engineering, mechanics,
and related sciences. This has been true chiefly because engineer-
ing has been the life study and life work of thousands and thou-
sands of prsons. Opportunities were plentiful, the field was
large, and the results attained were inevitable. Our private
and public works, inventions, and industrial prominence in world
affairs are ample evidence.

‘*Yet, judged in the light of true public service, which is the
final test of an achievement, the work of developing a fine type
of live stock is fully as noteworthy as that of completing a fine
plece of engineering.

‘‘Human aims and preferences, of course, are diverse, for
which let us be thankful. It means more fruits of life to enjoy,
even though we have not personally grown them. Besides, it
leaves a wider range for initiative in whatever field anyone
selects for his own work. But what satisfaction can any man or
woman enjoy that surpasses the development and perfection of
useful living creatures, embodying beauty, grace, and strength?

‘*The work of a breeder has a scope which overflows the hmits
of ordinary professions. Members of the Morgan Horse Club
are at once engineers in combining weight, speed, and balance;
sculptors in molding future form, conformation, and style; his-
torians in the study of traditions and records; and finally,
philanthropists in presenting the statue of Justin Morgan,
which many may study and enjoy. In behalf of the United
States Department of Agriculture, I receive this beautiful tribute
and gift. Though you have presented it to the department, I
am confident that you desire the public to share in the benefits
which it is capable of giving. The department, therefore, will
be its custodian, faithful to the trust which you have shown.
But just as Morgan blood has permeated the horse stock of the
country, so let us be liberal in extending the educational influence

eset,

See tw

MISCELLANEOUS 263

of this horse of bronze. It is here for visitors to see, to study,
and to enjoy. It is here also for the artist to paint and the
camera to reproduce for the benefit of those who cannot come
to this spot. Members of the Morgan Horse Club, I accept your
generous gift and confidently hope that the Justin Morgan of
bronze may ably supplement the achievements of the other
Justin Morgan who lived a century ago.”’

Dr. B. F. Kaupp, Professor of Poultry Diseases at the North
Carolina Agricultural College, has just returned from the
World’s Poultry Congress, held at The Hague. There were 450
delegates present from 25 countries, and all present pronounced
the congress a grand success.

The Ohio State Veterinary Medical Association will hold its
next annual meeting in the Hotel Deschler, Columbus, Ohio, on
February 2 and 3, 1922. An attendance of 350 is anticipated,
the February dates having been selected to avoid conflict with
the many meetings held in January by the different State
associations.

An outbreak of blackleg is reported by Dr. W. C. Sprinkly
on a farm near Oakland City, Gibson County, Ind.—Indiana
Farmer’s Guide.

For the first time in several years it is reported that cattle
again are being poisoned by larkspur in Oregon.—Portland
Oregonian. ite, SST ee

Dr. C. P. Dixon of Charlottesville, Virginia, is spending his
well-earned vacation of a few months in England.

Dr. A. H. Logan has been transferred from Federal hog
cholera work in Kentucky to the same project in Florida.

Dr. G. J. Lingerich has gone from hog cholera work of the
Bureau of Animal Industry in Iowa to meat inspection duties
at Chicago, Til.

Dr. A. C. Drach has severed his connection with the Bureau
of Animal Industry and is now engaged in the production and
sale of anti-hog-cholera serum.

264 MiscELLANEOUS

Dr. E. I. Smith has been placed in charge of the Government
work of tuberculosis eradication and hog cholera control in
Tennessee with headquarters at Nashville.

Dr. Lynn H. Tripp and Dr. Dennis S. Shannon have been
transferred from Federal meat inspection at Boston to tubercu-
losis eradication in Vermont.

Dr. James B. Way, who has been engaged in field inspection
duties on the force of the Bureau of Animal Industry at Fort
Worth, Texas, has been transferred to tuberculosis eradication
in Kentucky.

A flivver must be mighty disgusting to a horsefly.—Detroit
Journal.

The second session of the International Research Council will
be held at Brussels, Belgium, beginning July 22, 1922, accord-
ing to an announcement by the Secretary General, A. Schuster.

Two veterinarians are included in the commission to be en-
trusted with the task of elaborating the new Spanish Pharma-
copeia. It is composed, in addition, of four physicians and four
pharmacists. All are members of the Academy.

An extended review of horse-raising in the United States and
Canada, by Prof. H. Zwaenenpoel, of the Belgian Veterinary
School, appeared in the Annales de Médecine Vétérinaire for
April, 1921. Among other observations he remarks that the feet
of horses are not well cared for in America. He considers horse-
shoeing very backward here. Because of the insufficient number
of horseshoers and the great distances, he says, farmers some-
times shoe their own horses and use improper shoes. He ob-
served that a great many horses go unshod and that the trim-
ming of their hoofs is neglected, with the result that the hoof
spreads and splinters, causing injury to the heels. He also
found much to commend in American horses.

Pe er, 5

JOURNAL
_ OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.)
J. R. Mouter, Editor, Washington, D. C.

A. T. Kinsey, President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, Il.
M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board
Gro. HILTon, 1st District; T. E. Munce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District;
J. A. KreRNAN, 4th District; C. E. Cotron, 5th District; R. A.
‘ARCHIBALD, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNat, outside of its own authorized actions. _
Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

VoL; LX,-NS. VoL. 13 DECEMBER, 1921 Ne. 3

THE VETERINARIAN AND ANIMAL
EXPERIMENTATION

AT THE Denver meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, a resolution urging the necessity and desirability
of animal experimentation was unanimously adopted. This ac-
tion of the Association accurately reflects the sentiment of the
veterinary profession, as veterinarians are thoroughly familiar
with the benefits of such experimentation and the advantages
accruing to their patients from the research work earried out
on ownerless dogs and cats and on horses which have outlived
their usefulness. There is no question in our profession as to
whether it is better to use these animals to add to our knowledge
and our ability to save our clients’ animal friends and servants
or to kill these useless animals and lose the knowledge and profi-
ciency that we might derive from their use in experiments. Non-
medical men and a very small minority of medical men may

7 argue that the knowledge derived from animal experimentation
can not be applied in the field of human medicine; veterinarians
know that such knowledge is immediately applicable to animal
patients in much greater numbers and of far more value from a
sentimental or economic standpoint than the animals used in
the experiments.

rd

-

265

bo
for)
lor)

EDITORIAL

But it is not sufficient that the veterinarian should know this.
He should also know that attacks on such experiments are con-
stantly being made by persons with little or no accurate knowl-
edge of animal experimentation. The aim of such persons is
usually to put animal experimentation on a basis of regulation
under the direction and supervision of individuals untrained in
science, to follow this entering wedge by prohibiting the use of
dogs in such experiments, and finally to prohibit entirely all
animal experimentation. Propaganda toward this end is being
constantly carried on in this country and other countries. In
England hampering regulations have been enacted to the detri-
ment of biological research. In this country regulation has sey-
eral times been introduced into Congress and some of the State
Legislatures. Such regulatory legislation was before Con-
gress last year and was defeated. It was before the California
Legislature last year and was defeated on a referendum to the
people. It will doubtless be introduced in several places this
year and it is essential that the veterinarian take his share in
repelling attacks of this sort on research. He is as well in-
formed as persons in any profession or occupation in regard to
the desirability of continued experimental research, and better
informed than most persons. He realizes, as most persons can
not, that individuals without scientific medical or veterinary
training are as incompetent to judge the necessity for animal
experimentation and the mode of conducting it as persons un-
trained in chemistry are to supervise chemical research or per-
sons untrained in law are to pass on nice legal distinctions.

Since the veterinarian is the one most competent to supervise
such research along veterinary lines, it is important that he ex-
ercise this supervision to its full extent and that he take all
steps necessary to show that it is being exercised wisely. We are
well aware that animals in veterinary colleges and laboratories
are handled in a kindly manner and with consideration for their
well-being and comfort. But we should emphasize the need for
such consideration in dealing with students and place ourselves
on record before the world at large in our laboratories and col-
leges in regard to our attitude in this matter. To this end there
is posted in many medical schools and laboratories a set of regu-
lations in regard to handling animals, and these regulations
serve as a constant reminder to the student and also afford vis-
ible evidence to the public of the nature of the supervision which

EpIrroriAL 267

we exercise over our animals. A set of regulations, somewhat
modified from the medical regulations, is posted in the animal
room of the Bureau of Animal Industry and in the Bureau la-
boratories where animal experiments are conducted. We
strongly urge that the other veterinary laboratories and the vet-
erinary colleges keep these rules or a similar set conspicuously
posted, regardless of the fact that their present practice is al-
ready in accord with them. These regulations are as follows:

‘*Eixperiments on animals will be carried on in the Bureau of
Animal Industry subject to the following set of rules, copies of
which will be kept posted in the animal room and in all labora-
tories of this Bureau where such experiments are conducted :

‘‘T. Dogs and cats intended for use as experiment animals
shall only be purchased or accepted from the city pound of
Washington or pounds of other cities or from the owners of the
animals when satisfactory proof of the legal right of such per-
sons to dispose of such animals is shown.

‘‘TT. Animals in the laboratory shall receive every considera-
tion for their bodily comfort; they shall be treated kindly,
fed properly, and their surroundings kept in the best possible
sanitary condition.

‘‘TII. No experiments on animals shall be made except with
the sanction of the Chief of this Bureau or the Chief of the
Division in which the experiment is carried on, the one approv-
ing the experiment to hold himself responsible for the impor-
tance of the experiment and the propriety of the experimental
procedure.

‘‘TV. In any operation likely to cause greater discomfort than
that attending anesthetization, the animal shall first be rendered
incapable of feeling pain and shall be maintained in that con-
dition until the operation is ended.

‘*Exceptions to this rule may be made by the Chief of Bureau
or the Chief of the Division in which the experiment is carried
on, but only when anesthesia would defeat the object of the
experiment. In such cases an anesthetic shall be used so far as
possible and may be discontinued only so long as is absolutely
essential for the necessary observations.

‘““V. At the conclusion of the experiment the animal shall be
killed painlessly.

‘*Exceptions to this rule will be made only when continuance
of the animal’s life is necessary to determine the result of the

268 EDITORIAL

experiment. In that case, the same aseptic precautions shall be
observed during the operation and the same care shall be taken
to minimize discomforts during the convalescence as in a hos-
pital for human beings.’’

ANTIVIVISECTION ANTICS

AN ARTICLE on ‘‘The Truth About Vivisection’’ by Ernest
Harold Baynes in The Woman’s Home Companion has aroused
the ire of the antivivisectionists and has provoked a character-
istic exhibition of their methods. Mr. Baynes, who is a lead-
ing naturalist and animal lover, after a long and painstaking
investigation concluded that the whole case of the antivivisec-
tionists is without any sound basis of fact, and showed that their
literature is a tissue of misrepresentations and garbled and
obsolete authorities. He found, for instance, that one Dr. John
Elliotson, quoted by them as a physician ‘‘of the highest intel-
ligence,’’ was a mesmerist, born 130 years ago.

Instead of attempting to reply squarely to the very definite
statements made in Mr. Baynes’ article, the New York Anti-
vivisection Society has issued a circular letter ‘‘to all friends
of animals’’ calling on them to write to the Companion ‘‘ex-
coriating this nonsensical article’’ and ‘‘telling the editors that
not only have you bought your last number, but that you will
enter upon a personal campaign to urge others to withdraw all
support in future.’’ .

Evidently the antis do not relish having their methods shown
up. It is more in line with their principles to abuse the author
and boyeott the offending journal than to controvert the article
by fair argument and statements of fact. The inference is plain
that they are unable to do the latter.

ANNUAL MEETINGS AND THE PRESS

ONE OF the most powerful and immediate acting educa-
tional forces of the Nation is the Associated Press. It does
more to mold public opinion and shape the destiny of a people,
or an organization, than all the combined orators and reform-
ers who ever graced a platform.

If we did not have the advantages of the Associated Press.
we would be clamoring for a substitute. Now that it is a tangi-

EDITORIAL 269

ble resource and instantly spreads information to the reading
public, it is difficult to understand how the A. V. M. A. can
indulge in so much enthusiasm and neglect so great an oppor-
tunity.

When the meeting was held in New Orleans in 1919, the
membership commenced to realize the necessity of a closer and
more accurate relationship with the Press, and to a certain
extent our ambitions were realized, but we had to be content
with a small amount of space, because the paper shortage was
at its peak. How the publicity division of the Association has
fared since the New Orleans meeting we are unable to discuss,
but it is a known fact that the proceedings of the A. V. M. A.
are never featured outside of the city where the conventions
are being held.

We are climbing the grade toward a goal which we have
placed at the very crest; we are striving to show the world the
merits of veterinary medicine and the mettle of our personnel,
whereby our cause may receive due recognition and, when
necessary, be heroically championed in the halls of Congress
and the legislative chambers of the States. We will be pre-
cluded from accomplishing all of this until better and closer co-
operation is established between the profession and the Asso-
ciated Press.

It: is sincerely hoped that when the President of the A. V. M.
A. delivers his address either at St. Louis, Missouri, or Madison,
Wisconsin, he will incorporate within that manuscript a recom-
mendation for the appointment each year of a publicity com-
mittee which will endeavor to eliminate undesirable headlines
and furnish sound, sensible and accurate basic material con-
sistent with the dignity of the profession, so that when the
convention has closed our achievements and ambitions will
have been properly disseminated to the great mass of humanity
whom we are serving. : ] hed Baro

A REMINDER OF THE REAL DANGER OF RABIES

THE well-informed medical man—physician or veterinarian
—knows perfectly well that rabies or hydrophobia is a real
malady caused by a specifie virus and usually transmitted by
the bite of an affected dog or other animal. For many years
seientifie research has left no room for skepticism on this point.

270 EDITORIAL

Some doubt still persists among the laity, however, and this is
sedulously cultivated by zealous antivivisectionists whose oppo- |
sition to animal experimentation will not permit them to
acknowledge facts developed in that field of research. This
skepticism also finds favor with persons who oppose the muz-
zling of dogs. It is well, therefore, for veterinarians to be
posted and to aid in the spread of correct information on the
subject of rabies. In recent years the Pasteur treatment has
been so generally employed on bitten persons that authentic
cases of death from rabies have become relatively rare and the
malady has lost some of its terror for the popular mind.

A convicing case of fatal rabies in man in the French Afri-
ean colony of Senegal was recently reported by Teppaz in the
Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire (vol. 97, p. 207). Because
the disease was practically unknown there, the idea of its non-
existence gained credence among the European population,
while the natives were ignorant of any danger. At length a
few cases, probably of European origin, were detected in dogs,
and a Government veterinarian called attention to the danger
and tried to enforce sanitary measures, but his efforts met with
disbelief and opposition.

In August, 1920, a European suffering with spasm of the
larynx and esophagus was received at’a hospital. In a few
hours he died in a terrible attack of asphyxia. It developed
that he had been bitten on the hand and knee hy a stray dog
six weeks before. The same dog also bit a dog belonging to him,
and the latter dog developed blindness and partial paralysis and
was destroyed. The man twice expressed his intention of going
to the hospital for antirabie treatment, but each time he was
dissuaded by those who argued that rabies was not a reality and
that no one had ever seen a case in a European in Senegal.
Rabies in the patient was demonstrated clinically, and also ex-
perimentally by inoculation of rabbits and guinea-pigs.

Wisconsin Farmer says editorially: ‘‘The purebred-sire cam-
paign that is being waged all over the country should be con-
tinued with greater vigor than ever, because the present is the
most opportune time for men with small herds of beef or dairy
cattle or hogs to buy registered sires.’’

THE TYPES OF BACILLUS BOVISEPTICUS ENCOUN-
TERED IN A DAIRY HERD *

By F. S. Jones

Department of Animal Pathology, The Rockefeller Institute for
Medical Research, Princeton, New Jersey

DURING the past four years a large dairy herd has been
under observation by members of the staff of the Department
of Animal Pathology of The Rockefeller Institute for Medical
Research. Within this time many autopsies have been made
on cows and calves. In the later months of 1920 a serious out-
break of pneumonia (1) occurred among cows purchased a
short time before. The disease spread to another lot of newly
acquired cows and to a few of the native stock. After the out-
break subsided a few sporadic cases appeared in the herd and
among the calves. It is of interest to observe that following
this outbreak the lungs of a number of cows slaughtered for
various reasons showed lesions of chronic pneumonia and
purulent bronchiectasis.

The organisms isolated from the acute outbreak in the cows
and the sporadic cases in the adults and calves were identical.
Although the pneumonia associated with these infections was
severe, the virus was confined to the lungs and pleural cavity.
Blood cultures during life and inoculations from the kidney
and spleen at autopsy remained sterile. It was possible to ob-
tain Bacillus bovisepticus in pure cultures from the lungs in
every instance. Morphologically these organisms resembled
the strains of B. bovisepticus isolated by T. Smith (2) in his
studies on calf pneumonia associated with B. actinoides. When
the complete cultural characters of these two sets of organisms
were studied clear-cut differences were noted. Two other cul-
tures in addition to the organisms isolated during the outbreak
and from the sporadic cases and those obtained by T. Smith
are included in this study. In Table 1 the source of each
culture is given. They are arranged in the table according to
their cultural grouping, which will be brought out later.

From Table 1 it will be noted that strains 530, 533 and 537
were obtained in pure culture from the lungs and pleural cavi-

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting, of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921 27]

272 F. S. JONES

TABLE 1.—THE SourcE OF THE STRAINS STUDIED.

Strain | Date of Type of disease Organisms other
number | isolation Source encountered than B. bovi-
seplicus.
530 Nov. 12, Earl Outbreak among | Diffuse pneumonia, | None.
533 Noy. 14, 1920 cows on near-by | virus localized with-
537 Noy. 19, 1920); farm (A). in lungs and chest
cavity.
550 Dec. 19, 1920 | A calf at close of ep- | Nodular, necrotic} Staph. albus.
idemic on Farm A. pneumonia.
562 | Jan. 26,1921 | Calf, apparently a | Diffuse pneumonia. None.
sporadic infection,
Farm A.
578 April 1, 1921 | Cow, exposed during | Nodular, necrotic | None.
pores on Farm | pneumonia.
583 Mar. 23, 1921 | Calf, Farm A. Apparently umbilical | None.
| infection, septicemia

with pneumonia.
529 Noy. 8, 1920 | Calf, farm on Long | Focal consolidationin| Spirillum and
Island. right caudal lobe;| spore-bearing
necrotic nodule in| bacilli.

left caudal lobe.

6 Jan. 15,1917 | Calf, small outbreak | Complete consolida- | None.

in 1917, Farm A. tion of anterior por-
tion of right cephalic
lobe; nodular areas
in posterior — half;
purulent exudate in
trachea and_ bron-
chus.

209 Mar. 5, 1918 | Calf, Farm A. Diffuse pneumonia. B. aclinoides.
432 Oct. 21, 1919 | Calf, Farm A. | Diffuse pneumonia. B. actinoides, B.
pyogenes. ;

436 Nov. 4,1919 | Calf, Farm A. Diffuse pneumonia. Serum-liquefying
organism.

502 May 8, 1920 | Calf, lung obtained Gray to red consoli- | None. 8B. necro-
from abattoir in| dation of right ceph- | phorus in liver.

New York City. alic lobe.

558 Jan. 1, 1921 | Calf, Farm A. Diffuse pneumonia. B. actinoides.
Boy. Pn.I | About 1913 | Calf, Massachusetts., Necrotic pneumonia. | None.

9 Feb. 17, 1917 | Calf, Farm A. Diffuse pneumonia. B. actlinoides, cocci.

ties of cows in the small outbreak previously referred to. The
first case occurring in a ealf (550) was associated’ with Staphy-
lococcus albus; 562 was a pure bovisepticus infection; 578 and
583 were cases which occurred in a cow and a calf after the
outbreak had subsided. Culture 529 was obtained from a calf
on a farm on Long Island. Cultures 6, 209, 432, 436, 502 and
558 were all isolated by Dr. Smith from cases of pneumonia in
calves, and in the main they were associated with Bacillus
actinoides. In most instances B. actinoides predominated and
is held to be the primary agent. All strains except 558 were
isolated before the outbreak occurred in the adult cows. Strain
502 was obtained from the lung of a calf slaughtered in an
abattoir in New York. The only available record of culture
Pn. I is given in Table 1. Strain 9 was associated with B.
actinoides and cocci.

The literature concerning the more specific cultural charac-
ters and immunological relationship of various types of Bacillus

Ai

Types oF B. Bovisepricus In Dairy Herp 273

bovisepticus is meager. Many of the observations were made
before the various substances used in fermentation tests came
into use. Early immunological studies consisted of attempts to
protect laboratory animals with immune sera against small
doses of virulent culture. T. Smith (3) described certain of the
fermentation characters of B. bovisepticus. He found that all
strains fermented dextrose and saccharose but failed to pro-
duce acid in milk or lactose. Some produced indol; others
failed to do so. All formed phenol. He recognized the close
resemblance existing between B. bovisepticus and B. suisepti-
cus. Ostertag (4) compared cultures of B. bovisepticus with
organisms from swine plague and chicken cholera and con-
cluded that his cultures were identical.

Shirop (5) studied three strains of B. vitulisepticus isolated
from pneumonia of calves. He likewise compared these or-
ganisms with cultures of B. avisepticus and B. suisepticus. It
was found that two of the cultures obtained from calves and
the swine plague and chicken cholera bacilli possessed similar
fermentation characters. They attacked dextrose, saccharose,
but did not ferment mannit. The other calf organism attacked |
only dextrose. All produced indol.

Magnusson (6) records an outbreak of hemorrhagic septi-
cemia among the reindeer in Lapland. He compared the or-
ganism isolated from the reindeer with a strain of B. bovi-
septicus and a culture of B. avisepticus. He was unable to
show cultural differences. All produced acid in lactose, sac-
charose and mannit, but none fermented maltose.

Besemer’s (7) studies of the fermentation characters of ee
strains of pasteurella led him to conclude that the members of
this group were practically uniform in their biochemical ac-
tions. From his tables it will be noted that both strains of
B. bovisepticus the two cultures of the chicken cholera bacil-
lus, B. suisepticus, and three of Magnusson’s reindeer pasteur-
ella attacked dextrose, saccharose and mannit, but failed to
ferment lactose and maltose. Two of Magnusson’s ealf pas-
teurella differed from the others in their ability to ferment
lactose.

From the available literature one gains the impression that
B. bovisepticus and the allied organisms, such as those isolated
from calves and reindeer, are a definite type which can not be

274 F. 8S. JONES

differentiated from each other or from other members of the
hemorrhagic septicemia group. A careful study of the tables
of the various observers indicates that certain differences do
exist. The ability of a few of Magnusson’s and Besemer’s or-
ganisms to ferment lactose is indicative of cultural differences.
Most of the conclusions were drawn on the study of three or
four organisms.

It has been mentioned that all strains referred to in Table 1
resembled each other morphologically. Capsules could be dem-
onstrated for all organisms except strain 9. All were negative
to Gram stain. None were motile. It soon became apparent
that a study of the fermentation and other characters would
aid in separating the organisms into distinct cultural groups.
Tubes of fermented bouillon containing 1 per cent of dextrose,
lactose, saccharose, maltose, mannit and salicin were used to
test acid production. Titrations and hydrogen ion concentra-
tions were determined after 7 days’ incubation at 38 degrees C.
The results of these and other tests are given in Table 2.

It will be noted that the sixteen strains fall into three groups.
Group I is made up of the cultures (530, 533, 537) isolated from
- the lungs of cows during the outbreak. Strains 550, 562, 578
and 583, obtained from sporadic eases in adults and calves
which appeared after the outbreak, also fall into Group I.
Culture 529 is identical in all respects with the others. Group
1 organisms then can be characterized as those which ferment
dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose and mannit. They pro-
duce clear zones of hemolysis about the deep colonies in horse
blood agar plate cultures. They are not soluble in ox or
guinea-pig bile. They do not form indol. In certain instances
it seemed doubtful whether lactose had been fermented or not.
Subsequent tests in lactose broth showed that the organisms
attacked this sugar to about the same degree as the other sub-
stances. In no instance was milk coagulated.

The next aggregation comprises six strains (6, 209, 432, 436,
502, 558) all isolated from calves. These organisms ferment
dextrose and saccharose, but do not aciduate media containing
lactose, maltose, mannit or salicin. Under suitable conditions
they produce alkali in media where no fermentation occurs.
All produce indol; none are hemolytic. When ox or guinea-pig
bile is added to 24-hour bouillon cultures the medium becomes
clear.

Types oF B. Bovisepticus In Datry HERD

LLP Lil ee eeee tl |

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solu-
bility

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Number

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276 F. S. JONES

The two remaining cultures (Bov. Pn. 1 and 9) fall into a
distinct group. Media containing dextrose, saccharose and
mannit are acidulated. No fermentation occurs in lactose, mal-
tose or salicin broth, although alkali is produced under suit-
able conditions in such tubes. Both strains form indol. They
do not hemolyze horse red blood cells and they are insoluble
in bile.

Recently all strains were tested for inulin fermentation. In
no instance was acid produced.

Pathogenicity—The members of Group I are of relatively
low virulence for laboratory animals. One-fourth of a cubic
centimeter of freshly isolated 24-hour bouillon cultures when
injected beneath the skin of rabbits produced only mild local
reactions. A calf injected in the subcutis with the pleural
exudate from a cow dying of pneumonia developed only a
slight local reaction. Intratracheal injection of a calf with
10 ec. of bouillon culture failed to cause marked disturbances.
Group II cultures are slightly more virulent for mice and rab-
bits. One-fourth of a cubic centimeter of a 24-hour bouillon
culture injected beneath the skin of a rabbit usually causes
a marked local inflammation which may be absorbed or may
terminate in an abscess. Culture Bov. Pn. I of Group III, al-
though under cultivation since 1913, is still virulent. Rabbits
die within three or four days when injected subcutaneously.

Reference has been made to earlier attempts to determine
immunological relationship between various members of the
pasteurella group by means of various protection tests. The
agglutination test has in recent years become well recognized
as a method of grouping organisms. Accounts of its use in
separating the pasteurella have not been met with. Magnusson
repeatedly injected a sheep with a culture of the reindeer or-
ganism but was unable to demonstrate agglutinins. Shirop
makes no mention of agglutinins in the blood of rabbits im-
munized with Bacillus vitulisepticus. Hadley (8) succeeded in
producing a serum by injecting a rabbit with B. avisepticus.
The serum agglutinated the homologous culture at a dilution
of 1: 160.

It was decided to attempt to group the organisms serologi-
cally by means of their agglutination affinities. Rabbits were
immunized with a single strain chosen from each group. It

277

Types oF B. Boviserricus IN Datry HERD

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seiny[ng

278 F. 8. JONES

soon became apparent that the rabbits receiving Group I and
Group II strains developed agglutinins slowly. Individuals
receiving a single Group III culture produced agglutinins much
more rapidly. Tests were made from time to time; when it
seemed that the maximum titer was reached the animals were
bled. Each individual’s serum was tested against all strains.
The results are recorded in Table 3.

It may be mentioned that the best results were obtained
when the growths from 24-hour slant agar cultures suspended in
salt solution were used as antigens. The density of the suspen-
sions was about 2.5 with the Gates’s (9) apparatus. All tubes
were incubated at 38 degrees C. for 18 hours. Groups I and II
agglutinate slowly ; clumps are rarely visible before the sixth or
eighth hour. Agglutination of the Group III organisms takes
place rapidly ; clumps begin to form in a few minutes, and all
the organisms are usually down within 6 or 8 hours.

From Table 3 it will be noted that the serological grouping
follows the cultural grouping to a considerable degree. All
strains of Group I are agglutinated well up to the titer limits
with Group I serum. All strains of Group II, except 502, are
likewise agglutinated by their homologous group serum. The
same holds true for Group III. In no instance has cross ag-
glutination taken place. When the serum is absorbed by a
single group strain the agglutinins are uniformly absorbed for
all members of the group.

Strain 502, although possessing cultural characters in com-
mon with Group II, fails to excite the same immunological
process. Dochez and Gillespie (10) have brought out the fact
that among the pneumococci distinct serological differences
exist among organisms having cultural characters in common.

The production of a polyvalent serum was next attempted.
Rabbits were immunized with suspensions of cultures 530, 482,
502 and Boy. Pn. I. As in the previous observations, strong
agglutinins for strain Bov. Pn. I developed rapidly. Tests
against culture 530 showed moderate agglutinin formation.
The agglutinins were not as strong for culture 432. Appar-
ently strain 502 excites but little agglutinin formation in the
rabbit, since it was incompletely clumped only in the lowest
dilutions (1:5 and 1:10).

Types oF B. Bovisepricus In Dairy Herp 279

DISCUSSION

It might be well to emphasize some of the more important
points brought out by these observations.. That the term
Bacillus bovisepticus can no longer be taken to represent a
single strain or species of organism seems clear. From the
limited material available it has been possible to recognize
three distinct cultural groups. Perhaps a study of a greater
number of cultures may disclose a larger number of aggrega-
tions. In fact at this time another culture has been isolated
which differs from any of those described. Of still more im-
portance to those concerned in the study of animal diseases are
the serological differences manifested. In the main the sero-
logical grouping follows the cultural grouping. A single strain
has produced agglutinins for all other strains with similar
characters. This has held true with a single exception. Per-
haps a study of more strains may disclose more immunological
groups. These facts must be taken into account when attempts
are made to control outbreaks with antisera or vaccines.

Through a knowledge of the specific characters of members
of the bovisepticus organisms it has been possible to trace vari-
ous types of infection in a particular herd. One of the first
strains isolated (9) was obtained in February, 1917. This is
the only Group III organism cultivated from this herd. Early
in 1917 a Group II culture (6) was isolated by Dr. Smith.
During the years 1918, 1919, 1920, and in January, 1921, he
found such organisms in calves associated with primary infec-
tons with B. actinoides. Evidently this type had become
endemic. During the later months of 1920 a fresh virus (Group
I) was introduced with newly purchased cows. A small out-
break promptly ensued. This subsided, but sporadic cases con-
tinued to develop in both the adults and calves. This organ-
ism has become the predominating type. Future studies will
determine whether or not it will entirely replace the preceding
types and in turn be replaced by a freshly introduced virus.

SUMMARY

Sixteen organisms isolated from cases of pneumonia occur-
ring in cows and calves have been studied. Morphologically
all cultures-resemble each other. It has been possible by study-
ing their fermentation and other characters to divide them into
three well-defined groups. In the main serological relation-

280 F. S. JONES

ship has been found to follow the cultural grouping. A serum
prepared by immunizing a rabbit with a single Group I strain
agglutinates all Group I cultures.. The same is largely true
for Groups II and III. In no instance has cross agglutination
occurred. Absorption of a serum with a single group strain
exhausts the agglutinin to the same degree for all group
strains.
LITERATURE CITED
1. Jones, F. S., and Littte, R. B. Jour. Expt. Med., 1921, vol. 34,
p. 541.
2. SMITH, T. Jour. Expt. Med., 1921, vol. 33, p. 441.
3. SMITH, T. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus., 12th and 138th
Ann. Repts., 1895-1896, p. 119.

4. OSTERTAG, R. Ztschr. Infekt. der Haust., 1908, vol. 14, p. 1.

5. Suirop, H. Centrlbl. Bakt., etc., 1 abt. Orig., 1908, vol. 47, p. 307.
6. MAGNUSSON. Ztschr. Infekt. der Haust., 1914, vol. 15, p. 61.

7. BESEMER, A. M. Jour. Bact., 1917, vol. 2, p. 177.

8. HADLEY, PHILIP. Jour. Bact., 1918, vol. 3, p. 277.

9. GATES, F. L. Jour. Expt. Med., 1920, vol. 31, p. 105.
10. DocHEz, R., and GILLESPIE, L. F. Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., 1913,

vol. 65, p. 727.
DISCUSSION

Dr. Hoskins: Mr. Chairman, I am very glad Dr. Jones
Was given an opportunity to present his paper. For a num-
ber of years we have been trying to get somebody from the
Rockefeller Institute, either Dr. Smith or Dr. Jones, to con-
tribute to the program of the Section on Sanitary Science and
Police. This year it appears we have been successful. Per-
sonally, I am very much gratified that this opportunity was
given Dr. Jones this morning.

I would like to discuss the paper very briefly. I brought a
paper to this meeting which was read by title in the Section on
Education and Research, dealing with some investigations on
bovine hemorrhagic septicemia, more specifically the shipping
fever of calves, which is looked upon more as the pulmonary
type of hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle. A very brief sum-
mary of the contents of that paper shows that we were able to
isolate two types of Bacteriwm bovisepticum from the same
animal. These two types were not differentiated in the same
manner that Dr. Jones has used for differentiating his types.
Our two types differ more according to virulence. Of the two
types which we isolated one was secured from the lungs of a

ge tan, “aS

ae nh Tg PRA Ae Me Ee i aoe

oar’

Types oF B. Bovisepricus In Dairy Herp 281

calf dead of stocks-yards pneumonia, or shipping fever, and the
other strain was isolated from the hemorrhagic muscle tissue,
presumably the blood, of the same calf. The lung strain was
obtained by plating. An emulsion of the same material which
gave us the organism by plating failed to kill rabbits. We
speak of that as our non-virulent lung strain.

The other strain, obtained from the muscle, was isolated both
by plating and by rabbit passage. We speak of that as our
virulent muscle strain. Bear in mind that these two strains,
a virulent and a non-virulent, were isolated from the carcass
of the same animal. These two strains agree with either Dr.
Jones’ type two or type three. They have the usually accepted
fermentation reactions, dextrose positive, lactose negative, and
saccharose positive. Both strains are much alike morphologi-
eally and culturally, except when we come to examine bouillon
cultures. There the two strains show marked differences.
These agree with the differences described recently by De
Kruif, in his study of rabbit septicemia, where he has ap-
parently demonstrated the co-existence of virulent and non-
virulent strains of the rabbit septicemia organism in the same
culture. I believe we have gone one step further in isolating
the two strains separately from the same animal.-

Two years ago I presented a paper before the Missouri Val-
ley Veterinary Association, and at that time predicted that
some of these days we would be dividing or typing the hemor-
rhagie septicemia organisms very much in the same manner as
we are now typing the pneumococcus group. I believe that
Dr. Jones has made true that prediction.

I believe I will say, however, that if in isolating a hemor-
rhagie septicemia organism from suspected material, we obtain
an organism which corresponds to Dr. Jones’ type one, per-
sonally, I would hesitate to call it a hemorrhagic septicemia
organism. You will note that it ferments lactose and that it
is hemolytic. Those two characteristics in themselves would
prompt me to throw it out as a typical hemorrhagic septicemia
organism. Also, bear in mind the difference in the agglutina-
tion tests, as shown in the lower table. Note that where you
take strictly true types, either two or three, and cross-aggluti-
nate against type one, there is no cross-agglutination.

Dr. Jones: Group one is apparently what Magnusson de-

282 F. S. JONES

seribes in Lapland. The American Bacteriological Association
has established a new tribe called pasteurella. Their require-
ment for the hemorrhagic septicemia is that they are non-
motile rods which produce a little acid in carbohydrates. They
are negative to Gram stain and parasitic for animals. Cer-
tainly group one can well be placed within such classification.
For these reasons they have been placed with the pasteurella.
They are undoubtedly what people have always assumed to be
bovisepticus. Whether they are or not, time will tell.

Dr. ErcHHorRN: May I ask if Dr. Jones has conducted any
experiments along immunological lines?

Dr. Jones: A little work along this line has been done. I
can produce protecting serum for group three organism. A
group two serum has thus far failed to protect against group
two cultures.

ANTITUBERCULOSIS VACCINATION

The work of Calmette and Guérin on the vaccination of cattle
against tuberculosis with cultures of bovine bacilli grown on bile
and glycerin, which has been previously referred to in THE
JOURNAL, is reviewed and discussed by L. Panisset in the Revue
Générale de Médecine Vétérinare,? with the following conclusion :

‘“The practical value of the method of Calmette and Guérin
can be determined only by extended experimentation on a large
number of animals during a number of years corresponding to
the mean duration of the economic life of bovines. However,
in the light of the results already obtained, the bacillus cul-
tivated on bile is worthy of attention because of its harmlessness
for bovines and the slowness of its resorption. Furthermore, it
is harmless to man. We may therefore admit that it is worth
using for the vaccination of bovines, without danger, for con-
ferring on them, if not immunity, the resistance of which re-
search in antituberculosis vaccination has revealed the mechan-
ism and demonstrated the possible realization.’’

Recently-qualified and somewhat haughty graduate: ‘‘Oh,
yes, my practice has increased 100 per cent since Christmas.”’

Candid acquaintance: ‘‘Somebody brought in another dog,
then ?’’—The Veterinary Record.

1 Vol. 11 (n. s.), p. 599, Feb., 1921; vol. 12, p. 274. June, 1921.
2Vol. 30, p. 3138, June 15, 1921.

CLINICAL AIDS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
OF THE COMMON POULTRY DISEASES '

By F. R. BeaupetrtTe

Manhattan, Kansas

THIS PAPER is written with the view of aiding the general
practitioner in the differential diagnosis of the more common
poultry diseases and not as a guide for laboratory diagnosis.
The diseases discussed will be those peculiar to this section of
the country. It is realized that the practitioner’s diagnosis in
most cases must be made in the field without laboratory facilities
and that his judgment is based principally upon the history,
symptoms and postmortem findings; therefore these points will
be discussed rather than a detailed description of the bacterio-
logical findings in the case. In the septicemias a differentiation
is very often impossible and must be determined by a bacterio-
logical examination. Such a differentiation is often not neces-
sary, since the control measures for one will suffice for the other.
In those cases where vaccine therapy is to be used, an accurate
diagnosis is, of course, necessary, and here the laboratory may
be called upon for confirmation.

An analysis of the records shows that roup is the most wide-
spread and most frequent disease of poultry with which we
have to contend. Contrary to most opinions, this condition is
found to occur throughout the year, and not in winter, as is
commonly supposed. The ravages of cholera are fohnd to de-
crease somewhat during the winter months, while fowl typhoid
seems to be more prevalent in spring and early summer. Black-
head appears to be most common in the month of October, and
tuberculosis has no seasonal variations. White diarrhea is, of
course, a seasonal disease, occurring during the hatching months
of March, April and May. This year botulism has been encoun-
tered very often, especially after heavy rains.

This paper will, therefore, necessitate a discussion of the
above-mentioned diseases, together with those rare maladies
from which they are to be differentiated.

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.
283

284 F. R. BEAUDETTE

Fow. CHOLERA

Fowl cholera is an acute infectious disease of a septicemic
nature affecting fowls, geese, ducks, turkeys and pigeons. It
is characterized by a continuous high fever, diarrhea and gen-
eral depression. The mortality may run as high as 90 per cent.
The course of the disease is rapid, death often occurring in 24
hours after symptoms have developed. One usually gets the
history that dead birds were found under the roots or on the
nests. In very acute cases prodromal symptoms are often ab-
sent. In chronic cases the birds may linger for several weeks
and in some cases recover. Affected birds are greatly depressed ;
the head is held close to the body, the feathers are ruffled, the
comb and wattles are usually cyanotic, and a diarrhea is always
present. The color of the droppings is usually yellow, though
they may be of a greenish tinge or even streaked with blood.
The bird refuses food and in the later stages of fatal cases water
is also refused. The eyes are kept closed in the later stages of
the disease, and a slime collects in the mouth. In chronic cases
emaciation is quite marked.

On opening the careass of a bird dead of cholera the typical
picture of a septicemic disease is found. The blood vessels of
the intestines are highly congested. Hemorrhages are found
throughout the intestines, though more particularly in the first
and second portions of the duodenum, and in the rectum, and
less frequently in the ceca. The liver is congested and friable.
The kidneys are marked with white lines indicating the portion
of the tubules distended with urates. The ureters are likewise
filled with the same material. The spleen is congested and fri-
able. The pericardial sac is partially filled with a straw-colored
fluid which may be fibrinous, and the surface of the heart shows
petechial or ecchymotic hemorrhages, particularly along the
course of the coronary vessels. The lungs are usually pneu-
monic. oo ee a

Cholera is to be differentiated from fowl typhoid, which at
times is very difficult. In fowl typhoid the same symptoms may
be present with the exception of a profuse diarrhea. If diarrhea
is present in the latter condition the droppings are more green-
ish in appearance. In fowl typhoid the comb and wattles are
rarely cyanotic, though they may show congestion; usually they
are anemic. The intestines contain a more solid mass and ap-
pear anemic. The duodenum may contain a quantity of bile

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PoULTRY DISEASES 285

giving it a greenish tinge. White spots on the surface of the
liver and heart in the case of fowl typhoid will aid in the dif-
ferentiation. The temperature and color of the comb will dif-
ferentiate cholera from botulism.

Fow. TyPHoIp

Fowl typhoid is also a specific infectious disease of the fowl,
and at present is more prevalent in this section than cholera. As
previously stated, the comb and wattles are usually dry and
anemie. The mucous membranes of the head are pale and the
bird is depressed. Older stock is. more often affected than
young. Unlike cholera, the course may extend over a week or
so, except in chronic cases, when it is much longer. The mor-
tality is at times as high as in cholera.

The autopsy shows an anemic condition of the intestines,
though there may be petechial hemorrhages in the first and sec-
ond portions of the duodenum. They contain little feces, and
this is usually stained with bile. The liver shows on its surface
white spots about the size of a pin-head and the spleen is con-
gested and softened. The kidneys are usually of a clay color;
at other times congestion is outstanding. Distention of the gall
bladder is almost a constant finding. The heart shows white
spots similar to those of the liver. The lungs are normal in
contrast to the pneumonic condition in cholera.

Rover

Roup is an infectious disease which may manifest itself in
several ways. The condition is variably termed contagious
catarrh, coryza, cold, pox, diphtheria, swell head, contagious
epithelioma, etc., depending on the location of the lesions. One
or more forms may be present in the same individual.

The mortality of roup is from 5 to 80 per cent, and the
course varies with the severity of the disease and parts affected.
In the cutaneous form recovery may take place in a week or so
and the mortality is very low, while in the diphtheritic and oc-
ular forms the course is much longer and the mortality is
usually high. In all cases the egg production is decreased. It is
a disease of the mucous membranes of the head and the un-
feathered portions of the body. Birds of all ages are affected
except chicks a few days old. When the nasal cavity is involved
there is at first a dirty, foul-smelling discharge; later this be-

286 F. R. BEAUDETTE

comes thicker and finally causes the stoppage of the cavity.
The mass may enlarge and cause a bulging in the mouth. The
bird is compelled to breathe through the mouth, and this may
cause a drying of the tongue, often called pip, which may result
from any condition that will cause a drying of the tongue,
usually associated with oral breathing.

The mouth is the location of the diphtheritic form, and here
patches of false membrane are found, which vary in size from a
pin-head to several millimeters in diameter. At first they are
white; later they turn gray or yellowish brown. They may be
removed from their attachment, and an easily bleeding raw sur-
face is left, from which another membrane may develop. These
patches may be located anywhere in the mouth, and may extend
down the trachea to the bronchi or down the esophagus to the
crop. When lesions are located in the larynx the gravity of the
condition is increased.

In the ocular type a watery discharge from the eye is first
noticed. This becomes thicker, and the frequent closing of the
eye causes the material to become frothy. Finally the eyelids
are glued together and the mass collects beneath. If the pres-
sure is not released, destruction of the eye will result. If the
lids are separated a yellow, cheesy mass protrudes. <A similar
mass may collect in the suborbital sinus, causing a bulging over
that point, hence the term ‘‘swellhead.’’

The cutaneous form is popularly termed chicken pox or con-
tagious epithelioma. The comb and wattles and occasionally the
unfeathered portions of the body are found to be affected. This
form manifests itself by the formation of wartlike erowths
which may vary in size from a pin-head to several millimeters in
diameter. The eyelids may be covered with the growths. When
the growths are found in the corners of the mouth the process is
usually continued to the oral cavity as the diphtheritic form.
A removal of the wart leaves a granular, easily bleeding surface,
from which another growth may develop.

Rarely an involvement of the joints of the legs and wings is
found. This constitutes what might be called an articular roup.
The characteristic exudate in such cases is found in the joint
cavity, which seriously interferes with movement of the part.
There is swelling and on palpation the area feels hot.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF POULTRY DISEASES 287

TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis is a common disease of the fowl, characterized
by ‘‘going light,’’ to use the poultryman’s term. Geese, tur-
keys and pigeons are also subject to this malady.

The symptoms are few until the disease is far advanced.
Whenever individuals gradually emaciate and finally die, tuber-
culosis may be suspected. In the later stages of the disease the
comb appears anemic, the bird is very light, the sternum is al-
most’ devoid of flesh, and the general appearance is that of an
unthrifty condition. The individual is disposed to remain in
one position with the head drawn close to the body and the tail
feathers drooped. The appetite is usually poor.

It must be remembered that tuberculosis in the fowl is prin-
cipally a disease of the abdominal organs, and especially of the
spleen. It is estimated that in 90 per cent of the cases the spleen
is found to be affected. The lesions are found in the organs
themselves, and not in the lymph nodes which drain them, as
in the ease of other animals. Caseation rather than calcification
is the rule. The nodules are about the size of a pin-head, though
larger ones may be found. Whatever the size, they are usually
uniform and equally distributed. The intestines may show nod-
ules externally, the size of a pea, and these are extended
throughout the length of the gut. The appearance of the intes-
tines resembles somewhat that of an infestation with Davainea
tetragona, the parasite causing nodular teniasis. A heavy infes-
tation of the air-sae mite, Cytodites nudus, will cause an emacia-
tion similar to tuberculosis, though in this case the lesions of
tuberculosis are absent and the parasites can be found as white
specks usually on the folds of the mesentery. In aspergillosis
emaciation is an outstanding symptom, hence this condition is
to be differentiated from tuberculosis by finding the areas of
fungoid growth in the lungs or between the lungs and the tho-
racic wall. Lung lesions in the ease of tuberculosis are relatively
rare, and when present there is usually an extensive involvement
of the abdominal organs. Bumblefoot may be confused with the
articular form of tuberculosis, and is differentiated by a post-
mortem and the more subcutaneous location of the lesion. Birds
heavily infested with intestinal parasites may show symptoms
not unlike tuberculosis, but an examination of the intestinal
tract will disclose the presence of parasites.

bo
CS
oe

F. R. BEAUDETTE

BLACKHEAD

Infectious enterohepatitis or blackhead is a highly destructive
disease of turkeys, though chickens occasionally are affected.
The period of incubation is from three to four weeks. The
course of the disease depends upon the age of the affected bird.
In young chicks this may be a week, while older birds will linger
for three or four weeks before death takes place. Affected
birds are drowsy and indisposed to move. When foreed to move,
a slow gait is characteristic. The appetite is diminished, though
water is taken as usual. A diarrhea is always present from the
start, and the characteristic yellow color will aid in the diag-
nosis. In the last stages of the disease the comb becomes very
dark as a rule, hence the term ‘‘blackhead.’’

The lesions are confined principally to the liver and intestines,
particularly the ceca. On the liver ulcers may be found of
various sizes, from a pin-head to several millimeters in diameter.
These are usually depressed and of a yellowish color. In ad-
vanced cases the organ may be literally covered. The blind gut
presents a chronically thickened appearance. In acute cases
in poults the liver may be free from lesions while the ceca shows
but slight ulceration or congestion.

The fact that this is principally a disease of young stock will
aid in the differentiation. The hepatic ulcers are sufficient to
differentiate this condition from other diseases, especially tuber-
culosis of the liver, since in the latter condition there is a lack
of depression. In chickens the liver rarely shows ulceration.
The lesions are principally confined to the ceca, though even
here they may be absent. The absence of other lesions and the
finding of solid blood-stained cores in the ceca will indicate this
affection in fowls.

WuitEe DIARRHEA

Bacillary white diarrhea is practically the only infectious dis-
ease of importance affecting chicks, though certain noninfectious
diseases may bear some resemblance to this condition. The
disease is contracted as an ovarian infection through the egg,
the hen being but a carrier of the organism. Chicks may also
contract the infection from incubators, ete., previously contami-
nated by infected chicks. Chicks are most susceptible during
the first two or three days after hatching; after this time they
are relatively immune. The mortality runs very high and may
reach 80 or 90 per cent.

i er erent

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF POULTRY DISEASES 289

Diarrhea is the outstanding symptom and the droppings are
white and thin mixed with considerable mucus. The chick
peeps constantly as if in pain. An unthrifty condition is no-
ticeable, the neck is drawn in, and the wings are drooping. The
chicks are usually found close to the hover. The abdomen is
usually enlarged, giving the chick a ‘‘pot-bellied’’ appearance.
The hind parts become soiled with the excrement, and ‘‘ pasting
up’’ is not uncommon. As a fatal termination approaches, the
affected individual falls to the ground and after a period of
coma dies. On opening the chick the yolk is found unabsorbed.
A yellow color of the liver is usually observed. The intestines
contain a semisolid material with much mucus. The lungs show
congestion.

The high mortality immediately after hatching, together with
the absence of lesion other than those of the liver, are diagnostic
of this condition. Another condition resembling white diarrhea
has been found in this section, though in the latter case very
few chicks are hatched from infected eggs. The infection usually
kills the chicks about the nineteenth day of incubation. If the
chick does hatch it usually dies in the course of a few days.
The lesions are not distinguishable from those of white diarrhea,
though the organism differs markedly.

Rose-chafer poisoning is to be differentiated from white diar-
rhea by the finding of the chafers in the crop. The latter con-
dition is found more often in the southern section of the country
about the hatching time and early summer.

BoruLisM OR LIMBERNECK

Another condition quite common this year in this section has
been diagnosed as botulism, commonly termed ‘‘limberneck.’’
The onset of this disease is very sudden. Half of the flock may
die in the course of two or three days. It has been noticed to
occur especially after a season of heavy rainfall, which perhaps
favored the development of the toxin in the food material. Oc-
casionally a history of feeding garbage containing spoiled
canned goods is obtained.

Affected birds may be able to stand, though the individual is
unable to hold its head up, and the top of the comb may touch
the ground. In other cases the bird lies lifeless on the ground
with the head stretched out in front. The comb and wattles are
of a distinct bright red color, and this symptom is of consider-

290 KF. R. BEAUDETTE

able diagnostic importance. ‘The eyes are kept closed, and a
slimy material collects in the mouth. Diarrhea may be present
and the area surrounding the vent is of a bright red color. In
the later stages of the disease the feathers are found to come out
easily. The temperature is at first normal or slightly elevated,
later it gradually becomes subnormal and may go as low as
92 degrees F. If the temperature begins to rise after being sub-
normal, recovery can be predicted. The birds refuse food and
water entirely until recovery takes place. The only lesions found
are confined to the intestinal tract, and these are in the nature
of a catarrhal enteritis throughout, and in some cases petechial
hemorrhages are found.

Botulism is differentiated from cholera by the lmberneck
symptom and the absence of lesions other than those of the in-
testinal tract. The subnormal temperature is to be considered
as diagnostic, and the absence of cyanosis of the comb is a con-
stant feature. The lack of white spots on the liver and heart
will aid in the differentiation from fowl typhoid.

It will be seen that the greatest difficulty will be experienced
in differentiating between cholera, fowl typhoid, and possibly
botulism. While the latter condition is characterized by a sub-
normal temperature, bright red color of the comb and “‘limber-
neck’’ symptoms, the former two are to be differentiated by a
careful inquiry into the history and by observation of the post-
mortem findings.

Dr. H. Martel, chief of the bureau of veterinary inspection
for Paris and the department of the Seine, has made an investi-
gation into the condition of cans containing frozen opened eggs
intended for the use of bakers, following the occurrence of many
cases of poisoning from eating pastry and cakes with ‘‘cream”’’
fillings made with such eggs. In many cans were found mold,
streptococci, staphylococci and Bacillus colt. The eggs in ques-
tion were imported from China. Dr. Martel has recommended
sanitary precautions to guard against the danger. It is said
that the frozen eggs should not be allowed to thaw until shortly
before use and should be used only for prolonged baking at a
high temperature.

According to a news item a female fly lays ten thousand
eggs. Thank goodness a female fly does not cackle-—London
Punch.

THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF HORSE
SEMEN +

By W. S. Anverson, A. M. Peter and D. J. HEALY

Lexington, Ky.

MANY noted Thoroughbred and Standardbred stallions are
located in the bluegrass region of Kentucky and the breeding
of such animals is an important industry. The uncertainty of
impregnation of the mare is one of the difficulties encountered
and at times causes serious financial loss.

A microscopical study of the semen of those stallions which
failed to impregnate the mares demonstrated that many, in some
cases all, of the spermatozoa were motionless immediately after
copulation. It occurred to us that a study of the hydrogen ion
concentration of the semen in relation to the motility of the
spermatozoa would be interesting and valuable. Upon examin-
ing the literature we failed to find a record of the hydrogen
ion concentration of semen.

All protoplasm carries electric charges, and every living cell
is essentially an electric battery. Protoplasmic activity develops
an electric disturbance, the current flowing from the more active
to the less active portion of the protoplasm, and many of the
activities of protoplasm bear a direct relation to the ratio of
electrolytes which it contains. Of the many electrolytes present
in protoplasm, the hydrogen ion has been most successfully
studied, and its concentration has been correlated with many of
the physiological activities of biologic tissues and fluids.

The chemical reaction of protoplasm may be expressed in
terms of hydrogen ion concentration, and very slight variations
in this concentration profoundly affect the colloidal condition,
enzymic activity and respiratory processes of protoplasm.

Living cells require the maintenance of a strictly limited
hydrogen ion concentration in their environment, a limitation
frequently between 0.00001 and 0.00000001 gram ionized hydro-
gen per liter. Enzymes are extraordinarily sensitive to minute
changes in the hydrogen ion concentration of the medium in
which they are working. Reed demonstrated that the oxidases

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.
291

292 W.S. Anperson, A. M. Prerer anp D. J. HeAuy

present in the potato and apple were quite active at pH 4.2 and
inactive at pH 3.3. Fortunately protoplasm contains salts of
carbonic and phosphoric acids, which act as ‘‘buffers,’’ check-
ing pronounced changes in hydrogen ion concentration, the
bicarbonate acting by releasing or absorbing CO,, while the
phosphates readily change from mono to diphosphate and vice
versa.

Some of the more important biologie fluids of which the hydro-
gen ion concentration has been determined by others are gastric
juice, pH 0.9-1.6;. perspiration, pH 4.5; urine, pH 6; milk
(cow), pH 6.6-6.8; muscle juice, pH 6.8; blood, pH 7.4; normal
plant cell sap, pH 5.3-5.8. It is interesting to note that gastric
juice contains a free mineral acid in considerable strength and
that it may be kept for months without becoming putrid and with
very little change in its digestive action or in its total acidity.

Modern methods of determining hydrogen ion concentration
are much more reliable than methods of determining the chemi-
cal reaction of protoplasm based upon its color reactions to
various staining reagents. Two methods are available for the
measurement of hydrogen ion concentration in solutions—the
colorimetric and the electrometric. The color indicators of
chemical reaction are substances which ionize in solutions con-
taining definite hydrogen ion concentrations. Above a certain
concentration of hydrogen ions phenolphthalein in solution re-
mains undissociated and colorless. Below this concentration of
hydrogen ions phenolphthalein dissociates with the production
of color. Methyl red in solution dissociates with a change of
color at a hydrogen ion concentration greater than that at which
phenolphthalein dissociates. Thus a series of indicators which
dissociate with change of color at successively diminishing hydro-
gen ion concentrations have been obtained and may be used to
determine the hydrogen ion concentration of solutions at various
points between N/10 HCl and N/10 NH,OH.

The hydrogen ion carries a positive electric charge, thus main-
taining an electric potential in the solution. The electrometric
method measures this potential by means of a potentiometer
and galvanometer. When the biological process under observa-
tion is constant over a wide range of hydrogen ion concentra-
tion, an approximate determination is sufficient, and the colori-
metric method may be used. When the process is seriously af-
fected by the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution, the

ae

HyprROGEN IoN CONCENTRATION OF HorRSE SEMEN 293

electrometric method should be used, because it is the most ac-
curate method available. Minute variations in hydrogen ion
concentrations indicate the position of equilibrium among the
important electrolytes present. Thus the determination of hydro-
gen ion concentration takes its place beside the use of the delicate
analytical balance or the use of the thermometer.

The apparatus used in this investigation consisted of the
Clark hydrogen ion apparatus supplied by the Leeds and North-
rup Company, a portable lamp and scale galvanometer, a Leeds
and Northrup type K potentiometer, and a standard Weston
cell, model 4. Two Columbia dry cells furnished the working
current. Hydrogen, obtained from a Kipp’s generator, was
passed through two wash bottles (the first containing N/2 NaOH
and a small quantity of lead acetate, the second containing dis-
tilled water), and then conducted into the hydrogen electrode
vessel. A normal KCl calomel electrode was used, and normal
KCl solution saturated with calomel was used in the connecting
vessel. Measurements were made at room temperature with-
out the aid of a constant temperature bath, but the temperature
of the calomel electrode was carefully noted immediately fol-
lowing each measurement, the reading being made to the near-
est degree or half degree Centigrade. Following Clark’s sug-
gestions hydrogen was not bubbled through the semen. Clark
states that ‘‘in biological fluids containing carbonate the double
effect of the CO, upon the partial pressure of hydrogen and
upon the hydrogen ion equilibrium renders accurate measure-
ments difficult. It is of more importance to maintain the origi-
nal CO, content of the solution than it is to be concerned about
the effect of CO, upon the partial pressure of hydrogen.’’

The accuracy of electrometric measurements made by such an
apparatus under the above conditions depends upon the stability
of the electromotive force balance for a definite period. In
this investigation the E. M. F. balance was maintained for a
period of two minutes. To test the accuracy of the measurements
a N/10 HCl solution was measured as shown in Table 1.

_ As a further test two standard ‘‘buffer’’ solutions were meas-
ured electrometrically and colorimetrically as shown in Table 2.

.The colorimetric method measures to two-tenths of a pH
value. Tables 1 and 2 demonstrate that without extensive
equipment electrometric measurements of hydrogen ion concen-
trations afford a fair degree of accuracy. Great refinement in

294 W.S. Anperson, A. M. PETER ann D. J. HEAuy

correcting for barometric and temperature fluctuations is neces-
sary only in physico-chemical research.

The semen used in this investigation was obtained as the mare
was served and was delivered to the laboratory in a clean sterile
container with as little delay as possible. The measurements
were made within an hour or two of the service. The quantity

TABLE 1.—MEASUREMENT OF N/10 HCt So.urion.

Solution and Measurement Time Reading | Temperature | pH Value Theory
N/10 HCl, factor 1.0006... 10:20 0 Ane ae DO8s paltivn ccttoeee
10:22 .3490 pH 1.07
Duplicate measurement... . 10:37 . 3475 31 1.06
10:39 .3475

TABLE 2,—ELECTROMETRIC AND COLORIMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF Two STANDARD
BUFFER SOLUTIONS.

Soludon vend Time Reading | Temperature | pH Value alia
Volt QC.

Buffer solution 1....... 2217. 0.6995 32 6.88 7.0
2:19 .6995

Duplicate measurement. . 2:43 6995 32 6.88 7.0
2:45 6995

Buffer solution 2....... 3:06 . 7670 32 7.99 8.2
3:08 . 7670

Duplicate measurement. . 3:26 .7675 32 8.00, 8.2
3:28 | .7675

of semen obtained varied from 7 to 20 ¢@.c. With the larger
quantities of semen the hydrogen electrode vessel was com-
pletely filled, the platinum electrode placed in position, the
semen flushed out with hydrogen, which was used freely, and
the vessel half filled with semen, and, of course, remaining half
filled with hydrogen. The hydrogen electrode vessel was now
closed and shaken for five minutes, after which it was so ad-
justed that the platinum electrode was half immersed in the
semen and the connections were made with the potentiometer,
the apparaus remaining undisturbed for six minutes, after
which the readings were made. With the smaller quantities of
semen the hydrogen vessel was first filled with CO,-free water,
flushed out with hydrogen, half filled with semen and then treated
as above. Measurements were made as shown in Table 3 to de-

HypDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF Horst SEMEN 295

termine the effect of thus filling the hydrogen vessel with CO,-
free water before introducing the semen.

Table 3 demonstrates that the effect of the preliminary use of
CO,-free water is to reduce the hydrogen ion concentration
of the semen 0.125 of a pH value.

With the electrometric measurements of normal horse semen
we obtained the results shown in Table 4.

TABLE 3.—MEASUREMENTS TO DETERMINE EFFECT OF FILLING HYDROGEN VESSEL WITII
CO,-FREE WATER BEFORE INTRODUCING SEMEN.

Semen Time Reading Temperature | pH Value
ae PON Sy le eel ee
SOEK MMPS Get ENO M cterey storeys eins aievslols Yo! aincete, a 9.50 0.7280 225 7.55

9.52 . 7280
After using COs-free water........... 10.16 . 7379 2285 7.70
10.18 7379
Seventh Stallion. <.0......5.....:... 10.42 .7300 22.5 7.58
mY 10.44 . 7300 |
After using COz-free water........... 11.03 STEELS Way 2255 7.68
11.05 .7356

TABLE 4.—ELECTROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF NORMAL SEMEN.

|
Stallion Time Reading | Temperature | pH Value
Volt | °c.

ile. DAS, URSA SOc bee Ores 10.11 Onz3so5ua 26.5 7.43!
2s 18 NET jy ee | 9.47 SCR |) Piya 7.44
2}: WHA 2, FURR eee See eee | LOOS5 4} Sizo0 || 2S 0 7.47
PARR ERTS ICUNWARLOI caucus i Li ea [63 . 7080 | 19.5 7.141
PERE RIN COPE AIA EITC Sf. crcS lev cien cuales ee 9 20 -7010 | 2a 6 941
eam nritter, Golds ee oe. sje) ccc eee ee 9.38 fib | 22.0 Gout
LUZ',, TOV TIEN. oe Coe Sa a ll ADS lees SO en 29.0 7.24
PSs LEN ee EP RTT e oic 2 a icseil va cored cle ciesal |sreigiencs che. scsi] Shave + ahaa © ors, deal

1 Correction for COz-free water (—0.125 pH) has been deducted.

2 Sire of Man-O’-War. :

The average of seven electrometric measurements of normal
horse semen was pH 7.31, ranging from pH 6.94 to pH 7.51.

With horse semen containing nonmotile spermatozoa we ob-
tained the results shown in Table 5.

The average of five measurements of abnormal horse semen
was pH 7.58, ranging from pH 7.49 to pH 7.76. Therefore the
average hydrogen ion concentration of horse semen containing
nonmotile spermatozoa was 0.27 of a pH value less than the aver-
age of normal semen.

That the hydrogen ion concentration of horse semen is not
readily altered is demonstrated in the accompanying diagram
(figure 1). In this experiment we added to one 10 e.c. portion

296 W.S. Anperson, A. M. Peter anp D. J. HEALY
TABLE 5.—ELECTROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF SEMEN CONTAINING NONMOTILE
SPERMATOZOA,
| | Pa
Stallion | Time | Reading | Temperature | pH Value
Volt cc:
BURCH Seer e cicc s cheikie bats teemere ts ts 8.50 | 0.7280 19.5 7.491
EK Heya eee ch, cee eevee cartehe coon eee teners Le ad | . 7320 SRS 7.55!
SOV entlier sock tote ce ote ere re es es 9.07 7280 2205 ie
AT MAR AS Ome Teen Sana odo 9.23 | 7300 | 22D 7.58
Phirteenth) cs se oe ee ee ene a a 9.47 | 7480 Za | 7.76}
AN (e134 RS RIG Oa Bn PRG Ot oo OS Maes] nee aAIaN ot vorpal |aictce das choo < 7.58

1 Correction for COs-free water (—0.125 pH) has been deducted.

Semen COo- free water

Fig. 1—Buffer Effect of Semen

HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF Horse SEMEN 297

of semen, of pH 7.56, 0.5 ¢.c. N/10 HCl; and to another 10 c.c.
portion, 0.5 c.c. N/10 NaOH, and again measured the pH values.
For comparison CO,-free water was treated in a similar manner.

It appears from our measurements of the semen that a hydro-
gen ion concentration of pH 7.5 indicates a critical condition of
the equilibrium of the electrolytes present in horse semen. Above
this concentration the spermatozoa are active; below, they are
inactive. A preliminary chemical analysis of portions of the
above normal and abnormal semen gave the results shown in
Table 6.

TABLE 6.—CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SEMEN.

| Per cent by weight

Items > =

Normal Abnormal

Total solids, dried at 105° C 2.38 pee?

Anamo ae cone Aiea taro a sere 0.7 -

Lotalinitrogeni(N)) 2... <j. 0.241 0.366

Total phosphorus (P)............. oe 0.017 0.028

Per cent ash in total solids 32.8 1 ly fap

Per cent phosphorus in total solids................... 0.7 0.8

Per cent nitrogen in total solids....................- 9.9 9.5

The proportion of total solids is distinetly larger in the abnor-
mal semen than in the normal. The proportion of ash in the
total solids of the abnormal semen, however, is markedly less
than in the normal. The proportions of nitrogen and _ phos-
phorus in the total solids are sensibly the same in both.

SUMMARY

The average hydrogen ion concentration of normal horse
semen was pH 7.381.

The average hydrogen ion concentration of horse semen in
which the spermatozoa were inactive was pH 7.58.

The hydrogen ion concentration of horse semen is not readily
altered.

It has been shown that without extensive equipment electro-
metric measurements of hydrogen idn concentration afford a
fair degree of accuracy.

DISCUSSION

Dr. FitcH: I think too few of us realize how important this subject
is with reference to the maintenance of life, and I think too few of
us realize how much work has been done on this important secretion
from the blood. I have been interested in the secretion myself for
something over a year, and was surprised, in attempting to look over
the literature, to find out how little had been done, how little in-
formation was available in regard to normal secretion. With ignor-
ance of the normal secretion of course we can know but very little

298 W.S. Anperson, A. M. Perer anp D. J. HEAuy

of the abnormal condition. I found some work had been attempted
by some Russians and some Italian physiologists about the time the
war began, but since then we have had no further information. I
just wanted to say a word in commendation of physiological research
along this line, and hope that it may be extensive and that it may
proceed, and that America may find some results that will lead to
higher information. We don’t doubt there may be some practical]
knowledge from this secretion that does affect sterility, that in many
cases it is the male that is incriminated quite as much as the female.
I repeat that I hope that the investigation will continue.

HORSE SITUATION

We all know there are stock market cycles and _ business
cycles, but few of us realize that there are horse cycles as well.
Experts of the Department of Agriculture are working out
these horse cycles, and they have recently come to the conclusion
reached by all far-seeing agricultural economists at the present
time—namely, that the horse’s day is just breaking. From now
on we may expect increased attention to and increased profits
from good horses. Horses are selling at exceedingly low prices.
On June 15 horses were selling on the farms at an average
price of $98, compared with $146 on June 15, 1913.

Farmers are recognizing the necessity of operating at lowest
costs, and here and there are leaving their tractors and trucks
in the lurch for horses. With horses selling at present prices
trucks and tractors have difficulty in competing. The price of
feed is away down. Here are comparative figures:

May, 1913 Peak May, 1921
Hay; per tone) 6 25 se $10.42 $24.85 . $13.08
Corn pers bute ne 7 AOKT, 60
Oats pertbus 25.2 34 1.05 37
Barley;“per-bu> s45-2+22- oe ees 48 1.70 49

Many more horses would be in use today if more agricultural
and weekly papers would push forward the facts. Certainly
the tractor people are not going to do it. An unfortunate fac-
tor in the situation is the attempt by certain big car producers
to make agents take a quota of tractors in order to get cars.
Such coercion is wrong. The automobile has come to stay, but
horses are no more evanescent than bicyeles, of which latter
vehicles more were sold in 1920 than ever before. Our advice
to farmers is: Breed good work horses; they will sell for double
present prices some day. To manufacturers and merchants
we say: If you are using horses now, keep them; if you are
using trucks, get some comparative cost figures on horses vs.
trucks. They will surprise you—United Business Service.

»

FIELD OBSERVATIONS IN LOCO POISONING 1

By O. E. Troy

Raton, New Mexico

IN the preparation of a paper on this subject I make no
claim of advanced knowledge, but I have chosen the subject
because it is one regarding which we have accomplished nothing
and I feel it a duty to bring the matter before the veterinary
profession with an appeal that it receive more careful study,
commensurate with the enormous loss sustained by the livestock
industry over the entire Rocky Mountain slopes.

For the past seven years I have been in constant association
with the condition commonly known as ‘‘loco,’’ both from a
professional standpoint and from that of a livestock producer,
and I assure you that there is no pathologic condition with
which I have ever contended that presents a more difficult as-
pect. As to its economic importance I venture to state that in
districts infested with the white loco (Oxytropis lambertz) the
loss far exceeds all other losses combined, and its toll is not con-
fined to actual deaths or depreciation in value of livestock, but
it constitutes an absolute bar against the importation of high-
grade or purebred livestock. Native stock, especially of infe-
rior quality, does not readily eat the loco weed, except under
extreme circumstances, but the higher type of imported stock
can not be grazed on loco-infested ranges with impunity.

For the consideration of this paper I confine myself to the
white loco (Oxytropis lamberti). The purple or woolly loco
(Astragalus mollissimus) is credited with being injurious, but
is of relatively little importance. The symptoms of loco poison-
ing will become manifest in sheep between thirty and sixty days
after they begin eating the weed and will he first noted by the
herder when the individual separates from the herd, always
secking the rocky knolls in search of loco weed, the head up,
nose extended, unmindful of the voice which it normally obeys.
The gait becomes stiff, with marked lack of coordination. The
eye develops a wild, staring glare. If continued grazing on
loco pasture the animal soon refuses all other feed, strays from
the herd and becomes food for coyotes or dies of malnutrition.

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

2 299

300 O. EK. Troy

The lesions found in animals suffering from loco poisoning
are never such as could identify the disease. I will give here
the complete autopsy on a sheep which showed symptoms of
loco poisoning in February, 1921. As soon as symptoms de-
veloped it was removed from loco-infested pasture and kept in
a small pasture until August 28, at which time it was destroyed
for the purpose of autopsy. The animal showed typical symp-
toms of loco poisoning. The subcutaneous tissues were normal
but entirely devoid of adipose tissues. The contents of the
pleural cavities were normal in every respect. Those of the
peritoneal were likewise normal. Careful search was made
through the digestive tract for ulcers, which are reported to be
lesions found indicating loco poisoning, but no ulcers could be
located. General lack of adipose tissues was noted, although
the animal had been on the best of pasture. The head was
sawed through the median line so as to expose the brain tissue,
which seemed normal in color and consistency, although the
meningeal vessels indicated hyperemia. The spinal column was
cut into sections, then severed lengthwise so as to expose the
spinal cord throughout, which also seemed normal in color and
consistency, though again I noted hyperemia. Other than this
hyperemia I could note no lesions.

The symptoms of loco poisoning in cattle are more varied
than in sheep. In fact, I have studied three distinct types of
reaction to the loco poisoning. The symptoms apparently de-
velop less rapidly than in sheep, but this may be due to the
fact that they are not under constant observation. However,
sixty days after cattle are noticed to prefer hilltops or rocky
mesa sides on which the loco weed abounds will suffice to de-
velop well-marked symptoms. They become gaunt from lack of
water, as they will stay in a loco patch for days without drink.
Constipation is marked, the gait stiff, with lack of coordination,
and there is a wild, staring eye. They are intensely nervous
and if startled by a sudden shout they tremble in a way painful
to see. Many cases progress until they lose the senses of sight
and hearing. JI have watched advanced cases in a recumbent
position that seemed to have hallucinations; will prehend and
masticate imaginary food and will be entirely unaware of
one’s approach until touched.

The second train of symptoms are manifestly different. The
drug must concentrate its effect upon the vasomotor instead of

FIELD OBSERVATIONS IN Loco POISONING 301

motor nerves or ganglia, while the stiffness and lack of coordi-
nation are present in a milder degree, and instead of the tucked-
up, gaunt appearance a distention of the abdomen is apparent,
due to abdominal dropsy, which progresses until the animal be-
comes helpless and dies of suffocation or from a ruptured dia-
phragm. These cases can not be cured, but the simple operation
of tapping, a trocar inserted through the linea alba about six
inehes anterior to the udder, will draw off the peritoneal fluid
and give immediate relief. I have drained as much as eight
gallons of fluid in this manner with excellent results, excepting
in pregnant animals, where abortion invariably follows. These
cases, if kept off the loco weed and given a ration of cottonseed
cake, will make, to the casual observer, a complete recovery and
the succeeding season will fatten remarkably.

Regarding the third train of symptoms, I feel that I am
treading on ‘‘thin ice.’’ I make my statements guardedly, with
the hope that they will bring out full discussion and possibly
lead to further study and investigation that will throw greater
light on the subject. We have in the higher altitudes of New
Mexico and Colorado a disease known as brisket disease, which
seldom appears at an altitude less than 8,000 feet. The symp- ~
toms of this disease have a striking resemblance to those de-
seribed above, except that the serum collects in the pleural ecav-
ity and pericardial sacs instead of in the peritoneal cavity. This
disease appears with greatest frequency in animals taken into
the mountains from lower altitudes and, in two cases which have
come under my observation, from loco-infested ranges.

Dr. E. P. Johnson, of the New Mexico State College, has dem-
onstrated that acute cases of this disease can be controlled by a
judicious use of digitalin and if moved to a lower altitude will
fatten and make marketable beef, although, like all other cases
of loco poisoning, they never regain a normal, robust constitu-
tion.

The effect of loco poisoning on thé horse is not of such great
economic importance as it was formerly, owing to the rapid con-
version of western ranges into farms and the fact that the
horse’s ration is more easily controlled, yet the loss from loco
poisoning in the horse is enormous. Like the case of other
species, the imported horse is more susceptible, but it is difficult
to raise horses on loco-infested ranges without heavy loss. The
loco-tainted colt is abnormally wild, seldom learns to lead, and

302 O. E. Troy

will never become reliable. If it continues to feed on loco weed
the gait becomes stiff and faulty coordination develops. The
sensitive nervous system becomes supersensitive, while the motor
centers become slow to respond. The senses of hearing and
sight are impaired and ultimately total blindness develops, de-
elutition becomes difficult and impossible. On the range the
animal usually dies after falling between the rocks, in a ditch,
or in shallow water where it drowns. If kept off the weed from
early stages horses can be kept serviceable but never reliable.

The effect of advanced loco poisoning upon goats is one of
the most pitiable sights I ever witnessed. Possibly because of
their remarkable vitality they endure greater punishment and
will follow the bunch when their front or hind quarters are
completely paralyzed, dragging themselves in a sitting posture
or walking apparently on the hind legs or head.

One of the great sources of loss from mild loco poisoning
among cattle and sheep is that of abortion, and I deem it wise
to caution veterinarians, and especially producers of contagious
abortion vaccine, to beware of its use where loco poisoning ex-
ists, for it will not give desired results.

There is an opinion extant among investigators of loco potl-
soning that the condition does not consist of poisoning, but is
rather a deficiency disease, or, as one investigator stated to me,
“Tt is a condition which can be produced by feeding sawdust.’’
I cannot agree with this conclusion. I am convinced that the
weed contains a drug, a craving for which keeps the animal in
search of it. I have driven animals off of loco pastures and en-
deavored to confine them in loco-free pastures, and I find that
we can not build wire fences which are as strong as their desire
for the weed, and we have had to resort to a corral in all ad-
vanced cases. Many ranges have been abandoned entirely on
account of loco. Other persons have attempted to rid their
ranges of the weed by digging, but the cost of this method, in
my experience, is prohibitive. At present our only relief is
obtained by range rotation. My observation convinces me that the
loco weed develops its poisonous properties in greater quantities
on high, rocky soils, mesa sides, ete., and I find that by using
these soils when forage is abundant we can minimize our loss
from loco. Toward the late winter and spring we endeavor to
keep stock on the lower lands and bottoms. In partial support
of my views on this subject I will quote the conclusions reached

=

FIELD OBSERVATIONS IN Loco POISONING 303

by Dr. Law in his article on loco poisoning in ‘‘ Veterinary Med-
icine,’’ vol. 8:

1. There is some poison in loco weed which may cause the illness
and if sufficient quantity is taken the death of an animal.

2. This poison is contained in the decoction obtained from the
plants, and by systematically feeding it to healthy cats, cases of loco
disease may be produced.

3. Taste for green loco weed may be experimentally produced in
the jack rabbit.

4. From the large quantity of the plant or the decoction required
to produce the disease, the poison must be weak; or if strong, it must
be in a very small amount.

Since this article was published in 1905 the Department of
Agriculture, in cooperation with the State of Colorado, con-
ducted an extensive four-year experiment at Hugo, Colorado,
the results of which were published in Bulletin 129 of the Bu-
reau of Plant Industry, Department of Agriculture, in 1908.
This bulletin is intensely interesting. It is the result of long,
painstaking study, but the conclusions, which I will quote in
part, have not been taken seriously by the profession, and if
correct, have not been followed up by any logical method of
cure or control which would make it of economic value. 1
quote in part from the introductory statement:

This discovery also seems likely to provide a basis for rational
treatment of locoed stock. Unfortunately, the discovery of the fact
that barium is the poisonous constituent of loco weeds came too late
to aid in the search for remedial measures on the range during the
period covered by this report, but those empirically arrived at have
received additional support from these laboratory results. Thus the
work in the field and undertaken after repeated attempts and dis-
couraging failures by others has yielded results to persistent scien-
tific research and promises practical aid to the now suffering live-
stock interests.

The livestock industry is still suffering. The above promise
is as yet a promise.
The conclusions in Bulletin 129 I will quote in part:

1. Conditions analogous to those met with in locoed animals occur
in other portions of the world, especially Australia.

2. The main symptoms described in stock on the range can be
reproduced in rabbits by feeding extracts of certain loco plants.
Those especially referred to here under the term of loco plants are
Astragalus mollissimus and Aragallus lamberti.1

8. The production of chronic symptoms in rabbits is a crucial test
of the pharmacological activity of these plants.

4. The inorganic constituents, especially barium, are responsible
for this action, at least in plants collected at Hugo, Colorado. Per-
haps in other portions of the country other poisonous principles may
be found.

5. A close analogy exists between the chemical symptoms and

1Oxytropis lamberti.

304. O. E. Troy

pathological findings in barium poisoning and those resulting from
feeding extracts of certain loco plants. Small doses of barium salts
may be administered to rabbits without apparent effect, but suddenly
acute symptoms set in analogous to what is reported on the range.

6. The administration of sulphates, especially Epsom salts, to
form insoluble barium sulphate, would be the chemical antidote which
would be logically inferred from the laboratory work, but of neces-
sity would have to be frequently administered, and its value after
histological changes in the organs have occurred remains to be set-
tled. At present it seems best to rely upon preventive measures
rather than antidotal treatment.

7. Loco plants grown in certain soils are inactive pharmacologi-
cally and contain no barium. In drying certain loco plants the barium
apparently is rendered insoluble so that it is not extracted by water
but can easily be extracted by digestion with digestive ferments.

8. The barium to be harmful must be in such form as to be dis-
solved out by the digestion.

9. In deciding whether plants are poisonous it is desirable not
merely to test aqueous or alcoholic extracts, but also the extracts
obtained by digesting these plants with the ferments which occur in
the gastro-intestinal tract.

It will be noted in paragraph 7 that these investigators have
found that in some soils the loco weed does not contain a poison-
our property. This conforms with my observation and is the
basis of the plan we now follow to avoid loss from loco. How-
ever, nothing of value has thus far been developed from these
investigations to afford the promised relief to the livestock indus-
try. The investigators above referred to conclude that ‘‘we
must rely upon preventive measures.’*! With this I heartily
agree. I will, therefore, briefly review the history of loco poi-
soning from the observations of stockmen and present a plan
that may prove a feasible method of prevention.

The loco weed is infested in some localities with a parasite, a
larval form of fly, which the early observers believed to be the
cause of the poisoning, arguing that the parasite was eaten with
the weed and contained the poison. I have been informed by
three observers in widely separate areas that the infestation of
this parasite destroys the loco weed. One observer who made an
effort to destroy the loco weed in an 8,000-acre pasture by dig-
ging informed me that he found this parasite present on a part
of his range. He purposely left an area of 10 acres to ascertain
the result. This plot was marked by stakes and an estimate
made of the number of loco plants. He informs me that afte:
the second year the loco weed had entirely disappeared and that
the area is still free. According to the best information I am
able to collect, this fly deposits its eggs in the base of the loco

1A later publication of the Department of Agriculture, Farmers’ Bulletin 1054,
discusses preventive measures.—EDITOoR.

FreLD OBSERVATIONS IN Loco POISONING 305

plant, the larva burrows into the plant and destroys the root.
I was unable in the limited time at my disposal to obtain speci-
mens of either the fly or the larva to present here, but I believe
the idea worthy of further study, for it may develop a feasible
method of prevention for loco poisoning.

The digging of the loco weed is our only alternative! If this
method is adopted it must be carried out for at least three,
and better, five years. I have figures which indicate this can
be done at an expense of 25 cents an acre per annum, but my
experience differs. There is on the market a chemical known as
‘‘Loeco Lion’’ which is sold to destroy loco weed. This product
must be injected into the base of each plant, and, according to
one experiment upon which I have data, it is very efficient, at
a cost of 40 cents an acre and labor. To be ultimately success-
ful the problem of eradicating loco weed must be coordinated by
the Government on a plan similar to that of the Biologic Survey
in its rodent extermination campaign, in order to clear the range
over large areas and prevent reseeding.

In conclusion, I respectfully recommend that this matter be
taken up by the proper committee to put the available data in
concrete form and present at the next meeting recommendations
for, the approval of this Association, with the view of requesting
some line of action of the United States Department of Agricul-
ture which will provide relief to the suffering livestock industry.

GEORGE M. ROMMEL RESIGNS

George M. Rommel, chief of the Animal Husbandry Division
of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who has been with the
United States Department of Agriculture for 20 years, has re-
signed to become editor of an agricultural magazine.

Mr. Rommel built up the Animal Husbandry Division and

had done distinguished and effective work that is recognized
throughout the country as well as in the department. A native
of Iowa, he is a graduate of the agricultural school of the Iowa
State College at Ames. He is the author of various bullétins
and articles on animal husbandry topies, a fellow of the Ameri-
ean Association for the Advancement of Science, and secretary
of the American Genetie Association.

1 Farmers’ Bulletin 1054 recommends severing the root below the crown of
buds and states that it is not necessary to dig out the whole root.—Eprror.

THE NEED OF COOPERATION BETWEEN THE
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO FOR THE
CONTROL OF EPIZOOTICS 1

By L. Santa Maria

Veterinary Inspector, Department of Public Health of the
Republic of Mexico, Piedras Negras, Mexico

IT IS with great difficulty that I undertake to prepare a
paper in the English language, as I lack experience in its use;
but I undertake to do so feeling sure that you will pardon mis-
takes which are unavoidable.

Before entering into my subject I will take this opportunity
to assure you that I bring the most cordial greetings from the
veterinarians of Mexico to the members of this Association. The
veterinarians of Mexico are fully aware of the great advances
made in veterinary science by the members of the profession in
the United States. We have watched them in their successful
efforts in the control of infectious diseases of animals; we are
acquainted with the wisdom of your laws relating to the move-
ment of livestock, the regulations governing the inspection of
meat, milk and other articles of food, the organization of your
Army veterinary service, your enormous progress in biologic
therapy, ete. The names of the leading veterinarians in this
country are familiar to us, and we have obtained and used to
our great advantage their books and articles.

Cordial relations between the veterinarians of our countries
have never been initiated, on account of the revolutionary con-
ditions which have kept our country in a turmoil of successive
bad governments, which have prevented all constructive prog.
ress. By good fortune, Mexico has at present a strong, honor-
able government, in the leadership of which we have General
Obregon, a man of energy, honor and good intentions, who has’
been able to establish peace and to give new life to the wheels
of industry by providing full protection of life and capital to
both the native and the foreigner. —

As a eitizen of Mexico, a country desiring the friendship of
the United States, in spite of the statements to the contrary by

1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

306

ia

COOPERATION BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND Mexico 307

certain sections of the press of this country; as a veterinarian of
Mexico, and as a representative of the Department of Public
Health of Mexico, I wish to express my best wishes for the prog-
ress of this Association, and urge a more sympathetic under-
standing on which to build for our mutual benefit.

It is a well known fact that the transportation of livestock
from one locality to another, or some of their products like
hides, horse hair, bones, ete., constitutes one of the most frequent
and dangerous causes of epizootic disease propagation in live-
stock. There is not one veterinarian that has not had the oppor.
tunity of seeing some cases of infectious and contagious dis-
eases which have developed in some locality coinciding with the
arrival of livestock from other localities. Epizootic diseases are
of daily occurrence in livestock shows, fairs and expositions. In
this way we could cite a multitude of examples to demonstrate
the truth of what I have said.

The sanitary authorities of the civilized countries have al-
ways understood these facts clearly, and to that effect they have
dictated a series of laws tending to regulate the transportation
of livestock, thereby eliminating a serious danger. The sanitary
departments of the different States of the Union of America
have in this respect a great many sanitary laws which, without
doubt, are the most complete of their kind. I wish to express
my admiration for such laws, of which the United States should
be proud.

Contrary to what is supposed, the international interchange
of livestock between the United States and Mexico has not been
given its due importance from the sanitary point of view. The
geographical location of the two countries makes possible be-
tween them a development of an active commercial interchange
of all kinds of articles, livestock not excepted. Such interchange
will be increased as a natural result of greater activities; there-
fore this is a good opportunity to point out the necessity of
initiating measures to make more efficient the sanitary inspec-
tion of animals and their products not elaborated in the border
of the United States and Mexico, an inspection which up to

’ date has not been as strict as it should be.

For example, I have seen hundreds of freight cars, loaded
with hides, crossing the boundary to be interned in the United
States, the origin of which nobody knew, and that perhaps came
from regions infected by anthrax or by some other contagious

308 L. SANTA Maria

disease, without any more requirement than a statement from
the merchant before the American consul that the hides came
from regions which were not infected by any infectious or con-
tagious disease. It is easy to understand that such a require-
ment is useless, because in the majority of cases the interested
party in this line of business has not the least idea of what he
is stating, doing it only to obtain the permit he is after, with-
out knowing the great danger such a statement engenders in this
class of affairs. In such case the veterinary inspectors of the
Mexican Government could have given good service by demand-
ing information in detail, and when that was not obtainable, by
arranging under their vigilance the disinfection of the hides.
Never have they been asked for their cooperation in such a way.

In the same way I have known of animals that have been de-
clared tuberculous in the United States and have been sent into
Mexico by some unscrupulous ‘individuals taking advantage of
the fact that some places on the Mexican border are in need of
veterinary inspectors, or defying criminally the vigilance of the
authorities. In cases like this the American authorities would
have helped greatly by prohibiting the exportation of such
animals.

To the high criterion of this assembly I have undoubtedly
referred sufficient cases to understand the imperious necessity
of correcting such deficiencies, which can be brought about only
by an understanding between the sanitary authorities of the
United States and Mexico. The understanding, if realized,
would be beneficial. It would eliminate such dangerous causes
of contagious disease propagation, and greatly facilitate its
control. H

It would be very difficult for me to submit to you any set of
rules, which necessarily will have to be formed if an under-
standing is to be reached between the two countries. Neither
do I consider this an opportune time to discuss such a docu-
ment. I wish, nevertheless, to point out very briefly a few
things which, owing to my experience as veterinary inspector
on the border, I think should be taken up first.

It would first of all be indispensable to establish that every
person or corporation desiring to export livestock or their
products from Mexico or the United States should be required
to secure a permit or health certificate from the sanitary au-
thorities. It would then be possible to prevent the transpor-

am

Ge Ny A Sah SON ED § were

fire oe i AN hn

CooPERATION BETWEEN UNITED STATES AND Mexico 309

tation of livestock or their products from districts in which in-
fectious diseases exist. It would be possible to impose a mul-
titude of highly beneficial measures, such as prohibiting all
classes of commercial interchange of animals that have been de-
elared tuberculous; to require that all bovine animals intended
for breeding when proceeding from a tick-infested zone, should
be dipped previously in an arsenical solution; to arrange that
hogs before being transported should be vaccinated against
hog cholera, and other things that will contribute to lessening
the danger, from the hygienic point of view, of the transporta-
tion of animals. :

To my knowledge, the carrying out of such measures as I
have briefly mentioned will result beneficially to the livestock
industry and to those who are interested in it. When the in-
terested parties in this line of business of Mexico, as well as
those of the United States, are convinced that the interchange
of animals or their products does not offer any danger from the
sanitary point of view, because it is subjected to a rigid scien-
tific examination, they will increase it. It would be useless to
try to demonstrate all the advantages that will come with this
intensification of commercial activities. It presents to the doc-
tors of veterinary medicine a new opportunity to realize a work
of positive utility. I am sure that. I have made myself under-
stood, although my paper is a little confusing, and if my
propositions are taken into consideration and practiced we will
have contributed to the already existing idea in society that the
mission that has been recommended to us professionally is
transcendental.

It may be of, further interest to this Association to know that
during the months of May, June and July, 1921, approxi-
mately 38,000 head of cattle, goats, sheep and hogs crossed the
international boundary at Eagle Pass, Texas, into Mexico, this
being the third in size of entries into Mexico from the United
States.

~ As a heritage of the war, dourine has appeared in Belgium
and in the northeastern part of France, where it is said to have
been introduced by German army horses. <A recent Belgian
official report states that the disease has been found in 4 stal-

_lions and 88 mares and that 277 other animals are suspected of

being infected.

COOPERATION IN THE ERADICATION OF
TUBERCULOSIS 1

By H. R. Suirn

Live Stock Commissioner, National Live Stock Exchange,
Chicago, Illinois

THE INCREASE in the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis
throughout the United States during recent years is a matter
of grave concern. According to the records of the Department
of Agriculture, a total of 35,113,077 hogs were slaughtered
under Federal meat inspection during the fiscal year 1908, of
which number 719,279, or 2 per cent, were ‘‘retained’’ for tuber-
culosis. Since 1908 the percentage found to be infected with
this disease has increased an average of nearly 1 per cent each
year. Of the 37,700,000 hogs slaughtered under Federal inspec-
tion during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1921, 12.5 per cent
were retained for tuberculosis. It is reasonable to assume that
the 40 per cent of the hogs of this country not slaughtered
under Federal inspection are equally affected, and we are safe
in saying that on the average one out of every eight hogs in the
United States has tuberculosis.

Fortunately, hogs are for the most part killed young, before
the disease has become generalized, and but 1 per cent of the
total killed are wholly condemned for grease or sterilization.
At the Chicago market alone the loss last year was 54,325 hogs,
a train load of 30 cars per week nearly worthless. Moreover, as
a large portion of the heads are condemned when the carcass
passes inspection, the loss is only partially indicated by the
number sterilized and condemned.

Dr. Schroeder of the United States Bureau of Animal In-
dustry estimates that at least 95 per cent of the tuberculosis in
hogs comes from eattle. Since 1917, when the nation-wide
campaign for the eradication of tuberculosis in cattle was or-
ganized, there has been a material reduction in the percentage
of cattle retained for tuberculosis at our market centers—ap-
proximately one-sixth less now than then. On the contrary, the
percentage of hogs retained was 9.8 per cent in 1917 and 12.5 per

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

310

mar

COOPERATION IN ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS oLl

cent in 1921, or one-fourth more. This cannot be explained by
the fact that much more milk was sent to condenseries during
our participation in the World War. The increase in the preva-
lence of tuberculosis among hogs was even greater preceding
that period.

I have wondered if the appalling conditions with respect to
the great increase of tuberculosis among poultry during recent
years may not be largely responsible for the higher percentage
of hogs retained for this disease. Many chickens are now dying
from tuberculosis, and these are very commonly eaten by hogs.
While avian tuberculosis may be less readily transmitted to hogs
and does not produce generalized cases, it does cause localized
lesions, as stated in the final report of the Royal Commission of
Great Britain appointed to inquire into the relations of human
and animal tubereulosis. Cultures taken from 59 pigs showed
that 50 were of the bovine type, 3 human, 5 avian, and one
mixed avian and bovine. Nine of the generalized cases of tuber-
culosis in these pigs showed the avian type except one which
was mixed avian and bovine. Whether or not poultry is re-
sponsible for much of the tuberculosis in hogs, the fact that so
many chickens are dying from this disease would seem to war-
rant the making of some systematic effort to reduce it in
poultry.

The organization of our Federal and State accredited herd
plan for testing cattle has been remarkable considering the
short time in which it has been done. The success of this great
American enterprise has been watched by sanitarians of other
nations and they have marveled at the results thus far accom-
plished. We now have over 80,000 herds of cattle under Fed-
eral and State supervision, 60,000 that have passed one clean
test, and nearly 10,000 fully accredited. This is a wonderful
showing for the three-year initial period. It has been made pos-
sible through the splendid co-operation of breeders, veteri-
narians, market men, members of Congress and State legisla-
tors, with the intelligent leadership of the United States Bureau
of Animal Industry. However, we have made but a relatively
small beginning in a tremendous undertaking. If we are to
hold this menace in check and eventually eliminate it, still
ereater efforts must be put forth in the future. Starting with
a Congressional appropriation of $500,000 three years ago, we
now have $2,000,000. State funds for tuberculosis eradication

312 H. R. Smite

totaled less than a half million four years ago. We have now
State funds amounting to $4,000,000 for one year’s work. Not-
withstanding this great increase in Federal and State appro-
priations, the demand for the testing far exceeds the means by
which it can be done. Two months of this fiscal year are gone,
and some States have already found it necessary to put on the
brakes because of fast-depleting Federal or State funds. The
Federal indemnity apportionment will be exhausted first be-
cause the States have exceeded the Federal appropriations.
Fortunately, Congress will be in session, and there is reason to
believe that in view of the importance of this work a willingness
will again be shown to grant an emergency appropriation, espe-
cially when the members of Congress hear from their con-
stituents on this subject. It is a gross waste of our national
wealth to permit an annual loss of thirty millions of dollars
when an expenditure of ten millions each year will in a short
time eliminate 95 per cent of this burden to our nation.

Of infinitely greater importance is the fact that the elimina-
tion of tuberculosis in cattle may reduce human tuberculosis
50 per cent. It would be a crime not to permit this work to go
forward still more rapidly. There is a strong disposition on the
part of Congress to economize on public expenditures, which
is a very commendable thing; but if intelligent consideration is
given to these numerous requests and if the wishes of the people
are heeded, a liberal increase in the appropriation for tuberecu-
losis eradication will be granted.

In this connection I wish to say that the members of Congress
are more disposed to grant appropriations for Indemnity than
for salaries. If the work of eradication is to grow in keeping
with popular demands, the counties must assume a share of
the operating expense. Many counties have already raised
funds for the employment of veterinarians whose work will be
supervised by Federal and State officials. This is a most favor-
able indication. It means thorough work with the county as a
unit, and it means the beginning of the end of tuberculosis in
the counties which undertake it. With the intrademic test, area
work preceded by an educational campaign is giving remarkable
results. The success of this work is very largely a matter of
education. When the people understand the importance of
tuberculosis eradication and the simple methods by which re-
sults ean be accomplished, they invariably want their herds

COOPERATION IN ERADICATION OF ‘TUBERCULOSIS 313

tested and the reactors properly disposed of. The county agents
are now taking a keen interest in this subject, and they are in
a position to create public sentiment that will make the enter-
prise succeed in any community. The boards of supervisors in
four Michigan counties—Hillsdale, Livingston, Jackson and
Wayne—have appropriated sums ranging from $3,000 to $5,000
each for county co-operation in the eradication of tuberculosis.
The farm bureaus of seven counties in Illinois have guaranteed
funds for this purpose, supplemented in some instances by
county appropriations. Iowa county boards have no authority to
make such appropriations, but the farm bureaus of Winne-
bago and Shelby counties have each recently guaranteed $4,000
for the employment of veterinarians for testing herds, this sum
in the former county to be raised by a charge of 25 cents per
head on each animal tested. The herds of four counties in Wis-
consin—Barron, Lincoln, Door and Waukesha—have been
nearly all tested, and the work has been started in other coun-
ties. The farm bureaus in a large number of counties in New
York and Nebraska have financed this work, which is already
giving excellent results.

Public opinion is our greatest power, and whenever the peo-
ple of any community are aroused to the importance of an
undertaking and are willing to support it financially and other-
wise, the problem is solved. This is particularly true of a con-—
dition that menaces human health. At Paris, Ill., where re-
cently the five children which drank milk from a tuberculous
cow in the Kelly family of seven contracted tuberculosis, every
owner now wishes his herd tested, and the veterinarians em-
ployed by Edgar County tested all of the breeding cattle in the
first township in three weeks. The film ‘‘Out of the Shadows,’’
which pictorially describes a similar case that came under the
observation of Dr. Gibson, a Federal inspector, is a wonderful
help in bringing this subject to the attention of the people of
any community. We have four of these reels in constant use
by county agents and have also loaned a portable moving-
picture machine that can be used in any church, schoolhouse or
outdoor meeting by use of a storage battery or electric lighting
system. Just as soon as the people of any county vote money
for an enterprise of this kind you may be assured that the
representatives of such counties in Congress and in the State
legislatures will favor adequate appropriations. With such

314 H. R. Smita

support and with the whole-hearted co-operation of farmers,
breeders, Federal and State veterinarians, private practitioners,
market men and others we may expect still greater results in
the next four years. The National Live Stock Exchange and
member exchanges, in full realization of the importance of this
ereat undertaking, have recently gone on record as favoring
aggressive work in the eradication of tuberculosis, and they will
give you, whose efforts are greatly appreciated, every possible
assistance leading to the success of the enterprise.

MANY CATTLE BREEDERS WANT TO HAVE HERDS
ACCREDITED

The work of ridding the country of bovine tuberculosis
through the aceredited-herd system, which is based upon Fed-
eral supervision, and the issuance of certificates by the U. S.
Department of Agriculture, is making steady progress through-
out the country. The State of Minnesota has been leading for
some time in the number of fully accredited herds and the
number of cattle certified free of the disease, but the report for
September shows that the lead has gone to Wisconsin. The lat-
ter State now has 1,309 accredited herds, containing 29,001 head
of cattle. Minnesota has 1,171 accredited herds, with 28,089
cattle.

The total number of herds accredited in the United States is
9,963. The number of cattle in the country certified free of
the disease is 230,704. There are 71,999 herds and 848,244
head of cattle that have been tested once and, presumably, will
subsequently be on the accredited list. There are 1,546,814
cattle in 103,046 herds now under Federal supervision.

The demand for inspections and tests under this tuberculosis
clean-up plan is so great that the inspectors can not keep up.
At present there are 15,671 herds on the waiting list. These
herds contain nearly a quarter of a million cattle. During Sep-
tember 163,742 cattle were tested in the various States. Of
these, 6,093, or 3.7 per cent, reacted.

‘A very hot bath will often destroy the germs of influenza,’”’
states a weekly journal. The difficulty, of course, is to per-
London Punch.

suade them to have one.

THE VETERINARIAN AND THE PUBLIC 1

By A. N. CARRoLu
Pueblo, Colo.

THE VETERINARY PROFESSION today is occupying a
position in the eyes of the public far beyond the fondest hopes
of some few decades ago. With the increased confidence and
respect shown the profession come many new and complicated
problems and the necessity for our higher attainment individ-
ually and collectively.

There are certain definite facts recorded in which we are
legally responsible to our clients. There are far more vital
obligations to which we are morally responsible to ourselves
and the public, if we are to advance as we now have the oppor-
tunity. The public is daily expecting more from the profession,
and it is essential that we arise to these possibilities.

Our advancement is in direct ratio to increased confidence by
the public in every individual among us, but more especially
of our activities as an Association. Individually our efforts
are too often lost, but collectively they are intensified and per-
petuated, exerting an influence a hundredfold more than each
by itself. A half dozen men bonded together can exert far
more influence than a half hundred without team work.

We are living in the day of organization, which is manifested
in every walk of life. The old adage that competition is the life
of trade is obsolete. The present-day organization is regulating
competition within itself and universally working to the ad-
vantage of the group, eliminating internal friction and by a
united effort developing not only the whole but the units as
well. Modern competition within a profession no longer means
a state of war with victory manifested upon defeat of the con-
temporary, but a broader view, bonding the individual to a
mutual helpfulness, strengthening his fortifications by develop-
ing his profession, that he himself may have the approval of
publie opinion in relation to other professions.

Much has been accomplished by this Association in the past,
but much more is demanded of it in the future in shaping the

1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.
315

316 A. N. CARRoLu

course and leading the way to our progress. It has never, how-
ever, accomplished what it could have with a stronger organi-
zation working with a united thought, eliminating jealousies
and destructive competition between individuals and above all
between groups within our Association.

Why have we continued fighting among individuals, when
by lessening the estimation of the other by the public, we lessen
the estimation of the profession of which we are a part, and for
which we suffer? Why have we failed to develop a proper
good-fellowship among the different sections of our organiza-
tion, so necessary to harmony? Each one has its course to pur-
sue with the utmost credit to itself, but forever with the broader
view of advancing the profession as a whole. What we need is
not less of some sections, but more of all sections.

We, like other professions, are gradually specializing, which
will eall for further subdivision of classifications; but no mat-
ter how specific, they are all co-relative, one upon the other.
In the same sense, all State associations should be part of our
National Association, having official representation within, and
all working as one unit with a common view.

We must devote more of our time to putting the house in
order, getting into the game without further delay, that we
will not be discriminated against by stronger influences. Many
branches of our profession are looked upon favorably by other
interests, and we stand to lose, unless we awaken, for they are
better organized. At present the public is with us, and our
organization can not fail, except from within, for we are
founded upon correct principles, that of our own advancement
without hindrance to others. We are constructive and not de-
structive. The stronger we become individually and collec-
tively, the greater good we accomplish.

So let us all put our shoulder to the wheel, enlisting the sup-
port of every one, eliminating all obstacles from within, and
develop a unity capable of attaining our objectives.

When we have unity within ourselves, and labor with un-
selfish energy for us all, no one in particular, but every one in
general, we will be coming into our own, convincing the public
of what we desire, and they willing to concede to the veteri-
narian.

J

MUNICIPAL FOOD INSPECTION !

By Georce H. GLOVER

Dean, Veterinary Department, State Agricultural College, Fort
Collins, Colorado

THERE APPEARS to be a growing interest in municipal
food inspection. This interest is more generally apparent with
the citizenry than it is with the veterinary profession. Rela-
tively speaking, public health is no less important in the small
cities and towns than it is in the large cities, and should be
equally safeguarded.

There is little need of presenting arguments to you men in
favor of municipal food inspection, and this I shall not at-
tempt to do further than to make a few general observations.
The fact of its need is generally admitted, but apathy stifles
concerted action, and nothing is done. Public sentiment has
long since been created in favor of a pure water supply, and it
is considered the thing of first importance in municipal affairs.
As inconsistent as it may seem, yet the fact remains, that the
public is much more concerned about what it shall drink than
it is about what it shall eat. From both an esthetic and a pub-
lic health standpoint, there is no just ground for such discrimi-
nation. Measures that safeguard health should invariably
receive first consideration. Paved streets, a public library and
electric lights represent conveniences that can not be gainsaid,
but nevertheless should always be secondary in consideration to
public health measures. We can have just as many public con-
veniences as the taxpayers will stand for, and it is also true
that we can have as much public health as we are willing to
pay for.

Granting that municipal food inspection is desirable, then its
practicability constitutes the main question for argument. Il
shall contend that it is feasible for towns ranging in population
from 1,000 to 10,000 as well as for the larger cities.

Federal and State authorities are without jurisdiction, save
in a very general way. Local conditions are so variable that the
use of a standard ordinance is impossible. Each city or town

1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.
317

318 GEORGE H. GLOVER

must work out its own problem. There are really no insur-
mountable difficulties to overcome when the people are made
to appreciate the importance of an equal and adequate super-
vision of both the food and water supply.

The veterinarian, because of his training, is the logical person
to serve as food inspector, and if inspection is to be inaugurated
in the small cities and towns, he apparently is the one that must
assume leadership. This he naturally hesitates to do, for his
efforts are liable to be attributed to selfish motives, and there is
usually little promise of substantial financial returns for his
efforts. His work as inspector would necessarily interfere some-
what with his practice and might create some enemies. How-
ever, we have a parallel case in the city and county physicians,
and with them these objections are found to have small sig-
nificance.

The success or failure of an enterprise of this kind, after it
has once been started, depends much upon the judgment and
tact of the inspector. It seems reasonable that a veterinarian
as food inspector might grow in popularity and enjoy a com-
mensurate financial return from his practice.

Municipal food inspection should be conducted as an edu-
cational propaganda, seeking cooperation in making conditions
better. Ideal conditions can never be obtained, and the best
that can be hoped for is a marked improvement from month to
month. A too vigorous use of authority invariably creates an
opposition that stifles cooperation and may be fatal to the en-
terprise. Utopia can not be reached by one jump. In this
respect food inspection differs from some other things, such,
for instance, as regulating automobile traffic on the streets. The
most grievous violations of the ordinance should be corrected
at once, but improved methods are matters of education and
habit. You can no more legislate a dirty dairyman to be
cleanly in his habits than you can legislate a sinner into godli-
ness.

There is another aspect of this question which should be
emphasized. The veterinary medical profession must broaden
its scope of usefulness. It must do more or it will be required
to do less. Municipal food inspection provides a larger oppor-
tunity for publie service. Upon final analysis, service is inevi-
tably the standard of a just appreciation as well as an adequate
remuneration. The work of the veterinary profession consists

7

MunicipaL Foop [INSPECTION 319

essentially in conservation of the animal wealth and as guardian
of the public health. We must admit that up to this time our
efforts in guarding the public health have not been especially
conspicuous.

In every department of human activity the law of supply and
demand operates impartially and unceasingly. The demand is
determined by the supply and the need for that particular kind
of service. The supply depends upon many factors, including
remuneration. The most important factor in remuneration is
the quality of service rendered. There is a difference between
earning a living and getting a living. If the veterinarian is to
sell his services profitably he must make them not merely pas-
sively appreciated but they must be made very necessary to the
community. His motto should be ‘‘How ean I best serve my
community ?’’ and not ‘‘How much is there in it?’’ ‘‘The
laborer is worthy of his hire,’’ but the one who is most con-
cerned about the amount of his wage is shortest on the job. The
spirit of commercialism seems to dominate most things these
days and the learned professions have not escaped its blighting
influence. Good citizenship has its responsibilities which are
public as well as private. Our observation has been that the
veterinarian who takes an interest in public enterprises, such
as the county fair, the commercial club, public health prob-
lems, is the one who usually makes his location permanent and
who finds his profession worth while.

The detail of food inspection can be worked out in any town
that is large enough to support a veterinary practitioner. There
are no obstacles that can not be surmounted; the most formi-
dable is a dormant public interest. Here is an opportunity for
a larger field of usefulness, and every veterinarian is urged to
take the matter under advisement.

Having been in charge of food inspection in the City of Fort
Collins for more than fourteen years, the writer feels warranted
in speaking with a certain degree of assurance. This work,
taken on as an avocation, has been interesting. Experimentally,
financially, professionally, and as a public health measure, it
has been much worth while. The real problem in all eases is
how to get the work started. In Fort Collins the first step was
a membership in the Chamber of Commerce. The subject was
presented in a brief address before the Chamber of Commerce

-and the women’s clubs, where favorable resolutions were sought

320 GrEoRGE H. GLOVER

and obtained. A conference with the meat men, dairymen and
city council was arranged. An opposition arose, as was to be
expected, but it proved not to be formidable. A tentative ordi-
nance was presented, which was redrafted by the city attorney,
and after some delay received favorable action.

The first ordinance provided for license fees which were pre-
sumed to cover the expense of inspection. It provided for the
employment of an inspector, who should be a qualified veteri-
narian and receive a salary of $75 per month. If looked at
from a purely mercenary standpoint, the salary offered was
wholly inadequate, considering the manifold duties provided for
in the ordinance. However, it was an opportunity; it was get-
ting the work started.

Supervision of foods of all kinds came under the provision
of this act. There were two questionable abattoirs and several
dealers who made a business of slaughtering more or less de-
crepit animals in the country and supplying the city markets
with dressed meats.

The first tuberculin test of cows in the milk supply of the
city revealed about 7 per cent of reactors. During the first
year of inspection over a ton of meats was condemned on the
average each month. At this time about 80 per cent of meats
consumed in the city were slaughtered locally. Now the ratio
is reversed and approximately 80 per cent of meats sold over
the block is imported, bearing the Government stamp of in-
spection.

After fourteen years of testing, and the slaughter of reactors,
tuberculosis has been practically eliminated from the dairies
and the private cows of the city. No reactors were found on the
annual test which has just been completed. Commensurate
with this has been the reduction in condemnations for all dis-
eases, including tuberculosis, at the city abattoirs. No tuber-
culous lesions have been found during the last twelve months,
save in one shipment from Denver. All license fees have been
abolished. It was considered that food inspection is for the
benefit of all the people and should be paid for out of the public
treasury. The food inspector and his deputy do practically all
of testing of cows and of milk without extra charge. The in-
tradermal test is used with various combination of tests on sus-
picious cases.

The dairies, meat markets and provision houses are visited

MunicipaL Foop INSPECTION 321

at uncertain intervals and the slaughterhouses once a day. For
this service the city now pays $115 per month. If one is to
consider nothing but the salary, the remuneration is small in-
deed. However, when looked upon as an avocation, as an
adjunet to an established practice or salaried position, it is not
to be ignored. Furthermore, the time devoted to inspection
scarcely exceeds an average of two hours a day. With the ad-
ditional income from food inspection, many places that now
can not support a veterinarian would be able to do so, and the
community would enjoy the benefits of both inspection and a
trained veterinarian.

Supervision of foods will eventually be extended to all cities,
large or small, and to a certain extent to the rural districts.
Public health is paramount. It is simply a matter of rousing
the public from its lethargy and creating the right sentiment.
It is a work that the veterinary profession can appropriately
sponsor and support with its every effort.

MEXICAN REPRESENTATIVES IN FORT WORTH

Special representatives of President Obregon of Mexico, who
are in Texas studying the live stock conditions, were guests of
the Bureau of Animal Industry and Live Stock Sanitary Com-
mission in October.

Dr. Carlos Pavia, head of the veterinary college in Mexico
City, and Samuel Torres Elorduy, famous hydraulic and agri-
cultural engineer of Mexico, were highly pleased with the man-
ner in which the cattle and other live stock are handled at the
Fort Worth stockyards.

Elorduy, who has spent much time in the United States study-
ing conditions, and who, with Dr. Pavia, is in the State in the
interest of the Mexican department of agriculture, declared that
Fort Worth has one of the most splendid systems of handling
cattle that they have seen.

Mexico intends starting a vigorous campaign toward tick
eradication next year, and Dr. Pavia will leave for Washington
as soon as the Dallas fair is over to consult with higher officials
in the Bureau of Animal Industry in further details of this
branch of work, which is new in the sister republic.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart-
ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful
to others in the profession.)

ANTHRAX IN TWO DOGS, TREATED WITH SERUM

By CHARLES V. NoBAcK

Laboratory of Hygiene, Bogota, Colombia

A NATIVE had a cow which he kept for his family use. He
took such care of her as to be very careful of the water she
drank, giving her water from a reservoir instead of allowing
her to drink from the common brook. She was pastured on
land near the owner’s house. One day during the dry season
the cow and her calf were taken to another pasture, which lies
in a valley receiving the waste water of a small town and an
abattoir and is known to be contaminated with anthrax.

History—On Saturday, February 19, 1921, about ten days
after being on the new pasture, the cow suddenly gave less milk
than usual, dropping from 12 quarts daily to less than 6, at the
same time refusing to eat or drink. The next day at 4 o0’clock
in the morning she had a painful attack of colic with tenesmus,
passing some soft feces and blood. At 5 o’clock the same morn-
ing the animal died very suddenly without struggling. The
carcass was left on the ground until the next day, when a local
native practitioner was called to make an autopsy. According
to the owner, the carcass was greatly swollen, anus protruding
and congested, with black, tarry blood exuding from the anus,
eyes and nose. The carcass was unnecessarily opened, two dogs
and a kitten eating some of the blood and meat. Four days
later the owner came to the veterinary clinic with the dogs for
treatment, giving the foregoing history.

Symptoms and Treatment.—The dogs appeared as if they
had been inflated with air. There was a marked edematous
swelling over the entire body, especially over the submaxillary,
pharyngeal and brisket regions, together with a stomatitis and
swelling of the mucous membranes of the mouth. The swelling
was soft and doughy on pressure, characteristic of anthrax. The
temperatures were 41° and 40° C. respectively. The dogs were

322

a ee La RA cr i

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 323

of a fox terrier type. One was white and the other black and
brown. The white one was very weak, with respirations in-
creased, eyes congested, hardly able to walk, and seemed about
ready to die. At half past eight in the morning each dog was
given 20 mils of anthrax serum subcutaneously. They were
quarantined and kept under observation. During the afternoon
they seemed a little better; nevertheless each was given 30 mils
of serum again at half past four. The temperatures and other
developments are shown in the accompanying tables.

TABLE 1.—WHITE Doc.

Temperature (Centigrade) |

Date
1921 Remarks
9 a.m. 12 m. 6 p.m.
Feb. 25 41.0 40.6 40.0 20 mils serum at 8 a.m.
30 mils serum at 4:30 p.m.

26 39.5 40.0 39.5 Polyuria.

27 38.8 39.4 39.9 Polyuria.

28 39.5 39.8 39.6 Marked increase in edema; difficulty in respiration;
very weak. Thinking that animal might die, ad-
ministered 50 mils of serum subcutaneously at
6:30 p.m.

Mar. 1 40.5 40.0 39.5 Difficulty in swallowing.
2 39.5 39.0 38.5 Seems easier.
3 38.8 38.0 37.6 Edema much reduced; eats better.
4 38.9 38.0 37.6 Apparently well; facial expression normal.

The polyuria was very likely due to the edema.

TABLE 2.—BLACK AND Brown Doc.

Date Temperature (Centigrade)

1921 Remarks
9 a.m 12m 6p.m. |
Feb. 25 40.6 40.0 40.2 | 20 mils serum at 8:30 a.m.
30 mils serum at 4:30 p.m.
26 39.0 39.0 39.0
27 38.5 38.4 38.5 Swelling reduced. Chews food well and swallows
more easily.
28 38.2 38.5 38.4
Mar. 1 38.0 38.3 38.5
2 38.0 38.2 38.0
3 38.0 38.0 38.2 Apparently well.
4 38.2 38.2 38.0 Discharged.

The diet during the course of treatment consisted of milk
in the morning, a little meat broth at noon, a few scraps of
meat in the afternoon, with all the water they desired.

The avenue of infection was apparently through the abraded
mucous membranes of the mouth, since the lesions were of the
pharyngeal type and no digestive disturbances were present.
The feces were normal, no blood being present.

It seems apparent that the white dog would have died if he
had not been treated with serum. In the ease of the black and

a )

32 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

Fig, 1.—White Dog Affected with Anthrax

Fig. 2.—Black and Brown Dog Affected with
Anthrax

brown dog there is the possibility that he might have recovered
spontaneously, because he was not so severely affected as the
white one.

At the same time that the dogs were brought to the clinic
for treatment the owner mentioned that a kitten two months old
also ate some of the meat with the dogs. The kitten died the
same morning that the dogs were brought for treatment. On
request the owner brought the de.d kitten to the veterinary
clinic for autopsy. The following was found: Eyes open; abdo-
men slightly distended; black, tarry blood oozing from the
nose, mouth and anus. On opening, the lungs were found to

a

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 325

be congested and dark, spleen enlarged, intestines congested
and dark. Under aseptic precautions some of the heart blood
was withdrawn in a sterile pipette, and on microscopic examina-
tion motile rods resembling anthrax bacilli were seen. An agar
slant was made, which gave the characteristic anthrax growth,
a waxy, spreading growth. A guinea-pig was inoculated and died
two days later (36 hours) of typical anthrax.

SOME PARASITES FOUND IN SHEEP ON THE SABANA
OF BOGOTA

By CHARLES V. NoBAck

Laboratory of Hygiene, Bogota, Colombia

THE Sabana of Bogota is situated in the Eastern Cordilleras
of the Andes Mountains and is about 100 miles long by 30 to
60 miles wide. It is connected by mountain passes with other
sabanas in this mountain chain. Like other sabanas in this
region, it is a mature valley, having the slow-moving ox-bow
Bogota River running throughout its entire length. This stream
finally finds its way to the upper sources of the Amazon River.
The land is very fertile. The climate is mild, something like
spring in the State of New York. These physical conditions are
naturally favorable for the development of parasites, especially
in the wet season. These sabanas are over 8,000 feet above sea
level and demonstrate that altitude alone is not an important
factor in the prevention of parasitic infestations, as will be seen
from the report that follows.

Although sheep were first brought here about 400 years ago
by the Spanish settlers, the sheep industry, properly speaking,
is only beginning to be developed at the present time for the
purpose of raising wool for the making of woolen goods for
domestic use. There are two large‘ establishments in Bogota
which manufacture woolen goods, and it is necessary to have
the wool of at least 35,000 sheep annually to keep them going
economically. At present wool must be imported, but on
account of the expense of transportation (even with the pre-
vailing low prices of wool in England) it would be cheaper to
raise sheep for wool on the sabana. There are about 10,000
sheep in this region at present, including about 500 purebrea

326 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

animals—Dorsets, Rambouillets and Merinos from France:
Southdowns, Lincolns, Shropshires and Romney Marsh from
England; and a few of various breeds from Uruguay and the
United States; however, France and England are the favored
countries from which domestic animals are imported.

There is a parasitic condition found in the sheep of this re-
gion known as ‘‘anemia tropieal,’’ ‘‘paperas’’ or ‘‘lombrices,’’
according to the most prominent symptom present. Pale mucous
membranes, a marked edema, especially in the submaxillary re-
gion (paperas), emaciation, dark fetid diarrhea and toward
the end pronounced weakness followed by death, are among the
principal symptoms. Lombrices refers, popularly speaking, to
the diarrhea, but literally means worms. The appetite is good
until a few days before death. The disease is attributed to the
small liver fluke (Fasciola lanceolata), popularly known as
mariposa, but in all sheep autopsied comparatively few flukes
were found, and not in sufficient number to explain the marked
Symptoms. |

An examination of the feces on September 30, 1920, showed
the presence of the eggs of Strongylus (Iaemonchus) con-
tortus. On postmortem, October 1, after slaughtering an ad-
vanced case, a congestion of the mucous membranes of the
abomasum and duodenum, together with a catarrhal inflamma-
tion, were found. The stomach contents consisted of a dirty
brownish liquid, in which were seen a large number of stomach
worms, some swimming about freely in the fluid and some

. . - a> BSS
— be, We a Ee e
wee Sst Se a = a et

Sheep Affected with Stomach Worms

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 327

attached to the stomach walls. They were also found in a simi-
lar way in the duodenum throughout half its length. The
female is about an inch in length and the male one-half to two-
thirds of an inch. They agree with the description given by Dr.
B. H. Ransom for the stomach worm of sheep (Haemonchus
contortus) in the Cornell Veterinarian of April, 1920.

Treatment—The 1 per cent copper sulphate aqueous solu-
tion, as first used successfully by Thieler in South Africa and
recommended by Ransom, was tried. The following doses were
used: For lambs 3 months to 9 months old, 20 to 50 mils; sheep
over 1 year of age, 60 to 100 mils. All animals treated were
fasted from 18 to 24 hours before they were given the treatment.
The treatment was repeated twice at an interval of three weeks.
Four flocks of sheep were treated, with a total of 2,000 sheep.
In three of the flocks the results were excellent, the disease
cleared up, the animals gained weight rapidly, and in some of
the advanced cases the edema of the jaw passed away.

The fourth flock treated was located on an adjoining sabana
about 60 miles away, and in spite of the treatment the sheep
kept on dying at the same rate and showed the same symptoms
after treatment as before treatment. An effort was made to
find out the reason for the failure of the treatment by looking
for the eneysted stomach worm, Strongylus (Ostertagia)
ostertagt. On autopsy the lining of the fourth stomach (aboma-
sum) was found to be studded with raised white swellings about
the size of a pinhead to a small pea; the wall of the stomach
was twice as thick as normally and a straw-colored exudate was
present in the walls and in the abdomen. The encysted stomach
-worm was found in the raised swellings. Strongylus (Haemon-
chus) contortus also present in large numbers. It was recom-
mended that the visibly affected sheep be slaughtered and that
the pasture be changed to a dryer region. This is being carried
out, and it is too early as yet to make-any statement as to the
result.

Some bladder worms, Monieza alba, were found in a few im-
ported sheep which had died from other causes (in transit). No
cases of @sophagostoma columbianum (nodular disease) in the
intestines were found.

The only external parasite found was the common sheep
tick.

328 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

GRANULOMA OF THE FROG IN THE HORSE

By Ernest F, JARDINE
Government Veterinary Surgeon, St. Kitts, British West Indies

THERE is a condition here, seen most frequently in mules, but
occasionally in horses, in which the horn of the frog disappears
entirely leaving bare the sensitive structures, which naturally,
from constant friction with the earth, irritates the parts causing
exuberant granulations accompanied with lameness. On the
other hand, and these are the most frequent, from the excessive
height of the wall, the hoof becomes contracted; but this con-
traction is seldom accompanied with lameness, and but for the
condition of the frog, which becomes injured from sharp stones
on the road, the animals could continue at work. The condition
has a certain resemblance to canker, with the exception that it
has no tendency to involve or encroach upon the sole; and the
rapidity with which the condition responds to treatment. JI am
frequently puzzled as to how and why it is that even the con-
tour of the frog disappears and leaves a denuded, bleeding sur-
face, sometimes the shape of a marble with a pedicle, and at
other times with a sessile base.

I attribute the cause to filth, as it is rarely seen in well kept
animals. The continual standing in urine, the ammonia of
which macerates and decomposes the horn, will produce it.

Treatment: If .he condition is seen in the early stages, it is
comparatively simple to treat. Lower the wall, dust parts with
calomel and iodoform, alum, copper sulphate in powder, or 50
per cent solution; pine tar on oakum with leather sole to retain
in place; all have their sphere of usefulness. In fact, the condi-
tion is treated as one would a case of thrush, which is generally
the origin of it. When the condition becomes neglected and
long standing, when it becomes a sort of tumor, the only cure
is extirpation.

If the growth is small, with a well-defined neck and the ani-
mal is of a quiet disposition, I usually hook the growth with a
tenaculum and with a quick incision excise it; otherwise, the
patient is cast, and the growth dissected out.

The wound is covered with boric acid packed with cotton wool
and bandaged. The dressing is removed in 24 hours to 48 hours
and if there is no formation of pus, it is not washed; otherwise
it is, and redressed with borie acid. . In about one week’s time

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 329

the animal is shod, the part protected with tar and oakum and a
leather sole, and the animal returned to work.

Of course it is understood that everything connected with the
operation is done as aseptically as possible.

INTUSSUSCEPTION IN A COLT
By C. A. Cary
Auburn, Ala.

At the Veterinary College clinic of the Alabama Polytechnic
Institute, Dr. I. S. MeAdory brought in a colt in a moribund
condition. This colt was about one week old. No definite diag-
nosis was made and the colt soon died. Post-mortem examina-

. Poa peeiay
at Gta Nat G>
Peete

Intussusception in a Colt

tion was made by Dr. N. G. Covington and eight intussuscep-
tions were present in the small intestines. Two of them were
displaced by students examining them. The other six are
shown in the accompanying photograph.

A lady student of the University of Liverpool, England, Miss
Edith Gertrude Knight, has been successful in passing with
honors the second examination for the degree of Bachelor of
Veterinary Science and also the second examination for the
diploma of M. R. C. V. S.

ABSTRACTS

A StmwpLe METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE NUMBER OF
BACTERIA IN BACTERIAL SUSPENSIONS. K. A. Fries. Cen-
tralbl. f. Bakt., Jena, 1921, vol. 86, pp. 90-96.

After reviewing the various methods used for the standardi-
zation of bacterial suspensions, the author is of the opinion that
the standardization by the counting chamber method has proved
most satisfactory, but based upon his own work and also upon
Saltmann’s extensive investigations carried on in the Hygienic
Institute of the University of Berlin, he is of the opinion that
if it is desired to count small bacteria, the counting chamber
method is very tedious and tiresome for the eyes; besides it also
consumes a great deal of time. In the experience of the author
the following method which he developed has proved very rapid
and most accurate for the standardization of bacterial sus-
pensions.

PREPARATION OF THE STANDARD FLUID

A suspension of yeast in physiological salt solution preserved
with 5 per cent phenol is prepared. The strong preservation is
necessary on account of the difficulty of keeping the standard
fluid in a sterile condition. Other methods of preservation
might give equally as good results.

A piece of ordinary yeast (Saccharomyces cerivisiae) is dis-
solved in the phenolized salt solution. The yeast should be
fresh, otherwise there is danger that foreign bacteria may be
contained in the same and frequently in such great quantities
that their presence may later be detrimental for the determina-
tion of the number of bacteria in the suspension.

The number of yeast cells in the standard fluid should vary
between 20 and 30 million per ce. In order to obtain a sus-
pension of this strength it is as a rule sufficient to dissolve a
piece of yeast the size of a hazel nut in one liter of carbolized
salt solution. The flasks should also contain approximately 100
small glass beads.

Following the dissolving of the yeast the bottle should be
shaken preferably in a shaking apparatus. The shaking should
distribute the yeast cells uniformly throughout the fluid.
The counting of the yeast cells in the fluid is then undertaken.

330

ow

——

ork +4 Wade< 3 >) oot" het eee a

ABSTRACTS 331

For this purpose a Thoma-Zeiss or the Hayem-Nachetsche cham-
ber is preferable. A control counting in both of the chambers
is desirable. The results will be more satisfactory if the great-
est number of squares are counted in the chamber. In the
Thoma-Zeiss apparatus at least 100 squares should be counted;
whereas in the other 8 to 10 squares will be sufficient. If the
count shows that the number of cells per ce. is of the desired
quantity we have a suitable standard fluid. One liter of such
fluid is sufficient for about 500 determinations.

Should counting of the standard fluid show a greater num-
ber of yeast cells than 20 to 30 million per cc., the fluid should
be diluted to the desired quantity; whereas if the number of
cells are not present in the required numbers, then either more
yeast is added or the suspension is allowed to stand for several
days, after which some of the supernatent fluid is decanted,
which naturally would increase the number of cells per cc. in
the remaining fluid.

On account of the large size of the cells the counting is readily
accomplished, which also facilitates a comparative counting of
the bacteria in the suspension to be counted.

THE METHOD OF PROCEDURE OF THE BACTERIAL COUNTING

With the aid of the standard fiuid the bacterial contents of
any suspension can be readily determined. After thoroughly
shaking, 0.2 of a ce. is taken from the fluid to be tested with the
aid of a pipette and placed into a flask or a reagent glass. Then
2 ec. of the well-shaken standard fiuid is added to the bacterial
suspension as soon as possible. The mixture is then thoroughly
shaken, and with the aid of a Pasteur pipette a small quantity
is taken up-and quickly dropped upon a clean slide. This is
carefully dried over a flame or in the air and the preparation
is then carefully stained. Any ordinary stains are satisfactory
for this purpose. However, a diluted fuchsin stain is prefer-
able. As a result of the phenol conténts in the standard fluid
a very good staining is obtained with the fuchsin. After the
stain has acted upon the preparation for a short time it is
rinsed off and examined under an oil immersion lens. If it
is found that the cells are well distributed, as is usually the case
if proper care has been taken, the counting may be under-
taken. On the other hand, if it is found that the cells are not
well distributed, in order to count them aceurately the mixture

bo

ABSTRACTS

CO
eX)

is diluted with the corresponding quantity of physiological salt
solution before the counting slide is prepared. It may also
occur that _the relation of the yeast cells to the other cells is
not such that an accurate counting may be undertaken as, for
instance, when the proportion of the bacteria is very much larger
than the number of yeast cells. In such cases, of course, this
relation may be changed by another mixing, for instance, using
a smaller quantity of the bacterial suspension to be examined.
Even the beginner will soon find the correct way as to the best
procedure. It may be accepted as a rule that by counting with
the so-called net-micrometer, the number of organisms can be
counted in even a more concentrated form than if the counting
is made in consecutive fields. Therefore a rule may be estab-
lished that for accuracy’s sake not less than 250 yeast cells and
the corresponding number of bacteria should be counted. Of
this number, 250 yeast cells may be found either in 10 different
fields or in a greater or smaller number of squares in the net-
micrometer, if such is used. If we assume that in counting
10 fields we find 256 yeast cells and 814 bacteria and if of
the bacterial suspension 0.2 ee. and of the standard fluid 2 ee.
were used the question arises, How many bacteria are present
per ce. in the suspension? The desired number is then found
according to the following formula:
Volume of Yeast Cells. — Number of Bacteria. K — X

Volume of Bacteria. Number of Yeast Cells.

K is the consonant which indicates how many millions of yeast
cells are present per ce. in the standard fluid. Thus, if the
above figures are placed in this formula and if the contents
of the standard fluid is taken as 25 millions per cc. then we
have:
2 814
Se a 9 eee (795) =—800
0,2 256
The number of bacteria in the bacterial suspension therefore
was 800 million per cc. In case the first examination of the
slides establishes a mixture of too large a concentration in order
to make an accurate counting possible, then the mixture can
be diluted as stated above. This, however, has no effect what-
soever on the above formula.
The preparation of the standard fluid for counting should
proceed rapidly. With this in view immediately after placing

av hwia

es ~s

” gil eae i ha

ABSTRACTS 333

the small drop of the suspension on the center of the counting
chamber the cover glass should be slid from the side over the
drop. If this operation is not rapidly carried out there is dan-
ger that the counts may be erroneous. The best results are
obtained if the bacterial-yeast mixture is not of a too high con-
centration. Also quicker results are obtained if consecutive
fields are counted in the place of a number of squares in the
Hayem-Nachetsche chamber. The author recommends that in

ease the bacterial suspension is too concentrated, to take 0.2 ce.

of the same and 2 ce. of the yeast suspension and add 5 ee. of
water. After this mixture is carefully shaken 6 drops are
placed on a slide with the aid of a pipette. After drying and
staining of this preparation, the counting is undertaken.
The advantages of this method over Wright’s method are that
we do not have to depend on the human blood, which in itself
must be carefully handled and also is subject to considerable
fluctuations. Besides, the standard yeast cell fluid is always
ready for use. A. EICHHORN.

REPORT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY SCIENCE. Indiana

Sta. Rpt. 1920, pp. 43-47. Abs. in Exp. Sta. Ree., vol. 45
(1921), No. 2, p. 176.

Hog cholera feeding experiments failed to demonstrate the
presence of the virus in the urine and feces of hogs having
acute cholera. In infection experiments, healthy controls, sepa-
rated from pigs inoculated with cholera blood by wire partitions
placed 3 feet apart, contracted the. disease in from 17 to 25
days.. Numerous attempts made to isolate Bacillus suipestifer
from the feces of hogs affected with cholera and dysentery
proved unsuccessful. Pigs that were fed cultures of B. suipesti-
fer sickened and developed diarrhea, but in no case was B.
suipestifer recovered from the feces, although an organism
somewhat resembling it was constantly isolated. The adminis-
tration of thymol-chenopodium in capsules failed to prove of
value in removal of intestinal worms.

In an outbreak of a disease in horses that resembled forage
poisoning, in which 16 of 32 horses on a farm died between
February 15 and March 2, an organism morphologically similar
to B. botulinus was obtained from the cecum of one horse, but
it did not produce toxin. Botulinus antitoxin of the B type

334 ABSTRACTS

was administered subcutaneously in doses of 40 to 80 ece., re-
peated in two days, but did not seem to prevent the disease or
retard its progress.

The preparation of chicken-pox vaccine was begun early in
the year, 1,286 birds in six flocks being tested with satisfactory
results. A summary is given of the laboratory diagnoses made
during the year, and reference is made to the production of
antihog-cholera serum and serum tests and to agglutination and
bacterin tests.

ON THE VALUE OF Non-SPECIFIC IMMUNIZATION IN THE ERADICA-
TION OF VIRULENT Foot-ANb-MoutH Disgease. KE. F. Muller,
Schweiz. Archiv. fur Tierheil., vol. 63 (1921), p. 326.

The great epizootic in 1920 brought out the fact that the
treatment with serum from recently recovered animals confers
no greater immunity than normal serum injection. Favorable
results were obtained in thousands of cases treated with intra-
muscular injection of 100 cc. of ‘‘ Aolan,’’ a non-specific remedy,
causing neither febrile nor anaphylactic reactions. Sympto-
matic treatment must not be omitted. The enormous loss of
water, which unfavorably influences the heart and intestinal
tract, must be replenished and general care taken along with
the non-specific treatment.

(Aolan is a sterile solution of milk albumin ste ocated by
E. F. Muller for treatment of sykosis parasitaria, furunculosis
and other staphylococcus skin infections. ) W. N. Bere.

A CASE OF CANCER OF THE STOMACH IN THE Horse. D. Kramell,
Berl. Tier. Woch., 1919, p. 259.

A 14-year-old gelding gradually became emaciated, extending
through a period of 10 months. The animal showed symptoms
of chronic gastric catarrh. On post-mortem examination a cleft,
semi-spherical tumor of about 35 em. in length, 22 em. in width
and 15 em. in thickness, was found in the esophageal portion of
the stomach. Microscopical examination revealed the tumor to
be a flat-celled epithelial cancer, with the formation of cancer
pearls. J. P. O’LEary.

ee ee, ee oe

;
é
;

re

Mag Tae ty gE at

oer ee She

ABSTRACTS 335

THE DtAGNosis oF ANTHRAX THROUGH THE EXAMINATION OF
THE BoNE-Marrow. W. Pfeiler. Deut. Tier. Woch., 1919,
p. 110.

The eultural examination of the bone-marrow recommended
by Wulff in the year 1912 had proved reliable, when the testing
of other organs failed, owing to putrefaction. On the other
hand, the microscopical tests of the bone-marrow and the animal
tests were not always a diagnostic certainty, particularly so in
the case of the microscopic examinations. The bacteriological
examinations are rendered more reliable by means of the plate
procedure. At the same time, according to Pfeiler, the precipi-
tation method should be used in all cases as a supplemental aid
in diagnosis. J. P. O’LEary.

CHAULMOOGRA OIL IN THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS. W. S.
Culpepper and M. Ableson. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med.,
Vol. VI (1921), p. 415. Abs. in Amer. Rev. of Tubere., Vol.
V..(1921),-p. 124.

The similarity in morphology and staining characteristics of
leprosy bacilli and tubercle bacilli, and the specifie action of
chaulmoogra and its related oils on the acid-fast group of bae-
teria, furnish a scientific basis for using them in the treatment
of tuberculosis. The acid fractions of chaulmoogra oil, obtained
by the method of Hollmann and Dean and modified by Aldrich,
were used in the following experiments: Forty-eight guinea
pigs were divided into 5 groups: (1) 12 pigs were inoculated
with human type tubercle bacilli and left without further treat-
ment as tuberculosis controls; (2) 12 pigs were similarly inocu-
lated and divided into groups of 3 each, which were given intro-
peritoneal doses of the acid sodium salts of the four fractions,
A, B, C and D, of acids of chaulmoogra oil; (3) 8 pigs were left
as entirely untreated controls; (4) 12 non-tuberculous pigs re-
ceived the same treatment as the tuberculous pigs of group two;
(5) 4 pigs received increasing amounts of the A, B, C, and D
fractions in a toxicity test. This report is described as pre-
liminary; but the following findings are given: One per cent
solutions of the acid sodium salts of the four fractions are least
irritating and are readily absorbed from the peritoneum. No
pathological findings could be attributed to the drug. On the
other hand, it seemed to cause an increase in weight. <A bae-

336 ABSTRACTS

tericidal action on tuberele bacilli in 1:10,000 dilution was
found. Of the 12 pigs inoculated with tuberculosis and not
treated all died except one. Of the 12 treated tuberculous pigs
only one died of the disease. The others were killed for com-
parison, one whenever a tuberculous nontreated pig died. A
marked difference in pathological findings was observed, the
advantage being in favor of the treated pigs. Treated pigs
showed an average gain of weight of 49 gms. over the ones not
treated.

CHAULMOOGRA OIL IN LEPROSY AND TUBERCULOSIS. L. Rogers.
Lancet, June 4, 1921, p. 1178. Abs. in Amer. Rev. of
Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p 168.

A recent experimental investigation has been made with
derivatives of chaulmoogra oil, especially sodium morrhuate,
sodium gynocardate and hydnocarpie acid, which had proved
effective in the treatment of leprosy, in animals infected with
tuberculosis. In the acute general tuberculosis produced in
very susceptible animals, the results were entirely negative,
except for an early febrile reaction followed by a fall of tem-
perature, in 2 goats which eventually succumbed to the infec-
tion at about the same time as a control animal. It is pointed
out that these animal infections are equivalent to acute general
tuberculosis in man, so that the failure in such cases does not
prove the drugs to be useless in the more chronic forms of tuber-
culosis, which form the great majority of human cases. Rogers
concludes that these drugs are worthy of further trial in the
more chronic forms of the disease, and especially in lupus and
surgical tuberculosis, where any changes will be visible and
easily observed.

We have just received a copy of an able address on the sub-
ject of tuberculosis, delivered recently by Dr. W. H. Dalymple
before the East Baton Rouge Parish Anti-Tuberculosis League,
of which he is an active member. In his address Dr. Dalrymple
gives a brief résumé of the accomplishments of research workers
and what is being done to suppress and eradicate this dreaded
scourge of both animals and human beings. The address was
devoted largely to human phases of the subject and has been
published in pamphlet form.

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4

REVIEWS

ANATOMIE REGIONALE DES ANIMAUX DoMEsTIQUES ToME III.
Porc. (Regional Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. Vol.
Ill. The Pig.) By E. Bourdelle. Librairie J. B. Bailliere
et Fils, Paris.. 1920.

This is the third book of the series on the Regional ‘Snatomzy
of the Domestic Animals by Montane and Bourdelle, professors
of anatomy in the Veterinary Schools of Toulouse and Alfort,
respectively. The first, that on the horse, appeared in 1913, and
is a most impressive book of 1069 pages and 564 figures. In the
preface to that volume the authors refer to the excellent treatise
(Anatomie comparée des animaux domestiques) conceived and
published by Chauveau, the great French master of anatomy,
and continued and amplified by worthy successors, Arloine and
Lesbre, as constituting the fundamental source of veterinary
anatomical knowledge. The authors then raise the «question
whether the method of presentation employed in this classic:l
text and adapted to the traditional method of instruction is
capable of certain modifications which would adapt it better to
practical requirements. In answering this question the attempt
is made to substitute the ‘‘practical idea of relations’’ for the
*‘functional idea of the organ.’’ This might fairly be para-
phrased as a substitution of the topographic method for the sys-
tematic. If the reviewer may be permitted to express an opin-
ion on this point it seems to him rather futile to indulge in a
polemic on the relative values of these methods. Both methods
have essential values which should be realized as far as is possi-
ble within the limitations imposed by the capacity of the anatom-
ical worker and the time available in a well-balanced curric-
ulum. <A great amount of our anatomical knowledge is useful
mainly as physiological material, and, so far as the veterinarian
is concerned, much of it is valuable solely on this ground. On
the other hand the field of veterinary surgery is circumscribed
by limitations which do not exist in human practice and which,
so far as we can see at present, are not likely to be removed. It
would seem that the authors of the work under consideration
have taken these facts into account, since a large amount of their
treatment of the subject is distinctly systematic and not topo-
graphic; indeed one may justly say that the strictly topographic

337

338 REVIEWS

matter constitutes a minor part of the contents. This is not
intended as an unfavorable criticism, except in the sense of a
suggestion that the title does not appear to designate quite ac-
curately the character of the work. The question is perhaps an
open one as to the wisdom of incorporating in a text book of
regional anatomy of the horse, for example, 319 pages dealing
with general consideration of the various systems and anatomi-
cal methods, together with a great deal of space devoted to
systematic descriptions of bones, joints, muscles, ete. The
necessary result is a book of very great bulk (1069 pages) in
proportion to its content of actually topographic description.
The reviewer does not feel that these systematic descriptions in-
clude any important additions to our knowledge, although the
numerous figures, most of which are excellent, are very welcome.

The volume on the pig is a handsome book of 386 pages, and,
on account of the death of Professor Montane several years ago,
is exclusively the work of Professor Bourdelle. It contains 167
figures, which are, with very few exceptions, original and of
high quality. It is generally recognized that good illustrations
are a sine qua non in anatomical publications, and in this re-
spect M. Bourdelle is to be warmly congratulated. When it is
noted that a great many of the illustrations—including most of
the more difficult ones—are the work of the author, one realizes
that M. Bourdelle combines the painstaking skill of the trained
anatomist with artistic ability of a high order. Only those who
have done. work of this kind ean realize the difficulties involved
and can appreciate fully the value of this contribution to veter-
inary anatomical literature.

The first 68 pages are devoted to general consideration of the
zoological position, morphology, and the various organ-systems.
The second part contains the regional anatomy. <A good deal of
space, however, is given to systematic description of the bones,
joints, muscles, ete., so that the strictly topographic matter is
not quite so full nor so accurate in certain directions as one
might wish. In this respect the account of the thoracic and ab-
dominal viscera is a little disappointing. The technique of in
situ hardening and frozen sections and combination of these
methods seem still to be little used by European veterinary
anatomists and this defect in procedure is incomprehensible to
American workers. One is almost shocked to learn that in Eu-
rope the surfaces of the pig’s liver are both moderately convex.

REVIEWS 339

Fortunately Professor Bourdelle gives two excellent full-page,
colored figures illustrating lateral views of the viscera in situ.
The topography of the head, neck and limbs is well depicted by
a sufficient number of colored figures of generous size. For the
large number of veterinarians who do not read French these
excellent illustrations constitute the chief value of the book, and
one may be permitted to express the hope either that transla-
tions may be available or that the revised Latin names might be
given in future editions. In this way these masterpieces of
- Bourdelle and the lamented Montane might receive the interna-
tional recognition which they so well deserve. Sass

A COMPLIMENT TO PROFESSOR WILLIAMS

In the August, 1921, number of THE JoURNAL, the attention
of the members of the veterinary profession was called to a
book recently published by Dr. W. L. Williams on ‘‘The Dis-
eases of the Genital Organs of Domestic Animals.’’ A review
of this book by Dr. J. Whitridge Williams appears in the Sep-
tember, 1921, number of the Bulletin of The Johns Hopkins
Hospital, in which the author states, in referring to Dr. W. L.
Williams’ book:

“This large volume by the professor of obstetrics and of re-
search in the diseases of breeding cattle in the Veterinary Col-
lege of Cornell University is highly creditable to its author
and represents a valuable contribution to American medical lit-
erature. I earnestly recommend it to scientifically minded ob-
stetricians and gynecologists, as I feel sure that when they have
read it they must agree with me that they have learned much,
have had their imagination stimulated, and have to confess, so
far at least as certain problems are concerned, that human gyne-
ecologists may learn something from their veterinary colleagues.’’

The review, as a whole, speaks very highly of the recent pub-
lication on ‘‘The Diseases of the Genital Organs of Domestic
Animals,’’ and as it is written by one of the foremost authorities
on obstetrics and gynecology in the medical profession, it is re-
garded as an unusual compliment to the veterinary profession,
as well as to Professor Williams.

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

A LETTER FROM GENERAL IRELAND

The Officers’ Reserve authorized by law since 1920 and now
in a position, under the new regulations, to complete its organi-
zation, is bound to become a tremendous asset to the country in
future emergency. It provides a reservoir of civilians from
which will be drawn officers of reasonable training and experi-
ence, commissioned in appropriate grades and assigned before-
hand to specific duties for which they are fitted. All branches
of the service are represented by sections in the Reserve. One
who recalls the almost insurmountable difficulties associated
with the mobilization of the veterinary profession in 1917, will
appreciate the importance of our having for the future a large,
representative, and well organized Veterinary Reserve Section.
If, to the enthusiastic support which the civilian profession
gave the veterinary service during the World War, there could
have been added such qualifications as military training and in-
struction, predetermined rank and position in the military
forces, and active, intelligent interest in Army veterinary mat-
ters, the problem of organizing the veterinary service would
have been relatively simple. A large membership in the Reserve
is absolutely necessary for the best results in the future.

The veterinary section of the Reserve now has some 400 officers
and is slowly growing. Membership therein is evidence of a
patriotic desire on the part of the individual to fit himself to
render the best possible service to his country when it needs
him. I like also to feel that such membership is a manifestation
of interest and support for the Veterinary Corps, which repre-
sents the veterinary protession in the Regular Army. I can as-
sure you that a Reserve composed of representative civilian vet-
erinarians will prove a valuable asset to the Veterinary Corps
in its development and progress. Thus far, the Reserve does not
seem to have attracted the veterinarians of the country as a
body, particularly the older men, many of whom. have been in
the Army. This is an unfortunate situation which it will give
me profound satisfaction to see corrected.

I trust you may be able to give these matters proper pub-

340

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 341

licity to aid in arousing a healthy interest in the Veterinary

Officers’ Reserve amongst the members of the veterinary profes-

sion. M. W. IRELAND,
Surgeon General, U. S. Army.

NEW REGULATIONS FOR OFFICERS’ RESERVE CORPS

‘The new regulations for the organization and administration
of the Officers’ Reserve Corps have been completed and the is-
sues are now being made by the Adjutant General of the Army.
The distribution contemplates the issue of one to each Reserve
Officer.

These regulations were drawn up by a committee composed of
an equal number of Regular Army officers and officers of the
Reserve Corps and National Guard and have been issued by. the
Secretary of War as Special Regulations 45.

The purpose of the Officers’ Reserve Corps is to provide a
reserve of officers available for military service when needed
and is intended to furnish the necessary officers for assignment
to all components of the Army of the United States.

STATUS OF THE OLD VETERINARY RESERVE CoRPS

A large number of veterinary officers were commissioned dur-
ing the World War in the Veterinary Reserve Corps. By the
Presidential Proclamation of August, 1918, these officers, while
on active duty, lost their identity as Reserve Officers and _ be-
came Veterinary Officers of the Army of the United States
which absorbed all existing units whether of the Regular Army,
National Army or National Guard. The only distinction exist-
ing between officers therefore was the term of commission, some
being permanent and others temporary.

The discharge of these officers after the war effected a com-
plete separation from the military establishment, that is to say,
temporary officers did not revert to their former status as Re-
serve Officers. Unless such former officers have been offered
and have formally accepted commissions they are not now offi-
cers of the Reserve Corps. Members of the old Veterinary Re-
serve Corps who were not called to active duty during the war
were automatically transferred to the new Reserve Corps.

Former officers should know, therefore, that they are not
members of the Reserve Corps unless they have accepted a com-

342 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

mission formally tendered by the Adjutant General since their
discharge from the Army. Their desire to become members of
the Reserve Corps, signified at the time of their discharge
(Form 105), does not itself commission them as Reserve Corps
officers.

THE NEw OFFICERS’ RESERVE CoRPs

Composition.—A Reserve Section has been created correspond-
ing to each branch of the Regular Army. The President, fur-
thermore, is empowered by the Act of June 4, 1920, to create
such additional sections as may be required. Accordingly the
Medical Department Reserve comprises Medical, Dental, Veteri-
nary, Medical Administrative and Sanitary Sections. The
Medical, Dental and Veterinary sections are composed of grad-
uates of reputable medical, dental and veterinary schools, the
Medical Administrative Section of persons having practical ex-
perience in administrative duties pertaining to the medical de-
partment, the Sanitary Section of persons of broad experience
and ability who have had practical experience in professions and
occupations allied to special duties of the Medical Department
exclusive of administrative duties. This latter comprises psy-
chologists, sanitary engineers, food and nutrition experts, chem-
ists, hospital architects, laboratory and X-ray technicians, statis-
ticians and technical men engaged in the production of sup-
plies and appliances used by the Medical Department. Many
of these were commissioned during the war in the Sanitary
Corps which ceased to exist on December 31, 1920.

APPOINTMENT

Eligibility.—In time of peace citizens of the United States and
the Philippine Islands between 21 and 60 years of age.

Officers of the Army of the United States between April 6,
1917, and June 30, 1919, National Guard Officers holding fed-
erally recognized commissions as such on June 4, 1920, and
persons who served in the Army between these dates and were
recommended for commission, may be appointed upon examina-
tion of military records supplemented by personal examination
if necessary.

Civilians—that is, those without previous military service—
are eligible for appointment in the Reserve Corps upon ex-
amination, to any grade for which found qualified.

After November 11, 1923, no appointment will be made

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 343

solely upon the examination of records and former officers will
be examined and appointed under the provisions applying
to civilians without such service which regulations provide for
an examination under the direction of Corps Area Com-
manders with final action by the War Department. (Further
provisions are made in the regulations for appointment of
graduates of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps, Flying Cadets,
Warrant Officers, enlisted men, etc.)

Applications for appointment should be addressed to the
Commanding General of the Corps Area in which the appli-
cant lives. These Corps Areas are as follows:

First Corps Area. Headquarters, Army Base, South Bos-
ton, Massachusetts. Comprises the States of Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Con-
necticut.

Second Corps Area. Headquarters, Governors Island, New
York. Comprises the States of New York, New Jersey and
Delaware.

Third Corps Area. Headquarters, Fort Howard, Maryland.
Comprises the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and
the District of Columbia.

Fourth Corps Area. Headquarters, Fort McPherson,
Georgia. Comprises the States of North and South Carolina,
Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi and Loui-
siana.

Fifth Corps Area. Headquarters, Fort Benjamin Harrison,
Indiana. Comprises the States of Ohio, West Virginia, In-
diana and Kentucky.

Sixth Corps Area. Headquarters, 1819 West Pershing Road,
Chicago, Illinois. Comprises the States of Illinois, Michigan
and Wisconsin.

Seventh Corps Area. Headquarters, Fort Crook, Nebraska.
Comprises the States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska,
North and South Dakota, Minnesota and Arkansas.

Eighth Corps Area. Headquarters, Fort Sam, Houston,
Texas. Comprises the States of Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado,
New Mexico and Arizona.

Ninth Corps Area. Headquarters, Presidio of San Fran-
cisco, California. Comprises the States of Washington, Oregon,
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada and California.

Grades. Appointments of officers of the World War will not

344 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

be made in a grade higher than that previously held im the
Army.

Period of appointment. Five years. A reappointment will
generally be tendered without examination.

Acceptance of appointment. There must be a formal accep-
tance or declination. If not accepted or declined within 60
days the appointment will be cancelled.

Dual commission in the Reserve Corps and National Guard.
A Reserve Corps Officer may hold a commission in the National
Guard and vice versa.

ASSIGNMENT

Every Reserve Officer is to be assigned to a unit or specific
duty. The term ‘‘assignment’’ refers to a designation or selec-
tion for a class of duty or specifie duty for which it is con-
templated to use the officer in time of emergency and for which
it is contemplated he be trained in time of peace. The fact o°
assignment does not imply active duty. In time of peace the
duties in connection with Reserve Units of a permanent or
continuing nature will be performed by Regular Officers de-
tailed for the purpose. (See active duty.) Officers are gen-
erally assigned to units in proximity to their homes.

Classification. As a basis for assignment the officers of the
Medical Department Reserve Sections are classified by the
Surgeon General according to their special qualifications as
determined by a review of their entire military record and
of the ‘‘Personal Report and Statement of Preferences for
Reserve Officers’’ which is rendered by each officer. Groups
are accordingly made up representing every specialty of medi-
cal practice to the end that intelligent and appropriate assign-
ments can be made. The two main groups are then separated
—the Territorial Assignment Group and the Branch Assign-
ment Group. The former, TAG, comprises those officers espe-
cially suited to fill the positions in the Medical Department
of the military units to be organized by the Corps Area Com-
manders. These comprise the divisions, of which three are to
be organized in each corps area, together with certain attached
and auxiliary troops.

The Branch Assignment Group, BAG, comprises those held
for assignment by the Surgeon General to special duties and
activities not included in those organized by the Corps Area
Commander. These will include the hospitals functioning be-

pitt ~ Ag

‘= 0 es

+>

Ns ee mn

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 345

hind the division, such as the surgical, evacuation, convalescent
and general hospitals and other medical department units of
the communication zone and zone of the interior, as well as
special units concerned with the mobilization and administra-
tion of the medical department service.

All Reserve Officers, however, residing in a Corps Area are
under the administrative control of the Corps Area Com-
manders.

AcTIvE Duty

According to law no Reserve Officer shall be employed on
active duty for more than 15 days in any calendar year with-
out his own consent, except in time of a national emergency ex-
pressly declared by Congress. So far as practicable the per-
sonal desires of officers to be called to active duty will be con-
sidered when funds for training for only a portion of the
Reserve Force in any year are available. The funds appro-
priated by Congress are at the present time insufficient to train
any considerable number of Reserve Officers, even volunteers.
Only volunteers will be detailed to active duty, funds per-
mitting, for instruction at Service Schools or with the Regular
Army for a period of more than 15 days.

Exemption from active duty. A Reserve Officer called to
active duty for training purposes during any calendar year
and upon whom such duty, for business or other good reasons,
would work a hardship, will, upon request, be exempt from
such tour of duty.

Pay AND ALLOWANCES (ON AcTIVE Duty)

Same as for officers of the Regular Army in the same grade
and with the same length of service, and mileage from his home
to his first station and from his last station to his home. Re-
serve Officers are not entitled to retirement or retired pay.

TRAINING,

The training program will be announced annually when ap-
propriations have been made by Congress. It is the aim of
the War Department to establish training facilities for 15
days every calendar year for Reserve Officers who can, with-
out hardship, devote this time to training. Additional train-
ing, consisting of long periods of instruction at Service Schools
and duty with the Regular Army and participation in Regu-

)

346 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

lar Army activities, may be added to this program from time
to time.
PROMOTION

A uniform system of promotion alike for all branches of the
Reserve has been established. For all sections of the Officers’
Reserve Corps promotions may be made under the following
conditions:

(a) An officer must signify his willingness and must be ree-
ommended to be examined for promotion.

(b) An officer must have served the prescribed minimum
time in the grade from which promotion is contemplated.

(c) An officer must have satisfactorily passed the promotion
examination.

Minimum time to be served in each grade. To be eligible for
promotion to any grade an officer must be credited with three
years’ service in the next lower grade, one year of which must
in every case have been in the Officers’ Reserve Corps since
November 11, 1918. In computing the required three years’
service in any grade, there will be credited service in that
grade in the Officers’ Reserve Corps since November 11, 1918,
and active service in the same or higher grade in any compo-
nent of the United States Army between April 6, 1917, and
December 31, 1920, double time being given for such of the
above active service as was rendered during the period of hos-
tilities; 27. e., between April 6, 1917, and November 11, 1918.
Except for the one year which must have been in the Officers’
Reserve Corps, there will also be credited service as a federally
recognized officer of the National Guard since November 11,
1918. No service of any kind prior to April 6, 1917, is to be
credited, nor is any but active service between April 6, 1917,
and November 11, 1918, to be credited.

Examination. Conducted by Corps Area Gonnianders by
board of three officers not lower in grade than that of the ap-
plicant.

Scope of the examination. (a) Physical fitness; (b) moral
character; (c) general fitness; (d) professional fitness.

The professional examination consists in:

1. Basic military subjects, essential to all branches of the
service for all officers of the Medical Department:

ee eer ee ET

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 347

Subject Scope
Administration. General knowledge of regula-
tions and care and use of Gov-
ernment property as applica-
ble to the officer as an individ-
ual; channels of correspond-

ence.
Customs of the service, cour- The essential customs of the
tesy and military discipline. service and the courtesy ex-

pected of all officers; the pur-
pose of discipline and the best
means by which maintained.

Military hygiene. Personal hygiene in the field
and the conservation of health.
Practical efficiency. Ability to put to practical use,

in the capacity for which being
examined for promotion, the
knowledge possessed.

2. Special subjects essential to grade and office to which pro-
motion is contemplated. For veterinary officers this will con-
sist in:

Recent progress in veterinary medicine, surgery and hygiene—
animal and meat and dairy.

SUMMARY

The Veterinary Reserve Corps is thus to be organized and ad-
ministered in the interests of veterinary military preparedness
and by regulations drawn up by a committee prescribed by law
upon which the Reserve Corps was well represented. Being a
national asset to be used in an emergeney which in modern
times seems to call for the mobilization of practically every ac-
tivity in the country, it should have the support of the entire
veterinary profession. Jf the veterinary profession can not sup-
port it as thus organized, it should demand that it be so organized
as to warrant its support.

In compliance with law the Secretary of War has provided

1. For the organization of units of the organized reserve of
a strength considered sufficient for first-line defense.

2. For the enrollment of Reserve Officers.

3. For the classification of officers with appropriate assign-
ments according to special qualifications.

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

Se)
ving
(ora)

4. For a uniform system of promotion.

5. For a training program, largely voluntary, which will ¢
so far as Congressional appropriations permit, and at the same
time safeguard the civilian practitioner of veterinary medicine
from compulsory active service in time of peace when such serv-
ice would work a hardship.

The variety of veterinary units to be organized would seem
to offer an opportunity to every veterinarian to list his services
in the general scheme of veterinary preparedness.

Brigadier-General Frey, formerly Director General of the
French Army Veterinary Corps, who was recently placed on
the retired list by the Minister of War, will make his future
home in Paris.

The graduating classes of 1921 at the three French national
veterinary schools numbered 136, of whom 63 were at Alfort,
37 at Lyons, and 36 at Toulouse. The total number of students
at Alfort at the close of the last school year was 235, and at
Toulouse 151. Thirty-seven at Alfort and 13 at Toulouse were
from other countries. We have seen no statement of the at-
tendance at Lyons.

A large number of French veterinarians have recently re-
ceived honors from the French Government in recognition of
meritorious service of various kinds—educational, research
and military. Prof. Dechambre of Alfort, and Prof. Girard
of Toulouse, have been awarded the cross of the Legion of
Honor, and the educational distinction of ‘‘Palmes Acadé-
miques’’ has been conferred on Prof. Arloing of Lyons, and
Prof. Panisset of Alfort.

JUST FOR FUN

A schoolboy wrote an essay on cats. The chapter on different
breeds supplies the following information :

‘*Cats that’s made for little boys and girls to maul and tease
is called Maltese cats. Some cats is known by their queer purrs
—these are called Pursian cats. Cats with bad tempers is called
Angorrie cats. Cats with deep feelin’s is called Feline eats.’’
—Selected.

ASSOCIATION NEWS
AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo.,
September 5 to 9, 1921

(Continued from the November JOURNAL)
TUESDAY AFTERNOON, SEPTEMBER 6, 1921
GENERAL SESSION

The meeting convened at 1:30 p. m., President White pre-
siding.

PRESIDENT WHITE: The first item of business for the af-
ternoon is an additional report of the Executive Board, which
will be presented by Secretary Mayo.

Report OF EXECUTIVE BOARD

SECRETARY Mayo: The following applications have been re-
celved since the previous meeting of the board. They have
been acted upon by the board and are favorably recommended :

Dr. A. E. Anderson, Grand Island, Nebr.
Dr. Hudson Chadwick, Jackson, Miss.
Dr. T. B. Carter, Portland, Oreg.

Dr. B. C. Taylor, Hillsboro, N. Dak.

Dr. D. L. Zee, Minotte, N. Dak.

Dr. A. J. Matelle, Crystal, N. Dak.

Dr. W. H. Hilts, Elko, Nev.

Dr. F. M. Coombs, Hamiota, Manitoba.
Dr. W. R. Winner, Alma Center, Wis.
Dr. Kenneth J. Moye, Hayes, Kans.

Dr. LaFayette J. Read, Indianapolis, Ind.
Dr. J. G. Townsend, Racine, Wis.

Dr. J. A. Sluss, Rhodell, W. Va.

Dr. George W. Neff, Charleston, W. Va.
Dr. S. C. Ross, Plainville, Tex.

Dr. W. E.- Norden, Avoka, Iowa.

Dr. John D. Thrower, Denver, Colo.

Dr. W. A. Stephenson, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Dr. E. J. McBride, St. Paul, Minn.

Dr. George J. Cline, Omaha, Nebr.

Dr. W. L. West, Belfast, Me. ;
Dr. J. B. Taylor, Brookings, S. Dak.

Dr. H. H. Brown, St. Louis, Mo.

Dr. G. A. Bostrum, Wahoo, Nebr.

Dr. I. B. Boughton, Urbana, III.

Dr. V. V. Shattuck, Omaha, Nebr.

Dr. L. C. Cummings, Omaha, Nebr.

Dr. C. C. Officer, Grapeland, Tex.

Dr. J. Pugh, Plainville, Kans.

Dr. Floyd Cross, Fort Collins, Colo.

Dr. W. H. Johnson, Denver, Colo.

Dr. F. A. Laird, Springfield, Il.

Dr. William Harvard, St. Augustine, Fla.

349

350 ._ Procrepines A. V. M. A.

Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation of the Execu-
tive Board be favorably acted upon, and the men whose names
have been read be admitted to membership under suspension
ot the rules, the Secretary to cast the ballot.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Glover and earried, the
ballot was cast, and the applicants were declared elected to
membership. )

SECRETARY Mayo: There is the resignation of Dr. R. M.
Bell of Buffalo, N. Y. The Executive Board recommends that
it be accepted.

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Glover, seconded by Dr.
Adams, that the report of the Executive Board be accepted.)

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

PRESIDENT WHITE: The next item of business is the election
of officers. The Chair is ready to receive nominations for
the following officers: President, five vice-presidents and a
treasurer. Nominations will be made from the floor. Nomina-
tions for president are now in order.

Dr. Bei: I nominate Dr. Ferguson of Wisconsin.

Dr. JENSEN: In rising to second the motion of Dr. Bell, I
desire to call the attention of this Association to the urgency
of at this time electing a practitioner to this office. This of-
fice has been filled by men outside of the rank and file of
practitioners. It is not my purpose at all to give you to un-
derstand that we don’t allow the State school men and men
engaged in other lines of endeavor, but in order to support
and increase this institution and increase its membership I be-
lieve at this time a practitioner should be elected. There has
been during the last year, I understand, a decline in the mem-
bership, a dropping out of over 300. We have a total mem-
bership of something like 3,900 where we should have 7,000.
The only way I know of to stimulate interest and increase
membership is by electing a practitioner. Therefore, I again
take pleasure in seconding the nomination of Dr. Ferguson.

Dr. GLovER: I wish to nominate Dr. A. T. Kinsley. In a
small western town there was a merchant who ordered a bill
of goods from a wholesale firm in a distant city. The goods
were received, but were not satisfactory. They were returned.
The first of the month a bill came. It was returned with the
merchant’s reason. The wholesale firm then sent the bill to
the city attorney. Then they sent a sight draft on the bank.
Finally the wholesale firm received a letter to this effect: ‘‘I
am the merchant that got your bill of goods that were not
satisfactory. I am also the city attorney in this town. I am
also the banker in this town, and if it weren’t for the fact that
I am also the preacher in this town, I would tell you to go to

hell.’? (Laughter.)

ARAN el

a are Nay Pele i a

=a) \

SOLER SLOPE

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 351

Dr. Kinsley represents every side of the veterinary profes-
sion. As an educator he helped to build up the largest and one
of the best veterinary colleges in the world. As an author, his
texts are used in the veterinary colleges, and his books of ref-
erence are found in the library of almost every veterinary
surgeon in this country; as a manufacturer of biologics, he
has taken a prominent place. As a counsellor in veterinary
lines, he is called to every part of the United States. He repre-
sents the profession in a large way. We all know Dr. Kinsley.
The only objection I have heard anywhere to Dr. Kinsley is
the fact that he is interested in commercial enterprises. Can
you think of any reason on earth why that should be an objec-
tion to a man for the presidency of this Association? Dr. Kins-
ley has stood four-square before the world, honorable, straight-
forward, a leader in our profession. We are proud of him, and
I want you to understand, as far as I know, in this district we
are for Dr. Kinsley for the next President of the Association.

(The nomination was seconded.)

Dr. Exvrason: In seconding the nomination of Dr. Fergu-
son, and speaking from the standpoint of a man from his
home State, I wish to announce that Dr. Ferguson didn’t cause
himself to receive this nomination, but has received several
letters urging him to run for this position. After getting sev-
eral such communications, we came here with a view of find-
ing out the sentiment. Dr. Ferguson is an out-and-out prac-
titioner. He has been’successful. He has done much to elevate
the profession in his own State, and we believe him fully
eapable for the office for which he is nominated. It is not
our purpose to come here to be an obstacle to anyone else,
or deprecate the honors which may be given someone else.
The good of the Association is the thing that we should have
at heart.

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Stange, duly seconded, that
the nominations for president be closed.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: I will appoint the following members to
act as tellers: Dr. S. E. Bennett, Dr. C. P. Fitch, Dr. R. D.
Marsteller. These gentlemen will kindly distribute the ballots
upon which you will write your preference.

Secretary Mayo: I have received the following message from
Dr. Tom Smith of Jersey City: ‘‘Regret that my health will not
permit attendance at the convention. The convention should not
adjourn without paying some tribute to Dr. W. Horace Hoskins.’’

PRESIDENT WHITE: Gentlemen, so that you will not be kept
waiting so long, and to facilitate matters, I will appoint another
set of tellers to distribute ballots for the five Vice-Presidents.
Unless you have some objection to this suggestion, I will ask Dr.
C. H. Stange, Dr. H. P. Hoskins, and Dr. C. H. Hayes to dis-
tribute ballots and act as tellers.

352 Procreepines A. V. M. A.

Secretary Mayo: I want to call your attention to one sec-
tion of the Constitution and By-Laws that says that no person
shall be eligible to the offices of President, Vice-President, Secre-
tary or Treasurer unless he has been a member in good standing
tor five years preceding the election.

(The ballot for President was taken and the tellers retired to
make the count. )

PRESIDENT WuiItE: Nominations for Vice-Presidents are in
order.

Dr. ErcHHoRN: Mr. President, I would like to place in nomi-
nation the name of a man who has worked the Pacific Coast con-
stantly and strenuously for the veterinary profession, Dr. Mc-
Kenna of Sacramento, California. (Seconded. )

Dr. Newsom: Since we started in in the far West, the next in
order will be a man from Colorado. I would like to nominate
Charles G. Lamb, who has been the leading spirit in the prepara-
tions for the convention that is now assembled. He is State
Veterinarian of Colorado. (Seconded. )

Dr. Cary: I nominate Dr. Hamlet Moore of New Orleans.
(Seconded. )

Dr. Huron: I beg to nominate W. A. Hilliard of Winnipeg.
(Seconded. )

Dr. Corton: I notice that the extreme Kast is not represented.
1 therefore place in nomination Dr. Robinson, Portland, Maine.
(Seconded. )

Dr. Gow: I notice you have candidates from various parts of
the country. I would like to nominate Dr. John Eagle of Kansas
City, Mo.

(It was voted, on motion, duly seconded, that the nominations
be closed. ) 5

Secrerary Mayo: It has been customary for several years to
make a motion that the one receiving the highest number of votes
should be First Vice-President, the second highest, Second, and
soon. There are five to be elected.

Dr. Bett: I make a motion that that custom prevail.

(The motion was seconded and carried. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: It is customary to vote for five. In case
there are more on the ballot, the lower ones will be dropped auto-
matically.

(The ballot for Vice-Presidents was taken. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: The result of the ballot cast for Presi-
dent gives Dr. Ferguson 62 votes and Dr. Kinsley 100 votes.
(Applause.) The Chair therefore declares Dr. Kinsley elected
President for the ensuing year.

Will the same tellers kindly pass around ballots for the elec-
tion of Treasurer and collect them? Nominations are now in
order for the office of Treasurer.

Dr. Cary: I place in nomination for Treasurer a man from

a

erage ress” 6.0 TH

Rp ma

PE A SPA ERE I SOT RRS rae

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 353

the South. I don’t believe we could get a better man for the
office, for they don’t get them. Therefore, I nominate Dr. Jacob
of Knoxville, Tennessee. (Seconded. )

Dr. Koen: I move that nominations be closed and that the
Secretary be instructed to cast the ballot of the Association for
Treasurer.

(The motion was seconded and unanimously carried, and the
Secretary cast the ballot of the Association for Dr. Jacob.)

PRESENT WHITE: I declare Dr. Jacob elected Treasurer of
this Association. (Applause.)

The result of the ballot cast for the five Vice-Presidents is as
follows: Dr. C. G. Lamb, 157; Dr. McKenna, 135; Dr. Robin-
son, 133; Dr. Hilliard, 122: ; Dr. Moore, 111. I therefore declare
Dr. Lamb First Vice- President, Dr. McKenna Second, Dr. Rob-
inson Third, Dr. Hilliard Fourth, and Dr. Moore Fifth.

I have added to the Committee on Emblem the name of Dr.
McKenna of California.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION

PRESIDENT WHITE: We will have the report of the Legisla-
tion Committee.

(Secretary Mayo read the report of the Committee on Legis-
lation, as follows:)

Your committee has kept in touch with any legislation which has
had any bearing on the advancement of the profession.

The most important contemplated legislation has been that relative
to the reclassification of the civil service of the United States. Bills
have been inroduced in both Senate and House by different members
of each body. These bills have been thoroughly gone over by the
various committees, but to date no particular bill has been agreed
upon. In one of these bills the veterinary profession was discrimi-
nated against, and only by the most active work of the profession,
both in and out of the Federal service, was this discrimination re-
moved and the profession classified similarly to the other learned pro-
fessions. The Sterling Joint Committee of Congress on Civil Service
Reclassification gave a hearing to Dr. John R. Mohler, Chief of the
Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture,
who stated that the veterinarians in the civil service were entirely
satisfied with the new classification now given them in the bills as re-
cently amended by the committee.

Your committee has not been regularly called together to make any
organized effort toward this reclassifieation legislation, as it consid-
ered it untimely to waste any activity or expend any funds for propa-
ganda work until the Congressional committee had definitely decided
upon the character of the bill it would report out of committee. It is
believed that the veterinarians are well organized to make this effort
when the proper time arrives.

When the call is made to the profession to back up this legislation,
which affects thousands of our brethren in the various civil branches
of the Federal service, it is hoped that every member will personally
interest himself in this work and will so utilize his efforts that Sen-
ators and Representatives in Congress will give these illy-paid public
servants an adequate, living salary and not keep them in suspense
from year to year by merely allowing them the war-time “bonus,” a

354 Proceepinas A. V. M. A.

sort of act of charity by Congress. The efforts of the profession
should be directed toward personal interviews with Senators and
Representatives, inviting their attention to the very inadequate
salaries now paid veterinarians in the civil service and the great loss
sustained by the Government every year by the resignation of many
highly trained veterinary specialists, owing to the low salaries paid
them, and their replacement by untrained men who can not be of
much value to the service for several years.

Much good can be directed toward these efforts by veterinarians
seeking the aid of livestock associations, breeders’ associations,
women’s clubs and various civic centers.

Your committee is thoroughly aware of the fact that without the
aid of each veterinarian it can not be successful in its efforts. Per-
sonal activities of veterinarians in their home districts have far more
effect on molding the opinions of Senators and Representatives than
have high-priced committees convening in Washington. Every veteri-
narian has the acquaintance of several prominent men in their respec-
tive sections; it is truly wonderful the effect that interviews and let-
ters from such citizens have on our national legislators. Short
articles in the local press do very much good when properly forwarded
to Washington.

The Legislative Committee is ready and anxious to further this leg-
islation in all possible ways when the opportune moment arrives.

JOHN P. TURNER, Chairman.
S. J. WALKLEY.

PRESIDENT WHITE: You have heard the reading of this very
excellent report. What is your pleasure in regard to it?

Dr. KreERNAN: I move that it be adopted and that the com-
mittee be urged to keep in touch with the legislation now pend-
ing in Congress and serve the Association and profession when-
ever called upon to do so.

(The motion was seconded and carried.)

REPORT OF REPRESENTATIVE ON ADVISORY BOARD OF THE
Horse ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA

PresIDENtT WHITE: Are any other committees ready to re-
port ?

SecreTaARY Mayo: I have a report from Dr. Dick, who is a
member of this Association representing this Association in the
work done by the Horse Association of America.

(Secretary Mayo read Dr. Dick’s report, as follows:)

As representative of the American Veterinary Medical Association
on the Advisory Board of the Horse Association of America, I want to
present the following report of the work done by the Association dur-
ing the past year.

The first piece of work was the gathering of proof of the superiority
of horses and mules in various classes of work. This was the foun-
dation. It was necessary to have proof that horses and mules were
more efficient and economical than mechanical motive power or their
whole campaign would be useless. Trained investigators were sent to
New York, Philadelphia, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, St. Louis and
numerous other cities to collect data from business men, cartage and
transfer men, ice companies, coal companies and all users of transpor-
tation. It was found that some men had sold their horses and pur-
chased trucks, but after giving them a thorough trial had discarded

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 355

them and gone back to horses. The following is what A. Moll Com-
pany, wholesale and retail grocers, in St. Louis, had to say on that
subject, which is just a sample of many such letters:

“We found after keeping accurate records that the cost of main-
taining trucks was astonishing in comparison to horse-drawn equip-
ment, and the service not so reliable. At present we are using 65
head of horses and mules, and I believe as soon as other concerns now
using motor transportation figure their costs they will return to
horses.”

The Horse Association also found that the cost per day of operat-
ing a team truck with a pair of heavy draft horses that would pull
five tons or more on city streets was from $4.06 as a minimum to
$7.75 as a maximum, exclusive of driver. With the driver at $5.00 a
day the total would be from $9.06 to $12.75 a day.

Against this it was found that it costs from $25 to $30 a day to
operate a five-ton motor truck, or more than twice as much as a five-
ton team truck that would haul the same load. |

A company of Evanston, Ill., found that for the entire year of 1919
their cost of delivery with horse-drawn equipment was 6% cents and
with motorized delivery 8 1-5 cents per package.

In the use of tractors on farms it was found that horse-drawn
equipment was more efficient, reliable, economical and flexible than
mechanical motive power. One of the most notable examples of this
is the farm comprising 30,000 acres owned by the Noble Foundation
Company, Ltd., of Alberta, Canada. On this farm it was found that
for double disking and harrowing it cost 42 cents an acre with horse-
drawn equipment, 60 cents an acre with steam tractors, and 70 cents
an acre for gas tractors. This company hitches 12 horses to three
grain drills and seeds on an average 75 acres per day per man. They
are discarding their tractors and using horses exclusively.

One of the most important facts disclosed by the investigations made
by the Horse Association of America is that fixed charges on trucks
standing idle exceed the cost of feeding horses with equivalent work-
ing capacity. The motor salesman has usually made the claim that
it cost comparatively little to keep a truck when it was idle. This
should be a serious blow to motor interests.

The next step was to determine the users of horses and mules in
non-agricultural work. A list comprising the names of 204,000 firms
has been compiled, as follows:

Coal dealers with over $10,000 capitalization.................. 8,746
Teaming and transfer COMPANIES... 7,150
Retail grocers rated over $1,000. esecessessssseeeanee 59,142
Ta PEAS eel 2A a of 06 2H ele aa eho MRA a a 3,827
Ue) Sy Ei ah 2700 ARS) a eS ee a a 4,688
TEayaliveres) og Aes cas eapae een enl ofe ane ne el. 2 eee eee 388
TICES 6 (EEN Sok SR a io < oh ia aren 6,011
PR Ree ATC GR DTOSS COMM ADIOS eat chet 11,140
ITE CRIES SO Re ee eS ee eee 10,167
Pere CON LTACHOTS +..204... co st ae ee eS 762
Graveleandssandscompanieses...00512 oko eds oes 1,350
Bakeries with over $1,000 capitalization... 27,476
Heavy hardware (wholesale) .......ec-cscccscssscsccsseeseseseeseereeeeam 1,217
Wamp SRM EATCESier. Cer so 0) tbr es ews Bee ee ace 27,022
Lumber manufacturers (sawmills) 0.00 16,579
Wines. Otwalllevicnnd Site 8 25 S| a ead. 18,400 =

AR Gye LA Fee) oa Re ae BD St a Rh A OA 204,065

356 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

The first seven groups had been reached on December 1, 1920,
with personal letters and circulars dealing with their particular prob-
lems.

A supplementary distribution of literature has been made as fol-
lows:

Saddlery firms and their salesmen.
Hay, grain and feed dealers.
Horseshoers.

Horse and mule dealers.

Wagon and buggy makers and dealers.
Veterinarians (list of 4,000).

Country bankers, 23,364.

Another important piece of work undertaken by the Horse Associa-
tion of America is that of encouraging the production of horses. It
has been found that there has been a tremendous decrease in the pro-
duction of horses in the great horse-producing States. When we real-
ize that the eastern and southern parts of the United States depend
on this section for their horses we can appreciate the seriousness of
the situation. These horse-producing States are not only falling down
on the production of new horses, but those now found on a large per-
centage of the farms are four years old or over. This means that
unless farmers begin to produce horses at once a serious shortage is
bound to come suddenly and the prices will be exorbitantly high.
This will be to the advantage of the motor interests.

The Horse Association is reaching the farmers by circularizing
with letters and leaflets the leaders of farm sentiment. This list is as
follows:

County agents and farm bureau officers.

Stallion and jack owners and leading horse breeders.

Bankers in all towns under 30,000.

Auctioneers and horse buyers.

Country harness dealers, horseshoers, wagon and carriage
dealers.

Hay and grain dealers.

State fairs and State boards of agriculture.

State stallion enrollment boards.

In addition to this, contributions have been made to the agricultural
press and to the weekly news service of 1,250 newspapers. This rep-
resented up to December 1, 1920, 9,490.5 linear inches reaching over
12,000,000 people.

Another line of work undertaken is the stimulation of the use of
horses and ponies in the field of healthful recreation and sport. This
included investigations of existing facilities for horseback riding in
many of our cities and securing information from noted physicians on
the influence of horseback riding on the maintenance of health and
vitality in man. The co-operation of the American Remount Associa-
tion, the Chicago Equestrian Association, the American Saddle Horse
Breeders’ Association and other saddle horse interests were secured in
a nationwide campaign to provide more extensive facilities for horse-
back riding throughout the country. An effort is also being made to
stimulate interest in driving horses for business and pleasure.

Another phase of the work done by the Horse Association of Amer-
ica is the stimulation of production of the right kind of horses. This
is being done by literature prepared to show that profitable operation
and marketability are dependent upon qualities of efficiency; by cash
prizes offered at county fairs, the fairs duplicating the Association’s
money, and, finally, by direct work of field men who visit leading
breeders and farmers, with whom they discuss this problem.

Procerepines A. V. M. A. SE

Up to December 1, 1920, a total of 1,100,000 pieces of literature con-
taining the above-mentioned facts had been distributed to men who
were interested in efficient, economical motive power units. These
letters indicate to some extent the tremendous amount of work done
by the Horse Association during the past year. Mr. Dinsmore, in a
letter addressed to me on July 25, 1921, said: ‘Since the last annual
meeting we have distributed a little more than one million and a half
pieces of literature, and all of this material has gone straight to the
men who are directly interested.”

This work is apparently producing good results. It is reported from
Boston that the sales of horses made by one man during the first four
months of this year were over 5,000 head, as against approximately
4,000 head in 1920 for the same months, a gain of 25 per cent. A
firm in New York City sold during the first five months of this year
14,239 horses as against 11,605 in the same period of last year. In
Chicago the United States census, taken January 1, 1920, reported
30,388 horses. The licenses issued this year to June 1 show that there
were approximately 33,660 horses in use in Chicago last spring, a gain
of 3,000, or a little more than 10 per cent. Such excellent work should
receive the hearty support of every veterinarian. In Pennsylvania
the State Veterinary Medical Association and some of the veterinary
clubs are actively supporting this Association. Every veterinarian
should become an active member. To this end an active membership
campaign was launched in Pennsylvania with gratifying results.

The good work of the Horse Association during the past year will
no doubt be fully appreciated by the American Veterinary Medical
Association, and it is hoped it will again actively lend its support to
this work and appoint a member to represent it on the advisory board
of that organization. G. A. Dick

PRESENT WHITE: What shall be done with this very excei-
lent report?

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Koen, duly seconded, that the
report be accepted. )

REPoRT OF COMMITTEE ON NECROLOGY

PRESIDENT WuHitr: I will now eall for the report of the Com-
mittee on Necrology, Dr. Connaway, chairman.

Dr. Connaway: I regret that we can not make a full report
at this time. Some of the members of the committee to whom
part of this work was assigned have not reported, but we will
eet the full report and file the data with the Secretary.

It seems to me appropriate at this time to have a little me-
morial service in honor of some of our distinguished members
who have died during the past year, Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, Dr.
James Law, Dr. E. A. A. Grange and Dr. F. S. Musselman. It has
been suggested that Dr. Moore say a few words in regard to Dr.
Law; that Dr. Adams speak concerning Dr. Hoskins; that Dr.
Mayo and Dr. McGilvray say a few words in regard to Dr.
Grange; and that Dr. Dimock respond for Dr. Musselman.

PRESIDENT WHITE: You have heard the suggestion of the
Chairman of the Committee on Necrology. Is Dr. V. A. Moore
here?

258 Procerepines A. V. M. A.

TrispuTE To Dr. JAMES LAW

Dr. V. A. Moors: Those of us who have known Dr. Law, who
have been his students and who have worked with him, have
come to know the breadth of his knowledge, the interest he had in
his profession and the sympathies he entertained for those who
are striving to fit themselves for veterinary work.

Dr. Law was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1838. He was
graduated from the Veterinary College of Edinburgh. Fol-
lowing his graduation he studied human anatomy under William
Turner and surgery under Joseph Lister, the father of antiseptic
surgery. Later he studied at the great veterinary colleges of
Lyons and Alfort. About 1860 he became professor of veteri-
nary anatomy, physiology and materia medica in the New Veter-
mary College of Edinburgh and its continuation in London as
the Albert Veterinary College. Besides his teaching, he prac-
ticed his profession in Scotland, in England, and for one year
in Belfast, Ireland.

In 1868, at the solicitation of the Hon. Andrew D. White, he
came to Cornell University to accept the position of professor of
veterinary medicine and surgery. He was a member of the
original faculty of the University and one of its most esteemed
and influential men. He occupied the position as head of the
department of veterinary science in the University until 1896,
when he became director of the New York State Veterinary Col-
lege established at the University, which position he held until
1908, when he retired at the age of seventy.

He was appealed to by both the State and Federal Govern-
ments in connection with the study and control of serious dis-
eases of domesticated animals. He was a pioneer in America in
putting veterinary medicine on a sound scientific basis. He gave
valuable assistance to the Federal Government by his investiga-
tions in connection with hog cholera. Later he was sent by the
United States Department of Agriculture as its representative
to the International Veterinary Congress at Brussels, Belgium.
He took an active part in the eradication of contagious pleuro-
pneumonia from the United States.

Dr. Law was a thorough student. He was also an extensive
writer on veterinary topics. For many years he was an author-
ity in practically all branches of the science. He was skilled in
diagnosis, a thorough anatomist and a successful surgeon. In
addition to the valuable work he did as an investigator and
practitioner, he was an inspiring teacher. There is a no more
effective inspiration than that which has come from the work and
life of Dr. Law, who, through his genius, his devotion to truth
and his kindly acts, has demonstrated the power of man to
succeed as a gentleman, a scholar and a leader. He exemplified
the simplicity of suecess in righteous living and faithful, honest
endeavor.

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 359

Dr. Law recognized that the animal husbandry of this country
would soon require the services of a large number of scientifically
trained veterinarians to combat the numerous destructive dis-
eases of livestock that were beginning to gain a foothold here.
He stood for higher veterinary education and adequate livestock
sanitation. By his influence and personal efforts, the first State-
supported veterinary college was established. Through his
students of earlier years, over whom he had a profound influ-
ence, the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry was organized in
1884, and livestock sanitary boards were created.

Dr. Law was an idealist whose purpose and ambition in life
has been the advancement of a cause rather than self. Like the
great Pasteur, the work he was advancing stood between himself
and the public. His pupils remember him as a master and also
a man possessed of much human sympathy. With all his great-
ness he was a manly man with a sweetness of disposition rarely
found among men. He will go down in history not only as a
scholar, teacher and leader, but also as a man of kindness, cour-
age and truth.

TRIBUTE TO Dr. W. Horace Hoskins

PRESIDENT WuHiTE: Dr. Adams will speak in respect to the
late W. Horace Hoskins.

Dr. Adams: Last night, Dr. Connaway, Chairman of the
Committee on Necrology, asked if I would say a few words in
memory of Dr. Hoskins. I suggested that there were other men
who had been more closely associated with him than I, and who
possibly could more appropriately speak for him, but that weak
argument was overruled, and I will not try to evade what I con-
sider is a duty.

I am not familiar with all the salient facts in his professional
life, but I knew the man as a man, and as such I would try to
present him to you. He graduated from the American Veter-
inary School early in the eighties and pursued practice continu-
ously in Philadelphia until some two years ago, when he ac-
cepted the presidency of the Veterinary College of the University
of the City of New York.

His one passion in life, it seemed to me, was to organize the
veterinary profession into working societies. He did not con-
tribute anything notable in the way of veterinary discoveries.
He was not an outstanding practitioner, but he was outstanding
in exemplyfying the passion I have spoken of—the passion for
getting old and young veterinarians together and getting them
acquainted, organizing and inaugurating laws for better control
of the profession and better relations between the profession and
the public. That has been his life work. He has attended con-
tinuously, I believe, thirty-eight meetings of the A. V. M. A., has
not missed one year in thirty-eight or possibly thirty-nine. He

360 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

has held nearly every position of honor in this Association. He
was for many years Secretary of the A. V. M. A. He was always
a prominent member upon its Legislative Committee. He gave
of his time unstintedly, | believe, more than any man who has
ever belonged to this American Veterinary Medical Association.
Night and day, early and late, he had it in his mind. As I said
before, it was a passion with him. Now that he is gone, I hope
somebody will be raised up to carry on his work in the spirit in
which he carried it on. He meant a great deal to this Associa-
tion in its early days, and from now on we shall miss him.
( Applause. )
TRIBUTE TO Dr. E. A. A. GRANGE

PRESIDENT WuitE: Dr. Mayo will pay tribute to the late
Dr. Grange of Toronto. : ;

SEcRETARY Mayo: When I became a student of Michigan
Agricultural College in 1884, Dr. Grange was giving lectures on
veterinary science in that school. I think he had recently come
from Minnesota, where he had lectured for a time at the Uni-
versity of Minnesota. As a farm boy I was quite interested in
horses, and Dr. Grange was a typical Englishman in his love for
animals and particularly for horses. It was a mutual interest
that brought us together in a way, and it was largely through his
influence that I took up the study of veterinary medicine. I
was under him a year as a student, and after I had completed
my veterinary course I was appointed his assistant and was in-
timately associated with him for two years. He was a most de-
lightful man to be associated with. I never had to ask him for
anything; he always asked you if you wouldn’t like so and so.
He was a perfect gentleman, a pleasing lecturer, and I remember
was several times voted by the students the most popular pro-
fessor in college. He was instrumental in getting through the
Legislature of the State of Michigan the law providing for a
State Veterinarian, and he was the first man appointed to that
position under the law, and held it, I believe, until he resigned
in 1897 to go into other work.

I have always had the highest regard for Dr. Grange because
of his sympathy and his perfect gentlemanliness. He was born
in England, and came from a very fine family, but he was edu-
lated largely in this country; was a graduate of Ontario. He
was a very witty man, in a dry way, and those of you who had
the opportunity of hearing him in California in 1910 extend an
invitation to this Association to hold its next meeting in To-
ronto will recall the incident when he said he wasn’t an orator,
although he apparently attempted a little on this occasion. He
said he wanted them to understand that Canada had mountains
that reached to the skies, she had rivers hundreds of miles wide
and millions of miles long, and, he said, ‘‘there is water in ’em.”’
It wasn’t so much what he said as the way he said it.

ee

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 361

It was my privilege a few years ago to call on him at his home
in Toronto. He was paralyzed, helpless, unable to speak; and
yet the same merry twinkle was in his eye as always. (Ap-
plause. )

PrREesWENT WuitTE: Dr. McGilvray of the Ontario Veterinary
College will pay additional tribute to the memory of Dr. Grange.

Dr. McGinvray: Needless to state at this time, it was con-
siderable feeling that prompted me to accede to Dr. Connaway’s
request that I should also bear testimony in regard to Dr.
Grange. I fully appreciate the sentiments that have been ex-
pressed by Dr. Mayo here regarding the late Dr. Grange.
~ I was associated with Dr. Grange very closely since the year
1908, and during that time I learned to like him and to love
him very much. The fact is that at the first glance one was apt
to misjudge the late Dr. Grange. He probably hadn’t acquired
that gift which some have of immediately ingratiating himself
into the presence of a stranger. He was somewhat reticent; the
fact is, he was reticent to a degree; but as you became more
closely acquainted with him you got to know him better and
then found out that underneath the surface there was a great
deal of warmth and humanness that, after all, meant a great
deal.

In the later years of his life Dr. Grange did much for the
veterinary profession and veterinary education as a whole. He
undertook to take care of the Ontario Veterinary College at a
time when it was being transferred from private ownership to
state or government control. One can imagine the difficulties
one would encounter under such circumstances. Previously this
institution had been run privately, and the owner of the place,
like the centurion of old, could say to his people, ‘‘Come,’’ and
they came, and ‘‘Go,’’ and they went. Now, to be supervisor of
an institution of that kind under government auspices you have
to be guided by legislation. Dr. Grange succeeded in having
proper legislation enacted governing the college, and through fhe
work he did in that regard he has been able to show a clear
vision for the future.

Dr. Grange was held in very high esteem by the student body.
They got to know him and to like him, and I must say that in
all those years I have never yet been able to find the student
who could say otherwise than that Dr. Grange was a gentleman.

In the year 1918 he had reached the allotted span of sixty
years of age, under which the Government requires all Govern-
men service to be terminated. Dr. Grange in that year was re-
tired and superannuated. We still continued to have him, how-
ever, closely identified with the college. He felt so bound up in
the work, even while he wasn’t required to be at the college at
all, that he came to that institution every morning at 9 o’clock
sharp. I never knew Dr. Grange to be late; I never knew him to

362 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

fail to keep an appointment and be on time. It is well for us
young chaps to keep in mind that punctuality is a great thing.
i‘hrough the whole year he continued to take active interest and
devote his entire time to the work of the college.

Unfortunately, he was attacked with what we ordinarily call
a stroke. During the previous year he suffered from an injury
he received through falling from a horse. When he became
bedridden, | found him, as Dr. Mayo said, game to the core. I
will say for Dr. Grange, if ever a man was game even in sick-
ness, it was Dr. Grange. I saw him a few weeks before his
death, and he was the same cheerful old fellow, always wanting
to know if there was something he could do. He was a real gen-
tleman and one of Nature’s kind. (Applause.)

TRIBUTE TO Dr. S. F. MusseLMAN

PRESDENT WuitTE: Dr. Dimock of Kentucky will speak in
memory of the late Dr. Musselman.

Dr. Diwock: I know there are a number here who knew Dr.
Musselman for a longer time than I did, and are therefore bet-
ter prepared to speak on this occasion. Some of you will remem:
ber that there was a memorial of the late Dr. Musselman at the
meeting of the United States Livestock Sanitary Association last
December, and I would suggest that some of the things that were
said at that time regarding his life work be used by the Com-
mittee on Necrology in its report to this Association. At this
time I can only repeat a few of the points that were made then.

As you know, I have been in Kentucky only a little over two
years, and while I had met Dr. Musselman at Association meet-
ings, my acquaintance with him dates from July 1, 1919. There-
fore what I say is from my own brief acquaintance with him and
what I hear from those who knew him for a longer time. His
work in the profession was that of a practitioner and State
official. Of his activities in the profession we hear nothing but
praise, and it seems that as time goes on, since his death, those
who knew him best realize more and more the value of the man
in his work. I am well acquainted and come in contact almost
daily with some of the members of the Livestock Sanitary Board
of Kentucky, and very frequently during the past few months,
different ones have remarked to me how they miss him in the
work. He was the leader of the Livestock Sanitary Board of
Kentucky, and the members of that board had come to depend
upon him as an adviser in directing them in their field of ac-
tivity.

Dr. Musselman was an ideal man to work with and appreciated
fully the value of cooperation. In our work at the university on
animal diseases, friction with the State Department at Frank-
fort has been unknown; quite to the contrary, we could always
depend upon Dr. Musselman for support. The men who were

career

Procerepinas A. V. M. A. 363

under him as assistant State veterinarians looked upon him as a
friend and adviser, much as young men look to their fathers
for counsel.

The veterinary profession of the State of Kentucky felt that
in Dr. Musselman they had a man whom all could accept as the
type of professional representative of the best of our profession.
He was the standard bearer of the profession in Kentucky. We
miss him and honor his memory. (Applause.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: It would seem appropriate to close this
little memorial service by having us stand as a body and in
silence until you hear the fall of the gavel. These were eminent
men, eminent fellow members who have passed from among us,
who can never meet with us again, and on this earth at least
whose faces we can never see again. I therefore ask you to
stand in silence for a few moments.

(The audience arose and stood in silence for a few moments. )

GREETING TO Dr. ARCHIBALD

Dr. BENNETT: If it is in order at the present time, I would
hke to suggest that this Association now assembled in Denver
send a telegram of greeting to Dr. Archibald, who has been un-
able to attend our meetings for the past two or three years on
account of illness. He is a member of the Executive Board from
the Fifth District. I think it would be well at this time to have
the Secretary send a telegram of greeting to Dr. Archibald at
his home.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Kiernan and carried.)

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS

PRESIDENT WHITE: Is the Committee on Bovine Tubercu-
losis ready to report?
(Dr. Cotton read the report of the committee, as follows :)

Bovine tuberculosis, notwithstanding the long fight that has been
directed against it, continues to hold its unenviable, high rank among
the costly infectious diseases that plague our food-producing animals.
But this should not discourage our efforts to combat it, as the dangers
and losses for which it is directly and indirectly responsible have
never before been better recognized by those who are interested,
through either altruistic or selfish motives,in the conservation and per-
fection of the animal sources of our food supply, and the eradication
activities of our Federal and State Governments have never been more
active or promising. The outlook is so encouraging that we should
unitedly try to dispel the gloom that too often clouds discussions on
eradication, by cheerfully teaching that tuberculosis among animals
can be wholly and permanently suppressed, and that we are moving
toward its suppression as rapidly as the available men and means
permit.

We should not assert or claim that the end can be reached in a
year or two, because that would encourage false hopes and tend to
discredit our judgment. The eradication of a disease which, in the
United States alone, concerns more than 23 million dairy and nearly
43 million other cattle, requires time, and the relatively small number

264 Procreepines A. V. M. A.

of competent men who can be called on to test and examine this vast
multitude of animals, even if unlimited sums of money were available,
would prove an important factor in determining the rate at which
progress can be made.

In addition to money and trained men, eradication also requires
the proper education of livestock owners, on whom dependence must
be placed more and more in the future, as the number of cleaned
herds and areas increases to protect such herds and areas against
reinfection. Without the aid, interest and good will of the livestock
owners it is questionable whether a widespread, common, insidious,
usually chronic, often long-concealed disease like tuberculosis can be
conquered, as it is their authority through which the enforcement of
many primely neessary measures must be secured.

The following important facts about bovine tuberculosis and its
eradication should be widely published:

a. The bovine tuberculosis eradication work that is now being
done is encouraging, and the results that are being obtained promise
to be permanent.

b. The officers of the Federal and State cooperative tuberculosis
eradication activities now are receiving more requests from cattle
owners who desire to have their herds accredited free from tubercu-
een they can attend to with the men and money at their com-
mand.

ec. The sooner bovine tuberculosis is eradicated the less the work
will cost, and the sooner the losses it causes will stop.

d. The frequency of tuberculosis among the cattle of a country
is closely proportioned to its number of cattle and the period of time
the disease has been permitted to spread without a real fight to con-
ral it, and an effective fight is impossible without the use of tuber-
culin.

e. Before tuberculin was discovered tuberculosis probably had
reached nearly, if not quite, its present frequency among European
cattle, which is from three to five times as great as among American
cattle. A comparison between our older and younger States shows
that the percentage of tuberculous cattle is from 25 to 30 times as
great in some of the older than it is in some of the younger.

f. Eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Europe, because of the
much larger proportion of infected cattle, is a decidedly more difficult
and expensive thing than it is. in America. _We should not permit
the cattle in our older States to become as commonly infected as those
of Europe, or those in our younger States in this respect to equal
those in our older States. Indifference and dilatoriness will be per-
niciously effective in bringing about such undesirable conditions.

g. A half-hearted, poorly financed campaign against bovine tuber-
culosis is not sufficient, as it does not promise, to judge from experi-
ence, to remove existing cases and centers of infection as rapidly as
new ones develop.

h. The losses caused by bovine tuberculosis may fall more heavily
on some persons than on others, but they are finally paid by the peo-
ple as a whole, as the disease increases the price of all beef and
dairy and pork products. If the increases were payable in a lump
sum, once per annum, in the place of being paid, as is now the case,
in one or more daily installments, the eyes of those who are being
taxed probably would open wide with wonder.

Recognizing the truth of these statements, and using them as a
basis, the committee recommends that the following resolution be ap-
proved by the Association:

“Whereas, Bovine tuberculosis is a widespread and destructive
plague of cattle and hogs, and is, moreover, responsible for. many
cases of tuberculosis among children;

en wow a a agente

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 365

“And whereas, The excellent work now being done to eradicate this
plague is being hampered by lack of funds and for some time to come
will require annually increasing sums of money to insure that it may
keep pace with the requests received from cattle owners to have their
herds cleaned and accredited free from tuberculosis:

“Be It Resolved, That the members of this Association, who may be
assumed to be peculiarly qualified, through education and the nature
of their work, to understand the conditions that affect the welfare of
the animal industry and the prices of food products obtained from
animals, believe it to be their duty to point out that it is urgently
desirable that all Federal and State appropriations for the eradica-
tion of bovine tuberculosis should be annually increased, and that
the annual increases should be sufficient at least to meet the growing
demand of cattle owners for reasonable help to stamp out the dis-
ease in their herds;

“Be It Further Resolved, That this resolution shall have the widest
possible distribution, either or both by being mailed to members of
fee puures or by being published in livestock and agricultural jour-
nals.

The resolution should ke distributed from the office of the President
or Secretary of the Association, and if this requires some expenditure,
an appropriation for the purpose is recommended and should be made.

The last annual report of the committee included a number of rec-
ommendations, the approval of which imposed special tasks on the
committee of this year. The first deals with the intradermal use of
tuberculin as a test for tuberculosis. Studies of the test were to be
made and a questionnaire sent to all the members of the Association,
and by such means it was hoped the needed information would be ob-
tained for the preparation of a definition of what actually constitutes
an intradermal tuberculin reaction. As no money was appropriated
for the preparation and distribution of the questionnaire, the expe-
dient of publishing it, with a request for attention, in the JOURNAL of
the Association, was used. (See JOURNAL OF THE A. V. M. A., April,
1921.) Though it could not be expected that the expedient would
yield as many replies as a questionnaire mailed separately to each
member of the Association, it would be a serious matter if the meager
number received could be looked upon as an index of the interest
American veterinarians take in matters intimately and importantly
related to the eradication of tuberculosis among domestic animals:
and when you know that the total number of replies lacks one of be-
ing half a dozen, you will admit the truth of this statement. The
committee takes pleasure in expressing its thanks to the five men
who troubled themselves to show their interest in its questionnaire.
However, it does not deem it advisable to draw and publish con-
clusions from so few reports.

Among veterinarians who have had considerable experience with
the different methods of using tuberculin the belief is often expressed
that it is urgently necessary that the method of making the intra-
dermal test should be standardized, and that, if this were done, many
errors now charged against it would be eliminated. The needles and
syringes used, the amount and strength of the tuberculin injected, the
examination and preparation of the skin before injection, the depth
of the injection, the hours of examination, etc., all are factors of
importance.

The approval of the intradermal tuberculin test by the Association
as.one of the means of detecting tuberculous animals is recommended.

The code for recording and reporting the results obtained by testing
cattle intradermically with tuberculin, adopted by the United States
Livestock Sanitary Association, should also be adopted by this Asso-
ciation, and it is recommended that this action be taken. Though

366 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

some objections have been made against the code, it is questionable
whether they have sufficient weight to justify the confusion which
would result from the adoption of different codes by the two most
important American associations concerned with the protection of
animals against infectious diseases.

Another recommendation made by the Committee on Tuberculosis at
the last annual meeting is a revision of the repert of the Interna-
tional Commission on the Control of Bovine Tuberculosis published
in 1910 and the preparation of a primer on bovine tuberculosis.
Whether this recommendation was to be construed as imposing a task
on the committee of this year is a matter about which its members
are not in full accord. The work, however, has not been undertaken,
and if it is the intention of the Association to have it done it is rec-
omnia that a special revision and primer committee be appointed
to do it.

Recommendations were also made by the committee of last year
regarding so-called no-lesion tuberculin reactors. It is with consider-
able satisfaction that something can be said on this subject which
may prove of interest. During the year ending June 30, 1921, the
Pathological Division of the Federal Bureau of Animal Industry ex-
amined material obtained from 1,296 cases of no-lesion reactors, and
found acid-fast bacilli in all respects like tubercle germs, in 258, or
virtually 20 per cent. The material examined was mostly congested
lymph glands and glands showing small hemorrhagic areas. Such
glands are not uncommon in nontuberculous slaughtered animals,
hence the significance of the proportion of cases in which tubercle
bacilli were found should not be taken as proving that only one-fifth
of the no-lesion cases have beeen satisfactorily explained, but rather
as evidence that tends to justify the belief that so-called no-lesion
pears, with possibly rare exceptions, are infected with tubercle

acilli.

The insidious, chronic character of tuberculosis should naturally
prompt us to draw the conclusion that a delicate, highly efficient
diagnostic agent like tuberculin would detect a fairly large number
of cases before the lesions had become gross enough to be visible to
the unaided eye.

Consider how difficult it is to select material from no-lesion tuber-
culin reactors for microscopic study. A small fragment of tissue suf-
fices for many preparations of the kind that can be examined under
the high magnification required for the detection of tubercle bacilli,
and the fragment, less than a grain, is part of an animal that rarely
weighs less than several hundred and often more than a thousand
pounds. To have proved, actually proved, that 20 per cent of 1,296
no-lesion tuberculin reacting cattle were actually infected with tuber-
cle bacilli, if the difficulties in the way of obtaining the proof are duly
valued, is either an astonishing technical achievement or the strongest
kind of evidence to support the conclusion that most so-cailed no-lesion
reactors are infected with tubercle bacilli and must be looked upon as
dangerous animals that may sooner or later become spreaders of
tuberculosis. Those who are inclined to doubt this interpretation
should go to friends or acquaintances who have hunted tubercle bacilli
in recognizable tuberculous lesions, and learn from them that their
discovery in even such lesions too often is an eye-wearing, tedious,
time-consuming task.

It may be interesting to say here that sensitization to tuberculin
can be induced in cattle and small experiment animals by injecting
them with dead tubercle bacilli, and that dead tubercle bacilli until
recently were of not rare occurrence in tuberculin. Whether their
abundance occasionally was sufficient to sensitize cattle that received
large subcutaneous injections of tuberculin has not been determined.

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Proceepines A. V. M. A. 367

Cattle can be sensitized also by drenching them with human tubercle
bacilli, or by injecting them with lesions caused in guinea-pigs by
human tubercle‘bacilli. Such bacilli, as is now well known, do not
cause an active or a progressive tuberculosis in cattle. What the
value of these facts may be in accounting for some no-lesion reactors
can not be answered until further studies have been made.

The question has been asked whether an animal may be sensitive
to tuberculin as the result of previous injections. The answer to this
is that though many tests have been made with different species of
animals, no one has succeeded in showing that injections of tuberculin
sensitize an animal to subesequent injections.

As we well know, one of the disadvantages of the subcutaneous use
of tuberculin is, wholly contrary to the sensitization of nontuberculous
animals to subsequent injections, that it too often leads to the desen-
sitization of tuberculous animals. Such desensitization, unless some
means can be devised to give the slogan, “Once a reactor, always
tuberculous” practical value, makes it possible for dangerous tuber-
culous animals to remain unrestrained and unrecognized and to serve
as unsuspected disseminators of tubercle bacilli. The Association, or
a committee appointed by the Association, should give this matter
careful study, and seek means through which it can be determined
with reasonable certainty when an animal is examined whether it
has at any time reacted with tuberculin. The suggested committee,
if appointed,—and its appointment is hereby recommended,—should
not be the Committee on Tuberculosis, and the men selected for it
should be well informed on practical methods of marking animals and
should know how to obtain the support of livestock interests to fur-
ther the use of a workable method for identifying dangerous animals.

Another resolution in the report of the committee of last year,—
a report, by the way, that imposed a good many large tasks—recom-
mended that a study should be made of the causes of the recurrence
of tuberculosis in cleaned herds. Such recurrence is a subject on
which probably any member of the committee could present a long
dissertation, which, however, as it would contain little or nothing
new, would be tedious rather than instructive. Two things are very
important; one, that we should guard clean and cleaned herds against
cattle that have become tolerant to tuberculin; and, two, that we
should carefully study the cleaned herds under our supervision rela-
tive to the simple, discoverable means through which they may be
reinfected. That a stream of water, for instance, may carry tubercle
bacilli a considerable distance from an infected to a clean or a cleaned
herd and lead to the development or recurrence of tuberculosis is a
fact that has been experimentally proved. That flies, rats, mice,
birds, currents of air, etc., serve as agents to spread tuberculosis
has not been proved, though definite investigations to incriminate
them have been made. It has been proved that flies that live in a
tuberculous environment may harbor tubercle bacilli in and on their
bodies, and that the same is true of rats, mice and birds which have
ingested tubercle bacilli or tuberculous tissues; but if these were im-
portant causes for the spread of tuberculosis among cattle, it would
not have been possible, as has been done at various places, to main-
tain actively tuberculous cattle on a small area with nontuberculous,
without the spread of the disease from the former to the latter.

The Committee on Tuberculosis, which is clothed with the dignity
reflected from the inclusion of a wholly superfluous adjective, “Inter-
national,” in its name, owes it existence to a recommendation made
by the “International Commission on the Control of Bovine Tuber-
culosis” appointed by the Association in the year 1909. One of the
principal functions of the committee, defined in the recommendation
which called it into existence, was to report to the Association from

368 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

time to time the discoveries made by investigators engaged in the
study of tuberculosis. It therefore seems pertinent and desirable
that a few words should be said, before closing this report, about the
claims made in the course of the year by Calmette and Guérin in
France and Nathan Raw in England that they have succeeded in pro-
ducing attenuated strains of tubercle bacilli which may prove, or are
alleged to have proved, serviceable for use as immunizing and thera-
peutic agents in the fight against tuberculosis.

As early as the years 1894 and 1896, attention was called to an
originally virulent strain of the tubercle bacillus which had be-
come attenuated through growth on artificial culture media, and
which was proved to induce a measurable degree of resistance against
tuberculosis in guinea-pigs injected with it and subsequently injected
with virulent tubercle bacilli.

A number of years later, as you will remember, we passed
through the period of so-called bovo-vaccination against tuberculosis.
Bovo-vaccination may be likened to the use of attenuated tubercle ba-
cilli to obtain immunity against more virulent strains, as it required
the injection of cattle with bacilli of the human type, against which
they are normally resistant, to protect them against the bovine type,
for which they are highly susceptible.

More recently we were subjected to the Friedman turtle-bacillus
fiasco. The turtle germ, for which specific therapeutic qualities of an
antituberculous character were claimed, was nothing more nor less,
so far as we know, than a bacillus of the human type of very low
pathogenic virulence which had been isolated from a turtle that had
been exposed in a zoological garden to the expectorations of a human
tuberculous individual. And, incidentally, it may be worth mention-
ing, after years of study and observation, a hot quarrel is still in
progress in Europe concerning the value of Friedman’s turtle ba-
cillus as an agent for the treatment of tuberculosis.

The object of referring to this earlier work is to call to your minds
that the use of attenuated, avirulent and aberrant or unusual strains
of tubercle bacilli as immunizing and therapeutic agents is by no
means new, and to justify the opinion that the claims made by Cal-
mette and Guérin and by Raw, notwithstanding that these are men
of the highest rank in the field of tuberculosis research, must not be
lightly accepted as a final solution of our tuberculosis problems.

When we realize that tubercle bacilli may lie dormant, without los-
ing their virulence or changing their character, for months and years
in the bodies of animals for which they are not truly pathogenic, we
may say: In Europe, if live tubercle bacilli can be used with a fair
degree of safety to protect cattle against tuberculosis, because of the
great frequency of tuberculosis among European cattle, it may be a
reasonable expedient to use them. But in America, with its much
smaller proportion of tuberculous cattle, it is to be hoped that we
will resort to no method of control or eradication that requires the
injection of living tubercle bacilli of any kind, type, degree of viru-
ence or degree of attentuation, at least not until the injection of such
bacilli has been proved by searching, exhaustive experimental studies
to be, on the one hand, harmless, and, on the other, truly and econom-
ically beneficial. In America our aim should be total eradication, and
no better path to this end has been defined than that along which
our cooperative work’ between the Federal and State Governments
is moving.

E. C. SCHROEDER, Chairman.
CHARLES E. COTTON,

CARL W. GAY,

M. H. REYNOLDS,

FREDERICK TORRANCE.

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 369

PRESIDENT WHITE: We have just heard a very valuable re-
port from the International Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis.
What shall be done with it?

Dr. KrerNAN: I am in favor of the resolution and propose to
vote for it. I merely rise to make the observation that I no-
tice that less than half a dozen replies to the questionnaire
were returned to the committee. I don’t like to have the impres-
sion go out that that indicates the sentiment of the veterinarians
on the tuberculin test. From October 1 to June 30, 1921, there
were tuberculin tested by the subcutaneous method 251,000 cat-
tle, of which 10,000 animals reacted; by the intradermic test
648,697 head of cattle, of which 24,554 reacted to the tuberculin
test. The percentage of reactors by relative tests was relatively
the same, indicating that the intradermic test is used quite gen-
erally throughout the United States. I hold no brief for either
one. These are cold facts and figures for the work being done.

Another observation I wish to make is with regard to lesions.
The report of July, 1921, shows that of 137,000 head of cattle
tubereulin tested in cooperative work, 302 animals were found
to disclose no microscopic lesions, representing 6.57 per cent of
those showing no lesions. I think that will compare favorably
with all the data that have been gathered annually from the
beginning.

I move that the resolution be accepted.

(The motion was duly seconded and carried. )

AMENDMENT TO By-Laws

PRESIDENT WHITE: Is there any unfinished business?

‘SEcRETARY Mayo: There is a minor change in the By-Laws
that was proposed at Columbus last year. It was to change
Article I of the By-Laws on the order of business, placing the
reports of officers as No. 7, before the election of officers, instead
of afterwards as it is at present. We have not followed this
plan, but it is a minor change.

PRESENT WHITE: You have heard the statement of the Sec-
retary in regard to this minor change in the By-Laws. What is
your pleasure in regard to it?

Dr. Corton: I move its adoption:

(The motion was seconded and carried. )

SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF ANIMAL
DISEASES

PRESIDENT WHITE: Is there any new business?

Dr. Cary: I move that a special committee of not more than
five members be appointed by the President to report at the next
meeting of the A. V. M. A. on ‘*The Prevention and Control of
Animal Diseases,’’ along the lines suggested by Dr. Munee in

370 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

his paper on that subject before the Section on Sanitary Science
and Police.
(The motion was seconded and earried. )

Puace or Next MEETING

Dr. ExiAson: Would it be appropriate at this time to extend
an invitation to the Association for next year’s meeting?

PRESIDENT WHITE: I presume it would not be out of order.

Dr. Ferauson: Last July, at the meeting of the Wisconsin
Veterinary Medical Association, I was delegated to extend you
an invitation to meet at Madison, Wisconsin, next year. It is
needless for me to describe the advantages that you will have in
meeting in Wisconsin. Nearly all of you are familiar with that
State. The only question that might come up in your minds is
as to having facilities to house you there, and I can assure you
we have ample facilities to take care of every member and visitor
if you decide to meet there. We can put up a program that will
be of special interest to the practicising veterinarians. As you
all know, Wisconsin is the leading dairy State in the Union,
and Madison is so located that you may have the opportunity to
look over some of the best bred and some of the best individual
dairy cattle in the world. Dr. West, one of the local men in
Madison, is famous for getting together a clinic. I can assure
you that if you meet there no one will be dissatisfied with the
size and the quality of the clinic that we can give you.

In behalf of the Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Association I
extend the invitation to meet with us next year. (Applause.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: I do not believe it would be wise at this
time to commit ourselves finally in regard to our next place of
meeting. Personally, I am very much in favor of what the last
speaker said, but we will receive invitations from other parts of
the country and it would hardly be fair to them not to allow them
to be heard. I understand that all of the representatives have
not yet arrived. However, use your own pleasure in the matter
and not mine.

Dr. Ev1Ason: Just in further invitation from the city of Madi-
son, and on behalf of the Board of Commerce and the Department
of Agriculture, of which I am a part, we extend to you cordially
an invitation to visit the city of Madison. We have one of the
most splendid capitals in America, and we are so situated that
we can give you a good time. Some questions have arisen as to
whether we are equipped with hotel facilities. They are not
elaborate, but I assure you that you will be taken care of. We
have made arrangements so that we know just where we ean be
if you come. Every room in Madison has a bath. All you have
to do is to bring your bathing suit. You can step right off into
the lake. We have four lakes right in proximity to Madison. If
you want to fish in the morning or in the evening facilities will

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Proceepines A. V. M. A. 371

be provided so you may. I also extend, on behalf of the Gov-
ernor, an invitation to visit our State.

Dr. Cary: I move that this question be laid on the table until
all the invitations are in.

Dr. JENSEN: Could they not be presented at this time?

PRESIDENT WHITE: They are not all here.

Dr. Fercuson: Mr. President, it was not my intention to have
this invitation accepted at this time. I wanted to get it before
the members while they were all present.

Dr. Srance: I think perhaps an amendment would not be out
of order. It seems to me the proper way to handle this would be
to refer this invitation, together with any others that may be
received, to the Executive Board. I move that this invitation,
together with any others that may be received, be referred to the
Executive Board for their action.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Cary.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: Dr. Cary’s motion to lay this on the table
was not seconded, so Dr. Stange’s motion holds.

Dr. Koen: I believe that Dr. Stange speaks correctly when
he says that the meeting place shall be decided upon by the
Executive Board, but I believe that it has been the custom in
previous years to give the Association an opportunity to express
its preference. I don’t think that it is fair to those who are
here or to the people that have invited us to Madison and Wis-
consin to refer this invitation to the Executive Board without
an opportunity of the members assembled here to express their
preference. If this motion can be so amended that this Associa-
tion or convention shall have an opportunity, before it adjourns,
to express its preference in the matter, then I am satisfied to let
it go over; but I don’t believe the motion should carry to dispose
of Madison finally by referring it definitely to the Executive
Board. I hope that the question will be voted down.

Dr. Cary: I would like to call for the reading of the Constitu-
tion and By-Laws on this question.

(Secretary Mayo read from the Constitution and By-Laws
governing meetings of the Association. )

Dr. JENSEN: I am mighty happy that for once I can agree
with Dr. Koen. This idea of everything being referred to the
Executive Board reminds me of the fact that somebody called
it the executing board. I believe we should have a little voice
in this matter.

Dr. KieRNAN: Since 1910 when this question was discussed in
New York as to whether the date and place of the meeting should
be fixed by the Executive Board or the membership the question
has never arisen, but the Association has the perfect right to fix
the place for holding the meeting. As I understand this, it is
not for the Executive Board to dispose of the matter, but to give
opportunity to others to extend invitations to hold the meeting

372 PROcEEDINGS A. V. M. A.

next year. There are other places that have in mind extending
an invitation to this Association, but they understand it is
handled by the Executive Board. Wisconsin has an equal oppor-
tunity with any other city or State before the Executive Board.
I think that is fair enough.

Dr. Koen: All these other towns have had an equal chance
with Wisconsin to extend an invitation. I am not asking at this
time that the other cities that want to invite us be not given an
opportunity, but I do ask that Dr. Stange’s motion be voted
down in order that the convention may have opportunity to voice
its preference as to where we shall meet. If Dr. Stange’s motion
carries, this Association shall have no voice in the matter what-
ever, but all the other invitations that come will be referred to
the Executive Board.

Dr. Cary: I move we postpone this until all the invitations
arrive.

(The motion was seconded. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: Is that an amendment to the motion or a
substitute motion ?

- Dr. Cary: I move that this question under discussion be post-
poned until all the invitations have arrived. I suppose it is an
amendment.

Dr. JENSEN: I would like to see embodied in that motion a
provision that this be decided by the Association and not by the
Board. ;

PRESIDENT WHITE: The motion comes on the amendment by
Dr. Cary.

(The amendment was carried. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: Now we will vote on Dr. Stange’s motion
as amended.

(The motion as amended was carried.)

Adjournment.

NEW COMMITTEES OF THE A. V. M. A.

The following appointments have been made by President A.
T. Kinsley:

Committee on Legislation—J. G. Ferneyhough.

Committee on Resolutions —D. M. Campbell, chairman; C. H.
Stange, V. A. Moore, Geo. H. Glover, R. R. Dykstra.

Audit Committee—R. P. Marsteller, chairman; O. J. Kron,
G. A. Scott, A. Lockhart, J. V. Lacroix.

Committee on Necrology—H. KE. Bemis, chairman; J. W. Con-
naway, A. H. Baker, W. B. Craig, G. A. Johnston.

Committee on History. J. W. Adams, chairman; R. C. Moore,
G. H. Berns, T. H. Edwards, C. D. MeGilvray.

ASSOCIATION NEWS ee

Committee on Anatomical Nomenclature.—S. Sisson, chair-
man; H. 8. Murphey, Mark Francis, Earl Sunderville, F. W.
Chamberlain.

International Committee on Bovine Tuberculosis —J. A. Kier-
nan, chairman; Luis Santa Maria, F. Torrance, C. E. Cotton,
W. T. Spencer.

Committee .on. Abortion.—C. P.. Fitch, chairman; E. C.
Schroeder, F. M. Hayes, A. Eichhorn, T. H. Ferguson.

Committee on International Veterinary Conference—J. R.
Mohler, chairman; A. Eichhorn, L. A. Meritlat, David S. White,
V. A. Moore, F. Torranee. :

Salmon Memorial Committee.—S. Brenton, chairman; H. Pres-
ton Hoskins, J. R. Mohler, J. G. Rutherford, H. M. Graefe.

Inautard Memorial Committee —J. F. DeVine, chairman; W.
H. Lowe, W. G. Hollingworth, A. D. Knowles, W. H. Dalrymple.

Committee on Emblem.—sS. E. Bennett, chairman; R. F.
Bourne, J. F. McKenna.

Committee on Prevention and Control of Anima! Diseases.—
H. W. Turner, chairman; L. G. Cloud, U. G. Houck, G. H. Hart,
I. E. Newsom.

Representatives on Revision of Narcotic Law.
chairman; R. R. Clark.

Representative on Board of Managers, Horse Association of
America.—Geo. A. Dick.

Representative American Research Council Committee.—L. W.
Goss.

J. Ey Turner,

NEW MEMBERS

Membership cards have been sent to all the newly elected
members together with an application blank and a letter urging
them to make a special effort to get a new member. With their
enthusiasm for the A. V. M. A. we are expecting good returns.
How many members will make a personal effort to get one vet-
erinarian. to join our association? It would double our mem-
bership.

The Secretary has written to some English veterinary jour-
nals calling attention to the advantages of joming the A. V.
M. A., and it is hoped that some of our confreres on the other
side will respond.

The Secretary has received a letter from Dr. Gabriel Malda,
Seeretary of Public Health of Mexico, thanking the A. V. M. A.
for courtesies extended to Dr. Luis Santa Maria, the official
delegate from the Republic of Mexico to the Denver meeting.
Dr. Santa Maria joined the A. V. M. A. at that meeting.

An application for membership has been received from Dr.

374 ASSOCIATION NEWS

J. E. Aghion Bey, Principal Veterinary Officer, State Domains,
Sakha, Egypt. He is a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary
College in 1907.

VETERINARY ASSOCIATION OF MANITOBA

A special meeting of the members of the Veterinary Associa-
tion of Manitoba was held in the Royal Alexandra Hotel, Winni-
peg, Tuesday evening, September 27, 1921, for the purpose of
discussing questions of importance to the livestock industry and
also Dominion-wide registration of veterinary surgeons in the
Dominion of Canada, and for the appointment of a delegate to
attend a conference of veterinary surgeons to be held in Ottawa
in November.

The chair was occupied by the President, Dr. F. W. Bryant,
and the following members were present: W. J. Hinman, R. A.
McLoughry, W. A. Shoults, W. Hilton, J. A. Stevenson, J. A.
Munn, H. R. McEwen, N. V. James, H. Bradshaw, A. L. Alton,
G. B. Miller, G. A. Bowman, W. A. Hilliard, J. G. MacDonald,
H. C. Storey, H. Colebourn, J. W. Smith, S. H. Kesten and
J. B. Still.

A lengthy discussion took place regarding matters of im-
portance to the livestock industry and the Dominion-wide reg-
istration of veterinary surgeons. It was moved by Dr- Hin-
man, seconded by Dr. Bradshaw, that a committee composed
of Dr McLoughry, Dr. Shoults and Dr. Bryant draft a reso-
lution embodying the sense of the feeling of the meeting for
the guidance of the association’s delegate who was to-be de-
tailed to attend a conference of veterinary surgeons to be held
in Ottawa during the month of November. This motion ecar-
ried, and the meeting then took a recess while the committee
drafted the resolution. On reassembly the resolution was pre-
sented, and on being put to a vote it was ¢arried.

Dr. J. A. Munn of Carman, who was elected as the Associa-
tion’s representative on the Dominion Advisory Board on Vet-
-erinary Education at the last annual meeting, was asked to rep-
resent the Association as their delegate and was furnished with
the foregoing motion for his guidance. Dr. Munn assured the
members that he would comply with the resolution and do
everything possible in the best interests of the veterinary asso-
ciation and the profession at large.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 375

On motion of Dr. McEwen, seconded by Dr. Stevenson, the
President, Dr. F. W. Bryant was selected as an alternative dele-
gate, in the event of anything arising to prevent Dr. Munn from
attending the conference. J.B. Stiuu, Secretary.

CALIFORNIA STATE BOARD OF EXAMINERS

The State Board of Examiners of California held a meeting
in Los Angeles on October 20, at which time a class of eight
took the examination, four of whom passed.

The four passing were graduates of the following colleges:

Two from Washington State College, one from Chicago Veter-
inary College, one from Indiana Veterinary College.

Of those failing one was from McKillip Veterinary College,
one from Chicago Veterinary College, one from Kansas City
Veterinary College, one from. Western Veterinary College.

JOHN L. Tyuer, Secretary.

CENTRAL MICHIGAN VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

Tuberculin tests in cattle formed the subject of talks by sev-
eral speakers at the meeting of the Central Michigan Veterinary
Medical Association, held at the Jackson City Club on October
14. The meeting was one of the most successful and profitable
ever held by the Association. Approximately 50 members were
in attendance.

Dr. B. F. Killham, State Veterinarian, spoke on the work of
the new State agricultural department, and the methods used in
dealing with bovine tuberculosis. Dr. J. A. LaCroix, Chicago,
editor of the North American Veterinarian, spoke along similar
lines, while Dr. C. C. Mix, of Battle Creek, took for his subject
the economic value of tuberculin testing.

Dr. C. C. Clement, of Hudson, gave a synopsis of the early
days in tuberculin testing, and drew a verbal picture of the re-
markable progress which has been made. The speaker was one
of the charter members of the Michigan Veterinary Association,
which was organized in 1883. The progress of the State As-
sociation was outlined by Dr. Rummels, of Lansing. He re-
ported that 48 applications for membership had been received
during the past year.

Centralized killing of livestock was advocated as an economic

376 ASSOCIATION NEWS

necessity by Dr. H. H. Sparhawk, of the Detroit Board of
Health. He stated that the State metropolis has 100 abattoirs
under inspection, and that all meat was inspected and stamped
before entering the city. He declared that 2,000 pounds of veal
had recently been condemned because the calves had been
slaughtered before they were two days old.

That the pronounced increase in hog cholera in the State
is due to improper vaccination and use of virus was the opinion
expressed by Dr. Newton, of Lansing.

Other speakers were Drs. A. L. Curtis, of Hillsdale; A. Z.
Nichols, Pittsford; and R. S. Johnston, bacteriologist of the
State Board of Health.

Dr. H. L. Roberts, meat and milk inspector in Jackson, acted
as toastmaster at the banquet which followed the discussions.

W. N. ArMstrRONG, Secretary.

PHILADELPHIA VETERINARY CLUB

The reguiar monthly meeting of the Philadelphia Veterinary
Club was held on Tuesday evening, October 25, at the Veteri-
nary School, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. J. A. Kolmer, Laboratory of Dermatologic Research,
University of Pennsylvania, addressed the Laboratory Section
on ‘‘Some Phases of the Complement Fixation Test.’’

The regular club meeting was an open meeting. No special
subject was on the program. Several of the members reported
on cases that they had treated, which called forth interesting
discussions, and much valuable information was obtained in
general. |

We had an exceptionally large attendance.

C. S. RockweE.i, Secretary.

CALIFORNIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The next meeting of the California State Veterinary Medical
Association will be held at Davis, California, from January 2
to the 7th, inclusive, 1922. This will be a practitioners’ short

course held at the College of Agriculture of the University of

California and it is expected to be even more successful than
any held heretofore.

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ASSOCIATION NEws 37

Particular stress will be laid this year on diseases of cattle.
Dr. D. H. Udall of the Cornell Veterinary School will be the
principal lecturer on this subject. Other prominent men who will
deliver lectures during the Short Course are: Thomas F. Hunt,
Dean of the College of Agriculture; Elwood Mead, Professor of
Rural Institutions; B. H. Rawl, formerly Assistant Chief of the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry; G. H. Hecke, State
Commissioner of Agriculture; J. P. Iverson, Chief of the State
Bureau of Animal Industry, and others.

JosEPH M. Arspurua, Secretary.

PENNSYLVANIA STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The Board of Trustees of the Pennsylvania State Veterinary
Medical Association has authorized the announcement that the
1922 meeting will be held in Harrisburg, Penna., Tuesday and
Wednesday, January 24th and 25th.

Every effort is being made to have the 1922 meeting as attrac-
tive to practitioners as the 1921 meeting proved to be. The as-
sistance of the practitioners of Pennsylvania, who have organ-
ized local Veterinary Clubs throughout the State, is being en-
listed. At the present time almost every veterinarian in the
State belongs to one of the eight clubs now meeting regularly.

Each Veterinary Club has been asked to select one of its mem-
bers to present.a paper of interest to the practitioner and two
additional men to open the discussion of the paper. Many of the
clubs have notified the Secretary that their men have been se-
lected and keen rivalry for the presentation of the best paper in-
sures an excellent program.

The Pennsylvania State Veterinary Medical. Association has,
for the past few years, been a member of the Allied Agricultural
Associations. <All associations of this alliance meet in Harris-
burg at the same time each year. Joint sessions are held at least
two evenings during the week, and the interest. that livestock
owners take in the veterinary meeting frequently places stand-
ing room at a premium.

The close contact between the veterinarian and the livestock
owner, during this Agricultural Week, is a very valuable fac-
tor in placing the veterinarian in proper relationship with his
client,

378 ASSOCIATION NEWS

Holding the meeting in Harrisburg also has the advantage of
bringing the practitioners in close contact with the Pennsyl-
vania Bureau of Animal Industry officials. Livestock owners
cannot help but be impressed with the cordial relationship that
exists between the practitioners of this State and the Bureau of
Animal Industry. This not only strengthens the position of
the Bureau, but reflects to the advantage of the practitioner.

Every member is urged to attend the 1922 meeting, and visit-
ing veterinarians are assured of a cordial welcome.

R. M. Strauey, Secretary.

WESTERN NEW YORK VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The Western New York Veterinary Medical Association
will hold its seventh annual meeting Thursday, December 15,
1921, 1:30 p. m., at the S. P. C. A. Hall, 121 W. Tupper Street,
Buffalo, N. Y. There will be a good clinic before the busi-
ness meeting. Election of officers for the coming year will
be held and a noted veterianian will address the association
in the evening. F. F. Fenr, Secretary.

Postal cards for nominating a member of the Executive
Board from district No. 6 were mailed from the Secretary’s
office on October 18th. Nominating cards were only sent to
those members who have paid their dues for the current year.

The fourteenth annual conference for veterinarians will be
held at the New York State Veterinary College at Cornell Uni-
versity, Ithaca, N. Y., January 12 and 13, 1922. The program
will be of especial interest to practitioners.

The thirty-fourth annual meeting of the Iowa Veterinary
Association will be held on January 17, 18 and 19, 1922, at the
Hotel Savery, Des Moines, Iowa.

The Pennsylvania State Veterinary Association will meet at
Harrisburg, Pa., on January 24 and 25, 1922. R. M. Staley,
Philadelphia, Pa., Secretary.

The Northern Tier Veterinary Club will meet on February 9,
1922, at Williamsport, Pa. F.B. Mayer, Canton, Pa., Secretary.

COMMUNICATIONS

THE OCCURRENCE OF FIVE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
IN THE MORGAN HORSE
To the Editor:

In the September issue of this JoURNAL, the Editor asks our
veterinary anatomists whether they have any information re-
garding the occurrence of five lumbar vertebrae in the Morgan
horse, a subject lately discussed in the National Stockman and
Farmer.

I am not a veterinary anatomist in the sense of being a
teacher of that branch of our science. But I think this ques-
tion concerns equally the hippologist, perhaps even more so
from its practical aspect in relation to the history of the horse,
his external conformation, equitation, horse-breeding, ete. I
shall, therefore, gladly contribute to the knowledge asked for
by making a few brief statements of observations and facts
relative to the subject under dispute.

As an introduction into the question the fact appears as fun-
damental that the fossil remains of horses show already anatomi-
cal variations in the process of the evolution of the horse. <A
study of such specimens in the Museum of Natural History,
here in New York, proves that the earliest three-toed horse has
eight lumbar vertebrae; a three-toed specimen of a later period
has seven; a still more advanced three-toed horse has but six.
The fossil Scotti horse of Texas has six lumbar vertebrae. Of
present horses the skeleton of a Percheron has six and a giant
cart horse has six, both representing the Forest type of Europe.
The Thoroughbred ‘‘Sysonby,’’ artistically mounted at running
speed, has six lumbar vertebrae, but the transverse processes of
the sixth lumbar vertebra are very short on both sides. The
Arab stallion Nimr, representing the Desert type of horse, has
only five lumbar vertebrae. Of other Equidae the ‘‘ Wild Ass’’
(Equus kiang) of the high plateaus of Thibet has but five
lumbar vertebrae, and while classed among asses is closely al-
lied to the horses. Grant’s zebra (Equus burchelli) has six
lumbar vertebrae, but the sixth vertebra has a much narrower
spinous process and much shorter transverse process than the
preceding five lumbar vertebrae.

The evidence shown by these specimens in this Museum of

379

580 COMMUNICATIONS

Natural History, which has the most complete, best arranged
and most artistically finished collection ‘of: equine skeletons in
this country or in Europe, is interesting in various directions.
It- is-almost. conclusive as to the fact that the. Forest type of
horse tends to have six fully developed lumbar vertebrae, where-
as the Desert type tends to have but five. Personally, I have
never seen, heard or read of the occurrence of five lumbar verte-
brae in a horse of pronounced draft type, whereas it is not un-
common in horses of the light mixed breeds.

Just as interesting is the apparent fact that the various skele-
tons strongly indicate the existence of a tendency to eliminate
the sixth lumbar vertebrae in breeds used under the saddle. In
investigating the course nature takes to perform this task, it is
evident that the process starts by first reducing the transverse
and spinous processes of the sixth lumbar vertebra.to a more
or less rudimentary state, followed up by anchylosis. with the
lumbar processes of the fifth lumbar vertebra, resulting in .one
misshaped wing of irregular form. I have noticed such speci-
men every now and then for many years past... In the museum,
here in New York, this process is well illustrated in a skeleton
of a Shetland pony which shows complete anchylosis of the
transverse processes of the sixth and fifth lumbar vertebrae on
the left side and a partial confluence on the right side.

That the Thoroughbred frequently has only five lumbar. verte-
brae is quite well known. Those army veterinarians who visit
the Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, can seé there for
themselves in the lecture room a skeleton of a Thoroughbred
which has only five lumbar -vertebrae and a pedigree dating
back to Darley Arabian as shown by the school records. There
is a legend at that school that Drs. Plummer and Jewell were
fishing in the vat a long time for the sixth lumbar vertebra.
In many and long rides in the Southwestern prairies and along
the Mexican border I have quite often observed five lumbar
vertebrae in prairie skeletons of the original ‘Texas broncho
(Mexican pony) which as history tells us were of Spanish-North
African descent.

From the facts elicited above, it should not be considered
extraordinary to find five lumbar vertebrae in some Morgan
horses. Jt is undoubtedly a mixed breed, although Justin Mor-
gan, the founder of the breed, is described as 14 hands high, off an
Arab sire and dam, was used in the Revolutionary: War as a

COMMUNICATIONS 381

charger and later matched for trotting races under saddle, yet he
was mated to many mares of unknown ancestry. The cross-
breeding of the two original types of the Forest horse with the
Desert horse, practised for many hundreds of years past in Eu-
rope, has produced numerous mixed breeds, retaining either pre-
dominant characteristics of one or the other or blending both. Our
own horse population is as heterogeneous as is our human popu-
lation, a veritable equine melting pot. In this way the evolu-
tion of the horse is still going on.

It is another question, however, to conclude forthwith from
the occurrence of five lumbar vertebrae that a horse is of pure
Arab descent. It does constitute one strong indication in that
direction, but one only. Chief among other anatomical differ-
ences, the skull of the horse should be examined. The Arab
skull is decidedly brachycephalic with high and prominent eye
sockets. An equally strong indication is found in the eonstruc-
tion of the ulna of the Arab, which, while rudimentary, is still
running along the radius, while in the Forest type it is never
more than a splint. To finish, the very high sacrum of the
Arab and its connection with a pelvis approaching a horizontal,
should not be excluded from this search if it is intended to trace
the ancestry of a horse by osteological evidence. Our veteri-
narians can help along our breeders in this respect. ;

In discussing this question the other day with a breeder of
draft horses, he said: ‘‘Why in the world do these Morgan
people make so much fuss about those five lumbar vertebrae? I
cannot see any value or superiority in it, and I don’t think they
know any more about the bones of the horse than I know.’’
Now, I have been acquainted with many horse breeders, and
among them a few breeders of Morgan horses, and found among
them several who were sticklers on facts of anatomy, zoology,
archaeology and what not. True, most of the practical breeders
care little about anatomical variation, ete., but the occurrence of
five lumbar vertebrae proves to them their contention that a horse
with a short, strong loin has the capacity to carry greater
weight with less fatigue than a horse with a long back. All ex-
perienced riders sustain this contention. It means, therefore, a
good advertisement, somewhat mystie but quite fetching.

While this contention of practical horsemen and breeders is
perhaps of more or less empiric origin, we ought to help them

COMMUNICATIONS

Co
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bo

by showing that it has also a firm scientific foundation. In the
study of statics and mechanics of the skeleton of the horse, phys-
iologists and hippologists have long ago found it helpful to com-
pare the construction of the vertebral column with bridge-work.
They explain that the cranial bridge-pillar is formed by the
thoracic vertebrae with their ribs, sternum, neck, skull and an-
terior extremities; while the caudal pillar is made up of
sacrum, pelvis and the posterior extremities. The obliquely
ascending trusses of a bridge are represented by the spinous
processes of the dorsal vertebrae which slant from forward to
rear and again slant from rear to forward towards a center-
piece. The vertebrae constitute connecting links sustaining
principally horizontal pressure, as the pressure (of weight)
drives from the middle towards both ends, and the weight is
diverted in the living horse from the 14th-16th dorsal vertebrae,
forward and backward, being finally transmitted toward the
bridge-pillars, 7. e., the extremities. Elasticity is largely secured
by the convexity of the lumbar curvature. If we look at the
profile of a skeleton of a horse, it is easy to follow this explana-
tion. Furthermore, in comparing a skeleton of an Arab having
five lumbar vertebrae with that of a draft horse having six, the
greatly more compact structure of the former and consequent
ability to carry weight is at once apparent. Whether the cause
of this variation in structure is due to physiological adaptation
of the Arab from centuries of use under saddle as some physiolo-
gists maintain; or whether the short, strong loin of the Desert
type of horse is original and produced by environment, as
zoologists maintain, is an academic question not yet agreed
upon by scientists. In fact, there is much more to be seen and
to explain in these skeletons if we follow this matter up to an
end. This, however, would lead us also into a study of the
behavior of the center of gravity, center of motion and other
physical phenomena of the living horse not here under discus-
sion, so that it is better to close at this point. To army veteri-
narians, who are required to deliver instruction in hippology, I
recommend the perusal of my article on ‘‘The structure and
function of the horse’s back and their relation to the form and
use of the saddle,’’ published in 1910 in the Journal of the U. S.
Cavalry Association, where all these points are considered in a
popular essay. OLAF SCHWARZKOPF.

Salted Veeder

Ft

—_ te eR ow Oe Beg mset

PUP mh eh OR Ne tet te «

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COMMUNICATIONS 383

HORSES, TRACTORS AND TRUCKS
To the Editor:

Your people have a direct, financial interest in the mainte-

nance of horse use, for it means lower production costs, essential
_ in the readjustment now taking place.

The investigations of the Department of Agriculture and the
colleges of agriculture in Illinois and Minnesota, indicate that
on farms where tractors have been purchased, the number of
horses displaced ranges from one-fifth to one-fourth; but if we
were to grant, for the sake of argument, that they might dis-
place one-third of the horses on farms over 100 acres by the
purchase of one tractor for each such farm, we would have to
buy 2,673,345 tractors, this being the number of farms of that
size at the time the 1920 census was taken.

Government figures released July 22, 1921, on the number of
tractors manufactured and selling price thereof to wholesalers,
retailers and jobbers, show the average selling price by manu-
facturers to be $993 each. Adding 25 per cent the customary
difference between manufacturer’s price and price to farmer,
we have an average cost of $1,241 per tractor; but if we con-
cede lower prices and put the tractors in at $1,000 apiece, it
means that we would have to spend $2,673,345,000.

Seventy-five per cent of the improved aereage of the United
States is in farms of 100 acres or over. It is a fair conclusion
that approximately 75 per cent of the horses and mules are to be
found on’such farms, or 19,194,808 head, and the displacement
of one-third of these would mean the displacement of 6,398,269.

The census figures released July 29, 1921, give the total valua-
tion of horses and mules at $2,562,075,481; 75 per cent of the
horses and mules on farms of 100 acres or over, as per above
assumption, will give us a valuation of $1,921,556,610 for all
horses and mules on such farms. If we grant, then, that the
use of tractors might displace one-third of the horses and mules,
it would displace horses and mules valued at only $640,518,870 ;
and it must not be forgotten that tractors do not last as long
as horses.

In other words, such a shift can not possibly be considered an
economic one, for it would displace animal motive power units
valued at a little over $640,000,000 with mechanical motive
power units costing more than $2,673,345,000, or more than
four times as much.

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384 COMMUNICATIONS

Tractors last from 3 to 5 years. Horses have an average
working life of 12 years on farms, after going into work as 3
year olds, and all the argument, all the selling propaganda that
can ever be put over by the tractor and truck manufacturers
ean never shift such a tremendous economic obstacle as is in-
volved in a change that would require the farmers of this coun-
try to spend more than four times as much in original invest-
ment for mechanical power units that would not last half as
long. BUSINESS INTERESTS OF THIS COUNTRY CAN
NEVER BENEFIT BY SUCH -A CHANGE, for it will sim-
ply mean that farmers will pay eight times as much for their
motive power as they are now paying.

The argument of the tractor man that it costs more to feed
horses and mules than to buy gas, oil and repairs for a tractor,
is not correct. Horses and mules displaced under such a shift
can be maintained today for less than the cost of oil, gas and
repairs for ‘tractors. Furthermore, no saving in labor is ef-
fected; no larger crops raised. (See Bulletin 231, Illinois Ex-
periment Station, for further details on this point.)

What I have said of tractors applies in the same measure to
trucks. Road hauling requires on the average, on Corn Belt
farms, only 25 to 30 days’ work per year with one man and
teain, most of whigh comes during the fall and winter when
farm horses would otherwise be idle. There is further argu-
ment in the comment of Thomas Clark, one of the most suc-
cessful farm managers in America, who is in charge of Del-
chester Farms at Edgemont, Pa. He has tried both trucks and
tractors. He has discarded them both; tractors for reasons
given above; motor trucks because, as he says, ‘“‘If good judg-
ment is used in arranging the farm work, all road hauling can’
easily be handled by the teams when they are not needed in the
fields.’’

The automobile is an entirely different question. We recog-
nize that it gives a wide range of travel to families and that it
is bought primarily for pleasure purposes. It may be used, and
is used to a measure, for business, but the controlling factor in
its purchase is, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, pleasure.
Men do not stop to count the cost of their pleasure; if they did,
there would be fewer divorcees.

WAYNE, DiNsMorE, Secretary,
Horse Association of America.

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COMMUNICATIONS 38:

AN EXHIBITION IN MISSISSIPPI
To the Editor:

An interesting exhibit was gotten up by State and Bureau
officials for educational purposes at the Mississippi State Fair
held at Jackson, Miss., October 17-22. The exhibit consisted of a
miniature dipping vat and horn-fly trap constructed by Dr.
Flavus Weaver; representation of tick-infested and_ tick-free
cattle; hog cholera control display; pictures of beef and dairy
cattle; infected paspalum grass; tuberculosis specimens and
equipment necessary in applying the tuberculin test. During the
week hundreds of people visited this exhibit and it is believed that
a great deal of good has been accomplished along the lines of
tuberculosis and tick eradication and hog cholera control. We
feel that much credit is due to Dr. Hugh L. Fry, in charge of
hog cholera control work in this State, for his assistance in get-
ting up this exhibit. Hupson C. CHADWICK,

Executive Livestock Inspector.

GERMAN SAVANTS ON TUBERCULOSIS

At the recent German tuberculosis congress, held at Bad
Elster, the question of immunity was discussed by Prof. Isaae
von Wassermann and by Dr. Neufeld, rector of the Robert
Koch Institute. Both announced, as reported in the London
Times, that they have come to the conclusion that there is no
immunity against tuberculosis in the sense in which it is under-
stood in regard to smallpox, measles and some other infectious
complaints. They stated that in their conclusions ‘‘we must
entirely abandon the hope of protection or precaution against
tuberculosis by tuberculin or by injecting tuberculosis bacilli.. In
all cases of immunity, such as diphtheria and smallpox, we have
only done what nature does. Against these nature created pro-
phylactices, but did not do so in the ease of tuberculosis. There-
fore it is no good searching for new tuberculin. On the other
hand, we might very well hope that some chemical substance
would be discovered that would attack the tuberculosis bacilli.”’

According to the report of the German imperial slaughter-
houses and meat-inspection offices, during the second quarter
of 1919 the meat of 3,642 dogs was subjected to inspection, 2,301
in Saxony alone.

NECROLOGY

The community of New Rockford, N. D., is mourning the
death of one of its most beloved and well-known citizens in the
passing away of Dr. Charles H. Babcock, death following a
week’s illness from appendicitis. When he became ill he was
immediately taken to the hospital, but it was found that his
condition was such that an operation was impossible.

Charles Henry Babcock was born on October 16, 1865, his
funeral taking place on the anniversary of his fifty-sixth birth-
day. He went to New Rockford in 1902 and for several years
was a member of the drug firm of Babeock & Bucklin, later tak-
ing a course in veterinary medicine, which profession he has
followed since. He was appointed as a member of the State
Veterinary Medical Examiners’ Board by Governor Burke, and
has held that position ever since by appointment of Governor
Hanna and Governor Frazier. He had been secretary of the
board for several years past, and was also a member of the A. V.
M. A. He found time to devote much work to the civic bodies
of New Rockford. He had been a member of the Board of Edu-
cation of that city for several years, and this year was acting as
its president and had also served on several other civic improve-
ment bodies.

A charter member of Zion Commandery, Knights Templar, he
served as its eminent commander for several years; he was also
a past master of Century Lodge, No. 60, A. F. & A. M.; past
worthy patron of the Eastern Star and a past master workman
of Century Lodge, No. 60, A. F. & A. M. To these positions he
brought the thorough, conscientious work characteristic of him,
and his influence, advice and good judgment have always been
for the best interest of the organization of public bodies on
which he has served. He was a member of Carrington Chapter,
Royal Arch Masons, and of El Zagal Temple, Nobles of the
Mystic Shrine.

During his work for the State board he had been in practically
every community in the State, and in each had made those with
whom he came in contact his warm friends by his exceptional
manner, his conscientiousness and his unselfish regard for the
welfare of others. He was a man among men; a helper to the
unfortunate in time of need; a wise counselor and a true friend.

386

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NECROLOGY 387

Dr. S. W. White, aged 81, for 30 years a veterinary practi-
tioner at Charlottesville, Va., died at the home of his daughter,
Mrs. L. H. Snow. He had been an invalid since last January.
Dr. White was a native of Kilbourn, Ohio, where he married
Mrs. Margaret Cummings, who died 19 years ago. He went
to Virginia in 1879, locating at Kents Store, Fluvanna County.
Besides his daughter, he is survived by three stepchildren.

The inventor of the pneumatic tire, G. B. Dunlop, who died
recently in Dublin, Ireland, at the age of eighty-five, was a
veterinarian. He was a native of Scotland. It is said that he
conceived the idea of the pneumatic tire while making a
tricycle for his little boy.

The cattle industry of Paraguay is passing through a serious
crisis as a result of the suspension of operations by the Ameri-
can meat-packing plants. The ranch owners feel that the only
way to relieve the situation is to export their cattle to Argentina.
However, as the Argentine cattle market is also passing through
a similar crisis, the prospects for relief of the situation are not
bright Wichita Daily Stockman.

Hog cholera is becoming quite prevalent throughout the
State. In many counties losses due to this disease have run as
high as $10,000 in the last month.—Jowa Farmer.

The Missouri legislature has enacted a law requiring that
after January 1 next, any herd of cattle containing 5 or more
cows must be tubereulin tested and found free from the disease
before milk can be sold from the herd. The test will be made
by State or Federal officials free of charge to herd owners.—
Wallaces’ Farmer.

An English veterinarian reports to The Veterinary Record
an unusual case of foreign bodies in a bull’s rumen. The ani-
mal was ‘‘not doing well’’ and was slaughtered. In the rumen
were found two large iron wedges used for splitting wood and
a collection of iron bolts, nuts and serews numbering over a
hundred. The owner had been making some repairs to his house
and premises, and a barn to which the bull had access had been
used as a workshop.

MISCELLANEOUS

DR. DUNCAN McEACHRAN AN HONORED GUEST

On October 13 there assembled a gathering of veterinarians
in the vice-regal suite of the Ritz Carleton Hotel in Montreal
to tender possibly the highest tribute that has ever been paid
to a living veterinarian. This gathering during the centenary
exercises, celebrating the founding of MeGill University in
Montreal, was a complimentary dinner given to Dr. Duncan
McEachran by the graduates of the old Montreal Veterinary
College, which was later adopted by McGill University as its
Faculty of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science. The
school was established in 1866 and was the third on the North
American Continent, yet the first to adopt and maintain a
three-year course. It was discontinued in 1903, as Dr. Me-
Eachran found it impossible to continue its operation at such
a great personal sacrifice, no provtsion having been made
by the university for its financial support and the Province
of Quebee contributed but a very small sum for its main-
tenance.

Sixty of the three hundred and twelve graduates assembled
from widely separated points as an expression of their homage
to one of the pioneers of veterinary education on the North
American Continent, who has the distinction of establishing,
through. his high ideals, the first veterinary school to main-
tain a three-year course. From the most remote points were:
Drs. Lamb, of Denver; Darling, of St. Louis; Fahey, of Way-
cross, Ga.; Tamblyn, of Calgary, and Townsend, from New
Glasgow, Nova Scotia. These, with others from less distant
points, joined to do homage to an octogenarian and renew
old associations.

The chairman for the occasion was Dr. Fred. Torrance, Vet-
erinary Director General for the Dominion. of Canada.

The chief tribute of the guests was presented by Professor
V. A. Moore, Dean of the New York State Veterinary College
at Cornell University; although not a graduate of the school,
he has been associated with Dr. McKachran in many investiga-
tions of a scientific character, as well as a warm personal
friend. This masterly address was ably seconded by Dr. W.

388

MISCELLANEOUS 389

Reid Blair, a graduate of McGill, who is presently engaged
as a scientific expert on the maintenance of wild animals in
captivity by the Zoological Gardens, New York.

Dr. Moore gave a scholarly address, concerning himself with
the important functions of his profession in order to more
fully convey to Dr. McEachran the deep sense of apprecia-
tion with which he is regarded by the members of his calling.
He reviewed the history of the institutions over which Dr.
McEachran had presided, saying there could be no compliment
more expressive of the high esteem with which the doctor is
held than such a gathering of distinguished men from many
States and provinces. Likewise there could be no testimonial
more acceptable. than to be assured that his labors were
appreciated and that his graduates have played a worthy
part in the development of the veterinary profession of
America.

Dr. Blair, in tendering his appreciation, spoke of Dr. Me-
Eachran’s ungrudging eagerness to be helpful. He had never ~
looked upon the classroom as a task, but as an opportunity
of imparting his own zeal and store of knowledge. Dr. Blair
spoke of the economic value of veterinary science and its
benefit to mankind, and said that the field of veterinary medi-
cine was not one of commercial exploitation, but one of service.

Dr. MeEachran was given a rousing welcome as he rose
in reply to the toast. In expressing his pleasure at the invi-
tation to attend the dinner, he remarked that the Maes are
all clannish, and it would not have surprised him a bit if in
that gathering of the Sons of Old McGill someone had got
up and asked them to drink that old but extremely modest
toast,

**Here’s to oor ain sel’s—wha’s like us?”’

The speaker referred to a gathering in Boston on January
19, 1896, when the Massachusetts Alumni of the Department
of Comparative Medicine of McGill University met at the
Quiney House, and the reporter of the Boston Globe of the
following day referred to them as ‘‘All healthy, hearty-look-
ing men.’’ In reminiscent mood, he recalled that the reporter
had referred to the ease and dignity with which he earried
his years. ‘““Why, I was a young fellow then and I am not an
old fellow now,” a sally greeted by a roar of applause.

390 MIscELLANEOUS

Proceeding, Dr. MeEachran said: ‘‘Institutions of learning
may be built, equipped and endowed by the large-hearted
liberality of benefactors, yet if their graduates forget their
duties to Alma Mater enduring progress cannot be made. I am
not going to presume to lecture in this after-dinner speech on
these duties, yet one cannot help taking advantage of such an
opportunity of speaking to such a representative gathering as
this, to say a few words on this subject. Graduates should
feel that they are a part of the university, that they ought
to continue to take an active interest in her affairs and have
their views on all important matters expressed by their repre-
sentatives. Each individual graduate should ever keep he-
fore him the feeling that his professional standing, his re-
search work and contributions to science reflect credit on his
college.”’

The prefix ‘‘Old’’ is in one sense at least no longer appli-
cable, said the speaker, referring to the noble pile of new
buildings. He hoped that the day is not far distant when the
Faculty of Comparative Medicine will be restored and en-
dowed in a manner proportionate to its importance sci-
entifically and practically. ‘‘I cannot refrain from remark-
ing.’’ he said, ‘‘that one of the greatest blunders ever com-
mitted in the management of McGill University was allowing
that faculty to close its doors for want of necessary financial
sup port.’’ .

After reviewing the incidents of the past year, Dr. Me-
Haciran closed by saying: ‘‘Let me conclude by thanking you
for this crowning compliment of my life, for which I cannot
find language to adequately express my feelings of apprecia-
tion.”’

The next toast of ‘‘The Veterinary Profession’’ was pro-
posed by the chairman and responded to by Dr. Chas. H.
Higgins, of the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories of New York,
and Dr. C. D. MecGilvray, Director of the Ontario Veterinary
College.

Dr. Higgins took the place of Dr. W. L. Williams, professor
of surgery in Cornell University, who was unavoidably absent
through illness. The theme running through his remarks was,
that we must all so perfect ourselves in our chosen ealling that
we can render that service to humanity for which our train-

MISCELLANEOUS 391

ing best fits us. This is the idealism instilled by Dr. Me-
EKachran throughout the entire college course, and it is one
which has made it possible for the men from MeGill to
excel in their respective communities.

Dr. McGilvray paid a very high tribute to Dr. McEachran
and the work which he had accomplished in Canada, when the
knowledge of disease of animals was just becoming to be an
important factor in world commerce and at a time which re-
quired a great deal of force to have one’s convictions carried
into action. He also referred to the task which now con-
fronted him in educating the youth coming as students, in the
new teachings, and in this the changed conditions which neces-
sitated the removal of the school over which he presided from
city to country surroundings, for the purpose of securing ade-
quate clinical material for a continuance of the practical teach-
ing which is so necessary.

The toast of ‘‘The Graduates’’ was proposed by Dr. M. C.
Baker, of Montreal, the oldest professor of the school. Dr.
Baker referred very feelingly to the part which Dr. McEach-
ran had played in his guidance. An association of forty years
in active business partnership had presented traits of char-
acter that a shorter and less intimate association would never
have revealed. During this time there had never been any
but the very best of feeling between them and at no time had
there been a serious difference of opinion to mar the smooth- —
ness of their relationships. Dr. Baker, next to McEachran
was father to us all, as it was he who guided the trembling
footsteps of those being initiated into the mysteries of Com-
parative Anatomy. Dr. Lamb, of Denver, Colo., replied in
his usual scholarly manner and with a great deal of force.
He pointed with pride to the standing of the school and was
particularly gratified at the return of so many to do honor
to our worthy preceptor and Dean.

Dr. Robinson, of Washington, gave many reminiscences of
the older days and some of the struggles necessitated by the
changes that have taken place in the teaching of compara-
tive medicine during the past decade.

A guest representing the only school in the Province of
Quebee and the only school of comparative medicine in which
the teaching is conducted in the French language on this

392 MIscELLANEOUS

continent was Dr Daubigny, Dean of Ecole Vétérinaire of
Laval University, who gave in his native language a very
high tribute to Dr. McKachran. He cited him as a pioneer,
not only in the province, but in Canada and on the whole
American Continent.

It was late when the gathering dispersed, and all were
unanimous that the sacrifice was worthy of the opportunity
to pay a tribute to such an outstanding personality and pro-
fessional man as Dr. Dunean McEachran.

Cuas. H. Hiaeins.

AN ENDURANCE TEST FOR HORSES

The third 300-mile endurance contest, conducted under the
supervision of a board of sponsors representing several organi-
zations interested in the development of the best type of cavalry
horse, was finished October 14 at the foot of the Washington
Monument, in the District of Columbia. Of 17 horses starting
in the race 5 days before at Camp Alfred Vail, N. J., only
6 were able to finish. In judging the horses, time counted 40
per cent and the condition of the horse 60 per cent.

The winner of the race was the purebred Arab, Crabbet,
owned by W. R. Brown, of Berlin, N. H., president of the Amer-
ican Arab Horse Association. Crabbet is 11 years old and
weighs 925 pounds. He won with a total score on condition
and speed of 847 foo: Vagrant, a Thoroughbred entered by
the U. S. Army Remount Service, 6 years old, and weighing
1,000 pounds, was placed second with a score of 83 7/9. Rustem
Bey, a 10-year-old Arab-Standardbred cross, weighing 1,005
pounds, was third, scoring 75 8/9.

Castor, a purebred Morgan, entered by the U. S. Morgan
Horse Farm, Middlebury, Vt., won fourth place with a score
ot 722/9. This horse weighed only 800 pounds, and is 11 years
old. He earried 245 pounds, the standard load for all the con-
testants, which was nearly one-third of his weight. This is the
third successive year he has finished the endurance test. He
has been used for all sorts of work, including farm work, mount
for a forest ranger and helping to draw the carriage of the
Secretary of Agriculture in Washington. Fifth place was taken
by Pathfinder, a Thoroughbred owned by the Remount Service,
with a score of 622/3. He is 5 years old, the youngest of the

MISCELLANEOUS 393

entries, and weighs 910 pounds. Cragmore, a Thoroughbred-
Standardbred cross, owned by W. R. Brown, the owner of
Crabbet and Rustem Bey, took sixth place with a rating of
617/45. He is a 7-year-old, weighing 1,100 pounds.

The judges who made the decisions in the contest were Maj.
Henry Leonard, Colorado Springs, Colo.; Harry MeNair, Chi-
cago; and Garner West, Garnersville, N. Y. The prizes were
put up by W. R. Brown, of Berlin, N. H., and Albert W. Harris,
of Chicago. The first prize was $600 and a silver loving cup.
The other prizes ranged from $400 to $100.

In presenting the loving cup to the winning horse’s owner,
who was largely responsible for maugurating the endurance
contest, Secretary of War Weeks said: ‘‘What you are doing
to develop horses of speed and endurance is not only a benefit
to the Army but should be useful to the country as a whole in
other ways.’’

This endurance test was the most severe since the race was
iaugurated, as the journey was over roads that could scarcely
be called ideal for the purpose. In most cases of those that fell
by the wayside the direct cause was inflammation of the tendons,
as any sign of lameness was a signal for withdrawal.

If the test results in the stimulation of interest in good saddle
horses possessed of stamina and hardiness and with the neces-
sary quality to render them desirable for the mounted service
of the Army, and if it should help to determine what breed or
blood will produce a mount which will satisfy the many exact-
ing demands on a charger, the sponsors for the race will feel
amply repaid. °

A MOUNTAIN TRIP

Following the A. V. M. A. meeting at Denver, Mrs. Mayo and
I took a delightful, but altogether too short, vacation in Estes
Park. It had been many years since we had enjoyed a real out-
ing in-the Rockies, and we felt as if we had shed several years
years when we got into the ‘‘hills’’ again.

We left Denver in one of the fine busses of the Rocky Moun-
tain Transportation Company, and were particularly fortunate
to have two good sports, Dr. and Mrs. Marsteller of Texas, for
company. Mrs. Marsteller was puzzled why some other passen-
ger guessed she was from the South, and inquired in her de-

594 MISCELLANEOUS

lightful southern accent, ‘‘how you all guessed that?’’ Going
up the Big Thompson the wind whisked Dr. Marsteller’s cap
away and dropped it on a rock in the edge of the river, and he
made no embarrassing remarks but got it back all right.

The weather in the mountains was delightful and the scen-
ery magnificent. The aspens were turning to orange and gold
on the mountainsides, amid the dark green of the pine and
spruce. We took a number of delightful trips in the park be-
fore Dr. and Mrs. Marsteller had to return.

After a few days we took the ‘‘circle trip’’ over the divide to
Grand Lake. On our way down the western slope to ‘‘Squeaky
Bob’s’’ ranch we saw two mountain ewes, each with a lamb
two-thirds grown. The driver gave a whoop and they went
bounding away down the ravine as if on springs.

At Grand Lake we took a motor boat trip around the lake
with several college boys who had been driving sight-seeing
busses for the transportation company during the tourist sea-
son. These boys began asking the motor boat driver some of
the questions they had been accumulating during the season.
‘‘Oh, driver, I want the top up.’’ ‘‘Oh, driver, don’t get too
near the edge.’’ ‘‘Oh, driver, how many people have been
killed here?’’ ‘‘Oh, driver, how wide is ‘timber line’ ?”’ ete.

Grand Lake is a gem set high in the mountains. From its
mirror surface the green and gold of the mountainsides were
reflected with the deep blue of the clear skies, a scene one will
long remember. From the hotel at Grand Lake one could see
the mountains about Leadville, one hundred miles to the south,
and from the mountain above the hotel, the Medicine Bow
range in Wyoming was visible.

The lodge at Grand: Lake has sleeping cabins for its guests.
We wondered at the big pile of blankets when we went to bed,
but we knew their use before morning, for there was a heavy
frost and I didn’t dawdle getting my clothes on in the morn-
ing and making a 100-yard dash for the big open fire in the
dining room, and buckwheat cakes and bacon. They make an
entirely different and much better kind up in the mountains.

From Grand Lake we came back over Berthoud Pass and
down Clear Creek Canyon to Denver,-and then back to the city
we call home, with its dirt and smoke that does not shut out the
fresh air, bright skies and glorious scenery of Colorado.

N. 8S. Mayo.

MISCELLANEOUS 395

TUBERCULIN TEST BY THE AREA PLAN

The ‘‘area plan’’ of eradicating tuberculosis of livestock is
now well established in many States. By this plan an area of
considerable size, generally a county, is freed from tuberculosis
by the systematic testing of all cattle and the removal of re-
actors. It has been accepted by the livestock owners, as they
evidently believe the plan is a practicable one. The work
can be conducted in a much shorter time and at less expense
than the aceredited-herd work. Then, too, it means the suppres-
sion of the disease among all the herds in a given area, in con-
trast with accrediting herds here and there which may be in
close proximity to infected herds on adjacent farms.

As a demonstration of the feasibility of tuberculin testing of
all the herds within a county, no better example can be given
than the work done in Wahkiakum County, Wash., during July
and August, 192). The work started in that county August 3
and’ was completed September 9. Every herd in the county
with the exception of two was tested by Dr. L. V. Hardy.

One of the two herds not tested consisted of only two animals.
This owner desired to have a test applied but was unable to
catch the animals, which were running in a large pasture and
were very wild. The other owner refused to submit to the test
until just as the inspector was leaving the county, when he sent
word that he desired that the test be applied.

The work was earried on principally in cooperation with the
farm bureau members. They furnished conveyance whenever
there was a member who owned an automobile. The county ap-
propriated funds to pay operating expenses of the automobiles,
and also to-hire conveyances when necessary. Farm bureau mem-
bers cooperated so well that not a single day’s time was lost on
account of transportation. When it is considered that the work
was done without any compulsory laws or regulations, and was
wholly a voluntary proceeding, it is felt that the county test was
extraordinarily complete.

The actual number of herds tested was 367, comprising 4,039
cattle. The test revealed 58 tuberculous animals which were
confined to 12 herds, making the total of 314 per cent of infected
herds and 114 per cent of infected cattle. Post mortem examina-

tion of the 58 reactors revealed 100 per cent lesions of the dis-

ease. The actual test was completed at an expense of a little

596 MiIscrELLANEOUS

less than 18 cents per head, including $100 appropriated by the
county and a pro rata share of the overhead expense of the
bureau office in the State of Washington. It is planned to have
an inspector return to Wahkiakum County about November 15
to retest herds that were found infected, and, if possible, to test
the two remaining herds.

TREATMENT FOR TAPEWORMS IN DOGS

Dogs are the primary hosts for a number of species of cestodes
among the more important of which may be mentioned :

Taenia pisiformis (T. serrata), the intermediate stage of which
is the Cysticercus pisiformis found in the rabbit. Taenia hyda-
tigena (T. marginata), the intermediate stage of which is the
Cysticercus tenuicollis found in sheep, cattle and hogs. Dipy-
lidium caninum (T. cucumerina), the intermediate stage of which
is known as a Cryptocystis and is found in the dog-flea and louse.
Multiceps multiceps (T. coenurus), the intermediate stage of
which is the MW. multiceps (Coenurus cerebralis), found in the
brain of sheep. Echinococcus granulosus (T. echinococcus), the
intermediate stage of which is E. granulosus found in sheep,
hogs, cattle, other animals and man. Twaenia ovis, the intermedi-
ate stage of which is Cysticercus ovis found in sheep.

The presence of tapeworms is ascertained by a microscopic ex-
amination of the feces for the presence of eggs, by giving enemas
for dislodging segments and by seeing the segments pass in the
feces. The segments of Echinococcus granulosus are not readily
seen in the feces on account of their small size. This parasite is
the most important one from a public health aspect on account of
the fact that the eggs when ingested by man develop into the in-
termediate stage in the human body. The development of the
large EL. granulosus cysts in human beings frequently results in
the death of the infected individual. Fortunately, it is extremely
rare in this section of the country and I do not remember ever
having seen this variety of tapeworm in the dog.

Many drugs have been recommended in the treatment of ani-
mals infested with these parasites, but none act so quickly and
seem to possess such a specific action against them in the dog as
arecoline hydrobromide. The drug is given by the mouth in
tablet form on an empty stomach. One-fourth of a grain may be
given to medium-sized dogs, and one-eighth of a grain to the small

MISCELLANEOUS 397

breeds. It acts on the bowels in from 20 minutes to one-half
hour and the parasites are passed with the feces. <A single treat-
ment seems to remove all the parasites including the heads. In
one case 168 complete tapeworms were passed following a single
administration of one-fourth grain of the drug. It is of advan-
tage to follow the arecoline treatment after the worms have been
passed with 10 to 15 drops of camphorated tincture of opium
(paregoric) in a dram of essence of pepsin to quiet down the ex-
cessive peristaltic action caused by the arecoline-—WILLIAM J.
Lentz in University of Pennsylvania Bulletin, Veterinary Exr-
tension Quarterly, No. 3, page 2.

PAY YOUR DUES

If your JOURNAL stops, it is quite likely that your dues for
the current year have not been paid to the Secretary of the
A. V.M. A. Therefore, before writing to the Editor making com-
plaint or asking why the JourNAL failed to reach you, it might
be well to make sure that your dues are paid up to date. If
they are not paid, notice has been mailed to you by the Secre-
tary calling attention to this fact. One of the requirements of
the Post Office Department is that all papers and publications
may be sent only to those fully paid up, therefore when a mem-
ber fails to respond to calls from the Secretary the Editor is
notified to remove that member’s name from the list as delin-
quent in payment of dues. A certain share of the dues paid by
each member is sent to the JourNAL, and if the members do
not keep their dues paid up it simply means that others must
‘carry the burden of financing the paper and the Association.

Dr. A. C. Knapp, one of the alumni of the New York State
Veterinary College at New York City, Bridgeport, Connecti-
eut, has been seriously ill. In a letter from Mrs. Josephine L.
Knapp, she states he has been suffering from gastric ulcer and
became so weakened from hemorrhages that the doctors were
obliged to make a blood transfusion. He is now greatly im-
proved but will have to remain in bed for some time to come.
Dr. Knapp has been connected with the Bridgeport Board of
Health for the past fifteen years.

398 MisceELLANEOUS

SCHOOL CHILDREN IN TEST ON CATTLE TICK

With 30 questions to answer in 20 minutes, ten children from
the Jackson, La., school, waded into the written examination on
‘<The Cattle Tick Fever,’’ and showed State Superintendent T.
H. Harris and the whole teachers’ institute just how few terrors
the ordeal had for them. Nearly every one of the ten scored
above 90 and not one of them was far below the mark.

Dr. W. L. Coplin and Dr. L. D. Nowell, of Humboldt, Tenn.,
have formed a-joint partnership and are conducting two veteri-
nary Hospitals.

Dr. Coplin is stationed at Jackson, Tenn., and Dr. Nowell
at Humboldt.

They both report practice conditions favorable.

Dr. John A. Phillips, who has been connected with the city
health department of Birmingham, Ala., for some time, has
tendered his resignation and will leave for Houston, Texas. Dr.
Phillips has accepted a place with the Houston Clinical Labora-
tory.

Dr. John P. O’Connor, formerly engaged in practice in Okla-
homa, has been reinstated in the U. S. Bureau of Animal Indus-
try service and assigned to hog cholera control work in Ten-
nessee. His headquarters are at Nashville.

Dr. R. E. Shigley, of Kenmore, N. D., President of the State
Board of Veterinary Medical Examiners, spent several days
recently at New Rockford, N. D., in attending the funeral of
Dr. C. H. Babcock.

Dr. Alfred Savage, who was connected with the MacDonald
College of Quebee, has accepted the position as professor of
animal pathology of the Manitoba Agricultural College, Winni-
peg, Manitoba.

Dr. W. D. Mason, Cincinnati Veterinary College, 1914, has
located for practice at Winchester, Franklin County, Tenn.

Dr. J. I. Siress, Terre Haute Veterinary College, 1912, has
located for practice at Chattanooga, Tenn.

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JOURNAL
OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.)
J. R. Mower, Editor, Washington, D. C.

Aor ee President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, III.
M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.

Executive Board
GEo. HILTON, Ist District; T. E. MuNnce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District;
J. A. Kiernan, 4th District; C. E. Cotron, 5th District; R. A.
ARCHIBALD, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNaL, outside of its own authorized actions. _
Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vor. 5 'N.'S:-Vor. 13 JANUARY, 1922 No. 4

THE OLD YEAR AND THE NEW

THE YEAR just closed leaves as a legacy more of promise
than of actual realization. The recovery from the post-war de-
pression is slow, very slow. It has taken a long time to ‘‘turn
the corner.’’ In fact, the turn in the road has been a wide bend
with a scarcely perceptible curve, rather than a corner. But
the turn has unmistakably come at last, and for this we have
reason to be thankful.

Conditions are clearly better in every respect than they were
a year ago. Agriculture, upon which the prosperity of the vet-
erinary profession depends, finds itself in a much more fortunate
situation than for some time past. World affairs are in a fair
way to be adjusted and put upon a better basis for recovery and
commercial revival. There is a better feeling in the air. The
prognosis is undoubtedly favorable.

The treatment required is less heat and more light; less gloom
and more sunshine; less cireumyention and more courage; less
prattle and more patriotism.

In extending to all its readers the greetings of the holiday
season and best wishes for happiness and prosperity in the New
Year, THE JourNat feels that these wishes have a real prospect
of fulfilment.

399

400 EpDrrorrAL

OPPORTUNITIES FOR VETERINARIANS

SUCCESS in veterinary practice depends not only on profes-
sional skill but also on many personal qualities and a liberal
amount of general knowledge. To a large extent the welfare
of the nation’s ten-billion-dollar lyestock industry depends on
keeping our domestic stock healthy and in good condition for
breeding or for marketing. Frequently the veterinarian stands
between profit and loss on a livestock owner’s books. Less often
but on important oceasions, the skill of the veterinarian—like
that of a fireman—may check a destructive outbreak which
threatens a community.

Such responsibilities call for a high degree of judgment, com-
petence, and manhood. ‘The technical training can be obtained
in the many excellent colleges which give veterinary instruc-
tion, but the other qualities are developed most fully by indi-
vidual resourcefulness. The various veterinary services of the
Government desire veterinarians to understand fully the dif-
ferent lines of official work, including the importance, method,
and organization of such work. Veterinary practice, in most
cases, is a local field. On the other hand, problems affecting
the health and welfare of the various classes of livestock are
matters of national and, frequently, international importanee.
We wish all veterinarians would look at it in that light. We
hope also that everyone engaged in the veterinary profession
will consider his field as including more than technical prae-
tice. Successful veterinarians recognize that a general knowl-
edge of feeding, breeding, housing, and care of livestock puts
them in a position to win the confidence of the owner. <A vet-
erinarian who is abreast of the times in those things necessarily
radiates his ability of dealing in a competent manner with the
problems coming more directly within the scope of veterinary
practice.

Briefly the veterinary profession is an important, a useful,
and a necessary part of the present great and the future greater
livestock industry. It needs men who are well trained, open
minded, and of broad interests and sympathies. It is some-
times claimed that livestock receive greater attention than human
beings. If such is the case, the human race should receive more
expert study rather than livestock any less. The reason is
plain. Through many centuries the welfare of nations has de-
pended in a large degree on the food, clothing, labor, and count-

i

EprroriaAn 401

less by-products which livestock have furnished. The person
therefore who aids in improving, enlarging, and safeguarding
the domestic animals of a nation is spending his life usefully and
well.

THE VETERINARY JOURNAL

IT is a pity that, generally speaking, each nation is inclined
to consider its own discoveries and progress sufficient for its
every day needs, and yet, as far as science is concerned, such an
attitude is indefensible. We are prompted to make this remark
by the receipt and perusal of a recent copy of the Veterinary
Journal. Here we have a periodical representative of the British
veterinary profession, containing the results of their research,
the expression of their views on matters of universal interest,
clinical notes, ete.; in short, an epitome of all that is occurring
in the progress of British veterinary science. But how many of
us could say that they ever read the Veterinary Journal, or at
any rate see it regularly? Few of us could make such a claim.
In other words, we admit that we live in a water-tight compart-
ment and are content to do so. This is not wise; it is hardly
polite even and certainly not politic to continue living in happy
ignorance of our fellow-workers across the sea. At any rate, it
is certainly a state of affairs which is up to each individual
veterinarian to remedy.

ADDITIONAL FUNDS FOR TUBERCULOSIS WORK

PRESIDENT HARDING on December 15, 1921, signed the
General Deficiency Bill which included an emergency item of
$600,000 as a supplemental indemnity fund for tubereulosis work.
Restrictions are carried in the item so that none of the money
ean be spent on cattle which have not been in the possession of
their owners for at least six months, and further, the money
ean not be used in paying for reacting cattle in herds which
heretofore have not been placed under supervision, unless such
herds are in so-called circumscribed areas from which the eo-
operative authorities propose to eradicate tuberculosis from all
the cattle therein, under the accredited area plan of operation.
The recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture was for an
indemnity appropriation of $900,000, so it ean be easily ealeulated
that the amount carried in the recent bill will go only two-thirds
of the distance the original amount was intended to cover.

IMPORTANCE OF PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN RE-

PRESSING ANIMAL DISEASES +
By T. E. Munce
State Veterinarian, Harrisburg, Pa.

THIS PAPER is a contribution from the Bureau of Animal
Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, for which
the writer is merely the mouthpiece, and in the beginning desires
to express his appreciation to our field, laboratory and _ office
forces, also to our cooperating veterinarians and breeders who
have been consulted and have offered suggestions. It deals with
disease prevention, and therefore with health, which is a con-
dition of physical soundness or well-being.

Health requires a study of hygiene, the aim of which is to
render growth nearer perfect, decay less rapid, life more vig-
orous and death more remote. Hygiene embraces acquaintance
with such subjects as physics, engineering, architecture, chem-
istry, epidemiology, bacteriology, parasitology, statistics, condi-
tions of food, water, shelter and surroundings, the climate, na-
ture of the soil and a knowledge of practicable methods that may
be used in preventing disease. Each phase of these subjects that
may have any bearing upon the health of animals and man must
be considered, and thus it involves our subject, ‘‘ Disease Pre-
vention,’’ for these things which tend to preserve health will
prevent disease.

Much has been written about and considerable done in disease
prevention—so much, in fact, that it is lost in volumes of litera-
ture available to those who have time to peruse its pages. ‘‘To
see clearly what has been done, and why, is to see, at least
vaguely, what will be done, and when.’’

We have nothing new or unusual to offer. Our purpose is to
stimulate a deeper, keener interest than now prevails, and to
point out the possibilities to the many individuals who are in
position to give advice on prevention, which is the key to the
control of each and every transmissible disease.

Measures for disease prevention were practiced before the
time of Christ, even before the causes had been discovered and
before the diseases we know today had been designated under

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

402

ie neternttnettnmennneneiptes ted eeetnaicnminnssh anaions eS ew Diese 2

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL DISEASES 403

their present names. Since times before Christ disease pre-
vention has been a progressive science. During the present age
it is terribly neglected.

Biological products, intended to prevent, are supplauting ac-
tual prevention. Veterinarians and stockmen are too eager tu
have a biological product for use in this or that disease and are
inclined to say, ‘‘ We did all that could be done; the biologic is
at fault.’’ . Many biological products have their places and
should not be belittled. We need their assistance as diagnostic
and preventive agents. Some of them have no value and it is un-
fortunate that they are.used. All vaccines are the same to many
stockmen ; and thus; when improperly advised by his veterinarian
to use them, it is not the stockman nor the vaccine that is at
fault. The veterinarian must assume full responsibility for
having given such improper advice.

The prevention of the appearance and spread of transmis-
sible diseases is within the grasp of the owner of livestock, and
it is through his ingenuity in the employment of the necessary
agencies that the results for which he hopes can be attained.
When that is universally realized, greater strides than ever be-
fore known will have been made. The owner who devotes his
efforts to preventing disease will use less in fighting it, and
greater will be the outcome of his livestock industry and larger
his income. All classes of owners employ veterinarians, but it is
he who employs a veterinarian as one of his agencies in the pre-
vention of disease that becomes the most satisfactory client and
receives the largest return for money expended.

One prominent State official has said that the most important
factors in dealing with a disease are the central office and the
field personnel. We believe the greatest factor in the prevention
and control of all animal diseases is the attitude of the livestock
owners and the consuming public. If producers and consumers
of animal products are not favorable to the repression of animal
diseases, our work is hopelessly handicapped. On the other
hand, if they recognize the economic feature, and the danger
to public health caused by prevalent preventable animal diseases,
and unite in an effort to suppress such diseases, there is only
one power that may stop an early and complete consummation
of the task that we, as regulatory officials, are attempting. We
repeat, the producer and the consumer are the greatest factors

404 . T. KE. MuNcE

in this work. Hence it is our immediate duty to arouse these
factors to action. Agricultural editors recognize this truth. In
this connection we quote, in part, from farm paper editorials:

Breeders’ Gazette: ‘‘Malnutrition and disease are the chief
causes of inefficiency in farm animals. Contaminated water, in-
sanitary buildings, poor pastures and inferior grades of feed are
the enemies of thrift, health and usefulness in stock. Breeding
for efficiency is futile if it is not supplemented by feeding, water-
ing and managing for efficiency.’”’

A. J. Glover, Editor of Hoard’s Dairyman, at the meeting of
the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association a year ago,
said: ‘‘We are trending too much in this Association to veteri-
nary subjects, and not enough to sanitary subjects and subjects
that have to do with keeping animals healthy and physically
strong.’’

E. 8. Bayard in an editorial in the National Stockman an
Farmer said that ‘‘while it is impossible to overestimate the
value of the work of the veterinary profession in preventing,
controlling and eradicating diseases of domestic animals, eradica-
tion and control have been given most attention. But. it is time
to consider seriously whether prevention may not be possible
to a greater extent than we have supposed. It will be cheaper
to keep disease out of territories now free than to put it out later.
The American Veterinary Medical Association and the United
States Live Stock Sanitary Association at their next annual
meetings in September and December, respectively, should con-
sider this problem along with others relating to prevention and
should appoint men to confer with dairymen and the various or-
ganizations interested in livestock.’’

Assistant Surgeon General W. T. Sedgwick of the United
States Public Health Service published in the Medical Record
a recommendation that the present curriculums of the medical
schools be evenly divided and that one division be devoted to
preventive medicine, giving a degree of Doctor of Health, this
branch to include those studies relating to sanitary science, vital
statistics, laboratory methods, municipal sanitation, preventive
hygiene and corelated subjects. General Sedgwick clearly shows
the necessity for such specially trained personnel in the health
services of the various States and the nation, and the difficulties
experienced by these governmental departments in securing the
services. of persons especially fitted for the work of disease pre-

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PREVENTIVE MrAsurFsS AGAINST ANIMAL DISEASES 405

vention. Our veterinary schools may be profited by giving
thought to the General’s suggestion.

The general principles of disease prevention can be applied
to all classes of diseases. It is possible to prevent disease with-
out knowing the cause; but to prevent disease intelligently and
successfully, one must have knowledge of the nature of the dis-
ease, Its causes and the nature of its cause, its modes of trans-
‘mission and dissemination, its symptomatology and epidemi-
ology, postmortem lesions, and animals that are susceptible.

In considering the nature of diseases, some are acute and
epizootic, while others are chroni¢ and spread over the entire
year; others are more likely to occur during one season than
another; some are dependent upon an intermediate host for
transmission (Texas fever). Such diseases as tuberculosis, bovine
infectious abortion (cows calving during every season of the
year), actinomycosis and glanders are spread over the entire
year; infected and susceptible animals are always present and
repression is more difficult.

To understand the nature of the cause of a disease is to un-
derstand the best methods of preventing its spread. Knowing
that certain spore-forming organisms, such as those causing an-
thrax, blackleg and malignant edema, tetanus and botulism, exist
in the soil, the nature and location of the soil must be taken into
consideration. Some organisms are capable of forming a wax,
as the tubercle bacillus. Others form capsules. Having knowl-
edge of these phenomena of transmissible, diseases, one is in a
better position to devise effective methods for destruction. It
naturally follows that some organisms are less resistant to drying
and exposure to sunlight than others; some require vigorous dis-
infection and fumigation to make sure of their destruction.

Having made a study of the nature of disease-producing or-
ganisms, and knowing the periods of incubation, it has been
made more easily possible to formulate the proper quarantine
regulations. More than one of our good stockmen have said
that the greatest weakness in our ‘accredited-herd plan is the
short time that additions to herds are required to be isolated
before they are permitted to enter the herd. It does not seem
plausible that, if it requires two clean annual tests to accredit
a herd, only sixty days’ isolation is necessary to accredit in-
dividual added animals, regardless of their source.

The modes of transmission and dissemination of disease-pro-

406 T. E. MuncE

ducing organisms are peculiarly different for almost every dis-
ease. The transmission of rabies requires the bite of the rabid
dog, and to prevent its spread you quarantine or destroy the
dog. To prevent the spread of southern cattle fever you de-
stroy the tick or the intermediate host containing the cause.
In seabies the mite, which is the cause, is destroyed. In other
diseases methods of preventive vaccination are used. In still
others a combination of methods is required, such as quarantine,
vaccination, slaughter of affected animals and proper disinfee-
tion. In most diseases dissemination is dependent upon the
movement and introduction of animals susceptible to the disease
under question. However, we believe it is too often overlooked
that other species and agencies as well as persons may be the
means of dissemination or the source of infection. In this class
can be mentioned dogs, cats, rats, mice, poultry, birds, insects,
feed, feed sacks, crates, persons who travel from place to
place, ete.

Recently an instance illustrative of this danger was brought
to our attention. <A cat, which had been sick for about a year,
on autopsy revealed generalized tuberculosis. All of the dis-
charges were examined and found to contain large numbers of
tubercle bacilli. It is not unusual for cats to sleep or lie in feed
bins, mangers and mows, and it will readily be seen how the cat
just described may have spread the disease.

Dr. Schroeder of the United States Bureau of Animal In-
dustry at a recent tuberculosis conference pointed out, the danger
from mice as spreaders of tubercle bacilli and especially empha-
sized the contamination of feed with their feces and by their
death in feed bins. Conditions similar to these may account for
the occurrence of tuberculosis in herds where the source of in-
fection seemingly can not be ascertained. These small animals
may be a greater factor than is generally supposed in the spread
of other diseases.

Horses are generally regarded as the least susceptible of the
domestic animals to tuberculosis, yet recently our attention has
been called to three well-developed cases, and in each case the
horse was stabled in close contact with cattle, several of which
were tuberculous. Postmortems of these horses showed open,
generalized tuberculosis.

In the foregoing instances tuberculin testing of the cows, dis-

Ra Set 98 aA et eet Ro Padi, po 2

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL DISEASES 407

posing of the reactors and cleaning and disinfectiig the barns
would not have eradicated the disease from the premises.

Federal, State, municipal and practicing veterinarians travel-
ing from one place to another should be particularly careful
that they may not be accused of transmitting disease. During
the 1914-15 outbreak of aphthous fever careless veterinarians
carried the disease from one place to another.

Stable construction and herd management are among the
chief influences governing the spread of all transmissible dis-
eases. Pearson said: ‘‘Any system of stable management that
serves to bring diseased and healthy animals into intimate con-
tact, that facilitates the deposit of tubercle bacilli within the
reach of healthy cattle, that serves to favor the accumulation or
the distribution of germs of tuberculosis, or to prolong their life
in the stable, helps to cause infection. And, further, any system
of herd management that tends to reduce the vital resistance of
the animal by overwork or improper nourishment, or to depress
the activity of the organs or functions by insufficient use, will
favor the spread of tuberculosis by preparing the soil upon which
the seed is sown.”’

Safeguarding the young stock is one of the most important
features in disease prevention. Intelligent selection, mating and
care of parent stock and management of the young are funda-
mental to the prevention of disease. Intelligence in selection of
parent stock will determine to a large degree, in advance, the per-
centage of runts and faults of conformation which inhibit rapid
growth and development. It has been proved that sunlight,
fresh air, suitable food and good water put vim, vigor and vital-
ity into growing young stock, thus insuring well-developed ma-
ture animals which can best resist disease.

Roosevelt said: ‘‘If you are going to do anything permanent
for the average man, you must begin before he is a man. The
chance of success lies in working with the boy and not the man.’’
His statement can be applied, with equal force and effect, to the
animal kingdom.

The environment and surrounding conditions, which include
the owner, his family, his assistants and employees, the premises,
their location and equipment, breeding, care, feed, water and
sanitation, are factors that too frequently are not given the high
rank they deserve.

A healthy animal, even though housed in an insanitary place,

408 T. EK. Muncre

will not contract disease until exposed to infection. This sug-
gests the question, How are we to determine the presence or
absence of infection on premises? Disease-producing germs
thrive best in dirty, dark, damp places. It follows, then, that
germs will thrive best and remain longest where the accommoda-
tions are favorable.

Practically all State and Federal laws which create depart-
ments of agriculture and bureaus of animal industry or livestock
sanitary boards prescribe that they shall prevent, suppress, con-
trol and eradicate dangerous transmissible diseases of animals.
What attention are the regulatory authorities giving to pre-
ventive measures? Are we giving equal attention to disease pre-
vention as to control? Do the bulletins that are published con-
tain as much information and place equal emphasis on disease
prevention as matter of control? Do the journals, agricultural
and daily papers, contain information pertaining to disease pre-
vention? Do we hear from the public platform and in private
conversation about the things that have to do with disease pre-
vention ?

On numerous occasions veterinarians have taken issue with
health board authorities as to proper measures for safeguarding
the milk supply. In the instances referred to the health officials
recommended laboratory examination of the milk at destination
as beine*sufficient protection to the consuming public. The vet-
erinarians took the position that the principal inspection should
be made at the seat of production on the farm.

In order to protect a stream of water from contamination we
not only go to its source and inspect the water, but surround the
very fountain springs and watersheds with safeguards to make
contamination impossible. Is this not truly prevention, and are
we veterinarians consistent when we advocate prevention as the
outstanding principle in the case of a water or milk supply and
practice the opposite theory when dealing with animal diseases?

In Pennsylvania we have a disease-prevention service in which
our bureau cooperates with the leading stockmen and breeders’
associations and clubs, realizing that their support is indispens-
able. We have a veterinarian specializing in disease-prevention
work. His duties are to study the subject of disease prevention
and formulate plans for preventing the occurrence of disease.
This agent operates with the owner, the person in charge of the
livestock involved, the attending veterinarian, the county agent

ei e

‘PREVENTIVE MrEASuRES AGaAtnst ANIMAL DiIsEAsEs 409

and the Federal and State district agents. A careful survey is
made of all livestock on the premises, the buildings and their lo-
cation, methods and practices for breeding, additions, feeding,
watering and management. <A full report with recommendations
is sent to the central office and copies are distributed to the
owner, local veterinarian, county agent and district, Federal or
State and municipal inspectors. (The form used for this report
is shown herewith.) In this way every cooperating agency knows
of the defects and the recommendations and are in position to
work as a unit in bringing about improvement. Too often work
of this character is handicapped by lack of cooperation and
through conflicting instructions. This special agent’s work is
supplemented by the regular field and laboratory force.

[Form used in reporting on inspection of premises.]
PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY
PREMISE REPORT

Completed* examination and tuberculin test on herd owned by Mr.

PSO) Sek, tare tee a Yee A A ace oes ot. County,
Set MEEE SLE AGO OL st 30102 POSHOM is. csccsndense TEACLEO See ee
suspicious.
If reactors were found, what instructions were given regarding
RD TG TE Cp SETS See De
General plan of stable (character and Comdition) 2. cccceeceesceeseeeeeeeeeeee
BEE ER SLE ELT LS TES SSS SASSI ec cD
Pp TL ee a a a SEE Oso SG RE Nr Od a i ee

woes oh LES) ies oe a Ie ee ee a ee
Ce ESTEE Cur STIG IS a BAN SUR aoe Re RO a coe
ane matisitio’ OF “Calyes. a fe Or ue oe ae es
I offered the following suggestion as to permanent improvements,
arrangements of buildings and care of the herd:
Miri. >i. ie eee will make the following improvements or

changes in the order enumerated below:

(For remarks use other side)

In regard to hog cholera, more attention has been given to its
control, through the use of serum and virus, than to its pre-
vention. The swine owners of the country have been led to be-
lieve that liberal use of anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera
virus is all that is necessary for hog cholera prevention.

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410 T. EK. Munce

Until matters that have to do with prevention are recognized
as beimg of major importance, we can not hope to make satis-
factory progress in permanently eradicating any disease.

Destroy the breeding places of flies and mosquitoes and those
pests will become extinct. |

Afford protection to herds and flocks that are now free from
disease and there will be no disease to eradicate.

Instead of giving a list of conclusions we will give a few prac-
tical examples of disease prevention as they are being practiced
in Pennsylvania today. I wish to say first in this connection
that it is possible, and we believe practicable, to prevent every
disease of a transmissible character in animals.

Many years ago in one of our large cities, when street cars
were drawn by horses, one of our veterinarians was called to give
advice on the treatment of sore shoulders which were causing
disability in more than 50 per cent of the horses. He not only
advised but insisted that the collars and hames be properly
fitted, the manes kept smooth and the shoulders clean. His ad-
vice was followed, with excellent results, the percentage of sore
shoulders being reduced to less than 10 per cent.

One of our leading breeders started with twelve head of cat-
tle, and from this foundation, with proper veterinary advice,
has built up a large herd. He adopted the motto, ‘A cow that
leaves the farm must not return.’’ During the ten years of his
breeding experience there has not been a case of infectious dis-
ease in his herd. That was prevention. The same methods have
been successful in other herds of more recent origin.

Another breeder went along for a period of ten years, build-
iig up a splendid Guernsey herd without the appearance of any
infectious disease. He then sought new blood, without proper
advice, and unknowingly introduced abortion to his premises.
Three months later the disease was recognized. The newly ac-
quired cattle were isolated and the premises thoroughly dis-
infected. The abortions ceased and there has been no return up
to this time.

Another herd of over 150 head of cattle may be cited, in which
nearly one year ago abortion was in progress. Up to that time
six or seven cows had aborted. Preventive measures were en-
forced, and in addition to those that had aborted eight other
cows were taken from the herd, and not a single case of abortion

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL DISEASES 411

has occurred in the herd since, although one of the isolated cows
aborted about three weeks later.

In another herd of over 200 head, for the past ten
years, with the exception of the last three, a large number of
eases of abortion and calf scours occurred each year, and in that
herd probably 20 per cent of the older cows would react at the
present time to serological tests for abortion; but for the past
three years there has not been a single case of abortion. Each
pregnant cow was placed in a specially constructed stable near
ealying time and not returned to the breeding herd until after
her genital tract was free from discharge and thoroughly clean.
The calving stall was then effectively fumigated and made ready
for the next cow. Several breeders are working a plan similar
to this at the present time.

These same premises at one time were badly infected with
tuberculosis, and after it had been eradicated preventive meas-
urs were put into operation, and there has been no return of
tuberculosis for at least four years.

In this same herd calf scours was successfully prevented by

giving the dam a clean place at parturition time and keeping the
calf in a clean place for at least one week after birth. Calf
scours has been prevented on several farms in the same way.
We know of several instances where it seemed impossible to
raise any calves, but when the above practice is put into opera-
tion no losses from white scours occur. White scours is success-
fully and practically prevented by giving the dam a cleaned and
fumigated stall at parturition time, the calf being kept in that
clean stall or another similarly cleaned one for about one week
after birth.
_ A farm devoted to the raising of purebred hogs, said to be the
largest of its kind, was kept free from transmissible swine dis-
eases, though situated in a district where cholera was prevalent.
This was accomplished by preventive measures, such as thirty
days’ isolation of newly purchased swine, proper arrangement
and sanitary equipment of buildings and pastures, careful in-
quiry into the sources of purchased feeds, frequent observance
of the physical condition of each member of the herds, and the
applying of approved methods of feeding and breeding.

It has been demonstrated on numerous occasions that proper
housing, ventilation and management are the greatest measures
in the prevention and repression of poultry diseases.

419 T. E. Muncre

Johne's disease of cattle is becoming of serious importance in
some herds, and in our State when it has once gained foothold it
is the most baffling of all diseases. Fortunately not many herds
are afflicted. The best that we can recommend is that breeders
should be very careful not to buy from affected herds.

At the 1913 meeting of this Association it was the unanimous
opinion that the public watering trough was one of the most
important factors in the transmission of glanders and the in-
dividual drinking cup one of the best methods to prevent trans-
mission of that disease. On numerous occasions it has been
proved that those opinions were a stimulus to the installation of
proper preventive measures.

We suggest, in order to bring about more interest and to
stimulate more enthusiastic action in this subject, that the fol-
lowing be given consideration and study by members of this
Association :

1. Let prevention of disease, rather than disease itself, act as
the medium that brings the animal husbandman and the veteri-
narian together.

2. Closer unity of Federal and State officials dealing with
animal diseases, with the various health and educational depart-
ments, physicians, hospitals, medical and agricultural colleges
and other institutions of learning.

3. Veterinary and agricultural colleges could do more toward
disease prevention if stress were placed on this subject during
the courses of instruction.

4. There should be a better understanding by the people of
the intercommunicability of diseases and the relation of animal
diseases to public health.

5. Federal, State, municipal and practicing veterinarians
should become better acquainted with, recommend and practice
preventive methods.

6. Areas now free from disease may be kept free if the owners
of livestock are aware of the danger of purchasing from outside
areas and are familiar with the necessary precautions against
disease.

7. Federal and State officials should give more attention to
maintaining the health of animals on premises where there is no
reason to believe transmissible disease exists.

8. A system of identifying animals whereby they may be
traced to previous owners.

9. Closer cooperation of State, Federal and municipal agents,

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL DisEASES 413
boards of health and butchering establishments with the view of
finding the source of diseased animals.

10. The vendor of a diseased animal, sold for food purposes,
should be liable for the purchase price when such animal is con-
demned in the hands of the butcher. In this connection special
legislation would be helpful.

11. Legislation requiring a tuberculin test of cattle and mal-
lein test.of horses offered at public sales.

12. Strict legislation on the spread of hog cholera and bovine
abortion and other transmissible diseases through public sales.

13. Poultry and sheep diseases cause large losses which could
be materially reduced if our profession were to give more atten-
tion to their prevention.

14. Much could be done by quarantine, sanitary and disin-
feeting measures in preventing influenza in horses and other dis-
eases incidental to shipping, distemper in dogs, ete.

15. Disinfecting of stockyards and stock cars.

16. The value of more publicity through agricultural and
daily press and county farm bureau organizations.

We recommend that this Association appoint a Committee on
Disease Prevention to consider the above suggestions and make
additions; that the committee report at the next meeting of this
Association.

Should not the members of this, the greatest of all associations
of its kind, take advantage of the above examples, which were
made possible by some of our outstanding, wide-awake and think-
ing stockmen, who, by employing the fundamental principles of
prevention, have gone a step beyond us? Should we not take
their examples as our fundamentals and formulate methods
which will do for others what these men have done?

We firmly believe that preventive measures are equally im-
portant as detecting and removing diseased animals. We wish
that more could see and appreciate the importance of prevention.

We are thoroughly optimistic of the future and we believe that
it holds much in store for our profession and stockmen. Our
appeal is that veterinarians and stockmen unite more closely
than ever before; that we think and work in unison as smoothly
as the swinging of a pendulum, to the end that we can spend at
least half of our time and knowledge in devising better methods
of disease prevention rather than in concentrating all our agen-
‘cies upon one line. Until that is done, we veterinarians will not
be in position to act in capacity of expert advisers.

414 T. E. Munce

Veterinarians have a tremendous responsibility. Are we ex-
erting ourselves to the fullest extent to meet this responsibility
adequately ?

If we are to merit the continued confidence of stockmen and
their organizations as expert advisers, we must be able to do in-
finitely more than to diagnose and treat disease.

Stockmen are equally concerned in knowing how to prevent

disease.
DISCUSSION

Dr. MAuRICE C. HALL: The paper which I will present is along the
same line as Dr. Munce’s paper, and I am under the impression that
it does not entirely agree with some of the statements. As you all
know, however, when a paper is read to you it is very easy to mis-
understand it or to get a false impression, and I am not sure that I
have understood Dr. Munce correctly. However, I think he took
the position that prophylaxis was always feasible in the transmission
of a disease, and if my understanding was correct, I can hardly agree
with that statement. I think you all recall that during the “flu”
epidemic during the war a great many elaborate precautions of a
prophylactic nature were taken, to no avail. You will recall that
in connection with yellow fever, before it was known that the mos-
quito was the transmitter of the disease, elaborate prophylactic meas-
ures were used. It is possible to figure out prophylactic measures
even where a life history is not well known, but under those condi-
tions the measures are not usually feasible or practical, and there-
fore not valuable.

Dr. J. A. KIERNAN: I am in thorough accord with all the sentiments
expressed in Dr. Munce’s most admirable paper. I rise only to call
attention to a reference he made to comments from livestock owners
respecting the accredited-herd plan. My understanding of that com-
ment was that animals added to accredited herds are permitted to be
introduced and fully accredited after being subjected to two tuberculin
tests sixty days apart.

From the very inception of the accredited-herd plan it. was recog-
nized that it was not 100 per cent perfect, but it had to be made a
practical operating plan that would fit into the business of raising
livestock. It is true that animals after two tests may be added to
herds, but that it works out in a practical way F want to demonstrate
by data obtained in the retesting of the 8,000 accredited herds that
are upon the list. Some inquiries were made as to the number of
accredited herds removed from the list during the year. These data
cover the fiscal year terminating June 30, 1921. It is true that not
all of the 8,000 herds on the accredited list were subjected to a retest,
but upwards of 3,000 of those herds were. There were removed
from the accredited list during that time 87 herds. Eighty-seven
herds of animals that at a previous test had passed the tuberculin
test upon a second test were found tuberculous and were removed.
For other causes there were removed other animals; for instance,
animals exposed to infection at shows, at livestock expositions; 27
herds were taken off the list for that reason. Of the 87 herds, the
total number, there were but 33 herds containing more than 2 ani-
mals and 14 herds that contained more than 3 animals.

I think any kind of a regulation or any kind of a business that has
so few errors and so few omissions in it, as has this accredited-herd
plan, can stand such criticism as has been made by the owners.
As I say, it is a practical proposition and was made for the practical
owners.

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PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST ANIMAL DISEASES 415

There was another matter mentioned in the paper. I don’t want
to misquote Dr. Munce, but my understanding was that during the
foot-and-mouth disease outbreak complaint was made that the infec-
tion was spread by veterinarians and inspectors. I don’t know how
that was in some territories, but I had the privilege of working in
three or four States and in McDonough County, Illinois, in which there
was more infection than in any similar area in the United States, hav-
ing more than 200 herds condemned in that area. We had occasion
to trace the spreading from farm to farm in defense of that very
accusation that inspectors and veterinarians were distributing the in-
fection, and in not one single instance could we find, after an ex-
haustive investigation, where a veterinarian or inspector had spread
the disease. We traced the origin and spread of infection, and pre-
sented the results at the conference on foot-and-mouth disease held
in Chicago in December, 1914, when a number of livestock owners and
lawyers were casting aspersions upon the veterinary profession that
they were spreading the disease, and we outlined the facts and how
the disease was spread.

COMMISSIONER J. M. WHITTLESEY (Hartford, Conn.): Dr. Munce,
I think, is portraying somewhat eastern conditions. I am from New
England. I think Dr. Munce’s paper is one of great importance. I
wish to call your attention to a few herds we have found in Con-
necticut where evidently the great spread of tuberculosis was the fault
of feeding and managing the cattle. We found some suffering from
malnutrition. We found a very heavy percentage of tuberculosis in
herds that were crowded to the limit of production and housed in
barns the year around and forced during the war to produce the
maximum amount of milk and that suffered physically. We got a
tremendous spread in those herds. I presume that paper of Dr.
Munce’s will interest those who are dealing with eastern conditions
more than the western cattlemen, but it certainly is a very important
subject to me.

Dr. Cary: I think this is a “very valuable paper. I think one of the
most valuable suggestions made by Dr. Munce was the suggestion that
we have a committee appointed by this section or the general associa-
tion to cover this subject and bring out the question of prevention of
various conditions in various parts of our country. I think if it is in
order a motion ought to be made to that effect and have a committee
appointed. Whether it should be done before this section or the
general house is another question, but I think that should not be
overlooked. :

CHAIRMAN JAKEMAN: Dr. Munce, do you wish to reply to the
discussion?

Dr. MuNcE: It was not my intention to reply. I did not intend to
precipitate any discussion or any criticism of the accredited-herd plan,
but I simply expressed as best I could the questions that were brought
to our attention by some of our good stockmen. They asked this
question, If it is safe to accredit cattle whose history in many cases
is unknown, why isn’t it safe to accredit herds on two negative tests
sixty days apart whose history is known?

On the matter of spreading infection by foot-and-mouth disease, I
simply tried to emphasize by that illustration how important it is that
veterinarians—I wasn’t speaking of inspectors or any other branch of
the veterinary profession—be exceedingly careful about carrying in-
fection. We had in Pennsylvania several cases where foot-and-mouth
disease was carried by careless veterinarians.

I made the suggestion in reference to a committee because I felt
that the subject was being neglected as it is, and it is of such tre-
mendous importance that perhaps it might be well to consider that
suggestion, if the Association sees fit, at the general session.

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL

By Herspert L. GILMAN
Department of Obstetrics and Research in the Diseases of
Breeding Cattle, New York State Veterinary College,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

THE STUDY of the infections of the genital organs of the
bull, and the associated structural changes, offers practically
a virgin field for intensely interesting research work. Vet-
erinarians and breeders have long recognized the bull as a po-
tential factor in the spread of genital infections in the herd,
but even then he was usually looked upon as merely a mechani-
cal carrier of the organisms. The fact that he might be an
active spreader has been quite generally overlooked. Too fre-
cuently the ability of a bull to copulate in an apparently normal
manner is taken as conclusive evidence of his procreative powers.
The question as to whether or not the semen contained norma!
active spermatozoa, and whether the genital organs harbored
organisms capable of being transmitted to the female during
ejaculation of the semen, seems to have been entirely disregarded
until comparatively recently.

It has been demonstrated by Carpenter (1) that the genital
organs of cattle harbor several species of organisms, other than
the Bang bacillus, which interfere with reproduction. The
question is, Does the genital tract of the bull become infected
with these same organisms, and if so, are they eliminated with
the semen and is the female infected during copulation? Like-
wise, what gross and histological changes occur in his genitalia,
and if so, what functional changes result therefrom? Clinical
evidence clearly incriminates the bull in a large number of cases,
and the clinical findings, substantiated by laboratory diagnoses,
demonstrate that the bull often becomes a dangerous source of
genital infections in the herd.

Disregard for the part played by the male has by no means
heen confined to the veterinarian, for the physician likewise
has, until comparatively recent years, almost entirely neglected
or failed to appreciate sterility in the male. His part also in
the transmission of the general genital infections has been given
little or no consideration. Careful and painstaking study of the
subject has proven that the percentage of male sterility is quite

416

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL 417

high, and that he plays a very important part in the spread of
venereal infections other than those of a specific type. Even
otherwise normal healthy men are occasionally encountered in
whose semen no spermatozoa are found. Conditions are prac-
tically identical in the bull as far as the work has been carried
on. The genital organs of the bull are even more accessible to
clinical examination than those of man, and his semen more
easily obtained.

ihe bull, when once infected, is a much more dangerous
spreader than the cow, due to his intercourse with so many
females. The cow may spread her infections merely to the bull
or bulls with which she may copulate, while an infected bull
naturally becomes a disseminator to as many females as he
may be called upon to serve. It remains, therefore, for the
veterinarian to consider the bull in the study of genital infec-
tions in every herd which he is called upon to treat. Com-
paratively too much attention has been given to the diseases of
the cow, with practically no consideration of the source and
mode of transmission of the infections.

References to the part played by the bull in the spread of
‘‘eontagious abortion’’ as caused by the Bang bacillus are quite
numerous. Bang (2) originally called attention to this fact,
but came to no definite conclusions. Later MeFadyean and
Stockman (3) attempted but failed to infect cows by using a
soiled bull for service. Hadley and Lothe (4) state: ‘‘A large
number of stockmen hold that the bull is an important factor
in the transmission of contagious abortion in herds. A smaller
number believe that the bull acts merely as a passive carrier
of the abortion disease and is not actively concerned in the
transmission.’’ Their attempts to infect abortion-free heifers
with abortion-infected bulls were negative.

Buck, Creech and Ladson (5) applied the agglutination test
to 325 mature bulls, of which 288 were negative and 37 positive.
Bacillus abortus was isolated from five animals, of which three
showed marked lesions, two in the seminal vesicles, and one in
the left testicle. They conclude: ‘‘B. abortus may involve
organs of the generative apparatus of bulls, producing chronic
inflammatory changes. Of the generative organs, the seminal
vesicles appear to furnish the most favorable site for the lodge-
ment and propagation of abortion infection.’’

Schroeder and Cotton (6) cite the ease of a bull which re-

418 Hersert L. GrMan

acted to the abortion test, and on postmortem B. abortus was
isolated from an abscess of one epididymis. They state: ‘‘Our
attempts to produce a similar case of infection artificially failed ;
and, in agreement with the difficulties many investigators have
had to obtain incriminating evidence against bulls, we have thus
far failed to infect bulls in any way that justifies the assump-
tion that they are important factors in the dissemination of
abortion disease.’’ Further, they conclude: ‘‘Regarding the
dissemination of abortion disease by bulls we may say, however,
that it would be foolhardy in the dim light of our present knowl-
edge to take liberties with reacting bulls, or bulls from infected
herds, or promiscuously used bulls.”’

The work so far discussed shows that B. abortus has ocea-
sionally been isolated from the genitalia of bulls, and that they
do at times react to the agglutination and complement-fixation
tests with B. abortus antigen. Attempts at artificial inoculation
by natural channels have failed, with the possible exception
of McFadyean, Sheather and Minett (7), who were able to in-
fect the bull by the prepuce in two cases and by mouth in one
case. The results, however, are by no means conclusive, and
the duration of the infection and transmission to the cow are
not discussed. They conclude, nevertheless, that cattle of any
age and either sex may be infected by natural channels with
the bacillus of epizootic abortion. Proof of the transmission of
B. abortus by the male to the female has at no time been brought
forward, and even the possibility of his acting as a mechanical
carrier is merely assumed. ;

Hadley (8) states that unquestionably the male often becomes
infected with germs that produce the various secondary dis-
eases in the female, which are more properly classed under the
more inclusive term of ‘‘abortion disease.’’ Further on he states
that douching the bull before and after service certainly will
keep the bull from transmitting the organisms that cause the
secondary infections. One might infer from this that Hadley
believes that the genitalia of the bull become infected with
many varieties of organisms, and that they are transmitted to
the female, producing disease in her reproductive canal. How-
ever, he does not state just what the secondary infections are.
Even though the internal genitalia did become infected, and
the organisms were eliminated during ejaculation, no amount
of douching would prevent the transmission of the infections.

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL 419

The work so far reviewed has been limited to infection with
and the transmission of B. abortus, with no attention to or regard
for other infective agents which have been proven to be inti-
mately associated with diseases interfering with reproduction
in the female. While this organism is a very vital factor in
the problem of genital infections, the organisms usually referred
to as ‘‘secondary invaders’’ are of primary importance and
must never be overlooked if one is to get a clear understanding
of the problem. Their role is by no means insignificant.

The semen, until the work of W. W. Williams (9), received
only slight attention in the study of sterility in cattle. Its nor-
mal character has been simply taken for granted. In his work
he calls attention to the importance of an examination of the
semen in diagnosing sterility in the bull, giving methods for
the collection of samples, staining, and some of the abnormalities
encountered. The work is fundamental and should stimulate
interest in this important method of diagnosis. Later he goes
into a more extended discussion of the problem, concluding that
the clinical examination is of vital importance. Of 40 bulls
examined, he finds that 20, or 50 per cent, showed lessened fer-
tility, and others aside from these showed minor changes in
the genital organs or semen. W. L. Williams (10, 11) calls
attention to the same fundamental problems, and in a subse-
quent paper (12) states: ‘“Clinical studies now indicate with
great clearness that the bull is an active spreader of that group
of genital infections which cause sterility, abortion and related
phenomena. ”’

Most of the present studies have been carried on in cooperation
with the last two mentioned authors, in the hope of correlating
the clinical and laboratory: findings.

In order to bring out the pathological changes encountered,
some points in the anatomy, gross and histological, and physiol-
ogy will be briefly reviewed.

The testicles are relatively large, measuring 14 to 17 em. in
length, including the epididymis, and 6 to 8 em. in diameter.
The tunica albuginea is quite thin and consists of connective
tissue which is rich in elastic fibers. On account of its distinct
connective tissue structure it is not distinguishable from the
tunica vaginalis which is fused with it. Inside the tunica al-
bnginea is a loose layer of connective tissue, which, on account
of its rich supply of blood vessels, is termed the tunica vaseulosa.

420) Herpert lL. GuuMAan

The parenchyma of the testis is of a yellowish gray color. The
mediastinum testis is an axial connective tissue structure run-
ning through the gland, star shaped on section, and sending
numerous connective tissue strands between the lobules. The
lobules consist of the seminiferous tubules, which, on account of
the courses they take in the different regions, are divided into
three groups. The peripheral tubules are the much-contorted
tubuli contorti. These join up to make the tubuli recti, which
near the mediastinum break up to form a network, the rete
testis. The rete proceeds through the mediastinum, to form the
efferent ductules which break through the tunica albuginea, to
form a part of the head of the epididymis. The tubuli contorti,
which form the spermatozoa and make up most of the parenchy-
ma, have a width of 120 to 200 microns. The lobules are made
up of a peripheral thin membrana propria and the seminal
epithelium, which consists of the essential sperm-forming cells
and the cells of Sertoli. The sperm cells are many-layered,
consisting of the peripheral layer of spermatogonia. These in
turn divide, giving rise to a more central layer of primary
spermatocytes, which im turn divide through secondary sperma-
tocytes, spermatids, and finally the spermatozoa are formed. The
cells of Sertoli are large cells of indistinct outline, sending
protoplasmic processes out into the lumen. In the final stage
of transformation of the spermatids into spermatozoa, the latter
bury their heads in these protoplasmic processes of the Sertoli
er nurse cells which furnish them with nutritive material.
F'nally the spermatozoa mature and become free in the lumen.
The interstitial connective tissue between the tubules contains
numerous large interstitial cells. They are comparatively deli-
eate, shehtly granular cells with abundant protoplasm which
contains many fat globules. These cells furnish an internal
secretion which governs the development of the secondary sexual
characters.

The head of the epididymis is made up of lobules formed by
the much-coiled efferent ductules proceeding from the rete.
These ductules unite to form the body of the epididymis, which
remains quite coiled and runs along the posterior medial part
of the testicle, to which it is more or less closely attached. At
the lower extremity of the testicle it forms the tail of the epi-
didymis, finaiil ending in the ductus deferens. The epididymis
is lined by a_ pseudo-stratified, columnar, ciliated epithelium.

|

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL 4?1

Outside this is a membrana propria, a circular muscular layer,
and a connective tissue coat.

The vas deferens is quite narrow (2 mm.) and runs from the
tail of the epididymis to the colliculus seminalis, where it
empties into the uretha. At first it is lined by epithelium like
that of the vas epididymis, but changes over into a stratified
columnar type with occasional motionless cilia. The tunica
propria is a thin fibrous layer. The submucosa consists of thin
connective tissue. Three muscular coats are present, an inner
thin longitudinal layer, middle circular, and outer longitudinal
layer. These are surrounded by the adventitia, made up of
connective tissue, elastic fibers and scattered longitudinal muscu-
lar cells of the internal cremaster muscle. The function is the
conveyance of the spermatozoa with some of the seminal fluid
from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct. Near the posterior
part of the bladder the two ducts are in close apposition, and
for 10 to 12 em. dilate to form the ampulle. Here the mucous
membrane becomes much plicated and not unlike the folds at
the fimbriated end of the oviduct.

The seminal vesicles are compact glandular structures lying
on either side of the median line, dorsal to the ampulle and
ventral to the rectum. In the mature bull they measure 10 to
12 em. in length, 4 em. in width, and about 21% to 3 em. in thick-
ness. The glands are quite tortuous and are often asymmetrical
in size and shape. The excretory duct of each opens into the
urethra in common with the ampulle of the vasa deferentia.
Microscopically the gland consists of vesicles lined by pseudo-
stratified columnar epithelium. On the outside of the gland
is a thick connective tissue layer which sends thin trabecule in
between the vesicles or alveoli. The function is to supply the
principal fluid content of the semen. Spermatozoa occasionally
work up into the lower part of the gland, but ordinarily the
fluid is a gray, milky, mucoid material, containing few or no
spermatozoa. .

The colliculus seminalis is a rounded prominence about 2 to
3 em. in length, at which open the ducts of the vas deferens
and seminal vesicles by small slit-like openings. There is no
distinct ejaculatory duct in animals. The function of the col-
liculus is to prevent admixture of urine with ‘the semen by
shutting off the upper part of the urethra during ejaculation.

The prostate consists of two parts, which are continuous with

HERBERT L. GILMAN

Fig. i—Normal testicle of bull. (High power
magnification.)

Fig. 2--Testicle of bull, showing marked desqua-
mation and degeneration of the seminal. epi-
thelium lining the tubules. (High power.)

SE

<9

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL

Fig. 3—Normal seminal vesicle of bull, (High
power.)

Fig. 4—Seminal vesicle of bull, showing advanced

stages of degeneration and desquamation. The

lining membrane of the vesicles has disappeared

and the lumina are filled with detritus and
exudate. (High power.)

424 Hersert L. Gruman

Fig. 5—Normal ductus deferens of bull. (High
power.)

Fig. 6—Ductus deferens of bull, showing desqua-
mation of the lining membrane and exudate into
the tube lumen. (High power.)

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL 425

each other. The body is 3 to 4 cm. in width, 2 cm. long, and
1 to 1.5 em. in thickness, extending across the dorsal surface
of the neck of the bladder at the origin of the urethra, and
over the colliculus seminalis. The pars disseminata surrounds
the pelvic part of the urethra. Dorsally it is about 10 to 12
mm. thick and ventrally thins out to about 2 mm. The gland
has a branched tubular structure, the interlobular tissue of
which contains much unstriped muscle. The prostatic ducts
open into the urethra in rows, two of which are between two
folds of the mucous membrane that proceed backward from
the colliculus seminalis; two other series occur on either side,
lateral to the folds. The secretion, the function of which is to
furnish part of the seminal fluid and the principal stimulant
to the motility of the spermatozoa, is of an acid reaction, milky,
and quite albuminous.

The Cowper’s glands (bulbo-urethral) are paired, oval struc-
tures, about 3 by 2 em. in size and situated on either side of the
pelvic part of the urethra close to the ischial arch. They are
covered with the urethral muscle, and both empty into the
urethra by a single duct. The structure is compound tubular
mucous glands, the gland tubules of which are lined with a
single layer of cubueal epithelium, and the ducts with two or
three layers of similar cells.

The semen when freshly ejaculated is a cloudy, tenacious,
more or less coagulable fluid rich in albumen. It is weakly
alkaline in reaction, and contains 80 to 90 per cent of water.
Of the solid constituents there is 40 per cent of ash, of which
three-fourths is calcium phosphate. Besides the spermatozoa,
the semen frequently contains epithelial cells, leucocytes, con-
centrie ambyloid concretions and lecithin bodies. When cold,
characteristic phosphoric acid salts are precipitated. The fluid
content is the product of the tubules of the testicles, their ex-
cretory ducts and the accessory sexual glands. This is prin-
cipally secreted by the ampulla or pars glandularis of the vas
deferens and the seminal vesicles. These secretions are thick,
homogeneous and gelatinous, resembling sago soup. The amount
of semen ejaculated is about 5 to 10 e.e.

The spermatozoon of the bull consists of two principal parts,
the head and the tail. The head contains the nucleus and is
solely for the fecundation of the ovum, while the long and thread-
like tail is for motility. The former, which is comparatively

426 Herspert L. GILMAN

large, is divided into a darker staining posterior part, an an-
terior lighter part, and often a still lighter oval area between
the two. On the anterior part of the head is a sharpened edge,
the acrosome, which serves the purpose of perforating the ovum.
The tail is divided into three parts: connecting piece, principal
part, and terminal filament. An axial filament runs through
the entire length of the tail. The connecting piece, which is
the thickest and strongest part, joins the tail proper to the head.
It consists of the central axial filament, a spiral filament around
this, and an outer mitochondrial covering. The principal part
consists merely of the axial filament and a thin outer covering,
while the end piece is quite thin and is made up solely of the
uncovered axial filament. The length of the entire spermatozoon
is 75 to 80 microns, including the head. The head is 9.5 microns
long and 5.5 microns wide.

The spermatozoa are nonmotile when discharged from the
testicle, and do not become motile until they come in contact
with the prostatic secretion (Ellenberger, 13).

The technique used in the collection and staining of the sper-
matozoa is essentially the same as that described by Williams
(9). The methods used in removing the genital tracts and cul-
tural methods of the organisms are identical with those described
by Carpenter and myself in the study of the female genital
tract.

PATHOLOGY

The pathological changes encountered are quite numerous,
but merely the nonspecific types will be considered here.

The testicle seldom presents gross alterations of structure ex-
cept for abscessation, which, according to Williams, occurs more
frequently in the bull than in any other domesticated animal.
He also states that arrest in the development of the testes by
which they remain soft, flaccid and somewhat smaller than nor-
mal is not uncommon. The epididymis is occasionally the seat
of necrotic processes,.as evidenced by swelling, tenderness and
abscess formation. In two instances cases were encountered in
which the head of the epididymis was much enlarged and firm,
due to a chronic proliferative inflammation. On section the ef-
ferent ducts of the epididymis were much atrophied, the lining
membrane was degenerated and desquamated, while the inter-
stitial tissue was much increased in amount. Abscess forma-
tion may oceur either here or at the tail of the epididymis,

Z

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL 427

where it is more frequently encountered. Occasionally the ducts
show slight desquamation and some degeneration of the lining
epithelial cells, without any gross manifestations. Microscopi-

cally, the testicular tissue is the seat of pathological processes.

Perhaps the most frequent condition encountered is desquama-
tion and degeneration of the seminal epithelium. The process
may be seen in various stages, from only slight exfoliation to
almost complete disappearance of the essential semen-forming
cells:(figs. 3 and 4). In one instance total disappearance of the
seminal tissue with marked thickening of the membrana propria
was encountered, associated with an extensive increase of inter-
stitial tissue. In every genital tract examined (146) I have
failed to find one in which there were not present many small
strands of connective tissue between the tail of the epididymis
and the adjacent part of the parietal layer of the tunica vagi-
nalis. In some instances infection was present, while at other
times the strands were evidently the result of some previous in-
fection.

The ductus deferens frequently shows degeneration and ex-
foliation of the lining membrane (figs. 5 and 6), and when this
occurs it is usually associated with changes in either the testicle
or seminal vesicles.

In man the duct becomes occluded by a chronic inflammation,
but so far I have failed to find evidence of this condition in the

bull. Undoubtedly, however, this condition does occur ocea-

sionally.

The seminal vesicles are perhaps the most common seat of
infection and pathological changes. The acute form of inflam-
mation is accompanied in some instances by enlargement either
of one or both glands. On rectal palpation this may be quite
easily distinguished, and pinching of the part causes a distinct
flinching and evidence of pain.

Together with the enlargement it becomes somewhat softer
and flabby or even hard in the early‘stages. On microscopical
examination there is usually extreme hyperemia of the entire
part, with varying degrees of desquamation and degeneration
of the epithelium lining the vesicles. The normal clear mucous
secretion becomes mixed with fibrin, leucoytes and cellular
débris. In the more severe types the entire epithelium becomes
desquamated and neerotie with more or less loss of definite
structure in the gland. Cystie inflammation may oceur, in which

428 HERBERT L. GILMAN

ease the cysts may involve only one or two lobules or occasionally
the entire gland. Abscess formation is not infrequent, in which
case the entire gland becomes made up of small abscesses, or
the entire gland may be one large necrotic encapsulated mass.
Chronic inflammation is evidenced by a distinct enlargement and
firmness of the gland. On microscopical examination most of
the gland is composed of firm sclerotic tissue in which here and
there one finds remains of the degenerating vesicles. This type
may or may not be accompanied by adhesions to neighbdring
parts. In one ease encountered, the glands were much enlarged,
sclerotic and almost lost in a large mass of adhesions.

The prostate and Cowper’s glands no doubt are frequently
involved in inflammatory processes. However, unfortunately,
these glands were more or less neglected in the work, with the
result that changes may have been present though not detected.

The semen presents a most interesting and essential subject
for routine examination and study. While the advances made
so far have been more or less elementary, the work has demon-
strated that its study is a very valuable aid in the diagnosis
of infertility in the bull. Not only is the seminal fluid fre-
quently the carrier of several varieties of bacteria associated
with genital infections, but in a large percentage of cases the
essential spermatozoa are abnormal either in their motility or
morphology or both. Likewise the seminal fluid is subject to
changes which are often detrimental or injurious to the existence
of viable spermatozoa. ‘ :

It has been demonstrated that very frequently the bull harbors
streptococci, micrococci and other organisms associated with
genital infections in the female. These organisms become
localized in the seminal vesicles and testicles, and during ejacu-
lation of the semen are discharged and deposited in the vagina
of the female. Bacteriological studies on the semen are not on
the whole entirely satisfactory, but are sufficient, I believe, +o
demonstrate this fact. The method employed consisted in dench-
ing and disinfecting the vagina and sheath after the method
suggested by Williams. Samples of vaginal mucus were then
taken for study, following which the semen was removed after
coitus. The vagina usually harbors organisms, though on smear
but a few are ordinarily seen. In the bulls of high fertility the
semen obtained by this method failed to show many organisms,
most or all of which probably came from the vaginal mueus.

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BuLuL 429

The semen from many sterile bulls or those of low fertility,
however, clearly showed that a large number of organisms must
have been eliminated with the semen. Likewise the organisms
isolated agreed culturally and morphologically with those found
in diseased seminal vesicles and testicles. Perhaps some of these
organisms were brought in by a penis contaminated by the ex-
terior of the cow, but the number and type of organisms found
would tend to make this source of contamination improbable.

The seminal fluid, besides being frequently laden with bacteria,
is In many cases abnormal. In one instance the fluid was quite
thick, of a yellowish green color, and of a distinct acid reaction.
The secretion from the seminal vesicles was later found to be of
this same character, and the glands had undergone diffuse ab-
scess formation. The fluid may frequently contain pus, or
rarely blood. Decrease in the amount of fluid, or a thin watery
condition, is not infrequently encountered. In one instance
the semen appeared in all ways like a thin, serous fluid.

Distinct changes in the motility and morphology are, however,
the main features to be looked for.in the study of the semen.
Not infrequently complete azoospermia is met with, however,
with quite distinct changes in the character of the seminal fluid.
In the examination of the motility the semen is best studied
with the use of a warm stage, or if this is not available, a drop
of the semen may be placed Upon a warm slide. Motility may
be observed with the aid of the low or high power lens, though
often it is best to use a cover-glass and the oil immersion. Nor-
mal vigorous spermatozoa show a vigorous lasting motility which
persists for hours, or even days under proper conditions. Ab-
normalities of motion are manifested by sluggish motion of all
or part of the cells present, abnormal types of motion, or, in
many instances, entire absence of motion.

Anatomical changes encountered were mostly confined to loss
of the tail, and irregularities in staining of the nucleus. Some
specimens show mostly headless spernis in the field, while others
show but a few without tails. The irregularities in staining
are manifested by unusual difficulty in obtaining a clear dif-
ferential staining of the head. Abnormal forms such as sper-
matozoa with two heads, thickening of the connecting piece of
the tail, diminutive size of the head, ete., are by no means un-
common. Their significance is not understood, but they are

430 Herpert L. GILMAN

probably the product of some derangement in the seminai
epithelium.

The bacteriology of the male genital tract was studied upon the
genitalia of 10 normal young (6 to 8 weeks) calves, 2 mature
fertile bulls and 12 mature infertile bulls. Four aborted fetuses
and 5 calves dying from calf infections (scours and pneumonia)
were also cultured, as well as 11 bulls slaughtered at an abat-
toir. In the latter group no history was available, as was the
case in nearly all of the others.

The seminal vesicles and testicles of the normal calves were
sterile in all but two cases. From these two tracts a staphylo-
coccus was isolated from one seminal vesicle of each. In one
aborted fetus a streptococcus was isolated from both the seminal
vesicles and testicles, this same organism being obtained from
the heart’s blood. In another Bacillus colt was isolated from
all parts, with a general colon septicemia. Micrococci and strep-
tococci were in several instances obtained from the seminal
vesicles, testicles, or both, from this group of animals. In each
instance the organisms were identical with those isolated from
other parts of the fetus or calf.

Adult bulls of known fertility were naturally difficult to ob-
tain, only two being available for examination. These were from
the experimental herd kept by the department, and have always
had an excellent breeding history. One bull had a severe attack
of scours when a few weeks old, while the calfhood history of
the other is not known, he having been bought after sexual ma-
turity. Cultures from the genital tract from the first-mentioned
bull were entirely negative except for the presence of a strepto-
coccus isolated from the left epididymis and left scrotal sac.
All organs were normal except for numerous fine connective
strands running from the tail of the epididymis to the adjacent
part of the parietal layer of the tunica vaginalis in both testes.
The tract of the other failed to show any organisms. The only
evidence of any abnormality was the presence of the same fine
connective tissue strands as were in the other tract.

In the mature sterile bulls, or those of low fertility, there was
a comparatively wide variation in the type of organisms en-
countered, though the streptococci and micrococci were the most
common invaders. The tail of the epididymis and the seminal
vesicles are the most common seat of infection, the latter being
infected in nearly all sterile bulls so far examined. One very

“

ee

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL 431

interesting case noted was that of a bull with a history of sud-
denly becoming sterile. The semen was semifluid, greenish yel-
low in color, and contained very few nonmotile spermatozoa.
On postmortem the vesicles had undergone abscess formation and
contained the same greenish yellow material which had been dis-
charged during copulation. Streptococcus hemolyticus and Pseu-
domonas pyocyaneus were isolated from both vesicles. In one
bull a watery condition of the semen was found to be due to eystie
degeneration of the vesicles.

The tracts obtained from abattoir bulls were not always in-
fected, but most of those examined bacteriologically demon-
strated that the infection is quite widespread. Gross and histo-
logical changes of the seminal vesicles were by no means un-
common, as well as degeneration and desquamation of the semi-
nal epithelium of the testes.

Micrococcus aureus and albus were isolated in nearly all cases,
though usually associated with Streptococcus viridans or hemo-
lyticus. When checked up with the organisms found in the
semen, the two appeared to be identical in every way. Bacillus
colt was encountered but twice, and then in the vesicles.

I have so far failed to obtain Bacillus abortus from any tract,
either by direct culture or guinea-pig inoculation. The agglu-
tination tests with B. abortus antigen were all negative except
for two bulls from the abattoir. In three instances an organism
was isolated from the seminal vesicles which agreed culturally
and morphologically with B. abortus, but guinea-pig inoculation
with the cultures of the organism failed to identify it as the
Bang bacillus. Likewise an antigen made from the cultures
were not agglutinated by positive abortion serum.

Clinically, the diagnosis of sterility rests principally upon an
examination of the semen, testicles and seminal vesicles. As
stated before, in examining the semen one should note the re-
action, quantity of sediment and character of the fluid. The
spermatozoa should be examined for the relative number present
and their motility, which may be vigorous, sluggish or absent.
In staining one must look for poor staining of the head and for
morphological abnormalities. The presence of bacteria, leuco-
eytes or an unusual number of desquamated cells is to be noted.
The testicles in each case should be examined for abscess forma-
tion, atrophy or any chronic enlargement, especially of the
epididymis.

432 Herspert L. GmMAN

The seminal vesicles in many cases will, on physical examina-
tion, be enlarged and firm, soft and flabby, or otherwise diseased.
Abscess formation, or cystic degeneration is not uncommon, and
occasionally the glands ean not be palpitated, due to their being
lost in a dense mass of adhesions to neighboring structures. Sen-
sitiveness on pressure is usually evidenced by a distinct flinching
on the part of the animal. On the other hand, the vesicles may
show no macroscopic evidence of inflammation, it being upon on
microscopical section that the gland is found diseased. The
spermatozoa will not live in a fluid not suited to their delicate
requirements, and since the vesicles furnish most of the seminal
fluid which is generally materially altered when the gland be-
comes infected, these glands should be given a careful examina-
tion. Abnormal semen may not be associated with diseased
testes, but this is almost invariably the case with diseased seminal
vesicles.

While the work so far is but in its infaney, the results are
such as to demonstrate that the bull often becomes infected and
may be a dangerous source of infection in the herd. The semen
is very frequently abnormal and contains bacteria which are
similar to or identical with those isolated on postmortem examina-
tion from diseased genitalia, especially the seminal vesicles.
Likewise these organisms found in the semen are very frequently
associated with a wide variety of genital infections in the female.
Clinically, as stated by Williams (12) : ‘‘The cows served by one
bull conceive in larger percentage than those served by another.
Cows pregnant by a bull of low fertility abort in larger ratio
than cows bred to bulls of high fertility. Those cows which are
sterile after having been bred to bulls of low fertility often prove
persistently sterile when bred to highly fertile bulls. In these
cases not only has the bull ejaculated an infection fatal to the
spermatozoa and ovum of the coitus concerned, but he has im-
planted in the genital tract of the cow an infection which pre-
vents fertilization in the future by a fertile bull.”’

One valuable purebred animal coming to my attention had
previously given birth to four normal healthy calves. She was
then bred to a pedigreed bull whose history was not looked into.
Abortion took place at eight months, with death of the calf, and
the cow barely recovered from a severe septic metritis. It
would not be surprising to find that her breeding career was at
an end.

GENITAL INFECTIONS IN THE BULL 433

In one purebred herd attended by Dr. W. W. Williams, serv-
ice to certain bulls was invariably followed by cervicitis, which
later developed into salpingitis, leaving cow after cow hope-
lessly sterile. The semen and, as found later, the seminal vesicles
of these bulls contained virulent streptococci and the seminal
vesicles were badly diseased, as demonstrated by clinical and
histological examination. .

The finding of the fine connective strands between the tail of
the epididymis and the adjacent part of the parietal layer of the
tunica vaginalis in every bull examined so far demonstrates the
extent of the presence of some infection of the male genital tract
at some time during life. The presence of organisms in the geni-
tal tracts of aborted fetuses and of calves dying from some form
of ealf infection may signify that infection localizes in the parts
early in life, either to die out or lie dormant until sexual matur-
ity, when it becomes intensified, especially by excessive sexual
strain. The fact that the tracts from the healthy calves failed to
show any bacteria, while those from diseased calves and aborted
fetuses usually harbored bacteria, tends to the belief that bac-
teria are not normally found in the male genital tract. This
appears to be so in the young, at any rate. Of the two adult bulls
with a good breeding history, one showed no organisms, and the
other infection of only one epididymis and scrotal sae. It is in-
teresting to note that the bull harboring the infection, which. by
the way, was not discharged in the semen as far as I could find,
had had the attack of scours while a calf. Both bulls, however,
were used moderately and were douched before and after each
service. The presence of the fibrous strands on the epididvmis
shows that infection had been present in both bulls. Hema-
togenous origin of the infection is always possible even in the
adult. On the other hand, while there is no convincing evidence
to support it, urethral infection from serving diseased cows is
very probable. ;
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. CARPFNTFR, C. M.. Professor of Bacteriology, New York State
Veterinary College, Cornell University.

2. BANG, RB. Die Atiolomie des seuchafen (infectidsen) Verwerfens.
Zeit. Thiermed., Band I, S. 241, 1897.

Das Senchenhaften Verwerfen der Rinder. Arch. Wiss.

u. Prakt. Thierheilk., Band 33, S. 312, 1907.

3. Report of English Commission on Epizootic Abortion, Appendix

to Part I, p. 17, 1909.
4, HapLEy, F. B., and LotHe, H. The Bull as a Disseminator of

434 Hersert L. GIuMAN

Contagious Abortion. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 50,
1916-17, p. 1438.

5. Buck, J. M., CREECH, G. T., and LApson, H. H. Bacterium Abor-
tus Infection of Bulls (Preliminary Report). Jour. Agr.
Research, August, 1919.

6. SCHROEDER, E. C., and Cotton, W. E. The Bull as a Factor in
Abortion Disease.

7. MCFADYEAN, SHEATHER and MINETT. Researches Regarding Epi-
zootic Abortion. Jour. Compar. Path. and Ther., vol. 26,
p. 142, 1918.

8. HADLEY, F. B. Contagious Abortion Questions Answered. Wis.
Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 296, Sept., 1918.

9. WILLIAMS, W. W. Technique of Collecting Semen for Laboratory
Examination with a Review of Several Diseased Bulls. Cor-
nell Veterinarian, vol. 10, No. 2.

10. WiLLIAMS, W. L. The Diseases of Bulls. Cornell Veterinarian,
vol. 10, No. 2.

11. WILLIAMS, W. W. Diseases of the Bull Interfering With Repro-
duction. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 2 (n. s.), No. 1.

12. WILLIAMS, W. L. Report of New York State Veterinary College,
Cornell University, 1919-20.

13. ELLENBERGER. Vergl. Mikroskop. Anatomie der Haustiere, vol. 2.

VETERINARY PRACTICE IN ST. KITTS

Dr. Ernest F. Jardine, Government Veterinary Surgeon for
St. Kitts, British West Indies, in sending in his application for
membership in the A. V. M. A., sends the following brief but
interesting description of his environment and work:

St. Kitts is an area of about sixty-eight square miles, has a
population of 25,000, chiefly black. It is a mountainous island,
the tallest mountains being from 3,000 to 4,500 feet high. There
is only one road, practically speaking, and that one leads around
the island, so if you start at a given point and keep going you
will reach the place from which you started.

The island is very healthy, and, many of us think, very pretty,
having the high mountains with green verdure in the centre,
and the sea always in view.

I have a contract with most of the estates on the island to
do the veterinary work at so much per quarter. They pay ac-
cording to the number of animals kept, irrespective of the dis-
tanee. An estate one mile from town may pay three times as
much as one fifteen miles away. That being the case, I leave
colic draughts for emergency cases. In the contract everything
is included from ecastrating madam’s tom eat to any major
operation on the most valuable animal on the place. The amount
of work I have to do would be worth twice as much in a big coun-
try, but living and house rent and one or two other items are
much cheaper; the one counterbalances the other.

cll PO =

. pc ee

Yes

SOME STUDIES IN SWINE ABORTION *

By Frep Hayes
Umversity of California, Davis, Calif.

THE MATERIAL presented in this paper is the result of
about a year’s investigational work on swine abortion. In May,
1920, Hayes and Traum reported the results of some preliminary
investigations made in three outbreaks of swine abortion in Cali-
fornia caused by Bacterium abortus (Bang). No eultural,
morphologic or biologie difference could be noted between the
isolated swine strains and those from cattle, except that the
porcine strains grew more abundantly and did not seem to de-
velop such a deep brown pigment as did the bovine strains.
This difference, however, was not constant. Since writing the
above-mentioned report, absorption tests with rabbit sera im-
munized against three hog strains from our three different out-
breaks, rabbit sera immunized against two bovine strains, guinea-
pig serum immunized against one bovine strain, and serum from
a naturally infected cow have shown no difference between the

organism of bovine origin and those in swine. Porcine strains

proved, on the whole, to be more virulent for guinea-pigs, caus-
ing, with a few exceptions, involvement of the testes and one or
both radiocarpal regions, also general adenitis. Thirteen of 22
guinea-pigs moculated with porcine strains succumbed within
two months, while none of the 12 inoculated with bovine strain
died of infection during that period. The dose for each guinea-
pig in the above series was similar.

Before publishing our findings a search was made through the
index pages of publications in which the etiology of abortion in
swine would be discussed. ‘This revealed to us reference to but
one report in which Bacterium abortus (Bang) had been in-
eriminated as the cause of a natural outbreak of this disease.
This reference called attention to the work of Good and Smith,
wherein they described an extensive outbreak of swine abortion
in Kentucky caused by Bacterium abortus (Bang). Traum in
1914 had isolated Bacterium abortus (Bang) from the liver,
stomach contents and kidney of an aborted fetus from a herd of
swine in which many abortions had oeeurred. No exact history

‘Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.
435

436 Frep HaAyEs

was obtained or further work done in this herd. Later (1919)
Connaway, Durant and Newman of Missouri produced abortion
in pregnant sows by artificial infection with Bacterium abortus
(Bang) of bovine origin. Doyle and Spray reported in August,
1920, the isolation of an organism indistinguishable from Bac-
terium abortus (Bang) from a number of outbreaks of swine
abortion in Indiana. The report of the Committee on Diseases
of the United States Live Stock Sanitary Association for 1920
makes reference to the work of Schlegel in Germany wherein
Bacterium abortus (Bang) was found to be the cause of certain
outbreaks of swine abortion. Other investigations with this or-
ganism in relation to abortion in swine are known to be in
progress at the present time. These reports, combined with the
clinical observation of abortion in swine for many years, indicate
increasing evidence that the abortion bacterium is of greater
significance in this species than has been generally recognized.
The fact that hogs have for many years consumed uncooked
dairy products and associated with infected cattle giving off
virulent abortion organisms, without serious epidemics of swine
abortion developing until recently, is not to be considered lightly
in the future if the maximum fertility of breeding stock is to be
maintained.

Our principal investigations have been carried on in one herd
of swine naturally infected with Bacterium abortus (Bang) and
with a small herd artificially infected. The results of the ex-
periments herein reported and the interpretations placed upon
them can only be suggestive. However, they may be of value as
data are accumulated.

VIRULENCE OF ISOLATED PORCINE STRAINS

In the three infected herds reported in a preliminary paper
Bacterium abortus (Bang) was so abundant in the fetuses, fetal
fluids and fetal membranes, and so easily cultivated, that little
doubt was entertained as to its etiological importance. To test
the power of the strains obtained from the three outbreaks to
produce abortion, six first-time pregnant Duroe sows, negative
to the agglutination test, were given emulsions of 48-hour-old
cultures of our porcine strains. Three of these sows each re-
ceived 1.5 mils of a heavy emulsion intravenously. The other
three each received 10 mils of one of the organisms in their

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Some Srupres iN Swine ABortTION 437
mash twice a day for two consecutive days. Weekly agglutina-
tion tests were performed until the subsequent farrowing.

Sow No. 1119 was fed culture 1 (7) in the manner stated
above. Complete agglutination of bovine and swine antigens
with 0.02 ¢.c. serum oceurred on the thirteenth day after feed-
ing. The agglutinating titer of her serum never went appre-
ciably higher than this, and she farrowed ten live but weak
looking pigs 83 days after being fed. Bacterium abortus (Bang)
was isolated from the fetal membranes and from the stomach
contents of one of the pige which was killed immediately after
birth.

Sow No. 1124, fed in a similar manner with culture 3 (2), ag-
glutinated bovine and swine antigens in 0.01 ¢.. of serum on
the twenty-first day after feeding, and the titer remained at
this point for 53 days longer. Her serum then became negative
in 0.02 ¢.¢., and she farrowed nine healthy looking pigs 89 days
after feeding the culture. Ageglutination remained negative in
0.02 ¢.c. for about ten months more, at which time she again
farrowed nine live pigs. Bacteriwm abortus (Bang) was isolated
from the fetal membranes at first farrowing but not at the second.

Sow No. 1127, fed in a similar manner with culture 1 (1), ag-
glutinated bovine and swine antigens with 0.01 ¢.c. of serum on
the twenty-first day after feeding, and the titer remained at this
point for 28 days longer. Agglutination then became complete
with 0.002 ¢. c. for 21 days more, at which time she farrowed
ten normal appearing pigs. On the day she farrowed her blood
serum agglutinated in 0.005 ¢.¢., but returned to positive in
0.002 ¢.c. in a week and remained at this point for eight months
longer. This sow later farrowed eight live pigs and one dead
one. Bacteriwm abortus (Bang) was not isolated from the fetal
tissues at either farrowing.

Sow No. 1118 received 1.5 ¢.c. of a heavy emulsion of 48-
hour porcine strain culture 1 (7) intravenously. On the eighth
day after injection her blood serum gave complete agglutination
with 0.002 ¢.c. On the twenty-seventh day after injection she
aborted fetuses in about the sixth week of pregnaney. Bacterium
abortus (Bang) was readily isolated from the fetal membranes
and stomach contents of a fetus. For about two months after
the abortion her blood continued to give complete agglutination
with 0.002 ec. During the next nine months she was positive
in 0.02 ¢.c. but not in smaller quantities. This sow farrowed

438 Frep HaAvyEs

ten live but weak pigs and one dead pig practically seven months
after the abortion. Bacteriwm abortus (Bang) was obtained
from the stomach contents of the dead pig. Six months later she
again farrowed seven live weak and four dead pigs.

Sow No. 1126 received an intravenous injection of porcine
culture 1 (1). On the eighth day her blood serum gave complete
agglutination with 0.002 ¢.c. The agglutinating titer remained
at least this high for thirteen months against both bovine and
swine antigens. Twenty-five days after the injection she far-
rowed eight live normal pigs. Bacteriwm abortus (Bang) was
obtained from the fetal membranes and the stomach contents
of one of this litter killed before suckling. Seven months after
the injection she again farrowed five normal live pigs and six
months later she gave birth to nine live normal progeny.

Sow No. 1121, supposed to have been pregnant when pur-
chased for the infection experiment, proved not to be so, but
received an intravenous injection of culture 3 (2). She was
bred three months after the injection. Her blood serum ag-
glutinated bovine and porcine strains with 0.002 ¢.c. on the
eighth day. This power was maintained for a little more than
six months, and at the seventh month after injection she far-
rowed nine live pigs and one dead pig. Three weeks later pos-
terior paresis and a vaginal discharge developed, from which she
improved slowly during the next two months. When able to
walk alone, though with difficulty, she was bred. A month later
she was butchered and found to be pregnant. There was no
visual evidence of infection in the pregnant womb. Bacterium
abortus (Bang) was not isolated.

A review of this experiment in infection with Bacteriwm
abortus (Bang) indicates that actual abortion is produced with
difficulty by artificial infection. Sow No. 1118, injected intra-
venously, gave a rather classical result by aborting in 27 days.
The effect of feeding and injection upon the other five sows,
however, was benign, notwithstanding evident implantation of
the infection. Their breeding qualities were not materially
lessened, although a few of the pigs were born weak and did
not long survive.

Some strains of Bacteriwm abortus (Bang) are known to lose
their virulence under laboratory cultivation while maintaining
their biological ability to produce agglutinins. The cultures
used in these experiments were isolated from virulent natural

Some StrupiEs IN SWINE ABORTION 439

outbreaks and had not been under laboratory cultivation for
more than a month. In five of the six sows infection became es-
tablished as indicated by the production of agglutinins and by
the recovery of Bacterium abortus (Bang) from the fetal tissues.

In these artificial infection experiments just described, and
also in an experiment with eight young boars and barrows fed or
injected with mixed strains of porcine abortion cultures, anti-
bodies appeared in 0.002 ¢.c. of serum in about eight days in
those injected, and in from 21 to 30 days in those fed with
cultures.

There apparently are some contributing factors in field infee-
tion that do not oceur in artificial attempts to produce abortion
with Bacterium abortus (Bang).

AGGLUTINATION REACTIONS IN NATURALLY INFECTED HERDS

In March, 1920, monthly agglutination tests were begun in a
naturally infected herd (Herd 2) of 60 purebred swine in which
six abortions had occurred between February 8 and March 2,
1920. Quantities of 0.02, 0.01, 0.005 and 0.002 ¢.c. of the serum
to be tested were added to 1 ¢.c. of the antigen. Both porcine
and bovine antigens were used in every test. This was the regu-
lar routine, although higher dilutions were frequently made.
Whenever complete agglutination occurred with 0.01 ¢.c. of
serum the hog was designated as a positive.

On the first test there were 29 positive, including the 6 abort-
ers, and 31 negative. One month later 6 had changed from nega-
tive to positive and 3 from positive to negative, although these
new negative sows did not continue to be negative throughout
the year.

A study of these agglutination test records for the year shows
that practically all of the reactors continued to agglutinate in
amounts of serum from 0.02 to 0.005 ¢.c. for the entire time, and
that only 11 animals out of the 48 tested monthly throughout
one year remained: consistently negative. It is difficult to analyze
the agglutination records for interpretation and to account for
fluctuations that were obtained in the titer of serum from some
of the hogs at different times. The majority of the monthly re-
sults, however, were very consistent throughout the year. At the
end of the year there appears to be the beginning of a fall in the
agelutinating titer in the animals that were regularly positive
during this period. Pregnancy and the farrowing act do not

440 Frep Hayes

seem to alter consistently the quantity of agglutinins in the blood
serum.
AGGLUTINATION TESTS AND INFECTION IN Pigs

It has been of interest to observe whether agglutinins are
transmitted from positive mothers to their offspring at birth, and
also to note whether agglutination will oceur in pigs nursing
infected mothers. We have not found agglutinins present in
new-born pigs, but only a small number have been tested. <A
total of 116 pigs have been tested at weaning time. Of this
number 73 were from positive reacting mothers and 43 from
negative mothers, and Bacterium abortus (Bang) was isolated
from 8 sows out of the 19 giving birth to the 116 pigs. All of
these weanlings gave negative reactions. Eighteen of them, all
from artificially infected mothers, were placed in a noninfected
environment and their blood serum tested again when they were
3,5 and 7 months of age. They were still negative to the: test.
Thirty-four (from 8 different monthers—6 positive and 2 nega-
tive to the agglutination test) were left in an infected environ-
ment and were tested again when they were six months of age.
Seventeen reacted positively and 17 negatively.

It appears from this limited observation that neither agglu-
tinins nor virulent abortion organisms are transmitted to the
offspring at birth or while suckling. It is suggested that a new,
and not a latent, infection was responsible for the appearance
of antibodies in these 17 shoats left in an infected environment.

BREEDING QUALITIES AS AFFECTED BY BACTERIUM ABORTUS
(BANG)

The breeding records of eight sows out of eleven known
aborters in two herds are available for study in Table 1.

With the exception of sow No. 1118, all of these aborters were
in two herds in which the infection suddenly developed during
February, 1920, and as suddenly disappeared so far as actual
abortions were concerned. No treatment was instituted in these
herds except quasi isolation of the aborting sows for the period
of any genital discharge. Of the 8 that were retained for
breeding, 6 bred and farrowed normally the following fall.
One was difficult to get in pig and farrowed 7 live pigs and 1
dead one 15 months after the abortion. The other sow (No.
1118) bred at her regular time but farrowed 1 dead pig in a
litter of 11. '

Some Srupres IN SwInE ABORTION 441

TABLE 1.—BREEDING RECORD OF SOWS SUBSEQUENT TO ABORTION (AUG. 20, 1921)

Date of :
Ne. ination | Date Farrowed Remarks
| |
17, Herd 2| Feb. 6, 1920 | Following fall and spring litters | No history since.
(77 days) normal.
$, LEGzi % || Lat SAN IC)" ARS RnR een nese Sold March 10, 1921.
(70 days) j
First litter
6, Herd 2| Feb. 14,1920 | March 15, 1921 (7 live, 1 dead).! Difficult to get with pig.
(97 days) |
Second litter
33, Herd 1 | Feb 14, 1921 | Had normal fall litter (No.?). | No history since.
(67 days)
Td. (eiett) 2) || Le LG Oe ERE Cee ee Oa aera Sold March 10, 1921.
(94 days)
Second litter

46, Herd 2| Feb. 17, 1920 | Oct. 6, 1920 (6 normal).
(94 days) March 29, 1921 (3 normal).
First litter

20, Herd 1 epee = Had normal fall litter (No.?). No history since.
(72 days

20, Herd 2| Feb. 21, 1920 | August 30, 1920 (12 normal). Posterior paresis for three
(47 days) April 15, 1921 (9 normal). weeks during April, 1920.

‘ Recovered.
21, Herd 1| Feb. 23, 1920. Eolersae fall and spring litters | No history since.
normal.

Si. Tt Zi) es AO) eee aa Seer Posterior Bares, April, 1920.
(108 days) Died May 16, 1921.

1118, Exp. | April 19,1920 | Oct. 10, 1920 (10 live, 1 dead). Artificially aed sow. In-
(42 days) April 6, 1921 (7 live, 4 dead). | porte March 18, 1920 (in-

tra).

Observations have also been made upon the breeding records
of sows in an infected herd in which regular agglutination tests
have been made. In Table 2 a record is given of the breeding
history of sows whose sera showed an agglutinating titer of at
least 0.01 ¢.c. against both bovine and porcine antigens through-
out the year. Table 3 records similar observations upon sows
whose sera failed throughout the year to agglutinate bovine and
porcine antigens in 0.02 c.e. or less.

A review of Table 2 shows that the 26 positive sows farrowed
276 live and 24 dead pigs during the year. Two became sterile.
Ten farrowed no dead pigs and 16 gave birth to one or more dead
pigs. In this record are 11 gilts that were positive to the agglu-
tination test from 6 oe to a year before farrowing. Five
of these (Nos. 35, 68, 75, 51, 60) farrowed from 1 to 4 dead pigs.
Bacterium abortus pet was isolated from only 1 gilt (No.
68) at birth of pigs. From the 6 that farrowed no dead pigs,
Bacterium abortus (Bang) was isolated from 4 (Nos. 9, 66,
73, 50). Of course Bacterium abortus (Bang) might have been
present in more of the sows in either group, but it was not found.
At least 2 of the sows (Nos. 28 and 42) discharged Bacterium
abortus (Bang) at both the first and second litters during the
year.

442 Frep Hayes

TABLE 2.—BREEDING Record oF Sows SHOWING AGGLUTINATION AGAINST BoviNE PorCcINE
ANTIGENS

Number of Pigs

Sow No. Date of Farrowed Remarks
Farrowing = ——————
Live Dead
9 Apr. 12, 1920 7 0 First and second litters.
Apr. 3, 1921! 10 0
28 Mar. 10, 1920 9 1 Had 3 previous normal litters.
Sept. 8, 1920:| 10 1
35 Mar. 20, 1920 3 4 First litter.
2 Aug. 17, 1920! 9 0 Had 1 previous litter.
Mar. 13, 1921) 11 ]
45 Oct. 4, 1920 10 0 Bred several times between Novy , 1919,
Mar. 31, 1921] 7 0 and June, 1920. Had vaginal dis-
charge Mar., 1920.
49 Oct. 16, 1920! 7 3 Bred several times for this litter.
52 Sept. 12, 1920! 6 3 Had 4 previous litters.
Mar. 4, 1921! 12 0
54 Sept. 5, 1920! 6 3 Had 4 previous litters.
Mar. 4, 1921) 12 0
55 Mar. 5, 1920 3 0 First and second litters.
Apr. 8, 1920 9 0
56 Sept. 8, 1920 ial 0 First and second litters.
Mar. 17, 1921 8 0

66 Mar. 12, 1921) 8 0 Gilt first litter. Positive for year before

farrowing.

68 Mar. 10, 1921: 4 1 do. .

71 Mar. 23, 1921 3 0 do.

73 Mar. 8, 1921! 4 0 do.

75 Mar. 17, 1921 9 i do.

31 Mar. 28, 1920 11 2 Had vaginal discharge following first lit-

Mar. 6, 19211 9 1 ter. Recovered and bred Novy. 11,
1920, for last litter.

Ze | Soe ya notin 4 lcoamerocdl pacocmoons Sterile. Chronic endometritis found
upon autopsy. Had 8 dead pigs
Nov., 1919.

43 Sept. 5, 1920 Zh 3 Sold. Not in pig April, 192].

iM aS Saacoao odds za Be Sterile. strum absent. Had had 5
litters.

50 Aug. 12, 1920) 4 0 Gilt first litter Positive 5 months
before farrowing.

51 June 7, 1920 10 1 Gilt first litter. Positive 3 months
before farrowing.

60 Mar. 17, 192] 10 1 Gilt first litter. Positive 11 months
before farrowing. Had vaginal dis-
charge before breeding.

61 Mar. 19 1921 8 0 Gilt first litter. Positive for 9 months
before farrowing.

65 Sept. 1, 1921 3 0 Gilt first litter. Positive for 5 months

_ before farrowing.
1126 Apr. 12, 1920! 8 0 Sow intravenously infected Mar. 19,
Oct. 18, 1920 5 0 1920
Apr. 21, 1921 S 0
1127 May 27, 1920 10 0 Sow fed cultures Mar. 18 and 19, 1920.
Jan. 10, 1921 8 | J

1 Bacterium abortus (Bang) isolated from either the placenta, organs of dead pigs, or vaginal
swabs.

TABLE 3.—BREEDING RECoRD OF Sows FaiLinG TO AGGLUTINATE AGAINST BOVINE AND
PorcINE ANTIGENS
|
| Number of Pigs
Sow No. Date of Farrowed Remarks
Farrowing
Live Dead
32 Apr. 16, 1920 6 2 Had 1 previous litter.
Sept. 28, 1920 12 1
Apr. 5, 1921 4 | 3
37 Mar. 28, 1920 8 5 First, second and third litters.
Oct. 7, 1920 ali 0
Mar. 29, 1921 3 1
69 Mar. 7, 1921 8 0 First litter
41 Apr. 16, 1920 13 0 Feb. 21, 1919—farrowed 8 dead pigs.
Oct. 8, 1921 12 0
Apr. 1, 1921 10 1
53 Mar. 8, 1920) 4 10 Had 2 previous normal litters.
Oct. 7, 1920 8 3

1 Bacterium abortus (Bang) isolated from placenta.

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Some Srupres In SwINE ABORTION 443

In Table 3, five negative sows farrowed 99 live and 26 dead
pigs during the year. Bacteriwm abortus (Bang) was isolated
from the placenta of only one (No. 53) of these negative sows,
although dead pigs appeared in some of the different litters
of all of the sows except one. In fact the negative sows farrowed
a higher percentage of dead pigs than did the positive sows.

These results seem to suggest that in the case of young gilts
infection as indicated by a positive agglutination reaction does
not indicate disaster at the first pregnancy to any greater extent
than in sows that have had previous litters; that sows may har-
bor the organisms in the tissues and eliminate them through the
genital organs at a normal farrowing; and that some infected
sows fail to produce agglutinins to any diagnostic extent.

TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION BY COPULATION

Naturally the question of the transmission of Bacterium abor-
fus (Bang) by breeding infected boars to noninfected sows and
noninfected boars to infected sows is as important as this breed-
ing problem is in bovine abortion. If the results of experiments
in swine are applicable to cattle we should have data in the near
future that will aid in drawing some positive conclusions upon
this question, as well as upon several others concerning which a
difference of opinion exists. Some preliminary experiments
have been made during the past year in an attempt to throw
light upon this phase of the abortion problem.

Ten young boars, which were the offspring of the sows used
in the artificial infection experiment referred to earlier in this
paper, were utilized in one experiment in an effort to isolate
Bacterium abortus (Bang) from the testicular tissues. It will
be recalled that these sows gave positive agglutination reactions
at the birth and during the suckling period of the pigs. The
boars had been kept in a noninfected environment and remained
negative to test until they were 6 to 8 months old. At this
time 8 were injected intravenously and 2 subcutaneously with
2 mils of a saline emulsion of 48-hour-old cultures of three

strains of porcine Bacteriwm abortus (Bang). Eight days after

the injection 8 of these boars were positive to the agglutination
test in 0.002 ce. One injected intravenously was positive to
0.01 ¢.¢., and the other, injected subcutaneously, showed no anti-
bodies in 0.02 ¢.c. Fourteen days after the injection 9 were
castrated (one having been retained as an infected breeding

444 FrRepD HAYES

boar), and 2 ¢.c. of a saline eniulsion of the testicle and epididy-
mis of each was injected into two guinea-pigs. The guinea-pigs
remained well and produced no agglutinins to Bacterium abor-
tus (Bang) during the next 30 days.

A similar experiment was tried with 7 young boars from the
same source and negative to the agglutination test since birth.
These were fed 10 mils of a 48-hour-old mixed culture of porcine
strains twice a day for 6 days. No great amount of infection
could be demonstrated by the presence of agglutinins. In about
30 days the blood of 4 of these boars agglutinated in only
0.02 to 0.01 ¢.c., and 3 of them showed no agglutinins in 0.02 e.e.
Fifty-four days after feeding the cultures all 7 were castrated.
Guinea-pigs inoculated with the testicular tissue gave negative
results for Bacterium abortus (Bang).

Observations relative to the transmission of abortion infection
by positive boars and the infection of boars by positive sows
under natural field conditions are difficult to interpret and are
not extensive in our experience. In the experimental herd in
which natural infection was recognized during February, 1920,
there are three herd boars that have been negative to the ag-
glutination test throughout the year, notwithstanding the fact
that they have served a number of positive sows during this
period.

With reference to transmission of the infection by the positive
boar, our observations are confined to two cases, and these are
not yet conclusive. An aged Duroc boar that became naturally
infected over a year ago was bred in March, 1921, to a negative
gilt. This gilt had been negative to the test since birth, although
born of an infected sow, and she had been kept in noninfected
pens. On July 18 she farrowed one live and four dead pigs.
During pregnancy and up to one day after farrowing there were
no agglutinins. Bacterium abortus (Bang) was not isolated,
but from the thoracic fluid of one of the dead pigs a Gram-
negative gas-producing organism not yet identified was obtained.

Another gilt (No. 650) with history practically identical to
the one just described was also bred to this infected boar. She |
remained negative during pregnancy and farrowed August 18,
1921, 9 normal pigs. A small macerated fetus about 7.5 em.
in length was found shed with the afterbirth. Cultures have
not yet been identified. It may be added that the infected boar
bred to these gilts has since been castrated. Guinea-pig inocu-

Some Strupies IN SwINE ABORTION 445

lations of his testicular tissue proved negative for Bacterium
abortus (Bang).

LOCALIZATION OF BACTERIUM ABORTUS (BANG) IN TISSUES OF
INFECTED SWINE

In attempts to locate Bacterium abortus (Bang) in the tissues
other than testicular, we have data on a few hogs with different
histories of infection. In the young boar infection feeding ex-
periment mentioned above there were included two negative
barrows (Nos. 602 and 603) which were also fed cultures of
Bacterium abortus (Bang). Agelutinins appeared in 0.02 e.e.
in about 30 days, and in 3 months after having been fed the
culture emulsions the barrows were butchered. Guinea-pigs
were each injected subcutaneously with 2 mils of a saline emul-
sion of the kidney, spleen, liver and thyroid and 2 mils of urine
from barrow No. 602. Similar injections, with the addition of
scrapings from the urethral mucosa, were made into guinea-pigs
from the tissues of barrow No. 703. The results of this ex-
periment are not complete, because the guinea-pigs injected
with liver, kidney and spleen tissue from barrow No. 603 and
with kidney and spleen from barrow No. 602 died with no char-
acteristic lesions in from 3 to 7 days after injection. No agglu-
tinins could be demonstrated from these injections, and Bac-
terium abortus (Bang) was not isolated after death. Negative
results were also obtained in guinea-pig inoculations of emul-
sions of spleen, liver, brain, ovaries, kidney, lumbar glands and
amniotic fluid from a sow (No. 1121) intravenously infected on
March 18, 1920, and from which Bacterium abortus (Bang)
was isolated from a dead fetus farrowed in a litter on October 2,
1920.

In only one case have we been able to isolate Bacterium abortus
(Bang) outside of the genital tract and ovaries. This was
from the mammary gland of sow No. 1119, artificially infected
by feeding live cultures of porcine origin on March 18 and 19,
1920. On September 19, 1920, shé died, apparently from heat
stroke. A section of mammary gland was triturated in saline
solution and 2 mils injected subcutaneously into two guinea-
pigs. In 9 days the sera of the pigs were positive for Bacterium
abortus (Bang) and the organism was recovered from the spleen
and liver.

We have frequently isolated the organism from fetuses and

446 Frep HAYES

placentew and in 2 sows from vaginal discharge 11 and 24 days
respectively after abortion.

EFFECT OF CASTRATION OF BoARS UPON THE AGGLUTINATING
TITER

The habitat of Bacterium abortus (Bang) in the tissues of
swine, especially in boars and barrows, has not yet been conclu-
sively demonstrated. We have been unable in a lmited amount
- of work to isolate Bacterium abortus (Bang) from the testicles
or other tissues of infected males. Since we believe agglutinins
are the product of persistent stimuli of infecting organisms,
it seems logical to expect the titer of a positive serum to recede
after removal of the tissue (testicle) commonly supposed to sup-
port the infection. In four artificially infected young boars
that were positive in from 0.002 to 0.005 ¢.c. of serum at time
of castration the titer was not affected up to one month’ after
castration. In one aged, naturally infected boar (No. 82) the
titer dropped from positive in 0.005 to positive in 0.01 ¢.c. in a
month.

OTHER ORGANISMS AS A PossiBLE CAUSE OF SWINE ABORTION

Since our first report of the three California outbreaks in
February, 1920, two others have been investigated. In one of
the herds Bacterium abortus (Bang) was isolated and in the
other a nonmotile Bacillus coli communior developed in every
instance from culture inoculations made from material secured
from a sow that aborted. The inoculations were made from
vaginal discharge before abortion, from stomach contents and
liver of aborted fetuses, and from two partially mummified
fetuses. In this herd three sows dropped dead pigs prema-
turely, six farrowed dead pigs in a portion of their litters, and
two went beyond the completion of the gestation period and
presumably lost their pigs in the pasture. The sow from which
the inoculations were made showed a vaginal discharge several
days before abortion, and the attending veterinarian considered
the appearance of the aborted fetuses entirely different from
others in this outbreak. In the previous cases in this outbreak
the aborted fetuses showed a marked sanguinosero-gelatinous
infiltration that was absent in these fetuses. Ageglutination tests
with bovine and porcine strains of Bacterium abortus (Bang)
yielded 7 negative cases. The serum from one boar was posi-

|
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.

Some Srupires IN SWINE ABORTION 447

tive in 0.04 ¢.c. The serum from the first sow to abort caused
agglutination in 0.02 ¢.c. and was positive to the complement-
fixation test. The serum from the last sow to abort and which
yielded Bacillus coli cummunior was positive in 0.02 ¢.c. and
minus-plus in 0.01 e.e.

Zeh in Germany reported in 1920 the isolation of a bacillus
belonging to the paratyphoid-Girtner group from the organs
and body fluids of fetuses which were aborted in the twelfth week
of pregnancy. He obtained a similar organism from all the
organs of a pig (on another farm) which died one day after
farrowing. He also reports similar findings from two fetuses
from still another farm.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

From the numerous reports of abortion in swine and the
frequeney with which Bacteriwm abortus (Bang) has been iso-
lated from these outbreaks during the last few years, it appears
that we are now confronted with a disease in swine whose im-
portance has been generally underestimated.

It is natural to assume that this infection in hogs is derived
from cattle and probably by ingestion of retained afterbirth.
aborted fetuses, discharges and milk naturally infected with
Bacterium abortus (Bang). In our cases there was no direct
evidence of infection from cattle, but the possibility of such in-
fection could not be entirely eliminated.

The virulence of porcine Bacterium abortus (Bang) as meas-
ured by its ability to induce abortions is not pronounced. Only
one of these strains isolated from virulent outbreaks in Cali-
fornia produced abortion in an experiment including six sows.
This abortion was produced by intravenous inoculation. Feed-
ing suspetisions of the live cultures caused no abortions in this
series, but the organisms found their way to the pregnant womb
and were isolated at normal birth of pigs.

Agelutinins appear in the blood of swine injected sub-
cutaneously or intravenously in about 7 days, and in from
21 to 30 days in those fed live cultures.

Natural infection in young gilts 5 to 12 months previous to
farrowing does not seem to portend trouble during the first
pregnancy to any greater degree than in sows having had pre-
vious litters. Positive reacting sows containing Bacterium

abortus (Bang) in placental tissues may farrow normal litters,

448 Frep Hayes

and negative reacting sows may farrow dead pigs. Agglutina-
tion by the blood serum therefore is no indication of the outcome
of pregnancy.

Vaginal swabs made from two positive sows indicated that
Bacterium abortus (Bang) may be present in vaginal discharges
from 11 to 24 days after farrowing.

There is favorable evidence that infected sows may retain
the organisms in the tissues and eliminate them at the termina-
tion of succeeding normal or abnormal pregnancies.

Sterility has not been a serious sequela of abortion infection
in the herds under our observation.

Ageglutinins apparently are not transmitted in utero and were
not present in the blood of 116 pigs tested at weaning time.
Neither did they appear in 18 of the same pigs kept in non-
infected environment up to 7 months of age. On the other
hand, 17 out of 34 of those kept in an infected herd reacted to
the agglutination test when 6 months of age.

Attempts to isolate Bacterium abortus (Bang) from the tes-
ticular tissues of 17 boars artificially injected and 1 boar nat-
urally infected with Bacterium abortus (Bang) were unsuccess-
ful. Negative results were also secured in locating the organ-
isms in the kidneys, spleen, liver, thyroid and urethra in 2
positive barrows. In 1 sow artificially infected by intravenous
injection, Bacterium abortus (Bang) was isolated from the udder
6 months after contact with organisms and 8 months after far-
rowing normally. :

Castration of infected positive boars did not materially alter
the agglutinating titer of their serum up to 30 days after cas-
tration.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The writer desires to express his appreciation for the valuable
support given to him and to this work by Dr. C. M. Haring,
and especially to acknowledge the many helpful suggestions re-
ceived from Dr. J. Traum, also to record his appreciation for
the thorough cooperation, through Prof. E. H. Hughes, of the
Division of Animal Industry.

DISCUSSION.

Dr. CONNAWAY: Mr. Chairman and fellow members, Dr. Hayes
gave me a copy of his paper to look over, as I had been assigned the
duty of opening the discussion. At the outset I wish to express my
unstinted admiration for the good work which Dr. Hayes and his
colleagues, Drs. Traum and Phipps, have done; and especially so as

Some Srupres IN SWINE ABORTION 449

the results are closely in accord with those which I and my research
associates, Durant and Newman, have obtained, and which in part
were reported at the meeting last year at Columbus, Ohio.

I have all the more confidence in the results which have been re-
ported by Dr. Hayes, and in our own work, because the similar results
have been obtained independently at widely separated experiment sta-
tions, and by the use of different diagnostic tests or checks in the
investigational work. At the California station the “agglutination
method” was almost exclusively employed, as indicated by the paper
just read; while we at the Missouri station used the “complement
fixation” method almost exclusively, although some phases of the work
were checked by the agglutination method.

The work carried on at the two stations illustrates aptly the im-
portance of different workers conducting investigations upon the same
problem independently and concurrently. Accurate and conclusive
results are thus more likely to be obtained, and more quickly. There
will be agreement on most of the findings concerning facts and in-
terpretations; and by conference and -presentation of results, at
meetings like this, the points of difference can be brought out, and
each investigator can set himself anew to the work of harmonizing
the differences in experimental findings and interpretations, by the
addition of fuller data, or the correction of errors in previous work.

While the results which Dr. Hayes and his co-workers have obtained
are in the main in accord with those which I and my research asso-
ciates have found, there are a few points upon which we are not in
agreement, but I am sure that further work will bring us into full
accord on all essential points. The fundamental points upon which
we now agree are these—that a specific infectious abortion disease
exists among swine, and that the specific cause is the Bacterium
abortus .(Bang), or an organism very closely related to this microbe.

Before the comparatively recent work of these two stations, which
was begun as emergency investigations of serious outbreaks of abor-
tion in purebred herds of swine in the two States, the Bang abortion
organism, as referred to by Dr. Hayes, had previously been isolatea
from aborted fetuses of swine in two instances, and its probable caus-
ative relation pointed out, first by Dr. J. Traum, who in 1914 isolated
the organism from a swine fetus which had been sent for diagnosis
to the pathological laboratory of the U. S. Bureau of Animal Indus-
try. But beyond the laboratory cultural tests no further investiga-
tion of the organism seems to have been carried out at that time; and,
unfortunately, the brief mention of the work, in the annual report of
the department, was put under a heading relating to another swine
ailment, and was not properly indexed. It was overlooked by subse-
quent investigators until attention was called to the matter recently
by Dr. Traum. The discovery of the same organism by Professors
Good and Smith, of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station, in
1916, in an aborted swine fetus was entirely independent of previous
work. These investigators, moreover, tested the pathogenicity of the
organism for pregnant swine and thus added more conclusive evidence
as to its causative relation to infectious abortion in swine. These
conclusions the California and Missouri Exneriment stations have
more fully confirmed by their more extensive work, and by more rigid
experimental tests. These stations, moreover, have added new facts
of value concerning this disease in swine, and its relation to the in-
fection in cattle.

It will not be necessary to dwell at length upon the points upon
which we are all in close agreement, but simply to mention the more
important ones in passing.

Concerning the cause, no one will claim that all abortions in swine
-are due to the Bacterium abortus (Bang). But I desire to emphasize

450 FreD HAYES

the opinion that the great majority of swine abortions, and espe-
cially those of an apparently infectious character, are due to this
organism. Our own experimental studies, and numerous diagnostic
tests of blood samples from suspected herds, confirm me in this
opinion.

On the questions of sources of infection and modes of transmis-
sion in swine, I think we can safely regard the causative organism
as an obligatory microbe which does not propagate outside the animal
body under natural conditions, but requires special animal tissues for
its perpetuation. The naturally infected tissues and fluids as pointed
out in the paper of Dr. Hayes, are the aborted fetuses, the fetal mem-
branes, the uterine discharges and the mammary gland, from all of
which he has isolated the organism just as we have done in our work,
with the exception that we did not attempt to isolate the organism
from an emulsion of the mammary gland tissue of reacting sows.
But we have made it a routine practice to investigate the colostral
milk of aborting or reacting sows on experiment, and to inoculate
guinea-pigs with the milk samples, and test the colostral serum for
the specific abortion antibodies. The proof that the udder of abortion-
infected swine harbors and discharges the Bacterium abortus (Bang)
is thus easily demonstrated.

As to the modes of transmission under natural conditions, an im-
portant observation has been made both at the California and the Mis-
souri experiment stations, namely, that unbred gilts may become re-
actors to the agglutination or to the complement-fixation tests for
abortion antibodies, while exposed to aborting sows. This points to
ingestion of infected materials as probably the principal mode of
infection. To this I am able to add the evidence of artificial feeding
of Bacterium abortus cultures to a non-pregnant sow which was fol-
lowed by the development of the specific serological reaction (com-
plement fixation).

Dr. Hayes’ paper does not indicate any attempt to infect swine by
feeding naturally infected materials, and his feeding of laboratory
cultures, while inducing the specific agglutinating antibodies in the
blood, did not produce abortion in the few animals that were fed.
On these points, however, we have been a little more fortunate in
our experimental work. The feeding of aborted pigs and membranes
to non-reacting pregnant sows developed the specific abortion anti-
bodies and was followed by abortion, and the Bacteriwm dbortus was
recovered from the infected experiment animals. Similar results were
also obtained from feeding laboratory cultures from bovine and from
porcine sources to pregnant swine.

As to the versistent retention of infection in mature swine shown
by the data presented, this accords with observations made in our
work by monthly tests of sows which have been on experiment since
the autumn of 1919. Some naturally infected sows, however, are
variable in their reaction to the complement fixation test, as is also
shown to be true by Dr. Hayes concerning the reaction to the aggluti-
nation test. In our work, moreover, a few sows seem to have com-
pletely eliminated the infection. But the indications are that, as a
rule, the aborting sow retains the infection permanently and will
react persistently.

Concerning the transmission of the specific antibodies to the young
pigs in utero or through the milk after their birth, we had about
come to the same conclusion expressed by Dr. Hayes that such trans-
mission was not probable. The difficulty of obtaining blood from the
young pigs led us to defer the blood test until near weaning time.
And in every case the blood serum was negative to the complement
fixation test, just as the seventy-three pigs of positive reacting
mothers were negative to the agglutination test, as reported by Pr.

SomE Srupres IN SwINE ABORTION 451

Hayes. But as our work at so many points showed the swine infec-
tion to be identical with the bovine infection, I was not satisfied until
we had made a fuller study, by testing the blood of the suckling pigs
earlier. I instructed my laboratory associates to kill a few new-born
pigs, if necessary, before they had suckled and others after they had
suckled and test the blood serum. Fortunately a better plan was
found—that of drawing the blood from the heart of the new-born
pigs with a fine needle. A sufficient quantity for the tests can thus
be obtained without serious hurt to the young pigs. It was found that
the blood serum of a few pigs will react before the pig has suckled
its reacting dam, but a larger number are negative. In all cases,
however, the antibodies are found in the blood soon after the pig has
suckled; and a retest at intervals shows the reaction is retained from
a few weeks to several weeks, but that ultimately the antibodies and
presumably the infection also is eliminated. A study of the colostrum
shows it to be rich in the abortion reacting bodies (agglutinins and
complement-fixing bodies), as well as the B. abortus organism. The
young pig, however, like the young calf, seems to be able to destroy
the infection, and the antibodies, and does not become reinfected as a
rule unless re-exposed to “open infection” after sexual maturity. This
gives added evidence of the identity or close kinship of the infection
in the bovine and porcine species.

In the matter of the relation of abortion infection in swine to
sterility and other conditions that affect breeding efficiency, Dr. Hayes
is somewhat optimistic because observations show that some aborting
sows, and in fact a rather large percentage, will conceive again, and
some will rear large litters in spite of the retention of the infection.
I confess to having shared in this hopefulness, but the more we study
this matter the more serious it appears. The fact that a sow will
conceive again after aborting, and while still carrying infection, is not
the whole story. We must take into consideration the delays that occur
in getting the sows with pig again, and also the small size of the
litters that are farrowed by many of the infected sows. A regroup-
ing of the animals in Table 2 according to age will bring out this
point better. The reacting sows, several in number, which farrowed
only from three to four pigs, I would classify as aborters, that is,
some of the products of conception did not come to maturity. The
term “partial aborter’ would probably be more appropriate. In other
cases the retention of septic matters following an abortion may cause
permanent injuries to one horn of the uterus and render that por-
tion sterile, while the other horn may remain functional. A partial
sterility may thus be induced and result in small litters. The herds
which I have had under observation furnish similar data resulting
from the hurtful action of the Bacterium abortus, and its secondary
or associated infections.

I wish to consider only a point or two in Table No. 3. A group
of non-reactors, some of which farrowed several dead pigs as well
as living pigs, and from one of which the Bacterium abortus was
isolated, while others in this group farrowed healthy good-sized litters.
I would suggest that it is probable that the non-reactors which far-
rowed good litters were not infected, while the probabilities are that
all the non-reactors which farrowed some dead and some living pigs
were carriers of abortion infection, but that at the time the tests
were made the antigenic action may have been very weak and agglu-
tinins may not have been present in sufficient amount to show the
reaction. I would suggest that the colostral serum be tested at far-
rowing time, and also that the complement fixation test be applied in
these doubtful cases.

The studies which Dr. Hayes has made to determine the suscepti-
bility of the testicular glands to invasion by the Bacterium abortus,

452 Frep Havers

following artificial infection with cultures, recalls a study we made on
a bull and a steer which were inoculated at the same time with the
bovine abortion organisms. My prejudgment of the matter was that
the bull would probably’ show a more persistent reaction than. the
steer, but monthly tests for more than a year showed that the steer
retained antigenic substances much longer than the bull; and the
thought that the testicular substance furnishes an especially appro-
priate medium for the growth of the Bacterium abortus in the living
host may not be tenable, although this organ has, in some cases, been
the seat of lesions due to the abortion bacillus. Taking the negative
results shown by Dr. Hayes’ work on the young boars, with that which
we have carried out on the bull and steer, we may tentatively con-
clude that the testicle in fact may produce internal secretions which
are antagonistic to the Bacterium abortus. A definite conclusion upon
this matter cannot, however, be drawn from the observations made
on the few animals under experiment.

The Bacterium abortus infection in swine is in my opinion a serious
menace to the breeding efficiency of a herd, even though it does not
show in the form of total abortion, and we should strive in every
way possible to eradicate it from the herds. In this conclusion I
am sure that Dr. Hayes and his co-workers agree with me. And I
feel also that every one here will agree with me that the work pre-
sented is ample evidence that Dr. Hayes and his co-workers have a
good grasp of the problems under consideration, and we hope they
will continue their investigations, and that every other worker in this
field will do the same, as opportunities permit.

VETERINARY CHIROPRACTIC AGAIN

A Wisconsin physician reports the following incident to the
Journal of the American Medical Association:

‘*A chiropractor was making regular calls at the home of a
prosperous farmer to ‘adjust’ the farmer’s wife. The farmer
had a full-blood Holstein heifer fresh for the first time, and
unfortunately the heifer gave milk from but two teats. To
attend the heifer the farmer called a graduate veterinary sur-
geon, who had made two or three trips to the farm, but who
had not succeeded in obtaining milk from the other two teats.
The heifer was mentioned in presence of the chiropractor, who
said, ‘Let me see the heifer, I can fix her for you.’ So, after
adjusting the farmer’s wife the chiropractor went to the barn,
ran his fingers along the heifer’s spine, and said, ‘Here is the
trouble, right here.’ He secured a croquet ball and mallet, re-
turned to the barn, placed the ball on the heifer’s back and hit
it with the mallet, assuring the farmer that the heifer would be
all right now. The heifer never gave milk from the other two
teats. The farmer tells the story, and thinks it a great. joke
that the chiropractor should attempt to adjust the heifer, but
it has not yet dawned on the farmer that there is any joke in
the chiropractor adjusting his wife.”’

THE OCCURRENCE OF VIRULENT AND NONVIRU-
LENT STRAINS OF THE HEMORRHAGIC SEPTI-
CEMIA ORGANISM IN THE SAME ANIMAL *

By H. Preston Hoskins
Medical Research Laboratories, Parke, Davis & Company,
Detroit, Michigan

THE latter part of January, 1921, an opportunity was af-
forded to observe and study an outbreak of hemorrhagic sep-
ticemia in cattle on a farm near Clinton, Michigan. The disease
had made its appearance among three carloads of calves, recently
shipped from the Chicago stockyards, and was of the usual pul-
monary type (so-called ‘‘stockyards pneumonia’’) seen in
recently shipped animals. Upon our arrival at the farm several
calves were already dead, a number were quite sick, and more
than half of the others were showing some symptoms. The his-
tory and symptoms were sufficient to establish a clinical diagnosis
of hemorrhagic septicemia of the pulmonary type, and autopsies
held on the dead calves served to confirm the diagnosis. Tissues
were taken from one of these calves, and the bacteriological find-
ings in these tissues serve as the basis for this report.

Upon returning to the laboratory it was decided to confine
the bacteriological examination to the sections of lung and
muscle. The lung showed the usual catarrhal pneumonia found
in these cases, and the muscle showed some hemorrhagic infil-
tration. The latter condition is not constant in the pulmonary
type of hemorrhagic septicemia, but is quite frequently seen in
the acute, septicemic form. It was decided to make direct cul-
tures from the lung and muscle, as well as animal inoculations.
Cultures were made from the exudate expressed from the bron-
chioles in the pneumonie areas of the lung and from the freshly
eut surface of the hemorrhagic muscle, both of which had been
removed and kept as free of contaminations as possible. For
the animal inoculations emulsions were made of the lung and
muscle in sterile physiologic saline solution. The larger particles
were allowed to settle, and the relatively clear, supernatant
liquid used for the inoculations.

It may be stated here that our reasons for making both direct

1Ppresented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921, 2
|
453

454 H. Preston Hoskins

cultures and animal inoculations were based on some previous
experiences in which it appeared that animal inoculations alone
had given erroneous results. On other oceasions direct cultures
without animal inoculations had been unsatisfactory. About
18 months previously, in an investigation of a reported out-
break of hemorrhagic septicemia among swine, we had isolated
bacterium suisepticum directly from the tissues, although emul-
sions of the same tissues had failed to infect laboratory animals.
In this instance we examined material from six hogs in one
herd, and isolated strains of Bacterium suisepticum from five
of the six. Of these five strains only three were virulent for
rabbits, and of these three only one was virulent for pigeons.

It might rightfully be assumed that animal inoculations would
give more accurate results than cultures, so far as determining
the presence of virulent hemorrhagic septicemia organisms is
concerned. Bacterium bovisepticum has the reputation of being
a rather elusive organism when attempts are made to isolate it
directly from pathological material, even heart-blood, in which
the organisms are sometimes quite numerous at death. On the
other hand, rabbits are usually the animals of choice for inocula-
tions, being very highly susceptible to hemorrhagic septicemia
infections. However, the fact that rabbit septicemia exists
among so many of the rabbitries throughout the country detracts
from the value of these animals for diagnostic inoculation pur-
poses at the present time.

It has happened more than once, in our investigations of hem-
orrhagic septicemia, now extending back over a period of tive
years, that rabbits have died following an inoculation with ma-
terial known not to contain the hemorrhagic septicemia organ-
ism, and vet the heart-blood of the dead rabbits yielded the
organism when cultured. It should be stated in this connection
that these rabbits invariably showed some serious pathological
alteration in the thoracic cavity, usually fibrinopurulent pleurisy
and pericarditis, with some pneumonia.

Rabbits dying in 16 to 48 hours following an intravenous or
a subcutaneous injection of a pure culture of the hemorrhagic
septicemia organism rarely, if ever, show any pathological altera-
tions in the thoracic cavity. Rabbits dying in even a longer
time, up to 7 days after inoculation, may not show any lesions
except petechial hemorrhages in certain organs and on serous

HEeEMorRRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA ORGANISM 455

membranes. Table 1 gives the result of the inoculation of rab-
bits with emulsions of the tissues under examination.

TABLE 1.—ANIMAL INOCULATIONS WITH TISSUES

Rabbit No. Date ' Tissue Amount How Result
| |
| |
1 Jan. 29,1921 | Lung 2c. c. | Intravenously | Lived.
2 do. | Muscle | le.c.

Subcutaneously Died, 24 hours.

The heart-blood of rabbit No. 2 yielded a pure culture .of a
small Gram-negative bacillus, producing a uniform, slight tur-
bidity and slight, viscid sediment in plain bouillon, a moist gray-
ish-white growth on ascitic agar, no change in litmus milk, no
growth on potato, no gas in dextrose, lactose and saccharose
fermentation tubes, with acid in the dextrose and saccharose
but not the lactose bouillon. The organism was believed to be
Bacterium bovisepticum.

Direct CULTURES

Lung.—F rom the exudate in the bronchioles, seeded on ascitic
agar, was isolated 2 small, nonmotile, Gram-negative bacillus
with cultural characteristics very similar to the organism iso-
lated from the muscle by rabbit passage. This organism was
planted in Hiss’s dextrose,. lactose and saecharose serum-water
medium instead of fermentation tubes. There was no gas pro-
duction, but acid in the dextrose and saccharose tubes. Cul-
tures in plain bouillon soon flocculated to the bottom of the
tube, leaving the supernatant fluid nearly clear. This organism
was believed to be Bacterium bovisepticum.

Muscle.—This tissue proved to be contaminated, but by plat-
ing on ascitic agar, using the method deseribed by Klix (1),
an organism was obtained that corresponded with the foregoing,
morphologically and culturally, and was believed to be Bacterium
bovisepticum. The bouillon cultures, however, appeared to
grow more heavily and did not clear up like the cultures of the
iung strain.

Summary.—F rom the lung and muscle by direct cultures, and
from the muscle by rabbit passage, three separate cultures were
secured, all apparently alike and corresponding to Bacterium
bovisepticum. No particular attention was paid, at this time,
to the difference noted in the bouillon cultures of the lung and
muscle strains, as practically the same difference had been

456 - H. Preston Hoskins

noted many times in working with a single strain planted in
different batches of culture media. In fact we have demon-
strated, in some unpublished experiments, that we can control
the character of the growth in bouillon by altering the com-
position of the medium. These differences include sediment,
turbidity and surface growth.

Having isolated the organism from the lung, but having failed
to kill a rabbit with an emulsion of the lung tissue, the question
was raised as to the virulence of the lung strain. To determine
this, rabbit inoculations were resorted to, using cultures obtained
directly from the lung (LD), directly from the muscle (MD)
and from the muscle through rabbit passage (MR).

TABLE 2.—TEsTs OF VIRULENCE OF THE THREE STRAINS

i | | i ;
Rabbit No.| Weight | Con- | Date | Culture} Amount Result.

| (Grams) dition! | ~| (c.c.)
3 |) 225050 Used | Feb. 25, 192] LD 0.000] Lived.
4 | 2,100 Normal © do. do. .0001
| Mar. 2, 1921 do 001
| : l>Mar, 7 1921 do. 005
. Mar. 14, 1921 do. =
} April 5, 1921 712 0061 Died 22 hours.
5 2,240 do. } do. 712 ©0001 do.
6 | 3,000 Used Mar. 14, 1921 VD ea ok:
April 5.1921 | do. 00] Lived.
tf | 2,420 Normal do. do. -001 do
8 | 3,040 Used Feb. 25, 1921 MD 0001 do.
9 | 2,100 Normal | do. do. 0001 |- do.
| Mar. 2, 1921 do. 001 | Died, 48 bours.
10 | 2,240 | do do. do. 001 Died, 19 hours.
1l , 1,840 Used | April 5, 1921 do. 001 Died, 22 hours.
12 2,200 Normal | do. do. 001 =| do.
13 3,700 Used | Mar. 23, 1921 MR 001 Died, 6 days.
14 | 3,000 Normal | do. ita do: .001 | Died, 24 hours.
15 2,360 Used | April 5,1921 | do. 001 Died, 22 hours.
16 ; 2,900 | Normal do. do. 001 Died, 23 hours.

1 Rabbits designated as “‘used’’ had received one or more previous injections of hemor-
rhagic septicemia organisms and were used in these experiments for the purpose of noting any
degree of immunity conferred by these injections. Suck rabbits were generally used in pairs,
one norma] and one “‘used,’’ and in only one instance (rabbit No. 13) did the “‘used”’ rabbit
show any appreciable resistance above that shown by the normal rabbit.

DISCUSSION OF THE VIRULENCE TESTS

Rabbits (Nos. 3-7) injected intravenously with varying
amounts (0.1 to 0.0001 ¢.¢.) of 24-hour bouillon cultures of the
strain isolated directly from the lung, in single or repeated
doses, failed to succumb. The doses injected were many times
the dose of a virulent culture necessary to kill rabbits. Four
injections, at about weekly intervals, failed to immunize a rab-
bit (No. 4) against a virulent strain of Bacterium bovisepticum
(No. 712), the rabbit dying as soon as the normal control
(No. 5).

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA ORGANISM 457

In the case of the strain isolated directly from the muscle
(MD) all rabbits receiving a dose of 0.001 ¢.c. of a 24-hour
bouillon culture died promptly. Two rabbits resisted a dose
of 0.0001 c.c. One of these (No. 8) had been used in a previous
experiment, and may have been partially immune. The injection
of the same amount in a normal rabbit (No. 9) failed to kill,
and when this rabbit was given a second injection five days
later, it did not die until 48 hours later, the control (No. 10)
dying in 19 hours. This might be interpreted as due to a
slight immunity resulting from the first injection, or to some
natural immunity.

The strain isolated from the muscle through rabbit passage
(MR) killed consistently in doses of 0.001 ¢.e. One used rab-
bit (No. 13) showed sufficient resistance to withstand a killing
dose for over 5 days, sickening and dying on the sixth day. The
minimum fatal dose of the culture was not determined.

From these few experiments we came to the conclusion that
we had been successful in isolating both a virulent and a non-
virulent hemorrhagic septicemia organism from the same ani-
mal, the virulent type from the muscle and the nonvirulent
type from the lung. So far as determined these were typical
strains of Bacterium bovisepticum, and identical so far as cul-
tural and morphological characteristics were concerned, with
the exception of the growth in bouillon as previously noted.

Nonvirulent organisms indistinguishable from members of the
hemorrhagic septicemia group have been isolated from the re-
spiratory tract of various animals (calves, hogs, rabbits) by
the present writer on previous occasions. Others have reported
similar findings. Likewise, the present writer has isolated viru-
lent hemorrhagic septicemia organisms from the lung, heart
muscle or blood of animals dying of clinical hemorrhagic sep-
ticemia (calves, sheep, hogs, rabbits). This instance, however,
is the first where both virulent and nonvirulent organisms have
been recovered from the same animal. It is quite likely, how-
ever, that nonvirulent organisms have failed to receive recogni-
tion when virulent varieties were present to overshadow them.

PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS
In a paper (2) read before the Missouri Valley Veterinary
Association two years ago, I made the following statement:

“Tt would appear from an examination of a large number of
strains of these (hemorrhagic septicemia) organisms that there

458 H. Preston HOoskKINS

are minor cultural differences between these strains, although
certain morphologic and physiologic properties seem to be firmly
fixed. There are also slight differences serologically. These sug-
gest the possibility of there being a number of types of the
organism, just as we have the different types of the pneumo-
coccus or the dysentery bacillus. Whether it will be possible to
correlate these differences with any important pathogenic prop-
erties will be revealed by future investigations. ”’

Manninger (3) has observed the coexistence of virulent and
nonvirulent fowl-cholera organisms (Bacterium avisepticum)
in 6-months-old bouillon cultures, his attention being drawn to
them when transfers were made to agar and two types of
colonies developing on this medium. When the two types were
separately replanted in bouillon, they showed a marked dif-
ference, especially in the character of the sediment. The two
types cross-agelutinated.

In a recent publication De Kruif (4) has reported some ob.
servations on the coexistence of individuals of different degrees
of virulence in cultures of the bacillus of rabbit septicemia,
isolated from spontaneous infections occurring among the nor-
mal animal stock in the laboratories of the Rockefeller Institute.
Cultures were made from the heart-blood in 10 per cent defibri-
nated rabbit-blood broth, incubated for 24 hours, and then plated
out in 5 per cent rabbit-serum agar. Colonies were fished to
rabbit-serum broth, incubated and examined, thén streaked on
10 per cent rabbit-serum agar, these cultures being kept for
study. ‘

In a series of well-executed experiments De Kruif has been
able to isolate two types of organisms from these cultures of
the rabbit septicemia organism. These types have several points
of difference culturally (bouillon growth and agar colonies),
and there is a wide difference between the degrees of virulence
for rabbits. These differences may be summarized as follows:

TABLE 3.—DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TYPES DESCRIBED BY DE KRUIF

| Type D Type G
|
| Diffuse Granular
(flocculates readily)
Opaque, fluorescing colonies Translucent, bluish nonfluorescing
High Low

Bouillon
(plain or serum)

Agar (serum)

Virulence for rabbits |

The two types of organisms are morphologically indistinguish-
able and possess identical fermentation reactions. Rabbits sur-

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA ORGANISM 459

viving inoculation with Type G are later found to be able to
withstand multiple lethal doses of Type D. Agglutination and
absorption tests strongly suggest the antigenic identity of the
two organisms.

Careful reading of De Kruif’s report leaves somewhat in
doubt the exact origin of the two types. The original heart-
blood cultures were plated out and the cultures from which he
subsequently separated the two types were descendents of single
colonies. Yet, after another plating, he was able to get the two
types, and these, once separated, appeared to retain perfectly
their characteristics of cultural growth and virulence. Hav-
ing read the publication of De Kruif, it is perfectly natural
to attempt some explanation of his findings, or to reconcile our
observations with those of De Kruif.

As previously stated, various animals, especially rabbits, fre-
quently harbor hemorrhagic septicemia organisms in some part
of the respiratory tract. The heart-blood of rabbits in ap-
parent health, bled for culture medium purposes, has been
found to contain hemorrhagic septicemia organisms. Whether
these have been caused to enter the blood-stream, at death, in a
mechanical way, incident to the bleeding process, or whether
the blood stream harbors a few organisms from time to time,
ean not be stated definitely.

Animals harboring hemorrhagic septicemia organisms are not
necessarily immune to artificial infection with virulent strains
of the same organism, as shown by Davis (5). This is not al-
ways true, however, of rabbits having subeutaneous abscesses
caused by local infections with the rabbit septicemia bacillus.
Many of these animals exhibit considerable immunity to arti-
ficial infection.

With these facts in mind, and with the knowledge that the
blood stream may harbor simultaneously two organisms, not
necessarily related, it seems easily possible that in a terminal
infection, as in rabbit septicemia, we might have two organisms,
in this ease closely related, in the blood stream at the same time.

In the case of the calf dead of hemorrhagic septicemia, re-
ported in this article, we have shown that the animal had in
its system, simultaneously, at death, both a virulent and a non-
virulent hemorrhagic septicemia organism. The blood was not
cultured, but it is quite likely that it contained the virulent
strain, and we can not say that it did not contain the nonviru-

460 H. Preston Hoskins

lent strain. Neither can we say that the muscle, from which
the virulent strain was isolated, did not contain the nonvirulent
strain. By the time that it was apparent that we had the two
strains, the original material had been discarded.

These findings tend to complicate, for the time being, at least,
our views on the etiological significance of the hemorrhagic
septicemia organisms and their bearing on immunological reac-
tions. May the presence of hemorrhagic septicemia organisms
of a low virulence stimulate the production of antibodies suf-
ficient to protect the host against infection with a virulent epi-
zootie strain, or may it have jnst the opposite effect, namely,
that of sensitizing the animal and rendering it more susceptible?

Can a nonvirulent strain, such as was isolated from the lung
of the calf, undergo mutation and become virulent? The writer
has been able to change, at will, the character of the growth,
in bouillon, of a virulent culture of Bacterium bovisepticum,
by simply altering the composition of the medium. Future ex-
periments may show that we can alter the virulence in the
same way.

We have reason to believe that alterations in virulence do
take place under natural conditions. In fact, our present views
on the nature of the disease are based on that assumption. Some
strains of the hemorrhagic septicemia organism retain indefi-
nitely their virulence for laboratory animals. Others become
avirulent in a comparatively short length of time. To restore
virulent properties to a strain that has become avirulent is a
difficult task, with our present knowledge. The demonstration
that organisms of low virulence suddenly become exalted in the
animal body is even more difficult.

REFERENCES

1. Kiix, H. C. A simple method of isolating bacteria from patho-
logical material. Jour. Lab. and Clin. Med., vol. 6 (1920),
No. 2, p. 104.
2. Hoskins, H. P. Some considerations of the hemorrhagic septi-
cemia group. Proc. Mo. Valley Vet. Assoc., 1919. (In ©
preparation.)
MANNINGER, R. Ueber eine Mutation des Geflugel-cholera-bazillus.
Centbl. Bakt., etc., I, vol. 83 (1919), p. 520. (Abst. in Bul.
Inst. Pasteur, vol. 18 (1920), No. 10, p. 330).
4. De Kruir, P. H. Dissociation of microbic species. I. Coexistence
of individuals of different degrees of virulence in cultures of
the bacillus of rabbit septicemia. Jour. Expt. Med., vol. 33
(1921), No. 6, pp. 773-789.

5. Davis, D. J. Further observations on subcutaneous abscesses in
rabbits. The carrier state and its relation to rabbit septi-
ee Jour. Infect. Diseases, vol. 21 (1917), No. 3, pp.

iv)

wal

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart-
ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful
to others in the profession. )

PATHOGENIC EFFECTS OF CAPILLARIA WORMS ON
CHICKENS

By E. L. Strusss and Howarp CRAWLEY
Philadelphia, Pa.

ON September 6, 1921, three White Wyandotte chickens, three
months old, were brought to the laboratory of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture,
for examination. The owner is a breeder of high-class birds
and has a flock of 175, at that time consisting of 50 adult hens,
50 pullets and 75 young chickens. He was having no trouble
with the hens or pullets, the infection being confined to the
younger members of the flock. At the time given, three or four
had died, and nine others were affected.

The symptoms were droopiness, slight diarrhea and progres-
Sive emaciation, this condition terminating in death after about
a week. The flock was being fed plenty of greens, boiled oats,
all the mash they wanted. and grain at night.

At autopsy all three of the birds received at the laboratory
showed a chronic proliferative enteritis, which was very severe
in one of the three, the intestinal walls being greatly thickened.
This condition extended from the gizzard almost to the rectum.
Microscopical examination of scrapings of the mucous mem-
brane and the contents of the intestinal lumen showed numerous
nematodes. These were of two species (Heterakis vesicularis
and Capillaria sp.). The former worm is normally a parasite of
the caeca, and is said to.measure 7 to 13 mm. for the males,
and 10 to 15 mm. for the females.

In the case of the most badly affected chicken, however, the
Heterakis worms were present throughout the entire length of
the intestine. Further, while morphologically identical to H.
vesicularis, they were small for this species. The males ranged
from 4.0 to 5.4 mm. long, and a mature female, as evidenced by
the presence of eggs, was but 7.2 mm. long. An immature female
gave a length of 4.6 mm.

While these worms probably aided in bringing about the con-

461

462 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

dition described, the greater blame must be placed on the Capil-
laria. The female of this form varied from 11 to 13 mm. long
and the eggs measured 45 to 25 microns. The males were some-
what smaller. The genus Capillaria has recently been separated
from Trichosomum, and is made up of worms the posterior ends
of which are but slightly thicker than the anterior, whereas in
Trichosomum the posterior ends are much thicker. All of these
so-called whipworms have the habit of attaching themselves to
the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal, the result of
which is profound irritation and the secretion of a large quantity
of mucus. In consequence the group is distinctly pathogenie.

The literature doess not permit of a positive determination of
the species of the worm found. Travassas (Memorias do Insti-
tuto Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 7, pp. 146-172, 1917) gives two species
of Capillaria as present in domesticated chickens, C. retusa and
C. strumosa. These are separated according to the relative
lengths of the narrow and broad portions. This, however, is
not a particularly good character, for the worms taper rather
regularly, and it is not at all easy to say where the narrow part
ends and the broad part begins. This same author gives the
following figures for the size of the eggs: C. retusa, 56-60 by
28-32 microns; C. strumosa, 60 by 25 microns.

As already mentioned, the eggs of the worm under consid-
eration measured 45 by 25 microns. It is possible, therefore,
that it is a new species, but a more extended study than has yet
been made would be necessary in order to determine -this point.

The observation, however, is considered worthy of record,
owing to the undoubted pathogenicity of the worm to chickens.
It is probably also commoner than is generally supposed, since
its position close up against the mucous membrane and embedded
in mucus allows it to be overlooked unless a careful search is
made.

Dr. H. B. Wilkerson, of Bedford, Va., writes that he has had
excellent results in the treatment of cerebrospinal meningitis
in horses by the use of fluid extract of aconite. A dose of 5
minims per 100 pounds body weight is given every 3 hours.
The treatment is continued until the symptoms of delirium dis-
appear.

ABSTRACTS

THE So-CatLtep Borryomycosis iv Man. G. Romano. Tumori
(Rome), vol. 8, p. 129, Aug. 10, 1921. (Abst. in Jour.
Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 77, p. 1139, Oct. 1, 1921.)

Romano’s deductions from three cases personally observed
and from the scanty literature on botryomycomas are that there
is no identity between the disease in man and in horses Even
those with the most experience are dubious whether to class the
nodule as a neoplasm or a granuloma, and the term ‘‘human
botryomycosis’’ is misleading.

TUBERCULOSIS IMMUNIZING VAccINE. N. Raw. Brit. Med. Jour.,
1921, No. 3147, p. 594. Abs. in Amer. Rev. of Tubere., vol.
y (#921), *p. 119.

Since 1906 human, bovine and avian tubercle bacilli have been
subeultured by the author every month. The present growths
represent the 184th generation. The growths are still luxuriant
and true to type, but they do not produce tubercles and are
completely nonpathogenic to animals. The pathogenicity has
been tested every year. No change was noted until the 94th
generation. After that time attenuation became marked, and
after a year or two the cultures were avirulent. Treatment of
disease by vaccines prepared from attenuated organisms nat-
urally means that the production of antibodies will take place
rapidly without any preliminary shock to the system, such as
invariably follows the injection of vaccines prepared from viru-
lent strains of bacteria. With a view to elucidating the real
amount of tuberculosis in man caused by the human and bovine
types of bacilli, and also as to immunity produced by one in-
fection toward the other, Raw instituted clinical, observation
on a large scale in a Liverpool hospital of 900 beds, of which
he had charge for eighteen years. ‘In no case of primary pul-
monary tuberculosis did he observe, during the course of the
illness, tuberculosis of bones, joints, glands or skin, nor any
instance of meningitis. Among the surgical cases of tuberculosis,
28 developed lung symptoms and 25 died. Im all cases the
infection of the lung was either by direct extension from cervical
lymph nodes to the apex of the lung, or from a primary focus

463

464 ABSTRACTS

in the abdomen extending upward through the diaphragm to
the bronchial nodes and lungs. This large clinical experiment
convinced Raw that the human body is attacked by two quite
distinet forms of tuberculosis: the one conveyed from person to
person by direct infection and attacking chiefly the lungs, and
the other conveyed by milk from tuberculous cows, and developed
in the first few years of life. These two diseases are caused by
different types of tubercle bacilli which will not live in the body
at the same time; and one disease produces immunity to the
other. Hence, Raw always uses a vaccine prepared from bovine
cultures in the treatment of the human infections and vice versa.
The vaccine which he has had prepared from his attenuated
cultures is an emulsion of the bacilli, and contains all the prod-
ucts of the bacillus. It is nontoxie and avirulent, and produces
no reaction even in large doses. For purposes of immunization
in susceptible children 6 injections are given at weekly inter-
vals. This course is repeated in 3 months. The doses recom-
mended are 0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005, 0.006 mgm. No
symptoms have been observed to follow these injections. In the
treatment of the active disease the doses are much larger than
have been possible up to now. At least 12 injections should
be given at intervals of seven days in doses increasing from
0.001 to a maximum of 0.025 mem. The vaccine should be
freshly prepared from the cultures and should not be used after
one month. It can be used with complete safety in any stage of
the disease, and even in advanced cases great relief from night
sweats and toxic symptoms have been noted. The results in
suitable cases are excellent. Raw has succeeded in immunizing
completely highly susceptible animals by the use of attenuated
cultures, and he firmly believes that if all children with a tuber-
culous history could be safely vaccinated in the manner de-
scribed they would be placed in a better position to resist in-
fection at home.

RESEARCHES ON INFECTIOUS ABORTION IN Mares. M. Carpano.
Ann. Ig. (Rome), 29 (1919), No. 11, pp. 752-779. Abs. in
Exp. Stat. Rec., vol. 45 (1921), p. 179.

The author reviews the literature on infectious abortion in

mares and joint-ill or arthritis in foals and reports the results
of his study of this disease in Italy, where abortions in mares,

-

ABSTRACTS 465

particularly the imported stock, are quite common and the foals
born alive in localities where abortions have occurred are often
affected with polyarthritis.

Two microorganisms have been isolated from pathological
eases, Bacillus abortus equi and a micrococcus of the type of
Streptococcus equi, the former being considered the causative
agent. The characteristics of these organisms are described and
successful experiments are reported on the diagnosis of the
disease by serum agglutination and on the therapeutic and pro-
phylactic treatment of the disease with a mixed polyvalent
serum.

An Epizootic or Fown. TypHor mw FrRANceE. F. d’Herelle.
Rev. Gén. Méd. Vét., 29 (1920), No. 339, pp. 128-130. Abs.
in Exp. Stat. Ree., vol. 45 (1921), p. 181.

The loss occasioned during a series of widespread outbreaks
of disease among poultry in France was in a great majority of
eases due to fowl typhoid (Bacterium sanguinarum), the exist-
ence of which had not previously been reported in that country.
It is said that in certain places there occurs in coexistence with
fowl typhoid another disease of undetermined etiology which
causes a high mortality among fowl and geese, the latter of which
are not susceptible to fowl typhoid.

IMMUNIZATION AGAINST BLACKLEG WITH GERM-FREE FILTRATES.
E. Graub and W. Zschokke. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 62
(1920), Nos. 2, pp. 52-65; 3, pp. 112-122. Abs. in Exp. Stat.
Ree., vol. 45 (1921), p. 180.

From a series of experiments on the immunization of guinea
pigs, sheep, and cattle against blackleg, the authors conclude
that a single subcutaneous injection of blackleg filtrate produces
an immunity which protects the animals against double the
ordinary fatal dose of virulent blackleg material. A second
inoculation with attenuated virus which is not fatal to normal
animals, but in itself produces only slight immunity, greatly
increases the immunity produced by the filtrate. It is con-
sidered that the immunity is not only active and lasting against
the strain used for the preparation of the filtrate but against
other strains as well.

466 ABSTRACTS

In practice, the single immunization with blackleg filtrate is
recommended for cattle which are exposed to blackleg infection
only during the pasture season and the double method for ant-
mals continually exposed to infection. Inoculation with the virus
should be given not earlier than 10 days nor later than two
months after the filtrate inoculation.

EXPERIMENTS CONCERNING THE ACTION OF COLD ON THE Bopy.
D. Schade. Miinchen. Med. Wehnschr., 1919, p. 301.

Regarding the influence of cold on the body, three effects are
discernible: (1) The harmful action through colloidal tissue
change in the cells. The injurious effects on the vitality of the
cell consist in a change in the normal colloidal condition of the
cell protoplasm, through which the colloidal Gepieplesa disap-
pears (vacuolizing degeneration).

(2) The remote effects of cold which are particularly reflex in
character, proceed from the sympathetic nervous system (changes
in the distribution of blood to the internal organs, muscular con-
tractions, muscular flaccidity, anomaly of secretion of the in-
ternal glands, for example, the kidneys).

(3) Lowering of immunity. Experiments conducted on ani-
mals exposed to intense cold out of doors, proved that such ani-
mals possessed a lessened resistance to various infecting agents.

J, P> Odirarye

CONCERNING THE NATURE OF NECROTIZING PNEUMONIA IN SWINE
PLAGUE AND Hoa CHouers. Muller and Sehmid. Miinchen.
Tierarztl. Wehnscher., 1920, p. 274.

The authors do not share in the view that swine plague has
changed its nature in the course of the year and that the classical
necrotizing form proceeds from the same cause as the chronic
catarrhal form. They are of the opinion that the classical necro-
tizing form of swine plague is by no means a particular infection,
but rather the pectoral form of acute virus pest (hog cholera).

ae mca ts A ls A i AID a a a ma

ite ee ee

-_

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

THE PERCHERON AS AN ARMY HORSE

Major Gen. Sir John Moore, Director of the British Army
Veterinary Services in France, has written an excellent book
on ‘‘Army Veterinary Service in War.’’? From this book the
following paragraphs are taken:

AMERICAN Heavy DrAuGHt Horses

Though not so weighty and powerful as our best English
heavy draughts, the American Percheron or crossed Percheron
on the whole gave great satisfaction and was universally liked
during the war in France. He teams well, is active, has a good
constitution, is a good doer, and has good, sound legs and feet.
The absence of hair on the legs was a great asset in comparison
to our English heavies under the muddy circumstances of win-
ter in the forward areas. He is best deseribed as a medium
heavy, and as such he is quite big enough for the heavy draught
purposes of war. As a draught animal I do not consider him
in any way superior to our English Shire or Clydesdale, or to
the smaller of these breeds of which he may be considered a
parallel; but there is no doubt that in war he can be more gen-
erally placed, and can stand hardships better than our heavy
breeds. Whether or not his relatively satisfactory service in
France was due in part to a return to the country of his ances-
tors can only be surmised. He certainly stood the climate very
well. He shipped to the country on the whole well, and suf-
fered less from serious respiratory sickness on landing than the
heavy Shires and Clydesdales. At the same time it must be
remembered, as I have previously remarked, that respiratory
sickness is. preferable to infection, and in all classes of animals
incidents of this form of disease were very greatly reduced by
the rigid taking of temperatures on landing and previous to
drafting to units. Moreover, the heavy mortality experienced
amongst Shires and Clydesdales was during the first winter of
the war, when they were practically without shelter of any
kind and subjected to incessant rain

a very different state of
affairs to the ample and good accommodation provided by such
times as American shipments of heavy animals commenced.
An idea of utility may be gathered from the records of one
veterinary hospital in France, at which out of 120 heavy
draught horses east and sold in two years, 116 were British (the

467

468 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

officer commanding was unable to differentiate Clydesdale from
Shire) and four only were American.

In another veterinary hospital, a committee of officers, Royal
Army Veterinary Corps, drew attention to the fact that a fairly
large percentage of heavy draught American horses had side-
bones, but expressed the opinion that this defect could soon be
bred out by careful selection of sires; in like manner to its ex-
clusion in our English breeds following a more particular classi-
fication of the defect as an unsoundness.

MULES

In animal kind, the hero of the late World’s War—as in all
other wars in which he has participated—that paragon of excel-
lence, the mule, finds the premier place. He stands out promi-
nently as a first-class war animal, and under all circumstances,
in all climates or situations, whether amongst the mud of France,
in the deserts of Egypt, on the plains of India, or on the hill-
tops of the Himalayas, in burning heat or icy snow, his achieve-
ments have been marvelous. He is as indispensable to war as a
commander of the forces, and no history of war is complete
without him. Any demerits he may possess are attributable to
a psychology peculiarly his own, but his merits are double dis-
tilled, and little more remains to be said on that account.

AMERICAN MULES

Of all countries in the world, none can surpass the United
States of America for the production of mules, nor compete
with it in general resources. The mule population of the States
amounts to nearly 3,000,000, and the fountain never seems to
run dry. During the South African war, the British govern-
ment purchased 80,524, and though I have no actual figures to
guide me, I should say purchases during the late war amounted
to considerably over a quarter of a million. The strength of
mules in the British Expeditionary Force, France, alone
amounted to roughly 90,000.

All sorts and sizes of mules are bred in the United States,
from the small miner 12-3 or 13-0 to the magnificent sugar mule
16-2 and over. It pays better to breed a mule than a horse, and
the market is for mining, lumber trade, and the cotton and
sugar industries of the South. The real home of the American
mule, and especially the large mule, is Missouri, though lighter
mules are raised in Texas. If the magie names of Lathrop,
Missouri and Kansas City are whispered into the long ear of

;
bel
f

Army VETERINARY SERVICE 469

an American mule, he will immediately start a conversation
about his old home, blue grass, Indian corn shucks and stover,
his fine big mother, his French and Spanish ancestry on his
father’s side, and he will air his views on stockyards and ‘‘nig-
gers’’ generally. The American mule is wonderfully docile,
and to my mind, quite the most handsome creature of the genus
Equidae, and lovable withal. His power is best appreciated by
standing close up to him: at a distance he may look mean.

As a rider, a mule is of little value, a supreme will and an
iron mouth, as a rule, prove the drawback.

* * * Their happy nature goes a long way towards their
success. They have a habit of worming their way into the
hearts of our soldiers, and very soon friendly relations are es-
tablished that work for the common good. Their endurance,
their comparative freedom from sickness, their pluck and stout
heartedness when properly treated, their ability to perform
work under adverse circumstances and when short commons are
necessitated, are their usual attributes; and their employment
in war is a great economic factor. These remarks stand for all
mules, whether American or otherwise.

The majority of American mules employed in the various
theatres of war were for light draught purposes, supplying the
place of light draught horses in ammunition columns, etce., of
formations, and receiying the same rations as light draught
horses. To the latter factor the superiority of the mule over
the light draught horse is greatly ascribed. If well fed, he
thrives on work, and in times of idleness he will quickly get fat.
As an instance of ability to stand the vicissitudes of campaign
I will quote again the Somme operations in 1916. This offensive
period resulted in 16,074 debility (poor condition) cases evac-
uated to veterinary hospitals on lines of communications, of
which total only 404 were mules. The percentage of inefficiency
was 4.42 for horses and 0.61 for mules; horses suffered, therefore,
seven times more than mules. During the winter seasons they
gave us far less trouble than horsés (1 to 3, about) from skin
disease, and respiratory disease was practically nil. These are
very strong arguments in favor of the mule. I call to mind the
limbered general service wagon mules of the 17th Lancers go-
ing through the streets of Abbeville on a snowy day. They
were pictures of health, and the bloom of their coats shone in
spite of the snow. It is only one instance of many, and it made
one feel proud to belong to our army.

ASSOCIATION NEWS
AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo.,
September 5 to 9, 1921

(Continued from December JOURNAL)

THURSDAY AFTERNOON, SEPTEMBER 8, 1921
GENERAL SESSION

The meeting convened at 1:30 p. m., President David S. White
presiding.
Report OF AUDIT COMMITTEE

PRESIDENT WHITE: The first item of business will be the re-
ports of committees. Js the Audit Committee ready to report?

(Dr. H. Preston Hoskins read the report of the Audit Com-
mittee, as follows:)

Your committee begs to report that we have examined the accounts
of the Treasurer, Dr. Jacob, and a careful audit of his receipts and
disbursements shows these to be correct.

The books of the Secretary, Dr. Mayo, have received a very thor-
ough audit at our hands, and the accounts have been found to be
correct.

The accounts of the JOURNAL, in the hands of the Editor, Dr.
Mohler, were not audited by your committee, these having previously
been examined by an accountant as provided by the Constitution and
By-Laws.

Your committee asks to be allowed to make several recommenda-
tions:

1. There appears to be no valid reason for requiring the accounts
of the Editor to be examined by a qualified accountant (see paragraph
M of Section 7 of Article V of the Constitution), while this is not re-
quired of the Secretary or the Treasurer.

Article 17 of the By-Laws provides for an Auditing Committee, but
attention is directed to the fact that the personnel of this committee
may be completely changed from year to year, and a committee may
not have a single experienced member on its personnel. The five mem-
bers are usually widely distributed geographically and do not have
an opportunity to examine the various books and accounts until the
annual convention, when the time of the committeemen is often at a
premium, a considerable amount of time being required for a careful
audit.

In view of the fact that the Association has a fiscal year, it would
appear that the proposed audits might properly be made at the end
of each fiscal year.

2. Your committee would also direct attention to the heavy financial
loss being sustained at the present time by the Association, in con-
nection with the remittance from Canadian members for initiation
fees and dues. It would appear that this loss, in connection with the
present difference in exchange, runs well over one hundred dollars
per year. This loss could be naturally reduced, we believe, by having

470

Panis 0 sce he ttm ek

_ y= a's

PrRocEEDINGS A. V. M. A. 471

the Treasurer maintain a Canadian depository until such time as ex-
change rates return to normal. Canadian banks are at present pay-
ing 5% per cent interest on time deposits, and if necessary the funds
on time deposit in the United States could be reduced an amount
equal to that being kept on deposit in Canada.
H. PRESTON HOSKINS, Chairman,
R. H. MARSTELLER,
H. E. BEmIs,
Auditing Committee.
(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Fitch, seconded by Dr. Hilton,
that the report be received. )

Report oF EXECUTIVE BOARD

PRESIDENT WHITE: Has the Executive Board a report te
make?

Dr. Hitron: At the last annual session this Association re-
ferred to the Executive Board the question of considering
whether or not the positions of Secretary, Editor and Business
Manager should be combined. The Executive Board, in oraer
to look into that matter very closely, appointed a subcommittee
of the Board. This subcommittee has been looking into the
question from every angle during the past year, and it has re-
ported to the Executive Board, which has accepted the recom-
mendations of the subcommittee.

In looking over the situation with regard to the appointment
of a permanent officer for these positions the Executive Board
has also to consider our financial status. From the report of
the Treasurer you will, note that we are only just balancing our-
selves. We are going to draw on our capital account, and the
Executive Board is ot the opinion that before a position of
this kind is made permanent our capital account should pay
sufficient revenue to pay a greater portion of our operation ex-
penses. Our Treasurer has at the present time, as you will
note in his report, money invested in bonds, also money on
time deposit. We are endeavoring to get as much of that money
invested in bonds as possible, so we can increase the interest
on our principal.

It is therefore recommended by the Executive Board that,
in view of the facts which I have outlined, the officers be main-
tained for the coming year as in the past, and the Executive
Board therefore recommends that. the present incumbents of
these positions, Dr. Mayo, the Secretary, and Dr. Mohler, the
Editor and Business Manager of the JOURNAL, be maintained
at the same remuneration as last year for the coming period.

The Executive Board also wants to recommend an amend-
ment to the Constitution, but I think it is very important that
before this notice is given you clearly understand the object of
the Executive Board in recommending this amendment. Under
the present Constitution it is one of the duties of the Executive

soard to recommend to this Association yearly the appoint-

472 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

ment of a Secretary, Editor and Business Manager. In the
work of the Executive Board during the past year it was found
that so long as the Constitution required the Executive Board
to recommend the appointment to these positions each year,
and until the Association is in a position to make those posi-
tions permanent, they will experience a great deal of difficulty in
getting anyone to consider accepting such a position.

We don’t know when the Association will be in a position to
take such action. We are making an extra campaign during the
coming season. We have organized to try to increase our mem- |
bership. At the present time, before this meeting opened, we
had but 4,000 active paying members. We have taken in 225
new members, but there have been some resignations, so we may
reckon upon approximately 4,000 paying membership. We
want to double that; we have to double that if we are going
to extend and become permanent, and for that reason we are
making a special effort to get new members.

I thought it well to enlarge on that, so that no member of
tnis Association would think that the Executive Board had
something that it didn’t want you to understand. That is the
only reason. Under the Constitution as it stands at present
a person appointed to either of those positions or the combined
position may be recommended yearly, but you ean be sure if
he is an individual capable of filling those combined positions
he naturally asks what are the chances regarding his perma-
nency, and he sees the Constitution and sees that the Executive
Board has to report every year and recommend individuals for
those positions.

The Executive Board therefore recommends that paragraph
L of section 7 of the Constitution be amended by eliminating
the word ‘‘yearly.’’ If the recommendation is accepted, it will
have to be laid on the table until next year before it becomes
operative.

Dr. Eviason: As I understand, the proposed amendment was
to be incorporated as read by Dr. Hilton, at this time.

Dr. Hmron: The amendment is just to remove the word
‘‘vearly’’ from that section.

Dr. Exiason: Wouldn’t it appear to you that there also might
be a provision as to how long they are to remain in office?
Where it is a definite appointment there ought to be some
agency for removal.

Dr. Hmron: There are. The Constitution provides that
any of those individuals can be removed from office if neces-
sary, provided it is recommended by the Executive Board and
approved by the general session.

PRESIDENT WHITE: This is simply received at this time and
will be acted upon at the next meeting.

Dr. JENSEN : It appears to me that this body has nothing what-
ever to do with the secretaryship. No change could be made

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 473

unless the Executive Board recommends it first, and then we
can have a second whack at it. I am very much opposed to such
a proposition as that.
Dr. Cary: I move that the report be accepted and the amend-
ment be referred to the Executive Board for action next vear.
(The motion was seconded by Dr. Dimock and carried. )
SecrETARY Mayo: The following applications have been fa-
vorably recommended by the Executive Board:

C. B. Carpenter, Ithaca, N. Y.

Pedro de Guia, Manila, P. I.

J. B. Morales, Manila, P. I.

Paulina M. Vytiacho, Manila, P. I.

H. H. Sheeler, Buhl, Idaho.

W. M. McLeod, Manhattan, Kans.
Thomas Sims, Hutchinson, Kans.
Stephen H. Hopkins, Kans.

William Harvard, St. Augustine, Fla.

The Board also recommends that the application of Dr. Her-
minio Bernas, Iloilo, Philippine Islands, be accepted under sus-
pension of rules. He is a graduate of San Francisco Veterinary
College in the year 1918. The college has been dropped previ-

_ ously, but as it has been out of existence, and is out of existence

at this time, they recommend that his application be accepted.

Dr. Hoskins: I move that the report of the Executive Board
be received and that under suspension of the rules the appli-
cants whose names have been read be admitted to membership
by vote of the Association.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Dimock and carried.)

Dr. ConNAway: I move that the rules be suspended and Dr.
Bernas be elected to membership.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Hoskins and carried.)

SECRETARY Mayo: The Executive Board recommends that Dr.
J. W. Buchanan, of Union, S. C., be expelled from the Associa-
tion for violation of the Code of Ethics.

Dr. Hoskins: I move that the recommendation of the Execu-
tive Board be received and approved by the Association.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Goss.)

Dr. ConNAWAY: Some of the men around me seem to want to
know what are the circumstances. We wouldn’t lke to cut a
man’s head off without knowing the circumstances.

SECRETARY Mayo: [ think it is right that they should know.
A member from North Carolina sent in some advertisements
from local papers of the Carolinas Remedies Company, of which
Dr. Buchanan is the president, and said that they didn’t like it
down in South Carolina. I wrote to Dr. Buchanan and told him
that complaint had been made and that I hoped that he would
discontinue this. I also wrote to the dean of the college from
which he graduated, sending him copies of the advertisement,

ATA. PROCEEDINGS A. V. M. A.

and asking him if he couldn’t bring some pressure to bear on
Dr. Buchanan to discontinue. We weren’t able to accomplish
anything. ‘‘Satisfaction guaranteed,’’ and so on. It is glar-
ing. After we couldn’t get him to discontinue it, charges were
preferred by the Resident Secretary from that State, and Dr.
Buchanan was notified to appear and defend himself against
those charges. He replied, tendering his resignation to the
Association. I notified him then that in my judgment the Exeeu-
tive Board would not accept the resignation of a member against
whom charges were pending, and that he should appear and
defend himself against those charges, and he has made no answer
to that.

Dr. BELL: IT was a member of the Executive Board of the
Southeastern States Association last winter, and Dr. Buchanan
had an application in for membership, and we rejected him on
those grounds.

(The motion to accept the recommendation of the Executive
3oard that Dr. Buchanan be expelled from the Association was
put to vote and was carried. )

SECRETARY Mayo: At the last meeting in Columbus the Ex-
ecutive Board was authorized to appoint a Council on Chemistry
and Pharmacy similar to that of the American Medical Associa-
tion. The Executive Board has had this under consideration.
during the past year, and it recommends that the Council on
Chemistry and Pharmacy be made a permanent committee, con-
sisting of five members, one to be appointed for one year, one
for two years, one for three years, one for four years and one
for five years—that is, at first—and that one shall go off this
committee each year thereafter.

Dr. STANGE: Wouldn’t that require an amendment to the
Constitution and By-Laws?

SECRETARY Mayo: I think it would. It hadn’t occurred to me
before. ‘‘ There shall be the following standing committees con-
sisting of five members except as otherwise provided.’’ It gives
the five committees, but it would seem to me that they can be
otherwise provided if the Association so desires.

Dr. Cary: In construing that part of the By-Laws, that
‘‘otherwise provided’’ meant for other committees, not stand-
ing committees. If you put this through, you have to have an
amendment to the By-Laws. Therefore I move that this recom-
mendation be offered as an amendment and referred to the
Executive Board for report next year.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Adams and carried. )

SECRETARY Mayo: I have some telegrams I would like to read.
T think the Association will be interested in them.

I sent a message of greeting to Dr. Archibald, a member of
the Executive Board from the Sixth District, who is ill. He
says: ‘‘Thanks for the kind wishes, and I hope you have a pleas-
ant and profitable meeting.”’

&
a
}

PrRocEEDINGS A. V. M. A. 475

I also received a message from Dr. Blattenberg, Lima, Ohio:
‘““Why is mountain dew? Best wishes for good meeting.”’
(Laughter. )

Report OF COMMITTEE ON INTELLIGENCE AND EDUCATION

PRESDENT WHiITE: Is the Committee on Intelligence and
Edueation ready to report?

(Dr. Bergman read the report of the Committee on Intelli-
gence and Education, as follows:)

During the past year twelve of the fourteen veterinary colleges in
the United States and Canada approved by this Association have been
visited by members of this committee, and in addition one college, the
Georgia State College of Agriculture, Division of Veterinary Medi-
cine, which is asking recognition this year as an approved institution.
With two exceptions these institutions were visited while school was
in session. In all cases the visiting members of the committee were
courteously received, every assistance being given in carrying out the
inspection and all requested information relative to entrance require-
ments, curricula, faculties, teaching methods, equipment, etc., freely
furnished.

Data secured by the committee indicate that all veterinary colleges
at present recognized by the Association are complying with the regu-
lations relative to entrance requirements, length of curriculum and
transfer of students. Relative to the latter, the Secretary has from
time to time referred correspondence to the committee from various
deans relative to questions of transfer of students from certain of
the nonaccredited schools. Questions relative to the interpretation
and enforcement of entrance requirements, status of Federal Board
students and certain individual cases needing special consideration
have been referred by various deans to the committee for suggestions,
the attitude in all cases being to comply with the suggestions made.

Investigations of the various colleges this year showed, in a num-
ber of institutions, a marked improvement in gener al condition over
last year, improvements varying from additional buildings and equip-
ment to improvement of faculty personnel and general instructional
methods. Several institutions have secured within the last year mod-
ern buildings which were badly needed, the aggregate value of which
will total into several hundreds of thousands of dollars. The com-
mittee believes that it is not breaking faith in stating that the A. V.
M. A. through its Committee on Intelligence and Education has by
correspondence, recommendations and personal conference with college
authorities been of considerable assistance to the deans in securing
many of. the above-mentioned improvements. Developments of the
past year would seem to indicate that close cooperation between this
committee and the deans of the various veterinary colleges can be
made of considerable mutual benefit in securing needed improvements
at the various schools, working ultimately for the betterment of the
veterinary educational situation, which is the aim of the Association.

The future standing of the veterinary profession depends upon the
educational standards it maintains. The foundation of the profes-
sion is its education. If the veterinary profession can not, or does
not, maintain educational standards equivalent to those of other pro-
fessions, then it can not expect to become permanently established on
an equal plane with them.

It is the earnest desire of the committee to cooperate with the va-
rious veterinary colleges for the betterment of veterinary education.
The attitude of the committee should be and is a cooperative and
helpful one rather than strictly critical. It is not the intention to

476 Proceepincs A. V. M. A.

injure or work a hardship on any educational institution by excessive
demands, but rather request a reasonable standard of educational
efficiency. As has been demonstrated in the past, the prestige of the
A. V. M. A. can be of considerable assistance to the various schools
in securing needed improvements.

During the past year the committee has had two meetings in Chi-
cago, the first at the time of the Live Stock Sanitary Association
meeting, to discuss the recommendations of the committee as ap-
proved at the Columbus meeting, hear subcommittee reports and out-
line future plans, and the second following the inspections of the va-
rious schools to discuss the general educational situation, outline sug-
gestions to the various schools and plan the committee report for this
year. Criticisms and suggestions which the committee believes of a
constructive nature have been forwarded to the deans of various in-
stitutions and for the most part have been acknowledged and favor-
ably received.

Considerable comment has been made in the veterinary press gen-
erally, the past two or three years, relative to the decrease in num-
ber of students attending veterinary colleges since the year 1916.
The following tabulation shows a total of 870 students matriculated
for the session 1920-21 in the fifteen veterinary colleges accredited
by this Association. Of this number 187 were freshmen. In addition
there were approximately 120 students. attending colleges not ac-
credited, or a total of 990 attending the veterinary colleges in the
United States and Canada. This is approximately one-third the num-
ber attending the 23 veterinary colleges existing in 1916.

Numerous factors are responsible for this decline, the principal
one undoubtedly being the increase in entrance requirements and
length of curriculum. There are those who have become so alarmed
over a shortage of veterinarians that they have advised lowering en-
trance requirements and the veterinary colleges again accepting any
one unable to enter the other learned professions. This is certainly
not the remedy. The remedy lies rather in increased publicity regard-
ing the profession’s attainments, better remuneration for service, bet-
ter appropriations for veterinary colleges and veterinary research
whereby veterinary education may assume a position on a par with
the other professional and technical lines of work and be properly
regarded and appreciated by the public. Our worthy president, Dr.
White, summed up the situation in a few remarks in a recent address
when he stated as follows:

“We are already far enough behind the entrance requirements of
the other professions. We can not make progress by walking back-
wards. In the final outcome the matter will adjust itself. If in the
next few years the number entering the profession is too small to
meet the demand, the public will recognize the fact and we will
again find our veterinary institutions filled.”

Last year the Association approved a recommendation of this com-
mittee that it be empowered to outline what might be regarded as
the “essentials of an approved veterinary college’”’ and also a schedule
whereby veterinary colleges might be graded and, if desirable, classi-
fied, and after submitting these to the Executive Board that the two
bodies inaugurate the use of the same for the inspection of veterinary
colleges during the year 1920-1921. In working out the suggested out-
lines the committee studied closely the general plan used by the Council
on Medical Education of the American Medical Association and secured
valuable cooperation from the secretary, Dr. N. P. Colwell. The mat-
ter of a schedule for vrading and classifying veterinary colleges has
been given considerable study by this committee; however, no plan
is suggested or recommendations made at this time. The matter needs

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 477

STUDENT ATTENDANCE AT APPROVED VETERINARY COLLEGES, SESSION 1920-21.

Name of Institution First Second] Third | Fourth Special
Year | Year Year | Year |

Alabama Polytechnic Institute....................... | 20 15 12 6
Colorado Agricultural College............-...-....... 26 22 20 | 20
Georgia State Agricultural College!............0...... 1 eas 3 4
incumnsy etermibry Gollege. 5.32.5... 25-1. eon cee 1l 28 23 73 1
LTD SCTE D EE ee ia ae ae 30 24 18 22
Kansas State Agricultural College...........-......-. 9 20 13 18 1
Michigan Agricultural College.......__. ae me 1 8 4 8
Universite de Montreal.........._... oops anc, Seer 12 4 4 6
New York State Veterinary College (Cornell)........ . 13 32 15 16 2
New York State Veterinary College (New York

UDRP ESER ED LOR Se Se 7 3 5 8 -
Ohio State University... ... i ee ee ee 19 30 30 25
Ontario Veterinary College (Toronto, Canada)........ 28 32 22 17
Ainiwersitqor Penns yivania.. 5050. cnc. cee eee 4 8 qe il
Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College............ peal 5 2 6 4
State College of Washington......................--. 3 1 6 12

Shs Se eae ae | 187 | 239 | 184 | 252 | 8

1 Recommended for approval 1921.

further study, and it is probable that the cooperation of the deans
of the various colleges will be requested at a future time to assist
in the outlining of such a schedule. The following tentative outline
of the essentials of an approved veterinary college has been pre-
pared by this committee to serve as an aid in the inspection of vet-
erinary colleges:

ESSENTIALS OF AN APPROVED VETERINARY COLLEGE

Entrance Requirements

1. The matriculation requirement of an approved veterinary college
shall be not less than four years of high-school work or equivalent
studies taken in other preparatory schools, provided that candidates
for admission to approved veterinary schools who can not present a
satisfactory certificate from the proper official of the school or schools
attended covering the required amount of preparatory work may be
admitted upon passing satisfactory examinations approved by the
proper State educational officers.

Administration of Entrance Requirements

2. The admission of students to the veterinary school must be in
the hands of a responsible committee or examiner, whose records
shall always be open for inspection. Documentary evidence of the
student’s preliminary education should be obtained and kept on file.
When the veterinary school is an integral part of a university, this
work usually devolves on the university examiner. Unless the uni-
versity examiner and his records are closely accessible, however, some
officer at the veterinary school should obtain and keep on file docu-
mentary evidence of each student’s preliminary education, including
both high-school and collegiate work.

Advanced Standing

83. (a) Full advanced standing may be granted to students only
for work done in other approved veterinary schools, and in granting
advanced standing official verification of the student’s previous vet-
erinary work should be obtained by direct correspondence with the
college previously attended, and his preliminary qualifications should
also be verified and recorded the same as for freshman students.

(b) Advanced standing granted to students for work done in non-
approved veterinary colleges should be strictly on the basis of exam-

478 PrRocEEDINGS A. V. M. A.

inations in the particular subjects in which credit is desired. As in
the case of students seeking full advanced standing, official verifica-
tion of the student’s previous veterinary work should be obtained and
his preliminary qualifications should be verified and recorded.

Attendance

(a) The college should require that students be in actual at-
tendance in the college within the first ten days of each session and
thereafter.

(b) Actual attendance at classes should be insisted on except for
good cause, such as for sickness, and no credit should be given for
any course where the attendance has been less than 80 per cent of
the full time.

Supervision

5. (a) There should be careful and itrellioent: supervision of the
entire school by the dean or other executive officer who holds and has
sufficient authority to carry out fair ideals of veterinary education
as determined by the present-day knowledge of veterinary medicine.

(b) There should be a good system of records showing conveniently
and in detail the credentials, attendance and grades of the students,
by means of which an exact knowledge can be obtained regarding each
student’s work. Records should also be kept showing readily the
attendance of students at hospital and ambulatory clinics.

Faculty

6. (a) The college should provide at least five thoroughly trained
veterinarians in charge of major departments, salaried so that they
may devote their entire time to instruction and to that research with-
out which they can not well keep up with the rapid progress being
made in their subjects. A sufficient number of assistant veterinarians
should be provided to conduct the work properly, the number of the
latter being governed by the number of students and amount of re-
search work being conducted. In no case should a head of department
be a veterinarian of less than five years’ experience in his particular
major subjects.

(b) The faculty should be made up of graduates of recognized vet-
erinary colleges. Other than veterinarians should be selected as teach-
ers of veterinary subjects only under exceptional circumstances and
only when veterinarians of equal special capacity are not available.
The faculty should be thoroughly organized with an executive head
or dean and each department having its head professor directly re-
sponsible for all instruction given in his particular department.

Curriculum

7. (a) The college curriculum should be fully graded and extend
over four collegiate years of not less than thirty-two weeks each and
of not less than seventeen credit hours per week, exclusive of time
required for matriculation and holidays. The courses offered in the
various subjects should be set forth in the annual announcement,
so as to show for each course its number, subject, content, character
(lecture, recitation, laboratory or clinic), length of time devoted to
each and the amount of credit allowed. The courses for each class
should also be clearly set forth in a class schedule, for the guidance
of the students.

(b) The college should give two years of work consisting largely.
of laboratory work in well-equipped laboratories of anatomy, histol-
ogy, pathology, embryologv, physiology, chemistry, bacteriology, phar-
macology, therapeutics and clinical diagnosis. In addition selected
animal husbandry subjects, such as breed types and judging of live-
stock, animal breeding and feeds and feeding, should be required.

prea eontn : pala My a :

Proceepinecs A. V. M. A. 479

Present-day knowledge makes it essential that these subjects be in
charge of full-time, well-trained teachers.

(c) Two years of clinical work with courses in medicine, surgery
(including surgical anatomy and operative surgery on experimental
subjects), obstetrics, serum therapy, parasitology, sanitation, food
hygiene and necroscopy.

General Teaching Facilities and Instruction

8. (a) The college should show evidences of thorough and reason-
ably modern instructional methods in all departments. Adequate class-
room and laboratory facilities and such equipment as is generally
regarded as being essential to the teaching of the various laboratory
branches should be provided. Evidences should be shown that student
work is being carefully supervised and that equipment and facilities
are being intelligently used in the training of veterinary students.

(b) Each college should be supplied with such auxiliary equipment
as projection and photographic apparatus, charts and other apparatus
now so generally used in medical teaching.

(c) Modern experimental laboratory work in physiology, pharma-
cology, bacteriology, as well as for medical research, necessitates a
supply of animals such as frogs, rabbits, guinea-pigs, etc., and proper
provision is necessary for the housing and care of such animals.

(d) There should be sufficient embalmed material to enable each
student to dissect the lateral half of the horse, ox, pig, sheep, dog, cat
and fowl and to provide cross sections, special dissections and other
demonstration material. Care should be used to provide material
from both sexes of each species for simultaneous dissections and
demonstrations. Pregnant and immature subjects for dissection are
also helpful. In the case of the horse, at least, a living animal
should be in the dissecting room for a “palpator.”

(e) The college should have a working library, to include the more
modern veterinary text and reference books together with related
scientific text-books and journal files. The library should receive regu-
larly the leading veterinary and related scientific periodicals, the cur-
rent numbers of which should be in racks or on tables easily acces-
sible to the students. At the end of each year these periodicals should
be bound and added to the files of bound periodicals. The library
room should be properly lighted and heated, and open during all or the
greater part of the day.

(f) There should be a working museum having its various anatom-
ical, surgical, obstetrical, pathological and other specimens carefully
prepared, labeled and indexed so that any specimen may be easily
found and employed for teaching purposes. It is suggested that so
far as possible with each pathologic specimen coming from post-
mortems there also be kept the record of the postmortem, the clinical
history of the patient on which the postmortem was held and micro-
scopic slides showing the minute structures of the diseases shown in
the gross specimen. The museum furnishes an excellent means of
correlating the work of the department of pathology with that of the
clinical departments.

Clinical Facilities and Instruction
9. (a) The college should be provided with a clinic building or clinic
rooms with facilities for receiving, recording, examining and treating
medical and surgical cases of all species of animals. The building
should contain a dispensary with drugs, instruments and instrument
sterilizers; one or more operating rooms with operating tables for
large and small animals; a clinic room for the examination and daily

treatment of patients, and stalls and kennels for hospital patients.

(b) An average of not less than 100 cases per month, well dis-

480 Proceepineas A. V. M. A.

tributed as to species, is desirable for senior classes of twenty-five
students or less, these cases to be of such character as to permit the
students to see and study the common variety of surgical and med-
ical cases in each species.

(c) Clinical instruction should be offered to junior and senior stu-
dents. The same cases may be used for both classes, each case being
assigned to a senior student having one or more junior assistants.
Each student group should be responsible for making a detailed ex-
amination of the patient assigned, assisting in the treatment, and
making careful records of the case until it is discharged from the
hospital. Where clinical material is limited the instructors should
see that each student in the class has knowledge of each and every
case, and students should be required to pass examinations in their
clinical work as well as any other subject.

(d) Facilities should be provided for proper postmortems on ani-
mals dying in the clinics during each college session, which should be
attended by both classes and participated in by senior students.
These should be performed in cooperation with the professor of
pathology.

(e) The clinical staff should include the professors of medicine and
surgery and their assistants, and they should have the close coopera-
tion of the professors of pathology and bacteriology. The examina-
tion of patients, the preparation of drugs and instruments should be
under the close supervision of the instructors, and all treatment and
operations should be done by the instructors assisted by the students
assigned to the case. Attendance at the clinic should be prompt and
regular on the part of students and instructors.

‘(f) An ambulatory clinic should be maintained for senior students
under the direction of a good practitioner and instructor who is a
regular member of the faculty. Students should be assigned to this
work in small groups for definite periods, and the members of each
group should go on all calls during their periods of assignment.

19. A clear statement of the college’s requirements for admission,
tuition, sessions, courses offered and graduation should be clearly set
forth in regular annual catalogs or announcements.

In visiting the various colleges this year your committee has en-
deavored to apply the above outline as a basis for judging the work
of the various institutions, and it has proven of material assistance
in securing a greater degree of uniformity in the school inspections.
No institution visited presented, of course, a condition of 100 per
cent efficiency. As previously stated, certain institutions showed a
marked improvement over their 1919-20 condition and have en-
deavored to carry out as far as possible previous suggestions and
recommendations of this committee.

Last year at the Columbus meeting this Association approved of
the principle of a publicity campaign the aim of which was to bring
before the public some of the important phases of veterinary medicine
in reference to the relation of the profession to public health, ad-
vancement in education, field and scope of work and its general rela-
tion to society. However, after careful consideration by this com-
mittee, in addition to conferences with the Executive Board, it was
not deemed advisable, on account of lack of funds, to begin publicity
work of this nature the past year. Recently the subject has again
been brought to the attention of the profession through the editorial
columns of one of our veterinary journals, wherein comment and sug-
gestions are presented in connection with a discussion of a “News
Service for Science” recently established in Washington, D. C., under
the name of “Science Service.” Science Service is the name of an
agency newly established in Washington through the generosity of

bs
g

Proceepincs A. V. M. A. 481

Mr. Edward Scripps of Miramar, Calif., for the diffusion of knowl-
edge regarding science. The governing board of fifteen trustees is
composed of representatives of the National Academy of Sciences, the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, the National
Research Council, the Scripps Estate, and the journalistic profession.
Its function is to serve all sciences, acting, as it were, as an ethical
agent between scientific circles and the outside world, and through
popular science writings instruct the people as a whole regarding the
aims and achievements of the various branches of modern science.
It would seem that this service might afford the means of giving to
veterinary science and the veterinary profession a wider and more
desirable publicity, and is worthy of investigation by this Association.

Summary

1. This committee recommends the following list of veterinary col-
leges as approved colleges for the ensuing year:

Alabama Polytechnic Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine.

Colorado State College, Division of Veterinary Medicine.

Georgia State College of Agriculture, Division of Veterinary Medi-
cine.

Indiana Veterinary College.

Iowa State College, Division of Veterinary Medicine.

Kansas State Agricultural College, Division of Veterinary Medicine.

L’Ecole de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montreal.

Michigan Agricultural College, Division of Veterinary Science.

New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University.

New York State Veterinary College at New York University.

Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine.

Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto University.

State College of Washington, College of Veterinary Science.

Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, School of Veterinary
Medicine.

University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine.

2. This committee recommends that the “Essentials of an Approved
Veterinary College” as herewith submitted be approved.

3. This committee recommends that this Association, through an
authorized committee, investigate the newly organized “Science Serv-
ice” as herein mentioned, and if advisable endeavor to have such edu-
cational publicity articles prepared as may properly give the pro-
fession wider publicity, and, following approval of the committee, be
placed at the disposal of this science news agency for publication.

4. This committee recommends that, in order that sufficient funds
may be available for the work of the Committee on Intelligence and
Education to carry out properly its projected work, the Budget Com-
mittee, if it deems advisable, increase the appropriation for the work
of this committee from $1,000 to $1,500 for the ensuing year.

Cassius WAY, Chairman
(Term expires 1922),
L. ENos DAy
(Term expires 1921),

L. W. Goss
(Term expires 1925),
B. T. SIMMS

(Term expires 1924),

H. D. BERGMAN, Secretary

(Term expires 1923),

Gamnisitee on Intelligence and Education.

482 PROCEEDINGS A. V. M. A.

PRESIDENT WuiTE: You have heard the very excellent report
ot the Committee on Intelligence and Edueation. What shall
be done with it?

Dr. Sisson: I move that the report be adopted.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Hoskins. )

Dr. EicHHORN: There is one recommendation with regard to
the heads of departments which I think ought to be amended.
Tt I understand correctly, the statement was that the head of
any department should require five years’ experience in that
particular branch. It seems to me that sometimes it might
work to the disadvantage of a particular college if you adopt
that. Have the time limit stated definitely. It might be that
the professor in some veterinary college might be suited if
there is a vacancy in some other department. If we adopt this,
I don’t think this could be accomplished, so I move that the com-
mittee change this particular clause.

PRESIDENT WHITE: Is this clause mandatory, Dr. Bergman ?

Dr. BERGMAN: It says ‘‘in no case should a department,’’ ete.
It is not mandatory.

PRESIDENT WHITE: The motion to accept the report is before
you.

Dr. R. C. Moore: I would like to offer an amendment to the
report: That the St. Joseph Veterinary College be considered
in the accredited list of this Association.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Conrad.)

rR. BERGMAN: If I understand Dr. Moore’s motion correctly,
it is that the St. Joseph Veterinary College be added to the list
of approved veterinary colleges. This would seem to be a very
extraordinary request on the part of Dr. Moore, as this com-
mittee has no information as to the condition of this veterinary
college during the past year. St. Joseph Veterinary College
was discredited at the New Orleans meeting and dsked for re-
examination the next year, and the committee, following the re-
examination, recommended at Columbus that it remain on the
diseredited list. It does not seem that we should place on the
approved list a college regarding the present condition of which
we have no information.

Dr. R. C. Moore: I would like to explain the situation. Last
year, When we were rejected at Columbus, a motion was made
immediately asking that our institution be inspected again for
future consideration. During the discussion on that question
the Chair made the statement that it was unnecessary to adopt
such a motion because our college would be regularly inspected
in the rounds of inspections. We have depended upon that state-
ment. We have waited day after day, throughout the year,
expecting from time to time that this committee would visit us
and inspect the institution. I even waited at home until the
last train before I could reach this convention, thinking they
might stop there on their way to the meeting, as most of them

ProcEEpINGS A. V. M. A. 483

lived beyond that point. They did not come. The facet that it
has not been inspected is no fault of ours. We are meeting
every requirement as read here today by the chairman of this
committee. We have put in last year our full time as we did
the year before, of thirty-two weeks of actual teaching time.
We have taught every subject that is required. We have taught
it as thoroughly, I believe, as any other school is doing. Our
clinics have been good. In fact, the men who have graduated
from, that institution in the last year, I believe, particularly
have demonstrated this fact, and they have passed your State
boards wherever they have gone. Not a single failure has been
reported this year.

We graduated thirty-seven men. We had a hundred students,
and we did not admit a single man except on the high-school
requirements as required by this Association, and we do not
see why we should be discriminated against, and not be allowed
the privilege of other members of this Association. The faculty
‘and members of that institution are members of this Associa-
tion. We have been members of this Association for a good
many years. We have done our part as best we could for the
upbuilding of this Association. We believe we have no right
to be discriminated against because of no failure on our part.

We ask to be reinstated to the list of accredited colleges, and
if we are found to be not living up to these conditions, we are
willing to take the consequences. I ask you, gentlemen, to con-
sider this carefully and not do an act that will ruin an institution
that has labored year after year, and that will ruin the men
at the head of the institution who had labored year after year
for the upbuilding of the institutions of the country. I ask you
to consider this carefully and vote as you think is right.

If we are discredited this year it means another hardship to
maintain a sufficient number of students to meet our expenses.
We did so last year, notwithstanding the fact that we received
a stunning blow, and accusations were made against us, that
somehow or other came to the committee, that were not correct.

I want to say one thing while I am on the floor. I am not
saying this to discredit the committee, but to prove what I said.
The statement was made at Columbus (that was one of the
contentions of the committee) that we had admitted men to
advaneed standing who should not have been admitted. The
chairman of the committee made the statement that we had ad-
mitted Edward Trenton Prends, who had come to us with credit
for two years’ work in the Iowa College, with a certificate on
which was written ‘‘disqualified.”’ I didn’t believe it at the
time. The man had been an elegant student, and the committee
went on to say that this man was not bright. Where they got
their information I do not know. I have in my pocket a photo-
graph of that certificate. It is here for your inspection. Not a
single line of any description is written across its face. Down

484 Procrepines A. V. M. A.

in the corner, however, is written: ‘‘Letter of honorable dis-
missal her eunto attached. is

I have the letter here, which reads as follows:

‘“To Whom It May Concern: This is to certify that Edward
Trenton Prends is this day at his own request granted this tes-
timony of honorable dismissal, September 14, 1918.’’ It is
signed by the registrar.

They didn’t stop with that. It seemed that they liked him.

‘‘Mr. Trenton Prends, Moulton, Iowa. My dear Mr. Prends:
Replying to yours of the Ist instant, we are inclosing herewith
certificate of your credit with letter of honorable dismissal.
We are sorry to lose you from our student enrollment and hope
you will enjoy your work wherever you decide to register, and
that you W ill return to Towa State College later to finish your
course.’

I admitted this man on these credentials, and I believe I
did right. I believe they are as clear as can be, and I am read-
ing you this to show you that this committee has been mis-
informed from some source or other. I believe it was an injustice
to this man to make a statement of this kind. That is the reason
TI am reading this and showing these documents here for your
consideration:

I again ask you to give this your careful consideration.

Dr. BeraMan: Mr. Chairman, one might think from the lat-
ter part of Dr. Moore’s discussion that his institution was re-
fused recognition because of this particular case (Trenton
Prends). If this committee made a mistake in the examination
of the credentials of one student, that would not be remarkable,
because when you go into an institution and commence to ex-
amine the credentials of the students, it is quite a complicated
task. At the New Orleans meeting the criticism particularly
emphasized was the matter of matriculation requirements, be-
cause at the meeting in New Orleans, when the St. Joseph School
was first discredited, it had failed to meet the matriculation re-
quirements laid down by the Association relative to four years’
high school, and there was no use of further discussion. Neither
had the requirements been met at the time of the Columbus
meeting, for the school had not yet opened for the season of
1920-21.

In addition, however, the objections of the committee to the
St. Joseph School went further—namely, that there was a lack
of proper facilities to carry out efficient veterinary educational
work. So far as this individual instance that Dr. Moore brings
up is concerned, if the committee owes an apology for that,
all well and good. Don’t think, however, that this individual
instance was responsible for the diserediting of the St. Joseph
Veterinary College. The committee recommended that the St.
Joseph Veterinary College be discredited largely in view of
the fact that in the opinion of the committee it was not carry-

PrRocEEDINGS A. V. M. A. 485

ing out efficient educational methods and did not have the fa-
cilities to do so.

Relative to the inspection of the St. Joseph College this year,
if the committee had had any idea that it desired inspection,
it would have been given. The committee was not requested to
inspect the college by the college authorities, neither was it in-
structed by the Association to inspect the college.

The committee discussed the case of the St. Joseph Veterinary
College at the meeting in Chicago in December, and it was agreed
that inasmuch as we had not been requested to do so, we would
not inspect the college. Do you suppose for a minute that this
committee would walk into an institution over which the Asso-
ciation has no jurisdiction and inspect it without being re-
quested to do so? If we had been requested to inspect the St.
Joseph Veterinary College we would have done so. As a mat-
ter of fact we heard reports to the effeet that it was immaterial
to the college whether it was recognized by this Association or not.

We sincerely hope, as the committee is directly responsible,
that this Association will not see fit to approve this college
without definite information as to its present condition and
educational methods being employed.

Dr. Canim: Last year we asked for a committee to investigate
this college at once that we might be put upon the accredited
list. The Secretary at that time made the remark that he would
fight with every power available the appointment of a special
committee or a visitation of the regular committee to this school
at that time, saying at the time-that this would be investigated
and looked after during the regular visitations. Dr. Cary in
his remarks said that this school would be visited by the regu-
lar committee during the course of the year. We not only asked
for this committee to investigate us, but we tried to get a special
committee or this committee to make a special trip to investigate
us, and did not succeed. It seems strange to me that in the
face of that evidence this committee will come before you here
and say that they had not received an application from this
college to visit it.

During the year we have endeavored to keep up the high
standard of the school as it has been in the past. The statement
was made that the college was lacking in certain essentials. I
would refer the Doctor to the previous report of the previous
committee, which complimented us upon our laboratory facilities
and the manner in which the work was conducted. No change
had been made during the time. It is strange that two com-
mittees would differ to that extent.

We waited until last Sunday for this committee. It is no
fault of ours. If this convention thinks it is fair to this school
that we should stay on the discredited list for another year on
account of a mistake of this committee, it is up to vou. We ask
for nothing but justice. (Applause.)

486 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

Dr. Conrad: It has been my pleasure and privilege to be in
close proximity to this college. I live a short distance out of
this city. I will state plainly I never had any request to visit
this college. I go to St. Joseph frequently, and invariably loiter
around and visit the college and visit the classes. I am a mem-
ber of the State Veterinary Board in Kansas, having been ap-
pointed this last year. I looked over the papers of the graduate
members of the class, and I must say, in highest regard, they
passed better examinations than I ever had the privilege of read-
ing from any college or any institution.

I am not saying this on account of any friendship I have
for the college, the professors, or anything of that sort. This
talk I give you comes unsolicited. I talked with Dr. Luckey, of
the Examining Board of Missouri, and every man passed the
examination. I had the opportunity of perusing some of the
questions asked this class, and I will state that it was a very
severe examination. They gave a real examination. We gave
one entirely different, but covered the subjects in completeness,
and the men from St. Joseph passed a very creditable examina-
tion. Dr. Wolfe was president of the board, and he said, ‘‘We
have to give St. Joseph a handeclap for the manner of their edu-
cating their students in this college.’’? (Applause.)

Dr. R. C. Moore: I would like to call attention of the Associa-
tion to the fact that Dr. Bergman seems to think it would be
improper to accredit this college without the recommendation
of the Committee on Intelligence and Education. I just want to
remark that we were discredited in New Orleans in face of the
fact that the committee not only recommended us favorably,
but the chairman of the committee stood before the Association
and pleaded for our continuance on that list. Yet you took it
out of the committee’s hands and voted us out. Is it any more
harm to vote us in without the recommendation of the com-
mittee than it was to vote us out? (Applause.)

Dr. GRAEFE: I happened to be present at the Columbus meet-
ing last vear, and think I understand the proceedings in refer-
ence to this question. I would take it to mean that that institu-
ion at that time was promised consideration and inspection dur-
ing the ensuing year. I have been in the office of the St. Joseph
Veterinary College once. I have never been through the institu-
tion, and know nothing about their equipment or any of the
other circumstances in question, but it does seem to me like an
injustice that when these matters are brought so forcibly before
this Association, the Committee on Intelligence and Education
did not take the means to be able to know something about this
institution when this question was brought up at this time.

I don’t know what the Constitution and By-Laws say in ref-
erence to that matter, but it seems to me if we want to conduct
efficiently the aggressiveness of veterinary education in this
country, when there is one institution in question, as this one

Proceepincs A. V. M. A. 487

has been, that the mere matter of the formal request, whether
given or not, should not be justification for keeping this institu-
tion on or off the accredited list, if it is entitled to be on it. It
seems to me as though it is a matter of justice and justice only,
and one which, if not given at this time, is going to delay that
institution another year, which is a very vital factor in its man-
agement. I don’t want to be responsible for any sentiments
to lower the educational standards, but I do feel that the inter-
est of the veterinary profession in this country demands that
every institution in this country be given justice. (Applause. )

Dr. Sims: As a member of the Committee on Intelligence and
Edueation I beg to call attention to the happenings at Columbus
last year. The St. Joseph Veterinary College did not request
on the floor at Columbus that we inspect the institution this
year, but where the request came in was in a motion from Dr.
Koen, asking that the Committee be instructed to inspect, with
power to put the institution back on the list of accredited col-
leges without referring back to this Association. The request
was a motion asking that our committee be given power to act.
The motion was lost, Dr. Mayo stating, as has been said, that
he would fight very much any motion or movement to give the
committee power to act without referring back to the Association
as a whole. That was the only request that we received, that
request coming, as I say, from Dr. Koen in form of a motion,
which the house as a whole voted down. There has been some
little discussion of what took place there, and I wanted to eall
attention of all the members present to what happened there.
I have looked up the minutes of the previous meeting. (Ap-
plause. )

Dr. P. A. FisH: There seems to be a question of veracity in-
volved, and that, perhaps, can not be settled at this meeting.
I was at the New Orleans meeting and remember when this ques-
tion came up for discussion. The requirements for the ac-
credited list were published in advance, and the private schools
had a meeting to talk over the future and discuss whether or not
they should. comply with these requirements. As a result of
that meeting certain of the schools did comply with the require-
ments and were recognized and accepted by the Association.
The St. Joseph School did not comply with the requirements at
that time, and yet a very earnest plea was put up at the New
Orleans meeting for it to be taken in on the accredited list just
the same. That brought up the question of fair play. Is it right
to penalize an institution that did comply with the requirements,
although much hardship was involved, and overlook the negli-
gence or possibly the defiance of another school that failed to
take the proper action? I think that was the question at issue.
Nobody who intends to do justice in connection with this matter
would be willing to take this school into the Association without
any examination. The committee has been appointed for the

488 Procerpines A. V. M. A.

very purpose ‘ol looking over the equipment of the schools. It
is their function to know about these things, and their opinion
is more valuable to the Association than that of parties directly
interested in the school, because their opinions are naturally
more or less biased.

I think the Association should stand by its committee. I
think we should be guided very largely by what they have to
say. It is unfortunate that the committee has not been asked
to visit the school before this time. It is difficult for the layman
in the Association to judge, but the issue now seems to be
whether the school shall come into the Association on the state-
ment of its dean or whether it shall come in in the proper way,
by recommendation of the committee.

Dr. Conran: In the face of the remarks the gentleman just
made, I would offer an amendment to the amendment, which is
contrary to the motion, that three additional members be added
to the committee, to make immediate investigation of the St.
Joseph Veterinary College, and if their findings are such that it
is an aceredited college, that it be immediately published and
recommended.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Connaway.)

Dr. STANGE: I rise to a point of order. I think that amend-
ment is unconstitutional. The Constitution provides for the
Committee on Intelligence and Education and its personnel.
Any committee that would be appointed to investigate this in-
stitution would have to be a special committee or a committee to
cooperate with this committee.

PRESIDENT WuitTE: The Chair sustains the point or order.

Dr. Conrap: I make a motion to amend the amendment, that
the Committee on Intelligence and Edueation be asked to inspect
immediately the institution and immediately report to the Asso-
ciation. (Seconded. )

Dr. BERGMAN: This committee is to report to the Association
annually. We can not report until the next annual meeting of
this Association. We shall be very glad to make the inspection
upon request.

PRESIDENT WuiITE: Is there any further discussion ?

Dr. Sisson: It seems to me this last motion is unnecessary.
It can’t be amended.

Dr. Conrap: In view of the fact that you give complete power
and usually do according to the recommendation of the com-
mittee, it seems to me that we have held this in suspension long
enough; that this college should be either recognized or dis-
qualified forever, and it is a discrimination to keep this college
out if it is complying with the requirements which establish a
good college. We should act in some manner according to tech-
nicality of some kind. This college deserves looking into.

PRESIDENT WHITE: An amendment to an amendment must
be germane. The Chair will rule the amendment to the amend-

.
|
}

ProcEepincs A. V. M. A. 489

ment out of order because it is not germane. The question
resolves upon the amendment to the motion. The amendment is
to add the St. Joseph Veterinary College to the list of accredited
colleges of the Committee on Intelligence and Education.

Dr. Koren: It is with much reluctance that I rise to speak on
this question. For days an effort has been made to prevent
just this situation, and just before entering this room with
this committee some effort was made whereby a solution might
be had without a rehashing of everything that has transpired.
The reason for this effort was the benefit of the Association,
the prevention of further ill will, the accomplishment of justice
toward all. The suggestion at that time was that an applica-
tion be made at this time for an immediate investigation by
the Committee on Intelligence and Edueation, of the St. Joseph
Veterinary College, to determine whether or not it was meeting
the requirements. It was also suggested that the Intelligence
Committee, in order to show that it bore no ill will and no grudge
and did not intend to discriminate against the St. Joseph School,
request of this Association that the chairman appoint three
other members of the Association to accompany that committee
to make this investigation. It is not the desire, I am sure, that
the Committee on Intelligence and Edueation be discredited,
and I do not believe that it is the desire of this Association that
the St. Joseph Veterinary School be discriminated against if it
has been meeting the requirements.

I regret that the motion by Dr. Conrad was not made in a
little different form. I don’t know that it could be made so
as to be considered germane by the chairman, but if it were
possible for a motion to be made that the rules and By-Laws be
suspended, and that three additional members of this Association
supplement the Intelligence Committee for immediate investiga-
tion, and that their findings be published in the JouRNAL, surely
then the eredit should be due the St. Joseph Veterinary College
and no injustice would be done; neither would the Association
be on record. as supporting something that would be unfair.

I make this statement since I have been mentioned by Dr.
Simms (he quoted me correctly), and I think it is just that you
know what has been attempted.

Dr. ConNAWAY: We had a President once who said in a great
erisis that it is not a theory but a condition which we confront,
and the condition that confronts us now in this country is a
shortage of veterinarians. You all know that I have always
stood up for high standards. I would put the Cornell graduate
or the State college graduate in every county in this whole
country, if I could, or some of these other good schools; but we
have in Missouri, where this school is located, twenty-five ecoun-
ties that have no veterinarians. ‘Those people need veterinary
service. I, from my college, have to teach county agents and
extension men some veterinary knowledge so that they can give

490 PROCEEDINGS A. V. M. A.

these people veterinary service. Not very long ago I wrote to
Dr. Moore, ‘‘Have you a good man you could send to Ver-
sailles, in Morgan County?’’ He wrote back that he didn’t have
him. If I had written to Iowa, Cornell, Pennsylvania, or any
other place, I am sure I couldn’t have gotten him there.

I am not in favor of this body here going over a regularly
established committee and voting this school in, but I believe it
is justice to this school that we should provide some means by
which they can establish their qualifications to the satisfaction
of this Association that they are meeting these requirements.
JT don’t believe that we ought to let them in one minute sooner
than they meet the full requirements of this Association, and I
believe they ought to come in through the regular channels, not
through any sympathy that we may arouse here on account of
injustice or misunderstanding.

Therefore I renew the motion that the committee be instructed
to inspect this school at the very earliest moment possible, and
that they be empowered by this body to admit it back into regu-
jar standing, or reject, as may be the ease.

If this body here can vote that school in, it certainly has the
power to give that same power to that committee. If we don’t
stand by our committees we had better not have the committees.
That is my stand on this matter.

I hope to see this school reinstated; I hope to see it come up
to the full requirement of this Association. If we had the means
at our universities to do this work, we would do it; but you
know that it takes a lot of money to run a great institution
hke a university. It has a large number of departments. We
need a large amount of money for running what we have, and
if we can have a little help for running institutions and those
located here and there over the country, we would be glad to
have some. Send us good veterinarians. We need them. We
have a good field for them. (Applause.)

Dr. Corron: I wish to second Dr. Connaway’s amendment.
Provided you don’t consider that germane, I want to request
Dr. Moore to withdraw his motion.

PRESIDENT WHITE: Dr. Moore, do you wish to withdraw your
motion, your amendment, with the consent of the second ?

Dr. R. C. Moore: We are now within a very few days of the
opening of the school, and the only advantage that this school
could gain this year by recognition would have to come within
that space of time. I can see no advantage to us in any way for
inspection to be made, because the time will be past to visit
us with any benefit this year. If we wait another year we might
as well wait regular order. Therefore I would not like to with-
draw the motion.

PRESIDENT WHITE: The Chair will rule the motion of Dr. Con-
naway out of order.

SECRETARY Mayo: It doesn’t seem to me that this Association

PROCEEDINGS A. V. M. A. 49]

would like to ask Dr. Moore a question. I confess I don’t see how
the committee can inspect the school When it isn’t running. Sup-
pose, Dr. Moore, as soon as you get fairly started you asked the
Committee on Intelligence and Edueation to visit your school,
and if they find on inspection that you are meeting the require-
ments of the A. V. M. A., if the committee would report that find-
ing to the JouRNAL of the Association, and it should be published,
would that meet your needs? It wouldn’t be official action by
this body, because that could not take place until the annual
meeting; but I believe the Association would approve the re-
port of the Committee on Intelligence and Edueation. That is
only my personal opinion. You have already advertised your
school, preparing to open the next session, and I confess I
don’t see how recognizing that school now will be of any benefit

. to you at all; but I believe it would be a source of satisfaction to
your students to know that the school had been inspected after
it is running, and that the report of the committee was favorable.
Of course, that would still be subject to the action of the Asso-
ciation, and then the students would know that this school
will be recognized. It seems to me that that is the only solution
of this problem as it is presented to us today.

Dr. R. C. Moore: Dr. Mayo, just as I stated a few minutes
ago, it would be too late to be of value to us. A few men are
waiting anxiously to know whether they will matriculate with
us or not. They want to, but want to,know whether they are to
be recognized. This would be too late to be of value to them,
and the period of matriculation will have gone by. It would be
of no benefit to us whatever. If it has to come to that, we might
just as well wait until the next vear, and take the regular in-
specion. I can’t see where it would benefit us at all.

(The amendment offered by Dr. Moore, that the St. Joseph
Veterinary College be added to the accredited list of the Asso-
ciation, was put to a vote and was lost.)

PRESIDENT. WHITE: The question now comes on the original
motion to adopt the report of the Committee on Intelligence and
Edueation.

(The motion was carried. )

Dr. BERGMAN: This committee has another resolution that it
would like to present. ;

(Dr. Bergman read the following resolution :)

| can do otherwise than follow the Constitution and By-Laws. |
.

ery

Supplementary Report

The Committee on Intelligence and Education desires to submit,
with its approval, the following: ‘

We, the undersigned, hereby recommend the Honorable J. M. Whittle-
sey, Commissioner of Domestic Animals of the State of Connecticut,
for election to honorary membership-in the A. V. M. A.

Mr. Whittlesey from the time of his appointment has recognized the
necessity and the advantages of cooperating with the veterinarians in
his field of endeavor. In his official capacity he has at all times given

=~
oe

492 Procerepincs A. V. M. A.

hearty and full support to the veterinary profession of his State and
nation. Soon after his inauguration into office he appointed a vet-
erinarian as Deputy Commissioner. The splendid progress in the
control and eradication of infectious diseases in Connecticut is largely
due to his sympathetic efforts and to the hearty support he always
tenders to the veterinarians.

J. R. MOHLER,

T. E. MUNCE,

ADOLPH EICHHORN.

Dr. KiERNAN: I take pleasure in moving that the report of
the committee be accepted.

(The motion was seconded and carried. )

COMMISSIONER J. M. WuirrLEsry: Mr. President, I rise very
humbly and unworthily to thank this great Association for the
honor conferred upon me, and I shall guard that honor very
loyally. I wish to reiterate that there may be no misunderstand-
ing, that I am unworthy of this honor that has come to me
unsought and as a great surprise. You have, in adding my name
to your list of honorary members, honored Dr. Charles L. Colton,
a member of your Association, for his four faithful years in
the service of the State as Deputy Commissioner on Domestic
Animals. You have honored the present deputy, Dr. George E.
Corwin, also a member of the American Veterinary Medical
Association. You are honoring that good, efficient association,
the Connecticut Veterinary Medical Association, who have
rallied around the Commissioner’s office as their own depart-
ment, and who have, with the cooperation and assistance of
the Bureau of Animal Industry, with the assistance of Dr. R. L.
Smith, inspector in charge, accomplished a wonderfully good
work in Connecticut in the past four years. These accomplish-
ments have been recognized by the Public Health Service of the
State and the boards of health of the various cities, and have
assisted in obtaining the confidence of the Legislature of the
State of Connecticut. I do thank you from the bottom of my
heart. (Applause.)

Report oF EXECUTIVE BOARD

SECRETARY Mayo: If it is permissible, I would like to go back
to the report of the Executive Board. I have one short thing
to report. The Executive Committee recommends that a Com-
mittee on Membership be appointed, this committee to consist
of the incoming President, the Editor of the JouRNAL, the Sec-
retary, and the Chairman of the Executive Board.

(It was voted, on motion, duly seconded, that the reeommenda-
tion of the Executive Board be adopted.)

SECRETARY Mayo: There is one item of unfinished business
that I want to get finished. At the last meeting of the Associa-
tion a change of Article 12, Section 1, was proposed, changing
the name of the Seetion on Veterinary Colleges and Examin-

erry.

aN: ee Y

Procerepinecs A. V. M. A. 493

ing Boards to Section on Education and Research. I move that
that change in the Constitution and By-Laws be made.
(The motion was seconded by Dr. Hoskins and earried.)

PRESENTATION OF PAPERS

PRESIDENT WHITE: We have for this afternoon two papers
to be presented. I will call for the paper on “The Need of
Cooperation Between the United States and Mexico for the Con-
trol of Epizooties,’’ by Dr. Luis Santa Maria of Mexico. Dr.
Santa Maria has requested, inasmuch as he does not speak Eng-
lish fluently, that Dr. C. E. Troy of New Mexico read the paper
for him.

(Dr. Bemis took the chair at this point.)

(Dr. Troy read the paper of Dr. Santa Maria. It was pub-
lished in the JouRNAL for December, 1921, page 306.)

CHAIRMAN Bemis: Gentlemen, you have heard this interesting
paper. I am sure you all realize the importance of cooperation
between these two countries in the matter of disease control.
Do you wish to discuss this paper?

Dr. EICHHORN: The paper presented a great deal of interest-
ing material. Inasmuch as a colleague from Mexico has pre-
sented for the first time a paper before this Association, I would
suggest that Dr. Santa Maria be taken to the platform and
introduced to the audience. (Applause.)

(Dr. Santa Maria was escorted to the platform.)

Dr. Santa Maria: I want to thank you for your welcome.
On account of not being able to speak English fluently to ex-
press my sentiments to you, I asked Dr. Troy to deliver the
address I prepared. (Applause.)

Dr. Exiason: I think it would be too bad to let this oppor-
tunity go by without an appreciation of the paper just rendered
by our friend from Mexico. As a representative of one of the
States that has sent our sister republic a considerable number
of cattle, I wish to give him the assurance that we are doing
everything we can, and will render him every assistance in our
power to do. those things which he wishes to have done. (Ap-
plause. )

CHAIRMAN Bemis: We have one other paper on the program
in the general session this afternoon, ‘‘The Surgical Treatment
of Laryngoplegia in the Horse,’’ by Dr. J. W. Adams. (Ap-
plause. ) j

(Dr. Adams read his paper. It was published in the JourNAL
for November, 1921, page 144.)

(President White resumed the Chair.)

PLACE OF Next MEETING

SECRETARY Mayo: I have invitations to hold the next meeting
in New York City, Atlantic City, San Francisco, Cincinnati, and
also an invitation that will be presented from St. Louis, and

494 PrRocEEDINGS A. VY. M. A.

there is an invitation from Madison, Wisconsin, which you have
heard.

Dr. McKenna: May I ask from whom the invitation from
San Francisco comes?

SECRETARY Mayo: From the Convention Board of San Fran-
C1SCO.

Dr. McKenna: I might say that the veterinarians of Califor-
nia do not believe the meeting should come west at this time.

SECRETARY Mayo: All of these invitations have come from
chambers of commerce.

Dr. JENSEN: In view of the statement made by Dr. Mayo that
all these invitations have originated from chambers of com-
merce, I desire to say that, several weeks ago it was my pleas-
ure to visit the meeting of Wisconsin veterinarians. While this
meeting was in session the question of inviting this Association
to Wisconsin for the next year was taken up. In view of the
fact that this is one of the largest dairy States of the Union,
that they have never had the A. V. M. A., and there is a move-
ment to have this meeting come there, I think they are entitled
to have the meeting. Madison is a pretty good town; next to
St. Joseph it is all right.

In view of the further fact that this meeting constitutes for
most of us our annual vacation, we should also select a place
where we can vacate pleasantly for a little while. I don’t
know where you could find more beautiful forests, or more
beautiful lakes, than you can find in the State of Wiseonsin—
and there is water in them, too. (Laughter.) There is a bath
with every room. All you have to do is put on your bathing suit
and step out.

Furthermore, the University of Wisconsin is located there. It
is one of the greatest institutions of learning in .this country.
It has offered this Association its buildings to use while we are
there, and the Animal Husbandry Department has offered its
buildings for clinics, something that has been lost track of in the
last two years. We have confined ourselves to papezs and dis-
cussions, and a great many men are still interested in surgery,
while perhaps it doesn’t seem to be called for as much as it
was in years gone by. .

There is a question of good fellowship involved. Almost
every State in the Union has had this meeting. Although this
. Association has been in existence fifty-eight years, it has never
gone to Wisconsin. They ask you to come there next year.

SECRETARY Mavo: In connection with this invitation, I should
present the following resolution that was adopted by the Illinois
Veterinary Association :

WHEREAS, St. Louis is centrally located in the Mississippi Valley,

reached by twenty-six different railroads and fully equipped to ac-
commodate and entertain a large body of visitors,

PrRocEEpINGsS A. V. M. A. 495

Be It Resolved, By the Illinois State Veterinary Medical Association,
in regular session assembled, that we endorse St. Louis as the meet-
ne place of the American Veterinary Medical Association in 1922,
an

Be It Further Resolved, That we, as an association and individually,
use our influence to accomplish this end, and

Be It Still Further Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be
spread upon the minutes of the association and a copy forwarded to
the National Secretary of the A. V. M. A., and by him brought before
the proper authorities at the Denver meeting.

Mr. Hatriretp (St. Louis): May I have the courtesy of the
floor for a few minutes to speak for St. Louis? In addition
to the resolution passed by Illinois (I apologize for not being here
Tuesday) I want to call your attention to a few things.

Everything that Madison has said is right. There are some
things which no city can give—which I expect to prove to
you—as well as St. Louis. I want to call your attention to
that so I may have the foundation laid properly.

I am going to present to the Secretary the formal invitation.
Here is one from the St. Louis Publicity Convention Bureau.
With the exception of Detroit, which has a fine bureau with a
manager, the Convention Bureau of St. Louis is the only one
of its kind in the world. We were kicked out of the Chamber
of Commerce because it was taking 25 per cent of the income
to run us. A group of men connected with the Chamber of
Commerce organized this bureau, and I took hold of it and have
built it up until we have an income of $750,000 and sixteen people
on the staff. My publicity man is Capt. Tourron, who made him-
self famous because of his success in breaking the record of
recruiting U. S. Marines. I am paying that boy $4,000 a year
to get publicity. I have an expert man who does nothing but
arrange details; he is a high-priced man.

Here I have the invitation of Governor Hyde of Missouri,
in which he invites you to come to the State of Missouri. I
have an invitation from the Mayor of the city, Mayor Kiel,
setting forth its central location and accessibility. I have a
letter here from the Chamber of Commerce, the Associated Re-
tailers, and the Advertising Club, guaranteeing publicity. Those
are formal invitations. I have some telegrams here which I
will read. One is from Dr. Jenneman, another from Dr. Hug-
gins, who is the veterinarian for the St. Louis National Stock
Yards.

(Mr. Hatfield read the telegrams. )

I see here a group of men that ought to be ten times as big
as it is. When you go to extreme points in the country a great
many can not attend. Denver has wonderful weather, wonderful
hospitality, they know how to entertain, and they have the
mountains. We can’t move the mountains to St. Louis. I am
not making any invidious comparisons, but if you watch the

496 ProcEEepiIncs A. V: M. A.

thermometer you will find that the thermometer of St. Louis
has run from two to three degrees less than Chicago and
other cities around there. It costs money in these times to
travel. With the railroad rates up you want to get a cen-
tral point which does not take so much money. We have
had 369 conventions whose attendance we have increased from
25 to 30 per cent because they selected a central city.

The one thing I want to emphasize is our ability to take eare
of you. Pardon the personal reference, but I am President of
the National Association of Convention Bureaus. I know what
other cities are contending with in regard to conventions; they
try to pattern as much as they can after our service. It is one
thing to invite a convention te a city and quite another to have
them all go away feeling that was the best convention they
ever had.

Dr. Howard wrote me a letter and made the statement that
they did not expect to have such service and such publicity
anywhere until they came back to St. Louis in sixteen years.
It was with his letter that I was successful in landing the Ameri-
can Bar Association.

Speaking of conventions, you know how careful the A. M. A.
is. After four years I finally landed them. They are going
to meet in St. Louis in the spring, in the last week in May.

We are taking care of conventions by giving a service that
is twofold, first to build the attendance. I will spend any
amount of money that your national officers will tell me is jus-
tified to build this attendance and get you new blood. I have
met some of the fellows around here who are professional. I
don’t mean to criticize them. They are here representing other
than what I would call the practitioners. It is all Greek to me,
yet I hear a wonderful paper read here with less than a hun-
dred people sitting here to listen to it. It is spread out through
the technical journal.

To go back to the building up of attendance, we lay out a
campaign after your formal notice has gone out to your mem-
bers announcing where you have decided to hold your meeting,
and we start in, subject to the approval of every word, so it will
be ethical according: to your standards. The Governor writes
a letter on his stationery, we pay the postage, and it goes out
of our office. We work that so that we may havé series of a
half dozen. We send those letters out to members and men
who have not been to conventions for several years. The man
zets a letter from the Governor of Missouri; that attracts his
attention. A little later on he gets a letter from the Mayor,
then from the Chamber of Commerce, then a local society, per-
haps the stock yards. The psychology is really this: ‘‘ Those
fellows really want me! I am going to go!’’ Our publicity
man will prepare cuts and material to go into your JOURNAL

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 497

and other official publications several months before the conven-
tion, telling all about it.

You are not going to be overcharged in St. Louis. The hotels
are the Statler, Jefferson, Planters, Marquette, etc. We whipped
the hotels into line, and if one of them goes back on its promise
not to advance rates during conventions, they don’t get any more
conventions until they make good.

(Mr. Hatfield read telegrams from the Hotels Planters, Jef-
ferson, Claridge and Marquette. )

I want to emphasize that we have the service, we will give
the publicity. Our publicity is ethical. Suppose we had your
program a month or six weeks in advance, and saw that Dr.
Smith of Atlanta, for instance, was going to read a paper. We
would try to get from Dr. Smith a paragraph or two on what
he was going to say. If you paid for all this publicity it would
cost you a million dollars, a dollar a line, which is cheap pub-
licity. Here you are, a constructive organization with wonder-
ful ideas to sell; you want new members, new blood; you want
to sell the idea of your organization to the public. We arrange
a press room, and Capt. Tourron secures the papers from you,
as far in advance as you can furnish them, and commences to
put them through. You will censor it, of course. We will see
that anything you release gets into the papers. The manager
of every daily paper is a member of this bureau.

I do want to say a word about the ladies. You haven’t enough
ladies here. We have in St. Louis an organization headed by a
lady who is the hospitality director and meets with local ladies
and arranges the program of entertainment. If you bring the
ladies you won’t have to’worry ; your wives will be taken care of.
( Applause. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: You have heard the invitation from the
city of St. Louis. Are there any more representatives of any
other cities who would like to be heard?

Dr. JENSEN: We are invited to go to St. Louis. We haven’t
had a single veterinarian from St. Louis at a convention in
some time. Mr. Hatfield has come directly from headquarters
to invite you, and he spent money in coming. It would be a
good thing to go there and stir up those veterinarians.

Dr. Exvitason: I am afraid that it is useless to talk to this
audience after it has been subjected to that much oratory.
We don’t come here inviting you to come to Madison entirely
for selfish motives. We believe that we ean do something for
the organization. If I didn’t honestly believe that I wouldn’t
ask you to come. I can’t boast of the terribly extravagant ac-
commodations that we can give you; I can’t boast of a good
many elaborate times we can give you; but I guarantee you this,
if you come there: You will all have to work and get into the
meeting, and feel, when you go back, that you have been to a
real veterinary convention.

498 PrRocEEpINGS A. V. M. A.

We assure you that if you come to Madison you will be taken
care of and housed, and it will be at rates that any one can
afford to live on. There will be no seven or eight-dollar-a-day
hotels, but we will take care of you and we will give you ac-
commodation that will amply house you and keep you comfort-
able while you are there.

Dr. Connaway: In talking these matters over with Dr. Jen-
sen at the beginning of this meeting I felt somewhat as he did;
but the presentation which Mr. Hatfield has made convinces me
that for the best interest of our Association we ought to go to
some place where we can get the very largest attendance and
have that cooperation of a publicity man who will make it a
success. With all the promises which Mr. Hatfield has made,
and with his genius for getting crowds to St. Louis, I believe
that we would have in that city next year one of the largest at-
tendances we have ever had. Moreover, it would be close to
where Dr. Kinsley would be, so he could cooperate, and where
every other veterinarian that should have been here can be
drafted into the service and made to work harder than any
veterinarian ever worked before. We need more members.

Dr. Craic: I move that the Association recommend to the
Executive Board that we meet in Madison, Wisconsin.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Bergman.)

Dr. LockHartr: Strike out the word ‘‘Madison’’ and substi-
tute ‘‘St. Louis.’? I move to amend to that effect.

(The amendment was seconded. )

Dr. ConNaway: I would move as a substitute that the house
be divided and those in favor of Madison gather on one side and
those in favor of St. Louis gather on the other side.

PRESIDENT WHITE: That is a good suggestion.

Secretary Mayo: I think that matter ought to be referred to
the Executive Board with an expression of opinion. I am not
a member of the Executive Board, but I am sure the Executive
Board would take every factor into consideration and give it the
most careful thought. They represent the country as a whole.

Dr. STANGE: The most representative committee we have is
elected by postal ecard ballot for a period of five years, and it
seems to me that if we are going to follow the policy of letting
small minority groups decide these questions we are going to
have a hard time doing for the Association what we want to do.

Dr. JAKEMAN: Is not this motion merely a recommendation to
the Executive Board? Is it not in their hands finally to decide?

PRESIDENT WHITE: The Chair so understands.

Dr. JENSEN: I don’t believe I got that understanding from
the minutes yesterday. Has it come to pass that this entire
organization is destined to be handled by five men? Is the
entire membership that is paying dues entitled to know what
shall happen? JI declare to you that executive committees are
human and they make mistakes. They ought not to take the

oo

_ plain

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 499

privilege of the membership out of their hands and put it into
the hands of a committee of five men. I have had some experience
with the Executive Board. I had to go on the floor to fight a
bunch, and I want to tell you I beat them hands down. I
would not for one minute submit to the final vote of the Execu-
tive Board on the matter.

Dr. Connaway: In making my motion it was my under-
standing that the settlement of this should ultimately go to the
Executive Board.

(Dr. Connaway’s substitute motion was seconded and carried,
and a standing vote was taken on each city. The result as an-
nounced by Secretary Mayo was 40 in favor of St. Louis and
46 in favor of Madison.)

SecreTaRY Mayo: As I understand this, it is referred to the
Executive Board as the expression of opinion, 46 being in favor
of Madison and 40 in favor of St. Louis.

Dr. JENSEN: May I ask the Secretary to read for the assembled
people, as a matter of courtesy to them, the exact wording of
that matter in the By-Laws?

(Secretary Mayo read the section in the By-Laws. )

Dr. ConNAWAY: My intention was to get the expression of this
small body. There are so few of us here to represent such a
large body and to say where we should go, that my intention
was that the ultimate settlement should be left with the Execu-
tive Board. Things may come up between now and the next
meeting that would place the meeting in some other location
altogether. What we want to work for is not for local interests,
not for the boosting of Missouri or Wisconsin, but to do those
things which will be tor the best interests of our Association.
We want to do those things that are going to increase our mem-
bership. The Secretary has called attention to that time and
time again. That is what we need. We should go where we
will derive the most benefit. If we can get it by going to Madi-
son, by all means let us go there. If we can get it by going to
St. Louis, let us go there. I think some central location where
there is some big booster like this one who will go after every
section of the country may be of help to us. Maybe Mr. Hat-
field will help us even if it goes to Wisconsin.

Mr. Harrrevp: Surely.

Dr. JENSEN: Let us not hedge the issue. I should think that
in all fairness we should consider only our own best interests.
I want to be fair, even though you may think I am knocking my
own State.

Dr. Stuns: At a recent joint meeting of the British Columbia
Veterinary Association and the Oregon State Veterinary Asso-
ciation, a resolution was unanimously passed inviting the A. V.
M. A. to meet in Portland, Oregon, in 1925. In that year there
will be at Portland an international exposition, so we can get
very favorable railroad rates. We feel we are due some con-

500 ProcEEepiInGs A. V. M. A.

sideration from the Association. We have a good many mem-
bers of the A. V. M. A. out in the Far West country, and the
Association has never met in that section. Somebody will men-
tion San Francisco, but the people north of that, miles and
miles away, do not feel that you are meeting in their vicinity.
Get up to British Columbia. We have good loyal members in
those Northwest States, members who pay their dues and boost
the Association. We have never had a meeting anywhere in our
vicinity, and we are extending at this time an invitation coming
not from the commercial clubs, not from the hotels, but from
the veterinarians of the Northwest, who hope you may be able to
get up there in 1925. (Applause.)
Adjournment.

FRIDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 9, 1921
GENERAL SESSION

The meeting convened at 10:30 a. m., President David S.
White presiding.
Report oF EXECUTIVE BOARD

PRESIDENT WHITE: We will now have the report of the Execu-
tive Board.

SecreTARY Mayo: Mr. President, we have one more applica-
tion that came in last night of Alva C. Stein, graduate of the
Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1911,
properly vouched for and approved by the Board.

(Upon motion of Dr. Sisson, duly seconded, the application
was accepted. )

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON EMBLEM

PRESIDENT WHITE: There are a few committees yet to report.
J will call for the report of the Emblem Committee.

Dr. McKenna: Dr. Bennett has asked me to report.

(Dr. McKenna read the report of the Emblem Committee, as
follows :)

Your committee has gone over the various drawings and sugges-
tions which have been submitted to it, and recommends for adop-
tion the emblem which has been adopted by the California State
Veterinary Medical Association. The design for this emblem was
drawn by Dr. H. B. Wintringham of Fresno, Calif., and is the
caduceus with a superimposed V as used for collar ornament in the
Veterinary Corps of the Army. This is placed in a maroon disc
surrounded by a light band. The drawing as we are showing you
here today is the exact size. This plate will have a metal border,
inside of this a circle of white, hard enamel, and the center of the
plate will be hard enameled in red with medical emblem and letter
V showing in metal. The plates will have a 5-inch lug soldered on
the back, which is long enough to extend clear through the radiator,
and we will also furnish an iron washer and a wing nut for attach-
ing. The metal parts of this plate will be finished in either brass or
nickel plate, whichever is preferred.

ae

*

ProcrEepiIncs A. V. M. A. 501

One of the principal values these emblems will have will be for
use on a member’s automobile. Restrictive automobile legislation is
constantly being enacted, and it is believed that our profession will
be given the same recognition in regard to such legislation as time
limit for parking automobiles in congested districts as is given mem-
bers of the American Medical Association when their emblem is on
a car.

The California State Association has taken the matter up with
Bastian Brothers of Rochester, N. Y., the makers of the American
Medical Association emblem, and has received the following quota-
tion: Lots of 250 emblems, $2.30 each; 350 emblems, $1.90 each; 500
emblems, $1.60 each. No doubt in larger quantities a better price
could be obtained.

S. E. BENNETT, Chairman;
JOHN F. MCKENNA,
Committee on Emblem.

(A motion was made by Dr. Mayer, seconded by Dr. Fox,
that the report be accepted. )

SECRETARY Mayo: I would like some information as to how
this emblem is to be supplied. Is the Secretary to order them
and supply them to the members ?

* on
a
ASP 2y

Emblem Adopted by American Veterinary Medical Association

502 Procrepines A. V. M. A.

Dr. McKENNA: My idea in regard to this is that if the report
of the committee is adopted a motion should be made on the
floor in reference to how they shall be distributed.

(The motion to adopt the report was carried. )

Dr. McKenna: In reference to the distribution of these em-
blems from the manufacturers, the Secretary of the State Asso-
ciation of California has so far had about fifty orders from
the veterinarians in California. He has sent out a card,
and his instructions from the State Association are that no one
can secure this emblem unless he is a member of the Association.
I believe that is the procedure in the A. M. A.; they are handled
through the resident or the local secretaries, and unless a man
is a member of the National Association he is unable to secure
the emblem. I believe that rule would be a good one in this
Association. It would perhaps stimulate membership in both
sectional and State associations.

Dr. Hoskins: I believe it would be a good idea if the report
of this committee would be published in an early issue of the
JouRNAL. The Committee on Emblem might draw up some
sort of an additional report outlining a probable way in which
these emblems could be supplied, and through the Resident State
Secretaries some idea could be obtained of exactly how many
might be wanted. I believe that could be done much more
rapidly through the JourNAL than any other means of which I
know.

Secretary Mayo: I would move that this be referred to the
Executive Board with recommendations from the Emblem Com-
mittee. The Executive Board will meet in Chicago the latter
part of November, and they have under consideration at that
time various plans for increasing the membership of the Asso-
ciation, and I think that the Board could very properly devise
a plan for distribution, with the suggestions from the com-
mittee.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Fox and carried.)

Report oF BupGET COMMITTEE

PRESIDENT WHITE: I will now call for the report of the Budget
Committee.

(Secretary Mayo read the report of the Budget Committee,
as follows:)

Presidents AH). .3 oo Pe oe eer ace Te eee $500.00
Intellicencesandwhducaiionige eee eer ee ae eee 1,000.00
Levislation:. “tet 2.55 Otc ee er eee to eee RSD OULU
Salmon Memorial Fund, limited to postage and incidentals........ 50.00
Abortion Committecee ee ee ee See 500.00
PPOASUITOR scsi SSS. ee eae rete ee ee 300.00
Pharmaey =). oe) 8 ee ae er ee rece ae ee 250.00
AnatomicalicNomenclature. 2:25.20 Se ee eee 50.00

Proceepincs A. V. M. A. 503

Oashares torse: Association of “America....-22 2... 50.00
Necessary running expenses of JOURNAL office at Washington and
expenses of Secretary’s office. m
D. S. WHITE,
M. JACOB,
N. S. MAyo,

Budget Committee.

Dr. Hoskxrys: I move that the report be received and ap
proved.
(The motion was seconded and carried.)

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ANATOMICAL NOMENCLATURE

PRESIDENT WuHiTE: I will now eall for the report of the Com-
mittee on Anatomical Nomenclature.

Dr. Sisson: In the absence of Dr. Murphey, the chairman,
I will simply make a brief verbal statement to the effect that
so far as I know no meeting of the committee has been held
and consequently there is no formal report to be offered. I think
it would probably be well to continue the committee, or at least
a committee, in view of the fact that there is a proposition to
have an International Committee on Nomenclature, and of course
this body should have some representation on the National Com-
mittee or the International Committee.

PRESIDENT WHITE: You have heard the statement of a mem-
ber of the Committee on Anatomical Nomenclature. It will
require no motion.

Report OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS

PRESIDENT WHITE: Is the Resolutions Committee ready to re-
port?

(Dr. Jungerman read the report of the Committee on Reso-
lutions, as follows:)
Resolution *

Whereas, There has recently been a renewal of activities in the
United States against animal experimentation, under the misleading
name of a campaign against vivisection,

And whereas, Many false statements have been made to the effect
that medical men do not regard animal experimentation as of value
and do not approve of it, and that such experimentations are cruel
and unnecessary;

Therefcre be it Resolved, That the American Veterinary Medical
Association hereby places itself on record as favoring animal experi-
mentation, and as expressing its belief that animal experimentation
is of the highest value, that it has furnished us with a large part of
our present knowledge, and that it is the only method by which we
can hope to solve many of our present problems, to save our animals
from suffering and humanity from economic losses among its livestock.

And be it further Resolved, That we condemn and disapprove the
campaign for the prevention of animal experimentation and all meas-
ures to place the supervision of such investigation under persons
without sound medical, veterinary or biological education and training.

1This resclution is given in the amended form as adopted.

504 PROcEEDINGS A. V. M. A.

And be it further Resolved, That we condemn as false the state-
ments to the effect that animal experimentation is cruel or provocative
of cruelty, it being a matter gf common knowledge among veterinari-
ans that animals used for experimentation purposes are handled with
care and kindness, are not treated cruelly, and are given anesthetics
whenever necessary to prevent suffering.

Resolution

Whereas, The American Veterinary Medical Association, while in
convention at the city of Denver, has received the assistance and
hospitality of the local committee and veterinarians of Colorado, the
civic authorities and other organizations of Denver, the Albany Hotel,
the Denver Cab Company, and the Parl Floral Company:

Be it Resolved, That the Association hereby records its apprecia-
tion of the many courtesies extended and the assistance received from
each and all of them, and that the thanks of the Association be ex-
tended to them.

(A motion was made and seconded that the report be adopted.)

Dr. Jones: The first resolution states that experimentation
should only be by medical men and veterinarians. Of course
under the supervision of medical men and veterinarians. Biolo-
gists use a great many more animals than either of us, and, of
course, physiologists need not be medical men or veterinarians.
T think that should be amended.

Dr. JUNGERMAN : I think that reads that supervision should be
maintained by men having medical training.

Dr. Maurice C. Hau: I think the suggestion is a good one.
In drawing up this resolution I was writing rather hastily. It
would be well to make that ‘‘of sound medical or veterinary
scientific training,’’ the idea being to head off the sort of super-
vision which is in vogue in England. The persons carrying on
antivivisection campaigns have been sufficiently successful in
England to hamper the work of animal experimentation very
materially. Most people opposed to animal experimeftation are
doing it on sentimental grounds, and they have a supervision
in England which is very restrictive, very injurious to English
scientific research.

In this country we have had similar campaigns going on, and
tney will be going on in the future. Unless we take steps to
head those campaigns off, American investigations of scientific
medication in the biologie field will be hampered in the same
way. There has been recently a fight in California on this sub-
ject. It has been brought up in the United States Congress a
number of times, and very recently it has come up again. The
veterinary profession, I believe, would be unanimous on this
subject. I don’t think it would be necessary to ask the A. V.
M. A. to support this resolution. I have no doubt of their sup-
port, but I don’t know that all of the members appreciate how
very serious the situation is and how necessary it is that we
combat in every possible way this propaganda to stop these
experimentations. The men who are making the campaign are

Procreepincs A. V. M. A. 505

putting it first on the basis of preventing experiments on dogs,
but that is only a hindrance. When they have achieved that
they will have stopped the experimentation entirely if they ean.

In order to expedite the consideration of this resolution, I
move that the Committee on Resolutions insert the word “‘bio-
logical’’ in addition to the words ‘‘medical and veterinary’’ in
reterence to supervision. -

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Jones.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: This comes as an amendment to the report
of the Committee on Resolutions by adding certain words in
order to include the scope of those who indulge in this practice—
namely, it would include biologists and other competent scien-
tists.

(The amendment was carried. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: Now the question is on the original motion
as amended.

(The report of the committee as amended was adopted.)

REPORT OF SALMON MEMORIAL COMMITTEE

PRESIDENT WHITE: We will now have the report of the Sal-
mon Memorial Committee.

Dr. Monuer: In the absence of Dr. Brenton, I have been re-
quested to present the report:

(Dr. Mohler read the report of the Salmon Memorial Com-
mittee, as follows :)

The report of the secretary-treasurer of the committee, the late Dr.
W. Horace Hoskins, rendered at the Columbus meeting last year,
showed that $3,956.40 and one $500 United States bond had been col-
lected for the fund.

Since the 1920 report was made the sum of $38 additional has been
collected.

The funds that have been collected thus far have been placed on
deposit in the Rittenhouse Trust Company of Philadelphia in the
name of the Salmon Memorial Fund. This deposit bears interest,
but your committee is unable to report at this time the exact amount
of interest that has been credited to the account during the past year.

The will of the late Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, who was largely in-
strumental in the creation of the memorial to Dr. Salmon, and who
has been so active in the collection of subscriptions to the fund, con-
tained the following bequest:

“That the sum of $100 be given to the Salmon Memorial Fund as
a tribute to one of the most complete lives of unselfishness and true
public service ever lived by any member of my chosen profession.”

Your committee recommends that the Salmon Memorial Committee
of this Association be continued, that an effort be made during the
coming year to collect the balances of unpaid pledges, about $5,500,
and that the fund, or such part of it as may be deemed wise, be
invested in Government bonds, the interest from these bonds to be
-made available as early as possible for the use of some worthy young
man needing financial assistance in securing a veterinary education.

506 PRocEEDINGS A. V. M. A.

Receipts, Salmon Memorial Fund, 1920-21

Br. J, Debishe sh Foi Ed ee att teehee ole Ete Reoa i aes $1.00
Dri (On hOwelissec. sien she hoch cen ee. SU) ele ee eee ee 1.00
1 ey ams OFT or 0) OY RN racine ORDA Tie deses OW hee aaa Leo Menahem ce ities Seeley | 1.00
1 By id DB Papp Cees CN(a pico ee eens Noein Melitta her athe Ae Ra <1 Se ei Ee 10.00
California State Veterinary Medical Association... 25.00

ch La) 6621 a ea A Pa ies As Mlk i ea eb el re a A he $38.00

S. BRENTON,
Chairman, Salmon Memorial Committee.

Dr. ErcHHoRN: I move that the Association express its pro-
found gratitude for the bequest of Dr. Hoskins.

(The motion was seended and carried.)

Dr. JAKEMAN: I move that the report of the committee be re-

ceived. Ue
(The motion was seconded and carried. )

PRESENTATION OF PAPERS

PRESIDENT WHITE: That seems to conclude the reports of com-
mittees. We have two papers, one entitled ‘‘Inspection of the
Fish Food Supply of the United States Army,’’ by Major George
Lytle. Major Lytle is not here. The second paper is ‘‘Mary-
land Plan for the Eradication of Hog Cholera,’’ by Dr. R. C.
Reed, of College Park, Md.

(Dr. Reed read his paper, which will appear in a later issue
of THE JOURNAL.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: The next paper will be ‘‘Types of Bacillus
Bovisepticus Encountered in a Dairy Herd,’’ by Dr. Fred R.
Jones, of Princeton, N. J.

(Dr. Jones read his paper, presenting it with illustrations on
the board. The paper was published in THE JouRNAL for De-
cember, 1921, page 271.)

PRESENTATION OF NEW OFFICERS

PRESIDENT WHITE: This concludes all of the papers. If there
is no unfinished or new business, the next item will be the in-
stallation of officers. I will appoint Dr. Sisson and Dr. Goss
to present the President-elect, Dr. Kinsley.

(Drs. Sisson and Goss conducted Dr. Kinsley to the chair.)

PRESIDENT WHITE: It is a pretty little custom which has come
down to us through the years to have the outgoing President
present to the incoming President a gavel, and a gavel with a
history. This badge of authority was presented to this Associa-
tion by the late W. T. Monsurat, of Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands,
at the Minneapolis Convention in 1902. I believe this late mem-
ber was known as Honolulu Bill. There is an inscription on
this gavel, the meaning of which I do not know, but I assume
that it greets the incoming President with a wish of prosperity,
the best of luck and the heartiest cooperation of the member-

ProcEEepincs A. M. V. A. 507

ship of this Association. I trust that he will find his service as
pleasant and as inspiring as mine has been. I hope also that
he will receive your courteous treatment, hearty cooperation,
respect and helpfulness that I have received. Dr. Kinsley, per-
mit me to present this gavel. (Applause.)

Dr. Kiysuey: Mr. Chairman, Gentlemen of the Association,
I first wish to thank you cordially for the honor you have con-
ferred upon me. In accepting the executive position of this
Association I am. not unmindful of the obligation that I will
have to meet. I am going to ask each and every one of you,
as members, committeemen and officers of this Association, to
assist, help and cooperate in every way in making the coming
season one of the best Association years we have had. (Ap-
plause. )

PRESIDENT WHITE: Permit me to install and introduce two
of the five Vice-Presidents, the First and Second. I don’t know
where the other three are. A member remarked to me at this
meeting that we had too many Vice-Presidents. I told him there
was no evidence of that fact, as none of them was present. If
you desire, and if these men are anxious to deliver themselves
of a short oration on this occasion, we shall be glad to hear
from them.

Dr. Lams: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, I am not going
to try to inflict any address upon you, but I want to thank you
for the honor conferred. I appreciate the fact that to be Presi-
den of this Association is the highest honor that can be con-
ferred on any veterinarian. Naturally I say that the office of
Vice-President is the second highest honor, so I consider I have
been elected to receive the second highest gift of the Association,
and I appreciate it as such. At the same time I realize that
this honor was not conferred upon me because my name hap-
pened to be Lamb. It was, I think, conferred upon the vet-
erinarians of this district with me as their representative. I
don’t presume that the office of Vice-President will require any
arduous labors on my part with such a man as President as
Dr. Kinsley with his well-known ability and activity in all lines
as we know him, but if occasion should require that any duty
devolve upon me, I assure you I would be ready and willing
to assume it to the best of my ability. (Applause.)

Dr. McKenna: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen, I appreciate
the honor of being elected Vice-President of this Association,
and I assure you that the veterinarians of the Far West appre-
ciate recognition in this Association. I assure Dr. Kinsley and
the other officers of my hearty cooperation, and I will be glad to
assist In any way I can in our part of the country. (Applause. )

(A motion was made, seconded and carried, to adjourn the
convention sine die.)

(Proceedings of section meetings will appear in February
JOURNAL. )

5OS ASSOCIATION NEWS

EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING
St. Louris GETS NEXT CONVENTION

At the meeting of the Executive Board of the A. V. M. A,;
held in Chicago on November 27, the Board voted that the
1922 meeting of the A. V. M. A. would be held in St. Louis,
Missouri, and that the dates would be August 28 to September 1,
inclusive.

In connection with the program for the next meeting the
Board thought it advisable to have a two days’ clinic to be in
charge of the best operators that could be procured, the clinic
to be devoted to diseases of cattle, hogs, dogs and poultry, to-
gether with general surgical subjects.

The Executive Board authorized President Kinsley to ap-
point a committee of three to cooperate with the National
Formula Committee with reference to new and non-official vet-
erinary remedies. President Kinsley appointed Drs. Brumley
of Columbus, Klein of Philadelphia, and Milks of Ithaca, New
York, the first named being chairman.

The question of the legality of the election of officers for the
Sections on ‘‘Sanitary Science and Police’’ and ‘‘ Education and
Research’’ at the Denver meeting, was brought before the Board.
The Board ruled that the officers of the section on “‘ Education
and Research’’ for the past year, should continue for the present
year.

The Secretary was authorized to purchase 500 automobile
emblems, and that these emblems were to be sold to members for
$1.25 each.

Treasurer Jacob made a report on the funds of the Associa-
tion. The Board authorized Treasurer Jacob to purchase $10,000

worth of American or Canadian Government bonds.
N. S. Mayo.

IT WILL PAY

The Committee on Increasing Membership of the A. V. M. A.,
consisting of President Kinsley, Dr. Hilton, chairman of the
Executive Board, Dr. Mohler, editor of the JoURNAL,*and Seec-
retary Mayo, held a meeting recently in Chicago.

It is planned to put on an active campaign to increase the
membership, and it was decided that every member of the Asso-

ASSOCIATION NEWS 509

ciation who is not an official will receive a rebate of $1.00 on his
annual dues for every application for membership that he sends
in. Five new applications. will pay the member’s dues for a
year. If he gets more than five the amount will be applied on
the next year’s dues.

Application blanks will be sent to any member who desires
them, if he will drop a postal card to Secretary Mayo.

AN HONOR FOR THE A. V. M. A.

The National Veterinary Society of Cuba, through its Presi-
dent, Dr. B. Crespo, has cabled an invitation to the A. V. M. A.
to send a delegate to the Fifth Annual Medical Convention of
Cuba. The delegate is to be the honored guest of the Cuban
National Veterinary Association, who will pay all expenses of
the trip to Cuba as well as all expenses during the week of the
convention in Havana.

In response to this hospitable and generous invitation, Presi-
dent Kinsley has named Dr. R. P. Marsteller, of College Station,
Texas, to represent the A. V. M. A. at this convention.

The Medical Convention of Cuba is composed of physicians,
veterinarians, dentists and pharmacists. A splendid scientific
and practical program has been arranged and we know that
all members of the American Veterinary Medical Association
will be much interested in the report that Dr. Marsteller will
make of this splendid convention.

We feel sure that the A. V. M. A. will express its appreciation
for the honor conferred by the National Veterinary Association
of Cuba. N. S. Mayo.

NOMINEES FOR EXECUTIVE BOARD

The following are the nominees selected by postal card vote
from among whom a member of the Executive Board will be
elected to represent District No. 6:

J. H. Bux, Arkansas. ©

B. W. Conrad, Kansas.

D. F. Fox, California.

H. Jensen, Missouri.

N. F. Williams, Texas.

510 ASSOCIATION NEWS

A. V. M. A. COMMITTEE APPOINTMENTS

President Kinsley has appointed Dr. James Robertson, of Chi-
cago, a member of the A. V. M. A. Committee on History, to
succeed Dr. R. C. Moore, who resigned.

President Kinsley has appointed Dr. J. P. Turner, 918 O
street northwest, Washington, D. C., and Dr. R. R. Clark, New-
port News, Va., a committee of the A. V. M. A. to cooperate
with similar committees representing medicine, dentistry and
pharmacy, in the preparation of a model Federal Narcotic Law
or a revision of the present law. The committee will gladly re-
ceive any suggestion from the profession regarding this matter.

UNITED STATES LIVE STOCK SANITARY
ASSOCIATION

The twenty-fifth annual meeting of the United States Live
Stock Sanitary Association was held at the La Salle Hotel,
Chicago, Illinois, November 28, 29 and 30. This annual event
is growing in interest and importance each year. It is esti-
mated that notwithstanding the fact that it was International
Livestock Exposition week and the meetings of the National
Association of Commissioners, Secretaries and Departments of
Agriculture, and the National Association of Marketing Bureaus
were scheduled to take place at the same time, and that the
Illinois Veterinary Medical Association also was to meet in
Chicago on December 1 and 2, there were in attendance over 400
veterinarians, U. S. Bureau of Animal Industry officials, State
regulatory authorities, livestock breeders and others. An ex-
cellent program was prepared for the occasion and it was notable
that with two exceptions all whose names appeared on the pro-
gram responded when they were called.

President W. F. Crewe ealled the meeting to order and re-
quested Mr. H. R. Smith, Livestock Commissioner of the Chicago
Livestock Exchange, to deliver the address of welcome in the
absence of Dr. John Dill Robertson, Commissioner of Health,
who was expected to welcome the members of the Association
to Chicago on that occasion. Commissioner Smith ably per-
formed this unexpected assignment, and Hon. J. H. Mercer,
Livestock Commissioner of Kansas, responded in the pleasing
manner for which he is noted. In a very earnest and timely ad-
dress, President Crewe referred to the establishment of the as-

Association NEWS 511

sociation, its development, its progress, and some of the prob-
lems that now confront it and the livestock industry. During
the remainder of the first session, the report of the Committee on
Legislation was presented by H. R. Smith, chairman, and a
period was devoted to a memorial for the only departed mem-
ber, Dean W. Horace Hoskins; Dr. J. I. Gibson, of Blooming-
ton, Ill., led in the memorial exercises. Dr. J. F. DeVine
and Major Charles Jewell delivered appropriate eulogies on the
life and work of Dr. Hoskins, who will be remembered as a man
among men, as a successful practitioner and educator, and for his
zealous, untiring efforts to advance the veterinary profession to
a higher plane of usefulness, respect and recognition. The after-
noon of the first day was devoted to a joint session of the U. S.
Live Stock Sanitary Association, the National Association of
Commissioners, Secretaries and Departments of Agriculture, and
the National Association of Marketing Bureaus, with Hon. Alva
Agee, Secretary of the New Jersey Department of Agriculture,
in the chair. At this session the association was honored by an
address from Hon. Henry C. Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture.
Immediately following the address of the Secretary, Hon. Fred
Rasmussen, Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Agri-
culture, Mr. A. J. Glover, editor of Hoard’s Dairyman, and D. V.
Moore of Iowa, addressed the assemblage on the ‘‘ Value and
Desirability of a Joint Session Yearly of the U. S. Live Stock
Sanitary Association with Other Bodies Represented. ”’

Dr. O. H. Eliason, State Veterinarian of Wisconsin, read a
paper on the subject of ‘‘Live Stock Regulations at Fairs and
Expositions, with Special Reference to Accredited Herds,’’ and
. Dr. J. A. Kiernan, Chief of the Tuberculosis Eradication Di-
vision, B. A. I., expressed his views on ‘‘ What Commissioners
of Agriculture Can Do to Assist the Tuberculosis Eradication
Movement.’’ The discussion of these papers was ably led by
Hon. D. M. Davidson Director of Agriculture, Springfield, Ilh-
nois; Hon. H. H. Halladay, Commissioner of Agriculture, Lan-
sing, Michigan; Hon. C. P. Norgord, Commissioner of Agri-
culture, Madison, Wisconsin; and Hon. E. C. Brigham, Commis-
sioner of Agriculture, St. Albans, Vermont. It was a mutual
pleasure and benefit for the members of these closely allied as-
sociations to meet in joint session. This joint meeting afforded
an opportunity to become personally acquainted and more fa-
miliar with the relation of these organizations to each other and

Fi ee Association NEws

the work each is doing on problems in which all are interested.
The trend of the discussion plainly indicated a consensus of
opinion that as these organizations hold their annual meetings
about the same time, arrangements should be made for a joint
session each year.

The first session on the second day was devoted to abortion
disease among animals. Dr. W. L. Williams, Emeritus Professor
of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York,
read a paper on ‘‘Suggestions for the Improvement of the Re-
productive Efficiency of Cattle.’? Dr. E. C. Schroeder, Superin-
tendent of the B. A. I. Experiment Station, Washington, D. C.,
read a paper on ‘‘ Bureau of Animal Industry Investigations on
Bovine Infectious Abortion,’’ and Dr. T. H. Ferguson, a vet-
erinary practitioner of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, who has given
the subject much study, read a paper on ‘‘Herd Control of In-
fectious Abortion in Cattle.’ The papers read by Dr. Williams
and Dr. Schroeder were among the most prominent features of
the meeting, both on account of the recognized standing of the
authors in the field of research and the scientific and economic
importance of their subjects. The discussion that followed the
reading of the papers commanded more than ordinary attention,
owing to the participation by men prominent in their special
hnes, among whom were Dr. C. P. Fitch, Chief of the Division
of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota; Dr. Adolph
Eichhorn, Director of the Veterinary Department of the Lederle
Antitoxin Laboratories, Pearl River, New York; Dr. Ward Gilt-
ner, Professor of Bacteriology and Hygiene, Michigan Agricul-
tural College; Dr. Edward A. Cahill, Director of the Pitman-
Moore Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana; Dr. George Dick,
Professor of Animal Industry at the Veterinary Department,
University of Pennsylvania; Dr. J. W. Connaway, Professor of
Veterinary and Comparative Medicine, University of Missouri;
Dr. C. E. Cotton, State Veterinarian of Minnesota; Dr. J. G.
Ferneyhough, State Veterinarian of Virginia; and Dr. C. W.
Eddy, Veterinarian for Tellings-Belle Vernon Company, Cleve-
land, Ohio.

At the afternoon session on the same day, Dr. Eichhorn spoke
on ‘‘Control of Anthrax by Simultaneous Treatment’’; Dr. W.
J. Butler, State Veterinarian of Montana, discussed ‘‘ Methods
of Eradicating Scabies in Sheep’’; and Dr. James S. Healy, the
B. A. I. representative in cooperative tuberculosis eradication

ede 7

OO

ASSOCIATION NEWS 51

work in Wisconsin, addressed the association on the ‘*‘ Methods
by Which Tuberculosis is Spread’’ among animals.

The forenoon of the last day of the meeting, November 30, was
devoted to the consideration of swine diseases. Dr. C. H. Stange,
Dean of the lowa State Veterinary College, presented the Report
of the Committee on Infectious Swine Diseases; Dr. U. G. Houck,
Chief of the Division of Hog Cholera Control, B. A. I., Washing-
ton, D. C., presented the Report of the Committee on Interstate
and Intrastate Shipment of Swine, and in the absence of Dr.
T. P. White, Dr. W. T. Spencer, Livestock Commissioner, Omaha
Livestock Exchange, presented the Report of the Committee on
Hog Cholera Control. Dr. M. Dorset, Chief of the Biochemie
Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, gave a very inter-
esting and instructive talk on swine diseases in which he in-
formed the association of the results of his experiments with
suipestifer bacterins. Dr. Edward A. Cahill read an interesting
paper on *‘ Factors Influencing the Control of Swine Diseases,’’
which was discussed by Dr. George E. Corwin, Commissioner
on Domestic Animals, Hartford, Connecticut, and Dr. B. F.
Edgington, State Veterinarian of Ohio. Dr. A. T. Kinsley,
Deputy State Veterinarian of Missouri, and Dr. W. W. Dimock
of the Department of Veterinary Science, Kentucky Agricultural
Experiment Station, led in the discussion of Dr. Dorset’s ex-
periments. The reports of the Committee on Swine Diseases re-
sulted in the most spirited discussion that oceurred during the
meeting. Dr. Kinsley’s criticisms of the Report of the Commit-
tee on Infectious Swine Diseases were met by prompt, vigorous
retorts from the members of the committee. Both the criticisms
and the replies were appreciated, especially by the members who
were interested in the differential diagnosis and treatment of
swine diseases.

The last session of the meeting was devoted to the reports of
committees and the election of officers. The Committee on Reso-
lutions presented three resolutions, in effect as follows:

That, in the production of milk, whether for consumption in
cities or in rural homes, the tuberculin testing of cattle should be
by all means insisted upon as an indispensable measure of pre-
venting the dissemination of tuberculosis.

That, in view of the necessity of conserving State and Federal
indemnity funds, we heartily commend the action of the Insti-
tute of American Meat Packers in recommending that all pack-

514 ASSOCIATION NEWS

ing companies and local butchers pay as much for reacting cattle
that pass food inspection as for healthy cattle of the same quality
sold on the open market, and urge also that conservative ap-
praisement be made on all reactors.

That the association unqualifiedly endorse and recommend that.
the strictest attention be given to the conservation of all funds
appropriated by counties, States and Federal Government, and
any other agencies contributing to the tuberculosis eradication
campaign.

A motion was passed giving the Executive Committee author-
ity to change the dates of the meeting if it deems advisable, to
commence on Wednesday of the week of the International Live-
stock Exposition instead of on Monday as in the past.

Another motion was passed that an evening be designated dur-
ing next year’s meeting for a joint session with the National As-
sociation of Commissioners, Secretaries and Departments of Ag-
riculture, and National Association of Marketing Bureaus.

The convention passed an amendment to the accredited herd
plan which permits accredited veterinarians to make the pre-
liminary tests of herds in the process of accreditation, no in-
demnity to be paid by the Government for cattle condemned in
such tests. After the herd has shown one clean test the final test
must be official and must be a combination test by the subeu-
taneous, intradermic and ophthalmic methods. This will permit
of greater speed in the work without lowering either efficiency
or thoroughness. j

In connection with the report of Dr. L. E. Northrup, chair-
man of the Committee on Finance, a motion was passed in effect
that the matter of publishing the Report of the Twenty-fifth
Annual Meeting of the Association be left to the Executive Com-
mittee of the organization and that the committee be authorized
to borrow money, if necessary, to have the report published, and
in case of a deficit, to report it to the association at the next
meeting.

The election of officers for the coming year resulted as follows:
President, Dr. T. E. Munce, State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania,
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; vice-presidents, Dr. W. C. Simmons,
State Veterinarian of Kentucky, Frankfort, Kentucky; Dr. B.
F. Davis, State Veterinarian of Wyoming. Cheyenne, Wyoming;
Dr. Edward Records, Director of the Nevada State Veterinary
Control Service, Reno, Nevada; Hon. J. H. Mercer, Kansas

|
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ASSOCIATION NEWS

Livestock Commissioner, Topeka, Kansas; Dr. O. H. Eliason,
State Veterinarian of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; secretary,
Dr. O. E. Dyson, 5451 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, Illinois.

At present the membership of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary
Association numbers 825, including 31 admitted at the last meet-
ing. It seems that the small membership is probably due to the
fact that many veterinarians and others are laboring under the
mistaken impression that only those engaged in national or State
regulatory work are eligible to membership. Section 5 of the
Constitution of the association reads as follows:

‘* Any person engaged in livestock sanitary work for Federal,
State, Territorial, county or municipal governments shall be
eligible to membership in this association, and any other person
interested in livestock sanitation may be elected to active mem-
bership upon the recommendation of the executive committee
and a two-thirds vote of the members present. ’’

The membership is much lower than it should be considering
the purposes of the association. Each member should regard it
a personal duty to put forth earnest efforts during the coming
year to increase the enrollment in this useful and important
organization.

A SUCCESSFUL TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION
CONFERENCE

The Tuberculosis Eradication Conference of State, County,
Municipal and Federal Employees engaged in tuberculosis eradi-
cation work and others interested in the livestock industry,
which was held in Chicago, Illinois, on November 25 and 26,
1921, was unusually successful. This is evidenced by the very
large attendance of 560 persons, who maintained their interest
throughout the various sessions. A well arranged program was
offered, commencing on the morning of the first day with an
address of weleome by the Honorable B. M. Davison, Director,
Department of Agriculture, Springfield, Illinois. Following
this, Dr. John R. Mchler, who presided, explained the objects
of the conference and described some of the activities that
should receive most careful consideration. Following this, Dr.
E. C. Schroeder, Superintendent of the Experiment Station of
the Federal Bureau, gave an interesting résumé of the experi-
mental work conducted at the station relative to the problem of

516 ASSOCIATION NEWS

controlling bovine tuberculosis. Dr. W. F. Crewe, President
of the U. S. Live Stock Sanitary Association, followed with a
pointed argument relative to cooperation between all of the
parties interested in the total eradication of the disease.

At the afternoon session, Dr. L. Enos Day, of Chicago, IIL,
gave carefully prepared statistics relative to obscure lesions in
bovine tuberculosis and illustrated them by a series of beauti-
ful mounted specimens. One of the most interesting talks of
the session was that presented by Mr. A. J. Glover, Editor of
Hoard’s Dairyman, who spoke on ‘‘ The Editor and the Breeder.’’
Mr. Glover’s talk was well received, as he has both personally
and editorially forwarded the movement in every way possible.

Dr. G. E. Corwin, Deputy Commissioner on Domestic Ani-
mals, of Connecticut, speaking on the specifications under which
the intradermic test should be made, gave statistics relative to
delayed reactions following the injection of tuberculin by this
method. Considerable discussion followed this paper, which re-
sulted in a motion by Dr. W. J. Butler, of Montana, that the
question of the technique and comparative reliability of this and
other methods of tuberculin testing be referred to the Bureau
of Animal Industry with the view of obtaining extensive sta-
tistics for presentation at the next year’s conference.

Mr. James Brown, a breeder of Shorthorn cattle, gave a prac-
tical talk from the viewpoint of the stock raiser, on the eradica-
tion of tuberculosis from a purebred herd. Another talk of
much interest to the conference was that of combination tuber-
culin test methods by Dr. L. B. Ernest, of the Federal Bureau.
The last speaker of the afternoon session was Dr. Isaac Abt,
Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern
University, who spoke on clinical studies relative to tuberculosis
of children. This address was of more than usual instructive-
ness because of the new facts presented by one recognized as
an authority, and also because of the firm stand taken on the
danger of bovine tuberculosis to children.

On the morning of the second day, Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough,
State Veterinarian of Virginia, gave a very interesting talk on
the results obtained by returning aceredited herds to the ac-
credited veterinarian. Mr. Thomas Wilson, President of the
Institute of American Meat Packers, through his representative,
Dr. Fred Eagle, contributed a well prepared paper concerning
the economic importance of eradicating tuberculosis. Follow-

ASSOCIATION NEWS 517

ing this, Mr. Everett C. Brown, President of the National Live
Stock Exchange, through his representative, Professor H. R.
Smith, gave interesting data to show the interest his organiza-
tion had in the completion of this nation-wide problem. Hon.
E. S. Brigham, Commissioner of the Vermont Department of
Agriculture, spoke on the subject of 27 years’ experience with
tuberculin testing, and showed the possibilities of an intensive
campaign, once it is properly organized and started. The
breeders of purebred cattle were again heard from throuch
Mr. L. A. Campbell, President of the American Aberdeen-Angus
Breeders’ Association, who told of the advantages of an ac-
credited herd. Following Mr. Campbell, Dr. C. E. Cotton, Sec-
retary, Live Stock Sanitary Board, St. Paul, Minn., gave infor-
mation relative to the progress of the control work in his State.

At the afternoon session Dr. D. F. Luckey, State Veterinarian
of Missouri, told of the progress of the work in that State,
where at the present time they have 20 counties under the area
plan of eradication. This was followed by a talk from Dr.
T. S. Rich, inspector in charge of tuberculosis work in Michi-
gan, who gave the details of the recent intensive area campaign
conducted in Hillsdale County, Michigan. Dr. M. Jacob, of
the University of Tennessee, submitted a report of his com-
mittee relative to the plans for establishing tuberculosis-free
areas. Of especial interest to the official livestock sanitarians
present was the address of Dr. J. G. Townsend, veterinary prac-
titioner of Racine, Wis., who gave a clear and definite opinion
of the place the general practitioner should occupy under the
accredited-herd plan. The most instructive and probably the
most important address of the entire conference was that pre-
sented by Dr. W. A. Evans, of the Health Department of the
Chicago Tribune, who spoke on Why Health Departments Are
Interested in the Eradication of Bovine Tuberculosis. Dr. Evans’
conclusions were of such importance and so well presented as
to meet the needs of those in attendance at the conference better
than any other similar material which has been afforded those
engaged in the movement. The following quotation from his
talk is of such vital importance to both the medical and the vet-
erinary professions as to lead to its being given great prominence.
He stated: ‘‘The relationship between the human and bovine
tubercle bacilli leads health departments to the opinion that
while programs for the repression of human tuberculosis, which

51 ASSOCIATION NEWS

CO

take no note of tuberculosis in other animals, may be successful,
the time to strike for repression of human tuberculosis can not
come until the program for control of bovine tuberculosis is
well advanced.’’ This is food for thought for all interested in
the control of the Great White Plague. <A rising vote of thanks
was extended to Dr. Evans for his interest in contributing so
largely to a successful conference.

Mr. H. E. McCartney, County Agent, Harlan, Iowa, spoke on
the County’s place in the tuberculosis eradication campaign,
and gave interesting facts concerning how the movement was
promoted in his county. The conference concluded with a synop-
sis of the report of the Committee on Tuberculosis of the United
States Live Stock Sanitary Association by the Chairman, Dr.
T. E. Munee, State Veterinarian of Pennsylvania.

The Advisory Committee of the Tuberculosis Eradication Con-
vention, through its Chairman, Commissioner J. M. Whittlesey,
presented the following resolutions, which were adopted :

Whereas, It has been established by incontrovertible investigations
made by recognized authorities, that bovine tuberculosis is trans-
mitted to the human family through the medium of milk and its prod-
ucts to such an extent that it must be recognized and prevented; and

Whereas, The eradication of bovine tuberculosis is for the twofold
purpose of preventing the dissemination of the disease to the human
family and to perpetuate the livestock industry upon a sound and
healthful basis; be it

RESOLVED, That in the production of milk, whether for consump-
tion in the cities or in rural homes, the tuberculin testing of cattle
should be by all means insisted upon as an indispensable measure
of preventing the dissemination of tuberculosis.

INTRADERMIC CODE

It is recommended that the first paragraph of the code for use in
connection with recording the intradermic tuberculin test be amended
to read as follows:

“The first observation should be made on or about the 72d hour
after the injection. If it appears to the inspector making the test
that more than a slight infection of tuberculosis is present in the
herd, a second observation should be made on or about the 120th
hour after the injection and if it appears necessary an observation
should again be made on or about the 144th hour after the injection of
the tuberculin.

“SECTION 1. That the requirements for tuberculosis-free area work
be similar to the tuberculosis-free accredited-herd work and to be
applied to all cattle located in said area.

“SECTION 2. That before any area shall be recognized as tuberculosis-
free, after having complied with Section 1 of this resolution, there
must be satisfactory assurance of official livestock sanitary police
restrictions to prevent reinfection of said area.”

SALVAGE AND APPRAISEMENTS

In view of the necessity of conserving State and Federal indemnity
funds, we heartily commend the action of the Institute of American

ASSOCIATION NEWS 519

Meat Packers in recommending that all packing companies and local
butchers pay as much for reacting cattle that pass food inspection
as healthy cattle of the same quality sold on the open market, and
‘urge also that conservative appraisement be made on all reactors.

INDEMNITY

The payment to the owner of indemnity for tuberculous cattle is
a justifiable procedure which has the endorsement of this conference.
However, we recognize that no practice should be continued which
places any premium on diseased animals.

We unqualifiedly endorse and recommend that the strictest attention
be given to the conservation of all funds appropriated by counties,
States, the Federal Government, and any other agencies contributing
to the tuberculosis eradication campaign.

Suitable resolutions, thanking the Chief of the Bureau for his
promotion of the conference, were adopted. It was also decided
to have all the addresses and papers, together with the discus-
sions pertaining to them, published and distributed at the price
of $1.00. On November 27, the members of the conference
visited the Union Stock Yards, for the purpose of witnessing
the results of experimental tuberculin testing of 30 head of cattle
by the subcutaneous and intradermic methods.

This demonstration concluded what was unanimously con-
sidered as the most instructive and successful tuberculosis eradi-
cation conference that has thus far been held.

CONFERENCE OF RESEARCH WORKERS IN ANIMAL
DISEASES

The third conference of State and National Research Workers
in Animal Diseases was held at the Sherman Hotel, Chicago, IIL,
on November 26, 1921, with the chairman, Dr. Marion Dorset,
of Washington, D. C., presiding.

Representatives from 20 States and from the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry research divisions were present.
The following program was presented: The Bacterial Flora of
the Genital Tract of Cattle, by Dr. V. A. Moore; The Pathology
of Sterility in Cattle, by Dr. E. T. Hallman; Infectious Abortion
in Cattle, by Dr. C. P. Fitch; Experimental Immunization
Against Icterohemoglobinuria in the Field, by Dr. Edward
Records; Investigation of White Diarrhea of Young Chicks, by
Mr. L. P. Doyle; Studies of Hemorrhagie Septicemia Sera, by
Drs. L. Van Es and Martin; Botulism in Swine, by Dr. Robert
Graham; Report of Committee on Infectious Colitis of Swine,
by Dr. W. W. Dimock, Chairman; Report of Committee on Hog

520 Association NrEws

“Flu,’’? by Dr. Charles Murray, Chairman; The Precipitation of
Tuberculin and the Preparation of Tuberculin Dises, by Drs.
M. Dorset and J. A. Emery.

The objects of the conferences are to promote research in ani-
mal diseases by bringing into closer relation the various official
agencies engaged in such activities. The conference elected Dr.
C. H. Stange, of the Iowa State College, Chairman, and Dr.
R. A. Whiting, of Purdue University, LaFayette, Indiana, Sec-
retary for the year 1922.

BRITISH COLUMBIA VETERINARY ASSOCIATION

I beg to submit the following as the annual report of the Asso-
ciation for the year ending August 17, 1921: ;

You will note that this is in the form of a letter this year, the
usual book form being eliminated on account of expense.

Though the receipts for the association year were up to nor-
mal, expenses were greater on account of the larger attendance
at the banquet and increased cost of printing.

I felt, however, that the members of the association who are
unable to attend the annual meeting are still entitled to a report
of the year’s activities, and hope you will approve this economical
method of sending them.

At the beginning of the year, in which I had the honor of
being elected as your president, we held a most successful ban-
quet in New Westminster, the Hon. Dr. S. F. Tolmie being in
the chair. The toast list contained many prominent speakers,
including Mr. G. Hutton, Chief of the Natural Resources Depart-
ment of the C. P. R.; Hon. Mrs. Ralph Smith, M. P. P.; Mr. C.
A. Welsh, president, New Westminster Exhibition; Mrs. Paul
Smith, president of the local Council of Women, who made a
speech that was most favorable to the veterinary profession.
Members of Parliament, prominent stockowners and exhibitors
were also present, together with the members of the association,
making a total of over 60 people.

Favorable comment was heard on all sides afterward, and in
the press regarding the successful manner in which the banquet
was carried out, and I feel it will do the profession a great
deal of good.

In regard to amendments to the B. C. Animal Contagious

ASSOCIATION NEws 521

Diseases Act, referring to the sale and use of tuberculin, which
permits the use of tuberculin by laymen, the association sent
a delegate to the Dairyman’s Convention in Victoria, who
brought the matter up. The Dairyman’s Association honored
this association by placing its delegate on the resolutions com-
mittee on the subject of tuberculosis.

We have been unable to get these amendments altered, the
Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Dr. Warnock, being opposed,
and he stated at the convention that the use of tuberculin by
Jaymen in outlying -districts should be permitted. A sugges-
tion of a license in these rare cases he would not accept. The
matter, however, is still before the association.

The question of the sale of tuberculous meat without inspec-
tion still occupies the time of the council.

I have pleasure in announcing that, partly owing to the ef-
forts of this association, the Government has appointed a quali-
fied veterinarian as Director of Veterinary Services for Canada.

On July 14 and 15 a very successful international convention
was held in Seattle, Wash. Some 60 veterinarians from the
States of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and the Province of Brit-
ish Columbia were present, and two days were fully taken up
with professional business.

I feel proud of the large delegation that went from this asso-
ciation, and I took the opportunity on our behalf to invite the
convention to meet with us next year in Vancouver, which was
unanimously accepted.

An important resolution was introduced by us, which was ¢ar-
ried, asking the veterinary colleges to give a_ post-graduate
course to qualify veterinarians to act as veterinary health officers.

A contribution of $25 was made to the Andrew Smith Me-
morial Fund, in lieu of a personal canvass of the members.

The question of the formation of a Canadian Veterinary Asso-
ciation has been before our profession a number of years. I
think the time is fast approaching when such an association
should be in operation, and I would recommend to the incoming
council that. a committee be appointed to interview the Hon.
Dr. S. F. Tolmie on this subject on his coming visit to the Coast.

In conclusion, I would like to say to the members-at-large
that the various activities of the association have for their ob-
ject the betterment of the practitioner, by bringing the value

522 ASSOCIATION NEws

of veterinary science more before the general public and by
pointing out to them the valuable services that the veterinary
profession can render in any community.

T. H. Jaccer, President.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF B. A. I. VETERINA-
RIANS, METROPOLITAN DIVISION

A meeting of the Metropolitan Division, N. A. B. A. I. V., was
held in the lecture room of the Veterinary College, New York
University, 331 East 26th Street, New York City, October 21,
1921;

Twenty members were present, with President Dr. N. L.
Townsend presiding.

Dr. A. McBride, Vice-President, who represented the division
as delegate at the recent National Convention at Denver, pre-
sented a report on the proceedings at that convention. His
report was complete, very interesting, and well received by the
members. Dr. Townsend, former President, and now Vice-
President of the National Association, also spoke interestingly
of the convention. Among the subjects discussed at Denver, re-
ferred to by the speakers and of particular interest to the
members, was that of reclassification. The reports were opti-
mistic as to ultimate favorable action by Congress of a reclassi-
fication bill satisfactory to veterinarians and lay inspectors.

Dr. Townsend submitted a proposition at this meeting designed
to revive interest of members in the Metropolitan Division. His
plan in brief was that this organization should be made a real
veterinary association whose object shall be to discuss not only
Bureau work and welfare, but also veterinary or professional
topics in general.

With this idea in view, the President announced that he had
appointed a committee to be known as the ‘‘Program Commit-
tee,’’ consisting of Doctors Albert Long, Robert M. Mullings,
A. F. Martins and Leland D. Ives. The special aim and object
of this committee would be to receive suggestions of members
and to arrange and decide on programs of work to be taken up
at the different meetings. The meetings of the Division, aceord-
ing to this plan, would be held regularly about once every two
months, or oftener if desired by the members.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 523

Dr. Long, chairman of this committee, reported that he had
given some thought to the proposition as outlined and had re-
quested suggestions of members. Among the suggestions offered
for subjects to be considered at meetings were reading and dis-
cussion of papers on various subjects of special interest in con-
nection with meat inspection and also other activities of the
Bureau, such as tuberculosis eradication, tick eradication, hog
cholera control, etc., as well as veterinary topics in general; pre-
sentation, demonstration and discussion on interesting or
unusual pathological specimens found by inspectors in the course
of their work at different establishments; discussions on the regu-
lations, especially regulation 11, with the object of securing
proper and uniform disposition of carcasses or parts at the vari-
ous stations included in the Metropolitan Division.

It was emphasized by the chairman and other members of the
Program Committee who addressed the meeting, that the success
of this new plan depended on the active assistance and whole-
hearted cooperation of all members. Expressions of opinion
given by the members present showed enthusiastic approval and
augured well for the future success of the Metropolitan Division.
Dr. Robert M. Mullings announced that he would start the ball
rolling by reading a paper on ‘‘Technique of Postmortem In-
spection’’ at the next meeting.

Epwarp L. SANpER, Secretary.

ILLMO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The seventeenth semi-annual meeting of the Illmo Veterinary
Medical Association was held October 28, 1921, in the auditorium
of the Jno. T. Milliken Drug Co., St. Louis, Mo. Although the
attendance was not so great as at some of the past meetings the
enthusiasm exhibited was highly satisfactory. The visit through
the pharmaceutical plant of the drug company, concluding in
their cafeteria, was interesting and pleasing.

New officers elected were as follows: M. J. Huggins, National
Stock Yards, Ill., President ; C. B. Michaels, Evansville, Il]., Vice-
President; L. J. Miller, Waterloo, Ili., Treasurer; L. B. Michael,
Collinsville, Il., Secretary. This association went on record with
a strenuous resolution to secure the A. V. M. A. Convention for
St. Louis, Mo., in 1922. L. B. Micuarn, Secretary.

524 ASSOCIATION NEWS

SCHUYLKILL VALLEY VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION
The Schuylkill Valley Veterinary Medical Association held a
well-attended meeting at Leesport, Pa., on Wednesday, Novem-
ber 16, 1921. A clinie was conducted at Dr. O. B. Rahn’s hos-
pital, at which a number of operations on small animals were
pertormed. The meeting was continued in the town hall, where
papers were read by Dr. V. G. Kimball, of the University of
Pennsylvania, on ‘‘Colies,’’ and by Dr. U. S. G. Bieber, Kutz-
town, Pa., on ‘‘Distemper.’’ The next meeting of the associa-
tion will be held at Reading, Pa., on December 21, 1921.
R. L. Bercer, Secretary.

PHILADELPHIA VETERINARY CLUB

The regular monthly meeting of the Philadelphia Vetermary
Club was held November 22, 1921, at the Veterinary School
of the University of Pennsylvania.

Dr. F. S. Jones, Rockefeller Institute, Princeton, N. J., ad-
dressed the Laboratory Section on ‘‘ An outbreak of pneumonia
in dairy cows attributed to B. bovisepticus and types of B. bovi-
septicus encountered in a dairy herd.’’

There was also an interesting discussion on abortion and re-
tained placenta.

The Club went on record as endorsing the intradermic test
and recommended that the accredited veterinarian be given more
recognition.

The meeting was well attended.

C. S. Rockwe.1, Secretary.

SOUTHEASTERN STATES VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The next meeting of the Southeastern States Veterinary Asso-
ciation will be held February 6 and 7, 1922, at Nashville, Tenn.

An interesting program is being arranged, a copy of which
will appear in the next issue of this JouRNAL. Some of the very
best scientists and practitioners will give discussions on current
problems.

All qualified veterinarians in the Southeastern States and ad-
joining States are urgently requested to attend this meeting.

hk oe

—_

ASSOCIATION NEWS 525

With your support the convention should prove to be the best
one that the association has ever had.
Any information concerning the program or meeting will be
giver through the Secretary or other officers of the association.
Jno. I. HANDLEY, Secretary.

CENTRAL MICHIGAN VETERINARY MEDICAL
SOCIETY
A meeting of the Central Michigan Veterinary Medical Society
will be held in Jackson, Mich., at the Jackson City Club on
Friday, January 6, 1922. W. N. ArmstrRoONG, Secretary.

MISSISSIPPI STATE VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

Elaborate plans have been made for the entertainment of the
members and friends of the Mississippi State Veterinary Medical
Association which will hold its Sixteenth Annual Convention at
Gulfport, Mississippi, January 23 and 24, 1922. The association
has departed from its former two-day session and will devote the
second day of the coming convention entirely to getting ac-
quainted and enjoying the sights and pleasures of Mississippi’s
winter playground.

The wives and sweethearts of thie members and friends will be
in attendance and an appropriate banquet will be given in their
honor.

While the number of veterinarians in this State is not large,
they are good association workers and have generally succeeded
in having in attendance some of the best talent available. The
last annual convention, which was held at Canton, Miss., was
honored by the presence of Adolph Eichhorn, M. Jacob, C. E.
Salsbery, and J. A. Kiernan, all nationally known veterinarians,
and it is expected that several of these men will be with us at
Gulfport and also a number of others of equal note.

J. A. Barger, Secretary.

COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The next meeting of the Colorado Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation will be held at 1525 Curtis Street, Denver, Colorado, on
Thursday, January 19, 1922. I. E. Newsom, Secretary.

ASSOCIATION NEWS

On
bo
op)

EXAMINATION FOR ACCREDITED VETERINARIANS

The next examination for graduate practicing veterinarians
who desire to quality so that they may apply the tuberculin test
to cattle under the provisions of the uniform aeccredited-herd
plan, will be held January 24, 1922, in certain States where
such an examination has been requested by the State livestock
sanitary authorities. Veterinarians who are not already ‘‘ac-
credited’’ and who desire to avail themselves of this examina-
tion should indicate it by notifying the official in charge of
livestock sanitary work in their State.

MISSOURI VALLEY VETERINARY ASSOCIATION
The winter meeting of the Missouri Valley Veterinary Asso-
ciation will be held at the Hotel Baltimore, in Kansas City,
January 31 to February 2, inclusive.
R. F. Bourne, Secretary.

AMERICAN LEGION ADOPTS TUBERCULOSIS
RESOLUTION

The following resolution was adopted by the American
Legion at its recent convention in Kansas City, Mo..

WHEREAS, the veterinary profession engaged in the alleviation
of suffering and disease among livestock of this country con-
tributed to the successful outcome of the late World War and
is represented in this body, and

WHEREAS, a goodly number of those engaged in: this profes-
sion are actively carrying on the accredited herd plan of bovine
tuberculosis eradication instituted by the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture in cooperation with nearly every State in
the Union, and

WHEREAS, Bovine tuberculosis is readily communicated to
children by milk from tuberculous cows, and

WHEREAS, the death rate from tuberculosis exceeds the toll
claimed by the World War; therefore be it

Resontvep, That the work of tuberculosis eradication in the
herds of cattle and swine now started in 45 States in cooperation
with the United States Department of Agriculture be continued,
and be it further

RESOLVED, That adequate appropriations be made by Congress
to carry the completion of this work of tuberculosis eradication
to the consequent health and well-being of this and future gen-
erations. D. W. SHAFFER, Chairman.

COMMUNICATIONS
INVITATION TO CUBAN MEDICAL CONGRESS

President American Veterinary Medical Association,
Dear Doctor:

We beg to confirm the cablegram sent today to your Associa-
tion, which reads as follows:

‘A Fifth Annual Medical Congress, formed by 2,000 physi-
cians, dentists, veterinarians, pharmacists, will be held in Havana
from December 11 to 17. Last meeting Cuban Veterinary Asso-
ciation decided to invite member American Veterinary Associa-
tion as guest of honor, paying all expenses trip and stay in Ha-
vana during week of Congress. Similar invitation extended
European and American physicians by Congressional Committee.
Extensive scientific and social program. Cable name of delegate,
details by mail. Dr. B. Crespo, President, Veterinary <Asso-
clation.’’

The motives that have inspired the invitation that the Na-
tional Veterinary Association of Cuba unanimously agreed to
extend to your distinguished association in an extraordinary
session celebrated the 10th inst., were to initiate an exchange of
ideas and social relations between the Cuban Veterinarians and
their colleagues in North America. The intellectual, commercial
and political relations of the two countries being so closely
united, we wish to take advantage of the opportunity offered by
the coming National Medical Congress of Cuba, to express, in
the person of the delegate that your Association may appoint,
the consideration, appreciation and fellowship that we feel for
your association and its distinguished members.

We follow with much interest the work and investigations of
our brother veterinarians in the United States, and the progress
made due to their untiring efforts. We only lament that owing
to several difficulties that have arisen which prevented the setting
of a definite date for the congress, this manifestation of our
good wishes for our brother association has been so long delayed.

Nevertheless, we will consider it a great honor if you accept
this invitation and will endeavor in every way possible to make
the stay of your representative here in Havana a pleasant one.

We have been informed that some of the other invited dele-

527

528 COMMUNICATIONS

gates will present scientific articles, and we hope your delegate
will favor us with one likewise, which we know will prove
interesting.

We trust that as soon as your delegate has been appointed
you will advise us in time of the date of his leaving, so that
we may meet him on his arrival here and arrange for the other
details in connection with the arrival of a guest of honor.

We beg to advise that the first session of the congress will be
held on the evening of December 11.

Awaiting the reply of your association to our invitation, in the
name of the National Veterinary Association of Cuba, I beg
to remain with best wishes,

Very truly yours,
ANGEL IDUATE, Secretary.
BernarpD J. Crespo, President.

Havana, Cuba.

Dr. Ross P. Marsteller of College Station, Texas, was ap-
pointed by President Kinsley as the delegate of the A. V. M. A.
to attend the Cuban Congress. Dr. Marsteller telegraphed
President Kinsley that because of serious illness in his family he
was unable to attend the Congress. President Kinsley then ap-
pointed Dr. A. Eichhorn of Pearl River, N. Y., to represent the
A. V. M. A. at this meeting.

BOOST PUREBRED STOCK AND USE THE HORSE

To the Editor:

I have been reading with interest in the various veterinary
bulletins and the JourNAL of the number of the profession who
are either in the purebred business directly or are advocating
it to the farmers.

In my opinion there is nothing more befitting and interesting
to the veterinarian as a side line than the breeding of either pure-
bred or standard-bred stock or fowls. Even though it be on a
small scale it will attract attention and inspire others with the
desire. .

The veterinarian should be an authority in his locality on
breeds and breeding, that he may wisely and correctly advise
those who seek such information. He should be keenly inter-
ested in the promotion of the breeding of better animals of all

COMMUNICATIONS 529

breeds, also the promotor of any activity that will encourage the
use of the horse, such as riding and driving clubs, polo playing,
hunt clubs, etc. There is certainly no cleaner, better and in-
vigorating sport than the use of the pleasure horse, either ridden
or driven.

I am wondering how many of our profession have made an
honest effort to sustain the horse? I have never allowed myself
to discard him. While I, like the rest, have taken to the use
of the auto (but for work only) I still keep my horse and the
best I can get, using him every day when footing is good, in my
downtown work. I find it a pleasure and a rest to get from be-
hind a wheel and take hold of a real live one, either to ride or
drive, and there is nothing that attracts more attention than a
good horse—it’s a good advertisement.

Why can we not, as a profession, give our best friend, the
horse, a world-wide boost by using him for pleasure or busi-
ness? I believe it will do more to bring him back than anything
and the profession certainly owes it to him. I have never been
in a community where there were not enough ‘‘horsey’’ people
to start some kind of a riding or driving club.

Volumes have been written to boost the auto by those finan-
cially and otherwise interested. What have the veterinarians
done to hold or promote the horse? He is one of their best assets
in practice, aside from professional pride. Let us make a con-
certed effort to recover and ‘‘hold our own.’’

Tos. S. HickMAN.

Sacramento, Calif.

Dr. J. N. Hornbaker, who has been stationed in Manila, P. L.,
for some time, writes that he is leaving for the United States,
but does not know where he will be located.

Capt. D. B, Deininger of the Veterinary Corps, who is sta-
tioned at Camp Jones, Douglas, Arizona, made a splendid record
in a horse show that was held there on November 19. He won
one blue, one red and one yellow ribbon with the same horse
entered in all three classes. He won first in the zig-zag jumping
course, second in the four-foot jumping course and third in the
equitation class. This is the third time he has won the jumping
contest with his horse Ranger.

NECROLOGY

Dr. Jacob Albrechtsen, the world famous specialist on the
sterility of farm animals, died at Copenhagen, Denmark, on Sep-
tember 11, 1921, at the age of 61. Before notice of his death
reached this country, the recently appointed Committee on Mem-
hership of the A. V. M. A. had decided to recommend that Dr.
Albrechtsen be extended an invitation to be our guest at the next
annual convention in order to demonstrate his methods of diag-
rosing pregnancy and treating sterility, with the view of at-
tracting a large attendance of practitioners.

Dr. Albrechtsen had suffered from a stroke of apoplexy some
months ago and his death was due to a recurrence of this
trouble. He entered the Danish Veterinary College at the age
cf 23 and graduated four years later. From the beginning he
paid particular attention to the diseases of breeding animals and
his books on sterility have been translated and published in
several languages. His pleasing personality and his incessant
endeavors. to give practical demonstrations of his methods to
those who visited him, made him beloved by all. It is to be
regretted that the death of this leader among veterinarians
prevents the consummation of the well-laid plans to give the
veterinary practitioners of North America the opportunity of
absorbing his inspiration and observing his technique, and as a
result the livestock industry of the country is indirectly the
loser.

Dr. Henry Prentiss Armsby, Director of the Institute of
Animal Nutrition at the Pennsylvania State College, died Octo-
ber 19, at the age of sixty-eight years. Dr. Armsby was widely
known throughout this country and Europe as one of the fore-
most exponents of research in the field of animal nutrition. As
early as 1880 he published his Manual of Cattle Feeding which
was the first treatise on that subject to appear in this country.
It gave not only a summary of experiments and investigations in
that field up to the time, but described the methods of investi-
gation and supplied a stimulus which led to the rapid growth of
experimentation in that line.

Dr. Armsby was born in Northbridge, Mass., September 21,

530

— s S

NECROLOGY 531

1853. He graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute, later
receiving his Doctor of Philosophy degree from Yale University.
For several years he was associated with the Connecticut Experi-
ment Station as assistant chemist, and on the organization of a
station in Wisconsin, he went there in charge of agricultural
chemistry. When an experiment station was organized in Penn-
sylvania in 1887, he was called there as director, and was for
many years also dean of the school of agriculture in Pennsylva-
nia State College. His researches centered more and more around
animal feeding, and in 1898 he entered into cooperation with the
Bureau of Animal Industry of the U. S. Department of Agri-
eulture, to conduct investigations in the fundamental principles
of animal nutrition. This cooperation continued for about
twenty-two years. The Department assisted the Pennsylvania
Station in the building of a respiration calorimeter which was
the first apparatus of its type for investigations with animals.
A long series of investigations were carried out on the use of food
by animals, considered especially from the standpoint of the
income and outgo of energy, the conditions affecting the utiliza-
tion of feeds, such as age and type of animal, amount and char-
acter of feed, environmental conditions, ete. The earlier experi-
ments were made with cattle and later studies were made of the
metabolism of the dairy cow.

In 1907 Dr. Armsby was relieved from the directorship of the
Pennsylvania Station, at his request, in order that he might
devote his whole time to this line of inquiry, and in that year
an Institute of Animal Nutrition was established with him as
director, in affiliation with the experiment station. This plan
was continued to the time of his death.

Dr. Armsby published two other books which were made pos-
sible by his studies and his mature knowledge of the subject,
namely, The Principles of Animal Nutrition, in 1903, and The
Nutrition of Farm Animals, in 1917. He had been honored by
many institutions, receiving the degree of Doctor of Laws from
the University of Wisconsin in 1904, and the honorary degree of
Doctor of Science from Yale University and Worcester Poly-
technic Institute in 1920 and 1921, respectively. He was a
member of the National Academy of Science, the Royal Society
of Arts of Great Britain, and foreign member of the Royal Acad-
emy of Agriculture of Sweden. He was sent to Europe by the

NECROLOGY

OT
Yo
bo

U.S. Government near the close of the war, as a member of the
Inter- Allied Scientific Food Commission.

Dr. Jacob Helmer, of Scranton, Pa., a veterinarian of national
reputation, died on October 31, 1921, at the age of 62 years.

The doctor had not been in the best of health for the past few
months. Returning from New York city, where he went to con-
sult a specialist, he was taken ill while on the train. Mrs. Helmer
was with him at the time. The doctor collapsed when he reached
his home and his condition grew gradually worse until the end.

Jacob Helmer was of Hanoverian German parentage, the son
of Henry and Christiana Helmer. He was born August 26,
1859, at Brandt, Susquehanna county, Pa., and in boyhood
studied in common and graded schools at that place and also at
Lanesboro and Jackson, finally pursuing for two years a classical
and scientific course at the State Normal School at Oswego, N. Y.

After being a teacher in the public school four years, he be-
came a commercial traveler. In 1885 he entered the Veterimary
College in New York, now a part of New York University.
Completing his course he began the practice of his profession in
Susquehanna, Pa. Six months later he removed to Scranton,
where he has lived in continuous practice save the time he re-
turned to the University of New York to study. In March,
1894, he was graduated with the degree of Doctor of Veterinary
Surgery.

In 1891, Dr. Helmer became veterinarian to the Delaware,
Lackawanna and Western Railroad Company, which position he
held until his death.

For fourteen years he was a member of the State Board of
Veterinary Medical Examiners. He was a member of the Penn-
sylvania State Veterinary Medical Association, an ex-president
and its secretary for two years. He was a member of the Amer-
ican Veterinary Medical Association and secretary of the di-
vision of associated faculties and examining boards for North
America for two terms.

He was a member in high standing of the Masonic fraternity,
the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks and other orders.

His genial manner and his happy greeting in daily life will be
missed by his many friends.

NECROLOGY 533

Dr. Nelson T. Gunn, of Butte, Mont., died suddenly Novem-
ber 28, of heart failure. Dr. Gunn was District Deputy State
Veterinarian for the Butte district, and was one of the most
highly respected and best known members of the profession in
Montana. He was 41 years old, and had spent most of his life
in Butte. He graduated from the Butte High School in 1897,
and later studied medicine two years in Leland Stanford Uni-
versity. For a number of years he was connected with the
City Health Office in Butte. In 1915 he graduated from the
San Francisco Veterinary College and started practice in Butte.
He entered the service of the B. A. I. the same year, and was
in the Meat Inspection Service at South Omaha for about a
year. In 1916 he again took up practice in Butte, and in
1917 was appointed District Deputy State Veterinarian, in
which position he served with remarkable success until his
death.

Dr. Gunn was a member of the American Veterinary Medical
Association and of the Montana Veterinary Medical’ Association.
He was President of the Montana Association in 1918, and
Secretary in 1920. In 1920 he was appointed on the State Board
of Veterinary Examiners, of which he was secretary at the time
of his death.

Dr. Gunn’s success in the State livestock sanitary work was
due both to his personality and his professional ability, and
was such that his place will be very difficult to fill.

GERMAN EFFORT TO REGAIN DRUG MARKET

According to the Munchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, the
firm of E. Merck, of Darmstadt, has had a motion-picture film
prepared for use in advertising in foreign countries the German
chemical and pharmaceutical industry. Beginning with the raw
material and leading up to the finished product ready for ship-
ment, the manufacture of the most important drugs is shown,
also the methods of producing therapeutic serums, with a
glimpse of the inclosure in which the animals are kept. The
film is in five reels and requires an hour and a half for its exhi-
bition. It is evident that an effort is to be made by the German
industry to regain the foreign markets which it held so largely
before the war.

MISCELLANEOUS
FARM HORSES RAISE CASH

Ready cash being about as scarce as the proverbial hen’s teeth,
many a farmer in the Central West is casting about to find
something to sell that will bring a substantial return. Horses
have a cash value nearer normal than any other farm products,
even though sold at sacrifice,—as they are, in many cases, with
prices much lower than should be obtained. Men who are hard
pressed for money are selling horses at $75 to $100 per head that
other men in the same neighborhood, less crowded financially,
would not sell for less than $150 to $175.

According to the farm calendar, the next considerable income
will not be realized until after the first of the year. The sale
of wheat, oats and such 1920 corn as farmers had carried over,
only served to reduce their indebtedness at the banks. The ma-
jority have no cash crop yet to sell until the 1921 corn crop is
harvested. This will be marketed as grain or through hogs. The
eash from it will not be available generally until after January
1st. In the meantime winter clothing coal and other necessities
must be bought.

Thousands of farmers are therefore selling off good work
horses which they can ill afford to spare and which must be
replaced before next spring. After the corn and hog crop goes
to market, they will replace the teams which are being sold now
with cheaper horses, buying either young horses or grade western
stuff. These young or western horses will be broken in during
February or March for next season’s work, but will be less fit
for heavy service than the work horses now being sold. It means
that many farmers will need to use six horses on implements in
1922 where only four or five were used in 1920 or 1921.

Errect oN Horse PRoDUCTION

This dispersion of farm stock and the shortage of good young
horses in the country is certain to cause a startling jump in
prices as soon as the tide turns. In many sections, the situation
is anticipated by a great increase in breeding, such as reported
by Hammer Brothers at Cooperstown, N. D., who, with three
sires available, bred 150 mares this season as compared with 40
last year. It is important, at the turn of the tide, that breeding

534

MISCELLANEOUS 535

be directed to desirable, efficient types. This is of double import
at such a time, for when the general trend swings toward horse
breeding, in order to supply the necessary numbers, it is easy to
lose sight of the fact that just plain ‘‘hosses’’ aren’t wanted any
more; that, to bring profit, the horse must be particularly effi-
cient for the work he is to do.

The fact that farmers have been able to realize cash in time
of great need, on the sale of some of their horses, emphasizes the
sound economic position good horses and mules occupy in farm
management. These men who have been pulled out of the hole
by a timely sale of one or two work teams, will not forget what
pulled them. Farm sentiment is setting strongly toward in-
ereased horse use and production, for present conditions con-
vince even the skeptical that horses and mules are the ‘‘one best
bet’’ for farm work. The sacrifice of good teams to the markets »
now will ultimately benefit all, for increased horse use in cities
widens future markets for horses, hay and grains. If there’s any
one thing the farmer wants most it’s a wider and better outlet
for staple farm products. WAYNE DINSMORE.

HUNGRY DUCKS

A new story is going around the financial district about an
old southern negro who was asked by the proprietor of a store
how he happened to need credit when he’d such a good cotton
crop.

“‘De ducts got “bout all dat cotton, sah,’’ was the mournful
reply.

‘*What do you mean the ducks got it?’’

**Well, you see,’’ explained the old man, ‘‘I sent dat cotton
up to Memphis an’ dey deducts the freight, an’ dey deducts the
storage charges, an’ dey deducts the commission, an’ dey deducts
the taxes—yes, sah, de ducts got "bout all dat cotton, an’ dat’s
why I’m here.’’—Selected.

Dr. Seymour Hadwen, who has been connected for the past
eighteen months with the reindeer investigations of the United
States Biological Survey, at Unalakleet, Alaska, has arrived in
Washington, D. C., with an abundance of scientific material,
as a result of his studies.

Dr. Hadwen will spend the winter months getting his various
lines of investigation in shape for early publication.

536 MiscELLANEOUS

The National Veterinary Medical Association of Great Brit-
ain has had an exceptionally good year under the presideney of
Dr. O. Charnock Bradley, who was re-elected for another year
at the recent annual meeting. During the last year the mem-
bership increased from 372 to 1,115.

Dr. V. W. Woolen has recently purchased the practice of
Dr. B. C. Hunt at Chebanse, Illinois; and has moved from Au-
burn to Chebanse. Dr. Hunt is now giving his entire time to
control work of infectious diseases for the State of Illinois.

On November 22, 1921, Dr. Charles E. Cotton, of Minneapo-
lis, was elected a director in the Minnesota Public Health Asso-
ciation, in appreciation of the excellent services he has been
rendering his State as secretary of the Livestock Sanitary Board.

Dr. N. Nakamura of the Imperial Institute for Infectious Ani-
mal Diseases, Tokyo, Japan, is visiting this country with the
view of studying our system and methods of organization. He
will also spend some time in the Bureau of Animal Industry
laboratories at Washington, D. C.

Dr. Cayetano Lopez, official representative of the Bureau of
Animal Industry of Spain, arrived in New York early in Novem-
ber and has been visiting the Lederle Antitoxin Laboratories at
Pearl River, N. Y., the H. K. Mulford Laboratories at Glenolden,
Pa., as well as those of the Bureau of Animal Industry in Wash-
ington. Dr. Lopez will remain in this country for several months,
after which he will return to Spain and establish a national
laboratory for the study of animal diseases and the preparation
of biologics.

Dr. Carlos Pavia, Chief of the Veterinary Laboratories of the
Department of Agriculture of Mexico, was a recent visitor at the
Secretary’s office.

Dr. Pavia brought a letter of introduction from Dr. Santa
Maria who joined the A. V. M. A. at the recent meeting in
Denver.

Dr. Pavia wrote out an application for membership in the
_A. V. M. A. and promised to use his best efforts to secure a

number of members from our sister republic on the south.

JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass’n.)
J. R. Mower, Editor, Washington, D. C.

A. T. Kinsey, President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, Il.
M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.
Executive Board

Geo. HiLTon, Ist District; T. E. MUNcE, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 8rd District;
J. A. KrerNan, 4th District; C. E. Cotron, 5th District; R. A.
ARCHIBALD, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KreERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNAL, outside of its own authorized actions.

Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vol; EX, N..S. Vol. 13 February, 1922 No.

or

ENROLLMENT OF VETERINARY STUDENTS

THE REGISTRATION of veterinary students in colleges in
the United States and Canada for the college year 1921-1922.
shown in the following table, has some encouraging features.
The downward trend of the last few years, though not yet ab-
solutely arrested, is at least partially checked, and there seems
to be ground for the hope that the turning point is near at hand.

The number of freshmen enrolled for the current year is but
10 below the number for the preceding year, while the decrease
from 1919-20 to 1920-21 was 188. The total decline of 176 is due
largely to the disparity between the senior classes of the two
years. If, however, we compare this year’s senior registration
with the number of last year’s juniors, as should be done in order
to see the situation in its true perspective, we observe that there
are nine more seniors this year than there were juniors last year.
The shrinkage between the lower classes of 1920-21 and the next
higher classes of 1921-22 is much less than between 1919-20 and
1920-21.

537

538 EDITORIAL

Fresh- Sopho- Jun- Sen- Spe- Totals

men mores iors iors cials 21-22 20-21

(Aa sma ee eee 5 14 LOR ee a8 41 48
GColoradg; 022 eee ees 15 17 ally 1 68 82
COTS ais ee ee 2 4 5 2 8 21 21
ANIA A eee ee eee oe BaD 13 21 De es 69 Sloth
Towa cet ee ee? PSG al 18 19" \/¢ gee 80 94
FORTIS he eb Se ae) eh 10 13 22 10 4 59 “fal
Miehigan” eA ital 6 6 6 at 30 21
IN: ¥en State: (NYSE > 0 2 5 2 14 23
N. Y. State (Cornel))......... 14 ils vAT Ae 2 Oe ye! (5) 75
NoriheDakota a= 22s. ee 3: Bie) a eee me ee | Wen eae 6 6
Ohio ere Be ee 14 13 25 SD eee Si, e106
Olela ona oe ee A eee, I ee eae ee Z, 4
Ontario, Canada 2-2 ils: 22, 35 1S ae 88 88
Rennsyivania ” elie ee id b 5 8 fill 31 30
SizyJeseph: seve? 2s 8 YA 35 LO sisi 74 102
Texas) 22. store a eae i 2, Avs MPR, 2, 14
Wnited“Statess=. 3 4 9 Ae eee 20 30
Washington State .................. Ul 2 a Gui C.® 22 23
Totals J See toe see OA IE EBL FANS 16. S799 oS

Totals 292022 beet.) 18210281, USOT 1296 » eile 2-3 975

1 Agricultural colleges giving two years in veterinary medicine. North Carolina
has no students this session.

THE VETERINARIAN AND PUBLIC HEALTH

‘““THE Veterinarian Contributes to Public Health’’ is the title
of an interesting article by J. Howard Beard, M. D., University
of Ilhnois Health Service, which appeared in the June 15 issue
of the popular publication, The Nation’s Health.

In this article Dr. Beard discusses tuberculosis, anthrax,
rabies, foot-and-mouth disease, milk sickness, pyogenic infec-
tions, endoparasitic infestations, and other diseases to which
man and animals are alike susceptible. An interesting statement
refers to the relation of veterinarians to the physicians, whom
Dr. Beard designates as ‘‘allies in scientific research.’’ The
following quotations are from the article in The Nution’s Health:

“‘Man domesticated the horse, the cow, the goat, the sheep,
and the hog, which have fed and clothed and, in the case of
the horse and ox, have borne him from place to place. They
have broken and fertilized the soil which has grown grains, vege-
tables, and fruits more abundantly. Yet these noble animals.
when ill, have proved to be the worst enemies of man. They
have destroyed him with tuberculosis, killed him with anthrax,
cut him off with glanders, filled his muscles with trichine,

EDITORIAL 539

racked his body with Malta fever, and loaded his intestines with
tapeworms. They may become so dangerous to him when in-
fected with anthrax that their meat, milk, hides, hair, or bristles
may cause his death.

‘““That man should have some of the roses and avoid the
thorns, that these best friends should feed and clothe him to-
day and not destroy him tomorrow, is the contribution of the
veterinary surgeon to public health. In his efforts to protect
and to save animals, the veterinarian has consciously and un-
suspectedly pointed to hidden paths by which man has been
able to attain an average life nearer the normal limit of three
score andten. * * *

““The veterinary surgeon has contributed to public health
by caring for animals infected with diseases which occur pri-
marily in man; secondarily in animals. Both cattle and hogs
may contract human tuberculosis and later transmit it to man.
Cowpox and horsepox have been known for centuries. They
probably originated with man and, according to many expert
opinions, are modified variola or smallpox. In 1796, Jenner
showed they are capable of producing an immunity to small-
pox when inoculated in man. While the veterinarian has ren-
dered distinct service in controlling these diseases in animals,
in the case of man, more accidental inoculations would reduce
smallpox among the unvaccinated without subjecting them to
the danger of disfigurement of variola. * * *

‘‘Veterinary science advances public health by stamping out
endoparasitic diseases in livestock and in domestic animals, for
which man may be the accidental, intermediary, or the only
host. The more important internal parasites from the stand-
point of public health are trichina, Taenia solium, T. saginata
and T. echinococcus. * * *

‘‘Discoveries in the field of veterinary science, with rare ex-
ceptions, have been helpful in the domain of medicine. Study
of splenie fever in cattle and the demonstration of the relation
of the tick to its transmission gave a new conception of the role
of insects in the spread of disease and blazed the way for a better
understanding of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, relapsing and
South African tick fever in man. Investigation of surra in
horses and nagana in cattle offered fertile suggestion in the study
of human trypanosomiasis. Pasteur’s immunization of chickens

540 EDITORIAL

against cholera and cattle and sheep against anthrax are the
forerunners of inoculation against typhoid fever, cholera and
plague. The world owes a great deal to the milkmaid who told
the medical student, Edward Jenner, ‘I can not take smallpox
because I have had cowpox.’ Her information led to the discov-
ery of vaccination which has saved millions of human beings
from death or disfigurement. Incidentally it reduces the cases
of cowpox among domestic animals.

‘‘The study of malnutrition, and its treatment in livestock and
fowl has proved very helpful in dealing with scurvy, pellagra,
rickets, and beriberi, and metabolic disease in man. Progress in
animal feeding has usually created new possibilities for the
better nutrition of man. Investigations of tumors in animals
have shed additional light upon cancer.

‘“‘The veterinarian’s work with young animals has aided the
pediatrician in feeding and caring for infants. Treatment of
abnormal parturition and of post-partum illness in animals has
in many instanees offered helpful hints to the obstetrician which
have extended the boundaries of his subject and resulted in
throwing greater safeguards around childbirth.

‘Tn the battle against disease, the veterinarian and the physi-
cian are complements and allies. The former strives to prevent
sickness among animals and to protect man; the latter seeks to
preserve the health of man and incidentally saves animals. The
one alleviates the sufferings of noble brutes; the other brings
relief to his fellows. Both covet the glorious title of benefactor
of humanity.”’

Although veterinary medicine is yet in its infancy compared
with human medicine, its important achievements in the field of
research have ressulted to the advantage of all concerned in
establishing a relationship of mutual respect and. confidence be-
tween scientific investigators in these allied fields of usefulness.
When we pause to consider the intimate relationship between
animal and human maladies, it seems strange that there has not
developed more rapidly a better understanding and closer work-
ing relation between practitioners in human and veterinary
medicine. There is no doubt that they could be of mutual as-
sistance in practice if a closer contact were established.

The essential contact between veterinary and human practi-
tioners is possible through. existing associations and popular sci-

———

ain ie

EDITORIAL 541

entific publications. Medical and veterinary associations now
hold meetings at regular intervals, but there has been little effort
on the part of either to encourage affiliation. Seldom do physi-
cians attend veterinary conferences and rarely do the names of
veterinarians appear on the programs of the meetings of medical
associations. It is true that several veterinarians are members
ot and not infrequently take part in the programs of the Amer-
ican Public Health Association, Society of American Bacteri-
ologists, National Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis,
Society of Experimental Medicine and Biology, American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science and similar orgariza-
tions that welcome veterinarians to their meetings, but unfor-
tunately too few of them avail themselves of such opportunities.
It would be beneficial to both professions and to their clientele
if the larger medical and veterinary associations were to include
in their programs a short period for the discussion by physicians
and veterinarians of subjects that are of mutual interest. It is
hoped that the A. V. M. A. will be one of the first to make a move
in this direction and adopt such a policy, not for any one year,
but for each annual convention.

Dr. Beard is to be complimented on his splendid article and
it is hoped that more such valuable contributions from physi-
cians and veterinarians will appear in publications devoted to
problems relating to disease, health and sanitation.

The Veterinary Journal (British) has reprinted in full, with
extended favorable editorial comment, the paper by Dr. David
S. White on ‘‘Our Profession,’’ which appeared in our pages in
April, 1921.

The average man would rather put on the regalia of some
order and be known as the supreme grand hoozis than to know
the contents of an encyclopedia or be a Ph. D.—Journal of the
American Medical Association.

————_——___--——

The Scottish Farmer reviews approvingly what it character-
izes as ‘‘a humorous, striking, and essentially American circu-
lar,’’ issued by the Horse Association of America, which ‘‘ef-
fectively upsets the theory that the horse is doomed by the in-
creasing use of motor power,”’

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY INVESTIGATIONS
ON BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION !

By E. C. SCHROEDER

Superintendent of Experiment Station, United States Bureau
of Animal Industry, Bethesda, Maryland

MY TASK is a discussion of the investigations of the Federal
Bureau of Animal Industry on the common and widespread
evil known as bovine infectious abortion. As the investigations
have beerlong in progress and quite active in recent years, it
may be well to say in advance that it will be impossible in the
time at my disposal to enter into minute detail concerning them.
And probably it is fair to assume that a minutely detailed
account of the arduous, time-consuming and patience-trying
technical work that has been done would prove less interesting
or useful than a simple presentation of the facts that have been
revealed or confirmed, together with a reference to their
economic significanee, provided enough is said about the evi-
dence on which they are based to show that they are facts in
reality and not merely in name.

Efforts to control infectious diseases before their etiology is
known, at best, are general and commonly as wnpromising as
the chances that a marksman, with a vague idea of the direction
in which he should aim, will make an effective shot in the dark.
If enough ammunition is burned a lucky hit is occasionally made,
but usually the ammunition is burned in vain, and the noise,
smoke and confusion, even if stray shots do not prove uninten-
tionally destructive, profit and please no one. What the marks-
man needs is light, and the light needed to combat infectious
diseases is a reasonably clear knowledge of their etiology.

The prime etiological factor of bovine infectious abortion was
discovered by Bang and Stribolt long before the more active in-
vestigation of the evil was undertaken by the Bureau of Animal
Industry, and the discovery had been confirmed by McFadyean
and Stockman in England, and MacNeal and Kerr and Ward
Giltner and Good in America. But etiology is more than the
recognition of the causative microparasite of a disease, and it
remained to be determined how and when the parasite, the Bang

1Presented at the twenty-fifth annual meeting of the United States Livestock
Sanitary Association, Chicago, Ill., Nov. 29-30, 1921,

542

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INVESTIGATIONS ON BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 543

bacillus, enters and leaves the bodies of its hosts or victims;
whether it occurs elsewhere in nature than in the bodies of its
victims; on what natural conditions its multiplicatiom and per-
petuation depend, ete., ete. Though some of the facts were
known, so much remained in doubt that the available data led
to wholly contradictory conclusions and fruitless controversies,
and consequently when the question was asked, ‘‘ How shall we
combat abortion disease?’’ the answers ranged from a modest
““‘T don’t know’’ to suggested flushings and douchings that
were apt to cost more per animal than the value of ordinary
eattle per head, and the enactment of stringent laws and regula-
tions which would have been more annoying and expensive to
eattle owners than beneficial to their herds.

Confronted with this uncertainty and confusion, it required
no prophet to foresee that an investigation of bovine infectious
abortion would fail of its purpose unless vigorous efforts were
made to amplify and clarify the existing etiological knowledge
of the disease, and therefore etiological studies were at once
planned and undertaken. An abundanee of work also was done
relative to treatment, general as well as specific; but I will
speak of the etiological investigations first.

THE OCCURRENCE OF THE BANG BACILLUS IN THE
Bopies or CATTLE

The Bang abortion bacillus, like the tubercle bacillus, evi-
dently is an obligatory parasite; it is known to multiply nowhere
in nature but in the bodies of its hosts. In culture tubes,
carefully sealed to prevent drying, it has been kept alive in the
Bureau laboratories nearly three years; and in placentas of
aborting cows, exposed under fly screens in shaded places in the
woods during the colder months of the year, it has remained
alive, in rare instanees, as long as four months. In material dis-
charged from the bodies of aborting cows, unless the conditions
are exceptionally favorable for its preservation, the bacillus
generally dies in less than a month, and its death is greatly
hastened by sunlight. The weak resistance of the nonsporulating
microparasite against natural germicidal forces implied that it
could not perpetuate itself and serve as the cause of a wide-
spread plague unless some special provision had been made by
nature for its preservation, and the most reasonable provision

544 E. C. SCHROEDER

to look for was its long-continued presence in a dormant or a
partly dormant state in the bodies of its hosts.

It was known that the bacillus oceurs in the placentas of
aborting cows and in different portions of the bodies of aborted
fetuses. The investigations of McFadyean and Stockman indi-
cated that it disappeared from the uterus within approximately
a month after an abortion. The discovery had been made inde-
pendently by the Bureau and by Smith and Fabyan that it
occurs in the udders and milk of some infected cows. It re-
mained to be determined how long it persists in the udder and,
more definitely, how long it persists in the uterus and other
portions of the reproductive organs. It remained to be deter-
mined whether it occurs in other parts of the body than the
reproductive organs and the udder, and what its presence in
other parts of the body signified. It also remained to be deter-
mined whether it occurs in the bodies of calves, heifers and bulls.

Today we know that the Bang abortion bacillus may, in rare
cases, persist in the uterus two months after an abortion or a
parturition, but that, as a rule, it does not persist more than two
to three weeks; that it may persist in the udder and milk for
greatly varying periods of time, from a few weeks to six or
seven years; that the udders of more than 60 per cent of infeeted
cows at some time harbor the bacillus; that when it is present
in the udder it invades the uterus in a large proportion of
cases during pregnancy and may be very abundant though the
pregnancy is seemingly normal and ends in an apparently
normal parturition; that it occasionally attacks and can be
found in the reproductive organs and seminal fluid of bulls;
that it may be present in the stomach fluids, livers and gastro-
hepatic lymph glands of newly born, viable calves, and that all
attempts to find it in the bodies of cows elsewhere than their
udders, their uteruses during gestation and shortly after an
abortion or a parturition, and the lymph glands associated
with these organs, have failed.

It does not require much time or many words to state these
facts. How much work was required to secure them may be
evident to practical investigators, and even they are apt to fall
short in their estimates. For example, the short statement that
‘abortion bacilli oceur in the bodies of newly born, viable
calves’’ rests on tests in which eleven calves were used, as
follows: The calves were removed from their mothers, abortion-

INVESTIGATIONS ON BovINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 345

infected cows, immediately after delivery, and not permitted to
have access to anything that could lead to the postpartum inges-
tion of infected material; they were killed and sectioned with
strict aseptic precautions, and tissues were gathered from all
parts of their bodies for cultural and animal inoculation tests,
and later, when positive results were obtained, they were con-
firmed by the subinoculation of experiment animals and culture
tubes. If positive results had been obtained with the first two
or three calves it would have settled the matter; but this was
not the ease; and when the results are negative the number of
animals examined must be multiplied before the evidence is
sufficient to give reasonable stability to a conclusion based on it.
So with the brief statement that the abortion bacillus occurs
nowhere in the bodies of cows but in their udders, pregnant or
recently pregnant uteruses and associated lymph glands. The
Bureau investigators who obtained the data that prove this
statement can tell about the arduous task it was to kill and
section abortion-infected cows so that their blood, spleens, livers,
lungs, kidneys, serous membranes, synovial fluid, bone marrow,
brains, spinal cords, muscles, uteruses, vaginas, Fallopian tubes,
ovaries, ete., and lymph glands from all portions of their bodies
could be tested. Not one or two cows, but a good many of them,
because negative results require that the number of subjects ex-
amined must be large enough to insure that the exception which
often is supposed to prove the rule has been eliminated.

Regarding the calves found to harbor abortion bacilli at
birth—two out of eleven examined—it is noteworthy that one
was the offspring of a cow that has never. aborted and was
recognized as a carrier and spreader of abortion bacilli only
through the use of biological tests.

The examination of the bodies of calves for abortion bacilli
was not confined to the eleven newly born ealves, because the
discovery that viable calves may, harbor abortion bacilli at
birth made it important to determine how long the ealves of
infected cows may remain earriers of the bacillus, particularly
as the untenable hypothesis that ‘‘abortion bacilli may lie dor-
mant in the bodies of cattle from birth until sexual maturity and
then cause abortions’’ had been widely promulgated.

We know now, as the result of a large number of tests, that
young cattle rarely harbor abortion bacilli in their bodies, and
that, when they do so, they react to abortion tests. Many

546 E. C. SCHROEDER

ealves react to such tests during the first weeks of their
lives, but the reactions rapidly decline and disappear even if the
calves are suckled by dams with infected udders, and, if they are
protected against exposure to abortion infection after they are
weaned, they become normal, healthy producers of calves when
they reach sexual maturity.

As far as the Bureau’s work has gone, the calves of abortion-

to abortion tests during the first weeks of their lives, and irre-
spective of whether they were suckled by cows with clean or
with infected udders, if they are protected against infection
after they are weaned, are neither more nor less susceptible to
abortion disease when they reach maturity than the calves of
normal cows. This would indicate, if herd immunity against
abortion disease actually develops, that it is less due to anything
that calves inherit from their dams or acquire by ingesting
infected milk during the milk-drinking periods of their lives,
than to a fairly continuous exposure to abortion bacilli from
birth until maturity, and possibly to their exposure particularly
during the last two to three months before conception.

The significance of the exposure of cattle to infection with
abortion bacilli during presexual life is a line of work that was
greatly hampered by lack of funds. It was planned and well
under way before our country entered the war. What happened
to the cost of labor and feed after the war was entered is too
well known to require discussion here, and what effect this had
on the Bureeu’s experimental investigations may be judged
when it is known. that the appropriations made for them did
not take the reduced purchasing value of money into account.
Work requiring a certain number of animals, planned when
hay was plentiful at $20 a ton and other forage equally cheap,
was impossible without greatly increased funds when hay was
scarce at $40 a ton and other forage had increased propor-
tionately in cost. The Bureau had no choice; it would have pre-
ferred to retain all its experiment animals and to continue
its investigations undisturbed, but the pecuniary obstacles were
too great to be mastered by scientific enthusiasm, and so it was
forced to resort to painfully severe retrenchment. Many
animals that had acquired great value because of the treatment
to which they had been subjected and because their origin and
history were fully known, and which it was desirable to keep

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INVESTIGATIONS ON BovINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 547

under observation, had to be disposed of, and, though no one was
really to blame, the sorrow and regret this caused will not soon
be forgotten.

The work on which the conclusion is based that the nonpreg-
nant uterus is not a habitat of the abortion bacillus is somewhat
varied in character. The first tests dealt with infected cows
that had aborted or given birth to calves. Beginning directly
after the abortion or the parturition, material was collected
periodically on sterile swabs from the uteruses of such cows,
and studied for the presence of abortion bacilli. The studies
showed—and the number made cannot be stated in dozens and
scores, as they amount to many hundreds—that abortion bacilli
as a rule disappear from the uterus in which they were abundant
at the time of an abortion or a parturition in from two to three
weeks, though occasionally they persist somewhat longer and in
exceedingly rare instances as long as nearly two months.

The seeond line of tests concerned cows into the uteruses of
which cultures of abortion bacilli had been injected; the third,
cows that were killed and all portions of their uteruses tested
for abortion bacilli possibly hidden beneath the surface; and
the fourth, cows that received copious intravenous injections of
abortion bacilli and the uteruses of which were studied during
subsequent estrual periods.

It was reasonable to conclude, though abortion bacilli could not
be collected from a uterus on a cotton swab, that they might be
present in or beneath the mucous membrane, or somewhere in
the cotyledons, Fallopian tubes or ovaries, but this did not
prove to be the case. Likewise, since the pregnant uterus is
the favorite habitat of the bacillus, it was reasonable to believe
that special activity of the reproductive organs would better
enable it to maintain itself in the uterus, and that, therefore, the
estrual period deserved special attention. It is fortunate that
this period does not help the bacillus to live and multiply in
the uterus, because, if it did, we would be forced to conclude that
all cows with infected udders are prolific disseminators of abor-
tion bacilli via their vaginas during a number of days every.
month.

The discovery that bulls may harbor abortion bacilli in their
reproductive organs is also the product of industrious applica+
tion; that is to say, it was not a fortunate stumbling on a fact.

548 E. C. SCHROEDER

As the belief was widely entertained that infectious abortion
is carried from cow to cow by the bull, and that he introduces
it at the time of copulation directly into the uterus, it was de-
sirable to determine on what part of his sexual organs the
bacilli occurred and how long they remained virulent. Hence,
material was collected from many bulls shortly after they had
served cows that reacted to abortion tests and were known to
have infected udders, and this material was tested for abortion
bacilli. The results in every case were negative, and it was
found that the bacilli did not survive long even when pure
cultures were introduced into the bull’s sheath. This work was
followed by postmortem examinations of reacting bulls, and
with tests of all portions of their bodies for abortion bacilli in
the manner in which the bodies of reacting cows had been
tested, and the organism was finally discovered in an epididymal
abscess.

Since then a number of bulls have been artificially infected
with abortion bacilli, and studies have been made relative to the
frequency with which bulls react to abortion tests, and the
frequency with which lesions chargeable to abortion bacilli
occur in the reproductive organs of reacting bulls; also studies
which conclusively proved that bulls with infected reproductive
organs may expel abortion bacilli with their seminal fluid.

The studies on the frequency with which bulls react to abor-
tion tests dealt with several hundred bulls sent to an abattoir
near Washington for slaughter. The bulls were first tested, and
then, if they reacted, their genital organs were obtained and ex-
amined for lesions and abortion bacilli. Approximately 10 per
cent of the bulls tested reacted, and approximately 10 per cent
of the reacting bulls showed lesions of the reproductive organs
from which abortion bacilli were isolated. The value of these
studies is not that they give us a measure of the proportion of
bulls that react positively to abortion tests or the proportion
of reacting bulls that are carriers of abortion bacilli. The
number of bulls tested, about 325, is too small to serve this pur-
pose, to say nothing of the fact that bulls removed from herds
and sent to the butcher are not representatives of those retained
in herds to serve cows. Their value lies in the fact that they
show that abortion bacillus disease of the bull’s reproductive
organs is not a wholly unique affection which practically may

INVESTIGATIONS ON BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 549

be ignored, but an important condition that must be taken
seriously into account in our efforts to combat infectious abor-
tion, since it has been proved to be associated with the contami-
nation of the seminal fluid.

Mopes or DISSEMINATION

Precise knowledge of the habitat of a parasite in the body
of its host aids greatly in determining how it gets out of one
host and into another; or, in other words, if the parasite is a
pathogenic microorganism, how the disease it causes spreads
from victim to victim.

The knowledge that the abortion parasite lodges nowhere in
the Hving bodies of cattle but the udders and pregnant and re-
cently pregnant uteruses of cows, the reproductive organs of
bulls, and the digestive tracts and livers of newly born calves,
and the lymph glands more or less intimately associated with
the named organs, at once calls attention to the channels
through which it is expelled.

From the udder the bacillus is expelled through the teat with
milk, from the uterus with aborted fetuses, the placentas and
discharges following an abortion or a parturition, and from the
sexual organs of bulls with seminal fluid and other discharges.
These three modes of expulsion have been definitely proved, and
no doubt can be entertained about them. That the bacillus
also may be expelled with the alvine discharges of infected calves
and calves that drink infected milk seems probable but has not
been definitely proved. It is a question on which experimental
studies have been made, but the data obtained are not sufficient
to justify a final answer. But, even if the answer eventually is
affirmative, this mode of dissemination could hardly be charac-
terized as important, as it would be confined to calves with
infected mothers and would be closely limited to the time when
the mothers are more or less actively, expelling infected material
from their uteruses.

The udder becomes infected in upward of 60 per cent of all
infected cows, and the time during which it remains infected
varies from a few weeks to six or seven years. An important fact
about cows with infected udders is that in a large proportion
of cases the infection extends to the uterus during gestation.
Among the cows with infected udders thus far examined about

550 E. C. SCHROEDER

one-half were proved to harbor abortion bacilli in their uteruses
at the time of parturition.

An infected udder does not mean that a cow has aborted or
will abort, or that she has shown or will show symptoms of
abortion disease, but it does mean that she is a dangerous
animal to introduce into an abortion-free herd of cattle. For-
tunately, after having made hundreds of tests, Bureau investi-
gators have not yet found a cow with an abortion-infected udder
that did not react in an unmistakable manner to the agglutina-,
tion and complement-fixation tests for bovine infectious abor-
tion.

The expulsion of abortion bacilli from the uterus via the
vagina, as has already been stated, is not of long duration. It
requires that the products of all abortions and the by-products
of all parturitions and discharges following abortions and par-
turitions should be treated as dangerous material.

The discharges from the male sexual organs may be dangerous
when the bull is permitted to run with the herd, and hence, in
the control of bovine infectious abortion, it is desirable that he
should have a separate pen, away from the cows, and that he
should be permitted to serve cows only on neutral ground, or
ground to which cattle do not have access at other times than
during that of service. It may also be wise to segregate cows
after they have been served by possibly infected bulls until all
danger that infected seminal fluid may leak from their vaginas
has passed, and to fasten them during such segregation in a
way that will prevent them from eating anything that may have
become soiled with leakage from their vaginas.

These statements concerning the bull may sound curious to
those who continue to hold the once widely entertained hypothe-
sis that bovine infectious abortion is transmitted from cow to
cow largely by promiscuously used, unclean bulls. Neither the
investigations of the Bureau nor other data on the subject
support this hypothesis, which, in fact, has little support other
than a general inclination to believe that the channels of infec-
tion for microscopic diseases must be the passages through
which the attacked portions of the body communicate most
easily or directly with its exterior. |

It is regrettable that the time is too short to give a detailed
account of the work that lies behind the statements this paper

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INVESTIGATIONS ON BOVINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION

contains. If it could be given it would inspire confidence and
show why I am privileged to speak with unfaltering assurance.

Take a problem, for example, like the recurrence of abortion
bacilli in the uterus of a cow with an infected udder at each
of several successive, apparently normal parturitions. Think of
the tests; milk tests, bloods tests, tests of placental material and
uterine discharges, tests of calves, ete. Think of the watchful-
ness to prevent intercurrent infection from becoming a source
of error; think of the experiment animals and culture tubes
inoculated ; think of the subinoculations of animals and culture
tubes to validate the use of the results obtained as evidence.
And, bear in mind, this work was not done with one or two
animals, but with all the accessible cows that could be used as
reliable material, until the number was large enough to justify
the conclusion that at least half of all cows with infected udders
have infected uteruses at the time of calving.

To reveal facts and to secure their recognition and use re-
quires time and work and money; but facts are eternal things
and the stock the world has on record is a criterion of its civi-
lization; and probably the conviction that this is true, coupled
with a desire to be real agents in the world’s progress, has
bound many able workers loyally to their poorly remunerated
service in research establishments.

CHANNELS OF INFECTION

Microscopic as well as macroscopic parasites have favorite
habitats in the bodies of their hosts, and the location of the
habitat in most cases has nothing to do with the channels
through which the host is invaded. Though this is a matter of
common knowledge, many investigators of microparasitic dis-
eases seem to cling to the fallacy that a close relationship exists
between the attacked organs and the nearest channels from the
exterior of the body through which they may be reached. Hence
it is not surprising that it should have been assumed, or that the
assumption should have gained wide credence, that the vagina
is the common portal of entry for the microparasite of bovine
infectious abortion, as the favorite habitat of the parasite is the
pregnant uterus, where it attacks primarily neither the parent
nor the offispring, but rather the medium through which the
two are in communication.

It was early recognized by Bureau investigators that this

552 E. C. ScHROEDER

assumption lacked proper support, and that, if it were true, the
community-owned or association-owned, more or less promis-
cuously used bull would prove an ideal agent to facilitate the
spread of abortion disease among cattle. At the same time it
was apparent that the use of a relatively small number of well-
bred community or association bulls was vastly more economical
than the use to only a fraction of their capacity of a larger
number of individually owned scrub bulls. These and other
reasons for studying the role of the bull in the spread of bovine
infectious abortion were unmistakably urgent, and prompted
the experimental tests of which the following is a brief outline.

Cows wholly free from abortion infection were given intra-
uterine injections of pure cultures of abortion bacilli, placental
material from cases of abortion, and material obtained from
aborted fetuses before they were served by a bull; others were
served by bulls which reacted positively to abortion tests; others
were served by bulls which had shortly before served cows with
infected genital tracts, and others by bulls both naturally and
artificially infected which were expelling abortion bacilli with
their seminal fluid. Quite a number of cows were used, many
of which afterwards were proved to be susceptible to abortion
disease; but in all cases the results failed to justify, in the least
degree, the assumption that cows are infected with abortion
bacilli via their vaginas and uteruses at the time of copulation,
or that the bull, through copulation, is an agent in the spread
of abortion disease. The cows not only failed to abort, but re-
mained negative to abortion tests. The total number of calves
produced was smaller than probably would have been the case
if the uteruses of the cows had not been subjected to unnat-
ural treatment and the bulls had not been somewhat deficient
in potency because of the diseased condition of their sexual
organs; but the cows that conceived passed through their
periods of gestation in a normal manner, and the gestations ter-
minated in the normal births of normal calves. In each case
after service by infected bulls seminal fluid was collected from
the vaginas of the served cows and tested for the presence of
abortion bacilli, and the bacilli were repeatedly found in the
seminal fluid of one naturally and one artificially infected bull.
Tn each ease the placentas and uteruses of the cows were tested
after parturition, and no abortion bacilli were found.

INVESTIGATIONS ON BovINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 593

Clearly, the uninjured sexual cavities of nonpregnant cows do
not serve the abortion bacillus as channels of entry. Whether
infection may occur via the vagina after pregnancy has been
established has been given little attention by Bureau investiga-
tors, mainly because it is not an economically important matter,
as such infection could hardly occur elsewhere than in an en-
vironment in which the bacilli are very abundant and in which
they could easily enter through other channels. Work of
other investigators seems to prove that the injection of abortion
bacilli into the vaginas and uteruses of pregnant cows leads to
abortions.

The community or association bull evidently is harmless so
far as infectious abortion is concerned, and he is so without
elaborate and troublesome disinfection of his genital organs,
provided the precautions already suggested—a bull-pen, service
on neutral ground, ete.—are observed.

As the udders of infected cows in many cases harbor abortion
bacilli long periods of time, their transferrence from udder to
udder during milking seemed reasonably possible. An experi-
ment relative to the matter was made, but the number of animals
used was too small and the time they were kept under observa-
tion too short to give the negative results obtained full validity,
particularly as it was definitely proved that abortion bacilli
introduced into the udder, through the teat with a milking tube,
soon reach the uterus of a pregnant cow and cause abortion.

- This is a line of studies that was interrupted by inadequate

funds, but the problem with which it dealt is one that is not
urgently in need of a solution, because the transferrence of
infection from cow to cow through milking would be practically
impossible elsewhere than in an environment in which infection
through other channels would certainly occur.

The one mode of infection—and I speak in this case of modes
that require no artificial practices—that gives positive results
is the ingestion of abortion bacilli. When a susceptible, preg-
nant cow is permitted to ingest abortion bacilli, either pure
cultures or material from cases of abortion, she rarely fails to
become a victim of the disease. In a large proportion of cases
she afterwards aborts and reacts positively to abortion tests,
and a large proportion of the cows that do not actually abort
after having ingested abortion bacilli show other signs of the

554 E. C. SCHROEDER

presence of the evil, such as abortion bacilli in the placenta and
the uterus at the time of parturition, the production of a weak
calf, the occurrence of the bacilli in the udder, ete.

Ingestion, to judge from the investigations of the Bureau and
other available data, seems to be the natural mode of entrance
for the abortion bacillus into the bodies of its victims, and
other conceivable natural modes of entrance, though they may
not have been definitely disproved, plainly lack experimental
evidence that proves their existence.

Letters are received occasionally from cattle owners describ-
ing in detail how the introduction of a new bull into their
originally abortion-clean herds was shortly followed by a
seriously large number of abortions, with absolutely no discoy-
erable source of infection but the new bull, regarding which it
was learned too late that his history could be traced to an abor-
tion-infected herd. In cases like this we may feel confident, if
all other sources of infection have been fully excluded—quite
a difficult thing, by the way, when we deal with a common,
widespread, insidious evil like bovine infectious abortion—that
the bull was not only affected with abortion bacillus disease of
his reproductive organs, but was also permitted to associate
freely with the cows, so that leakage from his penis would lead
to the contamination of their food and drink and to their
infection through their digestive tracts.

TESTS FOR ABORTION DISEASE

The control measures indicated by the nature of the abortion
bacillus, its habitats in the bodies of cattle, the manner and
time of its expulsion, and by the channels through which infec-
tion occurs, are relatively simple. The real difficulties begin, as
naturally would be expected with a disease in which the seem-
ingly healthy carriers of its prime cause are exceptionally
numerous, when the distinction between dangerous and safe
animals must be made, and this brings us to a consideration of
abortion tests.

Among the various tests which have been devised, two, the
agglutination and the complement-fixation, alone possess a serv-
iceable degree of efficiency, and the Bureau has found, after
having made thousands of comparisons, that on the basis of
reliability there is no choice between the two, but that the agglu-
tination test, because of its much greater simplicity, is the one

Be Me

wt
Or

INVESTIGATIONS ON BovINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION

that should be preferred, and this is a matter on which most
investigators are in accord.

These tests have been criticised because they do not show that
a cow will abort, and because some cows do not react after they
have aborted, and for a number of other reasons; but such crit-
icisms lose most of their weight if we view them with a ra-
tional comprehension of what the tests are and of the kind of
information they can be expected to give.

To expect that an agglutination or a complement-fixation
test for bovine infectious abortion should indicate that a cow
will abort would be similar to requiring of the tuberculin test
that it should show whether an animal will succumb to tubercu-
losis within several months; and to expect that every cow that
has aborted should react to infectious abortion tests would be
like expecting the tuberculin test to show the presence of any
disease with necrotic, caseous or caleareous lesions. An abor-
tion is, strictly speaking, the supreme or superlative event in
bovine infectious abortion, and not an essential event. We may
reasonably say that as all children attacked by diphtheria do not
die, so all cows attacked by bovine infectious abortion do not
abort ; and we may also say that as all diphtheroid lesions are not
due to Loeffler’s bacillus, all abortions among cows are not due to
the Bang bacillus.

The Bang bacillus may enter the body of a cow so shortly
before an abortion that a reaction does not occur until some
time afterwards, and it is not difficult to believe that in rare
instances, owing to recondite or abstruse causes, cows infected
with bovine infectious abortion fail to react, just as some tuber-
culous subjects fail to react to tuberculin. But on the whole, if
the agglutination and complement-fixation tests are properly
made, they show with an amazing degree of perfection whether
an animal is or has been harboring abortion bacilli in its body.

Some of the noteworthy results obtained with the aggutina-
tion test by Bureau and other investigators are as follows: If
if ean be proved that the udder of a cow harbors abortion bacilli,
the reaction will be positive in a dilution of 1 to 200 or more;
in reactions obtained respectively with milk and blood serum
from the same cow, though they may be equal, that of the serum
usually is a little stronger; colostrum from infected cows often
reacts in enormously high dilutions; the calves of reacting cows

556 E. C. SCHROEDER

often react, sometimes higher than their dams, but the reactions
are passive and do not persist long even when the calves are
suckled by cows with infected udders; when two tests are made
some time apart, a declining reaction, particularly if it is below
1 to 200, signifies that the animal probably no longer harbors
abortion bacilli in its body; bulls which harbor abortion bacilli,
in all cases so far tested, react positively, ete.

A reaction in a dilution of 1 to 200, or 1 to 25, or 1 to any
other number, as the expression is used in this paper, means
that the bacilli in a definitely measured volume of a standard
suspension of abortion bacilli are agglutinated by adding to it
an amount of serum which is proportioned to the volume of the
suspension as the smaller number is proportioned to the larger ;
thus, a reaction in a dilution of 1 to 200 would mean that the
volume of the suspension was 200 times as great as the volume
of serum added to it, and, in a reaction of 1 to 25, that the
volume of suspension was 25 times as great as that of the serum;
consequently, if the volume of the suspension was 1 c¢.c., that
volume of serum in the one case would be 1 divided by 200, or
0.005 c.c., and in the other, 1 divided by 25, or 0.04 e.c.

Reactions vary greatly with material obtained from different
cattle that are known to harbor abortion bacilli, and may reach
the enormous height, when blood serum is tested, of 1 to 3,200,
and when colostrum is tested, of 1 to 25,000. Think a moment
of the potency of the specific agglutination agent indicated by
these figures. Blood serum and colostrum chemically are com-
plex substances of which, at most, a very small fraction can be
supposed to be the agglutination agent; and yet the serum at
times agglutinates the bacilli in 3,200 times, and the colostrum
in 25,000 times, their own volume of suspension.

What measure of agglutinating power of the blood serum
should be regarded as a certainly positive bovine infectious abor-
tion reaction, whether it should be higher than 1 to 50 or as low
as 1 to 10, has not been definitely determined and is a subject
on which dogmatie statements would be dangerous before all
matters relating to the test have been so standardized that a
satisfactory comparison can be made between the reactions ob-
tained by different investigators.

The Bureau investigators are strongly inclined to believe, on
the one hand, that even a very low agglutinating property of

arate ee eet pes nett oy et hr cll GemenneR treate aes

saree

or
Oo

INVESTIGATIONS ON Bovine INFECTIOUS ABORTION

blood serum for abortion bacilli should be viewed with suspicion,
and, on the other, that a declining reaction, particularly if it
drops below and remains lower than 1 to 200, indicates that an
animal is safe so far as the dissemination of abortion bacilli is
coneerned.

TREATMENT AND PREVENTION

Treatment of infectious abortion with drugs or chemical
agents, either internally or externally, has given little, or no, or
only false encouragement. The Bureau’s work in this connection,
though not abundant, proves—doubtless a matter of common
experience—that the more insidious and chronic a disease is,
the greater the chances are that those who attempt to treat it
may go astray in their valuation of the events that follow
treatment, more particularly if the treatment is given under the
supervision of a conscientious, capable person who greatly im-
proves the sanitary conditions under which his subjects live,
without taking into consideration how much the consequently
more hygienic environment may benefit both the affected and the
exposed subjects.

Unquestionably it is economical to give proper treatment to
cows that have aborted, or that do not clean properly, or that
are afflicted with other troubles of the reproductive organs and
functions; but such treatment should not include attempts to
disinfect the uterine and vaginal cavities by irrigating them
with strong germicidal solutions, because such attempts will
prove futile and can not be made without serious danger of
doing harm. The modern and rational idea of wound treatment
should be applied to the treatment of the injured or diseased
uterus, and that means the removal of dead and foreign material
on which saprophytic and facultative pathogenic microorgan-
isms can feed and multiply, and not the further devitalization
of injured and diseased tissues.

Treatment with abortion bacilli, killed and living, alone and
in combination with antiserum, has been tried with varying and
contradictory results. The Bureau’s work on the subject is re-
stricted to the use of killed cultures among pregnant and living
cultures among nonpregnant cattle.

In one large herd numbering over 1,000 head of eattle, of
which 911 remained under observation one year and 453 a second
year, the results from the injection of live organisms before con-

ae)

558 E. C. SCHROEDER

ception were as follows: Treated cattle, first year, 13.12 per cent
of abortions; second year, 10.29 per cent. Untreated cattle, first
year, 17.7 per cent of abortions; second year, 14.09 per cent.
The treated animals in the first year numbered 617 and in the
second 311, and the untreated in the first year 294 and in the
second 142.

Regarding this herd it should be said that it was located a long
distance from Washington, and could not be kept under the
close, continuous, personal supervision of those who planned the
work, that is desirable in an experimental test, and unfortu-
nately the uninterrupted services of a trained inspector to imme-
diately supervise it failed for reasons over which the Bureau had
no control.

The live organism treatment, or attempted immunization, how-
ever, in both years, though it was not fully satisfactory, evi-
dently was not attended or followed by ill effects. In both years
the proportion ot abortions among the treated cattle was a little
lower than among the untreated, and the percentages of sterility
which developed in the two groups during the time they
were under observation were practically alike.

An examination of the available data on the use of living
cultures of abortion bacilli to produce immunity shows three
things: (1) That very few tests have been made under strict
experimental conditions; (2) that the number of abortions
among cattle that have received injections some time before con-
ception drops with a noteworthy frequency to approximately
6 per cent, no matter what it may have been before immunization
was attempted; and (3) that the per cent of abortions among
treated cattle is lower as a rule than among untreated cattle
kept under the same conditions.

In connection with this statement it may be interesting to
record the observations made in a large, privately owned herd
of dairy cattle, which the Bureau includes among its investiga-
tional material, and to give a synoptic account of one precisely
made experimental test.on immunization.

The dairy herd numbers about 200 eattle; it has long been
infected with abortion, and the current number of abortions was
sreatly reduced by raising the heifer calves born in the herd to
replace cows as they outlived their usefulness. All the cattle
have been repeatedly tested with abortion tests; the proportion

INVESTIGATIONS ON BovINE INFECTIOUS ABORTION 559

of reacting cows is relatively small, and the reacting and the
nonreacting animals are not permitted to come into contact with
each other. In this herd about 6 per cent of the cows have
aborted during the past year, and the proportion of aborting
cows among those that react is about equal to the proportion
among those that do not react.

We have here this factor of about 6 per cent which is frequent
among abortion-immunized cows. Would it not be pertinent to
ask whether it is a figure that approximately indicates the num-
ber of abortions among cattle that are due to other causes than
the Bang bacillus? We might lightly dismiss this question by
saying that we are here face to face with the inefficiency of
abortion tests; but let us not be too hasty. It would be surpris-
ing if no other causes than the Bang bacillus existed for abor-
tions among cattle, animals superlatively artificial because of the
kind of selection that has been practiced in breeding them for
human, utilitarian purposes without giving too much thought to
what nature intended them to be; and it would likewise be sur-
prising, when we bear in mind how complex the reproductive
functions are, if there were no other causes for abortions among
cattle than microparasites. Some of the Bureau investigators
have determined to devote much time and study to this phase
of the abortion question in the future.

And now for the test, which does not include a large number
of animals, but was made in harmony with true experimental
standards.

’ Twenty-three cattle, part of a drove of 66, not one of which,
according to the tests that could be made, was infected with
bovine infectious abortion, were divided into three groups.
Eleven received subcutaneous injections of pure living cultures
of abortion bacilli about two months before they were served
by bulls; 4 received repeated injections of killed cultures of
abortion bacilli after they had become pregnant; and 8 were
retained untreated, as checks or controls. The 23 cattle were
equally and similarly exposed to abortion infection; the ex-
posure was via the digestive tract, or the kind of exposure that
would occur in nature, and the material used for the exposure
was obtained from actual cases of infectious abortion.

Of the eleven cows treated with live organisms before concep-
tion, 10 calved normally in all respects and 1 aborted.

560 E. C. SCHROEDER

Of the 4 given dead-organism treatment after becoming preg-
nant, 2 calved normally and 2 aborted.

Of the 8 controls, 7 aborted.

The cattle of the first group, those which received treatment
before they were served by a bull, were kept under further
observation until they had produced an additional 15 calves.
They suffered no breeding troubles, such as retained placentas,
sterility, ete.

The number of animals in the second group, only 4, is too
small to permit drawing the conclusion that treatment with
dead organisms in some measure protects gravid cows; but the
difference of 1 abortion among 11 cattle and 1 abortion among
8 can leave little doubt that a serviceable degree of immunity
against abortions can be engendered by subcutaneous injections,
prior to conception, of living abortion bacilli.

A SEARCH FOR OTHER CAUSES OF ABORTION AMONG CATTLE

A search for other specific causes of abortions among cattle
has not been neglected, and Bureau investigators could relate
at great length stories similar to those which other investigators
have told about microorganisms isolated from the products of
abortions and the uteruses of cows that have aborted. Bacilli of
various kinds, different types of micrococci, and spirilla or
vibrio have been found repeatedly ; but when their pathogenicity
has been tested in accordance with widely recognized and ac-
cepted and required bacteriological standards, not one shred of
evidence has been obtained to prove them true etiological factors
of bovine abortions. What réle such microorganisms may have
as causes of the sequele of infectious abortions, and of other,
possibly independent, abnormal processes in the reproductive
organs, is far from clear and merits careful study.

Bovine Inrectious ABORTION AMONG SWINE

At times the Bang bacillus attacks sows and causes abortions
among them. Attention has been given to this matter, but as
yet little progress has been made. The Bureau’s work indicates
that swine are strongly resistant against ordinary strains of the
abortion bacillus, but is not conclusive on the subject. So far
we have been able to procure only two strains of the bacillus
isolated from outbreaks of abortion among swine, and these
strains, though in other respects like those obtained from eattle,
are not wholly like them in the lesions they cause in guinea-

INVESTIGATIONS ON Bovine INFECTIOUS ABORTION 561

pigs. One of the strains causes lesions much grosser in character,
and the other has the peculiarity of causing orbital tumors in a
large proportion of guinea-pigs injected with it, which lead to
a crowding forward and an extreme protrusion and the gradual
destruction of the eye. While it is remarkable that both strains
of the bacillus derived from swine should vary more from the
general type obtained from cattle than strains from cattle vary
from one another, we must remember that it is only two strains
we have studied. One of the strains caused abortions in both a
sow and a cow, and in this case the sow was exposed through
ingestion, and the organism was afterwards recovered from her
uterus and the aborted fetuses. With serological tests both
strains act precisely like ordinary abortion bacilli.

It will be apparent from what I have said that much work on
infectious abortion has been done and that valuable results have
been obtained, and it will also be apparent that much remains
to be done. The work is peculiarly of a kind that requires time,
diligent application, long-sustained interest and considerable
expenditures of money. I hope that the outline presented will
convinee you that what has been accomplished justifies that the
work should be continued and liberally financed.

BUSINESS TAKES GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL

An editorial in the Washington Post, based upon the Civil
Service report, says: ‘‘Business has a keen scent, and it tracks
down its man and lures him to its own service just at the time
when the display of his abilities has shown that he is about to
become of greatest value to the Government. The drift of
personnel from an official to a business career is at some periods
stronger and more noticeable than at others, but the outlet
is generally wide open and is never closed up. It is unneces-
sary to point out how undesirable, from a public point of view,
such a leakage is. If the Government-were a wise and farseeing
employer, it would hold out such inducements to those who enter
its service that the tendency to slip away from it would be
searcely, if at all, existent and the exodus of its best and brain-
lest officers would be stopped or greatly checked. The annual
report of the Civil Service Commission, just published, em-
phasizes the danger which threatens the public service because
of this continuous drain on its human resources.”’

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE USE OF VACCINES MADE
FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS +

By I. E. Newsom and Fioyp Cross
Colorado Experimental Station, Fort Collins, Colorado

THE SKEPTICISM regarding the value of commercially
prepared vaccines against hemorrhagic septicemia, which has
been aroused by the publication of Nebraska Research Bulle-
tins Nos. 17 and 18 (1), has led practitioners and investigators
to the point of inquiring, not only whether there is value in
commercially prepared vaccines for these diseases, but whether
the whole practice of immunization against them is on a secure
basis. Judging from the comments which have appeared in
recent publications, there are those who are not only doubtful
of the value of commercially prepared vaccines, but are even
questioning the posssibility of producing an efficient vaccine by
present methods. It seemed to us at this time that any addi-
tion to our knowledge which is based upon controlled experi-
ments might be received with interest even if of no permanent
value. Therefore we have collected some experiments done by
us during the past four years and merely present them for
your consideration, realizing that they are somewhat incom-
plete and are too few for final conclusions.

Ever since the classical work of Pasteur (2), in which he
seemed to show that an efficient vaccine might be produced
against chicken cholera by allowing the cultures to become
avirulent and then using them alive, much interest has been
exhibited in an attempt to produce immunizing agents against
all of the hemorrhagic septicemias.

Kitt (3), following Pasteur, came to the conclusion that the
Pasteur method was not only inefficient but dangerous, as there
was always a possibility of transmitting the disease.

In this country possibly the most painstaking work has been
done by Hadley (4), who found that strains of chicken cholera
organisms failed in their capacity to stimulate the production
of immunizing substances in rabbits and fowls. His earlier

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

562

VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS 563

work seemed to indicate that no value might be expected from
the use of an organism killed by heating at 63° C. for 20 minutes,
but that one of his strains, which was avirulent, could be used
alive on rabbits, and did give a considerable degree of protection.
In a later bulletin he made the discovery that a considerable
immunizing value could be had even by using dead organisms.

Since our work has dealt entirely with Bacillus ovisepticus,
we prefer to discuss the work done by other investigators with
this organism, although the literature in the whole field of
hemorrhagic septicemia immunization is very inviting.

In 1898 Lignieres (5), after having investigated the disease
known in Argentina as lombriz, developed a polyvalent vaccine
made by growing the organisms at higher temperatures than
normal, thereby reducing their virulence. With this he claimed
considerable success.

Later, in 1910, Miessner and Schern (6), working in Ger-
many, tried the method of Lignieres, but with rather unsatisfac-
tory results. They then produced a bacterial extract by grinding
the organisms and claimed from this procedure a considerable
success. They were also able to obtain some protection by the
use of an antiserum.

A survey of the literature does not show that any one of these
procedures came into common use in the countries mentioned.
‘Since the use of a killed organism had become common in this
country for protection against hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle
and swine, it was only to be expected that the same type of
immunizing substance should be tried on sheep. Our work,
therefore, has dealt with the value of the killed organism first,
and finally of a live culture.

EXPERIMENTS ON RABBITS

Experiment No. 1

Our first experiment was conducted with rabbits. The culture
used in this experiment was our No. 23. The vaccine was pro-
duced by growing the organisms in bouillon for 48 hours, then
heating in a water bath at 60° C. for 30 minutes, after which 14
of 1 per cent of phenol was added. Vaccines grown in this way
usually contained between 7 and 10 billion organisms per cubic
centimeter. The determination of the minimum lethal dose was
made according to Table 1,

564 I. E. NEwsom AND FLOYD Cross

TABLE 1.—To DETERMINE THE MINIMUM LETHAL DosrE For Rasstits.

Date Number Weight (Grams) Amount (C. C.) Result
May 2, 1918 1 550 0.25 Deat
do. 2 550 Ail do.
do. 3 550 .02 do.
do. 4 550 O01 do
May 3, 1918 5 825 ‘01 do
do. 6 716 002 do
do. v4 685 .001 do
do. 8 590 .0001 do
May 7, 1918 9 570 0001 do.
do. 10 830 .00001 do.
do. 11 685 000001 do.

do. 12 885 .0000001 Lived

Five rabbits were then taken and each given 0.5 ¢.c. of the
vaccine. Eleven days later these rabbits were given amounts
varying from one thousandth to one ten millionth of the culture.
Five rabbits were given the same amounts of the culture and
were used as controls. All rabbits died. At a slightly later
time five rabbits were again given 0.5 ¢.c. of the vaccine and 17
days later all were given one millionth of 1 ¢c. of the culture.
Only one control was used, which was given the same amount as
the others. The result was that all of the vaccinated rabbits
died and the control lived. This experiment indicated that the
vaccine produced by us had no immunizing value in rabbits
against strain No. 23.

TaBLE 2.—To DETERMINE THE VALUE OF VACCINE FOR RABBITS

Vaccine Culture
Weight Pes? SusTeAsy ssh
No. | (Grams) : Result
Date Amount (C. C.) Date Amount (C. C.)

1 710 May 2, 1918 0.5 May 13, 1918 0.001 Died

2 555 do. 463 L do. .0001 do.

3 540 do. 5 do. . 00001 do.

4 885 do =o, do. .000001 do.

5 545 do. 5 do. 0000001 do.

(eae Rear a Controle ar caeceacceee do. 001 do.

7 ES Oe Ar GO callicaecPi sents do. .0001 do.

Jed Wcaatcue mets 1 Co al SrA a ee do. . 00001 do.

D6 Pere. GOs ose ea eee. e sic do. .000001 do.
LO: Mie. Sea do: 4) Sar aan se do. .0000001 do.
ll 410 May 26, 1918 5 June 12, 1918 .000001 do.
12 4l do. a0) do. . 000001 do.
13 410 do. 4b) do. 000001 do.
14 410 do 5 do. 000001 do.
15 410 do. oS do. 000001 do.
16 410 Control\ se |r a eae ee do. . 000001 Lived

EXPERIMENTS ON SHEEP
Experiment No. 1
Our preliminary experiments having shown that not much
was to be expected from rabbit inoculations, we were curious to
know if any immunizing value might be had in sheep. We, there-

, VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS 565

fore, selected 5 lambs weighing about 50 pounds each, and gave
each of them 2 c.c. of a vaccine made as previously described.
Eleven days later 3 of the vaccinated lambs were given intra-
venously 5 e.c. of a 48-hour bouillon culture of strain No. 23;
one was given 10 ¢.c. and one 1 cc. A control was given 5 «ec.
The vaccinated sheep receiving 10 c.c. of the culture and one of
those receiving 5 ¢.c. was found dead on the morning following
the injection. The one receiving 1 ¢.c. died eleven days later,
and another receiving 5 c.c. died on the 12th day. The control
having received 5 c.c. died on the sixth day. One of the vacci-
nated sheep survived.

TABLE 3.—To DETERMINE VALUE OF VACCINE FOR SHEEP. (EXPERIMENT NO. 1).

Vaccine Culture
Lg —— Result
Date Amount (C. C.) Date Amount (C. C.)
1 | June 1, 1918 2 June 12, 1918 5 Death, 1 day.
2 do. 2 do. 5 Death, 12 days.
3) do. 2 do. 5 Very sick for 2 weeks;
recovered.

4 do. 2 do. 10 Death, 1 day.
5 do. 2 do. 1 Death, 11 days.
6 Montrose ace y. crore do. 5 Death, 6 days.
7 GOSMEv A set he nee. SET ASL we 0 Lived.

Experiment No. 2

Having shown that a vaccine made by us was of little value,
we set up this experiment in which we used two well-known
commercially prepared vaccines. Three lots consisting of 3 sheep
each were selected. Lot No. 1, consisting of 3 animals, was
given 2 ¢.c. of a commercially prepared vaccine. Lot No. 2 was
treated in the same manner with a commercially prepared vac-
cine from another source. Lot No. 3, consisting of 3 animals,
was used as a control. Twelve days after vaccination one animal
in each lot was given 10 ¢.c. of a 48-hour bouillon culture of our
strain No. 23, one was given 5 ¢.c. and one 1 «@¢., all intrave-
nously. All three of the animals receiving 10 ¢.c. were found
dead the following day. Of the lambs receiving 5 ¢.c., the one
in lot No. 1 died three days after the injection; the one in Lot
No. 2 sickened for one week but recovered; the one in Lot No. 3,
being the control, died on the sixteenth day. Of the ones re-
ceiving 1 ¢.c., one in Lot No. 1 sickened and always’ remained
lame in the left hind leg; one in Lot No. 2 sickened and remained
lame in the right hind leg for several weeks; the control sick-
ened and remained lame in the left hind leg for two weeks.

566 I. E. Newsom AND F'Loyp Cross

TaBLE 4.—-To DETERMINE THE VALUE OF VACCINE FOR SHEEP. (EXPERIMENT No. 2.)
PEN No. 1, COMMERCIAL VACCINE No. 1.

Vaccine Culture
No Result
Date Amount (C. C.) Date Amount (C. C.)

1 | July 26,1918 2 August 7, 1918 10 Death, 1 day.

2 do. 2 do. Death, 13 days.

3 aCe ed hy CRS EROS © Ot do. 1 Sickened and always
remained lame in
left hind leg.

PEN No. 2, CoMMERCIAL VACCINE No. 2.
1 | July 26,1918 2 August 7, 1918 10 Death, 1 day.
Be do. 2 do. 5 Sickened for a week

but recovered.

3 do. 2 do. 1 Sickened and lame in
right hind leg for
several weeks.

PEN No. 3, Controt, No VAccINE.

1 eal eae te oe 2! | Eee ae ae 8 August 7, 1918 10 Death, 1 day.
DHE | | hs Atay oleate: Sues | eR Rene CEPA ANE do. D Death, 16 days.
Bate | icy ear e-gen a | (RASS Seni Ce eee do. 1 Sickened; remained

lame in left hind
leg for 2 weeks.

Although it would be presumptuous to conclude on such a
small number of animals, the appearance here purely on the
face of the results is that some slight protection was given by
commercially prepared vaccine used in Lot No. 2.

Experiment No. 3

It having seemed up to this time that little value might be
expected from an organism killed by heat, in the preparation of
the vaccine for this experiment, we omitted the heating and
added phenol to 14 of 1 per cent. Four lambs were then vacci-
nated as follows: No. 1 was given 10 ¢.c. of this vaccine, No. 2, 5
c.c., No. 3, 2 ¢.c. and No. 4, 2 ¢.e. at each of two injections, 12
days apart. Fourteen days after vaccination, each of the vacci-

TABLE 5.—To DETERMINE THE VALUE OF VACCINE FOR SHEEP. (EXPERIMENT No. 3.)

Vaccine Culture
No. eS ee Result
Date Amount (C. C.) Date Amount (C. C.)
1 Dec. 28, 1918 10 Jan. 11, 1919 10 Lived.
2 Dec.30, 1918 5 do. 10 Lived.
3 | Dee: Ne ae ' 2 do. 10 Death, 1 day.
ec. 30, 1918 :
4\| Jan. 11,1919 ; 2 Feb. 13, 1919 10 Lived.
5 Control) aliss ater oe do. 10 Death, 1 day.
6 Gor eter lees do. 5 Lived.

rt Cpr | emer ets ee sege aoe do. l Lived.

VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS 567

nated animals was given 10 ¢.c. of our culture No. 23 intraven-
ously. Three controls were selected, one given 10 c.c., one 5 c.c.
and one 1 e.c. Of the vaccinated animals only No. 3, the one
which had received 2 ¢.c. in a single dose, died. Of the con-
trols, the one receiving 10 ¢.c. died, the other two survived.

On the face of these results it would seem that some immuniz-
ing value was had by the use of phenolized cultures when given
in greater dosage than 2 c.c.

Experiment No. 4

In this experiment it had been decided to give the injection
of the virulent culture subcutaneously, since all previous work
had been done intravenously. Five lambs were vaccinated with
a phenolized culture as follows: No. 1 was given 2 «¢.c.; No. 2,
5c.c.; No. 3, 10 c.c.; No. 4, 2 @e. at each of two injections, and
No. 5, 2 ¢.e. at each of three injections. Twenty-eight days after
the first injection was administered all were given 20 c.c. sub-
cutaneously. Of two controls which had been selected, three
days previous to these injections, the one receiving 20 c.c. of the
virulent culture died in one day and the one receiving 10 e.c.
sickened but recovered. All of the vaccinated animals having
survived the 20 c.c. of the culture, another control was given
20 ¢.c. on the following day, which animal sickened but sur-
vived. Unfortunately this circumstance seems to invalidate any
conclusion that might be drawn from this experiment.

TABLE 6.—EXPERIMENT No. 4, SUBCUTANEOUS INOCULATION.

Vaccine Culture
eS eee Result
Date Amount (C. C.) Date \Werriake (C. G.) |
1 | Jan. 18,1919 a Feb. 15, 1919 20 | Lived.
2 do. | 5 do. 20 | do.
3 sla eS: matali 10 do. 20 do.
an. . : © . |
4 Jan. 25, 1919 J 2 do. 20 do.
Jan. 18, ol
5 Jan. 25, 1919 2 do. | 20 do.
Feb. 1, 1919))
6 SOE ls Ie a Feb. 12, 1919 20 Death, 1 day.
ci juss 5 “\ eee do. . 10 Sickened, but re-
; covered.

airy =<? # See Aree | Feb. 16, 1919 20 do.

Experiment No. 5
In this experiment the vaccine was a phenolized culture as
formerly, the strain used being our No. 33. This experiment is
presented more especially to show what happens when the
minimum lethal doses are not determined, although it may be

to RNR NR NR ie Ne be

NRK NENENK tb

568 I. E. Newsom Aanp FLoyD Cross

added that the probability is that the lethal dose of this culture
was not greatly below 10 c.c., which would indicate that no con-
siderable degree of immunity had been obtained.

TABLE 7.—-EXPERIMENT NO. 5.

Vaccine Culture
INS (jhe eee a 5 3 oe: peer ise Result.
Date Amount (C.C.)| ° Date Amount (C. C.)
1 | Jan. 17, 1920 10 Jan. 30, 1920 10 Death, 1 day.
2 do. 5 do. 10 do.
3 do. 2 do. 10 do.
nN eae | 2 Feb. 2, 1920 10 do.
Sob nce we ah cao vara ee Nous) rma to Jan. 30, 1920 10 do.

Experiment No. 6
The work up to this time had been so conflicting that we de-
termined to find out whether vaccine had any protective value,
not only as determined by injection of a lethal dose of culture,
but also as measured by agglutination. The culture used was
our strain No. 38.

TABLE 8.—EXPERIMENT No. 6.

Vac- | Cul- Agglutination
cine, | ture,
Date sub- | intra- ee a Serer oe eee Yee! Remarks
cuta- | Venous
neous 1:10) 1:25) 1:50} 1:100| 1:250] 1:500} 1:1000
(exle:)'| (ere:)
Feb. 2, 1920 Die Nice pane _ == = Sy Abs Poi.pailtcstepaye der oe
do. Pha (oes See 6 le ral (i stam liebe sca s-ctorealiessctive
Feb. 9, 1920 BY Glin gee: ar) se sal ar = = =
do Se lates are ae eae || se = a =
Feb. 16, 1920 Tet ee ee he Senes| Icuesica cy Ieee + — — -
do. KU eae calienoslseasi\c coe + _ — ad
Feb. 24, 1920 DA) Baits S| feel ls fers|12 nb + _ —- a
do. DOE Wepre | ren tere | ocsnere AF = = =
Maret) #3501920|. 4420. eT SAA sil lstoaee + - - _
dG. Sy rt sisentern 7 He Vests bess Sree eae + - _ -
March 12, 1920}...... Gy Ll earcerae| beanies barrens. = + - — _
fog ce NLA te Cay, | abdeerat He eH a a oP = = =
March 19, 1920)...... LOR ise Sema alee + — _ Sick on day follow-
ing; temperature
do.) eka s: 2 rece lesveee| erator + = = _ Sick on day follow-
ing; temperature
April, 251920 tea c 5 ees eee lteter + — _ — Apparently normal;
temperature 105.4.
Aprils; 19200" 3.6 a: TS alee sl [tereues a serets - = - = Depressed, dull; tem-
perature 106.4.
April 15,1920) em ci al eos, ral reer oe ieelleraee 2 = = =
Os 2 Sralmstecalen seine lisins label ete IF aE = =
Wh ary, Ay 1920 al ois srceoyeiltaceicroee call aree steal Sievert Lereae oF an = a
dos. APP Sse weleee et aleouele sep ilaeee + + - —
Jane 16; 19208 ashe acre cl ee oe |e al ee ta =e = =
(Cs eae Gare sal etimotera lecteal larerolictos « + + — >
July Ds TOZO} ese thie te clo ce. Ieee: ae + af = =
GO Oy ares carl oie ore ree | retatell Several eee + + - -

It will be seen from Table 8 that two lambs were selected and
given increasing doses of a phenolized culture of Bacillus ovi-

VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS 569

septicus subcutaneously until 20 ¢.c. had been administered in
this way. This procedure brought up the agglutinin content of
No. 1 from 0 to 100. The agglutinin content of No. 2 stood at
1-100 on first test and was not increased. Intravenous inocu-
lations o1 bouillon cultures were then started, and this was
continued until 15 ¢.c. were given. The lethal dose of this cul-
ture was something less than 10 ¢.c., and while the animals with-
stood this dose, and the 15 e.c. dose also, yet they were made ill
by both inoculations. Following the 15 c.ec. dose, the agglutinin
content increased from 1 to 250, but never increased beyond this.
It appeared from this experiment that it was possible to im-
munize sheep against lethal doses of Bacillus ovisepticus.

Experiment No. 7

This experiment was arranged to determine whether vacci-
nation with the live organism was better than by the use of a
phenolized culture. The whole experiment was checked by
means of the agglutination test. Three animals were given 2, 5
and 10 ¢.c. of a phenolized culture subcutaneously. Three others
were given the same amount of a 48-hour bouillon culture sub-
cutaneously. Three were used as controls and remained un-
vaccinated. Twenty-three days after the administration of the
phenolized organism, and 21 days after the administration of
the live culture, the vaccinated animals and one control were
given 10 ¢.c. of a virulent organism intravenously. Two of the
controls had previously been given 7 c¢.c. of the same kind of
culture. The 10 ¢.c. and one of the 7 ¢.c. controls died; the other
survived. Of those vaccinated with the phenolized organism, the
one receiving 2 ¢.c. became ill but survived, the other two died.
Of those receiving the live organism as vaccine, all survived
without showing any signs of illness.

The aggultination test did not reveal the presence of any
antibodies in the blood of any of the animals at the beginning
of the experiment. Two days after the introduction of 10 e.e.
of the phenolized culture, agglutination was positive in 1 to 10.
This agglutinating ability was quite transient, as it did not ap-
pear again until 14 days after the vaccine had been administered.
As measured by the agglutination test, the other two of this
group showed no protection, although it will be remembered
that No. 1, the one receiving the least amount of vaccine, sur-
vived the virulent culture.

570 I. E. Newsom Aanp FLoyp Cross

On the day following the introduction of the bouillon culture
used as vaccine, all three animals showed the presence of ag-
glutinins in the blood. This gradually increased in intensity
until the time of the injection of the virulent culture, when the
one receiving 2 ¢.c. showed agglutination at 1 to 25, 5 @e.
showed 1 to 50, and 10 ¢.c. showed 1 to 100.

It would appear from this experiment that the live organism
gives greater immunity as vaccine than does that to which
phenol has been added.

TABLE 9.—EXPERIMENT No. 7.

Agglutination
No. Date see Remarks

1:10 2550) 1:100

July 2, 1920
oO.

CONAMP whe
a
°

|

2 c. c. vaccine subcutaneously.
5 ce. c. vaccine subcutaneously.
10 c. c. vaccine subcutaneously.

July 8, 1920

ae tet Te ci
YTS TS ey
Pea Ee]

CRONAVBR Whe
Qa
°

|
|
als

wNre
°

July 10, 1920
do.
do.
do.

Pratl
[eles

2 c. c. 48-hour bouillon culture sub-
cutaneously. ~

5 c. c. 48-hour bouillon culture sub-
cutaneously.

10 c. ¢. 48-hour bouillon culture sub-
cutaneously.

Con HA wo PwWNe
Q
°

July 11, 1920

oO.

Temperature 105.8
Temperature 106
Temperature 105.2

reer tt ee
eel

AP ALES SI Testhe
EE Te Te ed

et ses Il Mell ete

Temperature 105

July 12, 1920
oO.

TL TPP SIT
LL TPT SUPT Ea

Lae Sn ees
a
°

riteer |

+H

VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS

TABLE 9.—EXPERIMENT No. 7—CONTINUED.

Agglutination

CONAN BR wWhe
a
io)
Tea etesteet= adil]
PE et reall Me Leal a)
PPE TE Me LS Ue tt
PE aE ab TI

|
|
|
|

July 14, 1920

1 00 AIO) Oe Ro
a
i)
Te isteote=te elit
Pe UE Tt
LE TBS TET
HU est ties Tea

ee —

July 15, 1920

OA CV COR
a
i)
Te estes tanta ea
Ostet deal
UT TT ea]
WP te We

—— | | SS

July 16, 1920

OOO ACE CO DD
a
°
Wealth |
Here an
AP UST TE TE LE |
ULES Ts

oO.

COUIH ewe
Qa
°
TEU ieteate rea leattal
WW Mega eT
PLIbII tit
eC Theat ee et eT

_————— | | Se

July 18, 1920
oO.

CONAN R whe
Qa
°
We Stearate
eel resalealh ia
Cherri

Oo.

TS stesteete alee)
Pel see
CLL SHY eS
Telia ete lene|

CBNHAUTB Whe
a
°

9)

572 I. E. Newsom AND FLoyp Cross

TABLE 9.—EXPERIMENT No. 7?—CoNTINUED.

Agglutination
No. Date Ne ee Remarks

EO 2551 150 E00

__—_—— | ————————_ | | EE EE

1 | July 20,1920 | — = “a =
2 do. ~ -- — —_ P
3 do. - _- ~ _

4 do. aa _ _ -

5 do. + - _ _

6 do. aa a + —

7 do. - _ — —

8 do. — -_ ~— _

9 do. _ — — _

1 July 21, 1920 _ - _ -

2 do. - - — —

3 do. —- _ _ —

4 do. a a — —

5 do. + — _ _

6 do. als ate Ar AF

re do. _ —- — _

8 do. —- - —_ —

9 do. —- — — —

1 July 22, 1920 — ad - _-

2 do. - - —- _

A do. + a = =

4 do. “Le + = ~

5 do. + + a -

6 do. aP ain + qP

if do. — — — —

8 do. — _ — —_

9 do. —- — _ ~

1 July 23, 1920 _ — = =

2 do. — — —_ —

3 do. + - - —

4 do. + Sa = -

5 do. + + + _

6 do. + =F oP ate

7 do. = — - —

8 do. _ - — -

9 do. _ - — _

1 Unk pila CRI Pere S| eee Alls Aeon lla Ggor 10 c. c. 48-hour bouillon culture in-
travenously 10 a. m,

2 (6 (05 Mie) eine nena Orc! nd 5 OIG | [a OetOn do.; 2.45 p. m., very ill.

3 GO Fo GH Save tevell Beare ots |S earereres| Mekorotere do.; 2.45 p. m., dead.

4 dows te ek. | Seer lee 10 c. c. 48-hour bouillon culture in-
travenously 10 a. m.

5 (Rem Ibordcon) ecco loonbocllononoe do.

6 CO all -AApoollamoeodl lAécecdlloocous do.

7 ( ORE i nomon|lses sb lonsdo0||Soodot do.

8 Tulys2Z6s V9OZO a era, ell secret eteretemhl ercetceee 7 c. c. 48-hour bouillon culture in-
travenously 10 a. m.

9 Ci fe aR PAS Peron ateesinest Iba nmcsl oS aac do.

i |pAugustel 1920)| aay rscsllorereaers| eesti | setae Very ill; temperature 106.2.

2 ore Wie seule strceel| prebis iene lector 9 a. m., dead.

E 4 Os cas Wheel | Re ee ll etebeces [eee Normal; eating; temperature 104.6.
5 Ree Bol spol lan ood! ne obud Normal; eating; temperature 104.8.
6 loys aml Earns lates otal acini nao akc Normal; eating; temperature 105.
7 GO Naser erallsictevenerei|febeterenscclll ote ions Nery al; unable to stand; temperature
8 Jul ¥:27,/1 920) 2| acta seal| sere os electoral seers Normal; eating; temperature 104.6.
9 Ci fe Cod Carnal incon oc oo oe Very ill; not eating; temperature 106.2.
Ly |pAugust,) 219203 earer.jo <1] aotelsusialllonetersie|lereesters Looks better; eating; temperature 105.
4 (eee le SRS eral looms lnaocok Normal; temperature 104.8.

5 doz, | nceduell bem crse Netcool eee Normal; temperature 104.8
6 dots ol Sac asole mercial aon limeereere Normal; temperature 104.6.
ii On Wesieereoaecqasl| eae leer 8 a. m., dead.

8 July 2851920) Wesel eee enone Normal; temperature 104.8.
9 i (emis meres) meres Imetianyes S| [Kis mon Down; unable to rise.

VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS 573

TABLE 9.—EXPERIMENT No. 7—CONTINUED.

¥ ae
Agglutination
No. Date ee eee Remarks
PTO! #225 (ft F250) |) 1-200

1 | August 3, 1920

4 do.

5 do.

6 do.

8 July 29, 1920

9 do.

i Sep. 14, 1920

4 do.

5 do.

6 do.

8 do.

Experiment No. 8
This experiment is practically a duplication of No. 7, with a
view to determining whether the live organism is of greater
value as a vaccine than the dead.

TABLE 10.—EXPERIMENT No. 8.

Agglutination

No. Date Remarks
PAO 1 E25) | E50) | 15800

eee

ee eee ee ee ee ee

CONAME Whe
Qa
°

Lili, TIL Ta a | es (ee [a eee |e eee 2 c. c. 48-hour bouillon culture sub-
cutaneously.
GPE 8 DE Se) ES (ae ea Dee 5 c. c. 48-hour bouillon culture sub-
cutaneously.
RAS | 7 joreretels.cce crore | Chine aorelficlosevae 10 c. c. 48-hour bouillon culture sub-
cutaneously.
INE) UG TIPE OS el eee] Cee [eee 2 c. c. vaccine subcutaneously.
Git, “+ Lake Cie) Ie pec Re ES ae] (ae eae 5 c. c. vaccine subcutaneously.
ere |S fe clereicics| obsess orais [inne carne 10 c. ce. vaccine subcutaneously.

Ane WO HH

Q
°
IL Iti +++

eT eo SU 1]
eT ST Laat LY
ad es CAL lt a

CONIA R whe
Qa
°

574 I. E. Newsom anp FLoyp Cross

TABLE 10.—EXPERIMENT No. 8—CONTINUED.

Agglutination

Z
2

Date Remarks

1:10 | 1:25 | 1:50 |} 1:100

Feb. 17, 1921
oO.

OO IDC WOR
a
°
Pearl dsreetleaaycl|
Pa A etd)
SE Th
eA A eT

—— | |W | | |

Feb. 18, 1921

CONIAVR we
Qa
}
Worl) disetoriel
WE Ty ses Th
Tet LALe Leelee Wea
eee veal

| |

Feb. 19, 1921

CONDO OO
Qa
ic)
[steal Uistealistestaal
eT VIPS ial
alk ee
VU TE Ue Beal

—— | | | | EE

Feb. 21, 1921

WOON ATR whe
a
3
eal bate taal
Tee eee eT ll
ETS aTES|
HU SLT

Feb. 22, 1921

WeONAVPwWNe
Q
°

I-11 +++

SU SE Msi

ee as
te tll

|

Feb. 23, 1921

CON QnRwoe
a
°
Hie tisedisiraed
De
aL TE a Tea) al
LE te AP A eet ey

—_——— | FE |

Feb. 24, 1921

[+1 -+++++H

TE ase

TE UN a
HA Ie

r
WoOdIane whe
Qa
°

VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS 575

TABLE 10.—EXPERIMENT No. 8—CoNTINUED.

Agglutination

No. Date Remarks
PeTON 2551501. 100

Feb. 25, 1921
9.

He Me Ue eh
HOTOH NS WA ect

CBNAMR Whe
a
°

Feb. 26, 1921
do.

eT IMAL te Ba]
Nea AP Ah Ath ad

CONIA whe
Q
°

Feb. 28, 1921
0.

DOE

Q
°
Darr eaaal (eabee een Pee

CONIA whe
a
io)
WU (iN de tel) VE]
AP Tall: Uebel al

——— | | | S —___—_

DSTA ele
Pett Mths LP? [Ti Mette

———— | |

CANA Whe
Qa
°
Itt
VT Uh) see

De aes alictal

|
|
|

Deas ee

March 3, 1921
do.

bb t++it+t

CONAT Rh
Qa
°
b+ b+
eee tet Hel

SE

Qa

[-}
I+ 1++4+4+4+
eee
Lt tit t ++

CANA whe
Qa
°

576 Il. E. Newsom Aanp FLoyp Cross

TABLE 10.—EXPERIMENT No. 8—CONTINUED.

Agglutination

No. Date Remarks
1:10 | 1:25 | 1:50 | 1:100

——_— | | | | |

I) b++ +++

2

°
Ipt++++4++
PPT tee

eb SL tka there'll

eed fr Se

| |] | |

March 10, 1921
Oo.

Ey
|++++++++
Lb b+ +++
PL i+l i++
bhatt t+i

Wiinven 1p OPAlle eel aneccllaudleso|loan cs 2.40 p.m., 20 c.c. 48-hour bouillon cul-
ture intravenously. E

7 oO.

Ee new An iyAl Sa son Bila ei bl [piayase 2.40 p. m., 10 c. c. 48-hour bouillon
culture intravenously.

(Pee bl MESES 4] Monee. | Cmoteclitacsce 2.40 p. m., 15 c. c. 48-hour bouillon
culture intravenously.

don Phileas etalon | eho 2.40 p. m., 20 c. c. 48-hour bouillon
culture intravenously

Oo OO NAVMPwOh
Qa
°
Qa
°

a $e

VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS 577

TABLE 10.—EXPERIMENT No, 8—CONTINUED.

Agglutination

% Date Remarks
"9 TT Oe t-25) 1507 | 1100

MVinrenli pel Oo | Shoe <feeil craters <a letatove 2 s'| lores os 8.15 a. m., eating a little.

3 GO ie 6 ootal lot, dose) IGSIGne SEeee Dull, respiration rapid.
3 LOS MMREE Petite | tesatsrc ells 3 « oie ie [learns ere Dull, lame in hind leg.
4 CLG TAMMIE Nat yecckercll ara: 3, ecetell saves ball etersverie Dead. ‘
5 lays |) 5) ES lO ae a) De ae ree Eating a little; temper-
. E ature ato :
Pe sete ee miele eeraltessiacele ating a little; temper-
S ae . ature 104.2. z
76 Gitp co Ie Ane dl RS el I el beeen Dead. |
8 a. © ||, eSdge] eco serous! Geers Respiration rapid; not
eating; temperature
105.2.
e) Gi» Glink. mpnlieah adel eeoanl Gpiod aie Down, comatose, labored
respiration; tempera-
ture 105.2.
| fa ha a a nr
Me Marchwi sero. aac 2.0]. .s os dle dbee 9.00 a. m., stiff, quite lame in front;
eating some; lies most
of time.
2 LOM Tee rey =o kecens. [iclichteceoaes|acis- w- Eating little; stiff, but
seems to feel well.
Gs = ~~ llhee's SSeS eect) epee Very stiff; discharge from
nose; lies most of time.
5 LOM | Cre oa l(a ocd ce fcosisss ororors.so=t Very lame in front; rises
with difficulty. Epis-
taxis.
6 Gtin |) eee ee ae ae ae | pe Eating; looks well.
8 Glos (4 «| oceeGss| eR| |erceataes aie Not eating; head down;
moves with difficulty.
dP A aE ES) SE (a 0 ee ret
aR Victreli Ss TOOT Fst chops io. chee oi] a, 0°S 7.0] Sleducyaie Very dull; down; can not rise.
2 ce ee ea (eterocm| co eraccterellisie te Eating; feels well.
3 Gs” SP al ear taal IE peste (reise ae | Peeerere Eating a little; feels better.
5 GI, . el vend 35 [okges Ree Eee eace [close ae Down; unable to rise; not eating.
6 Fi | Ret otc ses ci leu ah oval lle aye 2 Feeling well. ~
8 Gite ne || aS aa A eae [ae ei | Down; rises with difficulty; not eat-
ing.
Ll) acc 268 CHOBE SEDO lots oe Ee Cees) eens (Cee Gradually got worse and died April 5,
% (lac pases avo Teo DOO Oe BOOS Gene Breote Continued normal.
33. || cans9 hd. on o OOS] MOGs SRBene! Sees! Seen Gradually improved and became nor-
mal about April 8, 1921.
SOU Rm etea or ata ee otal| vet = oieraills azo ose e|[\aretwvee's [late e'e'" Gradually grew worse and died May
9,192],
|| oihtccas pao sccn CAR Gg Ree See! GEE Continued normal.
Bea Ca eteearene Poe eve er al ernie .«enre'|iccoie.c eal areiale-c c.|lece's os, Remained down for a month, but

finally recovered, although one
knee remained swollen.

It was found necessary to use a larger dose of the virulent
culture than in the previous experiment; consequently 20 c.e.
was established. The three controls were given 10, 15 and 20 c.e.
respectively. Of these, the one receiving 10 and 20 died, the one
receiving 15 became very ill and remained down for over a
month. He finally survived, however, although one Imee re-
mained swollen for a considerable period of time.

Of those receiving the phenolized culture, the 2 ¢.c. animal
died on the day after injection;.the 5 ¢.c. animal sickened and
died some six weeks after the inoculation; the 10 ¢.c. remained
healthy.

578 I. E. Newsom AND FLoyp Cross

Of those receiving the live organism as vaccine, the one re-
ceiving 2 ¢.c sickened and died some three weeks later, the one
receiving 5 ¢.c. continued normal, and the one receiving 10 e.e.
sickened but recovered after being ill for about three weeks.

On the day following the administration of the culture as
vaccine all three of the animals showed agglutination at 1:10.
The one that received 2 ¢.c. then showed no agglutination for
four days, when after several doubtful reactions it became pos-
itive in 1:10 and finally in 1:25, where it remained until the in-
jection of the lethal dose. The one receiving 5 ¢.c. stood at 1:10
for several days, then at 1:25 for the first time on the seventh
day, at 1:50 on the fifteenth day, 1:100 on the seventeenth day,
where it remained until injected. The one receiving 10 ce.c.
showed at 1:10 on the next day, 1:25 on the fifteenth day, and
1:50 on the seventeenth day, where it remained except for a
couple of doubtful reactions until the injection. It is inter-
esting that the animal receiving 5 c¢.c. in this series showed the
highest agglutination and the least disturbance when injected.

In the series receiving the phenolized culture the one getting
2 ¢.e. showed agglutination constantly at 1:10, after the eleventh
day, but never increased beyond this. The 5 c.c. lamb showed
agglutination at 1:10 after injection until the sixteenth day,
when it rose to 1:25, where it remained until the injection. The
10 ¢.c. animal showed agglutination at 1:10 for the first time
on the ninth day, raised to 1:25 on the sixteenth day, where,
with the exception of a doubtful reaction, it remained until the
injection.

It ought to be added that the culture used here as vaccine
had phenol added to it only 24 hours previous to the time it was
used. This, as shown by a later experiment, is not a sufficient
time to destroy the organism, and consequently it is probable
that this experiment does not show the true difference between
a dead and a live organism as it was intended, but shows only
the difference between a live organism used a vaecine and one in
which a part of the organisms have been destroyed by phenol.

DISCUSSION

It is very evident that our work with rabbits was so limited
as to be of little value on which to form conclusions, but the
indication was that the vaccines as we used them only rendered
animals more susceptible to the organism. The use of a live

VACCINES FROM BACILLUS OVISEPTICUS 579

organism in rabbits would be very difficult, owing to the ex-
tremely small lethal dose for that animal. This has not been
tried.

In sheep, while it is probable that the lethal dose would have
to be determined for every strain from which vaccine is to be
prepared, yet it is our experience that it takes a large amount of
a Bacillus ovisepticus culture to destroy sheep when adminis-
tered subcutaneously. We therefore feel that within reasonable
limits, such as ought to prevail in every laboratory, the admin-
istration of the live B. ovisepticus as a vaccine should not be
fraught with any*considerable danger. We are aware that
Miessner and Schern destroyed sheep with just a few loopfuls
of the organism, but after working with a large number of
strains we have not been able to find one that had any such
virulence.

While our work needs .confirmation, and there are many prob-
lems yet to be settled, we are of the opinion that the present
indication is toward the use of a live organism as vaccine, and
the abandonment of the dead organism, whether it be killed by
heat or antiseptics.

SUMMARY

It appears from the experiment here shown that the strains
of Bacillus ovisepticus used by us gave little protection, if any,
in either rabbits or sheep when the organisms were destroyed by
heat.

It is further indicated that destruction by phenol destroys a
large proportion of their immunizing power.

It does seem that the organism when used in considerable
amounts and used alive gives some protection to sheep against
lethal doses following and also as measured by the agglutination
test.

LITERATURE CITED
VAN Es and MaArTIN. Nebr. Expt. Sta. Research Buls. 17 and 18.
. PASTEUR. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci, vol. 90.
. KOLLE and WASSERMANN’S Handbuch, Bd. 6, p. 37.
HabDLey, P. B. R.I. Expt. Sta. Buls. 144, 146, 150, 159, 179.

. LIGNIERES. Bul. et Mem., Soc. Cent. Méd. Vét., vol. 16, D761:
. MIESSNER and SCHERN. Arch. fur Tierheilk., 36, p. 208.

TENDENCY OF ORGANISMS OF THE PASTEURELLA
GROUP TO LOCALIZE

By Cuarues Murray and 8. H. McNutt

Department of Veterinary Investigation, Iowa State College,
Ames, Lowa

THE frequent observation of the occurrence of arthritis in
fowls autopsied, the history of whose cases suggested fowl
cholera of an acute or subacute character in the flock at a pre-
vious time, led us to make careful study of all such birds when
received at the laboratory. The records now include a great many
such, and a study of the literature seems to justify this article.

Hutyra and Marek state that “bipolar bacilli manifest a par-
ticular affinity towards certain organs and therefore pathological
changes develop in the less acute cases only in certain organs.
In such predisposed organs either acute or chronic inflamma-
tions may be present. ‘The serous membranes of the joints and
tendons, and probably the liver, are the favored organs. Some-
times one or more joints of the wings or feet swell, later the
swelling bursts, whereupon a caseous, purulent mass containing
bacilli is discharged from the joints. The arthritis interferes to
a great extent with the movements of the already weakened
birds.”’

Frohner and Zwick record the occurrence of many cases of
swollen articulations filled with purulent, caseous or calcareous
material. Ligniéres makes mention of the common occurrence of
the condition. Willach and Sticker observed in the intestines.
lung and liver of fowls caseous nodules containing bipolar or-
ganisms. They state that in this form of the disease there are
few if any organisms in the blood stream. Our own observa-
tions of many cases are the same.

Chickens usually less than one year old suddenly become lame
with considerable swelling of the articulations of the affected
leg or legs. Those thus affected show progressive sickness,
usually terminating in from a few to fourteen days in death. A
few recoveries were reported in one flock. In very young
chickens the disease processes extended most rapidly. In older
birds there is variation, but the extension of the disease is al-
ways slower. In from one to three days lameness becomes such

580

ORGANISMS OF PASTEURELLA GROUP 581

as to make it impossible for the birds to walk. Atrophy of the
leg muscles ensues, and mechanical injuries, resulting in ne-
crosis of the skin of legs and breast, occur. The legs often
assume unnatural positions, being greatly extended forward or
backward, tensed and stiff, and difficult to flex when force is
applied. The birds are unable or unwilling to attempt to move,
and the picture presented in this later stage is one of paralysis
and the condition is usually so diagnosed by the owner. Swell-
ings of the joints are usually noted at the time lameness is ap-
parent, and are more pronounced in the early stages, subsiding
as the disease progresses. The swellings are usually found in
the region of the tendon above the tibio-tarsal articulation, oe.
easionally in other joints.

Aside from the changes noted on external examination, the
lesions found on autopsy consist of abscess formation usually
close to or in one or more of the joints of legs or feet. In one
fowl in addition to abscesses in the joints there was one at the
anterior portion of the gizzard. Most of the abscess formations
around the joints are peculiar in that they are not well walled
off. They show little necrosis of the surrounding tissues; the
contents are hard and plug-like and of a yellowish, chicken-fat
appearance. When the surrounding tissues are incised the con-
tents are easily expressed entire. A few abscesses contain a thin,
watery, flocculent, dirty fluid with evident necrosis of the tissues.
If the articulations themselves are affected their surfaces are
somewhat eroded and the fluid content is yellowish and opaque.

Bacteriological examination by direct smears is usualky nega-

tive as regards the finding of characteristic bipolar organisms,

but planting in every case gave a growth of a pure culture of
Pasteurella aviseptica, as proven by subsequent cultural tests
and animal inoculation.

In two other species of animals besides the fowl we have ob-
served localization of infection by the bipolar organism, namely,
in the horse and the sheep. A four-year-old mare was being
used for the production of antiserum against Pasteurella bovi-
septica. Following each of the injections of large quantities of
culture of the organism, lameness and swelling of the left stifle
joint occurred. After two or more months’ attempted immuni.
zation of the animal a large injection of the organism killed her,
and upon autopsy the affected joint was found filled with a

582 CHARLES Murray AND S. H: McNurr

gelatinous fluid from which bipolar organisms highly pathogenic
for rabbits were recovered.

A 24-hour-old lamb from a flock of sheep in which a number
had died from hemorrhagic septicemia showed marked symptoms
of the disease. It was treated with hemorrhagic septicemia anti-
serum and recovered. During the summer after the lamb had
grown to a size of 40 or 50 pounds it was found dead in the
field. At autopsy the only lesion found was a growth on the
right auriculo-ventricular valve the size of a hazelnut. Direct
smears from the contents of this nodule showed many character-
istic bipolar organisms which were recovered in culture and
which proved highly pathogenic for rabbits.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

FROHNER and Zwick. Pathologie und Therapie der Haustiere.
HutTyra and Marek. Pathology and Therapeutics of the Domestic
Animals.

DR. BALDWIN INJURED

With his sedan automobile practically smashed beyond re-
pair and himself considerably bruised about the body and his
left leg broken below the knee, Dr. A. F. Baldwin of Montana
narrowly escaped with his life when a Northern Pacific pas-
senger train crashed into his machine.

Doctor Baldwin declares he did not hear any warning whistle
from the approaching train and believes the engineer did not
see him. It is related that after the train passed a passenger
in one of the coaches noticed the wreckage of the automobile and
called the conductor’s attention to the matter, the latter sig-
nalling for a stop, when the doctor was picked up and brought
immediately into the city and taken at once to the hospital where
medical attention was given.

DR. DALRYMPLE GIVEN FORD SEDAN

As a token of the esteem and affection in which he is held by
members of the faculty, the experiment station and the exten-
sion staffs, Dr. W. H. Dalrymple was presented with a Ford
sedan as a Christmas gift by these coworkers. The car was fully
equipped in every detail, even to the 1922 license plate. The
fund for this purchase was raised among the University people
through the efforts of Prof. E. L. Jordan of the College of
Agriculture and Mr. C. E. Woolman of the extension division.

Pte Ae DBE I eh ae

enrera srr» a bee

THE RELATIVE VALUE OF TREATMENT AND PRO-
PHYLAXIS IN THE CONTROL OF
PARASITIC DISEASES!

By Maovrice C. Hau

Senior Zoologist, U. 8S. Bureau of Animal Industry, Washington,
Die.

SO FAR as the practicing veterinarian is concerned, all the
training of the veterinary course looks forward to diagnosis,
treatment and prophylaxis. The veterinarian must recognize
diseases for what they are, must be able to cure them if curable,
and must know the measures for limiting their spread and re-
currence. This paper is a consideration of the comparative
values of treatment and prophylaxis in connection with parasitic
diseases.

Some of the parasitic diseases are readily amenable to treat-
ments now known to us, and others are not amenable to any
treatment known at present. Some of the parasitic diseases
are easily prevented on the basis of our present knowledge, and
others are not easy to prevent because our knowledge of the
life history of the parasite is inadequate or the measures indi-
cated on the basis of a known life history are not feaSible. Where
we have a satisfactory treatment for the removal of a given
parasite which we can not control by prophylactic measures,
treatment becomes a more important measure than prophylaxis.
Treatment is essentially the field of the veterinarian. Where
we have simple prophylactic measures for the control of para-
sites not at present amenable to any known medication, pro-
phylaxis becomes a more important measure than treatment.
The carrying out of prophylactic measures is essentially the
field of the stockman and farmer; the function of the veterinarian
as regards prophylaxis is mostly advisory, though sometimes
regulatory. Where we have satisfactory treatments and pro-
phylactic measures for a given parasite, both treatment and
prophylaxis are important, one supplementing the other, and
both should be used. The sick animal needs treatment first
and prophylaxis second; the well animal needs prophylaxis that
treatment may not be needed. Where we have neither satisfac-

1

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

583

584 Mavrice C. Haun

tory treatments nor prophylactic measures, we are in rather a
bad way from the standpoint of the practitioner, and of the
stockman and farmer, and can only console ourselves with the
reflection that the things we don’t know are the ones which
furnish occupation to the investigator.

PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT AND PROPHYLAXIS

Certain principles may be laid down with reference to the
value of treatment and of prophylaxis in the case of any given
parasite. These principles may not be of universal application
or may be of variable application. Things which are feasible
in the city may not be feasible in the country, or vice versa.
What a European veterinarian would regard as feasible might
appear entirely impracticable to an American, and the converse
might also be true. With this limitation in mind, however, the
‘principles in regard to treatment may be stated as follows:

Only those parasites which are accessible to known medicinal
medication or surgical measures may be controlled by treatment,
and the treatment must be effective and practical, not too elab-
orate or expensive.

The principles in regard to prophylaxis may be stated as
follows: We must know, or be able to surmise rather definitely,
the life history of the parasite, and where the parasite is in-
gested by the host we must be able to control the food habits of
the host, without a resultant loss, financial or otherwise, more
serious than that arising from the presence of the parasite.

DISCUSSION OF PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT

Before attempting to apply these principles to specifie worm
infestations, they may be examined in detail, beginning with
those in regard to treatment. Exactly what is meant by para-
sites accessible to medication is a thing which requires some
consideration and careful statement. What is apparently in-
accessible in the light of yesterday’s knowledge may be evi-
dently accessible today; what is apparently inaccessible today
may be accessible tomorrow.

There are certain anatomical regions which appear on first
sight to be accessible to anthelmintics, and experience shows that
these regions are as accessible as they appear to be. Thus the
lumen of the entire digestive tract of the horse is now known
to be accessible to anthelmintics, and excellent results may be

r
?

CoNTROL OF PARASITIC DISEASES 585

obtained against practically any worm parasite of the horse
which occurs in the lumen of the digestive tract, by the use of
two drugs, carbon bisulphide and oil of chenopodium, by mouth.

The lumen of the digestive tract of the dog is also accessible
to anthelmintic medication, though the entrance of a given dose
of a drug into the cecum can not be guaranteed. In the case
of the horse the fact that the cecum has two openings insures
the entrance of a drug into this organ if the drug passes the
ileo-cecal valve. In the case of the dog a drug may pass the
ileo-colic valve and proceed down the colon without entering
the cecum. This conclusion is based on the anatomical structure,
the small size of the cecum, and the fact that in the great ma-
jority of cases a given anthelmintic will not remove whipworms,
but many of these anthelmintics will occasionally remove some
or all of the whipworms present. Since repeated doses of suit-
able anthelmintics will in a reasonable time enter the cecum
of the dog and remove the worms present there, we may con-
sider the cecum of this animal as accessible to medication. In
the case of swine, experiments show that the lumen of the stom-
ach and small intestine is accessible to anthelmintic medication.

At present we have little evidence jn regard to the accessibility
to anthelmintics of the cecum and large intestine of swine,
but there is little reason to suppose that these will prove in-
accessible. In ruminants the lumen of the stomachs is accessible
to anthelmintic medication, and the work of Lewis and Guber-
let at the Oklahoma Experiment Station indicates that the small
intestine will prove likewise accessible. As yet we have little
knowledge as regards anthelmintic removal of worms from the
cecum and colon of these animals. Brumpt has used rectal in-
jections of thymol against whipworms in the cecum of sheep,
but the administration of this treatment according to the tech-
nique he gives would not appear practical or feasible to the
American veterinarian and would hardly appear to be war-
ranted on a balance of the time and cost of treatment against
the benefits received. However, we have every reason to sup-
pose that satisfactory treatments for worms in the large intes-
tine of swine will be developed.

Outside of the lumen of the intestine, parasites appear to be
accessible to anthelmintic medication in the case of certain blood-
sucking parasites in the bile ducts. Thus male fern and some of
its components have been found effective against the common

586 Maovrice C. Hau

liver fluke of sheep. That this efficacy is apparently associated
with the blood-sucking habit is indicated by the fact that the
small lancet fluke of sheep, which is not a blood-sucking form,
is not affected by the same treatment, in spite of the fact that
it also lives in the bile ducts, often in association with the com-
mon liver fluke.

Some worms in the blood vessels are amenable to anthelmintic
medication. The outstanding examples of this at present are
the human blood flukes, which have proven amenable to intra-
venous injections of tartar emetic. The nematodes in the blood
stream do not at present appear to be equally amenable, but
it appears as reasonable to suppose that some suitable drug will
be found as to suppose that such a drug will not be found.

Loeations which at present appear to be inaccessible to medi-
cation include the mucosa and submucosa of the digestive tract,
most connective tissue except the subcutaneous, which can be
reached by hypodermic medication, hepatic and pulmonary eysts,
the kidneys and the body musculature. Theoretically, effec-
tive drugs may be found and put in effective contact with para-
sites in some of these locations by way of the blood stream, but
such treatments have not yet been devised.

Among the locations which are accessible to treatment, but in
which treatment is not usually satisfactory or effective, the
air spaces of the lungs deserve mention. There are numerous
treatments for lungworms and it is not difficult to inject drugs
intratracheally in such animals as sheep, cattle and horses.
However, experience does not indicate that these injections
usually affect the worms in the lungs very seriously, whereas
the effect on the host animal is sometimes injurious. Experi-
ments by Gilruth in New Zealand have indicated that better
results were obtained by nursing treatment without medication
directed against the lungworms than were obtained by various
kinds of medication. Some time ago Herms and Freeborn at
the California Experiment Station recommended the injection
of chloroform into the nostrils of animals suffering from lung-
worms, but the investigators in question noted that the worms
were not killed by the treatment. They claimed good clinical
results, but Fitch has recently stated that he has tested this
treatment and not found it effective. The lungs are likewise
accessible to fumigants, and many of these, such as sulphur diox-
ide, have been recommended for use against lungworms, but the

a I arr ere Ee ON

i 5 Silat blll Ae 5 PIED Pm F009 Bed *

NO. 4

ConrroL oF Parasitic DISEASES 587

results do not appear to be very satisfactory and the treatment
appears to be even more dangerous as a rule than intratracheal
injections. At the present time the lungs must be regarded
as accessible to medication, but it appears that suitable medi-
cation, capable of killing the worms without injury to the host
animal, remains to be developed.

As regards the principle that treatment must not be too elab-
orate or expensive, it is sufficient to say that drugs used must
not be too expensive, apparatus too elaborate, or technique too
elaborate, eumbersome or tedious.

DISCUSSION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROPHYLAXIS

In the same way we may examine the principles set forth in
regard to prophylaxis. As stated, we must first know or ac-
curately surmise the life history of a parasite before prophylaxis
of a rational sort is possible. There are many life histories we
do not know. Among these are the life histories of the ano-
plocephaline tapeworms of horses, sheep and eattle. Until we
know these life histories, prophylaxis is mere surmise for the
most part, and in covering the apparent possibilities we are
apt to waste energy on useless measures. There are many life
histories which we surmise at present, but surmise is often dan-
gerous. Thus we assume that in a general way all the tricho-
strongyles in the stomach and intestines have much the same life
history, but investigations may prove that we have assumed too
much and that we are in error. Recently Rodenwalt and
Roeckemann have stated that the biology of the helminths is a
realm of surprises, ‘‘Die Biologie der Helminthen ist ein Gebiet
der Ueberraschungen,’’ and the recent developments in the study
of the life history of ascarids, the broad fish tapeworm, the human
pinworm and other worms afford striking evidence of this fact.
We must be alert to reject the absurd and yet keep an open
mind as to the possibility of the improbable and seemingly
fantastic.

Where we do know the life history of a parasite, the indicated
prophylaxis all too frequently falls in the category of measures
involving more loss or having more objections than the existence
of the parasite itself. Thus we may say that the indicated pro-
phylaxis to protect cats from becoming infested with the com-
mon cat tapeworm, Taenia taeniaeformis (T. crassicollis), is to
prevent cats from catching and eating rats and mice. But the

588 Maovrice C. Hau

catching of rats and mice, which usually involves the eating of
these rodents, is the sole reason for maintaining cats in many
eases. To prevent ducks and geese from becoming infested with
certain tapeworms it is only necessary to prevent their eating
the water fleas and other small crustaceans in streams and ponds,
but these crustaceans are of common occurrence in the customary
food supply of these birds, and in default of serious conse-
quences following the presence of these worms most owners
would prefer to allow the birds to continue in their usual feed-
ing habits and acquire some tapeworms. Which case brings
up the important idea of the control of food supply as a factor
in prophylaxis for the control of parasitic diseases.

In the case of man, the increase in knowledge of disease has
gone hand in hand with sanitation. Sanitation has been dove-
tailed with certain habits of the human animal. Man is the
only animal that cooks his food and distinctly separates his culi-
nary arrangements and his sanitary arrangements. This sterili-
zation by cooking and the separation of all that appertains to
metabolic intake from all that appertains to metabolic waste
are fundamental. We can approximate these conditions for
some of our domesticated animals. Under favorable conditions
we can feed our dogs and cats on cooked meats in clean recep-
tacles and educate them along lines of cleanliness in disposing
of metabolic wastes. We can raise pigs under conditions ap-
proximating cleanliness. But where herbivores, such as the
horse, cow and sheep, must be run on pasture to utilize the
vegetation which makes up the bulk of their feed, the situation
is different. These animals feed on pastures and pass their
manure on these pastures. In other words, they continually soil
their table with feces and with the fecal content of parasitic
worm eggs and larve. This is unavoidable for the most part.

Numerous measures have been devised for diminishing the
injury resulting from this habit. Pasture and stock rotation are
two of the more important of these measures. In simple pasture
rotation animals are moved from one pasture to another from
time to time, the unused pasture being left fallow as a rule.
Its applicability is limited by the fact that it calls for more
pasture than is oftentimes available to make it effective in pre-
venting worm infestation. Worm eggs often develop to the
infective stage, or their embryos hatch and develop to the in=
fective stage, in the course of a couple of weeks. Theoretically

CoNnTROL OF PaRASITIC DISEASES 589

stock should be moved to fresh pasture, or pasture which has
not been used by the same kind of stock for at least a year,
every two weeks during the season when worms develop this
rapidly, to prevent infestation with such worms. In actual
practice this requires more grazing area than is usually available.
To be sure, the period of rotation may be lengthened under these
conditions and benefits still secured from the rotation, but the
benefits diminish as the period lengthens. A second objection
is that such a system of pasture rotation calls for a relatively
large amount of fencing, and fencing is expensive. A third
objection is that a system of pasture rotation calls for consid-
erable attention and thought on the part of the farmer and
stockman. It is not a thing that can be attended to once or re-
peated as a simple routine, but is a thing that requires planning
and attention at rather frequent intervals. Usually the farmer
and stockman is too busy with other matters and often too tired
physically when the day’s work is done to make or follow up
plans of this sort.

The time limitations of such a rotation plan are rather rigid.
Parasite eggs and infective larve are quite resistant, and even
with the lapse of a year a pasture can not be regarded as en-
tirely safe or free from worms. Its status has improved, but
the total destruction of the worm infection can not be assumed.
And since it seldom happens that one can follow up the theoreti-
cal ideal of a movement to fresh pastures every two weeks
throughout warm weather and a return to old pastures at the
end of a.year, in actual practice stock must be moved less fre-
quently and returned to old pastures before the end of a year,
and often much before the end of a year. The more slowly
they are rotated and the sooner and oftener they return to old
pastures, the less effective this mode of control becomes.

Such a system of pasture rotation may be modified by plow-
ing up and planting pastures after use, and this will bury and
destroy numbers of eggs and larve, improving the value of the
system as a method of parasite control. But it is not always
feasible or advisable to plow under a pasture for this purpose,
and to the extent that it is not feasible or advisable this method
of control must be regarded as inapplicable and of limited prac-
tical value.

Stock rotation is essentially only a modification of pasture
rotation, but it may be a highly important modification and it

590 Maurice C. HAuu

appears to be a more useful and valuable procedure. In gen-
eral, ruminants, horses and swine may follow one another with
little danger from one another’s parasites, as these three groups
of animals have few parasites in common. In addition there is
probably a cleansing of the pastures, so far as parasites are
concerned, as the result of such a rotation system. While we
have yet too little evidence of a definite sort on this subject,
it is quite probable that the parasites taken up by unsuitable
hosts are frequently destroyed in such hosts, thereby definitely
diminishing the amount of infestation present on the pasture.
Such a system of stock rotation lessens the need of plowing
up pastures and so makes it possible to conserve permanent pas-
ture without the attendant danger from the permanent pasture
carrying only one kind of stock. It also makes it possible to
utilize these pastures up to their full capacity for feed without
the loss from pastures lying fallow and unused. It does not re-
quire as much land as a system of simple pasture rotation, and
fewer fields mean less fencing. It does, however, have the limi-
tation that it can not always be applied, since many farms do
not carry two or three kinds of livestock and seldom carry them
in anything like the same amount as regards pasture require-
ments.

Although pasture and stock rotation are extensively recom-
mended and deserve to be used wherever feasible and applicable,
the limitations of these systems are fairly evident. Eradication
of parasitic worms by such systems would evidently be a long
and tedious task. We can obtain some light on the probable
value of these systems by a consideration of the history of the
warfare on the Texas fever tick. For many years pasture rota-
tion methods for the slow destruction of the fever tick by starva-
tion were given the same emphasis as were dipping, hand-pick-
ing and other measures aimed at the immediate destruction of
the tick. As time went by and theory was given the acid test
of practice, the emphasis changed. The final slogan of the tick
campaign became ‘‘ Dip that tick!’’ not ‘‘Starve that tick!’’ In
other words, direct action on the field of battle won out against
the idea of the food blockade. It is a principle of warfare that
an active offensive is often the best line of defense, and this prin-
ciple appears most promising in the warfare against worms.

At the experiment station of the Zoological Division of the
Bureau of Animal Industry at Vienna, Virginia, the routine

CoNTROL OF PARASITIC DISEASES 591

use of the 1 per cent solution of copper sulphate every month
throughout the year against stomach worms in sheep has proved
an astonishingly satisfactory control measure. Pasture rotation
alone allows the worms to remain and make provision for the
perpetuation of the species with only the limitation that such
rotation sets upon the welfare of the eggs and larve on the pas-
ture. Treatment attacks the enemy in his own territory and
at his base of supplies. It destroys the worms in large numbers,
and as soon as the infested animal is again ready to withstand
treatment it attacks again. So far as we can judge in this case,
and it applies to similar nematode infestations in all herbivores,
what has proven true in the case of the tick will probably prove
true in the case of the nematode worms amenable to treatment
in the animals that feed on pasture. We shall probably come in
time to the slogan ‘‘Kill the worms!’’ rather than ‘‘Starve the
worms!’’ It is not intended to decry pasture rotation. Pasture
and stock rotation should be used wherever feasible, but as a
supplement to treatment, wherever treatment is possible, not as a
substitute for treatment.

Owing to the fact, already noted, that the herbivores soil their
table with their feces, treatment is apparently always necessary
whenever worm infestation exists and treatment is known. It
is the primarily essential measure. If prophylaxis is possible,
prophylactic measures should be used in addition, but as a single
control measure treatment of proved value is superior to pro-
phylaxis for these infestations in these animals.

In human medicine preventive medicine is fast coming to the
front and threatens in time largely to supplant individual treat-
ment, but in veterinary medicine, owing to the nature and habits
of our domesticated animals, treatment of sick animals promises
to be the most essential measure, so far as parasites are con-
cerned, for many years after preventive medicine outstrips treat-
ment among human beings. The practicing veterinarian can
look forward with confidence to being an essential element in the
control of parasitic diseases for many years, regardless of whether
the practicing physician is meanwhile supplanted by the public
health officer.

In passing it may be said that, so far as the parasitic diseases
are concerned, treatment is prophylaxis. The destruction of
adult parasites constitutes an interruption to the life cycle quite
as definite as the destruction of larval forms and intermediate

592 Mavrice C. Haun

hosts or the provision of conditions unfavorable for such larve
or intermediate hosts.

THE APPLICATION OF THESE PRINCIPLES

With these principles in mind we may now proceed to con-
sider briefly some of the more common parasitic diseases of our
livestock with reference to the present status of treatment and
of prophylaxis in particular cases. It is not intended to cover
these subjects in detail, but only along broad lines.

Parasites of the Horse

Bots—We have at present a quite satisfactory treatment for
bots in the use of carbon bisulphide in hard capsules in doses of 6
drams given without purgation. This treatment should be given
in the fall, for choice, after the adult flies have disappeared,
to protect the horse from the effects of the bots during the
winter and spring. Knowing the life history of the flies, and
knowing that they deposit their eggs on the horse, measures
to prevent egg-laying during the summer should be used wher-
ever feasible. Some of the measures advocated do not appear
feasible or practical. It has been suggested that horses be kept
in the stable during the day and turned on pasture at night
when the insects are not flving, but for the most part horses
are needed for work in the daytime and such a prophylactic sys-
tem presupposes a life of leisure that is not led by most horses.
Clipping a horse to prevent the flies laying the eggs on the hairs
has been recommended and may be a useful measure under cer-
tain circumstances. The use of kerosene or phenols on the ma-
nure to destroy bots passed after treatment has also been recom-
mended. This is a waste of time and money. If carbon bisul-
phide is used, the bots will be dead; if anything else that will
not kill bots is used, there will be no bots to kill in the manure.
The application of fly repellents to horses has also been recom-
mended as a control measure. Unfortunately, we have nothing
as yet which approximates an ideal fly repellent. Water emul.
sions, such as the coal-tar products, are cheap and easily ap-
plied, but the effects are transient. Repellents made up with
oily or fatty bases are usually objectionable on the score of dirti-
ness, though they are usually more lasting in repellent effect.
Mechanical protection by means of fringes, muzzle baskets and
other devices are sometimes used and some of these afford a fair
measure of protection.

ConTROL OF PaRASITIC DISEASES 593

Ascarids—The same treatment that is effective against bots
is also effective against ascarids. Prophylaxis is not difficult in
the case of stabled animals not on pasture. The manure carry-
ing the ascarid eggs can be disposed of properly. Prophylaxis
is not readily applicable in the case of animals on pasture, and
here treatment must be depended on as the primarily important
thing.

Strongyles.—The case of these worms is similar to that of the
asearids. We have an effective treatment in the administration
to animals fasted 36 hours of 4 to 6 drams of oil of chenopodium,
followed immediately by 1 to 2 pints of linseed oil or an aloes
ball. Proper manure disposal is prophylactic for stabled animals,
but treatment is feasible and prophylaxis is not feasible in the
ease of pastured animals, except where stock rotation is possible.

Habronema.—Owing to the fact that these worms live in the
mucosa of the stomach as well as in the lumen, no treatment is
known at present that will remove all of the worms present.
On the other hand, some species have an intermediate stage in
the ordinary horsefly, and these flies breed for the most part
in horse manure. The most favorable conditions for breeding
are in the piles of manure about the yards and stables rather
than in the manure scattered about the pastures by horses in
erazing. Hence control measures in the way of suitable handling
and disposal of manure are feasible, and at the present time
prophylaxis is of more importance in the case of these worms
than is treatment.

Pinworms.—As these worms are readily removed by the use
of chenopodium as given to remove strongyles, and as prophy-
laxis has the same difficulties as in the case of the ascarids and
strongyles, treatment is a matter of primary importance in the
ease of these worms.

Tapeworms.—So far as the tapeworms of the horse are con-
cerned we have so little definite, well-established information in
regard to treatment and are so much in ignorance as regards
their life history that both treatment and prophylaxis must be
regarded as problems for investigation.

Flukes—Flukes are of little importance as parasites of the
horse in this country. Treatments have been established for
some flukes in other animals and could doubtless be adapted to
the horse if necessary. Prophylaxis is known and to some

594 Mavrice C. HALL

extent practical and will be discussed in connection with other
host animals.
Parasites of Cattle

Ox warble—Treatment for ox warbles is surgical in nature
and is a feasible and practical affair. The removal of the warbles
from the back and their destruction relieves the animal of its
parasites and, like other treatments, is of value as prophylaxis
in diminishing the supply of the parasites in the future. Purely
preventive measures have been investigated by Imes and
Schneider of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who have found
the use of wading tanks containing insecticidal and fly-repellent
solutions for wetting the legs below the hocks and knees of
considerable value in protecting cattle from warbles. They
recommend a 2 per cent solution of a coal-tar creosote dip.

Stomach worm.—For reasons already discussed, cattle on pas-
ture—and this is especially true of young animals—can be
treated for stomach worms at intervals of a month to more ad-
vantage than they can be protected from these worms by pro-
phylactic measures applicable to the average farm. Where ani-
mals are kept up and fed from racks, ordinary cleanliness is an
applicable prophylactic measure.

Hookworm and nodular worm.—Prophylactic measures are
difficult to apply in the case of these parasites, as in the ease of
most nematodes of the digestive tract where animals are on
pasture. The situation is further complicated by the fact that
cattle doubtless are infested cutaneously by hookworms, as other
animals are known to be. Treatment is still a matter for inves-
tigation. In the case of the sheep hookworm, Lewis and Guberlet
report excellent results from the use of a solution containing 1
per cent copper sulphate and 1 per cent tobacco. The same
treatment may prove of value in the ease of cattle. So far as
nodular worms are concerned, a treatment remains to be de-
veloped. The larval worms in the nodules must be regarded as
inaccessible to treatment at the present time, and we have yet to
find a satisfactory treatment for the adult worms in the lumen
of the large intestine.

Tapeworms.—Our ignorance of the life history of these worms
precludes our formulating definite prophylactic measures for
their control. As regards treatment, we find that the repeated
administration of the copper sulphate treatment materially di-
minishes the number of tapeworms present, and Lewis and

ConTROL OF PaRAsITIC DISEASES 595

Guberlet report the removal of 75 to 100 per cent of these
worms by the use of the copper sulphate and tobacco solution
noted above in connection with hookworms.

Flukes—Both treatment and prophylaxis appear to be of
value in the control of the common liver fluke. European in-
vestigators report good results from the use of male fern and
its components in repeated doses in removing these worms. Pro-
phylaxis is based on the known life history and the fact that
snails act as intermediate hosts. The avoidance of wet pastures
or the filling and draining of such pastures to render them un-
favorable for the development of snails are indicated measures.
Another control measure recommended by Chandler consists in
the destruction of snails by the addition to standing water, or
streams, of copper sulphate, approximately 1 part to 1,000,000
parts of water, or 1 ounce of copper sulphate to 7,800 gallons of
water.

We have as yet no treatment for the large liver fluke in ecat-
tle. Prophylaxis is the same as for the common liver fluke.

Parasites of Sheep

Grub in the head.—In the case of this parasite, radical treat-
ment consists in surgical measures, trephining to open the nasal
sinuses and the removal of the grubs. This is a rather elaborate
procedure for the parasite involved and in most cases seems
unwarranted on the basis of cost in comparison with damage
done by the parasite. Fumigation and other measures designed
to cause the removal of the grubs by sneezing can hardly be ex-
pected to remove many of the grubs, and fumigation with sul-
phur dioxide is dangerous. On the other hand, a simple pro-
phylactie measure, consisting in smearing pine tar on the nose
of the sheep to prevent the fly from attacking, appears to be
satisfactory in actual practice. By putting this tar in holes
bored in planks or along a V-shaped trough and putting salt in
the holes or the trough, the process can be made practically auto-
matic, thereby saving the labor of applying the tar and renew-
ing it. In this case, prophylaxis appears to be more important
and feasible than treatment.

Stomach worm.—The case of this parasite has already been
covered. Treatment once a month with the cheap copper sul-
phate solution is a rapid and effective control measure. The
_ commonly recommended prophylactic measure, pasture rotation,

596 Maovrice C. Haun

is a valuable aid where it is applicable, but it is rarely appli-
eable under the conditions where it is most needed. On the
range country of the West it is more or less applicable, but the
dry western range is itself not favorable to stomach-worm de-
velopment, and the losses from this source are usually on the
more valuable soil in the moister climate of the East, Middle
West and South, and the value of the land is here correlated with
limitations on the amount of pasture available for rotation.

Hookworm, nodular worm and tapeworm.—What has been
said of similar parasites in the case of cattle applies here for
the most part. Prophylaxis is difficult in the case of the nema-
todes and unknown in the case of tapeworms. Treatment for
nodular worm remains to be developed. The treatment for
hookworm and tapeworm by means of the copper sulphate and
tobacco solution is indicated, and as this is also a treatment for
the removal of stomach worms, the use of such a treatment
monthly throughout the year, or at least during the spring, sum-
mer and fall, will serve the purpose of controlling all these
worms.

Flukes.—This subject is covered in what has been said of flukes
in cattle.

Parasites of Swine

Ascarids.—In the case of these worms we have adequate treat-
ments and have recently learned something of the efficacy of a
simple prophylactic system. Treatment with oil of chenopodium
accompanied by an adequate purgative is quite effective, though
the farmer is still searching for a treatment which can be given
satisfactorily in the feed. Anyone who has handled a large,
noisy hog will appreciate the farmer’s position in the matter
and will be pleased to see some such treatment developed. At
present we are forced to observe the nice balance between the
amount of poison that will kill worms without killing hogs and
the amount that will kill hogs also, by means of fasting and
appropriate individual doses.

The prophylaxis which has been developed by Dr. Ransom
and Dr. Raffensperger is the so-called McLean County system.
This system is primarily designed to protect the young pig,
since pigs are much more easily infested during the first months
of life and suffer more severely from the effects of worms at that
time. Under the McLean County system, sows are carefully
washed to remove dirt and adherent worm eggs and put into

CoNTROL OF PARASITIC DISEASES 597

thoroughly cleaned farrowing pens just before farrowing.
Within two weeks after farrowing the sow and pigs are removed
from the farrowing pen to clean pasture which has been culti-
vated and sown to forage crops, and are kept there away from
other swine for a period of about four months. After this time
they are much more resistant to infection by worms and to the
results of worm infestation, though the protection which is af-
forded by cleanliness about the hog yard should be given them.
This system has been very satisfactory in protecting pigs from
ascarid pneumonia, thumps of verminous origin and the effects
of ascarids in the digestive tract. Treatment will be necessary
for swine ascariasis for many years, and is indicated wherever
infestation occurs, but prophylaxis of a simple and practical
sort promises to be an increasingly large factor in the control
of this disease.

Kidney worm.—tThe kidney worm occurs in the perirenal fat
and in the liver for the most part, and hence in places not acces-
sible to treatment by any method known at present. The life
history, according to those who have worked on this subject, is as
follows: The eggs of worms in the perirenal fat pass through
fistulous tracts into the ureters and out in the urine, the urine,
and not the feces, being the source of renewed infestation in
this case. The eggs hatch and give rise to larve which may
enter the pig by way of the skin or by way of the mouth. Those
larve entering by way of the skin arrive in the perirenal fat,
in a position to carry on the life cycle, while those entering by
way of the mouth arrive in the liver, apparently going astray
and leaving the path which makes it possible to carry on the
life eyele. Since the urine is the source of infestation, and since
the skin is the normal point of attack for the larve, the hog
wallow must be looked upon as the place where infestation is
most likely to take place. The evident prophylaxis appears to
be the substitution of a sanitary conerete wallow for the old
mud-hole. Into this wallow one may put eresol compounds
which will destroy the worm larve as they hatch, and the same
compounds will aid in controlling external parasites of swine.

Parasites of Dogs

Ascarids.—We have adequate treatments for asearids in dogs.
Chenopodium given with a suitable purgative is quite effective,
and carbon tetrachloride appears to be a promising drug for

598 Mavrice C. HAL

removing these worms. Prophylaxis is a matter of sanitation
and cleanliness. It is applicable in the case of the household
pet, if the owner of the dog cares to apply it. It is not equally
applicable in the case of the sheep dog, the hunting dog, the
watch dog and other dogs which have to live out of doors where
they are not subject to the same oversight and care. However,
the application of sanitary measures in the case of pups, com-
parable to the measures utilized in the McLean County system
in the case of swine, would doubtless tide the pups over the worst
danger period.

Hookworms.—The work done up to this time with carbon
tetrachloride indicates that in it we have at last a drug capable
of removing the hookworms of dogs and doing so without appre-
ciable injury to the dog. If it lives up to its promise it will
go a long way toward doing what the Rockefeller Foundation
calls ‘‘unhooking the hookworm.’’ In passing it may be men-
tioned that the first reports coming in on the use of this drug for
removing hookworms from foxes are very favorable as regards
both efficacy and safety. As in the case of the ascarid, prophy-
laxis in the case of the dog hookworm depends largely on the
control we have of a dog’s habits. Control may be quite com-
plete in the case of a lap dog or house dog, or quite inadequate
in the case of the hunting dog and other dogs mentioned. For
the latter groups of dogs treatment appears to be the important
thing. What has been said in regard to protecting pups from
ascarids applies also in regard to protecting pups from hook-
worms. The young animals are the most susceptible and suffer
most from them.

SUMMARY

The relative value of treatment and prophylaxis in the case
of parasitic diseases may be ascertained by the application to a
given case of certain elementary principles. A treatment or a
prophylactic procedure must be effective and practical.

Where the application of these principles indicates that treat-
ment is feasible and prophylaxis is more or less theoretical and
impractical, we should devote our attention to treatment and
make prophylaxis a secondary matter, using it so far as it can
be used, but not depending on what experience shows to be un-
dependable.

Where prophylaxis is feasible and treatment unknown or
unsatisfactory, prophylaxis is always in order, since it is the

ControL or Parasitic DIsEasEs 599
ounce of prevention which weighs more than the pound of cure.

As regards the present status of some of the more common
parasites of our domesticated animals, we find on examination
the following:

Treatment appears to be more practical and satisfactory than
prophylaxis in the present state of our knowledge and under
present conditions for the control of bots, ascarids, strongyles
and pinworms in horses, of stomach worms, hookworms and tape-
worms in cattle and sheep, and of ascarids and hookworms in
dogs which live and work out in the fields.

Prophylaxis appears to be more practical and satisfactory
than treatment in the present state of our knowledge and under
present conditions for the control of Habronema in horses, the
large liver fluke of cattle, grub in the head in sheep and kidney
worm in swine.

Treatment and prophylaxis are both important and valuable
for the control of ox warble in cattle, the common liver fluke in
horses, cattle and sheep and ascarids in swine.

Neither treatment nor prophylaxis is satisfactory in the pres-
ent. state of our knowledge in the case of tapeworm in horses
and nodular worm in cattle and sheep.

The foregoing findings may be modified under given conditions.
Thus prophylaxis against ascarids and hookworms in pups might
be made of primary importance.

NEW FILM “EXIT ASCARIS” WELL RECEIVED

The American Association for the Advancement of Science
and affiliated organizations witnessed the first publie showing
of the motion picture ‘‘ Exit Ascaris’’ at a meeting held in To-
ronto, Canada, December 29. The film, which shows in story
form the practical application of a method devised for con-
trolling roundworms in swine, received the warm approval of
the scientists. :

Dr. B. H. Ransom, Bureau of Animal Industry, who devel-
oped the method for roundworm control, accompanied the mo-
tion-picture presentation with a short address. The new film
is especially applicable for showing in the Corn Belt and other
important hog-growing regions.

TUBERCULOSIS IN A SHETLAND PONY?

By B. A. Bracu, F. B. Hapiey and H. B. PIPER
Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, Madison,
Wisconsin *

THAT TUBERCULOSIS is a disease which occurs very in-
frequently in American horses is shown by the fact that only
five cases have been found recorded in our veterinary literature.
None of them appears to have been in a Shetland pony. One of
these cases was reported by Shigley (1), another by Fink (2),
two by Pickens (3) and one by Barnes (4).

A considerable number of cases of equine tuberculosis have
been reported from various countries of continental Europe,
while 43 cases have been recorded by Hoare (5) as occurring in
the British Isles between 1888 and 1911. An analysis of these
cases shows that 18 were cart horses, 10 harness horses, 2 well-
bred animals, 1 troop horse, 1 Belgian stallion, 2 ponies, 1 cob,
1 Hackney yearling, and 7 horses the breed of which was not
stated.

Since only two ponies are included in the above lists, the
writers feel that the case to be described is so unusual that it
warrants recording, more especially because Koch’s rules to
prove the specificity of the disease have been satisfied.

The subject was a Shetland pony, six years of age, that had
been kept for the two years previous to her death as a children’s
pet. A very good idea of her size may be had by comparing
her with the children astride her back, as shown in the ac-
companying photograph. The farmer who raised this pony
and owned her during the first four years of her life stated
that her dam is still alive and apparently healthy. None of
the dam’s other progeny has ever shown symptoms of any in-
fectious disease. He also said that the pony had not been fed
cow’s milk while a foal or afterwards. It was learned that the
last owner had tuberculosis in his herd of dairy cattle. This
was demonstrated when a cow was butchered on the farm where
the pony sickened and died. The carcass of this animal, when

1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary
Medical Association. Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

2Published with the approval of the Director of the Wisconsin Agricultural
Experiment Station.

600

TUBERCULOSIS IN A SHETLAND Pony 601

opened, was literally a mass of tubercles, all organs of both
the thoracic and the abdominal cavities showing lesions. AI
though the pony was not directly associated with the cattle,
there was plenty of opportunity for her to acquire the infec-
tion from them, both through contaminated feed and the arink-
ing water in the common trough.

According to the last owner, the pony had been sleek, fat and
in the best of health until early in the summer of 1920. At
this time the animal began to lose flesh and gradually became
debilitated. Even with the best of care, feed and medicinai

A Shetland pony that died of tuberculosis

treatment no improvement was made. Finally on December
23 the pony died, and one of the writers (Piper) was requested
to make a postmortem examination.

This examination revealed an enormously enlarged mesenteri¢
lymph gland which was rather ovoid in shape and measure:
about 8 by 10 inches. When incised it was found to be largely
composed of a cheese-like material, resembling avian pus in
appearance, but there was no evidence of calcification, as is the
rule in cattle and in hogs. Numerous pea-size to walnut-size
nodules, resembling the ‘‘pearls’’ of bovine tuberculosis, were
observed beneath the serous covering of the neighboring in-
testine, the abdominal wall and the diaphragm. Adhesions had
taken place between all involved serous surfaces. The spleen
and lungs showed no macroscopic lesions; they were not ex-
amined microscopically.

602 R. A. Beacu, F. B. Hapury, H. B. PIPER

A miecrosecopie preparation of material from the centers of
one of the small tubercles was made and stained for acid-fast
microorganisms. Literally hundreds of bacilli were revealed
by the aid of the microscope. This is in marked contrast to the
paucity of bacilli that are found, even in very active cases, in
tuberculous lesions of cattle and swine. These bacilli were
rather longer than the human tuberele bacillus and were dis-
tinetly nodulated.

A cockerel was inoculated subeutaneously with 1 ¢.¢. of an
emulsion made by macerating a nodule in normal salt solution.
This was done because the organism simulated the avian tubercie
bacillus and we wished to establish the type or variety of the
tubercle bacillus which was responsible for the original in-
fection. Two guinea-pigs were inoculated in the same way
with the same quantity of emulsion. Suitable culture media
were also inoculated directly from the lesions as another means
of recovering the organism.

The cockerel was observed for eight weeks, but showed no
symptoms of disease during this period. It was then killed and
a careful postmortem examination made, but no lesions of tuber-
culosis could be demonstrated.

Guinea-pig 1 gradually lost weight and died five weeks after
being inoculated. At time of inoculation it weighed 520 grams
and at death 409 grams. The following organs revealed lesions
of tuberculosis: Lungs, liver, spleen and mesenteric lymph
olands. Microscopic preparations from these organs .showed the
characteristic acid-fast organisms in enormous numbers.

Guinea-pig 2 weighed 555 grams when inoculated and 420
grams five weeks later when it was killed. It showed extensive
lesion of the disease in the liver and spleen. Bacterium tubercu-
losis was demonstrated microscopically in the lesions.

An emulsion made from the liver of the latter guinea-pig was
inoculated into a healthy guinea-pig, 3. This animal was killed
23 days later and showed tuberculosis infection of the liver and
spleen.

Other inoculations were made as shown by the data in the
accompanying table. Of particular interest is rabbit 1, which
gradually lost weight and was destroyed 10 weeks after inocu-
lation. Its liver showed lesions that might have been taker
macroscopically to be miliary tuberculosis, but it was impossible

603

TUBERCULOSUS IN A SHETLAND PONY

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604 R. A. Beacu, F. B. Havuey, H. B. PIrer

to demonstrate the organisms microscopically. A large encap-
sulated abscess was noted at the point of inoculation. Guinea-
pig 5, which was inoculated from rabbit 1, showed a liver studded
with nodules as large as small peas and filled with caseous pus,
exactly like the liver of the rabbit from which it was inoculated.
No acid-fast organisms could be demonstrated microscopically.
The conclusion was that neither of these animals was infected
with tuberculosis, as the rabbit lost relatively little weight, while
the guinea-pig gained markedly in weight after being inocu-
lated. Moreover, the microscope failed to reveal the character-
istic tubercle bacilli even after repeated search.

By comparing the pre-injection and post-injection weights
of the experimental guinea-pigs, as shown in the table, it is
seen that the weight curve changed characteristically. In the
opinion of De Witt (7) the weight curve of guinea-pigs may be
used in testing the effect of tubercle bacilli, for which it is one
of our best guides. Notice is particularly directed to guinea-
pig 5, which gained more than 50 grams and was found free from
tuberculosis when autopsied, while all the other guinea-pigs
that were found to be tuberculous lost weight.

This study convinces us that the bovine type of Bacterium
tuberculosis was the microorganism which caused the disease
that resulted in the death of this pony, rather than either the
human or the avian type. This conclusion was arrived at after
we had succeeded in eliminating the avian type by direct inocu-
lation of the cockerel, and after noting the growth character-
istics of the organism in both guinea-pigs and rabbits, as well
as on culture media. The fact that this strain was highly
virulent for experimental animals would, according to Cobbett
(6), indicate that it was derived directly from the ox.

The duration of the disease in this pony appears to have ex-
tended over a period of about nine months. This shows that
tuberculosis in the horse is likely to assume the chronic form
and develop slowly as it does in other species of farm animals.

The nature and location of the lesions in the pony point to
the digestive tract as the portal of entry for the infectious or-
ganism. Apparently the large mesenteric lesion was the primary
focus from which other organs became infected.

Note.—Since the foregoing was written, three more cases of tuber-
culosis of equines have been reported by Dr. F. Boerner, Jr. (8),

aca

OI AapPONMe

TUBERCULOSUS IN A SHETLAND PONY 605

= Sees api

. SHIGLEY. Amer. Vet. Rev., vol. 41, p.

. Fink. Amer. Jour. Vet. Med., 1916, ae 11, p. 148.

. PICKENS. Cornell Vet., 1918, ‘vol. 5," or. Ss

; BARNES. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. ‘Assoc., 1919, vol. 8, p. 672.

Hoare. A System of Veterinary Medicine, 1913, vol. 2, p. 164.

. CoBBETT. The Causes of Tuberculosis. Cambridge University

Press, 1917, p. 467.

. De Wirt. Jour. Infect. Diseases, 1920, vol. 27, p. 503.
. BOERNER. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 1921, vol. 12, p. 184.

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON COMPARATIVE
PATHOLOGY

The program for the Second International Congress on Com-~

parative Pathology, to be held at ee beginning September 20,
1922, has been announced by Prof. E. Perroncito, chairman of
the ire committee. The ite to be presented cover a
wide range in the pathology of man, animals and plants, as
follows:

1. Experimental grafting.
2. Regeneration of the nerves in experimental pathology,

nervous diseases and war lesions.

3. Vitality of animal and vegetable parasites.

4. Present state of the cancer problem.

5. Vitamins and deficiency diseases in man and animals.
6. Filterable-virus diseases.

7. Foot-and-mouth disease.

8. Rinderpest.

9. Fowl cholera.

10. Bee plague.

11. Disease of silk-worms.

12. Bacteriophages.

13. Bacterial and plant tumors.

14. Piroplasmoses.

15. Symbiosis and parasitism in plants.

16. Cycle of evolution of Dibothryocephalus latus.

17. Cycle of evolution of ascarids.

18. Cyele of evolution of ankylostomes.

19. Seabies of man and animals.

20. Diaspis pentagona and Prospartella berlese?.

21. Questions relative to phylloxera.

Other subjects may be added on the proposal of members of

the congress before April 1, 1922,

THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN AND THE
ACCREDITED HERD WORK !

By J. G. Townsenp, Racine, Wisconsin

WHEN I was invited to read a paper on this subject before
this conference, I felt that one of my few years of experience
was hardly the proper person to appear here. It was only be-
cause I was assured that the viewpoint of a young practitioner
was what was desired that I consented. Current professional
literature is full of articles commenting on the small number
of men matriculating in the veterinary colleges throughout the
country, and it is worthy of thought that the attitude of a man
entering into the profession at this time should be considered.
It is for that reason only that I feel at all justified in presenting
my attitude for consideration.

To a man starting to build up a practice in a great dairy
State, the problems of tuberculosis and its control form no in-
significant part of the task before him. I have heard quite a
few men, recent graduates, who were so impressed with the
magnitude of the proposition and responsibility involved that
they expressed a desire to avoid this responsibility and do no
tuberculin testing at all. Whether or not they have since gained
confidence, or whether they still persist in this attitude, I do
not know, but at any rate that is the way this proposition
looms up.

To a man who has started practice since its inauguration, the
accredited-herd plan presents perhaps a somewhat different as-
pect from what it does to the older practitioner. In the terri-
tory in which I practice there were a number of herds under
supervision at the time I located there. The owners of the larger
purebred herds, and, of course, the smaller ones also, while they
were desirous of having their herds clean, were also most anxious
to have the work done so that they might have the same advan-
tages. That is, they wanted to be able, in competing with other
breeders, to state that they were under Federal-State super.
vision. This was no more than fair, of course. I have taken the
stand that when one of these men spoke to me about testing his
herd I was simply doing my duty to him, as my client, to ex-
eae ee at the Tuberculosis Conference, Chicago, Ill,, November 25 and 26,

606

VETERINARIAN AND ACCREDITED HERDS 607

plain to him the advantages he might derive, commercially, by
putting his herd under supervision with a view toward having
it accredited.

There is, of course, in this proposition the immediate and
very tangible fact, especially to the young practitioner, of the
loss of the fees involved. I feel that by following this course
the practitioner will not be any the loser, unless the increased
confidence and respect of these clients is without value.

I believe, however, that an effort should be made by all in.
terested in the educational and extension work for this plan, to
be certain that the real benefits are not depreciated by empha-
sizing the fact that it is free work. It is difficult to talk to the
man with a herd of ten or twelve grades and a scrub bull who
comes to you and asks that ‘‘next time that man that tests So-
and-So’s herd is down, have him come and test my herd.’’ With
the men who want accredited herds and who benefit by them,
the question of cost is not an important item. One of my clients,
owner of a large herd under Federal-State supervision, stated
to me that the increased value of his cattle would more than
offset the usual fee for tuberculin testing. This, I think, is
the attitude of the great majority of owners of purebred herds.
There are, however, those to whom the Federal-State accredited
test will never mean anything more than a free test.

It has occurred to me that under present economic conditions
some owners whose herds have been accredited may feel as some
have felt regarding hog cholera work—that they can afford to
_run the risk of omitting subsequent tests. I feel that it is due
the veterinarian that the Federal-State authorities urge the
further cooperation of the breeder. There surely should be pro-
vision made so that it will be necessary for a man to make an
effort to hold the ground gained if he is to have further coopera-
tion. from the Federal-State authorities. I mean, though this
situation may not at any time prevail, if a herd is placed on
the accredited list and the owner omits to test the ensuing year,
his herd, under the ruling, ceases to be accredited. Will it then
be possible for him to reapply and have that herd again placed
under State and Federal supervision? A letter should be
written to the owner of a herd at the time his certificate is is-
sued ealling his attention to the fact that he must have a test
made by an accredited veterinarian in order to maintain his herd

608 J. G. TOWNSEND

on the list. Another letter at the eleventh month, reminding
him that a test must be made some time during the next thirty
days, would be a good follow-up measure.

In regard to the supplementary list, comprising herds which
have passed virtually the same requirements as a fully accredited
herd, two clean annual tests, but in which a reacting herd bull
is kept, I do not suppose that there will be any appreciable num-
ber of such herds. However, as these herds are not fully ac-
credited, I presume that such herds would be tested by Fed-
eral-State inspectors. Here is a situation in which I feel that
the local veterinarian, who virtually has the herd under his con-
stant supervision, might be used to advantage if he can be used
anywhere.

Personally, I believe that we are doing more tuberculin test-
ing. I have had tests to make for all but one of the herds in
my territory that are under Federal-State supervision. In
cases where the Federal forces have aided in area work and
large numbers of herds have been placed on the accredited list,
I believe that if even only 10 per cent of these herds are re-
turned to the local practitioner it will be more tuberculin test-
ing than was ever available before.

From the Department of Agricultural Bacteriology, Univer-
sity of Wisconsin, I have the following figures relative to the
amount of tuberculin sent out to veterinarians:

Year mils
OPO FORE SS ee eee ae eee eee 260,000
BUS SS bs Mp ins i MR ara Aaremy oe ants, A 351,000
TO !FO IO eee res eene cee 451,000
LOZOLSIS 27 Ue SUMED 498,000

Occasional requisitions are made on the Federal Department,
and some is furnished by biological houses. If this reflects at
all the amount of testing done by the veterinarians, it can not
be that the work done by the Federal-State inspectors is caus-
ing much decrease in the amount of work available for the local
practitioner.

The cooperation of the practicing veterinarian is vital to the
success of any attack on any infectious disease. At this point,
as a practicing veterinarian, I want to thank the gentleman from
Virginia, Dr. J. G. Ferneyhough, for the splendid brief he pre-
sented for the practicing veterinarian this morning. Under the

¥ AMT fe ew

»-
4
“-
2
4

san + an”

ara ay aN Roe

VETERINARIAN AND ACCREDITED HERDS 609

present conditions the herd tested under Federal-State super-
vision has an advantage we can not give—the certificate of
health carrying the weight of Federal-State authority. As this
is the very feature that most of our clients want, I feel that we
must try to procure it for them by the only means at our dis-
posal, cooperation to the extent of our ability with the Federal-
State authorities.

I take this opportunity to express my appreciation of the
courtesies and cooperation given to me by the Federal and State
authorities of the State of Wisconsin.

Dr. W. M. Gordon, an active member of the A. V. M. A., has

been appointed City Meat Inspector for the Health Department
of Omaha, Nebraska.

Dr. M. J. Kemen, formerly in Bureau service and who re-
signed May 4, 1920, was reinstated November 16, 1921, and as-
signed to hog cholera control work in Mississippi.

Dr. E. W. Nye, assigned to hog cholera work in Mississippi,
has been transferred to the same class of work in Texas, effective
December 1, 1921.

Dr. J. C. Burneson of Cleveland, Ohio, who left the Bureau
service October 14, 1920, has been reinstated and assigned to

hog cholera work in Kentucky.

Dr. A. H. Julien of Columbus, Ohio, engaged in hog cholera
control work in that State for a number of years, has been trans-
rerred to the same class of activities in North Carolina.

Dr. and Mrs. Adolph Eichhorn of Pearl River, N. Y., were
in attendance at the Cuban Medical Congress, which was held
at Havana, in December, 1921. They report a most interesting
and successful conference, with much pleasure and entertain-
ment intermingled with an instructive scientific program. On
returning the Hichhorns spent a week at the various Florida
resorts. Readers of THE JoURNAL may anticipate an interesting
review of the congress from Dr. Eichhorn’s pen in the near
future.

RELATIONS OF THE VETERINARIAN TO HUMANE
WORK * |

By W. G. Ho.tuisewortH
Utica, New York

TO BE A SUCCESS in life should be the height of ambition
of everyone. There has been no time in the world’s history
when opportunities were so great as at this very hour. While
this is true, we must admit at the same time that the services
demanded from all of us are very much greater today than
ever before. Because of this condition mediocre men and women
still constitute the very large majority. Look around in your
own community, think of all the people you know well; how
many are there who are doing anything to make their services
more valuable to the institution that employs them, or to live
up to the Latin phrase, ‘‘Non nobis solum,’’ which means, ‘‘ Not
for ourselves alone but for others’’? The great trouble with us
is that we are selfish and do not try to cultivate ourselves against
selfishness. We were all brought into this beautiful country
through no fault or desire of ours. It is the duty of those who
are responsible to bring up the rising generation to be physi-
cally, morally and mentally right. As unselfishness is one of
the blocks that go to make up the arch of success, children
must be instructed properly from the start to practice it. Suc-
cess aS an individual affair. It does not come by wishing for
it, but we must work for it. We must take the initiative to do
the right thing at the right time without being told.

Vocation if rightly selected is another one of the blocks that
go to make a success in life. There are two things that hap-
pen to a young man at the time of life when he is not as a rule
capable of solving such serious problems. One of them is select-
ing his right vocation; that is, the work he is adapted to; and
the other is selecting the right kind of a young lady for his life
companion, his wife. A misjudgment of either spells success or
failure in his life. In regard to my own profession, and using
myself as an example, if I have made any success in my career,
it is due to the fact that I selected the veterinary profession for
my vocation because I found that I was adapted to it, and that

1 Presented at the State Convention of Anti-Cruelty Societies, Utica, N. Y., Oct.
4-5, 1921.

610

THE VETERINARIAN AND HUMANE WoRK 611

I selected a lady for my wife who is kindhearted, sympathetic
and naturally loves animals and loves to love and loves to be
loved.

Being enthusiastic in my work and clamoring for knowledge,
I want to be progressive. If I were to stand still I would be
retrograding, and, such being the case, I feel that there are
many others in my class. I also feel that there are great op-
portunities for the right kind of young men to enter veterinary
colleges that stand tor higher educational qualifications, one
whose director or dean will ferret out of the prospective student
whether he has the qualifications necessary for a young man to
have to make an ideal veterinarian, one who is going to be a
suecess and not a failure. Of the latter class we have now more
than we want, maybe not any more than other professions. Ou»
profession needs men who possess the higher ideals of man,
faithful husbands, and loving fathers.

We now come to the point of finding ourselves working, think-
ing and feeling in relation to new environments. After all,
the mark of an educated man is his breadth of sympathy and
appreciation, and this depends upon his knowledge of the lives
of other men. The progress of man lies in his ability to adapt
himself to ever-changing and ever-growing environments. In
this progress our schools and universities must be leaders. It
is their business so to educate young men and women that they
will be able to cope with the conditions of affairs, understand
them and be able to practice and teach them. This slowly gain-
ing educative work has the approval of the public and conse-
quently will succeed. Education is slower than legislation, but
it is sure. Such being the case, we must have the continued
support of the church and state, and each must do its part.
This is the era of the universal teaching of humane methods.
Christian education is the foundation which we must build upon,
and it must be so substantial that it will hold up any structure
that is built upon it. Humane work is purely educative, and in
order to make our commonwealth a better place to live in and
make better citizens we must enforce higher education. That
being a fact, all money that is set aside and spent for this work
is well spent, coming from whatever source it may.

In a moral sense, words can hardly express what effect such
efficient work can do in any community. I think it is the duty
of all of us to take a yearly inventory of ourselves. Just go into

612 W. G. HoLuuInacwortH

some quiet corner, sit down and think, and ask ourselves, Have
I led a pure life? Have I done my duty to my fellow men?
What can I do to better myself? What can I do to help others
to lead a more righteous and humane life? By so doing you
will prove to your friends as well as those who are not, that
you mean to do right, you intend to be right, you are going to
be as nearly right as you possibly can; then if you make a
mistake through no fault of yours, you ought not to be too
severely criticised.

In the words of President Harding, ‘‘ Humanity never needed
a broad, illuminating understanding more than it does now.”’
I can think of no greater service I could render than to impress
upon every one the part that awaits him or her in humanity
affairs, if he or she will but realize it. I implore a dedication
to common service, to humane betterment, to civilization’s ad-
vancement, on the part of the people, especially the young |
people, who at last must so largely direct the affairs of this
country and society in the future.

If there is to be built up in our country a firm structure of
humanity of the people, the children are logically the founda-
tion upon which the structure must rest. Humane education
of children is therefore vital, as the child of today is the citizen
of tomorrow. It is quite necessary for those who are holding
positions of instruction to practice outside of the school room
what they preach in it, whether it be a high school or univer-
sity. By so doing they will instill in the student’s mind-the
necessity of applying their motives and character during their
spare time, and their companionship, in putting into force the
slogan, ‘‘Be kind to animals.’’ To prove that this theory is
correct, I purchased 10,000 of these buttons and had them dis-
tributed among children, young and old, in different schools in
all grades; and I am confident that they stimulated the young
people’s minds and found fertile soil which might have lain
dormant. As a result the parent was finally reached and in
many cases enthusiastic humanitarians were developed.

This great and glorious country, possessed of all its resources,
capable of feeding besides its own population the starving of
Europe, is dependent upon one class of loyal American citizens,
whose problems are of the greatest magnitude, the man who
holds the prosperity of this nation in his hand, whose day’s
work is never done and who is ready to respond to the call of

THE VETERINARIAN AND HUMANE WorRK 613

production, the agriculturist; and he is dependent on fertiliza-
tion to enrich the soil so as to increase production; and fertiliza-
tion is dependent on livestock, which amounts to the great
wealth in this country (including pet animals and poultry) of
ten billions of dollars; and the wealth of this great mass of
living creatures is dependent upon the veterinarian, who is
their guardian. So the agriculturist and the veterinarian must
work together, and one can not do without the other. In order
to get the results necessary to make this branch of agriculture
more productive, the livestock must be cared for in as humane
a way as possible. Through neglect and any of the conditions
that lead to the same there are annually hundreds of thou-
sands of dollars, yes, millions, lost; and here is where the vet-
erinarian above all men is the one to instruct the tiller of the
soil ways and means to prevent this great unnecessary loss. It
is purely an educational affair.

We are living today in an era of prevention. Back of this is
the public sentiment. That being the case, anti-cruelty societies
are ever welcome. Whenever one exists, if a veterinarian is in
the locality I believe it is his greatest asset to become closely
associated, as his opinion is constantly sought in an advisory
way, and he should carry out the motives in action. You will
always find oversympathetic members, and very often a balane-
Ing power is necessary to instill in their minds that cruelty
should be looked on from all sides. They should be broad-
‘minded, to know that it is just as cruel to inflict unnecessary
pain on one animal as another. Right here fashions have many
followers. You see feathers and furs used by a great many
people. Do they ever think back and consider what suffering
the animal went through in order that such materials could be
procured in order to decorate a human form?

I am glad to be able to call myself a veterinarian for the rea-
son that I know of only one thing that is more lovable than to
render services to an animal that is suffering that can not com-
prehend or show its appreciation for what you do for them
and that is a lovely woman.

The veterinarian of today should practice and teach methods
whereby all operations should be performed. under local or
general anesthetic when and where possible. It has been my
privilege to lecture annually to veterinary students for quite a
few years on this subject, and I am glad to say that this has

614 W. G. HoLuurmewortH

borne fruit. I have tried to have clinics at the association meet-
ing follow out this plan, and I can see that in late years a won-
derful difference in that line, for which I am very glad.

The position a veterinarian holds in his community is very
far-reaching. One of the things he is seeing continually is
eruelty, intentional or otherwise; and here again is where edu-
cation will do a great amount of good. It is very much better
to take up these cases as they come, sit down and educate the
person to take into consideration the Golden Rule, ‘‘Do unto
others as you would have others do unto you,’’ than to go to
court with them the first thing you do.

In conclusion, love some one; in God’s name love some one;
for this is the bread of inner life, without which a part of you
will starve and die. Though you feel you must be stern, even
hard, in your life of affairs, make yourself at least a little corner
somewhere in the great world where you may unbosom and be
kind.

Dr. H. 8S. Ijichi, a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary Col-
lege, has been spending several months in post graduate work at
New York University. After visiting the Bureau laboratories in
Washington for ten days, he left for Europe and expects io
reach his native land of Japan during the early summer.

Dr. Harry M. Martin, animal pathologist at the University of
Nebraska, following the Livestock Sanitary Association meeting
in Chicago, left for the East where he will spend the next six
weeks visiting the laboratories at Columbus, Philadelphia and
Washington, D. C.

Dr. Martin reports the illness of his chief, Dr. L. Van Es,
who we trust will make a speedy recovery.

Dr. G. A. Roberts, formerly of West Raleigh, North Carolina,
and now of the Veterinary School at Sao Paulo, Brazil, and
Miss Ora M. Glenn of Lavras, Minas, Brazil, were married on
December 1, 1921. They will make their future home at Rua
Fagundes, 5a S. Paulo, Brazil.

Dr. Roberts’ many friends in the United States will enjoy
sending their best wishes to Dr. and Mrs. Roberts.

;

LIVESTOCK SHIPPING LOSSES AND SOME METHODS
FOR PREVENTING THEM '

By W. J. EMBREE
Chicago, Ill.

SOME of you, perhaps, are not acquainted with the work
of the Western Weighing and Inspection Bureau, and for the
benefit of those that are not, I will state that this bureau was
organized many years ago for the purpose of checking weights
for Western railroads. After its organization many inspection
features were added. The veterinary inspection was started
in the fall of 1917, at the markets of Chicago, Kansas City,
St. Louis and Omaha. From this beginning the work was ex-
tended to St. Paul, Sioux City, St. Joseph, Oklahoma City,
Wichita, Denver and Fort Worth, they being the 11 principal
markets at which we are now operating and which I will here-
after mention. We are also doing some work at Houston and
San Antonio, Texas, and at Little Rock, Ark. The purpose of
our work is to discover the cause of death of livestock in transit
and issue our findings to railroads and shippers, so that future
loss may be prevented.

The subject matter of the message which is conveyed in the
accompanying pictures refers principally to hogs, as they are
our most troublesome animal in transit; and as we are so often
called upon to explain these and similar things to laymen, it
is couched in untechnical language. We, as veterinarians, by
our association with shippers and producers of livestock, can
do much to prevent loss in transit, and my message is princi-
pally for the purpose of calling your attention to a few things
that you can pass along to places where they will do the most
good. The subject of livestock loss in transit and its prevention
is a large one, with many angles, but we have adopted the plan
of concentrating on hogs, and you will plainly see why we
adopted this plan. In our pictures and demonstrations we have
used the month of June quite extensively for the reason that
we find it to be an average month, and by using it we avoid
extremely large figures.

In the month of June, 1920, the loss on grown cattle was one

1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921. Illustrated with numerous lantern

slides.
615

616 W. J. EMBREE

dead animal to every 2,600 received. When calves are ineluded
with the cattle, the loss is 1 dead to every 1,100 received;
sheep, 1 dead to 1,600 received; and hogs, 1 dead to every 300
received, which is Eporonimarely 1 dead hog to every three
ears. This shows that the loss in hogs is more extensive than
the loss in any other species of food animals, and for that rea-
son we concentrate our work on the prevention of loss in hogs.

Since we have noted how much greater the loss is in hogs
than in other animals, we will analyze the comparative cause
of death of hogs and eattle. The cause of death in eattle is
quite evenly distributed among several different diseases, and
injury is the second largest one cause. Causes of death in hogs
are not evenly divided. We have one great cause which is kill-
ing practically 65 per cent of the hogs; that is, acute diseases
located in the lungs.

If we observe the construction of a fat hog—the heavy fat
body and the short legs—it is easy to understand why hogs are
especially susceptible to diseases located in the lungs. It would
be impossible for an animal so constructed to move very freely
on his feet. The length of the step is probably limited to 10
or 12 inches, and in moving 100 feet it would be subjected to
probably ten times the exertion that a horse would be in moving
the same distance. Hogs in their home pens are not required
to exert themselves; their wants are supplied close at hand,
and they are not required to move about much in order to keep
their body needs supplied. In this way they grow fat and
plethoric, their muscular system becomes impregnated with fat,
and their heart and lungs do not develop. In fact, the digestive
organs are developed at the expense of the organs of respiration
and circulation. The lack of exercise causes the lungs to develop
only sufficiently to meet the reduirements of the condition under
which the animal lives.

‘he function of the lungs is to purify the blood of the body,
and in the hog perspiration (sweating) being almost impossible,
a large part of the excess moisture and heat of the body is
passed off through the lungs; therefore a hog with undeveloped
lungs will suffer more quickly in hot weather than one in which
that organ is well developed.

I believe it perfectly safe to say that hogs that are fattened
quickly do not develop more than 80 per cent of the lung space
which they normally should have. In other words, their heart

:

PREVENTION OF LIVESTOCK SHIPPING LOSSES 617
and lungs are developed sufficiently to keep them alive while at
home, but are not in condition to keep them alive when they are
subjected to the unusual exertion of being loaded and trans-
ported to market; and it is this hog with the poorly developed
heart and lungs that comprises 90 per cent of our in-transit
losses. The strain on these vital organs starts the minute the
hog is removed from its home pen. It is first subjected to the
trip to the loading point, which may be made in the most care-
ful manner; but it is impossible to subject this hog to this trip
without causing it to take more exercise than it has taken at
any one time since it was a small pig. This exertion causes
the heart to increase in action and the blood vessels of the
lungs dilate and become overcrowded with blood. The hog
pants and becomes short of breath, and if it is not immediately
placed in a cool, quiet place where it can return to normal it
will die of acute congestion of the lungs or other acute lung
disease.

When an animal that is unaccustomed to exertion is forced
to exert himself in hot weather the forced inspiration of warm
air causes the capillaries of the lungs to dilate. The dilation
of the capillaries restricts the air space, and as the condition
advances the tissues of the lungs will become engorged with
blood and the air vesicle itself may become filled with serum
and blood, and as the condition advances the hog will suffocate
jor the reason that he can not purify the blood of the body.

Hogs are sometimes driven to the loading point on foot.
This is a very bad practice. It is surprising in the investigation
of losses in transit how many cases we find where the loss has
occurred when hogs were driven on foot to the original loading
point.

A good method of transporting hogs to the shipping point is
to haul them in a wagon or truck. They are often exposed to
great exertion, however, at the time they are rounded up for
loading into the wagon or truck, and hogs can suffer greatly
while being hauled in a wagon on a hot day if they are not
shaded or wet down.

Great care must be taken that the hogs are not rushed in
loading, and this can be avoided by the shipper giving himself
plenty of time. A man who is crowded for time is hkely to

_ abuse and beat the animals in order to rush them into the pen

to prepare them for loading into the car.

618 W. J. EMBREE

There are many factors that enter into the cause of death
of hogs in transit. In hot weather manure and filth on the floor
of the car may become heated, causing the hogs to become rest-
less and nervous so that they will not cool out after they are
placed in the car. Sand is the best bedding for the transporta-
tion of all livestock, especially in hot weather. Dirty, filthy cars
do not seem to be as harmful for the transportation of cattle
as they are for hogs unless the condition is very bad, but in all
cases a clean, sanded floor gives the animals the best chance to
arrive at market in good condition.

Fig. 1.—Upper figure shows relation of diaphragm

(A) to lungs (B) when stomach and bowels are not

full. Lower figure shows relation of diaphragm (A)

to lungs (B) when stomach and bowels are full of
food and distended with gas.

We now come to the matter of properly feeding animals
before they are shipped to market. The drawing at the top of
figure 1 represents the position of the digestive organs and lungs
in a hog that is not full. The picture at the bottom shows the
position of these organs when animals have been excessively

PREVENTION OF LiveEsTocK SHIPPING LOSSES 619

filled and the bowels are distended with gas. It can be seen that
the lungs in the bottom figure do not have the room for ex-
pansion that they have at the top. When the matter of o¥<i-
feeding is coupled with other conditions, such as driving and
loading in dirty cars, the loss may be extensive.

In investigating a loss of 30 dead hogs removed from one car
it was discovered that the hogs had been fed on pasture up to
within two days of the time of shipment. At that time they
were placed in a small pen and fed all they would eat. In ad-
dition to this 15 bushels of corn was placed in the car at the
time of shipment. Four other shipments moving from the same
station on the same day were not handled in this way. They
arrived at market with no loss.

Overloading cars is another great cause of loss in summer as
well as in winter. Statistics show there is only 50 per cent of
the loss in lightly loaded cars that there is in those that are
heavily loaded.

Fig, 2.—Apparatus used for sprinkling hogs in railroad
cars in hot weather to prevent losses

The sprinkling or watering of hogs in transit is an important
means of preventing losses in hot weather.

The shipper should wet the car thoroughly before the hogs
are placed in it. A sprinkling apparatus that is in use by many
of the railroads is shown in operation in figure 2. The advan-
tage of this apparatus is that the water may be turned on and
the train moved by a slow rate of speed, thus sprinkling hogs
thoroughly without necessitating delay.

For many years some shippers have iced their hogs in transit
in hot weather. About two years ago we came to the conclusion

620 W. J. EMBREE

that this was an excellent practice and since that time have issued
many circulars in order to give information in regard to this
subject. What we consider the best method of icing hogs in
hot weather is to hang six ice bags in the roof of the car, with
50 or 75 pounds of ice in each bag. The ice will cool the car and
the drip will keep the floor damp. We have found on actual
experiments that 50 or 75 pounds of ice suspended in the car
will remain effective for 20 or 30 hours. In July, 1921, 375
cars were reported iced, and only 19 dead hogs were removed
from them, making a ratio of one dead hog to every 19 cars.

Table 1 shows the statistical results of the propaganda and
circulars.

TABLE 1.—LOssEs oF LIVESTOCK IN SHIPMENTS RECEIVED AT PRINCIPAL MARKETS

Market Species Period Number ber Ratio
Received Dead

June, 1919 302,617 600 1-500
June, 1920 281,549 570 1-500
South Omaha......... Hogs June, 1921 286,549 336 1-853
Jan.—June, 1919 | 2,147,925 3,460 1-600
Jan.—June, 1920 | 1,802,988 2,797 ' 1-600
Jan.—June, 1921 | 1,662,174 1,718 1-967
Cattle and July, 1920 26,654 2 1-13 ,327
calyes July, 1921 32,029 9 1-3,558
Denver. ):. 2.355255: 2008 ar os ee aoa erence Rae Soary | eG ae AGE:
uly, 2 ’ ~iL, 1
Hogs July, 1921 24,785 16 1-1,549
July, 1920 70,803 26 1-2,728
Sheep July, 1921 68,200 15 1-4546
June, 1920 297 , 468
Cattle and June, 1921 299,001
calves Jan.—June, 1920 | 1,780,781
Jan.—June 1921 | 1.747.536
Chicago’... sere eee | | |
- June, 1920 669 ,320
June, 1921 674,945
Jan.—June, 1920 | 3,921,556
Hogs Jan.—June, 1921 | 4,143,399
July, 1919 603 ,442
July, 1920 584.220
July, 1921 567.672
June, 1920 113,915
Cattle and June, 1921 86,580
calves Jan.—June, 1921 508,793
Jan.—June, 1921 421,251
St LOWis <5 ee =
June, 1920 241,696
Hogs June, 1920 275,494
Jan.—June, 1920 | 1,912,266
Jan.—June, 1921 | 1,805,758
June, 1920 88 928
Cattle and June, 1921 70,482
calves Jan.-June, 1920 546,303
Jan—June, 1921 425,713
St. Paul.............|-@-. ——_— | xy ]j_oim ec
June, 1920 203,890
Hogs June. 1921 158 ,507

Jan.—June. 1920 |71,308,476
Jan.—June, 19214! 1,198,864

PREVENTION OF LIVESTOCK SHIPPING LOSSES 621

TaBLE 1.—LossEs oF LIVESTOCK IN SHTPMENTS RECEIVED AT PRINCIPAL MARKETS—

ConTINUED
Num-
Market Species Period Number ber Ratio
Received Dead
June, 1920 177,344 106 1-1] ,692
Cattle and F June, 1921 153,578 58 1-2, 648
calves Jan—June, 1920 93 ,658 686 1-1,364
Jan—June, 1921 124,159 388 1-2,382
ans ARI OIEY Sacco. ss-o-0% SS Ee aa

June, 1920 205,919 468 1-439

Hogs June, 1921 226,313 570 1-397

Jan.—June, 1920 | 1,491,812 2,796 1-534

Jan.—June, 1921 | 1,331,743 3,028 1-436
June, 1920 52,472 13 1-4, 036
Cattle and June, 1921 41,017 12 1-3 ,481
calves Jan—June, 1920 327,627 174 1-1,883
Jan.—June, 1921 261,993 90 1-2,911

St- Joseph............|_ —@$ | a | |

June, 1920 182,748 350 1-522

Hogs June, 1921 188,270 268 1-702

Jan—June, 1920 | 1,177,817 1,699 1-694

Jan—June, 192] 911,629,) 1,191 1-789

The loss of hogs at South Omaha was considerably less in
1921 than in 1920. The same is true of Denver. The loss of
cattle at Denver was greater in 1921 than in 1920, but it was
a very small loss in both years. Chicago shows improvement in
both eattle and hogs. St. Louis shows improvement in hogs in
1921 over 1920. There were more cattle lost there in June,
1921, than in June, 1920, but the six months’ period shows an
improvement in 1921 over 1920. St. Paul shows improvement in
hogs, while the results for cattle are practically the same as at
St. Louis. Kansas City shows improvement in eattle in 1921
over 1920, but the hog loss was greater in 1921 than in 1920.
St. Joseph shows improvement straight through.

Table 2 shows improvement in the matter of hog loss at the
eleven principal western markets. The death rate was 41 per
cent less in 1921 than in 1920. Table 3 shows the ratio of loss
in three species of food animals at these markets.

Some shipments of hogs are made by motor trucks. During
July, 1921, at South Omaha 20,860 head of hogs were received
in this manner. During June, 1921, 23,676 head were received

TABLE 2.—DECREASE IN Loss or Hocs at ELEVEN PRINCIPAL WESTERN MARKETS
>

Items June, 1920 June, 1921

UAPT OT 6 LA OR Gene | Os OCR Een ee ee ee See 2,188,012 2,139,155

Re oo. cs wei oaecescccwwas 7,157 4.279
AIT 5 Boca: Gale HEP RI aia Se RSS o ees Aa aig mae 1-304 1-499

622 W. J. EMBREE

TABLE 3.—Ratio oF Loss IN THREE SPECIES OF Foop ANIMALS AT ELEVEN PRINCIPAL
WESTERN MARKETS

Ratio, Dead to Received

Species
June, 1920 | June, 1921
Catiles a8 - socn trot oteae cc sa ee ee 1 to 2,600 1 to 2,847
Gattlotand! calvestee oes ce oe eae, : Soe nae aoe oe 1 to 1,100 1t01,175
SLE inet Cee oS ene Ee ae are RMR os habe ine ene 1101,600 1 to 1,949
[3 Cy hon eM phat I OSU Be Melina ee Se RAR BS Ss i Ai lto 300 lto 500

there in this manner. We have nothing to do with these ship-
ments and keep no record over an extended period of time.
During eleven days for which a record was kept the ratio of
dead in truck shipments was one dead to every 614, compared
to 1 to 853 in railroad shipments for practically the same
period, showing that hogs will die in transportation when they
never see a stock car. This has also been verified by investiga-
tion at other markets.

We now come to a subject which is rather bothersome to the
railroads, and that is the matter of ‘‘overs’’ and ‘‘shorts’’ at
markets. There is often a possibility of hogs becoming mixed
when being unloaded from railroad cars. Sometimes the chute
gate does not close tight against the side of the car, leaving a
space of 16 to 24 inches through which small animals may
escape. We strongly recommend to stockyard companies that
they place an auxiliary slide gate in the chute that may be
closed up tight against the side of the car. This need not be
done at once, but in repairing the old gates as they wear out
this slide could be put in.

The interlocking toe-board is very valuable and necessary ap-
paratus, especially for the handling of horses and mules.

The greatest cause of loss in cattle shipments is thin condition
of flesh. A much larger per cent of thin cattle die in transit
than any others. Some cattle of this class are shown in figure 3.
These cattle were a Texas shipment in the fall of 1917.

An explanation of the digestive apparatus of the ox will show
why cattle shrink so greatly in transit. Two-thirds of the ab-
dominal cayity is taken up with the first stomach, called the
rumen or paunch. It is possible for this organ in a 1,000-pound
animal to contain 180 to 265 pounds of undigested food. When
the animal is kept in transit for some time this food will be
digested and evacuated, and of course the amount that is di-

SSS

PREVENTION OF LIVESTOCK SHIPPING LOSSES 623

gested from this paunch decreases the animal’s gross weighi
to that extent without the body tissues being drawn upon to
sustain life. It follows that shrinkage in transit does not involve
meat loss unless the animals are kept off of feed for many
hours. Meat is what is being produced.

Cuts and bruises are other causes of loss of meat. Cattle are
sometimes bruised and cut by the horns of other animals in the
same car. Hogs are bruised by the use of whips, quirts and
clubs in driving them. Great effort is being made to have all
such implements of torture discarded by livestock handlers at
our large market centers. The prod pole with a steel point
surely belongs to the dark ages and should be discarded by all
means, as every prick from a prod pole means a loss of meat,
for the reason that injured portions must be removed and very
often cuts of meat are spoiled thereby.

Fig. 3—Thin cattle, a class among which losses In
shipment are heavy,

The modern method of driving hogs is by the use of the slap-
jack. Hogs that are handled in that way come from the scraping
and cleaning in the packing house in good condition and there
is no loss or spoiled cuts of meat on account of bruises or injuries.

Mr. R. L. Carter, of Swift & Company, has compiled the fol-
lowing statistical information in regard to loss from bruised
meat :

Beef Loss on Account of Bruises, Week Ending March 20, 1920

Cattle killed, 25 markets......... beads . 46,789
Cattle bruised (26 per cent)... bias 5 O28! . 12,059
Meat removed on account of bruises . 15,933 pounds

624 W. J. EMBREE

Hog Loss on Account of Bruises During the Year 1919

Hogs killed, 538 markets......0.........0.. ce eR AE 30,512,000
Estimated loss of meat per Ogee ssnccssssescsenees One-half pound
Total loss.of meat, ‘h3,markets...2..4 2 does 1) 15,256,000 pounds
Average live weight, CHica gna. iscscenecsccsesneecessrnnecceome 190 pounds
Average live? enst, (Chieago: 2 ose. Alou eee ee $17.85
Average dressed COSt, CHICA 20. eeessssocsseessnneseeesnseseseenn $23.00

Total loss on account Of DrUiSeS oo cci ice ccccesccctecmensccce $3,508,880.00

Loss of meat equal to 80,295 hogs, or about 820 cars.
Hog Loss on Account of Bruises, Week Ending March 30, 1920

Hogs \kilted, 37 markets.c: ¢60)) od ees ee ee 229,606
Total loss of meat-Per Nop .5.0 ie ee One-half pound
Total loss Of meat, oT markets ee 114,803 pounds
Average live weight, CHica onc iceceesecsseccsssscccesesssesseemencecesnnecee 238 pounds
Average live cost, Chieaso> =o = |) O6 ee $15
Average dressed cost, Ghicage2 0-2 eee $20
Totakloss. on. account) of bruises 2 es Fo $23,860

Loss of meat equal to 501 hogs, or about 5 cars.

COOPERATION BETWEEN VETERINARY AND
HUMAN MEDICINE.

The London correspondent of the Jowrnal of the American
Medical Association writes as follows:

‘The value of cooperation between veterinary and human
medicine has often been pointed out, and has recently been in-
sisted on by Sir Clifford Allbutt, but has never been carried out.
Mr. Scott, president of the Mid-West and South Wales Veteri-
nary Medical Association, has drawn up the following proposals:
(1) A veterinary officer should be attached to the medical de-
partment of the ministry of health. (2) A whole-time veteri-
nary officer should be appointed in all large cities to work in
conjunction with, but not subordiate to, the health officer. (3)
In provincial towns a part-time veterinary officer should be ap-
pointed to work with the health officer on the same basis. (4)
Research work in comparative medicine and pathology should
be carried out in research institutes and universities open to re-
searchers following human or comparative medicine. (5) The
older universities should found chairs of comparative pathology.
(6) The universities should grant degrees in veterinary science,
and postgraduate courses should be arranged. (7) A list of
diseases communicable from animals to man should be fully
lrawn up by physicians and veterinarians, and a closer study of
these instituted, particularly prophylactic. (8). The. medical
and veterinary societies should hold joint meetings to exchange
yiews on matters of mutual scientific import.”’

DUNCAN McEACHRAN AND THE McGILL FACULTY
OF COMPARATIVE MEDICINE!

By VeRANUS ALVA Moore

Dean, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University,
Ithaca, New York

IT IS IMPORTANT, among the exercises commemorating the
achievements of a hundred years in a great university, that the
influence exerted by one of its faculties, that no longer fune-
tions as a part of the institution, should not be forgotten. It
often happens that a worthy undertaking is brought to an
untimely end for want of vis-
ion or lack of support. Such
was the case with the MeGill
faculty of comparative medi-
cine and veterinary science.
It was organized in advance
of the time when the people
recognized the economie and
sanitary significance of ani-

mal diseases, and also before
there was much _ definite
knowledge concerning them.
Under such circumstances, in
an undeveloped country as
this was at that time, it is not

surprising that the true pur-

pose of veterinary education

Duncan McEachran, LL. D., was neither appreciate¢ or
een. as neither appreciated n

understood.

Dr. McEachran opened the Montreal Veterinary College in
1866 and directed its activities so long as his individual efforts
and resources sufficed. When conditions changed educationally
and adequate support failed, he had the courage to close its
doors. A kind Providence has allotted him fourscore years in
which to witness the fulfillment of his early prophesies and the

1 An address given at a complimentary dinner to Dr. Duncan McEachran at the
Ritz-Carleton Hotel, Montreal, Canada, October 18, 1921.
625

626 VeraANus Atva Moore

adoption of many of his ideas concerning veterinary education.
It is a gracious act, at this centennial of the university to which
he has been so loyal, for his former students to pay him this tri-
bute in appreciation of his many and valuable services to them
and for their cause. There could be no compliment more ex-
pressive of the high esteem with which he is held than this gath-
ering of distinguished men from many States and Provinces.
Likewise there could be no testimonial more acceptable to him
than to be assured in this manner that his labors were appre-
ciated and that his graduates have played a worthy part in the
development of the veterinary profession on the American con-
tinent.

My duty, as I see it, is not to dwell on the personal achieve
ments of Dr. McEachran, nor to picture the trials and discour-
agements that he met and overcame, nor to detail the attainments
of his former students. All these are matters of record that the
future historian will arrange in proper sequence for the coming
generations. The task I should like to perform is to bring into
bold relief the foundation ideas inaugurated by him and the
results of the influence of his work, and that of the graduates of
the institution he founded, on veterinary education of today;
yea, of tomorrow as well.

In order to appreciate the value of McEachran’s services to his
profession and to understand why the school he founded ex-
erted the lasting influence for good that it has, we must consider
them in connection with the time and the environment in which
they operated. Every cause that has sueceeded in making the
world better for human existence has had a long and trying
struggle before the benefits sought have been attained. Like-
wise, the conception of veterinary medicine and the evolution of
a profession to apply the principles of science for the relief of
dumb creation and profit to animal industry has had a history
that must be reckoned with in understanding the part taken by
any man or institution that has contributed to its success.

In the development of veterinary medicine the same forces
have operated that determined the growth of human medicine.
The theories of the early writers to explain the nature of disease
sradually became differentiated into a variety of doctrines, each
having its advocates. In turn, these stimulated other thinkers
to bring forth still more explanations. Individualism domi-

Duncan McEAcHRAN AND McGiuu Facuury 627

nated all there was in medicine. The success and subsequent
failure of this system is illu/trated in the work of Apsyrtus of
Bithynia, the veterinarian of the Roman Army, who, in the third
century, controlled glanders, recognized the sanitary significance
of isolation and mechanical support in the treatment of frac-
tures. As the reason for his successes was not explained, the
advances he inaugurated disappeared with his death. A succes-
sion of distinguished leaders in the art of healing, each intro-
ducing new subject matter with a different explanation as to
the cause of disease, tended to confuse and ultimately led to the
founding, in the ninth century, of the University at Salerno,
which was not only the first university but also the first medical
school. Its purpose was to ascertain the truth in the theories
set forth by individuals, to correlate all the facts into working
hypotheses for their application and to provide methods for
teaching the new subjects that were being introduced.

It is interesting to observe that nearly a thousand years later
radical changes were called for in the educational system of our
country to meet the requirements for its development. This
found expression in the law establishing the Land Grant Col-
leges in the United States. A comparison of the arguments in
favor of this law used by Senator Morrill with the reasons ad-
vanced for organizing the first university will show a most
striking similarity between them. -The purpose of each was to
find a means by which the truths and principles in the existing
knowledge could be determined and made available for the
benefit of the people. It is from the Land Grant Colleges that
most of the permanent veterinary schools in the United States
have arisen. The others are associated, as in Canada, with
large universities.

The achievements of the veterinarians in the earlier centuries
availed but little in the revival of veterinary science after the
Dark Ages. Even the prestige of the earlier schools seemed to
have been lost and it was found necessary to begin again. There
was the same need that there was in human medicine for
trained men to care for the sick and injured. The situation ap-
pealed to one Claude Bourlegat, who organized, in 1761, the
Veterinary College in Lyons, France. Then followed, in rapid
succession, the establishment of numerous schools in many
countries for the purpose of conserving the animals that were

628 VerANUS ALVA MOORE

being injured in war and lost from disease. While some prog-
ress was made in the improvement of methods for the appli-
cation of existing knowledge, modern medicine, human and
comparative, actually began with the work of Davaine, Virchow,
Pasteur, Lister and a host of others working simultaneously and
following them in the field cf natural sciences. These men ex-
posed the fallacies of the former conceptions and traditions of
disease and established in their place the fundamental principle
that diseases are the natural consequences of natural causes and
that prevention is infinitely more important than treatment.
This conception, which had been foretold with the conviction of
revelation by many earlier workers, had its birth in the experi-
mental method of study introduced by Pasteur and his ¢o-
workers.

The period of transition from the empiricism of the ancients
to the acceptance of the idea that diseases should be studied and
treated as objects of natural history was destined to be one of
bitter controversy. It lasted for nearly a generation, and for
all time it will require earnest, intelligent endeavor to main-
tain belief in the modern conception of the nature of disease and
the new function it brought to the medical professions.

It was during the time that the specific nature of infectious
diseases was being demonstrated, and the natural causes for the
others were being determined, that veterinary education began
on the American Continent. Prior to this a few unsuccessful
efforts to establish veterinary colleges in the United States had
been made. Practice was restricted to a few graduates from
European schools and a much larger number of men of no prep-
aration or technical training who believed they could in some
way drive disease away. The rapid growth of animal industry,
the increase in losses from disease due to the long oceupaney of
the soil, and the introduction of plagues through the indis-
criminate importation of animals were signals not to be mis-
taken for a more efficient veterinary service.

At this time, when the tenets of the profession were being
shaken to their very foundation, when old theories were being
abandoned and a new knowledge was springing up, five young,
ambitious veterinarians, trained in the best schools of Europe,
came to America and undertook, each in his own way, to
develop veterinary education in the land of his adoption. -

DuncAN McEAacuran AND McGinu Facuity §29

They were Alexander Liautard, who came from France to prac-
tice in New York City in 1859, but soon assumed the respon-
sibilities of conducting the New York College of Veterinary
Surgeons; Andrew Smith, who came from Scotland to Toronto
in 1861 and started the Ontario Veterinary College; Duncan
McEachran, also from Scotland, who came to Woodstock,
Ontario, in 1862, to practice his profession; James Law, a grad-
uate of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, who was chosen pro-
fessor of veterinary medicine and surgery in Cornell Univer-
sity in 1868; and Henry J. Detmers, who came to America
from Germany the same year and entered educational work,
first at the University of Illinois and later at the Ohio State
University. These men, their students and the graduates of the
institutions they founded, have determined the veterinary pol-
icies in our two countries.

It would be interesting and helpful to portray the success of
each of these truly great men in carrying out his ideas relative
to veterinary education and service. They and their students
established not only the veterinary schools but also Federal
and State organizations for protecting livestock from diseases
that arise from within and scourges that otherwise would come
from without. The progress they made was won by battling
against ignorance, the objections to new theories for the pre-
vention, control and treatment of animal diseases and the vig-
orous opposition to higher educational requirements for veter-
inary students. The outcome of the generation in which they
lived has been to give these countries veterinary colleges with
preliminary educational requirements and length of course that
compare favorably with those of human medicine.

The growth of veterinary medicine in Canada and the United
States has been so rapid, and those interested in it have become
so numerous, that the work of these five great leaders will soon
be overlooked by veterinary students: because of the enormous
volume of new subject matter which science is revealing and
which is being organized to aid in making an efficient, working
profession. It seems proper that we should reflect on the won-
derful inheritance they left us in perseverance, scholarship and
character. Fortunately, all of these men were blessed with
good health and long life. However, of the five, ‘‘the reel of
four has been wound”’ and the shuttles lie empty, but for the

630 VERANUS ALVA MOooRE

fifth, our guest of honor, there are remaining other, and we
hope many, threads to be added to the woof of his already long
and useful life. His strenuous efforts for the benefit of his pro-
fession, especially in raising its standards educationally, are
likely to be underestimated by those who pass judgment on the
influence of a college that did work of a pioneer nature and
which thrived for a time and then disappeared. In this con-
nection it is well to remember the principle, underlying all
ereat achievements, that ‘‘progress is made sometimes by re-
treats as well as by advances.’’ He is a wise general who
knows when to halt his troops in order that that which has been
gained may not be lost.

In 1866 Dr. MecEachran severed his relations at Woodstock
and came to Montreal. At the suggestion of Sir William Daw-
son, Principal of the McGill University, Dr. George Campbell,
Dean of the Medical Faculty, and Major Campbell, President
of the Board of Agriculture of Lower Canada, he inaugurated a
course of lectures in connection with the Medical Faculty of the
University. The veterinary students were admitted with the
medical students to all classes embraced in the veterinary eur-
riculum. McEachran was appointed director and lecturer on
veterinary medicine and surgery. From the inception of the
school he set himself to the task of raising the educational
standards of his profession. He was the life and soul of the
school until he had taught those who became co-workers in this
labor of love. At this time, when the British and American
veterinary schools required no matriculation tests, MeEachran
inaugurated an entrance examination and insisted on a course
of three sessions of six months each instead of two that were
required in other veterinary schools. In human medicine two
years only were required. Several distinguished men in the
medical faculty cooperated in this work. Crask in chemistry,
Fraser in physiology and pathology and Dawson in botany were
among those who, in the early days, taught and inspired vet-
erinary students. Thus began the third veterinary college on
the continent and the second in Canada.

It was only those possessed of a prophetic vision who could
understand the necessity for the exacting specifications of Mce-
Eachran in organizing this new veterinary school. He under-
stood then—as we all do now—that preliminary educational

DuncAN McEaAcHRAN AND McGint Facuutry 631

. training is essential on the part of the students to enable them
to understand the more difficult technical subjects in a pro-
fessional course. Again, he recognized that three years was a
minimum time in which students could be disciplined in the
subjects of the curriculum. It was this call to higher ideals in
the profession, which foretold more efficient service, that ap-
pealed to the manhood and the intelligence of many young men
who, I believe, would not have studied veterinary medicine
without it. Measured by present criteria, the requirements de-
manded were small; but judged by the standards of fifty-five
years ago, they were outstanding and conspicuous for the long
step they took in advance. The prerequisites advocated and
won by Law and Detmers many years later were no more pro-
gressive, because of the general educational attainments of the
time, than were those insisted upon by McEKachran in 1866.

At first the Montreal Veterinary College occupied rooms with
the McGill Medical Faculty. Later McEachran, at his own ex-
pense, built the college on Union Avenue. In 1889, on the ree-
ommendation of the Faculty of Medicine, the Governors of Me-
Gill University created a Faculty of Comparative Medicine and
Veterinary Science, and appointed him Dean and Professor of
Veterinary Medicine and Surgery.

Although the Montreal Veterinary College, and later the Fac-
ulty of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science, was af-
filiated with McGill University, it did not receive financial sup-
port from that source. The Government finally gave the col-
lege a grant of $1,800 annually, but beyond that it was sup-
ported by the fees of the students and the generosity of its
Dean. The University, however, continued to give instruction
to the veterinary students in such subjects as their curriculum
ealled for that were being taught by the Medical Faculty. It
was the inspiration engendered by such men as Osler, Adami,
Mills and Wyatt Johnson, as well as by those who preceded
them, that extended the reputation of the school. Men came to
it not only from Canada, but from beyond her boundaries. They
came to it, or went from it, to 26 States and Territories in the
Union, as well as to Africa, Australia, Cuba, England, Hawaii,
Ireland and the Philippine Islands. Of the approximately 312
graduates, 148 came from or went to the United States.

The high reputation of the McGill Veterinary College in

632 VeRANUS ALVA Moore

the United States was established through the excellent work
of her graduates. They were leaders, whether among practi- .
tioners, those doing State livestock sanitary work, or teaching.
In almost every group of men interested in these subjects, we
find a McGill man. Such men as Pierce, Hinckley, the Miller
brothers, Mulvey, McCracken and many others, imparted to
their respective communities not only a conception of service
but also one of dignity in the practice of veterinary medicine.
These men have been very influential in stimulating educated
young men to enter the profession. Lamb in Colorado carries
the authority and influence he does because of his excellent work
in State veterinary service. Higgins was a leader in laboratory
work, and Blair is giving the world a great wealth of new knowl-
edge on the intelligence of wild animals and their care in eap-
tivity. Ramsay is doing a work in the eradication of disease
that will make him famous for all time. Among the teachers
and research workers in veterinary medicine in the United
States, Willams stands in the front rank. His results in the
development of important surgical operations, especially the one
for roaring, known by his name, has given him an international
reputation as a surgeon. He was among the first in the study
of the diseases of breeding cattle. His findings have done much
to point the way to a successful method for the treatment and
prevention of abortion and sterility in cattle. His treatise on
this subject, which is just off the press, will be welcomed by the
profession. Further, he is the author of the best text-book on
veterinary obstetrics and also of the first series of exercises for
laboratory instruction in practical veterinary surgery. I know
of no teacher in this or other fields of veterinary science who
has done more to simulate research and to bring the profession
into its own than this distinguished alumnus of your Alma
Mater. In Canada many responsible veterinary positions have
been filled by McGill men.

The creation of the sciences, always a slow process, had
reached a period of intensification. The last fifty years had been
‘‘the most prodigious period of change through which the world
has ever passed.’’ More progress had been made during this
time than in the previous hundred centuries to solve the prob-
lem of human control of nature’s forces. It was not strange,
therefore, that the Dean, recognizing the advances that had

we

DuncaN McEAcHrRAN AND McGitu Facuuty 633

been made in the physical and biological sciences and the neces- ©
sity for well-equipped laboratories and better facilities for teach-
ing clinical medicine and for research, decided that if these
could not be provided it would be better for the school to dis-
continue. He had a fitting realization of his duty to the stu-
dents, to the alumni, to the profession generally and to the live-
stock industry of his country. He had spent lavishly of his
personal funds, but with the rapid progress of the profession
they were insufficient, and, failing in his efforts to obtain finan-
cial support for his faculty, he tendered his resignation in 1903
and the school was closed. The Board of Governors of McGill
University appointed him professor emeritus and in 1909 hon-
ored him with the degree of Doctor of Laws.

Dr. McEachran is to be congratulated for his act which led
to the closing of the school, much as at the time it embarrassed
him, the University and the alumni. He believed the school
should continue along the lines he had formulated to provide
an adequate veterinary service to safeguard the animal hus-
bandry of his country. He feared disaster to the industry if
properly trained veterinarians were not available. It is a com-
pliment to him that he saved the good name of the institution.
With the inevitable development of the livestock industry of
Canada, it is not unlikely that the University may be able to re-
store its Faculty of Comparative Medicine and to continue the
important work so nobly started in 1866.

MecEachran’s interests in his profession were not limited to
the school he founded. He assisted many undertakings where
his technical knowledge was needed. He early became asso-
ciated with the Government in connection with livestock sani-
tary work, in which he was most successful. It is difficult for
us to appreciate the trials that beset those seeking the enact-
ment of the first laws giving authority for the organization
of livestock sanitary work. The people were living in a vast and
beautiful country, abounding in animals and free from the
plagues that staggered the Old World. The expanse of ocean
between the old and the new countries seemed to give protec-

tion against the scourges abroad. However, McEachran saw

that the increasing importation of purebred animals for breed-
ing purposes would introduce, sooner or later, serious maladies
if the country was not protected against them. In a letter to

634 VERANUS ALVA MOORE

the Minister of Agriculture, under date of September 28, 1875,
published in The Farming World, he called attention to the fact
that eattle plague, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth
disease and sheep pox had been introduced into Great Britain
by importing stock from infected districts on the Continent of
Europe, and emphasized the necessity of protecting Canada
against such invasions. The result of his efforts was the estab-
lishment at Fort Levis of a station for detention, with the con-
sent of the owners, of imported animals. The value of this meas-
ure was recognized promptly and other stations were provided.
In 1876 he organized ‘‘The Cattle Quarantine System of Can-
ada’’ and for twenty-seven years was its executive head. It has
been reported that it was the most successful and complete or-
ganization of its kind.

In 1879 he was sent by the Canadian Government to the
United States to investigate the pleuro-pneumonia situation.
His report led to important action by the Canadian Government
to prevent the importation of that disease. The immunity Can-
ada enjoyed from that scourge was due to regulations formu-
lated on his recommendations. The arguments he advanced for
a thorough quarantine are set forth very clearly in an article
which he read at the thirteenth annual meeting of the United
States Veterinary Medical Association and published in the first
number of the American Veterinary Review (1877). I quote
from the concluding paragraph. It may do us good to read
what he wrote 45 years ago.

‘‘In conclusion, gentlemen, I would suggest to this Associa-
tion, that you should approach the Government and point out
the necessity for preventative measures being adopted and urge
upon them the importance of recognizing this profession, and
ceasing to appoint uneducated men to positions of responsi-
bility, while you have young men edueated in science, both able
and willing to fill the positions. Let our motto ever continue
to be ‘Vis Unita Fortior,’ and instead of our noble science
* %* * being looked upon as scarcely respectable, we must and
will stand side by side with all the other liberal professions.
And I certainly do think that if we can bring about the objects
of this paper we will do much to deserve the lasting thanks of
this great people.’’

In the same volume there is a series of articles on veterinary
education and its significance in the prosperity of our animal

om,

DuncAN McEAcHRAN AND McGinu FAcuLty 635

industry, that both veterinary officials and teachers can still
read with profit.

The influence of McEachran’s work in Canada did much to
aid Salmon in organizing the Bureau of Animal Industry in the
United States Department of Agriculture in 1884 and in formu-
lating regulations for the mutual protection of Canada and the
United States in the interchange of livestock. It was through
the efforts of these men that we have been safeguarded against
the infectious diseases that are reported to have cost England
alone more than $400,000,000 during the first quarter of the
nineteenth century.

In 1896 McEachran accompanied the Minister of Agriculture
to Washington and Assisted in arranging an agreement by which
the quarantine between the two countries was virtually abol-
ished. This opened the markets for mutual advantage to the
livestock trade between the two countries. In 1897 he visited
for the Canadian Government many of the European countries
to study the situation in each relative to the existence and
methods for the control of communicable livestock maladies.
His report on this inquiry is worthy of careful study. In 1899 he
represented Canada at the Seventh International Congress for
the discussion of international livestock trade.

McEachran did much to enlighten the people on the preven-
tion and control of animal diseases as well as to enforce pre-
ventive measures. He issued from time to time bulletins on the
diagnosis and prevention of tuberculosis, sheep scab, glanders
and other communicable diseases of sanitary and economic im-
portance. He was interested in meat inspection and was among
the first to recognize ‘‘deficiency’’ disease among animals. He
was an unquestioned leader in livestock sanitation.

I am not unmindful of the criticisms that have been made
on the shortcomings of the quarantine and other protective meas-
ures that were instituted in those early days. Undoubtedly there
were many errors and omissions. In this connection, I am won-
dering if the veterinary teachers and officials of more recent
times, or even of today, are meeting the professional obligations
in safeguarding and bettering the animal husbandry of our two
great countries with fewer mistakes and with more foresight than
did the men of a half century ago. They were active in building
up the efficiency of the practitioner as well as in exercising their

636 VERANUS ALVA MOORE

official duties in the enforcement of sanitary regulations. The
technical knowledge now available is vastly greater than that
which they had to guide them, but the purpose of the profession
and the necessity of preparing and protecting practitioners are
the same now as they were then. As one analyzes the problems
they encountered, there comes a feeling that they recognized the
complexity of the situation and guarded more cautiously every
integral part of the composite service necessary to give pro-
tection to animal owners than is being done today. Veterinary
efficiency means not only official protection against epizooties,
but also a requisite number of trained practitioners to aid indi-
vidual owners. It was the recognition of the value of the teacher,
the practitioner and the official, and of the ethical relationship
and interdependence among them, that made McKachran strong.
We of today have much to learn from the work and teaching
of McKachran, Law, Detmers and Salmon.

The activities of McEachran were not confined to veterinary
medicine. He was instrumental in the development of cattle
breeding in, and the exportation of cattle from, Canada. In
1881, in association with Senator Cochrane, he purchased and
was general manager of a large ranch in southern Alberta, where
they maintained a herd of some 12,000 cattle and several hun-
dred horses. In 1883 he severed his relations with this ranch
and established, with Sir John Walrond, the Walrond Cattle
Ranch, consisting of over 37,000 acres of purchased land out of
a lease of 300,000 acres in the Canadian Northwest. They
started with some 12,000 cattle. In 1886 he began extensive
horse breeding with a stock of 250 well-selected mares. He im-
ported several high-class Clydesdale and Shire stallions. This
was a valuable asset to the horse industry of Canada. He was
a horseman of recognized ability. He often judged at the Na-
tional Horse Shows, and he was the sole judge of Thoroughbred
horses at the World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893.

At the time of the Boer War he exhibited his ability to meet
difficult situations. Because of the nature of the country in
South Africa, the British men and horses were having diffi-
culty in overcoming the hardships involved. Lord Strathcona
appealed to the Doctor, thinking Canada might furnish relief.
McEachran recognized at once that the Alberta cowboys resem-
bled the Boers in their mode of life and work, and that no bet-

Cee oc

;
:
,
%
i

Duncan McEAcHRAN AND McGmu Facuity 637

ter horses could be found for the task than seasoned cow ponies.
These are thoroughly trained saddle horses, accustomed to carry
heavy loads. to rush up and down hills, to ford and swim streams
and to find their food when turned loose. Men and horses were
quickly assembled by the Doctor, who personally selected the
horses. This scouting regiment was known as the ‘‘Strathcona
Horse.’’ <A veterinary officer of the British Army in South
Africa wrote that the ‘‘Northwest horses are the best in the
world.”’

In 1906 McEachran was chosen by the Anaconda Copper Com-
pany to direct investigations relative to the effect on animals,
in the Deer Lodge Valley, of the smoke from the Washoe Smelter
in connection with the suit brought against the company by the
farmers of the Valley and known as the Bliss case. To accom-
plish the desired results and to meet the situation fairly he se-
eured the services of pathologists and veterinarians, among
whom were Theobald Smith and Leonard Pearson. He provided
a working laboratory and purchased for examination many ani-
mals in the Valley that were reported to be ‘‘smoked.’’ Char-
acteristic of the man, he provided facilities and material for a
thorough study of the case. He never expected good results
without adequate provision for them. So well did he do his
work that the judge, in his decision, mentioned the basic value
of the evidence brought out in this part of the testimony.

I well remember calling on the Doctor at his room in the
hotel the evening after he had finished with the court. He said
in a tremulous voice, ‘‘This is the last of my professional
work.’’ But it was not the last of his services. Later in the
same year he purchased a large farm near Ormstown, Province
of Quebec, where he devoted himself again to horse breeding
and in maintaining a dairy. He has been a life-long admirer
of the Clydesdales and Shires and has raised many beautiful
animals for the market. He has now disposed of most of the
farm, but retains his home there.

I have sketched but imperfectly the more pronounced fea-
tures of the work of Dr. McEachran. Emphasis has been placed
on the activities that illustrate best the character of the man.
He has been a pioneer in practically every field of veterinary
medicine and has always maintained the dignity of his profes-
sion. Few men indeed have contributed so much to establish

638 VERANUS ALVA MOORE

their profession, to obtain efficiency from its members, to
broaden its field of usefulness and to direct all of its activities
into a service for the protection of the animal husbandry of
their country. While he possessed a love for the work of his
choice, his interests and his sympathies have been wide and gen-
erous. You who have known him as a teacher understand bet-
ter than I, better than any of his public acts can convey, the
educational and ethical ideals for which he stood. We who
know him and his work from without feel that he was ambi-
tious to bring about an understanding of medicine in its best
and broadest sense. We of today are but beginning to see the
vision of a united medicine that in those early days shone so
clearly before his eyes. There is no stronger evidence of his
loyalty to his profession and his greatness as a man and a
teacher than the sterling quality of the work that has been, and
still is being, done by his graduates. We congratulate him and
felicitate the University on the many valuable services he has
rendered both to his profession and to his country.

Finally, Dr. McEachran, it remains for me, on behalf of the
veterinarians in the United States, to extend to you their greet-
ings and heartfelt congratulations on this occasion. We earn-
estly wish and hope that your years to come may be many and
very pleasant. You have labored long and diligently as prac-
titioner, teacher and official, that those who follow you may be
better and more useful because you have lived. In all these
you have been successful. You should be happy, as we believe
you are, to know that your efforts have been productive of much
good and that you have laid a foundation on which future gen-
erations may build. Now that the cares and the burdens of

life are passing, I trust you realize as did the poet that
Age is opportunity no less than youth itself,
Though in another dress,

And as the evening twilight fades away
The sky is filled with stars invisible by day.

The French national veterinary colleges opened their new
sessions in the fall of 1921 with the following enrollment of new
students who were admitted on passing the required entrance
examination: Alfort, 32; Lyons, 21; Toulouse, 20. Alfort re-
ports 12 veterinarians taking a special post-graduate course in
exotic veterinary medicine.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart-
ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful
to others in the profession.)

CHOREA IN DOGS AND A MONKEY

By W. J. RATIGAN
New Orleans, Louisiana

1. An Airedale, male, past three years of age. Dog habitu-
ally ate sticks, pieces of carpet, ete. History of pneumonia
contracted at an eastern show; afterwards chorea affecting the
antebrachial musculature on the right side. Chorea present
over a year, quite troublesome, abated slightly during sleep.

Fecal examination showed tapeworm infestation. Treatment,
one-half grain of arecoline per os. I see this dog occasionally in
one of the parks. Has shown no evidence of twitching since, as
the owner says, ‘‘he received the medicine that made him
salivate.’’

2. Newfoundland puppy, male, ten months of age, experi-
enced a bad attack of distemper en route to the United States.
The only attempt at medication aboard ship was to give him
some sour sirup that he seemed to be fond of. The dog when I
saw him was greatly emaciated, temperature about 98, breath
very fetid, stools bad, and with a beautiful case of chorea affect-
ing the limbs on the right side of the body and extending into
the muscles of the neck.

When this animal got along in convalesence I directed that he
receive a tartar emetic preparation four times a day. He had
been on sodium cacodylate; had received two ampoules of it
(5 gr.). One morning, some time ago, his owner, a trained
nurse, discovered that the muscular twitching had suddenly
left. Regarding the tartar emetic, as‘I recall, the dog had been
given about six granules. He received them for some time
afterwards, on the grounds of ‘‘scientifie procedure.’’

3. I was called to see a valuable Airedale matron about to
deliver her first litter of puppies. (The owner was unneces-
sarily alarmed; the event was postponed to another day.) This
female had a fairly well-marked twitching of the muscles of the
right fore limb. I was told that this condition had been present

639

640 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

since the animal had gotten into the swimming pool in Audubon
Park and received a chill. She gave birth to eight good pup-
pies. Her ease of chorea has left her.

Everyone carrying on a dog practice of any magnitude is
fully aware of the flimsiness of the theories put forth concerning
chorea. We are not alone. Physicians are up against it as well
as veterinarians.

4, Another case, perhaps of some interest, comes to my mind.
Early last spring I amputated the penis of a large specimen of
one of the South American monkeys in the New Orleans Zoo.
(I perform this operation after castration in these animals as
the only positive way of eliminating self-abuse.) This animal
was given 1,500 units of tetanus antitoxin the evening after the
operation; he had been operated upon in the morning. The fol-
lowing day I was notified that something was the trouble with
one of its arms. This monkey never has shown any improve-
ment. It is a ‘‘twitcher’’ still.

RUPTURE OF THE UTERUS IN COWS

By JOHN P. TURNER
Washington, D. C.

Three cases of rupture of the uterus during parturition have
come under the writer’s observation recently, which may be of
some interest in the study of prognosis in these cases.

1. A grade Holstein-Friesian cow, second calf, having diffi-
culty in calving, was attended by a colleague of the writer, and
after delivery was found to have a ruptured uterus. An un-
favorable prognosis was made, but much to the veterinarian’s
surprise, the cow recovered and became profitable. The owner
was advised by my colleague not to breed this cow. Contrary
to advice, she was bred and recently calved without any as-
sistance or unusual postpartum condition occurring.

2. Grade Holstein-Friesian heifer, two and one-half years old,
had been in labor several hours and had been receiving assist-
ance from the owner. Examination showed a posterior presen-
tation, with flexion of the hind legs at the tarsus, the latter
being caught in front of the pubis. Inasmuch as the buttocks of
the fetus had been drawn into the pelvic cavity to a consider-
able degree, it was not possible to note whether or not any injury

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS 641

had occurred to the cow. As repulsion was not practicable, both
tarsal articulations were crushed with the osteotrite. After in-
jecting a quart of petrolatum oil into vagina the calf was
delivered without difficulty. The usual examination was made
and a large tear was found in the side of the uterus, caused by
the intense pressure of both hocks against the pubis. Owing to
the length of time that the heifer had been in labor and the fact
that the placenta was tightly adherent, together with a condition
of decubitus, a fatal prognosis was made. The heifer died the
following day.

3. Grade Holstein-Friesian cow in labor with second ealf. Cow
was in excellent condition. Had been in labor several hours and
herdsman was unable to deliver the calf. Found conditions
identical with case No. 2, save that the cow was on her feet. The
ealf was repelled and each hind foot was carefully brought into
position, protecting the mother by the proper position of the
operator’s hand. After injecting a quart of petrolatum oil into
the vagina the calf was delivered with but little effort. Exami-
nation revealed a large tear in the side of the uterus, permitting
the hand to touch the rumen and small intestines. The pla-
centa was easily removed without using any traction. Prognosis
grave, but some hope was entertained owing to the excellent
physical condition of the cow. She was made comfortable in a
large parturition stall and after 24 hours ate a bran mash and
some ensilage. Recovery was rather slow and some vaginal
discharge persisted for a month. The cow, was not treated in
any manner, save some stimulants for two or three days. Within
two months she had regained her condition and became a profit-
able milk cow.

When she came in estrum about. four months later, vaginal
and rectal examination showed the vagina and uterus to be so
nearly normal that she was bred and is now pregnant.

Procaine is the American name for the older German product
which was known by the name novocaine. This German novo-
caine was never made in this country and is not made in this
country now. The word novocaine is used today by one of the
three manufacturers of procaine as its trade name. The Amer-
ican made product, procaine, is the equal if not the superior of
the original foreign made drug.—H. EF. Tompkins in New York
Medical Journal.

ABSTRACTS

THE Basis oF Non-Speciric ImMmMunrzATION. E. F. Mueller.
Deut. Tierarztl. Wehnschr., vol. 29 (1921), p. 518.

There is no drug capable of destroying bacteria that have in-
vaded an organism. This must be accomplished by the organism
itself through its defensive reactions, initiated by the bone
marrow. Recovery from an infection will depend not alone upon
the extent of the defensive reactions, but also upon the speed
with which they are mobilized. Early treatment is very desir-
able. Irritating or toxic substances are not suitable for non-
specific treatment, for although they might stimulate strong de-
fensive reactions, the newly released energy for defense might be
entirely consumed in the elimination of the toxie material in-
jected. The injection of turpentine produces a marked increase
in leucocytes, but these are not therapeutically effective because
they are used up in eliminating the turpentine. Desirable thera-
peutic agents stimulate the defensive organs powerfully without
requiring much energy for their elimination. Substances that
cause fever are not desirable in non-specific treatment.

Specific aggultinins may be increased by non-specific treat-
ment. Thus in an animal immune to B. typhosus, whose serum
diluted 1: 3000 will agglutinate B. typhosus; the non-specific
treatment will raise the agglutination titer. This is one of the
best proofs that the material injected does not directly influence
the disease process: it can do this only in so far as the remedy
injected can stimulate the defensive powers of the invaded

organism.
The basis of non-specific treatment lies in the animal and its
available defenses. W. N. Bere.

DESTINATION OF AVIAN TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE Bopy OF THE
Waitt Rat. Y. Watanabe. Jour. of Bact., 1921, No. 309.
Abs. in Japan Med. World, vol. 1 (1921), p. 20.

In his previous work the author experimented on the natural
immunization of the white rat against bovine tubercle bacilli.
Jn the present communication he deals with the resistance of the
white rat against avian tubercle bacilli. He injected 1/50th
milligram of a slightly virulent avian tubercle culture into the

642

ABSTRACTS 643

peritoneal cavity of a white rat, and the peritoneal juice was
then collected by means of glass tubes. With this material, he
tried to cultivate the organism. He examined the kinds of cells
produced in the peritoneal juice and also the power of the
phagocytosis. The experimental animal was then killed after a
certain interval and its great omentum, mesentery, spleen, liver,
lungs, kidneys and lymphatic glands were examined. A simi-
lar experiment was made by injecting the bacilli into the vein
and also under the skin. By reviewing the results be obtained
the following conclusions:

When 1/50th milligram of avian tubercle bacilli was injected
into the peritoneal cavity of a white rat, a greater part of the
injected bacilli was taken up by the intraperitoneal cells in 5
minutes as in the human tubercle bacilli and in 24 hours no bacilli
remained free in the cavity. The phagocytosis was chiefly ef-
fected by the hystionic small mononuclear cells and large mono-
nuclear cells, or in other words, macrophages. A part of the
injected bacilli reaches the mesentery, where they form nodules,
which usually begin to disappear from the 24th day, some nodules
leaving traces after the disappearance. All the remaining bacilli
penetrate into the great omentum, where they completely dis-
appear. Human tubercle bacilli take about 100 days to effect
it, while avian tubercle bacilli take about 40 days.

When the bacilli are injected under the skin they enter the
cell body in the injected locality, rarely enter the lymphatic sys-
tem lying near the injected site, and make a swelling there. The
bacilli which enter either the cells or the lymphatic system dis-
appear soon. These phenomena are the same as in the human
tubercle bacilli.

If they are injected into the vein, they are carried on into the
lymphatic system, the lungs and other viscera, but all of them
sooner or later disappear. In the lungs they are found for a
much longer period than in any other viscus, while the formation
of nodules is more prominent in the lung than in any other
organ.

In the previous work, which was made with bovine and human
tubercle bacilli, the author concluded that if the white rat is
naturally immune against tuberculosis, the cause of this natural
immunization is nothing other than the constant phagocytosis
that is carried on by the living cells, especially the large mo-
nonuclear phagocytes, endothereal cells and the cells in the

644 ABSTRACTS

nodules of the lymphatic glands, and the natural defence against
the injected tubercle bacilli is complete only when they are made
to pass through the endothereal cellular tissues or through the
lymphatic nodules. From the results he obtained with the
avian type of tubercle bacilli, he concludes that his former
conclusion as to the natural immunization of the white rat
against tubercle bacilli has been further confirmed.

ErIoLoGy AND PRoPHYLAXIS OF LUMBAR PARALYSIS OF SHEEP.
Tsuruma Ito. Jour. Cent. Vet. Soe., vol. XXXIV (1921),
No. 4. Abs. in Japan Med. World, vol. 1 (1921), p. 19.

The author carefully examined the feces of the sheep suffering
from the disease, which prevailed in Formosa, and found al-
most without exception the eggs of anguillula. From this fact,
he conjectures that the disease must be due to the transmigra-
tion of the larve of anguillula into the subarachnoid spaces.
If this be true, the prophylaxis of the disease seems very simple,
for it will require only the prevention of the infection from
anguillula.

FurtTHER NoTES ON THE ETIOLOGY AND PROPHYLAXIS OF LUMBAR
PARALYSIS OF SHEEP. T'suruma Ito. Jour. Cent. Vet. Soc.,
vol. XXXIV (1921), No. 5. Abs. ibidem.

The author gives a supplementary note on his previous work
which is referred to above. He tested microscopically the central
nervous system of sheep dead of lumbar paralysis and found
m the subarachnoid spaces and the spinal cavity a number of the
larve of anguillula, while from the intestinal mucous mem-
brane he recovered anguillula, which is most probably Anguillula
intestinales. Thus he affirmed his former supposition.

A Diacnostic TusBercuuin. E. Moro. Miinch. Med. Wochen-
schr., vol. 6 (1920), p. 1524. Abs. in Amer. Rev. of
Tubere., vol. 5 (1921), p. 187.

In doing routine diagnostic tuberculin tests in his clinic, Moro
noticed a sudden falling off of the number of positive reactions.
On checking up this phenomenon by the use of five different
makes of tuberculin, he found that while some products gave
strong reactions, others gave either very weak ones or none at all

heomd i

«
4

ABSTRACTS 645

on the same individual. All these products were presumably of
standard strength, as they had been stamped ‘‘government
tested,’’ but investigation showed that this test consisted in the
injection of a given amount of the product in question into a
tuberculous guinea-pig. If the pig died within twenty-four
hours the tuberculin was approved and put on the market. Sub-
stances like cutine must be present in a tuberculin in order that
it may give reactions in the human skin. Therefore a clinical
test is also necessary before the product is put on the market for
diagnostic purposes. Experiment showed that cultures with the
most prolific growth yielded the most potent tuberculin, and
further, that a partial concentration of the old tuberculin in-
creased its reactivity. Moreover, some children with pure bovine
niections would react to bovotuberculin only, and others with
pure bovine infections reacted to tuberculin of human origin
only; but owing to the far greater preponderance of bovine in-
fections the human tuberculin was of greatest value. The au-
or then devised a tuberculin the composition of which he sum-
marized as being ‘‘old tuberculin, made from selected stock
cultures, partially concentrated, containing a certain proportion
of bovotuberculin, and strongly enriched with cutine.’’ This
product he has used for some months with entire satisfaction.
SWINE ERYSIPELAS AND ErRySIPELOID (IN MAN). G. Diittmann.
Beitr. Klin. Chirurg., Tiibingen, vol. 123, p. 461. 1921.
(Abs. in Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 77, p. 1455, Oct.
29. 1921.)

Diittmann has observed 8 cases recently which he is convinced
were instances of rotlauf in man. The source of infection from
a pig with the disease was known in three of the cases, but in the
others there was no suspicion of the origin of the symptoms in
the patient, and erysipeloid had been the label. In his eases as
also in four reported by Schmidt ii the following article, re-
covery was complete in from one to three days under sero-
therapy.

Professor of Chemistry: ‘‘If anything should go wrong in this
experiment, we and the laboratory with us might be blown sky
high. Come closer, gentlemen, so that you may be better able
to follow me.’’—Journal of the American Medical Association.

REVIEW

DISEASES OF THE SMALL Domestic ANIMALS. By Oscar Victor
Brumley, V. 8., Professor of Veterinary Surgery and Di-
rector of Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio
State University, Columbus, Ohio. Published by Lea and
Febiger, Philadelphia, 1921. Price $4.75.

There is a comparatively limited number of up-to-date scien-
tific works available which treat of diseased conditions in the
small domestic animals. This publication, which gives consid-
eration to diseases, both medical and surgical, of the dog, cat,
and domesticated birds, is for this reason almost certain of
meeting with sincere appreciation, but there are other and more
important reasons why it will be highly esteemed by the veteri-
nary student and busy practitioner for whom it has been pre-
pared. ;

It is sufficiently comprehensive to include practically all ab-
normal conditions with which the practitioner may come in
contact and furnishes descriptions of them that are clear, con-
cise and to the point. The admirable arrangement of the con-
tents is furthermore a feature that promptly attracts attention
and testifies to the author’s wide experience in the presentation
of the subject to students. Despite the announcement that origi-
nality is not claimed for all the material in the book, it is recog-
nized that the information it imparts is based to a great degree
upon personal experience, and moreover upon an experience
sufficiently broad to engender confidence in the minds of readers
as to its authenticity.

The work is divided into fourteen parts bearing the following
headings: Part I, Diseases of the Respiratory System; Part
II, Diseases of the Circulatory System; Part III, Diseases of the
Digestive Tract; Part IV, Diseases of the Reproductive Organs;
Part V, Diseases of the Blood and Blood Producing Organs;
Part VI, Diseases of Metabolism; Part VII, Diseases of the
Organs of Locomotion; Part VIII, Diseases of the Urinary Sys-
tem; Part IX, Diseases of the Nervous System; Part X, Dis-
eases of the Skin; Part XI, Diseases of the Ear; Part XII,
Diseases of the Eye; Part XIII, Hernia; Part XIV, Infectious
Diseases.

646

REVIEW 647

The parts enumerated are subdivided into chapters, a chapter
usually being devoted to a discussion of the abnormal conditions
that may involve a particular organ or area. One entire chap-
ter of Part III gives consideration to intestinal parasites.

Infectious diseases, which constitute Part XIV, are classified
in such a manner as to comprise five chapters bearing the follow-
ing captions: Acute General Infectious Diseases; Acute Infee-
tious Diseases with Localization in Certain Organs; Infectious
Diseases with Special Involvement of the Nervous System;
Chronic Infectious Diseases, and Infectious Diseases Produced
by Protozoa. —

A large proportion of the 57 chapters comprising the subject
matter includes a description of a systematic means of diag-
nosis with reference to the organ or part considered, a feature
recognized as highly advantageous.

The surgical procedures described are not entirely confined
to those indicated for the alleviation of diseased conditions, but
include also discussions of the technic employed in castrations
and odphorectomies of the different species of small animals.

The work consists of 636 pages exclusive of index. It is a de-
cidedly compact volume, being especially adaptable to student
needs in this respect. Practitioners will find it exceedingly
helpful as a reference volume inasmuch as it gives consideration
to methods of prevention and treatment of disease that are in
harmony with present day knowledge. J. M. B.

AN ITALIAN VETERINARY ANNUAL

An interesting and valuable Italian Veterinary Annual for
1921 has been issued under the editorship of Prof. A. Bartoluecet
of the Serotherapeutic Institute of Milan. Besides information
and data that are undoubtedly useful to the veterinarians of
Italy it contains much that is of general interest. Italy has
nine veterinary schools, two of which are attached to universities.
The degree conferred on graduates is ‘‘Doctor in Zootiatry.’’
The register of veterinarians in Italy contains 2,846 names. The
Army Veterinary Service comprises 2 colonels, 10 lieutenant
colonels, 26 majors, 86 captains and 64 lieutenants. These
figures, however, are slightly in excess of the numbers provided
for by the new law. Italian veterinary journals consist of two
weeklies, two fortnightly publications and three monthlies,

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

ARMY HORSES AND THE ARMY REMOUNT SERVICE

By Frepertc M. PERRY
Framingham, Mass.

OUR Army Remount Service, like our entire reduced Ameri-
can Army, seems to wax and wane through the years according
to the size of the appropriation allotted, both, in fact, seeming
to be treated somewhat as footballs by Congress and people alike.

But regardless of the advent of the motor vehicle, including
the tractor, our Army, as every other army, must have public
animals, if men and ‘‘material’’ are to be moved at will over all
kinds of terrain and in all weathers. It was largely due to the
comparatively short distance between our ports and those in the
European war zone that our great country furnished the bulk
of the horses and mules to the Allies during the World War. It
must be conceded that while our mules are the finest big mules
in the world, and our heavy horses are of high average, the
amount of horse stock really fit for the mounted service is ex-
ceedingly small, so small as to be almost negligible. In fact, it
is said that we now possess in the entire country barely enough
horses of true riding type and quality on which to mount a
regiment. Of course we all know what has brought-this condi-
tion about, thus causing our Army to be-very poorly horsed,
certainly so for the past 15 years at least; though the writer can
easily remember when the average troop horse was a very sturdy,
nicely turned and handy animal, having some quality withal.
With the decline in the quality of animals furnished the mounted
service, there has been corresponding lowering of average quality
in equitation. All of which is to be keenly regretted by the
horse lover and those favoring the field artillery or the mounted
arm. The case is not helped any when every practical horse-
man knows that America, all the Americas in fact, are eminently
adapted for the raising of high-class, quality horses, and that
the laws of correct breeding are now well known on this Western
Hemisphere. Some of the best equine blood of the world has
been taken to South America, notably to the Argentine Republic,
her breeders paying at public auction with lavish hand, and

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ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 649

many of the descendants of the early progenitors there were
drawn into the World War and found their way to the land of
their sires.

For many years the Argentine has been most partial to run-
ning races on the flat. There is only one breed that can produce
successful candidates:for that liveliest of all sports, namely, the
English Thoroughbred; and to this breed we owe the peculiar
ability to give to its produce the best backs, withers and shoul-
ders suited to the riding horse. ~

While overseas the writer chanced to visit several of the
French Army remount depots, and in each instance was shown
the various classes of horses by the chief veterinary officer. Those
from the Argentine interested me the most of all, for they ap-
proached the nearest in type to the requirements of the Army
remount. There were received, seemingly, two general classes of
horses from that country. One averaged slightly under 15 hands
in height, but of that much-desired conformation adapted for
saddle work; strong, straight backs, sweeping up into moderately
high withers and well-sprung ribs, offering just the place to lay
a saddle, and where it would most likely stay; nicely sloping
shoulders and unusually good heads. ‘‘No foot, no horse,’’ of
course, but so good to look upon were the parts above men-
tioned, and which are now so seldom seen in the average animal
offered at our great horse markets, that aside from the legs being
well placed under, the details of legs and feet are now hazy in
mind; while the lines of backs, withers, shoulders and heads are
stamped indelibly upon the memory. So good indeed were these
little Argentines that, conformation alone considered, many of
them would have made polo prospects. A larger class of horses
from the same country were shown weighing around 1,100 to
1,150 pounds, used for ambulance and transport work; without
as much quality as the other, perhaps, yet very excellent ani-
mals and much like our highest class express horses. This mat-
ter of skeletal formation, anatomically correct, mechanically per-
fect, if you please, is dwelt upon at length because of its prime
importance to the animal required to carry weight and at speed.

A span of proper type and length, upheld by four columns of
great tensile and supporting strength, properly placed and each
resting upon its hard, yet resilient pedestal, the hoof. Out in
the range cattle country one frequently hears this or that horse
referred to as a good ‘‘cutting horse’’ in distinction from others;

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and almost invariably we find the animal to have just those de-
sired points of skeletal structure here considered, and the whole
clothed with hard muscle, massed at the right places, haunch,
thigh, back and shoulder, and all driven by a highly developed
brain and central nervous system giving him a quick eye, un-
erring judgment and instant action. His very build, along with
the large, well-placed hocks, heavily muscled quarters and back
and developed shoulder, allows him to possess that power of first
importance in the saddle horse, called balance, enabling him to
play his role as acrobat or first-class equilibrist in carrying his
extra human load. If his rider also develops and holds this
valued thing called balance, then there is unison of team play and
accord of even more than smoothness of mechanical perfection.
And while our ‘‘cutting horse’’ has received since colthood the
A-B-C’s of Nature’s own supplying exercises, through his strenu-
ous life on the range, the polo horse, stable raised, must acquire
through a long course of training this art of balance at speed, of
withstanding shock of stop and turn, for the work of both is
similar. And the soldier’s horse, the Army horse, like the eut-
ting horse and the polo horse, requires much the same power in
build and ability to play his appointed role of troop horse or
charger. Such, properly bitted, trained and ridden, does not
easily tire, wears well, and is therefore the efficient animal.

In these same remount depots many United States and Can-
adian horses gave abundant opportunity to make comparisons;
and some one has fitly said, ‘‘Comparisons are odious.’’ The
veterinary officers explained also that the Argentine horses
would come away through on a thirty or thirty-two-day voyage,
in many instances without the loss of a single animal, or at most
a loss of one or two per shipment; landing in nice, smooth,
thrifty condition, practically without a case of influenza or
shipping fever. Their appearance certainly supported this
seemingly wild statement. Contrast this with the condition of
many of our horses and mules consigned to the French Army
with widespread infection and losses per shipment on voyage of
only 12 to 15 days reaching in some eases as high as 10 to 12
per cent. Of course there is much to be said in explanation of
this wide difference in the physical condition of the animals of
the twe Americas and its contributing causes.

To digress a moment—was not infection in the United States
animals superinduced by such as the following factors: Bought

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 651

by contractors off of farm or range at an altitude anywhere from
500 to 2,000 feet above sea level, rushed to shipping points and
to stock pens, corrals and stock cars, all more or less loaded with
infective matter, including ramps, feed and water troughs, ete.;
unloaded at Army purchasing centers, only to proceed later
perhaps a thousand miles down to the seaboard; subjected to
varying temperatures and surroundings, inviting infection at
every stage?

Contrast this with conditions obtaining in our neighbor to
the south of us. The bulk of the livestock of the Argentine is
bred and raised at a low altitude. From personal observation
there some years ago, one may walk right out of several of the
seaport or riverport cities—Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, San
Nicolas or Rosario—and come at once into the open agricultural
country, resembling that of our own central West, making it
therefore possible in many places to drive animals direct from
estancia to steamer’s side, or at most, with short rail haul. Did
not these last-named conditions help in avoiding the dangers of
infection ?

There may be still another contributing factor. The greater
number of horses seen at our principal horse markets throughout
the country today carry a large proportion of draft blood, tend-
ing toward the cold, phlegmatie type, indicating low resistance
and ‘‘weak’’ mucous membranes; while the type of South
American horse herein referred to seemed to show a large in-
fusion of warm or Thoroughbred blood, giving a denser bone, a
firmer muscle and more highly developed central nervous system.
Might not also these latter qualities also be accompanied by a
high power of resistance to infection ?

Without meaning to stress unduly the great merit of Thor-
oughbred blood as the only blood for our Army remounts, we
are, nevertheless, confronted by some very stubborn facts in the
case. The Thoroughbred has made the running race-horse what
Le is, the Irish hunter what he is, and the polo horse—the horse
said to combine more power and high qualities in actual per-
formance wrapped up in one animal than in any equine living
today—this wonderful blood has made him what he is. But
beyond all this again we must make our lowest bow of veneration
to the Arab, the desert horse, that long ago made the Thorough-
bred what he is. Preeminent in endurance, courage, docility and

652 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

intelligence—all indispensable fundamentals of the military
horse and for the upbuilding of our Army remounts—the Arab
lacks only in number to permit the fullest flow of this richest
ancient blood to the light horse stock of the country.

Much to be regretted is the fact that the vast majority of the
Thoroughbreds either raised in or imported to this country have
been of the extreme racing type, possessing few other traits to
attract the average horse lover, whence the false impressions of
the breed and the prevailing prejudice against it. However, all
breeders of the Thoroughbred in America did not seek for this
extreme greyhound type; notably so the late J. C. Haggin of
California and Kentucky, where on his estates were produced
crop after crop of Thoroughbreds, superb animals of great sub-
stance, body and bone and with unusual docility, the sort that
‘fills the eye’’ and made it more than pleasure to view them at
short range. Thus proving that this breed of desired type and
quality can be raised here if demanded, and that it is, as also
the Arab, essentially the same here as in South America, Aus-
tralia or throughout Europe; proving further the recent con-
tention of the eugenist, ethnologist and zoologist that breed is
stronger than environment. And while our Remount Service is
also using American Saddle Horse, Morgan and Standardbred
blood—breeds of our own American origin and all having high
merit—special emphasis seems recently to have been placed upon
the Thoroughbred and Arab, the blood that gives the propensity
to run, the galloping horse.

Though little has been proven, taken by itself, is it not, how-
ever, significant that of all the breeds competing in the long-
distance endurance race of 300 miles, open to all comers and
held for the past three seasons, instituted by the Army and the
American Remount Association, the winners in each contest and
the horses that really endured were horses carrying large in-
fusions of either Thoroughbred or Arab blood close-ups? While
the American Trotter or Standardbred is not altogether just
the type we might choose to produce the military horse, being
a trifle too long in the back, a little low in the withers, straight
in the shoulder, and with inborn tendency to trot, still he is a
warm-blooded race-horse, intelligent and tractable; his breed is
widely disseminated throughout the country, being the most
available for foundation stock of all our strictly American

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 653

breeds; moreover, certain strains and families, such as Mam-
brino King and his get, have even been famous show horses.
The insistent commercial demand will doubtless continue to
regulate the supply of the draft horse, the heavy horse, without
artificial stimulus; but the present optimistic view of the mem-
bers of our Remount Service toward obtaining from the farms
of the country suitable light remounts for the Army seems to
the writer, with the many facts before us, practically unjustified.
Principally because the light horse, the riding horse breeding
proposed and already projected and largely to be done by farm-
ers, would produce an animal, even though up to 1,100 weight,
that would be almost useless to the American farmer today, and
the culls or ‘‘rejects’’ from our Army purchasing boards would
be nearly unsalable and a distinct loss to the breeders and
without commercial incentive, how shall the farmer breeder be
induced to grow and offer suitable remounts to the Army? One
earnest military member has suggested that the way out is for
the Army to breed and raise all of its own remounts according
to its own standards and specifications, the Government to take
its loss in the public sale of its ‘‘rejects.’? Factors of cost
aside, this method would have one outstanding virtue, practically
to insure the production of the much-desired ‘‘specification
horse,’’ which up to now few of us have ever seen in American
military service.

Is it any cause for pride to know that nearly every other
country, little and great, furnishes its Army with animals su-
perior to those of our own? Is it pleasant to know that it is
cfficially reported that the mounted drill, the mounted work at
the R. O. T. C. and civilian military training camps held in one
of our Pacific Coast States the past summer could not be effec-
tively carried out owing to inability to obtain sufficient suitable
saddle animals for the purpose? And this in our great country,
with immense pastures, abundant forage, suitable climate and
foundation stock, and with thousands of our people skilled in the
breeder’s art. The lines of correct horse-breeding for military
purposes are now clearly and definitely marked, and the blood
preeminently suited to make the blend with American female
stock thoroughly well known to those trained and experienced
in this combined science and art.

Any veterinarian who has seen military service knows full

654 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

well that a commanding officer (line) of a post or camp cares
little for even the most astute logistics of diagnosis or of treat-
ment, representing the last word in niceties of surgical inter-
ference or medication. He wants as few animals as possible on
the sick lines, on sick report, from any cause. In a word, he is
chiefly interested in being furnished as good animals, class and
type, as the Government will pay for, and that such animals
shall receive such care as will maintain high health and
efficiency.

Animals of various classes and types must therefore be se-
lected, bought, shipped to depots, together with forage, ete., an
enlisted personnel selected and trained to assist in their care,
and happily, under our present military policy the breeding and
raising of Army remounts has now also been included. But
should not just such duties and responsibilities, from their in-
ception, breeding included, fall strictly within the province of
the Veterinary Corps? And shall we merit the term ‘‘animal
engineers’’ given us by one whose name we will revere, if we
meekly permit laymen to shoulder one whole department of our
engineering for us? What inducement to enter the military
service shall we hold out to the young aspirant to the veterinary
degree, if he learns that upon accepting such a service he will
quite likely report to, be commanded and perhaps always out-
ranked by officers of another corps, in most cases untrained in
his special field ?

To be sure, our friends of the Quartermaster Corps may re-
tort that veterinarians are untrained and ill adapted to handle
big business in a big way; but in reply we point to the work of
the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, now extended
nation wide and performed and supervised almost entirely by
veterinarians. For one, I have not only bought and shipped
commercial classes of horses and mules for clients but have al-
ways broken and educated my own colts and horses, from initial
work on the longe, bitting and saddling to their complete edu-
cation, conditioning them, selecting the forage, ete. If there is
one there are hundreds of American veterinarians who have
done or can do the same thing, all of which processes are of the
character of remount work done in miniature, to be sure. Yet
do such men need to go to school to the Quartermaster Corps to
learn animal management?

ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE 655

It is an axiom of commercial life that correct means, meth-
ods, processes once discovered or devised, their duplication and
application to quantity production becomes largely a matter of
mechanics and arithmetic. At Camp Johnston, Florida, during
the war, young officers of the Quartermaster Corps, in training,
were being taught how to care for public animals at sea, a duty
it is doubtful they would ever be called upon to do as long as an
officer of the Veterinary Corps, a farrier sergeant or stable
sergeant could stand on his feet. Why this needless duplication
and overlapping of services?

A British Army officer overseas, watching one of our veteri-
nary mobile sections passing, is said to have remarked: ‘‘The
American Army Veterinary Corps is forty years behind the
times.’” The Britisher was unaware that when he spoke the
Corps was only one year old.

If we are to attract to the veterinary profession first-class
timber, has not the time already arrived to make every effort
to widen and deepen our field of endeavor in every legitimate
way, advance our Army Veterinary Corps forty years ahead
of the times if need be, to the end that greater service can be
rendered our common country by maintenance of an improved
horse supply, and so, as animal engineers in fact, do our tiny
bit to make the United States Army the army of highest quality
that it now aims to be?

MAJOR AND MRS. PICK ENTERTAIN AT
CAMP TRAVIS

Major and Mrs. W. R. Pick, of 2d Division, Camp Travis,

Texas, entertained the veterinarians of Fort Sam Houston and
their wives and the Camp in a most unique manner, November
28, as an appropriate termination to the horse show.
_ After the guests assembled, twenty‘ original conundrums hav-
ing horsey terms for answers were puzzled over. Lieut.
Reynolds and Lieut. Buffin tied the score for gentlemen’s prize,
and Mrs. Hodge won ladies’ prize.

Each guest responded with a two minutes’ performance, which
resulted in a great exhibition of talent. The program consisted
of original poems, caricature drawings, recitations and readings,
interspersed with music, which was greatly enjoyed by all. The

656 ARMY VETERINARY SERVICE

winners were decided by ballot. Mrs. Reynolds, Mrs. Miner,
Capt. Hodge and Lieut. Reynolds won prizes. A salad course
was served.

Those present were Col. and Mrs. Lusk, Capt. and Mrs. Hodge,
Capt. and Mrs. Eagan, Lieut. and Mrs. Buffin, Lieut. and Mrs.
Reynolds, Lieut. and Mrs. Miner, Lieut. and Mrs. Rife, Lieut.
and Mrs. Dildine, Lieut. Pickering, Lieut. Seymour, Major and
Mrs. Pick and Misses Victoria and Sara Pick.

The Belgian Government has issued a decree prohibiting the
exportation of Belgian draft mares and fillies of the age of 18
months or more, also of stallions of this breed which have been
awarded certain premiums or bounties. Such stallions may be
sold only to Belgians established in Belgium. Other horses may
be exported under conditions prescribed in the decree.

A memorial tablet to Belgian veterinary students and veteri-
narians who lost their lives in the war, was recently placed in the
Belgian Government Veterinary School with appropriate cere-
monies which were participated in by Baron Ruzette, Minister
of Agriculture; Colonel Migeotte, Chief Veterinarian of the
Army; Dr. Gratias, director of the school; members of the fac-
ulty, graduates and students. The names of the honored dead
were listed in three catagories—(1) students killed at the front.
(2) veterinarians killed in the Army service, and (3) ‘‘civilian
veterinarians shot.’’ ;

Dr. J. W. DeMilly resigned as State Veterinarian of Florida
on January 16 to accept a position with the Lederle Antitoxin
Laboratories of New York. Dr. DeMilly will be sueceeded by
Dr. J. V. Knapp, who has been a member of the Bureau of
Animal Industry since April 7, 1913, and for the past seven
years has been engaged in tick-eradication work in Georgia
and Florida. Dr. Knapp is thoroughly familiar with the live-
stock conditions in the South and is well qualified for the
position of State Veterinarian. THE JOURNAL extends to both
Dr. DeMilly and Dr. Knapp its sincere wishes for their success.

A New York peddler has just bought a horse with a wooden
leg. We fancy it must be the one we put our money on in the
two-thirty the other day.—London Punch.

ASSOCIATION NEWS
AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-Eighth Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo.,
September 5 to 9, 1921

(Continued from the January JOURNAL)
TUESDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 6, 1921
JOINT MEETING OF SECTIONS

The combined session of the sections on General Practice,
Sanitary Science and Police, and Education and Research con-
vened at 10 o’clock a. m., Dr. H. W. Jakeman presiding.

CHAIRMAN’s ADDRESS

Dr. Jakeman presented an address as Chairman of the Section
on Sanitary Science and Police, as follows:

In accordance with a precedent established in the various sections
of our Association, I have been placed on the program as chairman
of this section for an opening address. While endeavoring to think
of a suitable subject for the occasion it occurred to me that some
benefit might be derived from the expression of a few thoughts con-
cerning the future of our profession. The subject is one, of course, of
paramount importance to all veterinarians, but it appears to me
that livestock sanitary control officials in their diversified fields are
most vitally and fundamentally associated with the task of molding
the future of the veterinary profession, and that the subject is there-
fore an appropriate one for discussion before this section. Represent-
ing a progressive type of the profession, constantly before the pub-
lic eye as Federal or State officials, and by virtue of the scope and
nature of their professional activities, livestock sanitary control of-
ficials are carrying a great responsibility to the veterinary profes-
sion, and they can not rest on laurels of professional achievements but
must give due consideration to the problems confronting the future
of the profession.

I trust that the remarks I have to make will not be misconstrued
nor considered of a pessimistic nature. They are offered as con-
structive criticism or food for thought, and are not intended to re-
flect on the progress or efforts of the past nor on the loyal and staunch
supporters who have borne much of the burden of progress.

The veterinary profession has been and is going through a transi-
tional or readjustment period, a period critical to the future status
of the profession and one which is causing many to ponder over the
outlook. We often hear such questions as: What standing will the
veterinarian eventually occupy in the realm of science or the learned
professions? What effect will the present low student enrollment in
our colleges have in the immediate future? How are various farm-
ers’ organizations going to affect the future of the veterinarian?
These and many more similar questions so often heard signify an
existing element of doubt in the minds of many as to the future of
the profession. It appears to me that the time is at hand when all
doubt or uncertainty should be set aside and a greater, more con-

657

658 ProcreEepines A. V. M. A.

centrated effort made to overcome the conditions which are delaying
progress and which are responsible for this feeling of uncertainty.

While many are too much inclined to see and resign to the un-
certainty of the future, there are, on the other hand, too many
thoroughly convinced that with the numerous possibilities for de-
veloping new and old fields of endeavor, the increased value of live-
stock and the higher entrance requirements of our schools, together
with the extended time necessary to complete a course in veterinary
medicine, the future of the profession is assured. Optimism is essen-
tial and is well warranted, for the basic structure of the profession
has been well laid and advancement has been rapid; but optimism or
previous achievements do not assure the future unless existing con-
ditions are fully realized, an adjustment is made to meet new de-
mands and advantage is taken of every opportunity to advance the
profession as such.

A great deal has been accomplished during recent years in improv-
ing the educational standard of the profession. Furthermore, the
profession has rendered a wonderful service in controlling outbreaks
of infectious diseases, safeguarding human health and in contribut-
ing to the advancement of scientific knowledge. Has the profession
advanced to the extent which it should have by virtue of these achieve-
ments, or has it rested in excessive confidence that educational ad-
vancement, service and scientific attainments assured the future?
Has it not overlooked, or at least neglected, the capitalization of its
own merits and achievements in a manner which would create a
much more favorable public impression than that which generally
exists? It would almost appear, with the present various branches
of veterinary endeavor supplanting the days when the treatment of
a few species of animals constituted its principal sphere of work,
that the profession had become timid or fearful of the possibilities
and responsibilities which its comparatively recent development has
brought about. Such a condition is, of course, detrimental to ad-
vancement. Confidence and a determined, far-reaching propaganda
directed toward public enlightenment as to the real nature of veter-
inary science are probably more needed at present than at any time
in the history of the profession. Public demand or appreciation is the
foundation of future development. It must be developed and fostered
by keeping the profession and its achievements constantly before the
public, or, in other words, the profession must familiarize the public
with what it is accomplishing, with its educational advancement and
the scientific public service it is rendering. If left to the mercies of
those we serve, the advancement of our professional standing will
be, to. say the least, slow.

In a recent issue of the A. V. M. A. JOURNAL a correspondent of
The Veterinary Record was quoted as follows: “The correction of an
erroneous public impression of the standing of the profession comes
better if not too consciously sought, and to take leave of the modesty
becoming a profession hardly illustrates the adaptation of adequate
means to ends.”

The conservative idea thus expressed is no doubt true if certain
methods for correcting public impression be adopted—methods in-
volving extreme claims or boasting. There are, however, numerous
ways in which the public could be enlightened as to the real nature
of veterinary science without departing from any obligation to pro-
fessional modesty and which would result in increased appreciation.
“The strength of the chain rests in its weakest link,” is a saying in
many instances applicable to the opinion held concerning the veter-
inary profession as it is often judged by men professionally or per-
sonally known to certain individuals. In order to standardize the

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 659

profession to the public its collective strength must be placed before
it in such a manner that, the profession as a profession will be placed
beyond the standardizing influence of environment or local recogni-
tion. A profession in the role of protector to an industry represent-
ing practically ten billions of dollars, and one which, besides its
economic significance, bears such an important relationship to human
health, is surely entitled to bring these things before the public in the
interests of the livestock industry and human health as well as for
the advancement of its own standing.

Unfortunately, a considerable amount of work carried on by vet-
erinarians is not being credited to the veterinary profession. In the
field of preventive medicine the veterinary sanitarian is indispensable
and his usefulness and importance in this work are constantly grow-
ing. It is surprising and deplorable, however, that men engaged in
this branch of veterinary science are frequently not associated by the
laity with the veterinary profession at all, but are thought to have
had some special medical training fitting them for this particular
work. That such a condition should exist is the fault of the pro-
fession or of the individual and needs correction.

In reviewing the accomplishments of Federal and State livestock
sanitary officials during the past year, one can not help but feel
that the truly wonderful work of these men in controlling livestock
losses is a thing altogether too much taken in the course of events
by veterinarians themselves, not understood nor appreciated by the
public, and therefore not being capitalized for the advancement of
veterinary science. With practically all countries outside of the
United States and Canada suffering great losses from various in-
fectious diseases, due, as Dr. Mohler has pointed out, to the inability
of these countries during the war to give proper or usual attention
to the suppression of infectious diseases of animals, the North Ameri-
can Continent is enjoying comparative freedom from serious live-
stock losses and has been protected from an invasion by any of these
non-indigenous diseases. The magnitude of the work involved, the
efficient service rendered and its economic significance are in them-
selves justification for a different standing and appreciation than that
which the profession enjoys.

The accredited herd plan is another illustration of a work which
should be capitalized to the benefit of the profession. This wonderful
undertaking, carried on by Federal and State veterinarians, although
in its infancy, has already developed to a point where over 125,000
animals are being tested for tuberculosis each month. The great im-
portance of this work to the livestock industry and to humanity can
hardly be estimated. In the interests of veterinary science it cer-
tainly should be given more publicity, not only to the farmer and those
directly interested, but to the medical profession, antituberculosis so-
cieties and to the general public.

The veterinary profession is not, openly at any rate, cooperating
with the various medical societies nor with the antituberculosis so-
cieties of the country as it should be. Such a cooperation would do
much for the future of our profession and materially assist in im-
proving its standing. It should be more forcefully pointed out to the
medical profession that the veterinary profession of today is no longer
confined in its activities to the treatment of sick animals, but that it
is one embodying the scientific principles of preventive medicine and
having no small amount of significance in relation to human health
in addition to the protection afforded our great and growing livestock
industry.

Before leaving the subject of public appreciation, I wish to men-
tion the odious condition existing in one of our States as a result of

660 ProceepDInes A. V. M. A.

recent State legislation regarding vaccination of swine by the farmer.
While factors other than lack of appreciation were no doubt instru-
mental in bringing about such a condition, it aptly illustrates the need
of public enlightenment regarding the veterinary profession.

Another matter affecting the future of the profession and concern-
ing which collective strength or pressure must be brought to bear is
the remunerative possibilities of the veterinary profession and the
compensation given Federal and State livestock sanitary officials. The
latter problem has been attacked, although I believe the matter is at
present in abeyance. Largely as a result of loyalty, these departments
have retained highly qualified and capable men for carrying on the
important work they do, although there have been difficulties in this
connection. What of the future? Can we expect men of high pro-
fessional qualifications, the progressive, ambitious type, desirable for
this work, to be induced to take it up when other fields of endeavor
offer a great deal more by way of compensation? With increased en-
trance requirements to our schools and a period of study equal to that
required by most and more than many professions, the prospective
student looks for tangible examples of what his earning possibilities
will be. An average made on a strictly professional earning basis will
not look very favorable for the veterinary profession. Is this not one
of the principal reasons for our present low college enrollment? When
will it change, and what are we doing to change it?

Looking to the future, one can, of course, see possibilities, but I
believe that we are at a crisis which demands the whole-hearted, col-
lective and individual support of the profession in influencing these
conditions, if we are to assure the efficiency, personnel and advance-
ment of the future for which we look. This organization represents
the leaders of the profession in North America, and it would seem
that more consideration should be given to these problems in our
meetings. They are frequently discussed by individuals and are no
doubt in the minds of many during these times of general business
depression, but they are not discussed nor acted upon by official
organizations. With increased responsibility, greater demands for
efficiency and an ever-broadening field of professional activity it is
a part of this organization’s duty to pledge its influence in having
this advancement met at least part way by the public. We can not be
indifferent to existing conditions and tendencies. Some of them are
not pleasant nor exactly inspiring, but therein rests our duty.

There is little need of speaking of loyalty to a gathering of this
kind. I wish to offer a few thoughts, however, regarding its signifi-
cance in influencing the future of veterinary medicine. The prospec-
tive student, or possibly his parent, before deciding upon a profes-
sional calling usually seeks the advice and opinion of some member
of the profession under consideration. It has been my experience to
encounter many veterinarians who do not hesitate to state that any
farmer or other individual who might ask their advice would be
strongly advised against taking up the veterinary profession. With
conditions as they are today the percentage of the profession which
inclines this way is too great. Its influence on the future is, al-
though we may hesitate to admit it, having a very strong influence on
our schools and consequently on the future. Men holding official
positions are much more inclined to advise young men to take up the
veterinary profession than are practitioners, and in this respect there
are wonderful possibilities before Federal and State officials. Their
counsel is frequently sought, and their opportunities both in public
and private for boosting the profession are many. Let each be a
booster.

The few thoughts I have endeavored to bring out offer nothing

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 661

new, but it is hoped that they may serve as a stimulus to more con-
sideration and action in connection with some of the problems which
confront the profession and which are not going to be overcome by
mere optimism and assurance of the future.

In conclusion, I wish to express my appreciation of the honor con-
ferred upon me by the chairmanship of this section'and of the co-
operation and support which I have received during my term of office.

Your section officers have made an earnest endeavor to arrange a
program in accordance with the wishes of those interested in this
section. We have invited criticism of previous programs and sug-
gestions for the present one. The majority have expressed the opin-
ion that there should be more time for discussion and not as many
papers as in previous years. As you will observe from the program,
this has been carried out. We trust that the discussions will be both
lively and beneficial, that all will enter into the spirit of the sessions
and in so far as possible take part in the discussions.

Report OF SECRETARY OF SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND
PoLiIcE

CHAIRMAN JAKEMAN: The next will be the report of the sec-
retary of the Section on Sanitary Science and Police.
(Dr. Hoskins read the following report:)

First, just a word to explain my presence here again as secretary
of your section. Last year I declined reelection, not because I was
unwilling to serve longer, but because I had held the office for three
years and believed that a change might be of benefit to the section in
particular and the Association in general. You elected Dr. B. T.
Simms of Oregon to succeed me. During the year it became neces-
sary for Dr. Simms to resign, owing to his inability to serve the
section as secretary. At the urgent solicitation of your chairman,
President White appointed me to fill out the unexpired term of Dr.
Simms.

You may be impressed with the small number of papers on our
program. This is largely intentional. We have been more or less
severely criticized in previous years for our programs being over-
loaded. This was not entirely within the control of the section officers,
however. The heavy program materially shortened the time available
for discussion, and this was the greatest objection. We hope that
full advantage will be taken of the time available for discussion of
the papers presented this year.

Attention should be directed to the reorganization of the section
work this year. The old Section of College Faculties and Examining
Boards now becomes the Section on Education and Research. So far
as our section is concerned, this realignment has had the effect of
taking from this section a large number of papers that would or-
dinarily have been given in this section under the former arrange-
ment. The effect of this reorganization of the section work may be
seen in the program this year. Whether it is satisfactory to the ma-
jority of the members rests with the members themselves. We see
what the possibilities are, in the case of such a subject as infectious
abortion. We have this subject being presented, in various phases,
in each of the three sections. Your secretary believes that the present
arrangement is probably the best that we have had so far, and that
many of the present unsatisfactory features may be largely eliminated
by closer cooperation of the section officers in the matter of building
up the programs for the section meetings.

H. PRESTON HOSKINS, Secretary.

662 Procreepines A. V. M. A.

PRESENTATION OF PAPER

CHAIRMAN JAKEMAN: Next will be a paper by Dr. Munce on
‘The Importance of Preventive Measures in Controlling Animal
Diseases. ’’

(Dr. T. E. Munce read his paper, which appeared in the
January, 1922, issue of THE JOURNAL.)

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

CHAIRMAN JAKEMAN: We have one more paper to come before
this section which does not appear on the program, but Dr. White
has stated that there will be some time available at tomorrow’s
session. We still have the election of officers for this section,
and I think we had better proceed to that at this time. Nomina-
tions for chairman of this section are in order.

Dr. KIERNAN: I nominate R. C. Reed, of Maryland.

Dr. EicHHorn: Dr. Fitch, of Minnesota, has been nominated.

(Moved that the nominations be closed; seconded and ear-
ried. A ballot was taken, in which Dr. Fitch received 11 votes
and Dr. Reed 4. Dr. Fitch was declared elected chairman of the
Section on Sanitary Science and Police.)

CHAIRMAN JAKEMAN: Nominations for secretary are in order.

Dr. REED: I would like to place in nomination Dr. Preston
Hoskins of Detroit.

(It was moved, and seconded and carried that the nominations
be closed and the ballot cast for Dr. Hoskins, who was declared
elected as secretary of the section.)

Adjournment.

THURSDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 8, 1921
SECTION ON GENERAL PRACTICE

The meeting convened at 10 o’clock a. m., Dr. T. H. Fergu-

son presiding.
CHAIRMAN’S REMARKS

CHAIRMAN Frrauson: This section ought to be the strongest
section of the A. V. M. A. There are more practitioners mem-
bers of this Association than any other class of men. We have
it over the other sections in numbers, and there is no reason
why this section should not be the dominating force of this
Association. In fact, it ought to be that way. The practi-
tioners ought to dominate the A. V. M. A. The reason they
haven’t done so has been to some extent influenced by the loca-
tion of the meetings. At meetings that are held in the extreme
West or the extreme East, we don’t get a large attendance of
practitioners, and the other men are regular attendants at the
meetings. They are always here and naturally they run the
A. V. M. A. They are the men that dominate and run it.

The other sections are important to the practitioner. The

a

Procreepinas A. V. M. A. 663

Section on Sanitary Science and Police is very important to the
practitioner, and the Section on Veterinary Colleges and Ex-
amining Boards is very important. The practitioner should be
well posted on both of those sections, but he can get most of
the papers from those sections and most of their work through
the proceedings. He can keep in close touch with the work
of those sections through the proceedings. At the meetings he
should give his undivided attention to his section, the Section
on General Practice, and the Section on General Practice is just
what we make it. There is no chairman or other officer of the
section that can make it a good section without your hearty
cooperation.

In getting together this program, personally (and I think
the Secretary also) I had a great deal of difficulty. In fact,
the members were perfectly willing to prepare papers in case
they could attend the meeting. They were very anxious to help
things along, but they could not attend for business reasons.

PRESENTATION OF PAPERS

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: We will take up the first paper, which
is ‘‘Parturient Paresis,’’ by Dr. A. A. Motley, Alpena, Michigan.
Dr. Motley is not present, but he sent me the paper.

(It was voted, on motion, duly seconded, that the paper be
read. )

(Secretary Muldoon read the paper of Dr. Motley, which was
published in THE JourNnau for October, 1921, page 63. The dis-
cussion following the paper was published in THE JOURNAL for
November, 1921, page 200.)

CHAIRMAN FrerRGusOoN: We will pass to the next paper, ‘‘The
Veterinarian and the Public,’”’ by Dr. A. N. Carroll of Pueblo,
Colorado.

(Dr. Carroll read his paper, which appeared in THE JOURNAL
for December, 1921, page 315.)

(Dr. William Stephenson of Salt Lake City, who was on the
program for a paper on ‘‘Coordination and Cooperation of
State Sanitary Officials,’’ was not present, neither was Dr. J. F.
DeVine, who had the next paper on ‘‘Diagnosis of Pregnancy in
the Bovine,’’ nor Capt. R. A. Kelser, who was on the program
for a paper on ‘‘Gangrenous Dermatitis of the Horse.”’)

CHAIRMAN FrEerauson: We will pass on to the next paper,
‘‘Wield Observations on Loco Poisoning,’’ by Dr. O. E. Troy,
Raton, New Mexico.

(Dr. Troy read his paper, which was published in THE
JOURNAL for December, 1921, page 299.)

CHAIRMAN Ferauson: You have heard Dr. Troy’s paper and
his recommendation. Is there any discussion ?

Dr. Guover: The Colorado Agricultural College, in coopera-
tion with the United States Department of Agriculture, adopted

664 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

a four-year investigation of so-called loco weed, with headquar-
ters at Hugo, Colorado. During this time the plants repre-
senting the different species were sent to Washington for
analysis, and subsequently a bulletin was issued from Wash-
ington to the effect that barium was considered probably the
poison in the plant that caused the trouble. Subsequently a
bulletin was issued from Washington to the effect that barium
was found in equal quantities in alfalfa and that there was
nothing to the barium theory. I do not believe that anyone
maintains nowadays that barium is the cause of loco-weed poi-
soning. In fact, the poison has never been found, and I want
to say that my personal opinion is that loco-weed disease should
be classified with the deficiencies. Now, the animals never eat
loco weed except when the grass is very short and they are get-
ting hungry. The loco weeds are bulky and they have a very
filling and very satisfying effect, with the result that the ani-
mals eat exclusively loco weed and starve to death while they
are doing it. :

The symptoms do not simulate any other kind of poisoning or
infection that we know of. It is more like starvation. My opin-
ion is that it will yet be revealed that it is really a deficiency
disease. There is something lacking in the weed; at any rate
something that fails to put nutrition in the animal. At the
present time I am working from that standpomt. I may be
wrong, but I think I am not.

Dr. Paterson: In answer to my old professor, I am thor-
oughly convinced he is wrong. (Laughter.) I have seen horses
badly locoed, and after having been taken off for months and
sometimes years, and then turned into a pasture and allowed to
eat loco weed for one or two weeks, they would be as crazy as a
bedbug. I know one horse that was off for threé years, was
broken and as fat as could be, and after going back to loco weed
has died. It is in the fall that they are most likely to contract
the disease. They contract it early in the fall and winter when
the grass is short.

CHAIRMAN FeErquson: Is there any further discussion on this
very interesting paper? If not, do you wish to do anything with
the Doctor’s recommendation ?

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Glover, duly seconded, that
Dr. Troy’s recommendation regarding gathering available data
on this subject be adopted.)

CHAIRMAN FERGUSON: We are unable to get the lantern. I pre-
sume that we shall have to dispense with Dr. Kingman’s illus-
trated lecture on ‘‘Clinical Cases.’’ I presume he will be un-
able to go on with it without the lantern. I am very sorry, be-
cause I am sure it would be of great interest to us.

The next paper is ‘‘Clinical Aids in the Differential Diag-
nosis of Common Poultry Diseases,’’ by R. H. Beaudette. He

Procreepines A. V. M. A. 665

has sent his paper in, and if there is no objection, it will be read
by title and printed in THE JOURNAL.

(Dr. Beaudette’s paper was published in THe JourNau for
December, 1921, page 283.)

CHAIRMAN Frrquson: The next paper is ‘‘ Digestive Diseases
of the Dog and Cat,’’ by Dr. F. H. McNair, Berkeley, Cali-
fornia. He is not present.

(Dr. MeNair’s paper appeared in THe JourRNAL for Novem-
ber, 1921, page 170.)

Dr. Kineman: I make a motion that we adjourn. (Sec-
onded. )

CHAIRMAN Ferauson: It has been moved and seconded that
we close the program and proceed with the election of officers.

_Dr. Corron : It seems to me that that wouldn’t be the thing to
do. Dr. Kingman says he can present his paper in ten minutes.
We all came a good way to hear this paper, and I think that out
of courtesy to him we should hear this paper. I would like to
give him ten minutes. I would like to amend that motion, that
we hear Dr. Kingman’s paper. (Seconded. )

(Dr. Kingman withdrew his motion to adjourn, and the mo-
tion of Dr. Cotton, that Dr. Kingman’s paper be heard, was
carried. )

(Dr. Kingman presented his paper, giving demonstrations of
the methods of suturing. His paper appeared in THE JOURNAL
for November, 1921, page 165.)

ELECTION OF OFFICERS

CHAIRMAN Fercuson: Nominations for chairman of this see-
tion are now in order.

Dr. Jacos: I nominate Dr. Muldoon for chairman.

(The nomination was seconded by Dr. Kron.)

(It was voted, on motion of Dr. Moye, duly seconded, that the
nominations be closed, and that the Secretary be instructed to
east the unanimous ballot of the Association for Dr. Muldoon.
The secretary cast the ballot for Dr. Muldoon and he was de-
clared elected.)

CHAIRMAN Fercuson: Nominations for secretary are now in
order...

Dr. Carr: I nominate Dr. Kingman as secretary of this sec-
tion.

(The nomination was seconded by Dr. Troy.)

Dr. HurHmMan: I move that the rules be suspended and that
the seeretary cast the unanimous ballot of the Association for
Dr. Kingman.

(Dr. Huthman’s motion was seconded and carried, and Dr.
Kingman was declared elected.)

Adjournment.

666 Proceepines A. V. M. A.

THURSDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 8, 1921
SECTION ON VETERINARY COLLEGES AND EXAMINING BOARDS

The meeting was ealled to order at 9:30 a. m. by Secretary
Goss in the absence of Chairman Chamberlain. Dr. W. W.
Dimock was elected temporary chaiman and took the chair.

Dr. FircH: Do we not have to go back to the program of
Tuesday? Tuesday’s program was not heard.

CHAIRMAN Dimock: Do you eare to make that as a motion,
that we go back.

Dr. Fircu: I would like to inquire before I make the motion
as to how many of the authors of the papers are here. Are Drs.
Boerner or Stubbs here?

SEecrETARY Goss: Dr. Chamberlain, of course, is not here for
his address. Neither Dr. Stubbs nor Dr. Boerner is here. Their
paper is presented. |

PRESENTATION OF PAPERS

Dr. FircnH: JI move we proceed with the paper on ‘‘Studies in
Swine Abortion,’’ by Dr. Fred Hayes of California.

(Dr. Hayes’s paper was printed in THE JOURNAL for January,
1922, page 435.)

CHAIRMAN Dimock: We will listen to the paper of Dr. Fred R.
Jones on ‘‘The Types of Bacillus bovisepticus Eneountered in a
Dairy Herd.’’

(Dr. Jones’s paper appeared in THE JouRNAL for December,
1921, page 271.)

CHAIRMAN Dimock: We have some more papers for this sec-
tion and some business to attend to. We will go on with the
program if that is the wish of the section. Let us put this to a
vote, what you will do. I understand there will be no other op-
portunity for this section to meet. I think we ought to dispose
of these matters.

Dr. Moore: T move that this section meet after the general
section.

(The motion was duly seconded and earried.)

Adjournment.

(The Executive Board has ruled that owing to the failure of
this section to elect officers at a regular session, the officials of
last year will be continued in office for the current year. There-
fore F. W. Chamberlain is chairman and L. W. Goss secretary
of the Section on Education and Research.)

|
|

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 667

FRIDAY MORNING, SEPTEMBER 9, 1921
SECTION ON SANITARY SCIENCE AND POLICE

The meeting convened at 9:45 a. m., Dr. Jakeman presiding.

CHAIRMAN JAKEMAN: This is a special meeting for the elec-
tion of officers for the section.

Dr. Hoskins: -Before we come to the election of officers, I
want to read the resignation of Dr. Fitch. ‘‘I desire hereby to
extend my resignation as chairman of the Section on Sanitary
Seience and Police of the American Veterinary Medical Associa-
tion. (Signed) C. P. Fitch.’’ I move that his resignation be
accepted.

(The motion was seconded by Dr. Kiernan and carried.)

CHAIRMAN JAKEMAN: Nominations for chairman to substitute
for Dr. Fitch are now in order.

(On motion of Dr. Eichhorn, duly seconded, Dr. R. C. Reed
was elected as chairman of the Section on Sanitary Science and
Police.)

Adjournment.

RESIDENT SECRETARIES FOR 1921-1922

Alabama, D. J. Meador, Selma, Ala.

Alaska, S. Hadwen, Reindeer Investigations, Unakleet.

Alberta, J. C. Hargrave, Dominion Vet. Inst., Medicine Hat.

Arizona, R. J. Hight, Tempe.

Arkansas, J. H. Bux, Old State House, Little Rock.

British Columbia, J. W. Frank, 119 Pender St., W. Vancouver.

California, J. F. McKenna, 616 Eye St., Fresno.

Colorado, I. E. Newsom, Fort Collins.

Connecticut, A. T. Gilyard, 74 Phoenix Ave., Waterbury.

Cuba, B. Crespo, No. 20 Avenida De Italia, Havana.

District of Columbia, T. P. White, 1348 Kenyon Street,
Washington.

Florida, M. Schofield, Miami.

Georgia, A. A. G. Richardson, 1234 Lumpkin St., Athens.

Hawaii, H. B. Elliott, Box 187, Hilo.

Idaho, J. D. Adams, 417 Union St., Boise.

Illinois, W. H. Welch, Lexington.

Indiana, W. B. Craig, 216 N. Meridian Ave., Indianapolis.

Towa, K. W. Stouder, 226 Russell Ave., Ames.

Kansas, W. E. Muldoon, Vet. Div., K. S. A. C., Manhattan.

Kentucky, C. W. Fisher, 117 S. 4th St., Danville.

Louisiana, E. P. Flower, Box 24, Baton Rouge.

Maine, J. B. Reidy, State Capitol, Augusta.

Manitoba, J. B. Still, Boyd Bldg., Portage Ave., Winnipeg.

Maryland, G. H. Grapp, 2825 Clifton Ave., Baltimore.

Massachusetts, T. E. Maloney, Box 413, Fall River.

668 ASSOCIATION NEWS

Mexico, Luis Santa Maria, P. O. Box 44, Piedras, Negras, Coah.

Michigan, B. J. Killham, Old State House, Lansing.

Minnesota, D. B. Palmer, 1054 S. E. 14th St., Minneapolis.

Mississippi, O. N. Norton, 109 Main St., Greenville.

Missouri, F. M. Cahill, 9th and Mary Sts., St. Joseph.

Montana, A. D. Knowles, 302 South 4th St., W. Missoula.

Nebraska, W. T. Spencer, State Capitol Bldg., Lineoln.

Nevada, S. Lockett, Univ. of Nevada, Reno.

New Brunswick, D. MeCruaig, MeAdam Junction.

New Hampshire, F. F. Russell, 17 Dartmouth St., Concord.

New Jersey, P. F. Runyon, 41 E. Main St., Freehold.

New Mexico, O. E. Troy, Raton.

New York, L. J. Tompkins, Hobart.

North Carolina, J. B. Spoon, 317 Worth St. , Burlington.

North Dakota, W. F. Crewe, Bismarck.

Nova Scotia, i Steen, Bellevue, Spring Garden Road, Halifax.

Ohio, C. H. Case, 50 E. Buchtel Ave., Akron.

Oklahoma, C. H. Anthony, 2 E. 4th St., Oklahoma City.

Ontario, J. A. Campbell, 8 Edward St., Toronto.

Oregon, B. T. Simms, Oregon Agri. College, Corvallis.

Pennsylvania, 8. G. Hendren, 11 E. Market St., Lewistown.

Philippine Islands, S. Youngberg, Bu. of Agri., Manila.

Prince Edward Island, C. J. Bonsfield, 120 Upper Prince St.,
Charlottetown.

Quebec, J. O. Langevin, 51 MeGill St., Montreal.

Saskatchewan, M. Barker, P. O. Bldg., Regina.

South America, E. P. Stirling, Paysandu, Uruguay.

South Carolina, W. K. Lewis, 901 Nat’l Bk. Bldg., Columbia.

South Dakota, G. S. Weaver, Brookings.

Tennessee, E. I. Smith, 405 7th Ave., N. Nashville.

Texas, F. E. Barnes, Waxahackie.

Utah, W. A. Stevenson, 308 State Capitol, Salt Lake City.

Vermont, A. J. De Fossett, Montpelier.

Virginia, T. Fraser, 316 N. Henry St., Richmond.

Washington, P. MacKintosh, 214 8. 2nd St., Yakima.

West Virginia, J. J. Cranwell, 816 4th St., Fairmont.

Wisconsin, T. H. Ferguson, 421 Broad St., Lake Geneva.

Wyoming, B. IF. Davis, P. O. Box 355, Cheyenne.

President Kinsley has appointed Dr. W. H. Welch, Lexington,
Ill., as resident seeretary for Illinois in place of Dr. L. A. Meril-
lat, who resigned that position.

President Kinsley has appointed Dr. W. H. Wray of Beacons-
field, England, resident secretary for the British Isles for the
current year.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 669

THE ST. LOUIS CONVENTION

President Kinsley and Secretary Mayo met Mr. Hatfield,
representing the St. Louis Tourist and Convention Bureau, in
St. Louis on the 19th of December, and, together with local
veterinarians representing St. Louis and East St. Louis, plans
were made for the 1922 convention of the A. V. M. A.

An investigation was made of the hotels, and the Planters’
Hotel was selected as headquarters for the Association. The
general sessions and sectional meetings will be held at the
Planters’ Hotel.

On Wednesday and Thursday it is planned to hold elinies at
the National Stock Yards in East St. Louis, and arrangements
are being made to have one of the best arranged and most in-
teresting clinies ever held. On Tuesday evening, August 29,
there will be a smoker and round table at the Planters’ Hotel.
The personnel of the local committees will be supplied next
month.

An excellent and enthusiastic organization has been perfected
in St. Louis for making this the largest and most practical
meeting that the Association has ever held. N. S. Mayo.

A. V. M. A. SPECIAL COMMITTEE

President Kinsley has appointed a special committee of the
A. V. M. A., consisting of Dr. J. H. MeLeod, chairman, Dr.
Charles E. Cotton and Dr. L. A. Merillat, to consider plans for
a closer affiliation between the A. V. M. A. and State and local
veterinary organizations.

PHILADELPHIA VETERINARY CLUB

The Philadelphia Veterinary Club held its regular monthly
meeting, Friday evening, December 39, 1921, at the Veterinary
School, Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. Allen J. Smith of the Medical Department, University of
Pennsylvania, addressed the Laboratory Section in conjunction
with the Veterinary Club, regarding the need for more labora-
tories for the use of the veterinarians.

Dr. Harry E. Bender of Lititz, Pa., gave a talk on ‘‘The
Need for Veterinary Service in Our Stock-breeding Sections.”’

670 ASSOCIATION NEws

Both subjects were very interesting and were thoroughly
discussed by the members present.

The Pennsylvania State Board of Veterinary Medical Ex-
aminers and Registrars was in session and attended our club
meeting.

We had in attendance sixty-one.

C. S. RockwE.u, Secretary.

OKLAHOMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The semi-annual meeting of the Oklahoma State Veterinary
Medical Association was held in Oklahoma City, January 4 and
5, and the following papers and discussions were participated in:

‘Opportunities of Veterinarians in Poultry Practice in Okla-
homa,’’ by Dr. C. L. Nelson; ‘‘ Production of Certified Milk,’’ by
Dr. C. H. McElroy; ‘‘Normal Temperature of Animals,’’ by Dr.
L. L. Lewis; ‘‘Report on the National Progress of Tuberculosis
Eradication,’’ by Dr. Elmer Lash; ‘‘ Diseases of Hogs in Okla-
homa,’’ by Dr. C. H. Fauks.

Dr. H. Jensen conducted a very spirited round table talk and
Dr. A. T. Kinsley led a very spirited and instructive discussion
on the diseases of hogs. On the evening of January 4 a very
enjoyable banquet was attended by all veterinarians, wives
and friends, at which time a discussion of a proposed veterinary
college to be established at the A. and M. College of Oklahoma
was held. The meeting was attended by about fifty veterinarians,
with several visitors from adjoining states.

T. O. Booru, Secretary.

ALABAMA VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The next annual meeting of the Alabama Veterinary Medical
Association will be held at Auburn, Alabama, on February 23,
24 and 25.. On the 25th an examination will be given to licensed
veterinarians for testing accredited herds. It is hoped that at
least two of the new veterinary buildings in the Alabama Vet-
erinary Medical College will have been completed by that time.

C. A. Cary, Secretary.

ASSOCIATION NEWS 671

CONFERENCE OF VETERINARIANS AT
PENNSYLVANIA

A conference of veterinarians will be held at the University
of Pennsylvania Veterinary School on February 28 and
March 1. The present status of vaecines for abortion disease of
bovines, diagnosis of pregnancy and treatment of sterility in the
cow, hog cholera and other infectious diseases of swine, treat-
ment of udder diseases, and other topics relating to cattle and
swine will be discussed by veterinarians who are especially
qualified to speak on these subjects. All veterinarians are in-
vited. No fees will be charged. A copy of the program will
be mailed on request.

INVITATION TO BRITISH MEETING

Dr. J. Basil Buxton, General Secretary of the National Veteri-
nary Medical Association of Great Britain and Ireland, upon
instruction by the Council of that Association, extends a cordial
invitation to any members of the American Veterinary Medical
Association who may happen to be in England to attend the
meeting of the National Veterinary Medical Association of Great
Britain and Ireland, which will be held at Bath from August
1 to 4, 1922.

It is hoped that any members of the A. V. M. A. who may be
in Europe will try and make arrangements so that they can
attend this meeting.

SOUTH DAKOTA LABORATORY SERVICE

Diseased specimens, including samples of blood and parts of
diseased animals and fowls, are being received at the rate of 25
to 40 each week at the Animal Health Laboratory, State College,
Brooking, 8S. D. These specimens come from farmers, veteri-
narians, county agents and other parties in all parts of the
State for examination work and diagnosis. The work is carried
on by Dr. C. C. Lipp and his assistants.

The aim of the laboratory force is to make the examination
on the day of receipt of the specimen, so far as possible. The
work is growing to such an extent, however, as to tax the
capacity of the plant.

NECROLOGY

Dr. George B. Jobson died at his home in Franklin, Pa.,
December 16, 1921, after an illness of several years. He was
born in Edinburgh, Scotland, December, 1839, received his
early education at Hawick, Scotland, studied law and later be-
came a wholesale coal merchant. He and his wife, who still
survives him, came to America in 1869 and engaged in farming
near Lynchburg, Va. Later he was farm superintendent for the
McDonough Institute for Boys, near Baltimore. From there
he was called to a similar position near Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
In 1880 he came to Franklin, Pa., as superintendent of the
Miller & Sibley Stock Farm, which position he filled faithfully
and well for thirteen years. During his incumbency at this
place one of the best herds of Jersey cattle in America was
developed.

He was always active in civic, local and State affairs. He
was mayor of Franklin in 1897 and served for a number of
years on city council. He assisted greatly in organizing the
State Livestock Sanitary Board of Pennsylvania, was one of the
original twelve men selected to enforce the new meat inspection
law and was always helpful in enforeing the laws and regula-
tions of the Board. Dr. Jobson was one of the most respected
members of the veterinary profession in the State. He seldom
missed a meeting of livestock breeders or veterinarians. He
was a good writer and a fluent speaker and contributed much
toward the upbuilding of the veterinary profession and of a bet-
ter system of animal husbandry in the State.

He was of the good old Scotch Presbyterian type of man,
with many friends and but few enemies. He helped organize
the Sunday school which later developed into the Rock Grove
Presbyterian Church, was an active member of the First Presby-
terian Church of Franklin, of Myrtle Lodge, F. and A. M., and
a member and ex-president of the State Veterinary Medical
Association.

He is survived by his widow, three sons, three daughters and
ten grandchildren. C. J. M.

Dr. Charles Barnwell Robinson died suddenly at his residence
on December 19 in his 62d year, after 33 years of practice as a

672

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.

NECROLOGY 673

veterinary surgeon in the District of Columbia. Dr. Robinson’s
death was a severe shock to his many friends. He arrived at
home about 5 o’clock in the evening and while sitting at his
desk told one of his children that he never felt better. A few
minutes later he was found dead. An attack of heart trouble is
believed to have been the cause of his death. Dr. Robinson was
born at St. Thomas, Canada, July 26, 1859, the son of Jabel
and Carolina Robinson. His father was at one time a member
of the Canadian Parliament.

Dr. Robinson was a graduate of the Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege and the. McGill Veterinary College in the class of 1882.
Upon coming to the United States he first settled in Wheeling,
W. Va., but went to Washington, D. C., in 1888. In 1894 he
founded the United States College of Veterinary Surgeons in
the Capital City. He was elected president of the board of
directors of that institution, which position he held at the time
of his death. He is survived by his widow, three children, Mrs.
Carrie R. Smith, and Charles J. and Joseph Robinson.

Dr. J. A. H. Winsloe, of 2S gash: North Dakota, died
on November 22, 1921.

Dr. Winsloe had been Assistant State Veterinarian of
North Dakota. He was a graduate of the Ontario Veterinary
College in the year 1897 and joined the A. V. M. A. in 1911.

Dr. Willard L. Linn of Holcomb, Illinois, died November 24.
Dr. Linn was a graduate of the Chicago Veterinary College in
1890. He joined the A. V. M. A. in 1920. He was also a mem-
ber of the Illinois Veterinary Association, and had held the
position as Assistant State Veterinarian of Illinois. The wife
and daughter survive him.

The JourNAL regrets to report the death of the wife of Dr.
N. Rectenwald, the oldest practicing veterinarian in Pittsburgh,
and the mother of Dr. John Rectenwald, a prominent physician
of Pittsburgh, Pa. Dr. John Rectenwald graduated in veteri-
nary medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1894 and
later completed his course in human medicine.

MISCELLANEOUS

GENERAL WOOD AND HIS FIGHT AGAINST YELLOW
FEVER

On December 12, 1899, the War Department made General
Leonard Wood Governor of Cuba, and at the same time it sent
Major Walter Reed to investigate yellow fever in Cuba. The
conjunction occurred, and one of the greatest of human events
resulted. The curse of yellow fever was blotted from the earth;
millions of future lives were insured an existence; great tracts
of the world were made potentially habitable;. commerce was
stimulated; hope was created; and fears of an invisible foe
were laid to eternal rest—all because two great minds met at
the appointed time and place. Walter Reed could not have
triumphed without Leonard Wood and Wood could not alone
have rid Cuba of yellow fever.

This last statement does not detract from the greatest of either
Wood or Reed. Wood is great because he was a great executive.
Reed is great because he was a great producing scientist.

It is a mistake to say that General Wood’s medical education
made it possible for him to rid Cuba of yellow fever. Had
General Wood, the executive, attempted to force his will upon
Reed, the scientist, he would have proven thereby that he was
a poor executive, and would have effectually prevented Reed
from demonstrating that he was a great scientist. -The tempta-
tion of Wood to ‘‘meddle’’ with Reed must have been great,
and it is a valuable index of his real executive ability that he
never side-tracked from his own big functions.

A big executive is a man who can assume big responsibilities,
and distribute them on the shoulders of others capable of ac-
complishing productive results. When an executive destroys
the initiative of his agents by personal interference he ceases
to be big. Wood was never an éxecutive of this kind.

In 1899, yellow fever was as terrible a mystery as the witches
and warlocks of the last century. It was no respector of per-
sons, and it upset all the rules of quarantine and disinfection.
Dr. Finley of Cuba had guessed its secrets, but he had no proof
to back his claim that a certain variety of mosquito was in
some way associated with the disease. Reed attempted to fur-
nish the proof, because the correctness of Finley’s observations

674

MIscELLANEOUS 675

appeared plausible. His plans were presented to Governor
Wood for approval, and funds were requisitioned. The Gov-
ernor was asked by Major Reed to take the responsibility for
large expenditures of money, for possible losses of life during
experimental investigation, for a possible uprising among the
natives, and for a step which would, in all probability, cause an
upheaval at home among that class of people who bite and claw
at any official who countenances an unusual undertaking.
Wood had the vision to see the possibilities presented by Reed,
and with the vision to comprehend, he also had the courage to
commit himself to action. The story of Reed has been told in
many books, but the chronicles are silent about the bigness of
Governor Wood who assumed the entire responsibility for Walter
Reed’s work. Fortunately the experiments were conclusive, and
an astonished world had no chance to start an opposition before
the big fact was known—that yellow fever was to be conquered.
Having found the cause of yellow fever, it was typical of
General Wood that he lost no time in removing it. Major Reed’s
health was broken, and he returned to the United States to leave
teneral Gorgas the chosen agent to make use of the knowledge
that Reed had given. The Department of Public Health in
Havana was at that time a rather impotent organization. The
police, street-cleaning, and other departments all ‘‘ranked’’ it.
Governor Wood changed all of this by making the Department
of Health almost omnipotent. If friction developed between the
Health and other departments, he solved the difficulty by giving
Health the right of way. No department of health in the world’s
history ever possessed such power, and probably never again
will health be a governor’s first consideration. Here, again,
Wood’s breadth of vision came to the rescue in concentrating
on the big thing—even to the temporary neglect of unimportant
routine matters that as a rule so fully occupy the time and
strength of narrow-sightedness. Wood realized that the dem-
onstration of the correctness of Reed’s. theories was the biggest
question before the entire world at that time, and he saw to it
that no petty interests should interfere with conclusive and final
practical tests. Such qualities as have been ascribed to Gen-
eral Wood in this paper are not exceedingly rare. Why then
do we say that it was the conjunction of Wood and Reed that
made the elimination of yellow fever certain? Reed and Gorgas
could have answered this question. President Roosevelt answered

oto. =: MISCELLANEOUS

it when he said ‘‘Good executives are rare, but good, honest
leaders are very rare. Both make great men. But when a man
is a great leader and a great executive as well, he becomes a
superman. Such a man is Leonard Wood.’’—Abs. from The
Alumni Register, University of Pennsylvania, vol. 24 (1921),
No. 2, p. 90, by Col. Henry Page, U. 8. A., retired.

GOVERNMENT SCIENTIFIC PERIODICALS
SUSPENDED

‘“‘A group of the most important scientific periodicals in
America have suspended publication. Uncle Sam is the pub-
‘lisher. The Department of Agriculture is editor. Uncle Sam,
through his Congress, said not long ago: ‘Quit publishing all
periodicals on December 1 unless I tell you in each ease spe-
cifically to continue.’ Then Congress adjourned without giving
anyone or any committee authority to determine which peri-
odicals should keep on appearing. As a result some forty-one
publications issued by the Government departments have sus-
pended publication, in most cases without even the customary
obituary notice. From a scientific standpoint, of those that are
suspended, four Department of Agriculture publications are the
most important—The Experiment Station Record, The Journal
of Agricultural Research, Meteorology, Public Roads. Four
other Department of Agriculture periodicals were doing a real
service. The Weekly News Letter, circulation 126,000, kept the
106,000 collaborators and employees of the department in touch
with its activities and served to take current information to
those especially interested in agriculture. By suspending the
forty-one Government periodicals, it has been estimated that
from $500,000 to $1,000,000 will be saved each year. This is
false and mistaken economy, so far as science is concerned.
Science or research of any kind that is allowed to rest in the
notebooks of the researcher will not travel very far. Only when
scientific facts are sown broadcast on the printed page, only
when they reach the fertile minds of other scientists, will they
eventually bring about the maximum of improvements in meth-
ods and culture that allow the farmer to grow more and better
crops and livestock. It is not inconceivable that the suspension
of the quartet of periodicals mentioned will cause a much
greater loss to the country than the supposed saving on all
forty-one periodicals.’’—-Washington Herald.

JOURNAL

OF THE

American Veterinary Medical Association

FORMERLY AMERICAN VETERINARY REVIEW
(Original Official Organ U. S. Vet. Med. Ass'n.)
J. R. Mow er, Editor, Washington, D. C.

A. T. Kinsey, President, Kansas City, Mo. N. S. Mayo, Secretary, Chicago, IIl.
M. Jacos, Treasurer, Knoxville, Tenn.
Executive Board

Geo. Hitton, Ist District; T. E. MuNce, 2nd District; S. E. BENNETT, 3rd District;
J. A. Krernan, 4th District; C. E. Cotron, 5th District; B. W.
Conrab, 6th District; Casstus Way, Member at Large

Sub-Committee on Journal
S. E. BENNETT J. A. KIERNAN

The American Veterinary Medical Association is not responsible for views or
statements published in the JourNaL, outside of its own authorized actions.

Reprints should be ordered in advance. Prices will be sent upon application.

Vol. LX, N. S. Vol. 13 March, 1922 No. 6

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE SWEEPS GREAT
BRITAIN

FOOT-AND-MOUTH disease has become so firmly established
in Continental Europe as to be practically epizootic in many
countries of the Continent. Owing to proximity to the Con-
tinent, Great Britain is especially exposed to the infection of
this disease. While it has appeared at intervals in the British
Isles it has not been permitted to become established owing to
methods adopted by the British Board of Agriculture in dealing
with outbreaks. The policy of the British authorities is to quar-
antine promptly the area or district in which the disease appears
and to slaughter all diseased and exposed ruminants and swine,
following such procedure with a thorough disinfection of in-
fected premises. During the past three years there have been
repeated outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in England, mak-
ing it necessary to maintain since that time a practically con-
tinuous prohibition upon importations into the United States
and Canada of cattle, sheep and swine from England.

Scotland during this period had placed an embargo upon the
shipment of feed, fodder, ruminants and swine from England

677

67

(0/6)

EpIvroriAL

and Wales into Scotland, and until January of this year had,
apparently, been successful in excluding the disease. Now it
would seem, however, that from some unknown source the dis-
ease has broken out not only in England but also in Scotland
and that twenty-seven counties in England and twenty-four
in Scotland have been quarantined by the British authorities.
This information is based upon cable and wireless messages re-
ceived from the inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry at
London reporting outbreaks in England on January 2 and
January 25, and the more serious extension of the disease in
England and into Scotland on January 30 and subsequently.

Thus with thousands of cattle infected with foot-and-mouth
disease throughout the midlands of England as well as Scotland,
that country is faced with the most serious outbreak it has
known in 30 years. Officials of the Ministry of Agriculture are
working day and night slaughtering infected animals as fast
as exposure takes place and meat in some markets has ad-
vanced 10 cents a pound as a result of an order forbidding the
marketing of any but inspected cattle. Sir Stewart Stockman,
Chief Veterinary Officer of Great Britain, has expressed the
hope that within a few weeks there would be an end of fresh
outbreaks.

He is unable to furnish any exact information as to the source
of the disease. After twenty years of study of the infection, he
has not been able to ascribe it to foodstuffs or human beings,
but to migratory birds and to air currents bringing the virus
from infected countries. More directly still, he is inclined to
incriminate the stress of weather which causes the migration of
birds to his country. He also states that there would not be
the present story to tell if some of the local authorities had
moved more expeditiously in nipping the disease in the bud.
The whole area of Great Britain is included in the range of
the disease, the total number of herds infected being 643. The
loss in livestock to date on account of the epizootic is put at
more than $2,500,000. All movements of ruminants and swine
have been prohibited throughout all of England. In the last
outbreak of comparable dimensions four hundred thousand
head were slaughtered and their careasses buried before the
disease was stamped out.

Owing to conditions existing at this time in Great Britain

i set,

EpITroriIAL 679

and the Continent of Europe, permits for the importation of
ruminants and swine from any part of Great Britain or the
Continent are not being issued in either the United States
or Canada. This action is considered necessary in order to
guard against the introduction of this serious disease of livestock
into the latter countries.

DISEASE OF LIVESTOCK ON WANE

TUBERCULOSIS, the worst enemy of the livestock industry,
is now definitely slated for ultimate control, the plan of at-
tack having been already laid out and successfully demonstrated
by the cooperative work of State livestock officials, cattle owners
and the Bureau of Animal Industry. The success of the different
phases of the plan and figures showing the progress made are
given in the annual report of the latter bureau recently issued.
In the beginning of the campaign, which began four years ago,
most of the work was devoted to cleaning up and accrediting in-
dividual herds, but now that sentiment has been sufficiently
aroused, definite areas in Various States are being freed of the
plague, and it is shown that its eradication is as feasible as the
cleaning out of the cattle tick in the Southern States.

Although unfortunate entanglements with political issues have
delayed the tick eradication work in some localities, the terri-
tory relieved from the grip of the cattle tick has been increasing
gradually, and the time is not far distant when this enemy of
the livestock industry will no longer be a factor in the cost of
meat and milk production. More than 32,000 square miles were
released from quarantine during the year, and since the begin-
ning of the fight in 1906 more than 500,000 square miles have
been freed, which is better than 70 per cent of the original
ticky area. ;

The elimination of hog cholera, on the other hand, is consid-
ered a remote possibility, but swine growers are reminded that
they may reduce their losses to a negligible amount by precau-
tionary measures, which include the serum treatment. There are
a number of other livestock diseases of a serious nature that con-
tinually threaten to invade the flocks and herds of this country,
but during the year none of them passed the guard maintained
at all ports and along the borders. Foot-and-mouth disease in

680 EDITORIAL

western Europe and rinderpest in the Philippines are among tle
most imminent dangers to our livestock.

But the bureau works at both ends of the problem of keeping
up an adequate supply of livestock. In addition to protecting
against undue losses from various causes, it is working to im-
prove the various kinds of domestic animals in quality and ef-
ficiency through breeding experiments, cow-testing associations,
bull associations, and the ‘‘Better Sires—Better Stock’’ cam-
paign which has achieved very satisfactory results in stimulating
greater interest in the use of purebred sires of all kinds. Up to
the end of the fiscal year there were 452 cow-testing associations,
with a membership owning 194,000 cows with an average pro-
duction 50 per cent greater than for the country as a whole; bull
associations numbered 158, with 5,064 members who owned col-
lectively 672 bulls of high quality; m the year 2,212 persons
joined the ‘‘ Better Sires—Better Stock’’ movement, making a
total of 4,290 persons who have filed written declarations that
they will use good, purebred sires for grading up all classes of
livestock kept, including poultry.

One of the interesting developments of the breeding work is
contained in the announcement of the making of a new general-
purpose breed of fowl that has been named the Lamona. It is
the only. breed of the class that lays a white-shelled egg, the kind
that is in demand on most of the big markets. Progress has also
been made in perfecting a new breed of sheep, the Columbia, a
type that is well adapted to range conditions and that produces
lambs noticeably large at weaning time.

New feeds and new methods of feeding are being tried out at
the bureau’s various farms, and particular attention has been
given to overcoming the tendency to produce soft and oily pork
in sections where peanuts, peanut meal, soy beans, rice by-
products and mast are fed. In parts of the country where there
is an obvious need for a certain kind of livestock farming efforts
have been made to have animals introduced and to develop
markets for the products. In this way butter production in Ten-
nessee and Mississippi have been increased approximately 50
per cent within the year, and the cheese industry has been
established in North Carolina and is being developed in other
Southern States.

Among the specific needs of the livesteck industry one of the

EDITORIAL 681

most pressing is more provision for indemnities for cattle de-
stroyed in the tuberculosis eradication work in cooperation with
the States and counties. In some cases a great deal of money
and valuable time have been wasted by failure to provide money
for the continuation of experimental work that must be carried
on uninterruptedly to be of value. Many of the problems that
need to be worked out for the good of the industry and the wel-
fare of the country are such as to require years and even decades
of study.

A CUBAN-AMERICAN VETERINARY ENTENTE
CORDIALE

THE HONORS and courtesies accorded to Dr. A. Eichhorn
as the official delegate of the American Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation to the recent Cuban Medical Congress will evoke, we
are very sure, a most cordial feeling of appreciation and recip-
rocal good will on the part of the membership of our Associa-
tion and the American veterinary profession toward our Cuban
confréres. The National Veterinary Association of Cuba did a
most gracious thing in inviting our Association to send a dele-
gate to the Congress as the guest of the Cuban Association, and
this invitation was accepted in like spirit when President Kinsley
appointed Dr. Eichhorn as our representative. The cordial hos-
pitality with which Dr. and Mrs. Eichhorn were entertained
was characteristic of the warm-hearted nature of our Cuban
_ neighbors. The honors conferred upon Dr. Eichhorn were, as
he modestly says, a tribute to the Association which he repre-
sented. |

The rapid progress made and the high ability shown by the
veterinary profession of Cuba, as revealed in Dr. Eichhorn’s
interesting report elsewhere in this issue, are matters for con-
eratulation and appreciation. The cooperative spirit shown by
the twin professions of human and veterinary medicine in a
general medical congress is both gratifying and commendable

We hope that this happy occasion is but the beginning of
better acquaintance and fraternal relations between the vet-
erinarians of the North American Continent and those of the
Island Republic.

682 Epiroriau

LAST CALL FOR PAYMENT OF DUES

One hundred and eighty-nine delinquent members of the
American Veterinary Medical Association will not receive next
month’s JOURNAL unless they pay their dues promptly to the
Secretary. <A hint to the wise should be sufficient.

A CORRECTION

The name of Dr. H. Phipps should have been included as
joint author with Dr. F. M. Hayes of the paper on ‘‘Studies
in Swine Abortion,’’ presented at the Denver convention of the
American Veterinary Medical Association and published in
THE JOURNAL for January, 1922, page 485. Although the paper
Was printed in the form in which it reached the editor and in
the exact way it appeared in the official program, it seems that
this was not the form in which the authors submitted it. The
omission of the name of Dr. Phipps evidently oceurred in copy-
ing by the official stenographer of the Section.

DETERMINATION OF SPECIES

“The old ones are the best,’’ remarks the Journal of the
American Medical Association, in its department of ‘‘Tonies
and Sedatives,’’ as it resurrects this story: }

Two negroes were engaged in conversation when one of them
became very much annoyed by the persistent attention of a large
fiv.

**Sam, whut kin’ a fly am dis?’’

**Dat am a hoss fly.’’

‘“Wut am a hoss fly ?”’

‘“A hoss fly am a fly whut buzzes ’round cows an’ hosses an’
jackasses’ ’——

‘You ain’t makin’ out for to eall me no jackass?’’

‘No, I ain’-makin’ out for to eall you no jackass, but you
can’t fool dem hoss flies.’

WHY HEALTH DEPARTMENTS ARE INTERESTED IN
‘THE TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION
CAMPAIGN !

By W. A. Evans, M. D.
Health Department, The Chicago Tribune, Chicago, Illinois

I CANDIDLY CONFESS that I have been out of touch with
the situation for a number of years, but, as Dr. Mohler has said,.
I pioneered the way. I was in the movement when there were
no bouquets, but a great many brickbats. The occasion of a
tuberculosis meeting was one that the people honored with their
absence, or, if they came at all, they came provided with imple-
ments of war. To walk into this room a while ago to find the
room crowded with intelligent men from all parts of the country,
and to learn, not only by their presence, but by the statements
from others, just how extensive the movement has grown in the
past ten years, was a source of a great deal of pleasure to me.
I see some familiar faces. I see some battle-scarred veterans in
this audience. I don’t feel altogether out of place.

Because of my fight for the Chicago milk ordinance of 1908 I
am popularly supposed to be something of a pioneer, and, as
such, I am invited to give an answer to the question, ‘‘ Why
health departments are interested in the eradication of bovine
tubereulosis?’’ You will be interested in a brief discussion of
that ordinance and what it led to.

The ordinance provided for tuberculin testing with pasteuriza-
tion as an alternative. It was passed in July, 1908, and became
effective in January, 1909. While it was passed without diffi-
culty, it was not permitted to stand without efforts to reseind, by
act of the city council; to render nugatory, by acts of that
body and also by acts of the legislature, and to overturn by
court decision. ,

It was not the first tuberculin-testing ordinance by any means.
In Milwaukee, Louisville and various other places tuberculin-
testing laws had been passed and had even been upheld by the
courts, but in the long run it had been found impossible to
enforce them.

The efforts to rescind the Chicago ordinance of 1908, made in

1Presented at the Tuberculosis Eradication Conference, Chicago, Ill., Nov. 25
and 26, 1921.

683

684 HeraLTH DEPARTMENTS AND TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION

1908 and 1909, failed. In 1912 the Council passed an amend-
ment which made it possible for a favorable administration to
suspend in fact the tuberculin-testing and pasteurizing require-
ments for certain groups having considerable political influence.
In 1916, however, the succeeding administration took advantage
of its powers and forced all milk dealers not conforming to the
basic requirements as to tuberculin testing and pasteurization to
conform. The Illinois Legislature passed a State law providing
that no city should pass a tubereulin-testing ordinance. It is the
judgment of the best lawyers that the law is either unconstitu-
tional basically, or at any rate does not affect the Chicago
situation.

While Chicago was not the first city to pass an ordinance of
which tuberculin testing was a principal feature, according to
Nathan Straus it was the first city to pass a compulsory pasteuri-
zation ordinance. Since 1908 many cities have passed ordinances
based on the principles of the Chicago ordinance, and several
States have taken similar action. Wherever these ordinances
have been passed upon by the courts in Illinois or elsewhere
they have been upheld.

In great measure as a result of the action of the Illinois
Legislature—which in turn resulted from the fear built up by
interested parties out of the features of the Chicago ordinance
—tuberculin testing and the eradication of bovine tuberculosis
slowed up materially. It is, therefore, retribution that an
Ilinois State Veterinarian, Dr. Q. E. Dyson, should have
devised the new accredited plan from which such good results
are coming and to further the good work of which you are
meeting in consultation.

With these preliminary statements, I turn to the question,
‘“Why are health departments interested in the eradication of
bovine tuberculosis ?’”’

Perhaps as good an answer as any is that given by the
British Board of Agriculture in issuing rules for the control of
bovine tuberculosis, May 1, 1913, which they saw were in the
interest of public health as well as of agriculture. (Parkes,
Practical Hygiene, 1913.) Stating it in our language, it is
because—

1. Bovine tuberculosis causes disease and death directly by
infecting human beings.

2. It lessens the supply of milk and increases its cost, thus

W. A. Evans 685

indirectly predisposing to tuberculosis and other preventable
diseases.

3. It lessens the meat supply and increases its cost and in
other ways increases the cost of living. Thus through economic
factors it appeals to health departments.

4. It decreases the profits to the milk producer and farmer.
This of itself is sufficient to interest the department of health.

5. The relationship between the human and bovine tubercle
bacilli leads health departments to the opinion that, while
programs for the repression of human tuberculosis which take
no note of tuberculosis in other animals may be successful, the
time to strike for suppression of human tuberculosis can not
come until the program for control of bovine tuberculosis is well
advanced.

The first of these points is the only one that I can discuss
at any length.

1. Bovine tuberculosis causes disease and death directly by
infecting human beings.

In Chicago the death rate from pulmonary tuberculosis is
falling rapidly. The average rates per 10,000 living, by 10-year
periods, were:

1871-1880—16.94
1881-1890—17.81
1891-1900—16.53
1901-1910—15.72
1911-1920—12.95

Rejecting the decade 1871-1880 as possibly quite inaccurate,
we find a decline of 1.3 in the nineties, 1.8 in the first decade of
this century, and of 2.8 in the second decade, in each instance
in comparison with the preceding decade. ,

In the group of deaths from tuberculosis other than pulmo.
nary the following are the figures:

1871-1880—4.61
1881-1890—2.44
1891-1900—2.30
1901-1910—2.48
1911-1920—2.02
Assuming that the data for 1871-1880 are quite undependable,

and beginning with 1880, we find that no decade prior to 1910
showed any improvement, but that the drop of 0.42 in 1911-20

686 HrautTH DEPARTMENTS AND TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION

is a greater proportionate drop than that in the pulmonary
tuberculosis rate.

These are Chicago figures, and we might assume that the milk
ordinance is responsible. This assumption is not entirely jus-
tified, for not all the deaths grouped as tuberculosis other than
pulmonary are due to drinking milk infected with tubercle
bacilli. There is no better summary of the evidence as to what
forms of tuberculosis are due to bovine bacilli than that of
Park (Puble Health and Hygiene, 1920). In discussing bovine
bacilli infections of human beings, his conclusions are:

As the result of a large series of cases reported by ourselves and
others it has been shown—

1. That children are especially infected, and usually the point of
entry is the alimentary tract.

2. That cervical adenitis and abdominal tuberculosis are the most
frequent types of infection.

8. That generalized tuberculosis due to bovine tuberculosis is less
frequent. .

4. That bone and joint tuberculosis is most commonly of the
human type.

5. That the meninges are less commonly infected by the bovine
than by the human type.

6. That the infection of adults by bovine bacilli is very infrequent.

7. That pulmonary tuberculosis due to bacilli of the bovine type
is rare.

On each instance he is speaking of human tuberculosis. The
basis of his conclusions he puts in two summarized tables.

TARLE 1 :
Adults Children Under
Diagnosis 16 years 5 tol6 5
and over
(Per cent) (Per cent) (Per cent)
Pulmonary tuberculosis | 2.0... 0.2 0 0
Cervical adenitisi- eee 4 37 57
Abdominal tuberculosis ccc 16 50 68
Generalized tuberculosis 0. 3 40 66
Meningitis ore. soe eee 0 0 15
Tuberculosis of bones and joints......... 5 3 0
Total number of cases studied......686 132 220

Grand total studied, 1,042 cases, of which 4 were infected
with both varieties of bacilli.

However, Park thinks we get a better idea of the importance
of bovine bacillus infection in the human subject when we
deduce the percentages of certain serious infections due to
bovine bacilli. This he puts under what he calls his revised table.

W. A. Evans 687

REVISED TABLE 2

Diagnosis 5 to 16 years Under 5
Bes Se 66 69
Generalized tuberculosis of alimentary origin... 60 48
Generalized tuberculosis: q..2. 2 20 11
Tubercular meningitis secondary to

tuberculosis of alimentary type... 0 72
Tubercular meningitis (other than preceding)... 0 6

The reason for offering the revised table to replace Table 1 is
that it shows the importance of bovine infection in those forms
of tuberculosis of children which are of great severity.

The summarized conclusion of Park is as follows: ‘‘A careful
study of all the factors leads us to estimate that about 10 per
cent of all deaths caused by tuberculosis in children under 5
years of age is due to infection through drinking raw cows’
milk.’’

There were 1,096,436 deaths from all causes in the registration
area in 1919. Of these, the total number of deaths from all
tuberculosis was 106,985, and the total number of deaths of
children under 5 from all tuberculosis was 5,830. The estimate
of Park is that in 1919, 583 children under 5 years of age died
of tuberculosis due to bovine tubercle bacilli in the registration
area. This is an estimate only of the deaths due to tubercu-
losis in children under 5.

The theory of Von Behring as to the cause of tuberculosis in
adults is now decidedly in the ascendant. It is that much, if not
most, of the clinical tuberculosis of adult life is the result of
infection which has lain dormant for more than decade and is
developed into a clinical disease by some period of stress. This
theory magnified the importance of infections in childhood, and
incidentally of infections with bovine bacilli.

There have been no adequate studies to determine the possi-
bility that a bovine bacillus infection in childhood may result
in the excretion of bacilli conforming: to the human type in
adult life. In fact, the typing of bacilli excreted by adults
having tuberculosis has been wholly inadequate.

Some other, but more generalized opinions, are as follows:

Park (Public Health and Hygiene, 1920): The bovine type
is pathogenic for almost all mammalian animals. The wide-
spread existence of the disease in the eattle from which we
derive all the milk renders the bovine bacilli an important
etiologic factor in connection with tuberculosis in children.

688 HeautH DEPARTMENTS AND TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION

Parkes (Practical Hygiene, 1913): Children under 5 years
of age have a higher mortality from tuberculosis than exists at
any subsequent five-year period. This fact seems to point to
the disease being maintained among infants through the agency
of infected milk.

The British Royal Commission on Tuberculosis, Second In-
terim Report, says: “The above facts seem to indicate that a
very considerable proportion of the human tuberculosis con-
tracted by ingestion and urinary invasion of the abdominal
organs is due to tubercle bacilli of bovine source.”’

Newsholine (Medical Officer, May, 1921), says: ‘‘If we are to
reduce the amount of tuberculosis and to save children’s lives,
the prevention of exposure to infection during the first four
or five years, and especially during the first two years, is of
supreme importance.”’

Shennan (Annals of Pasteur Institute, September, 1920),
commenting upon the Calmette-Guérin communications, advises
the protection of young human beings by vaccinating them with
bovine tubercle bacilli, alternated according to the Calmette-
Guérin method.

E. C. Schroeder (JOURNAL OF AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSocIATION, July, 1921) says that the bovine bacillus is respon-
sible for tuberculosis in children, and adds: ‘‘Every case of
tuberculosis in the human subject due to bovine bacilli must be
charged to intimate contact, in most cases through the ingestion
of contaminated dairy products, between persons and tubercu-
lous cattle.’’

Parkes (Practical Hygiene, 1913) : In 25 per cent of all human
tuberculosis in children under five years of age and in over 40
per cent of abdominal and joint tuberculosis during this age
period, the bovine species of germ is present.

Seott (Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Sep-
tember 30, 1921) says that in 225 eases of tuberculosis of chil-
dren in China, 15.71 per cent were alimentary in origin. In
adults 12.3 per cent of the cases studied were alimentary in
origin.

2. It lessens the supply of milk and increases its cost, thus
indirectly predisposing to tuberculosis and other diseases.

Parkes (Practical Hygiene, 1913, says that in the early
stages the milk secretion is as abundant as ever, nutrition is
not interfered with until the disease is well advanced, and even

bak

GG by PEI AS ILE LO ALCL AD TBI

W. A. Evans 689

then the amount of milk yielded, though poor in quality, may not
be diminished, and the dairy farmer continues to keep the
animal in stock.

I think it is generally held that the tuberculous cow gives
even an augmented volume of milk at the beginning of her
disease, but that often it suffers both in quantity and quality.
The existence of tuberculous infection in a milk cow must cause
an increase in the brokerage rate on the food supplied her.
However, you know the literature on this phase of the question
better than I do, and you are in a better position to evaluate
the evidence.

As a health administrator, I have no hesitation in saying that
anything which materially decreases the supply of milk, or
which materially increases its price, makes against the public
health by lowering the rate of growth of children and lowering
their nutrition levels.

3. It lessens the meat supply and increases the cost of living.

On this point your opinion is better than mine.

Again, whatever increases the cost of living is detrimental to
the public health. Those who do hard work must have meat at
a reasonable price, or their health suffers somewhat, likewise
their efficiency.

4. It decreases the profits to the milk producer and farmer.

On the question of decrease in profits to the milk producer and
farmer your opinion is also better than mine.

5. One of the most interesting and instructive contributions
on the fifth point, namely, the relation of bovine bacillus to the
perpetuation of tuberculosis, is that of Schroeder (JOURNAL OF
THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEpICcAL ASSOCIATION, July, 1921).
Schroeder says that the bovine form of the tubercle bacillus is
*‘the supremely pathogenic type.’’ It is responsible for tuber-
culosis in cows, in hogs and in children. Although hogs are
infected from cows, the bovine bacilli in them do not infect
other hogs and they are not a source of reinfection of hogs. From
the epidemiologic standpoint as regards cows, porcine infection
is a blind alley. Likewise the bovine bacillus in the young
human body multiplies but it does not infect other human
beings. Nor is this a source of infection of cows. From the
same standpoint, it, too, is a blind alley. The cow is infected by
infected cows. The infected cow infects other cows, pigs, human
beings, and other animals; the latter but rarely, however.

Every case of tuberculosis in human subjects due to bovine

690 HeaLttH DEPARTMENTS AND TUBERCULOSIS ERADICATION

tubercle bacilli must be charged to intimate contact, in most
instances through the ingestion of contaminated dairy products
between persons and tuberculous cattle. The human tubercle
bacillus, while very important from the standpoint of human
tuberculosis, requires no consideration whatever in bovine tuber-
culosis eradication projects, since cows are immune to it.

Tuberculosis among hogs is unimportant except as it indicates
the extent of tuberculosis among cows and the economic waste it
oceasions. Tuberculosis among fowls is due to the avian type of
the bacillus. This bacillus does not cause tuberculosis among
mammals nor can the forms of mammalian tuberculosis cause
tuberculosis among fowls.

According to this view, no campaign for the suppression of
tuberculosis is logical that does not take into account the bovine
bacillus.

To meet point 1, universally applied, properly controlled
pasteurization would be effective, likewise the universal use of
dried milk. But there is great difficulty in getting that kind of
pasteurized milk except in the cities. The farmer himself, his
family and his livestock, and the people in the towns and smaller
cities, will continue using raw milk for a long time. Pasteuriza-
tion does not offer a remedy for the conditions covered in
points 2 to 5, inclusive.

I am informed that the accredited plan for the gradual eradi-
cation of bovine tuberculosis promises to be as suecessful as
was the similar plan for the eradication of tick fever. I am glad
that Dr. Kiernan, who had so much experience in tick eradica-
tion, is lending his experience to the tuberculosis eradication
plan.

Dr. L. E. Day informed me that in October, 1921, there were
in the United States 10,572 accredited herds and in them there
were 243,365 cattle; that, in addition, there were 936,858 cows
about ready to be accredited; that the total number of cows
tested for tuberculosis one or more times under this plan was
1,677,254, out of a total of twenty-seven million dairy cows in
the United States; that there are 27,963 other herds on the
waiting list; that 3,703 herds in Iowa and 4,039 herds in Minne-
sota have been tested.

T do not think that the growth of pasteurization since 1908
has been much more rapid, if any, than has its twin remedy for
the protection of the public health, tuberculin testing, since
Dyson introduced the herd accredited plan in 1912.

HOG CHOLERA *

By R. C. REED
University of Maryland, College Park, Md.

SINCE the losses from hog cholera in the United States are
greater than all other losses in the hog industry, it does not
seem out of place to discuss at this time some of the methods
used for the control and eradication of this disease.

Much has been done to systematize methods, but more or less
confusion still exists and the losses continue to mount up, in
spite of the fact that many people believe that these losses have
been reduced almost or quite to a minimum. Estimates made
by the United States Department of Agriculture, from the best
data available, place the actual loss of hogs from hog cholera,
in the United States, at $62,000,000. To this sum must be added
the cost of serum, professional services for its administration,
cleaning and disinfection, as well as the amounts spent by the
Federal and State Governments in the systematic attempt to
control the disease. This amount would be hard to reduce to
figures, but probably is not less than $20,000,000, and the amount
may run far beyond this figure. This sum seems too great
to charge against this industry anunally, if our methods can in
any way be improved. Year after year the fight continues, and
we believe will continue, until the livestock owners and sani-
tarians can agree to employ the necessary measures not only
to stop the spread of the infection but to destroy the virus.
The methods too commonly employed tend to protect the in-
dividual owner temporarily without destroying the infection or
preventing the spread of the disease to other herds.

Only by the prompt application of sanitary measures rigidly
enforced can this spread be effectively checked. Sanitation does
not mean simply cleaning and disinfection, both of which are ab-
solutely essential, but also includes the use of all measures that
can be applied for the promotion of health and the prevention
of infection. Anything that keeps the animal up to the proper
standard of vitality increases his resisting power to disease.
Anything which tends to prevent the spread of the virus or the

1Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association, Denver, Colo., September 5-9, 1921.

691

692 Hog CHOLERA

harboring of it on premises will reduce the spread of the disease.
Needless to state, if we can destroy the virus we have solved
the whole hog-cholera problem. The question, therefore, for
us to discuss is how best to destroy this infectious organism.
All attention has been given to control and not to eradication.

For over four years we have followed rather closely in Mary-
land a definite plan for the control and eventual eradication of
hog cholera. Apparently our efforts have not been im vain.
Up to this time our greatest results seem to be in confining the
disease to the original center after the outbreak has been re-
ported to us. It is interesting to state in passing that accord-
ing to the statistics given out by the United States Department
of Agriculture, Maryland ranks ninth in density of hog popu-
lation per square mile in the United States. In per cent of
loss from hog cholera per square mile she stands twenty-fifth.

In attempting to outline the Maryland plan for the eradica-
tion of hog cholera I can not do better than to quote more or
less freely from an article published in one of the farm journals
some time ago. Our work was started with an intensive educa-
tional campaign in every county in the State. This enlisted
the interest and the hearty support of a majority of farmers
and hog raisers in the work which we were attempting to do.

THe MARYLAND PLAN

‘““The Maryland Plan,’’ briefly outlined, consists of three
cardinal points, as follows:

1. Proper precautions to prevent the introduction and spread
of the infection.

2. To prevent the maintenance of centers of infection by
cleaning and disinfection.

3. The minimizing of losses and shortening of the duration
of the disease in sick or exposed herds by vaccination.

A careful analysis of these three points will impress one with
the fact that the problem which is of vital importance is the
prevention of primary centers of infection or new outbreaks,
for if primary centers are not established the various agencies
known to be responsible for the spread of the virus can not
disseminate it. A widespread outbreak, therefore, would be
impossible. On the other hand, by whatever method the new

R. C. Rreep 693

center of infection is established, the danger of the spread of
the disease is the same.

Experience has shown that there are three principal ways
by which hog cholera is introduced into free localities, viz. :
(1) Garbage feeding; (2) introduction of new stock, especially
stocker hogs; (3) abuse of the double treatment. Undoubtedly
these practices are responsible for more than 95 per cent of new
outbreaks.

GARBAGE FEEDING

Garbage feeding will be first considered, because in Mary-
land it appears to be responsible for more primary outbreaks
than all other conditions. Of the primary outbreaks in the State
during the year 1919, where it was possible to trace the source
of infection, it was found that approximately 62 per cent of
them were caused by the feeding of garbage. Canada considers
it responsible for more than nine-tenths of their outbreaks.

The practice of feeding garbage was greatly stimulated by the
abnormal prices for feed and pork incidental to the war. Of-
ficials encouraged its use as a food conservation measure, un-
doubtedly with the best intentions, but without foreseeing all
the consequent danger. The desired results may or may not
have been obtained. However, the time is past when the rais-
ing or feeding of hogs should be attempted under the econdi-
tions which impose an unnecessary risk of starting or main-
taining centers of hog-cholera infection. This is especially true
if it is expected to make hog raising safe from the ravages of
hog cholera and the expense incidental thereto.

No attempt will be made at an exhaustive discussion of the
merits of garbage disposal by reduction plants or by feeding to
hogs, We have not been able to find data which show, from
the standpoint of the taxpayer, the consumer or the feeder, that
disposal of garbage by feeding to hogs has anything to recom-
mend it over reduction. It is one of the surest methods of in-
troducing hog-cholera infection. Uncooked garbage, as ad-
mitted by garbage feeding advocates, may contain the virus of
hog cholera at any time.

It is believed that if the small gains usually obtained by feed-
ing garbage were generally appreciated, few would bother with
it, even though there were no danger from its use. It has been
stated on good authority that, theoretically, under the best

694 Hoag CHOLERA

conditions, one pound of pork may be obtained from 50 pounds
of garbage. Practically, however, the ratio has been found to

be nearer 70 to 80 pounds of garbage to one pound of pork. °

With pork selling at 14 cents a pound, and approximately 25
pounds being obtained from a ton of garbage, the value of the
garbage would be about $3.50 a ton. Now that the price of
pork is materially lower, the feeding value of a ton of garbage
is still further reduced.

The feeding of this product in certain sections of the country
is largely responsible for the hog-cholera outbreaks. It may
therefore be seen that garbage feeding has no advantage for
the hog raiser or the feeder. Further, it is without doubt abso-
lutely incompatible with sanitation.

Claims are often made that the double treatment can be ad-
ministered to swine and these animals be safely fed garbage.
For the sake of argument we will admit this claim, although re-
ports received indicate it has never been possible to prevent
unsatisfactory losses of hogs in garbage feeding plants. Even
if the claim be true and none of the hogs should “break,’’ it is
nevertheless evident that if unsterilized garbage is constantly
brought to the premises it would mean the maintenance of con-
stantly infected premises.

Tt is obvious that no person or persons should be permitted to
maintain a garbage-feeding plant in an agricultural community.
Neither should it be permitted in any locality unless the neces-
sary precautions are taken to prevent the premises from harbor-
ing hog-cholera infection.

New Stock

In the primary infections which have occurred in Maryland
during the last 18 months, and in which we have been able to
trace the source, it has been found that about 30 per cent are
due to the introduction of new stock. By this method susceptible
swine which have been exposed to the infection, but have not
yet developed the disease, as well as animals already infected
and those from infected premises, are all capable of transmitting
virus.

It appears inconceivable that any person would knowingly
sell, for breeding or stocker purposes, hogs that had been ex-
posed to or had developed cholera. At a public sale in the

i lee eaietiien ee ae eee ee

R. C. REED 695

spring of 1919 hogs were sold that carried infection to fourteen
premises. There are also many who make a practice when sick-
ness occurs among their hogs of shipping the small pigs to
dealers with the idea that they will be resold before evidence
of the disease appears. They either do not care or fail to realize
that such action may cause a loss of thousands of dollars. Two
years ago on a single farm in one county nearly 200 hogs were
lost because of the purchase of such stock.

Hogs from infected premises, although they themselves may
have been immunized, have been known to earry infection to
free premises. But if the farmers or stock raisers purchasing
hogs from outside of Maryland comply with the State regula-
tions, there should be but little danger of cholera from this
source. The State regulations are framed with the idea of giv-
ing the best possible protection. They are as follows:

All swine brought into this Statte for feeding, breeding or show
purposes must be accompanied by a certificate of health issued by a
veterinarian whose competency and reliability are attested by the
authorities charged with the control of domestic animals in the State
of export, stating that they are free from any symptoms of infec-
tious or communicable diseases, and that such animals have been
treated with proper doses of anti-hog-cholera serum within thirty
(30) days of the date of entry into Maryland.

Swine that have received the simultaneous treatment must not be
brought into Maryland for purposes other than immediate slaughter
until a period of at least thirty (30) days has elapsed since the date
of treatment. Such animals must be given an antiseptic bath as
provided for in paragraph 9 of this regulation, and not again ex-
posed to infection before being shipped.

These regulations should also govern the action of buyers
when purchasing hogs within the State unless the animals are
known to come from free territory. Hogs bought in a locality
as to which the purchaser does not have full knowledge should
be isolated for at least 30 days. If by that time they do not
exhibit evidence of disease they may be safely placed with the
other hogs on the premises after having been given an antiseptic
bath.

For the past three years the two above described sources of
infection have been responsible for practically all of the new
outbreaks of hog cholera within the State of Maryland. There-
fore we believe that if close supervision of the double treatment
is continued, and the farmers and stock raisers will cooperate
with the livestock sanitary authorities in preventing the intro-

696 Hoc CHOLERA

duction of infection through these two sources, there will be
but little danger from hog cholera.

ABUSE OF THE DOUBLE TREATMENT

Unmerited criticism has been directed at the Maryland State
Board of Agriculture because it is alleged that this Board is
committed to a ‘‘single treatment’’ policy. The fact is, how-
ever, that the Board has never adopted such a policy, although
actual experience has demonstrated to the livestock sanitary
officials that in most instances the single treatment is all that is
needed.

The Maryland authorities are neither bound by the single-
treatment policy, nor are they opposing the proper use of the
double treatment. It is not the use but the abuse of the double
treatment which is of great concern to this Board, and to that
it is unalterably opposed. Anyone familiar with the double
treatment does not question its merits as an immunizing agent.
On the contrary, anyone equally familiar with it knows that
by its abuse more harm than good will result.

The abuse of the double treatment is (a) its use in free terri-
tory; (b) its use in sick herds without proper diagnosis; (c)
its administration by incompetent persons; (d) its administra-
tion without every precaution being taken to prevent the spread
of the infection in case any of the animals should ‘‘break,’’ and
(e) where, by its use, centers of infection might be established.

(a) Double treatment enthusiasts and those opposed to its
promiscuous use are practically agreed on one point; that is,
the inadvisability of administering serum and virus to swine
in free territories. All persons conversant with the double treat-
ment know that many so-ealled ‘‘unexplainable breaks’’ will
occur. Therefore it may be seen that if hogs in a free area are
given the double treatment, and if any of them should ‘‘break,’’
the infection would be introduced into a territory where it was
previously unknown. In certain cases an exception might be
made for the breeder of purebred hogs, whose lots are always
open to visitors, and whose swine are exhibited at fairs. But
such persons are usually so situated that they can completely
isolate their stock; however, precautions must be taken to pre-
vent speading the disease or maintaining centers of infection.

(b) The administration of serum and virus to swine in siek

R. C. REED 697

herds, if the condition be something other than cholera, is prac-
tically certain to produce an outbreak of the disease. Many
times swine suffering from digestive trouble where diarrhea is
present are thought to have cholera and are given the simul-
taneous treatment. As a result losses occur and the serum is
usually blamed. Swine affected with any disease other than hog
cholera, or which have been denied proper feed and care, have
their vitality so lowered that they are less resistant to the virus
and they are more certain to ‘‘break’’ than if they were healthy.

Many times double-treatment advocates appear to be of the
opinion that there is no danger in giving the serum and virus
to a sick herd. They argue that as hog cholera is present there
is no danger of introducing an infection that is not already on
the premises. This might be true if the sickness were hog chol-
era, but it would be a serious mistake if the condition proved
to be something else.

To administer the double treatment to a sick herd before
a positive diagnosis has been made (and a positive diagnosis
ean only be determined by a postmortem examination) is an
abuse of this treatment. It may not only start a new center
of infection but cause unnecessary losses, and it also has a tend-
ency to make the farmers and stock raisers hesitate to employ
vaccination when its use is really indicated.

(c) Determining just what constitutes competency in the ad
ministration of the double treatment might lead to endless dis-
cussion. If it only concerned the injection of the serum and
virus it would be an easy problem to solve, as this procedure
may be taught to any careful person in the course of a few min-
utes. The problems surrounding its administration are so
varied and complex that an individual to be competent must
fully understand the products which he is using. He should
be able to determine when the treatment should or should not
be administered. He should be capable of making a proper
diagnosis and be able to determine whether or not the swine
are in condition to receive the treatment. He must also be ex-
perienced in estimating weight of hogs and in determining
dosage.

(d) All possible precaution should be taken to prevent the
spread of the infection in case animals ‘‘break’’ as a result of
the administration of the double treatment. If it were possible

698 Hoag CHOLERA

to administer this treatment so that there would be no ‘‘breaks”’
it would be unnecessary to use so many precautions to prevent
the spread of the infection. But it is impossible to determine,
at the time of injection, whether or not any of the animals will
develop hog cholera as a result of the treatment.

The claims of the double treatment advocates to the effect that
the number of animals in a herd which develop the disease as
a result of the treatment is usually very small may generally
be accepted. However, at times the losses are most discouraging.
But if only one animal in the herd ‘‘breaks’’ as a result of the
treatment, a center of hog-cholera infection is established just
as surely as if the disease had been contracted in some other
manner. Further, it is just as possible for the infection to be
carried from the premises as it would be if the whole herd had
developed the disease.

A short time ago a herd of purebred swine in this State was
given the double treatment. As a result of the treatment one
of the animals developed hog cholera. After the serum and
virus had been administered, but before this hog ‘‘broke’’ with
the disease, a number of sows farrowed, and they with their
young pigs were put in pens adjoining the double-treated hogs.
The infection spread to these young pigs and there was a dis-
couraging and unnecessary loss as a result of this negligence.

(e) The maintenance of infected premises by the use of the
double treatment. It is not generally appreciated that infected
premises may be as much or even more of a menace than sick
herds. However, experience has proved this to be a fact in many
instances. Numerous outbreaks have occurred which were caused
directly or indirectly by infected premises. When there are sick
hogs on a given place, the neighbors will ordinarily use more
or less care to prevent the spread of the infection. After the
animals have all died or recovered, as the case may be, these
same neighbors are apt to forget that the infection may still
be harbored on the premises. From here it may be spread and
start new outbreaks on other farms and may also infect hogs
bought to replace those on the first farm.

A careful analysis of the subject shows that apparently one
of the greatest dangers arising from the use of the double treat-
ment is that it causes a feeling of security and creates a tend-
ency to discourage cleaning and disinfection.

R. C. Reep 699

The regulations of the State Board of Agriculture govern-
ing the use of the double treatment prescribe that if it is desired
to administer this treatment the swine owner shall make ap-
plication to the Livestock Sanitary Section of the Board for
a permit to use it. By signing this application the owner agrees
to have the treatment administered by a registered graduate
veterinarian (giving the name of the veterinarian), that the
animals under treatment shall be isolated for at least thirty
days, at the end of which time that portion of the premises on
which the hogs were confined shall be cleaned and disinfected
and the animals dipped in an approved disinfecting solution.

Experience has proved that in Maryland there are two main
causes for the spread of hog-cholera infection in case an out-
break is started in a neighborhood. They are, first, failure
to give warning of the outbreak; second, failure on the part
of the owner to dispose promptly and properly of the carcasses
of hogs that die.

One of the reasons why people do not give warning when
their hogs are suffering from cholera is that they feel it is a
disgrace and therefore try to conceal the fact: If they would
only look at it in the proper light they could easily see that
the real disgrace is in not reporting it. If a person’s hogs
have cholera would it be a disgrace for him to notify the au-
thorities and neighbors so that they might take the proper steps
to prevent the spread of the infection? Does not the disgrace
lie in trying to conceal the matter? Because of lack of this in-
formation neighbors and others do not take the proper pre-
caution, and the infection is carried to their hogs, causing un-
necessary loss.

In order to prevent the spread of infection, all illness among
swine should be considered hog cholera until proven otherwise.
This will entail practically no extra expense. Then should the
infection prove to be hog cholera, there will be slight danger
of its spread. On the other hand should the disease prove to
be something other than cholera, the self-imposed quarantine
will have caused no material hardship.

One of the greatest dangers of the spread of hog-cholera in-
fection from the primary outbreak is the failure to dispose
promptly and properly of the carcasses of hogs that have died
of the disease. In fact, it is believed that in the past this has

700 Hoc CHOLERA

been responsible for more secondary outbreaks than all other
conditions combined. The Maryland law, as quoted below, is
most exphcit. Farmers and stock raisers will give great pro-
tection not only to their own animals but to the swine industry
at large by its strict observance.

All hogs and other domestic animals dying of contagious or in-
fectious disease shall be buried at a depth of at least three (3) feet,
or be burned, at the discretion of the owner. And any person or
persons permitting any dead hogs or any other domestic animal,
having died of any contagious disease, to remain unburied upon his
or her premises for the space of three hours prior to sunset of said
day after he has discovered same, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor,
and upon conviction thereof before any justice of the peace shall
be fined not less than ten ($10.00) dollars for each offense or im-
prisoned in the county jail for not less than ten (10) days, or be
both fined and imprisoned in the discretion of the justice.

In many instances careless and indifferent persons, in abso-
lute disregard of the safety of their neighbors’ stock, have neg-
lected to comply with this law. They take advantage of the
fact that it specifies that only animals dying of contagious or
infectious diseases should be so disposed of. They either profess
ignorance as to the cause of the death of their hogs or ascribe it
to some condition other than a contagious or infectious dis-
ease. To stop such evasion of the law, the State Board of Agri-
culture adopted the following regulation, which makes it im-
perative that carcasses of all animals having died of any cause
must be properly disposed of:

As the practice of allowing dead animals to remain unburied is @
menace to the health of the livestock of the community, and frequent
cause of disease, it is hereby required that horses, asses, cattle, swine
or other domestic animals, having died from any cause, be burned
or buried at a depth of at least three feet, or sent to some establish-
ment where dead animals are disposed of in a manner to prevent
their becoming a menace.

Too much emphasis can not be put upon the fact that it is
absolutely essential for farmers and stock raisers to assist the
authorities in seeing that these requirements are complied with.
Prompt notice with confirming evidence of violation of these
regulations should be given the livestock sanitary officials.

It is incumbent upon the owner of a sick herd to take the
necessary precautions to prevent the spread of the infection
from his premises. Equal responsibility, however, rests on the
owner of the hogs which have not been exposed to the infec-

tion. The owner of the sick herd might comply with every

R. C. Reep 701

regulation to prevent the spread of infection, yet people with
well herds could undo much of his good work by carelessness.

There is no doubt that the danger of infected premises is
much underestimated. Data gathered-from the work in Mary-
land show these conditions to have been responsible for many
outbreaks of hog cholera. Just what constitutes cleaning and
disinfection of premises seems to be misunderstood by many
farmers and stock raisers. They appear to dread the task and
in a large per cent of instances they prefer to adopt the more
expensive method of immunization. They forget that by this
procedure they are perpetuating a menace for their swine, when
by proper cleaning and disinfection they would remove this and
in addition would undoubtedly improve the condition of their
hogs.

We do not question the value of the serum treatment, or even
the serum-virus treatment when properly applied, in the mini-
mizing of losses, shortening of the duration of the disease in
-sick or exposed herds; but too much dependence has often been
put upon the serum treatment, which is not, and never has been,
advocated as a cure.

Our work in Maryland has been earried on entirely in co-
operation with the Division of Hog Cholera Control of the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry, and our results have
been satisfactory when compared with the methods employed
in other States. The cost has been nominal.

In each ease reported to us we attempt first of all to make a
definite diagnosis, and if the disease proves to be hog cholera
measures are taken to stop the spread of the disease by a vol-
untary quarantine and by notifying neighbors and giving them
definite instruction regarding the prevention and control of
hog cholera. One of the greatest drawbacks to our work is the
late reporting of outbreaks. If information of the sickness
reaches us promptly the number of secondary outbreaks is re-
duced to a minimum.

Finally, the ‘‘Maryland Plan,’’ when boiled down, is the pre-
vention of the introduction, harboring and spread of the hog-
cholera virus.

BOTULISM IN ITS RELATION TO ANTI-HOG-CHOLERA
SERUM AND HOG-CHOLERA VIRUS

By Evw. A. Canitu, H. W. JAKEMAN and T. W. MuNcE

Indianapolis, Indiana

THE SUBJECT of botulism in swine has until recently been
limited to an occasional reference to the isolation of Bacillus
botulinus from that species, usually from the feces. More re-
cently Graham (1) reported the presence of B. botulinus Type
A in the tissues of a number of swine and described sporadic and
enzootie conditions which he called botulism. Graham’s work
was inaugurated on account of increased losses in swine both
previous and subsequent to hog-cholera immunization. Several
conclusions offered by him regarding the present status of
swine diseases differ radically from the findings of other inves-
tigators and are as yet unsupported by published data. Of
special interest are two points raised by Graham. The first is
that there exists in swine a previously unrecognized disease—
botulism—while the second is that a large percentage of com-
mercial anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus is con-
taminated with B. botulinus. This latter assertion is of particu-
lar interest, since hog cholera is the most serious disease of swine
and the products named are the only two which are capable of
immunizing animals against that disease.

The use of these products in the immunization of swine
against cholera and publie confidence in their efficacy are re-
sponsible for materially reducing both the number of susceptible
animals and the losses from the disease. Joss of confidence in
products capable of producing such immunity would naturally
result in the immunization of fewer animals, which would cause
an increase both in the number of susceptible swine and the
losses from disease. Conversely, if it were proven that these
products may be contaminated, either with B. botulinus or with
its toxin, this would constitute a menace equally as great, since
there would then be presented the possibility of one disease
being caused by products intended for the prevention of an-
other. Since the public is vitally concerned in the results fol-
lowing the use of these products, and since erroneous conclu-

702

Kpow. A. Cantu, H. W. JAKEMAN, T. W. MuNcE 703

sions may cause irreparable damage, there are required con-
firmed data and experiments rather than an expression of
opinion.

With these points in mind the writers have undertaken to ap-
praise the correctness of Graham’s conclusions. Points for con-
sideration have been taken up in the order of their practical im-
portance.

The first experiment was conducted with four samples of
anti-hog-cholera serum and one sample of virus. These were
samples of serial lots (although different bottles) which had
been examined by Graham (1) and included in the 16 per cent
which he found contaminated. All were examined for the pres-
ence of botulinus toxin as described in Table 1. The com-
pletely negative results are particularly striking when it is
realized that large amounts of supposedly toxic material were
used.

Each sample of serum was next submitted to cultural and
additional toxicity tests, with negative results, as shown in Table
2. When these cultures were injected into mice and guinea-pigs
there was no evidence of toxin production. Samples of the
material under test had been submitted to two recognized au-
thorities on botulism, and their findings were in exact con-
formity with those given in Table 1 and Table 2.

Since there now remained only a small quantity of each lot
of serum being tested, these were mixed and the composite sam-
ple tested for its toxicity for swine, as shown in Table 3.
Botulinus antitoxin was used on two pigs to compare animals
so treated with those which were expected to sicken as a re-
sult of receiving supposedly toxie material. Pig No. 9242, ap-
parently affected with cholera, died on the tenth day after inocu-
lation. The possibility of botulism in this animal is precluded
by the fact that it had received 1;500 units of botulinus anti-
toxin (Type A).

During the past three years the writers have conducted and
observed over 1,700 tests to determine the possible presence of
toxin in anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus. Each
test represented a serial lot of serum or virus and was conducted
. by inoculating guinea-pigs and mice with 3 ¢.c. and 0.5 ce.

respectively of the product under test. Nothwithstanding the

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BOTULISM AND HoG-CHOLERA SERUM

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T06 BoTruLIsM AND HoG-CHOLERA SERUM

large amount of injected material, the findings have never indi-
cated the presence of toxin. These tests have been conducted at
a time sufficiently long after production to allow for the detec-
tion of botulinus toxin if present. Notwithstanding this it was
felt, in view of Graham’s statement (1) that more than 16 per
cent of commercial anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus
‘is contaminated with toxigenic strains’’ of B. botulinus, that a
large number of aged samples should be re-examined both cul-
turally and for toxicity.

Bengston (2), Orr (3) and others have shown that 0.0001 c.e.
of botulinus toxin is a lethal dose for a 250-gram guinea-pig.
Orr (4) has shown that mice are extremely susceptible to the
same dose, while if this be increased to 0.1 ¢.c. death oceurs in
approximately four hours. It was, therefore, felt that an in-
traperitoneal injection of 0.5 ¢.c. would be an overwhelming
dose if toxin were present in the products under test. One
hundred and twenty-five serial lots of anti-hog-cholera serum
and nine serial lots of virus were tested in this manner. The
results were entirely negative, as shown in Table 4. White
mice were used in inoculating the serum and guinea-pigs were
used in the case of the virus. All mice were injected in-
traperitoneally with 0.5 ¢.c. and all guinea-pigs subcutaneously
with 3 ¢.c. of the phenolized commercial product. Since the
oldest samples in the test had been produced two years and
ten days and the freshest five months previously, it was felt
that the material should be quite toxic if toxigenic strains of
B. botulinus were present. Mice inoculated with samples 3 and
42 died from causes other than the material injected. The table
shows a repetition of the tests on these lots with satisfactory
results.

Although these results strongly indicated the absence of
botulinus toxin in the material under test, it was felt advisable
that the investigations be carried further. Accordingly these
same serial lots were then tested by planting 10 e.c. of each
sample in 50 ¢.c. of medium known to be particularly favorable
to toxin production. The medium used consisted of equal parts
of minced beef and water which was definitely alkaline (pH
8.0). This is a modification of the Muriel Robertson (5) me-
dium and has proven most valuable for the production of

Epw. A. CAHILL, H. W. JAKEMAN, T. W. MuNCE 707

botulinus and other toxins. The cultures were observed on the
second, fourth, seventh and seventeenth days for gas forma-
tion and the odor ordinarily associated with B. botulinus. Par-
ticular attention was given to the examination for odor both
in the newly opened bottle used for planting and inoculating
and in the periodic cultural examinations. DeBord (6) states
that all material examined by the United States Bureau of
Chemistry and found to eontain B. botulinus or its toxin had a
distinctly offensive characteristic odor. Practically all inves-
tigators refer to the disagreeable, rancid odor possessed by mate-
rial in which B. botulinus is growing, and no data were avail-
able to indicate that anti-hog-cholera serum or virus would be
exceptions to this general rule. After seventeen days, white
mice were inoculated with these cultures, using 0.3 ¢.c. of each
sample subcutaneously. An accident in one of the cages was
responsible for the death of several animals. In these cases the
samples were reinoculated with satisfactory results. The results
are tabulated in Table 4.

Since the experiments outlined in Table 4 indicate the absence
ot B. botulinus and its toxin in samples representing over 12,-
000,000 ¢.c. of anti-hog-cholera serum and nearly 200,000 c.e.
of virus, it would seem that the possibility of botulism being
caused by these products is remote.

Elder and Pischel (7), Burke (8), Dickson (9) and many
others have shown that B. botulinus or its spores are incapable
of causing botulism when ingested or otherwise gaining entrance
to the body unless associated with preformed toxin. These ob-
servers believe the organism to be a saprophyte incapable of
causing disease unless its toxin is formed outside the body.
Thom, Edmondson and Giltner (10) and more recently Orr (11)
have shown that, when massive quantities of spores are admin-
istered to guinea-pigs subeutaneuously or per os, botulism may
develop. Although the exact status of this problem remains
unsettled, it was deemed advisable to determine whether or not
anti-hog-cholera serum or virus artificially contaminated with
B. botulinus would contain a preformed toxin capable of causing
botulism, or whether swine inoculated with a spore-serum mix-
ture would develop botulism as occurred in Orr’s experiments
with guinea-pigs. To determine this point spores were prepared

BorunisM AND HoGg-CHOLERA SERUM

708

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BoruLisM AND HoG-CHOLERA SERUM

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Epw. A. Cantu, H. W. Jakeman, T: W. MuNcE 711

by planting two toxigenic strains of B. botulinus (Type A) in
glucose bouillon, and after seventeen days’ contact the cultures
were heated to destroy the toxin and guinea-pigs were inocu-
lated.
As will be seen in Table 5 one guinea-pig died on the fifth
. and one on the sixth day, presumably as a result of toxin formed
within the body. This is in accord with the recent work of
Orr (11), since, if toxin were contained in the injected material,
death would have followed in a few hours.

TaBLe 5.—INocULATIONS WITH HEATED BoTuLinus CULTURES.

Guinea-pig No. Date Material Results
Inoculated

= on oe Oh cea Aa Ra ne ee Nov. 25, 1921 | 1lce.c. of heated bouillon culture | Died, 5 days
LUCY 2 5 Se Ss ee ee eee do. do. do.

The heated suspension was cultured in minced meat medium
to make certain that the spores had not been destroyed. All cul-
tures showed profuse growth of B. botulinus in two days. That
the toxin-producing ability of the spores had not been destroyed
was proven by animal inoculations shown in Table 6.

TABLE 6.—INOCULATIONS wiTH BoTULINUS CULTURES FROM HEATED SUSPENSION.

Date Guinea- Amount
Material Heated and Pig Date of Inocu- How Results
Cultured No. Inoculation lated Inoculated

|
tl ————__—________.

Bouillon cultures
from heated sus- |
- pension shown

}
in Table 5..... | Nov. 25,1921) 4204 Dec. 21,1921 0.2c.c. Subcutaneously Dead, 5 hours
do. | 4205 do. do. do. do.

Four bottles of phenolized anti-hog-cholera serum were inocu-
lated with this toxin-free spore suspension which had _ been
proven viable and toxigenic. Two bottles were inoculated with
0.1 cc. and two with 0.5 ¢.c. of the spore suspension, and all
were allowed to stand at room temperature for fifteen days,
if after which guinea-pigs were inoculated. All animals received
My 0.5 ¢.e. subeutaneously, two receiving 18 million spores and two
ik 90 million, respectively, depending upon the bottles from which
+ they were inoculated. The two which received 90 million died
; in six days, while those receiving 18 million died in seventeen
i days, which again indicates that toxin was formed within the
, body. These results, confirming as they do those which are

BoruLisM AND HoG-CHOLERA SERUM

712

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Epw. A. Canin, H. W. JAKEMAN, T. W. MUNCE 713

presented in Table 5, apparently indicate that botulinus toxin
is not produced in phenolized anti-hog-cholera serum, since, had
toxin been present, the guinea-pigs should have died a few hours
subsequent te injection.

In view of these findings, which agree with those of Orr (11)
and others that massive doses of spores may result in the death
of guinea-pigs, it was deemed necessary to determine if similar
results might occur in swine. Accordingly swine weighing less
than 50 pounds were inoculated with 25 ¢.c. of this serum-spore
mixture. All remained well, as shown in Table 7, although they
received in the injection approximately four billion spores.

In order that the apparent conclusion might be substantiated
by results in a larger number of animals, new mixtures of serum
and spores were made in the proportions and manner previously
described, and the experiment was repeated, using the same pre-
cautions which were taken in the previous experiments to insure
and prove the toxin-producing ability and viability of the spores.
The animals, both cholera immune and susceptible, shown in
Table 8, gained weight during the entire test period and
showed no undesirable effects following the injection of this
spore-anti-hog-cholera-serum mixture, either when used alone or
simultaneously with hog-cholera virus. Each 30 ¢.c. dose con-
tained approximately five billion spores.

To determine whether or not B. botulinus and hog-cholera
virus in symbiosis exert an action which differs from that ob-
tained by a B. botulinus-hog-cholera-serum mixture as shown in
Table 8, the following experiment was conducted: Spores were
planted in commercial hog-cholera virus, following the technique
previously described. This was injected simultaneously with
anti-hog-cholera serum into both susceptible and cholera-immune
swine. It will be observed in Table 9 that all animals inoculated
with this material remained well.

The combined action of botulinus spores and hog-cholera virus
ou: susceptible pigs unprotected by hog-cholera serum was next
studied to determine whether such contamination altered the
syndrome ordinarily observed in cholera. The time and man-
ner in which these animals sickened differed in no respeet from
those of animals inoculated with virus known to be free from
contamination.

The results recorded indicate that spores of B. botulinus in

714 BorutisM AND HoG-CHOLERA SERUM

Tasie 8.—ExpPEeRIMENT TO DETERMINE THE ACTION OF BaciLLus Botutinus Spores 1n ANTI-HoG
CxHoLenA SERUM ON Born, SUSCEPTIBLE AND IMMUNE SWINE.

Description | Material inoculated | Dosage Results

Cholera immune | Hog-cholera-serum-spore mixture 30 c.c.! | Remained healthy

do | do. do do.

do. do. do. do

do. do. do. do

do. do. do. do

do. do. do. do

do do do. do

do do do. do

do do do. do

do do do. do

do. do. do. do.

do. do. do. do.

Cholera suscep- do. | do. do.

tible

do do do. do

do do do. do

do do do. do

do do do. do

do do do. do

do do do. do

do. do. do. do.

do. do. | do. do.

oO. do. : | do. do

Cholera immune | Hog-cholera-serum-spore mixture do. do.

and hog-cholera virus.

do do. | do. do

do do. | do. do

do do. do. do

do do | do. do

do. do. do. do.

do. do. | do do.

Cholera suscep- | do. | do do.

tible. |

-do do. | do. do

do do. do. do

do do. do. do

: do. do. | do. do.

5.7 oe ee do. do. | do. do.

S185 Sate Bae do do. do do.

1 Each cubic centimeter contained approximately 180 million spores.

phenolized anti-hog-cholera serum failed to produce a toxin and
that swine inoculated with massive amounts of spores in anti-
hog-cholera serum did not develop botulism. Orr (11) has
shown that botulinus spores placed in unphenolized defibrinated
guinea-pig blood develop a strong toxin within 30 hours. Since

TaBLe 9.—ReEsuLts OF INOCULATION W1TH HoG-CHOLERA-VIRUS-SPORE MIXTURE.

Pig No. Description Material inoculated Results
DITSie tS ee Cholera immune Virus-spore mixture (2 c.c.!) and Remained healthy
Hog-cholera serum (30 c.c.).
TESA, 2B: do. do. do
4066 do. do do
2998: ee | do. do do
7A bf a do. do. do.
PAO B45 do. do. do.
3775...... Cholera susceptible do. do.
Sie. $e do. do. do
3767 do. do. | do
3776 do. do. do
3766 do. do do
57 (7d) Nee a do. do do

1Each cubic centimeter contained approximately 180 million spores.

Epw. A. Cantu, H. W. JAKEMAN, T. W. MUNCE 715

this differed from our results when using a phenolized blood
serum medium, the following experiment was conducted: Five-
tenths of a eubic centimeter of toxin-free spore suspension was
placed in 25 ¢.c. of unphenolized defibrinated hog blood and al-
lowed to remain in contact for eleven days. Mice inoculated
with 0.3 ¢.c. died in nine hours, whereas guinea-pigs receiving
0.5 ¢.c. died in twelve hours. It is interesting to note that the
characteristic odor associated with B. botulinus was present
in this unphenolized spore mixture, whereas it was never ob-
served in the phenolized mixture.

Although this experiment has been conducted on a small
seale, the results are in close accord with those obtained by Orr
(11). The striking contrast in the results obtained with phenol-
ized and unphenolized defibrinated blood suggests an inhibitory
action upon the toxigenic activities of B. botulinus by the phenol
in anti-hog-cholera serum and hog-cholera virus. These experi-
ments with phenolized and unphenolized blood are being re-
peated on a larger scale.

SUMMARY

Examinations of 134 samples of anti-hog-cholera serum and
hog-cholera virus described in this paper, supplementing 1,700
previously conducted, failed to reveal the presence of Bacillus
botulinus or its toxin.

B. botulinus did not produce toxin in phenolized anti-hog-
cholera serum.

B. botulinus in symbiosis with phenolized hog-cholera virus
did not produce toxin.

A strong toxin was formed in unphenolized defibrinated hog
blood which had been artificially inoculated with botulinus
spores.

Healthy swine inoculated with anti-hog-cholera serum and
hog-cholera virus artificially inoculated with toxin-free botulinus
spores acted no differently from those which receive serum or
virus free of B. botulinus.

Susceptible swine inoculated with hog-cholera virus and
botulinus spores showed no difference in temperature, symptoms,
postmortem lesions nor time of sickening from those regularly
used in virus production.

In unphenolized hog blood in which B. botulinus is growing

716 BoruLisM AND HoG-CHOLERA SERUM

the odor considered characteristic of B. botulinus was marked,
whereas in phenolized anti-hog-cholera serum or virus no odor
was observed.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE

Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Oct., 1921, p. 76.
Amer. Jour. Pub. Health, April, 1921, p. 352.
. Jour. Med. Research, vol. 42, No. 2, p. 129.
. Jour. Infect. Diseases, Sept., 1921, p. 267.
Jour. Path. and Bact., Jan., 1916.
Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., May 1, 1920, p. 1220.
Arch. Internat. Med., 1921, vol. 27, p. 265.
Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., Jan. 11, 1919, p. 88.
Jour. Canadian Med. Assoc., 1918, p. 2. :
Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., Sent. 20, 1919, p. 907.
. Jour. Infect. Diseases, Jan., 1922. pn. 118.

me 09 DO

KH SOnI HH

=e

DISAPPEARANCE OF MALARIA IN TEMPERATE
CLIMATES

Malaria, formerly a disease common to the temperate as well
as to warmer climates, has now become practically extinct in
the temperate zone and is rapidly disappearing even in warmer
regions. Dr. C. Joyeux,' professor of parasitology in the Paris
Medical School, has recently commented on the disappearance
of the disease from France. There is evidence to show that
this disease was extremely prevalent in France in past centu-
ries. Now Joyeux presents evidence that the anopheles still
abound in many regions, although there has been little or no
malaria for generations in these districts. He calls attention
to the explanation for this paradoxical fact published simulta-
neously by Roubaud *? in France and Wesenberg-Lund * in Den-
mark. According to these observers the mosquitoes, which used
to feed on human blood, still do so in tropical countries; but in
temperate zones they are attracted to barns and stables where
they can find moisture, warmth and protection from the winds,
and where they can feed on horses and cattle. According to
Roubaud, in the course of time the mosquitoes have apparently
developed a zoophile strain, being more attracted to cattle than
to human blood. This has contributed to the elimination of ma-
laria in the colder countries.—Journal of the American Medical
Association (Nov. 12, 1921, vol. 77, p. 1578).

1 Joyeux. C. Presse Méd.. vol. 29. p. 1392 (Sept. 24, 1921).

2 Roubaud, E. Ann. Inst. Pasteur. April. 1920.
° Wesenberg-Lund. Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci., vol. 7. p. 8 (1920-21).

CLARIFICATION OF HOG-CHOLERA DEFIBRINATED-
BLOOD ANTITOXIN

By R. R. HENLEY

Biochemic Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture

THE METHOD of preparing clear and sterile anti-hog-
cholera serum described by Dorset and Henley (1) in 1916, and
now in general use in the industry, is applicable only to fresh
and non-phenolized defibrinated or citrated blood. For various
reasons it may be desirable to clarify, concentrate, or, at times,
sterilize old phenolized defibrinated-blood antitoxin. In the past
this has been done either by a modification of the Banzhaf-
Gibson (2) process or by the heat-salt process (3) developed in
these laboratories. As those processes are expensive and are dif-
ficult and tedious of operation, efforts have been made to develop
a process that will serve to clarify, concentrate and sterilize old
defibrinated-blood antitoxin as simply and easily as the bean-
salt (1) process accomplishes those ends in the case of fresh de-
fibrinated or citrated blood.

In fresh defibrinated-blood antitoxin the cells, which are known
to be inert, are intact, and on this account the entire cells, both
the stroma and contents, consisting for the most part of hemo-
globin, can be separated easily from the serum by the bean-salt
process. In old defibrinated-blood antitoxin a very different con-
dition exists, because of the fact that the greater part, if not all,
of the cells have been broken down or hemolyzed and the liber-
ated hemoglobin has passed into solution in the serum. Bean
extract will agglutinate and thus facilitate the removal of the
disrupted stroma, but it has no effect whatever upon the dis-
solved hemoglobin, and so is of no avail in aiding its removal.

It was believed that a selective precipitant for hemoglobin
could be found, and a search for such a reagent was instituted.
In this search the action of a great variety of materials was
studied, and simultaneously a search of the literature was con-
ducted. A statement by Mann (4) that chloroform would pre-
cipitate hemoglobin attracted attention and promised fulfillment
of the quest. While the first attempts to precipitate hemoglobin

717

>

718 CLARIFICATION OF HoG-CHOLERA ANTITOXIN

with chloroform were disappointing, in that only small amounts
of hemoglobin were precipitated, it was soon found that this pre-
cipitation was complete (1) if the blood contained at least 0.5
per cent of phenol, (2) if the temperature of the blood did not
exceed 40° F. when the chloroform was added, and (3) if the
mixture of blood and chloroform was thoroughly shaken. When
the factors influencing the action of chloroform on hemoglobin
were understood the following process to separate clarified serum
from old blood was devised.

PROCESS FOR THE REMOVAL OF STROMA AND HEMOGLOBIN FROM
Oup DEFIBRINATED-BLOOD ANTITOXIN

Step 1. Addition of Precipitants

A. Addition of bean extract to remove cells and stromata—
To 500 ¢.c. of phenolized (0.5 per cént phenol) old defibrinated-
blood antitoxin in a balloon flask, previously chilled to 40° F. or
lower, 10 to 15 ¢.c. of bean extract (5) is added and the contents
of the flask are agitated by hand.

B. Addition of chloroform.—Immediately following A, 50 c.e.
of chloroform is added to each 500 ¢.c. of blood and the contents
of the flask are agitated by hand.

C. Addition of salt-—This procedure should be used only
when the serum is to be separated from the clot by filtration as
described later. Promptly following the completion of B, add 5
grams of sodium chloride and transfer the flask and its contents
immediately to a shaking machine.

Step 2. Shaking

Unless shaking promptly follows the addition of chloroform a
clot will form at the bottom of the flask; therefore the transfer
of the flask and its contents to the shaking machine should follow
immediately the completion of Step 1. It is essential that the
mixture of the blood and chloroform be agitated thoroughly in
order to secure the maximum precipitating effect. For shaking,
a power-driven Camp shaking machine is used, but other shaking
machines will doubtless answer the purpose. The mixture is
shaken for 10 minutes, following which the blood will be found
to be in a semisolid clot from which a clear, light-red serum will
exude on standing.

Step 3. Separation of Serum

The serum may be separated from the clot by centrifugaliza-
tion, or by filtration.

(1) Centrifugalization.—Either the continuous or bucket type
centrifuge may be employed. As the blood after shaking is

R. R. HENLEY 719

usually clotted into a semisolid mass, it is necessary, in order to
remove it from the container, to break the clot. This may be
accomplished easily if the clot is allowed to stand until the serum
exudes and then is slightly shaken by hand until it is reduced to
the desired fluidity. With this precaution the serum may be
easily separated from the clot by either type machine. It may
be mentioned, however, that it will be advisable to use a contin-
uous type machine only when it is of sufficient capacity to care
for a considerable quantity of precipitate. Separation with the
bucket type machine is accomplished in the same manner as in
the separation of serum from cells of fresh defibrinated or
citrated blood by the bean-salt process.

(2) Filtration.—The separation of the serum from the clotted
hemoglobin may also be accomplished by filtration through paper.
For filtering the serum from the clotted hemoglobin a filter tray*
instead of the usual funnel has been employed advantageously.
The clotted blood is filtered in lots of 1,000 ¢.c. each, as the
filtrate from this amount of blood has been found to pass through
one tray in 8 to 12 hours, giving a transparent, light-red serum.
A yield of at least 500 ¢.c. of clear serum should be obtained
from each 1,000 ¢.c. of blood at this stage, but this does not
represent all of the serum present, as, because of the bulkiness
of the hemoglobin precipitate, a considerable portion of the
serum remains mechanically held in the precipitate. In order
to recover this it is necessary to press it out of the precipitate,
for which purpose the precipitate and the paper are transferred
to a muslin cloth, which, after being folded into a bag-like shape,
is placed in a fruit press and the mechanically retained serum
pressed out. The volume of the pressings should not be less than
150 «.c. from the clot representing each 1,000 -c.c. of blood. The
expressed serum is combined with the clear serum obtained by
direct filtration, as above described. In case the pressings are not
entirely clear, they are clarified, previous to combination with
the clear filtrate, by thoroughly incorporating in the pressings
1% to 2 per cent of powdered infusorial earth and filtering the
mixture through paper. This will remove effectually any trace
of cloudiness from the pressings.

Step 4. Heating and Phenolization

The serum obtained as above described may be heated to 58° C.
for one-half hour in the same manner and with the same results
that attend the heating of clear serum obtained from fresh de-
fibrinated blood.

Although a defibrinated blood may contain 0.5 per cent phenol,
the amount usually added to insure keeping, it has been found
that clarified serums obtained as a product of this process contain

1Ka Ki filter trav.

720 CLARIFICATION OF HoG-CHOLERA ANTITOXIN

on an average only about 0.2 per cent phenol, an amount insuf-
ficient to prevent spoilage; so it is necessary to add sufficient ad-
ditional phenol to bring the phenol content to 0.5 per cent.
Assuming the presence of 0.2 per cent phenol, it is then neces-
sary to add of 5 per cent phenol one-fifteenth of the volume of
the serum to be treated. Thus, if one has 950 ¢.c., add 1/15x950,
or 63 ¢.c. of 5 per cent phenol.

PRECAUTIONS TO BE OBSERVED

The following precautions should be observed:

1. The blood should always be chilled to 40° F. or lower before
adding the precipitants required in Step 1.

2. The blood should be transferred to the shaker and shaken
immediately following the addition of the precipitants.

3. Shaking should be only sufficient to form a clot. Prolonged
shaking will break the clot and render separation more difficult.
Experience will soon teach the proper time to discontinue
shaking. .

’ 4. After the clot has formed and the flask has been removed
from the shaker, the flask may be allowed to stand until the clot
contracts and serum exudes.

5. Phenol should be present in the defibrinated-blood antitoxin
to the amount of at least 0.5 per cent. The addition of 40 cc.
of 5 per cent phenol to each 1,000 c.c. of phenolized defibrinated
blood yields a product of slightly less color than if it is not em-
ployed, but products obtained in this manner have not been
tested for potency, and the use of this additional phenol is not
recommended at this time.

6. Because of the variation in amount of hemoglobin present
in old blood, the amount of chloroform to be used can not be
definitely stated. Fifty ¢.c. of chloroform to 1,000 c.c. of blood
has been found to be ample in all cases. The minimum amount
necessary to give complete precipitation should be used.

7. The clot after separation of the serum should be sufficiently
dry to crumble when handled.

RESULTS OBTAINED BY THE APPLICATION OF THE PROCESS TO OLD
DEFIBRINATED-BLOOD ANTITOXINS

The process has been applied to a large number of old defibri-
nated-blood antitoxins, as a result of which considerable data
have been accumulated. In order to avoid the presentation of
this rather large mass of detail, the results are merely summa-
rized as follows:

1. YVields.—The yields of clarified serum by this process vary
rather widely, due, in great part at least, to the wide variation in
the amounts of hemoglobin that may be present. Of seventeen

— ———

R.-R. HENLEY 721

old defibrinated bloods treated by the process, using centrifu-
galization in some cases to separate the serum, and filtration in
other cases, the yields of clarified serum obtained, before final
phenolization, varied from 56 to 75 per cent of the origina!
volumes subjected to treatment, and gave an average yield, be-
fore final phenolization, of approximately 65 per cent. On the
addition of the required amount of 5 per cent phenol solution
necessary to insure a phenol content of 0.5 per cent in the fin-
ished product, the average final yield was approximately 69 per
cent of the original volume treated. Blood to which salt was
added gave as a rule slightly increased yields over correspond-
ing blood to which no salt had been added.

A fresh defibrinated blood gave a yield of clear serum by the
regular bean-salt method of 72.5 per cent, and the same blood
after phenolization gave a yield of 67.2 per cent of clarified
serum when treated by the bean-salt-chloroform process.

2. Indicated losses —A chemical analysis of bloods before and
after treatment by the process indicated that about 10 per cent
of the globulins, which carry the antitoxin, may have been lost.
However, in the method of analysis some stromata may have
been determined as ‘‘globulins lost,’’ and the figure 10 per cent
may be too high. Some loss due to retention of the serum by the
elot must occur. This loss may be minimized by insuring
thorough separation of serum and clot.

3. Effect of the process on bacterial count.—Two old defi-
brinated-blood antitoxins which contained an average of 15,000
organisms per cubic centimeter, as determined by counts made
on agar plates, were subjected to treatment by the process, and
the final product, on plating, was found to be sterile.

4. Effect on phenol content.2—Clarified serums obtained as
products of this process contained, on an average, only 0.2 per
cent of phenol, although defibrinated blood from which they were
prepared contained 0.5 per cent phenol.

5. Results of tests on hogs.—As it is recognized that the bean-
salt process is an effective process for the separation of a clear,
potent serum from defibrinated or citrated hyperimmune blood,
and as the process described herein differs from that process only
in that chloroform is used, it was not considered necessary to

aot conducted by Dr. F. W. Tilley, Biochemic Division.
2Mr. R. M. Chapin, of the Biochemic Division, kindly made these determinations.

7122, CLARIFICATION OF HoG-CHOLERA ANTITOXIN

carry on any extended investigation as to the effect of the process
on the potency of the serum. However, in order to determine if
the addition of chloroform was in any way injurious, Serum 262,
a defibrinated-blood antitoxin prepared in the Bureau of Animal
Industry’s laboratories, was treated by the process and the prod-
ucts were tested for potency. Two products were obtained:
(1) A clear, unheated, phenolized serum, and (2) a clear, heated
serum. The total yield of clarified serum, after final phenoliza-
tion, was 80 per cent of the original volume of blood treated.
On this account the clarified serum was tested in doses of 80 per
cent of those of the original defibrinated blood; that is, 10 and
15 ¢.c. doses of the original untreated blood were given to pigs
that also received 2 ¢.c. virus each, and 8 and 12 «.c. doses of the
clarified serums were given to pigs which also received 2 ¢.c. of
virus each. All pigs remained normal throughout the test ex-
cept one pig that received 12 ¢.c. of clarified heated serum and
one pig that received 8 c.c. of clarified unheated serum. Each of
these pigs exhibited slight diarrhea on the second day of the test,
but showed no other reaction.

CONCLUSIONS

Of the various processes for the refinement and sterilization of
cld hog-cholera defibrinated-blood antitoxin which this labora-
tory has tried out, some on a large commercial scale, the process
described herein appears to be by far the simplest and most
practical. This process has never been applied on a commercial
seale, therefore anyone contemplating its employment is cau-
tioned to familiarize himself with the various steps of the proc-
ess by first applying it to small quantities of blood. Further-
more, products obtained from such small quantities should be
subjected to rigid potency tests in order to check up any losses
in potency that may occur.

SUMMARY
The factors governing the reaction between chloroform and
hemoglobin by which the hemoglobin of the blood may be pre-
cipitated were studied, and a process, based upon this reaction,
for the separation of a clear, sterile serum from old defibrinated-
blood antitoxin was devised.

1Dr. W. B. Niles conducted the potency tests.

i
;

R. R. HENLEY T2060

It is shown that the yield of clarified serum separated by this
process from old defibrinated-blood antitoxin approximates
70 per cent of the original volume, and that the product of the
process is free from bacterial contamination. While analysis in-
dicates that the globulin content of the serum suffers a slight
loss, potency tests indicate that the loss of antibodies during
clarification is very slight.

REFERENCES TO LITERATURE.

Dorset, M., and HENLEY, R. R. Jour. Agr. Research, vol. 6, No. 9,
pp. 333-338.

BANZHAF, F., and GiBson, R. Jour. Biol. Chem., vol 3, No. 4, pp.
253-263.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Rept. of the Chief of the Bureau of
Animal Industry. 1918-1919, p. 53.

MANN, Gustav. Chemistry of the Proteids, p. 472. London, 1906.

DorseT, M., and HENLEY, R. R. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
vol. 50 (n. s., vol. 3), No. 6, pp. 699-702.

Sop Wee he

A DOUBTFUL HONOR

An honorary medical degree has been conferred on former
Field Marshal Ludendorff of the German Army by the medical
faculty of the University of Kénigsberg in East Prussia. This
news is chronicled in the Munchener Medizinische Wochen-
schrift under the significant heading ‘‘Let Us Hang Our
Heads.’’ In the diploma it is stated that the honorary title is
given to ‘‘the hero who with the sharp blows of his uncon-
quered sword protected the German people from the crowd of
booty-hungry enemies.’’ The )Darmstadter Zeitung, official
organ of the government of Hesse, remarks sarcastically: ** Mur-
der of the masses and doctor of medicine—they go well to-
gether.’’ -The attitude of evident disapproval on the part of
these two influential journals goes far toward offsetting the
action of the University and shows that German sentiment
is not all in favor of honoring the late military “‘heroes.’’

Belgium has a state school of practical horseshoeing. Di-
plomas were granted to seventeen pupils who passed the 1921
examinations. ;

Investigation by the American Horse Association results in

the statement that a better grade of horses appears on the streets
of Boston than on those of any other city in the Union.

EFFECTS FOLLOWING IMPROPER METHODS OF
EXTRACTING HYPODERMA LARVZ FROM
THE BACKS OF CATTLE

By S. HapwEN

Chief Veterinarian, Reindeer Investigations in Alaska, Bureau
of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture

IT HAS GENERALLY been conceded by veterinarians, ento-
mologists and others that the extraction of warble larve from the
backs of cattle should be recommended to farmers. The benefits
from the point of view of lessening the numbers of the parasites
are obvious and can not be denied. As each warble fly may de-
posit several hundred eggs, every larva destroyed means much
toward lessening the evil. .

In 1916 the writer (1) called attention to the fact that the pro-
teins contained within Hypoderma larve had toxic properties
when injected into susceptible animals; that they produced
marked symptoms and in some cases fatal results. In 1917 Had-
wen and Bruce (2) published a full description of the experi-
ments. The cooperative work accomplished in Denmark in the
removal of Hypoderma larve has been referred to many times in
the writings on warble flies, and it would seem opportune to re-
view two of the latest papers on the subject. In a general way
these papers show that the extraction of warble larve is not
without its attendant dangers. To the writer it seems clear that
Danish veterinarians have only just lately recognized the fact
that a disease they designate as rosenfeber may follow the ex-
traction of the larve.

Laust Brodersen (3), 1919, writes a very clear and concise
paper on his observations made in a farming community in Norre
Nebel, Denmark. He describes a disease in cattle which has
some similarity to urticaria and which he calls rosenfeber. The
affection is found during the spring and summer, and the cases
are reported as occuring during the daytime or evening.
Briefly the symptoms noted are as follows:

Fever is present, the pulse is full, the jugulars are distended.
Tremors are noticed, especially of the lips, and the animals are
restless and unruly. Edemas are the rule; the eyelids, muzzle,

724

iia

S. HADWEN 725

submandibular region, occasionally the udder, the anus, and
vulva are affected. Tears drop from the eyes, mucus from the
nose, and there is frothing at the mouth. Breathing is labored
and accompanied by a hissing sound. There is slight tympanitis,
and rumination is irregular. The feces are thin and are dis-
charged frequently. The treatment consists of bleeding, cold
applications and febrifuges. The disease is acute, usually run-
ning a benign course.

In 1914-15 Brodersen saw many cases of rosenfeber in cattle
following the extraction of the larve. He gives notes on seven
cases which he treated. They occurred from April 20 to May 31.
He also treated three cases in May, June and July where no larve
had been extracted. In these latter cases he wonders if the lar-
ve had not been accidentally injured, and says that if this is the
case, rosenfeber is a sickness caused by the absorption of poison-
ous material from the larve, or, more likely still, to the foreign
albuminous material in the larve, and that if this theory is cor-
rect ‘‘the disease must be related to the so-called serum sick-
ness.’’ Brodersen does not mention any fatal cases.

In my preliminary note and in the subsequent paper with
Bruce, fatal cases were described following the injection of war-
ble juices. Several additional symptoms and lesions were de-
seribed, such as coughing, bleeding at the mouth and anus, irri-
tation of the skin, and a eyanosed appearance of the body. After
the death of the animals, which was due to asphyxia, the blood
remained incoagulable. These fatal cases may occur naturally,
and if so, it is unlikely that veterinarians would have seen them,
as death occurred in a few minutes.

As soon as the findings recorded by Brodersen were under-
stood by most of the farmers, he states that they became fright-
ened and completely stopped the practice of extracting the larve.
He believes that the people who were paid to perform this work
eould not do so without damaging some of the larve, as they
made only three visits to each herd during the season. The farm-
ers were advised to undertake the work themselves.

Professor C. O. Jensen, 1919, reviews Brodersen’s paper and
recalls an experiment which he made on a calf sixteen years pre-
viously. This animal was injected with the juice derived from
two small Hypoderma larve. In from one-half to two hours it
developed symptoms suggestive of rosenfeber. An immense

726 EXTRACTING HyPpoDERMA LARV2 FROM CATTLE

edema of the eyelids and the anus occurred, also of the connective
tissues elsewhere. Professor Jensen suspected rosenfeher, but
did not like to eall it so on account of its occurrence at the
wrong time of year. Now that Brodersen has published his
observations, Jensen says that it is very probable that all cases of
rosenfeber are in some way or other connected with Hypoderma
larve. Jensen argues that the toxic material acts like a lymph-
agogue of a transient nature. He writes at some length on the
edemas found surrounding the larve in the gullet, and believes
that they are not inflammatory, though Kock and De Vries con-
sider that they are so. If the edemas are permanent they should
produce clinical manifestations of their presence.

Jensen further states that during the past years no clinical ob-
servations have been brought out which would argue against the
transient nature of the disease, with the exception of a single
case of tympany. In this connection he mentions an interesting
report by De Vries. A young animal, after feeding, suddenly
became unable to swallow and was vomiting. A sound was in-
troduced into the esophagus and difficulty was experienced in
forcing it through the posterior end. A diagnosis of stenosis was
made, probably due to a foreign body. The animal was slaugh-
tered and in the posterior part of the esophagus a number of
Hypoderma larvee were encountered together with edemas of the
submucosa. No foreign body was found and no injury to the
esophagus. Prof. Jensen concludes that it is likely that a num-
ber of such cases have been misinterpreted in practice.

Jensen (4) says also: ‘‘The extraction of Hypoderma larve
has been considered rather safe hitherto. In cireulars issued by
the German Imperial Health Department it is stated that there is
no need to be afraid of injurious effects following the extraction
of the larve. From different sources, however, it had been
learned that urticaria might occur. Schottler saw urticaria fol-
lowing in cases where the larve had been punctured and then
squeezed out. He also said that by this method of treatment
serious suppuration may follow. But as far as I know, no one
has previously observed that the extraction may be followed by
rosenfeber or similar disease.”’

The symptoms connected with Jensen’s experiment which he
saw after the injection he considers came on too rapidly for the
albumen to be the toxie element responsible for them. In this

S. HADWEN TT

latter statement no doubt Jensen. is wrong. The time he gives
of one-half to two hours for the symptoms to develop is very
much longer than necessary in most cases, when injections are
made. In the 1916 experiments we found that in the fatal cases
the results were immediate, and in the non-fatal they generally
came on in a shorter period than half an hour. In some more
recent experiments conducted on 10 calves, the three animals
which gave marked reactions showed symptoms in fifteen to
twenty minutes.

Jensen’s idea that the swellings in the esophagus are transient
is correct in a sense, and Hadwen and Bruce have shown that
the larve move away when surrounded by edema. But they still
remain in the esophagus, consequently the reaction against them
still goes on, though the situations of the swellings may change.
The question resolves itself largely on the degree of resistance on
the part of the animal, as to whether the swellings are large or
small (5).

CONCLUSIONS

The disease called ‘‘rosenfeber’’ in Denmark appears to be
identical with hypodermal anaphylaxis. The reader is referred
to articles which have appeared in this journal on this subject.

Squeezing out Hypoderma larve from the backs of eattle is a
good method for lessening the numbers of warble flies and has
been attended with considerable success in Denmark. However,
to avoid unfavorable after-effects in the animals, the extraction
of the larve must not be undertaken hastily nor must rough
methods be used. Above all the larve must not be injured in
the process. .

The walls of the sae in which the larva hes are in the nature
of a defensive barrier. This sac, in addition to holding the
larva, contains pus cells and bacteria in many eases. It may also
hoid toxie material excreted by the larva. Therefore if the walls
are lacerated a variety of reactions may take place. Softening
the skin first with water and then squeezing the warble saes
should remove most of the larve. In cases where a larva can not
be extracted by this method a round-ended pair of forceps might
be used to stretch the opening and to assist in drawing it out.
After the larva has been removed the cavity should be flushed
out with clean water. In the cases where a larva has been rup-

28 Extractinc HypopERMA LARV4% FROM CATTLE

tured accidentally the parts must be washed quickly to
dilute and remove the toxic material. \

The cooperative work in connection with the extraction of war-
ble larve in Denmark had in 1919 been going on for some years,
apparently without any drawbacks. At this late date, however,
the Danish veterinarians and subsequently the farmers have dis-
covered that troubles may follow what they thought was a per-
fectly safe practice. It would seem evident that the work was
undertaken without a sufficient number of properly controlled
preliminary tests.

It must not be thought, however, that the Danish veterinarians
are to blame for not having foreseen or recognized the danger in
removing the larve. The profession generally considered that
the extraction of the grubs was simply a mechanical piece of —
work and was quite without danger to the host. When the co-
operative work began in Denmark the dangers from Hypoderma
were unknown.

The point the writer wishes to establish is that other countries
should profit by the Danish experience. He still favors the ex-
traction of the larve (and has so stated elsewhere), but he be-
lieves that before laymen are advised to undertake it in a whole-
sale manner further tests must be made.

The symptoms of anaphylaxis are so striking, though the dis-
ease is as a rule without danger of fatal results, that to a farmer
it appears to be a serious matter. The cases which have been re-
ported so far are few in number, but now that attention has been
called to them, they may be found to be more common than was
supposed. It is for this reason that careful tests should be made
to settle this point.

1. HaApWEN, S. 1916. Hypodermal anaphylaxis. Jour. Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc., vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 72-74, Figs. 1-2.
2. HApDWEN, S., and Bruce, E. A. 1917. Anaphylaxis in cattle and
sheep, produced by the larve of Hypoderma bovis, H. lineatum,
and Oestrus ovis. Jour. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 4, No. 1,
pp. 15-41, Figs. 1-15.
BRODERSEN, LAUST. 1919. Om Rosenfeber hos Kvaeg. Maanedss-
krift for Dyrlaeger, vol. 31, pp. 321-323.
4. JENSEN, C.O. 1919. Bemaerkninger on Hypodermalarvernes For-
hold til Rosenfeber. Maanedsskrift for Dyrlaeger, vol. 31, pp.
324, 326.

5. HaApWwEN, S. 1918. Natural occurrence of eosinophilias. Jour.
Parasitology, vol. 4, pp. 185-137.

ie)

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF POULTRY DISEASES *

By L. D. BUSHNELL and F. R. BEAUDETTE

Bacteriological Laboratories, Kansas Agricultural Experiment
Station, Manhattan, Kansas

DURING the past few years the Department of Bacteriology
has carried on investigational work in poultry diseases, and from
the experience thus obtained we have been able to systematize
the work considerably. While we have devised no new methods,
we feel that the information obtained and the laboratory meth-
ods used may be of value to others. The aim in this work has
been to make a rapid and accurate diagnosis of diseased condi-
tions. That an accurate diagnosis is necessary goes without
question, and from our own experience we have found that such
a diagnosis based upon clinical and external symptoms alone is
very often impossible.

As the poultry industry is one of the most important branches
of agriculture, and as the people are gradually learning the
value of poultry on the farm, the veterinarian should interest
himself to a greater extent in poultry diseases and their cor-
rect diagnosis and control. We believe that the proper use of a
bacteriological laboratory as an aid to the diagnosis of poultry
diseases will greatly aid the busy practitioner and improve
methods for the control and eradication of poultry diseases.

Since the beginning of the investigational work in this labora-
tory we have found some diseases quite prevalent in this State
that were not known to occur here. Fowl typhoid may be given
as an illustration. The diseased specimens were sent to the lab-
oratory from various parts of the State, as well as including the
vicinity of the Station.

A great many letters of inauiry have been received regarding
poultry diseases. In some instances the description given was
so characteristic that there was no doubt of the diagnosis. In
other cases the description was incomplete or misleading. In
replying to such letters we have suggested measures to be exe-
euted until a correct diagnosis could be made. In the meantime,
the owner was instructed to send to the laboratory two or three

1 Contribution No. 42 from the Bacteriological Laboratories of the Kansas Agri-
cultural Experiment Station.
=
129

730 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF POULTRY DISEASES

of the affected birds for examination. These are sent by ex-
press in wooden crates, but chicks come admirably by parcel
post in perforated pasteboard boxes.

CLINICAL FINDINGS

As soon as the live birds reach the laboratory a careful exam-
ination is made, which often permits an immediate diagnosis.
Such is the case with those local conditions termed roup, bum-
blefoot, ete. Here the caseated mass found beneath the eyelids,
the diphtheritic patches in the mouth and throat, or the wart-
like growths on the unfeathered portions of the head lead to
the diagnosis of roup, and the swollen foot to a diagnosis of
bumblefoot. In other cases the symptoms are less suggestive
and the birds must be kept until more specific symptoms de-
velop or until death permits a postmortem and _ bacteriological
examination. The nature of the droppings is noted, and if
diarrhea occurs such diseases as cholera, fowl typhoid, botulism,
and, in the case of chicks, white diarrhea, or in turkeys, black-
head, are indicated. The color of the droppings is also of value
in that in certain affections there is a more or less characteristic
color. Much whitish material and mucus in the feces is an indi-
cation of cholera, or white diarrhea in the case of baby chicks.
A greenish tinge is indicative of fowl typhoid, though not of im-
possible occurrence in cholera. In doubtful cases the age of the
bird might aid in the diagnosis, as fowl typhoid more often oc-
curs in adult birds, while cholera affects birds of all ages.
The whitish droppings of a bird suffering from botulism re-
semble those of a cholera fowl, but in this disease the other
symptoms are so charactertistic that we need not depend upon
this feature. The yellowish droppings of the consistency of
thick paint are seen only in cases of blackhead. These are often
designated as ‘‘sulphur’’ droppings.

The color of the comb may be used as a guide in making a
diagnosis, since this symptom is very reliable in cases of
botulism, where a persistent bright red color is always seen.
In cholera there is a marked tendency toward cyanosis, while
ar anemic comb is suggestive of fowl typhoid. The comb of an
individual suffering from blackhead resembles that of one af-
fected with cholera. A high temperature is not as diagnostic as

L. D. BUSHNELL AND F. R. BEAUDETTE ~ 731

a subnormal one. The former may indicate any of the sep-
ticemias, while the latter is highly indicative of botulism.

BLoop CULTURES

If the septicemias are suspected an attempt is made to cul-
ture the organism from the heart’s blood while the bird is still
living. The individual is placed in lateral reeumbeney with the
left side up. After washing thoroughly the area over the heart
with a 5 per cent solution of phenol, a point on an imaginary
line drawn from the tip of the sternum to the back is located
where maximum pulsation can be felt. About 114 to 2 inches
from the point of the sternum a 2-inch sterile needle of 22
gauge, attached to a sterile Luer syringe, is inserted into the
heart and a small amount of blood withdrawn. A portion of
this is put in broth containing 1 per cent citrate to prevent
clotting, and another portion is streaked on an agar plate. The
use of the citrated broth is of value chiefly for the isolation of
Bacillus avisepticus and B. sanguinarium. From the agar plate
either may be obtained. A combination is an advantage. By
such a procedure the organism can in many cases be cultured
and identified before the death of the bird. In case no culture
is obtained the bird is still available for further study.

The following record sheet is filled in for each case and a
careful record kept of each bird:

RECORD SHEET

Case No BU) a bem eee ee CACCTING Sheen
MO rr Or genet cewwiete. weet. bol.) eee ee) Py YS 8 SON ee ee ld) Se
Address ne el ee ee ae Se ee, Oe ee
Breed .. smi Sian sie bb en aa eGR ya rie OES Ate Tak
SSE ce Leg ‘band °No Gach EAS RASS ILS MPa
ce ee an ST a
CORP Sige TNE, siicpieza ala lee mt Aan al NE cE

BEE ARSE Lc EERE 2 IPRS © Ele Seen Wee e ROL noe okie ee Re Oe Ew
CT TES ee SE AS eae ne ae eee es Re ee
External eae coal cla nati es Aaa ARIE EL Slee t seibeset eaN
Diagnosis .. Bea ob ope oe ox),

9 iia
Prognosis .. ee

Disposal ... 4

eee, Hise ea Sed Postmortem ss Weadeas

Te apace i Cee Sar a ce nee eee ae
Agglutination (B. ee ree) thee eee ee oe
‘Oieri tests: ....-.... pe Sore

jays: (Noir Aadee dnielcns seneet it I aera eee
LE DLE GTA J oa OE a I Re .
Urino-genital
Parasites

732 LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF PouLTRY DISEASES

PosTMORTEM TECHNIC

As soon as an individual dies a careful postmortem examina-
tion is made. The feathers are thoroughly soaked to prevent
dust. The bird is laid on its back and a linear incision is made
through the skin from the vent forward, over the crop along
the mid-ventral line. The skin is then removed from the sides
and the exposed surface flamed. By means of a flamed knife,
forceps and scissors an incision is made across the abdomen
just behind the sternum. This is carried forward on both sides
through the ribs to the anterior part of the sternum, where bone
forceps are used to disarticulate the attachments. Such a flap
laid forward exposes the abdomen and thorax. A_ red-hot
spatula is used to sear the surface of the heart and liver. A
Pasteur pipette is then used to aspirate material from these
organs for cultures. In making the Pasteur pipettes a 6-mm.
glass tube having thin walls is cut in 10-em. lengths. These are
plugged with cotton at each end and autoclaved in packages
containing three or four. These may then be stored in the labor- .
atory for future use. When desired for use a tube is with-
drawn from the package, heated in the middle in a Bunsen
flame, and drawn out into a capillary tube. By breaking such
a tube two pipettes are made. It has been found that by using
the Pasteur pipette a maximum number of pure cultures can
be obtained. Such a pipette is much more effective. than a wire
loop, since larger amounts of material can be transferred. In
taking material from the liver of birds dead for some time, the
specimen should be taken in an area some distance from the
surface of the intestine.

The agar plates used for streaking are made from meat in-
fusion with a reaction of about pH 8.0. The fluids from the
tissues should be well streaked over the surface of the agar with
a sterile wire loop, otherwise growth may not occur. If growth
occurs on the plates, fermentation tubes containing dextrose,
lactose, maltose and saccharose broth, as well as tubes of nitrate
broth, peptone solution and litmus milk, are inoculated. Brom-
thymol-blue is added to the fermentation tubes as an indicator.
These tubes are incubated at 37°C. and observations are made
daily. By means of the fermentation reactions the organism
can usually be identified in 24 hours. The reduction of nitrates

a

L. D. BUSHNELL AND F. R. BEAUDETTE 133

is tested after Griess’s method, and Ehrlich’s aldehyde is used
in testing for indol production. The culture should be allowed
to incubate four days for the latter test.

The following protocol will illustrate the reactions of the more
common organisms isolated :

| Dex- Lac- Mal-— Saccha- Nitrate _Indol
| trose tose tose —s rose Reduc- Forma- Litmus Milk
Name | | tion tion
Ay te Gy |) A | Gi; A]G/iA G
B. sanguinarium..... he — |) — | +) — 1 —)} — _ - Acid, alkaline in
about 14 days.
B. avisepticum....... eee a > + No change.
B ip ee je ae +/+)])-!-)3 > —-|- _ ~ Acid, then alka-

line in 14 days.

Key to symbols: + = positive; — = negative; > = variable reactions.

In cases of suspected tuberculosis an acid-fast stain of ma-
terial from a lesion will suffice.

A careful search is always made for intestinal parasites and
the air-sac mite.

Botulism has but recently received a proper amount of at-
tention as a disease of poultry. The chief symptom is that of
limberneck in fowls, and a laboratory method of diagnosis is
quite essential. A rapid diagnosis is sometimes made as follows:
Wash the contents of the gizzard into a flask of sterile salt solu-
tion and after shaking the suspension thoroughly allow to stand
until the coarser particles have settled. A few cubic centi-
meters of this material is passed through a Berkefeld filter and
1 ce. is inoculated into each of two guinea-pigs. Inoculate one
of the pigs with 250 units of polyvalent botulinus antitoxin as a
control for toxic conditions not due to B. botulinus. Symptoms
of intoxication often develop in the animals within twenty-four
hours after inoculation. The first sign is that of a slight pa-

-ralysis of the legs and the inability to swallow. The symptoms
become more and more pronounced until death ensues.

A new milk-producing champion for the territory east of the
Rockies has been discovered in Kolrain Finderne Bess, a Hol-
stein cow owned by F. F. Field, Dutchland Holstein Farms,
Brockton, Mass. Her record is 32,563 pounds of milk in one
year.

PENNSYLVANIA INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE
OPHTHALMIC TUBERCULIN TEST

By T. E. Munce

State Veterinarian, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

THE Bureau of Animal Industry, Pennsylvania Department
of Agriculture, issues the following instructions to Bureau
agents and practicing veterinarians with regard to the ophthal-
mic tuberculin test:

Pennsylvania does not recognize the ophthalmic tuberculin
test as an official test when used alone. It is a most valuable
adjunct and can be used at any time, or in combination, with-
out interfering with the efficiency of the other tuberculin tests
or having its results modified by their influence.

TECHNIQUE

As in the other tuberculin tests, the identity of each animal
should be established and recorded. Examine the eyes for any
abnormal conditions. Do not apply the test to animals which
show any local inflammation of the eye.

Ophthalmic tuberculin is prepared in both dise and liquid
form. In applying the liquid, a curved glass dropper, with an
outlet as small as possible, is preferable. The animal’s head is
held by an assistant in such a position that when the operator
drops the liquid tuberculin into the eye it will be diffused over
the entire surface. Close the eyelids with the hands for a few
seconds, to prevent escape of the tuberculin.

In instilling the dise, place the disc between the thumb and
the first finger. Remember that clean hands with short, smooth
finger nails are necessary. The animal’s head must be held by
an assistant in such a way that the operator can, with his thumh,
place the dise well back on the eyeball, under the upper lid,
and toward the outer canthus of the eye. The hand should
then be placed over the eyelids for a few seconds, until the dise
dissolves.

APPLICATION OF TEST AND Hours OF OBSERVATIONS

In making an ophthalmie test the eye should be sensitized
with two or three drops of a 4 per cent solution of tubereulin,

734

T. KE. MuNcE 73:

~

or one dise when these are to be used. No record of the results
of this sensitization are usually made, although sometimes a
reaction occurs.

Three or four days after the eye has been sensitized we apply
two or three drops of 8 per cent solution of liquid tuberculin
or two dises. Observations should be made at the third or fourth

Results of Ophthalmic Tuberculin Test

hour after the instillation of the tuberculin and continued every
two hours until the twelfth or fourteenth hour. The other eye
should be used as control,

INTERPRETATION OF TEST AND CODE FOR RECORDING RESULTS
The following ‘code is used in recording the ophthalmic test:

1. Animals showing no reaction shall be recorded at each ob-
servation as N (negative).
2. Reaction shall be recorded as follows:

Much pus, or a distinct purulent discharge........ ae
Abundant pus, combined withthyperemia of the con-
junciiva and swelling of the lids................ as

The accompanying illustrations will serve as a guide in inter-
preting and recording results.

In observing the results of the test, do not be confused by a
slight white mucous discharge that often oceurs soon aiter the
tuberculin has been instilled.

THE VISCERA OF THE COW?

By 8S. Sisson

Colleye of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State Unwersity,
Columbus, Ohio

IT is hardly necessary for me to assure you that I have no
intention of attempting to inflict upon you anything like a com-
prehensive account of the bovine viscera. Titles in programs
must be short and therefore, as in the present case, usually
include very much more than a speaker expects to deal with.
The object of this paper is to present some data concerning
these organs which, so far as the speaker is aware, have not been
published, and some others which are not in agreement with
current statements. A few physiological and clinical implica-
tions may be alluded to if time permits.

A little more than 20 years ago the speaker introduced into
the study of the anatomy of the domestic animals the method
of intravascular injection of formalin solution. It is a simple
statement of fact to say that this procedure inaugurated a new
era in veterinary anatomy, just as it had done in human anat-
omy a few years before. The most radical revision of our views
has occurred with reference to the viscera, and it soon became
evident that the description of these must be rewritten. In-
vesigation and consequent modification of our ideas are, of
course, continuing, as must be the case in any branch of science
which does not propose to die of inanition. To some this state-
ment will seem a mere platitude, since they know that anatomy is
a very active and growing science. Unfortunately, however,
many members of our profession who should know better seem
to think that the anatomical field is largely exhausted, and are
satisfied with the descriptions in the literature of a generation
and more ago. Such an attitude might be viewed with compla-
cence were it not for the fact that many of the results of recent
investigations are of great practical importance, and that much
of our clinical literature contains numerous anatomical errors
and solecisms, which are very perplexing and misleading to the
student and young practitioner. It is also evident that our

1 Presented at the fifty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical
Association. Denver. Colo.. September 5-9, 1921.

736

VISCERA OF THE Cow ton

physiological literature contains a good many statements which
are obviously incorrect or are mere assumptions which have not
even the merit of plausibility. The rather iconoclastic attitude
which is connoted by the foregoing remarks is not assumed for
the purpose of ‘‘making an impression,’’ but simply to induce
the open mind and the prompt rejection of errors which are
prime factors in scientific progress.

The speaker then showed a series of about fifty lantern slides,
made from photographs, taken by him, of dissections and frozen sec-
tions which had been embalmed by intravascular injection of 20 per
cent formalin solution so as to fix the organs in their natural shape
and position. The following are some of the more important features
which were demonstrated:

The form of the lungs and the contour of the “superficial cardiac
area” on both sides of the thorax; relationship of the thoracic organs
to the ribs determined by the method of serial photographs and
superposition of negatives; relation of these data to auscultation and
percussion.

The form and position of the abdominal viscera, including the
more common variations; topographic changes during pregnancy;
correction of current erroneous views concerning the position and
relations of the omasum and abomasum in particular; relationships
of the reticulum, with clinical implications in regard to traumatic
gastritis and related lesions; anatomical data with reference to the
mechanism of deglutition and the movement of food in the stomach;
clinical implications concerning digestive disturbances and methods
of medication.

The arrangement of the uterus and ovaries, and changes of form
and position in the pregnant animal; other variations; implications
concerning exploration per rectum.

The French Société Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire an-
nounces sixteen competitive prizes, ranging from 250 to 1,200
franes, and several medals, to be awarded during 1922 to vet-
inarians and veterinary students for excellence in various lines
of education and research. The French Ministry of Agriculture
granted to the society a subsidy of 1,000 franes for the year 1921.
Such awards and recognition no doubt have an influence in
encouraging veterinary progress.

Two French veterinarians have recently been honored by the
French Academy of Sciences. Dr. Edouard Bourdelle, professor
of anatomy at the Alfort school, has been awarded a prize of
2,500 franes for his work on ‘‘Regional Anatomy of Domestic
Animals,’’ and Dr. H. Velu, chief of the research laboratory of
the livestock service of Morocco, has received a citation.

HERD EFFICIENCY FROM THE STANDPOINT OF THE
VETERINARIAN '

By Earvte B. Hopper
New: York, AN. iY:

WITHIN the last few years the interest shown in dairy hus-
bandry in this State has greatly increased. Recently the
breeders have more closely associated themselves with one an-
other and the national organizations of each breed are doing
much to aid the local organizations and breeders in this State.

A few weeks ago I read the following from the Holstein-
Friesian World: ‘‘New Jersey has a well-organized Holstein
association with active breeders in charge of its management
and with a field secretary, J. W. Bartlett, who has an acquaint-
ance throughout the State by reason of his former connection
for several years with the experiment station as a dairy extension
specialist. New Jersey has not been organized on a State-wide
basis very long, but the fund available for this work amounts
to over $5,000 per year for three years and the State is adding
to that fund right along.’

The breeders of Guernseys, Ayrshires and Jerseys are also
becoming better organized.

With this improved organization, proper advertising, State-
wide publicity, ete., cattle owners within the State will come
to realize the value of purebred livestock. There is an increas-
ing number of men who realize that sections of New Jersey are
ideal dairy localities. They also realize that this State is in a
position to take advantage of the demands of the surrounding
markets. The market for export will increase. The South is
becoming more and more interested in improved livestock, and
it is the belief of some breeders that the demand will be greater
than the supply.

With these facts in mind, the breeders of this State have been
encouraged to purchase the best animals obtainable. Due ts
stringent money conditions, I am sure it has been a sacrifice on
the part of many; they realize, however, that when livestock
of proper breeding is offered for sale that is the time to buy.

1Presented at the semi-annual meeting of the New Jersey State Veterinary
Medical Society.

738

EARLE B. HOPPER 739

At two Holstein sales New Jersey breeders purchased 12 ani-
mals at an average of $1,580, and from three Guernsey sales 15
animals at an average of $1,888. The highest priced animal
in these five sales which was purchased to come to New Jersey
cost $4,150. The general average for the five sales paid by
New Jersey breeders was $1,734; the average paid by the com-
bined breeders of the other States was $823. It is therefore
apparent that New Jersey breeders are obtaining the best that
is offered. At our last State sale in Trenton 69 animals were
sold, 60 of which were repurchased by breeders in this State
at an average of $314. I have not had an opportunity to com-
pute the results of other sales, but from observation I am sure
that the same condition exists.

With this increased valuation within the State and with the
increased interest of the breeders for better stock, it naturally
follows that their investments in this type of animal must be
protected by proper and efficient veterinary service. <A few
years ago the bovine in some localities represented such a small
investment that it was a question whether it was advisable to
pay a veterinarian half of her face value for treating her and
then take the chance of losing her, or to use home remedies and
simply replace her if death should follow. Today the purebred,
because of special lines of breeding, oftentimes can not be re-
placed. It is therefore to the interest of the owner, as a pro-
tection to his investment, to procure the best veterinary service
obtainable in his locality.

With an increased number of high-priced animals kept under
more artificial conditions it naturally follows that the prac-
titioner will receive more patronage from the breeders at a
more remunerative fee. If the owner is not in constant asso-
ciation with the farm the herdsman as a rule does not care to
take the responsibility of a valuable ‘animal during any devia-
tion from normal health, although to his mind the disorder may
be of a trivial nature at the outset. Therefore we as practi-
tioners will be called to treat the various ailments of these val-
uable bovines just the same as we have been called to treat
valuable equines and canines.

There are many factors in the health of the bovine that have
not been considered to any marked degree. Among these are
feeds and feeding, breeds and breeding, diseases of the skin,

740 Herp EFFICIENCY

udder and feet, teat surgery, digestive disorders, dystokia, breed-
ing diseases, and diseases and the rearing of calves.

The practitioner in order to gain the confidence of the breeders
must have a working knowledge of the different types of breeds.
Not long ago I was called in consultation by an owner, a new
breeder, who had assembled eighteen purebred Guernsey females.
The local practitioner met me at the station and on our way to
the farm, after describing the case to me, told me that Mr. J.
certainly had a nice little Jersey herd started. I did not wonder
that the owner had but little confidence in this man, because if
he made such a mistake to me very likely he had made the same
mistake to him or the herdsman. If his local practitioner knew
no more about cattle than that, then how could the owner en-
trust the entire care of this individual to him, taking a chance
on losing his original investment of $800 and the calf she was
carrying? We should therefore know the breeds, especially
those in our locality.

We very seldom step into a breeding establishment without —
someone telling us what this or that cow is milking or has
milked. If it is the herdsman, he is proud of the performance
because he figures that through his feeding and care the animal
has been able to make this fine showing. If it is the owner, he
is proud to say that he owns such an animal. We should
know, then, if we are told her production and age, whether she
is the individual and preducer they think she is. A knowledge
of the different classes according to ages and breeds will en-
able us to converse intelligently, which may, and probably will,
lead to our advice in the owner’s next purchase or in one of
our other clients’ purchases.

Added to a knowledge of the breeds we should be good
judges of dairy type and conformation. When I was visiting
a good herd some time ago, which was a biennial occurrence, the
wife of the owner came in. After some conversation she stopped
in front of the stall in which the best female in the herd is kept
and said to me: ‘‘If you can’t suggest a way whereby we can
have more fat on that cow’s back, we will have to get rid of her,
as I can’t stand to see such a thin-backed animal around.’’
After a few minutes of explaining the proper dairy type and
conformation, capacity for food and power for production, I
stepped to the milk chart to prove my statement that she was

a

Bean B. Hopper 741

the best producer in the herd. She thanked me for my in-
formation and was very much pleased to be enlightened on
these few fundamental dairy facts. I have since learned that
her interest in the dairy department of the farm is now almost
as great as in her gardens.

We should know feeds and some of the fundamentals of feed-
ing. For instance, an animal should be fed 1 pound of a bal-
anced grain ration to 3 or 314 pounds of milk up to 40 pounds.
Above 40 pounds of milk she should receive 1 pound of grain
to 4 or 5 pounds of milk, according to her ability to digest and
assimilate. This depends largely upon the individual ability
of the cow. A ration should consist of half bulky and half
heavy feeds. There should not be over 40 per cent of cotton-
seed and oil meal (high protein feeds) in a ration. We should
be familiar with a balanced ration for various types of cattle.
For dairy cows: Bran 2 parts, cornmeal 1, ground oats 2, gluten
1, cottonseed 1 and oil meal 1. A good ration for calves con-
sists of ground oats 3, hominy 3, bran 3, oil meal 1. This is also
an ideal grain ration for dry stock before fitting. Service bulls
receive a mixture of 1 part of bran, 2 ground oats, and 1 oil
meal, quantity depending on condition of animal and number
of services. Practical knowledge along these lines will enable
the veterinarian to gain prestige with breeders. While visiting
various localities in other States I have found that many prac-
titioners are, to a certain extent, unfamiliar with some of the
more common principles of feeding previously mentioned that
are often encountered in dairy practice.

I do not feel qualified to discuss but few of these many
phases of dairy practice that are presented with more and more
importance as the value of our livestock increases. I have
simply mentioned a few, and there are many more that should
be considered, each by itscif, and discussed by one who is
thoroughly familiar with that phase of practice.

The few suggestions that I am going to present in handling
bovine practice will be confined to breeding diseases, diseases
of the newborn and the rearing of calves, as they apply to herd
efficiency rather than to specific cases. The three essentials
of all successful herds are a good yearly crop of calves (the ideal
being one calf per cow each twelve months), a maximum milk
production and maintenance of health. We can not fail in any

742 Herp EFFICIENCY

of the three and have efficiency. In the purebred herd calves
may be the source of revenue, but we must have production for
records to make the calves valuable. In the grade herd we
must have production for revenue, but new milk cows are es-
sential to keep up a maximum production. In these two ex-
treme cases the income would be derived from the ealves in the
one and the milk in the other. But in either case reproduction
is the keynote.

In order to produce a living healthy calf it is essential that
the male and female elements be normal, having the power
union, division and growth. Their respective points of origin
and surroundings must be free from disease and harmonized
by the proper secretions from both male and female at the time
of copulation. The elements of reproduction, if fertilization
does take place, are governed by the post function or internal
secretions of the ovary and corpus luteum as well as the
proper functioning of the other glands of internal secretion.
There are often cases of nonfertility that may not be associated
with infection; this phenomenon has already been proven in
human medicine.

There are certain processes, the result of pathological and
bacteriological] changes in the genital tract, which greatly de-
crease the possibilities of fertilization. There are varying de-
grees of these changes and infections in both males and females,
and we find these conditions in different stages of development.
Fertilization between the same two animals taken as a standard
may not take place. This may be due to the male, who may be
totally sterile or his potency may vary from any degree of
disease to normal. The female as well as the male may be
diseased in any portion of her tract so that death of the sperm
cell may result. Obstruction of any part of the female genital
tract may prohibit the passage of the sperm cell to the ova. A
change in the character of the secretions of any part of the
genital tract may render the ova or sperm cells impotent. The
ova may not be properly formed or eliminated from the ovisae.

If fertilization does occur, death of the resulting union may
come at any time. First, because conditions may be such, due
to a certain degree of infection or change, that fertilization
takes place but the embryo perishes at an early date while still
microscopic in size. Second, fertilization takes place, followed

Earue B. Hopper 743

by death of the fetus at any time, without immediate expulsion,
resulting in decomposition, maceration, excessive formation of
pus or mummification. Third, fertilization followed by expul-
sion of the embryo or fetus at any time prior to the normal
termination of pregnancy. Fourth, fertilization followed by a
living but weak calf. Fifth, fertilization, a living calf, normal
parturition, followed by death of the calf in from 12 to 24
hours from septicemia. Sequele—retained placenta, acute
metritis, chronic pyomctra, salpingitis, abscess formation, ad-
hesions and sterility.

Clinically, then, we have all stages of non-production. I do
not see how we can draw any conclusion as to where premature
birth or death of the fetus begins or where it ends. The
calves that are born, apparently at full time, in herds where
the ravages of disease are high have considerable trouble as a
rule in their early lives, and when they reach maturity infee-
tion makes itself manifest by shy breeding and the necessity of
repeated services before conception. It seems, to the best of
our present-day knowledge, that unless we breed healthy males
to healthy females our troubles may be endless. If we are to
control breeding diseases and aid in the reproduction of healthy
eattle we must take into consideration all factors which may
cause nonconception, and not only those which might cause the
recognized expulsion of the fetus.

The genital system of the female is composed of ovaries,
oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina (tcgether with the mam-
mary gland). Any deviation from normal in any one of these
closely associated parts may in itself be responsible for non-
fertility. We believe that with proper treatment we can alle-
viate disease to a marked degree from all of these parts except
the oviduct. Experimental work has been done in recognizable
salpingitis to remove entirely the oviduct and have the ovary
function directly into the uterus. The results of this work to
date have not been satisfactory. The extent of disease in the
herd, character and nature of past treatment, degree of viru-
lence of the infection, sanitation measures and potency of the
males are important factors that determine the degree of suc-
cess that may be attained.

The majority of the more persistent cases of nonbreeders are
suffering from either cervicitis or salpingitis. Numerous. eases

744 Herp EFFicieNcy

of cervicitis have responded more readily to treatment by using
a 1 to 2 per cent solution of hot chlorazene to dissolve the mucus
throughout the cervix, followed by dressing with various iodine
preparations, Lugol’s, iodex, ete. Amputation of the cervix
affords quick and prompt relief in many chronic cases, and
oftentimes amputation of the rear or first fold brings relief.

The genital system of the male is composed of the testes,
epididymes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, the prostate, Cow-
per’s glands and the penis. Inflammation of the testes and
epididymes is not uncommon. Many times an inflammation of
the seminal vesicles is recognizable. Slght abnormalities of
these portions of the tract may produce any degree of lessened
potency. Bulls so diseased have proven very disastrous in some
herds. After the removal of diseased bulls and the treatment
of females which they have apparently infected a new and
normal herd sire will greatly reduce the number of services per
conception and the recognized abortion rate.

In beginning our work in the control of breeding diseases it
is essential that we obtain considerable history of the breeding
operations at the farm. As a rule, especially at well-organized
farms, we can learn the number of calves, the number of
recognized abortions, the number of retained placentas and the
number of deaths in calves apparently normal at birth. This
will give us a knowledge of the general conditions as they exist
before treatment begins. It is also important to obtain these
data so that at the end of each year we may be able to compare
the results of our work. Each cow, heifer and bull of breeding
age in the herd is examined in detail. The notes are filled in in
a loose-leaf health-record book. The outline followed is that
originally suggested by Dr. Williams a few years ago, as follows:
Name or herd number of animal.......................... Date of births
Has animal been pregnant?....0000000...... If she has bred, state number of

calves sproduced jicc4e" a0 =
Date of termination of last prepmanicy %...n.c ioc sscccse rere reer

Duration of. last pregnancy iN CAyS..n.....:cccccseeeeeeeme Was calf alive or
Dead. ee ee

If living, was it healthy’?.........................Did cow have retained after-
bitth?, eis eas Or discharge: from uterus? no.

Character of estrum, regular or irregulav..................

Following this history we arrive at present status which in-
cludes :

Ear.e B. HoppPer 745
General condition... State of lactation... “
To a ee SSS gee ee es ee ee ee
Right broad ligament... Left broad ligament .._..__-______.. z=
OT uid ai OD GTTEE Co neers sss Eee ei AE ss
TUF ww ee jON errs eee td ee ae LR A aL

2 10 To ese bs Dia SORE TE a oe | Ss ee
ET EE age fe eR ce ee ee ee
(ROC ee pans aren Lee Pee
ee ee ee
J. ooh =e oobi eel IRATE se en
eS SSS ELLE MeL LAS is SE a BS SS b
ee anne MEN eee sas aes ters coet ries Fo Aire eres Or es eee
eS gE a eae oe os ee Se Soe ce eee SOR Se ee

There is nothing very new to offer in the line of treatment.
The best methods per case will be found in the book about to
be published by Professor W. L. Williams of Cornell University.
There is therefore no need of going into a lengthy description
of a few cases, as each case is an individual problem in itself.

After we know the condition of each female in the herd we
try as nearly as possible to group them according to the con-
ditions found; that is, pregnant cows, normal cows ready
for service, cows under treatment, and those that are not
of proper age. Condemned animals, which are to go to the
butcher as soon as their milk supply diminishes to an unprofi-
table point, should be segregated; this last group may contain
animals that are apparent spreaders of infection.

Our examination and notes include remarks relative to any
abnormal condition found. On reexamination in two to four
weeks such notes are made as refer only to the abnormal con-
dition and the treatment. Every possible detail and precau-
tion is taken in carrying out this work. Haste must be avoided.
In this way the history and the present status of each breeding
female in the herd is recorded. It is important that each female
be examined, as oftentimes those that are thought to be normal
by the owner are many times the cases which give us the most
trouble. We find many cases of cessation of estrum in females
thought to be pregnant. In some eases even after normal par-
turition the uterus will be atoniec and contain considerable
exudate. This in itself may prevent estrum and may lead to a
more or less chronic infection. The female should be examined
and treated if necessary as soon after calving as possible. She
will then be ready for service as soon as practicable and often

746 Herp EFFICIENCY

before the owner is ready to breed her. If she is on test, in a
few weeks she will be available for observation, and oftentimes
an occasional examination and slight treatment may prevent
much future trouble.

Our next consideration is the herd sire or sires. One of the
leading gynecologists states that 40 per cent of sterility in the
human family is due to the male. In bovines the sire is 50 per
cent of the herd. Therefore, the part played by him is of great
importance. We have numerous instances backed by clinical
data showing the importance of eliminating diseased sires. Im-
potency in bulls may occur at any age. They may never have
been fertile. A diseased bull may manifest nonfertility or
decreased potency in different ways—by repeated service to
apparently normal females without conception, by a high abor-
tion rate in females that have previously been apparently nor-
mal, by characteristic infections following the use of any par-
ticular sire, and by abnormalities in the breeding tract noted
by rectal and physical palpation.

Microscopically, disease is manifest by abnormal semen and
sperm cells. Bull No. 10, a three-year-old Holstein, was used
in service on 48 females; all but 2 conceived the first year. The
2 females which did not conceive were recognizably diseased.
The following year 2 animals became pregnant to him. At the
time of our examination he was completely sterile. Conception
followed in all other females to a normal bull. There was ap-
parently no disaster following his use as a herd sire. The cause
of sterility in this bull was apparently some derangement in
the germinal cells of the testes, all sperm cells being nonmotile
and immature. The seprmatic fluid was free from bacteria.

Bull No. 7 has been used for a period of eight months on
43 females; of these 1 was pregnant. As there were 4 other
bulls on the farm, I am sure that this fellow was not entirely
responsible. This bull is still alive and still infertile and prob-
ably always will be. His testes have recently become atrophied
and his seminal vesicles enlarged. Many of the remales repeat-
edly bred to this bull on examination revealed a characteristic
cervicities and endometritis. A large majority of the animals re-
sponded to treatment and conceived to other bulls. On the
original microscopic examination of this bull the sperm cells
were but slightly motile and all were malformed.

EARLE B. Hopper 747

Bull No. 19 is a 15-months-old bull bred to 12 imported and
3 domestic heifers, making a total of 15. All females were of
an approximate age and all were bred within two weeks and
were turned to pasture after breeding. It was noticed when
the herdsman began to watch for their return to heat that a
number of them were discharging.

On our examination a few weeks later the heifers had a
marked purulent vaginitis, with the exception of one domestic
heifer. Six of these imported heifers conceived at this first
service, although they continued to discharge even under treat-
ment for two months. The other heifers responded slowly to
treatment, and with one exception, which was incurably sterile,
suffering from salpingitis and pavilionitis, all conceived. We
do not know whether or not this one case was due to infection
from the bull, because we had not had an opportunity to ex-
amine this female prior to this general trouble. On micro-
scopic examination of the bull the sperm cells were normal, but
on check bacteriological examination a streptococcus was iso-
lated, very similar to bacteria which had been isolated from the
oviducts from sterile cows from the farm from which this bull
was purchased. It remains to be seen how many of these six
heifers will produce healthy calves. This bull was withheld
from service, given proper exercise on a tread power to increase
his health and vigor, properly fed, and because of his partic-
ular breeding he was not slaughtered but treated with auto-
genous bacterins for two months. At the end of this time he
was placed in service to a grade nurse cow. No apparent bad
effects followed the service and pregnancy resulted. After
proper bacteriological examination is made, if deemed advis-
able, he will be bred to a few females, and if no disastrous re-
sults follow he may be returned to service.

Bull No. 26 had a history of no calves for the past few
months with a high abortion rate in the few females that pre-
viously conceived. He was sexually so diseased at the time of
our examination that a sample of his semen could not be ob-
tained. His seminal vesicles and epididymis are recognizably
inflamed and enlarged. He was removed from the herd and
slaughtered.

Bulls that prove to have a lessened potency should be used
with moderation. They should be examined every few months.

748 Herp EFFICIENCY

If their potency decreases, as manifested by decreased breeding
efficiency and microscopical examination, they should be with-
held from service entirely. It is an important factor in these
eases of lessened fertility that they receive proper food and
sufficient exercise. They should be in good vigorous condition
but should not be fat. At several farms we have had tread
power machines installed. They are using them daily, and
from the results obtained in several cases we are prolonging
the breeding life of these animals considerably. As far as the
specific treatment of these cases is concerned, we do not know
of anything at the present time we can say that is of value. We
have some experiments in hand by way of treatment that seem
promising of results. Should these results warrant, the complete
data will be presented later.

Our complete examination of bulls is recorded according to
the accompanying outline:

Name*ot bullies el eae
BY CC Oise cok Ean scott EO te ee, oh i SE Cec ee
Date ob enteriny MOTs ro cce us niece ancccotte eters
Orwner OL ee yee US eho EN ed ee ST Se ee
IGT SS SE ae ae st a eI Ne Be em a Roe ce ee
A. Breeding history:

A; Extent. Of ;PYOvilOuUS: SOU WACO sce ct cccce cetera ee

2: No. -of .calves* born (ee ae ae eres

3. No. of individual cows served in herd :

4. No. of services: Maximum per day............... Per month...............

5: No. of prepnancies per months enn taee tere ene eee

6G: No) of known abortions :4 ic... 2) sce ee ee eee

B. First evidence of sterility:
1. No. of known apparently normal females served.....--cccoocmsce
2 UNO... OF ‘SET VICES! oo oot ache cctticcs cost utccesenscernie ete eee ere ee eaten
3.’ No. of pregnancies 0 FEU ee ee er eee
4. No. of cows bred which conceived on subsequent service to
another | Dull ic eT eee cee

C. Status presens:

t) “Bixércise (4811, Oi 20: FER EEy Ais RRs 4h, ad pe ee eee
AE 84521 (0) 1 Oe nen ee Rae © CE ED ee, Me SY PRU pet oe

a. Physical examination:
1. P@n 1S ener ee Ee Re eS See nee eee a eee
2)! Destesio au.5. ated eles 2 Mab es eee eee
3. Epididymeeg................ Heng Body... Teo eS
A, Vas. deferens! ii. 25) Maree ba Se eet Pe ee eee
5. Seminal ivesiclésic..2t 24.2 hes eee eee eee eee ee
Ge PIOSEAGC ccs ceo ee RC ee

3... Protrusion!! 362. 005 Dae ROT se i eee ,

ews kas =k

a.

Ear.LeE B. Hopper 749

ce. Semen:
vac STDETL LEGS ee el a
(STEP G0 rite sitters Ja ae a
pases) Shir) fo
PPE TG Sg ES se a a

d. Spermatozoa:
- 2 1 STi gle Becyeeact a alaaeeltteeste Sel aed a
Peuemeeamane tetera te! ree er puse tlie ol orto
3. Morphology

D. Remarks

We try to bring our calves into the world in a clean way,
raise them under the best conditions we know, and breed them
only to females which, from all clinical evidence, are sexually
clean. All bulls are properly douched before and after service.
I firmly believe this is a great help in reducing certain types of
herd infection.

Many of us may not be situated in localities where there are
at the present time purebred breeding establishments. You
might think, therefore, that you have no call for this type of
work. In grade dairies where the income is almost entirely
from the sale of milk it is just as important, so far as the in-
come is concerned, that they have a good yearly crop of calves
as in the purebred herd. Let us consider, then, breeding dis-
eases from an entirely commercial standpoint.

Herd supervision by veterinarians in these more commercial
dairies, if properly carried out, is a profitable investment for
the owner. Due to the high prices of feeds, labor, ete., the
dairy cow of today, in order just to pay for the place she oc-
cupies in the dairy, must produce at least 20 pounds of milk
daily. The profitable grade cow must maintain at least a 50
per cent increase or 9,000 pounds of milk per year, exclusive
of the two months which precede the date of parturition, and
she must produce a calf every 12 to 14 months. We are all
familiar with the ravages of disease. which impair reproduction
in the larger dairies, especially where no methods of sanitation
and control are carried out. Oftentimes it will be found that
instead of producing a calf each 12 to 14 months the average is
16 to 18 months and in some eases longer. The female of this
type then falls greatly below her maintenance supply of milk;
she becomes an expense and counterbalances a good producer
that may stand beside her.

Many dairymen do not stop to consider why their income

750 Herp EFFICIENCY

from the number of animals they are maintaining is not larger.
They seldom realize the number of boarders they are feeding
and caring for. The veterinarian should familiarize himself
with problems of this kind and be of assistance to the producer
by eliminating the unprofitable animals and advise about those
that will soon be unprofitable. Breeding sanitation should be
practiced and the individual cases handled according to indi-
vidual conditions. I will endeavor to formulate the general plan
that we carry out with success in dairies of this type that come
under our supervision.

Our aim in this work is to arrange the breeding so as to have
a uniform number of cows freshening each month, with a few
more than the average for the months of July, August, Septem-
ber and October, the most difficult months of the year in this
locality to produce milk.

Our first procedure is an examination of each animal with a
report in the form shown herewith:

a rernieee: te onere nie 5 ie, PYAAR PEEL AREA Date...C2) i 0.0. OR ok L eee ;

Last | Present} Due to
breeding| status’ | freshen

Cow | Milk | Date of Renarke

daily j|last calf’

| a |

1N=normal; A=aborted; R =retained placenta.
2P=pregnant; PP=possibly pregnant; NP-N=not pregnant, normal for breed-
ing; T=—treating.

This tabulation will enable us to know the exact breeding
status and milk production of each female each month. If these
data, including production, last calving date, date due, ete., are
not obtainable, we have to proceed with the information the
present caretaker can give, plus existing manifestations, and ex-
plain to the owner or caretaker the importance of keeping suf-.
ficient records. Milk production charts should be obtained if
vot already in use, and the daily production of each cow should
be recorded.

EarLe B. Hopper 751

Our records are kept in a loose-leaf health-record book in
which each cow is given a number and a separate page. Cows
not in calf are listed, note is made if they are normal and ready
for service or if treatment is necessary and what treatment was
and is to be given. Of the cows ready for service the poorer
producers and short-time animals should be bred first, arranging
as near as possible the breeding so that a proportionate number
of the herd will be bred each month. The cows that are normal
and ready to breed as the proper period approaches are then
placed in adjacent stanchions so that they may be more closely
watched. They should be turned out for an hour or two each
day if possible. This is quite important, especially where cattle
are not turned out regularly, as their heat periods may pass
unnoticed and thus cause further delay in our breeding work.

The other animals are stanchioned or stabled according to
pregnancy, and the treatment is the same as in purebred herds
if this can be carried out conveniently. The health record book
is posted at our visit, and each night or once each week the
owner or herdsman records heat periods, calving dates, prema-
ture births, retained placentas, discharges, ete. We can there-
fore get a brief history of each case without much difficulty and
without consuming too much of the owner’s time on our visit.

No animal is bred until approved, or until she is clean, normal
and ready for service. Many times a separate list of cows to
be bred during the month is made, so that there will be no error
in breeding females other than those that are apparently normal.

One man is made responsible for all breeding work, including
heat dates, dates of service, calving, douching the vaginas of
the cows and the sheaths of the bulls.

Work of this kind has proven its value in grade herds. One
dairy composed of 125 milking females came under our super-
vision about 18 months ago. By this method of handling and
eliminating the unprofitable cows and with the proper treat-
ment of diseased animals more cases of milk have been produced
by this farm during the past nine to twelve months than ever
before in the history of the herd from the same number of
animals.

“The previous year’s breeding ratio of 4 services per preg-
naney has been reduced to 1.3 services to 1 conception with the
use of the same 2 bulls. These bulls were apparently in every

Herp EFFICIENCY

~I
a)
bo

way efficient and healthy on our examination. The breeding
ratio per calf is a saving of over three months’ time on each
ealf produced. The abortion rate has been reduced to less than
3 per cent.

Calf raising on many farms is at times a very serious prob-
lem. As a rule where the percentage of premature births, re-
tained placenta and metritis in its different forms is high, so is
the ratio of calf disease very high, including septicemia, pneu-
monia, diarrhea and digestive troubles. Very little work has
been done by investigators along these lines, although today
death from these causes ranks high in the proportionate losses
of each herd. Several methods are used in feeding and raising
calves. It apparently makes no difference how they are fed,
provided they are sturdy, vigorous and comparatively free from
infection. Many farmers and herdsmen say that they never
have any ‘‘particular trouble,’’ but if any of these collective
infections once gain a foothold he will realize how little he
knows about handling these cases. One of our first consider-
ations is the proper sanitary condition, proper stalls, ventilation,
cleanliness of the udders of the cows, the utensils used in feeding
and storing the milk, ete. After we have checked up on all such
conditions we look to the general handling and feeding of the
calves.

Professor Williams, after much study, decided on a definite
plan for rearing calves. The plan is to remove the calf at birth
from its dam, give 30 mils of calf scour serum daily, an enema
at birth to remove the meconium, proper care of the umbilicus,
and if diarrhea sets in alkaline or weak antiseptic enemas as
indicated. All food is withheld for 24 hours, after which time
2 per cent of the body weight in milk is fed twice daily for a
few days, gradually increasing the milk as the calf properly
digests this and does not evidence any digestive disturbance or
a rise in temperature. If the calf’s temperature rises above
103° F. and diarrhea sets in, all milk is withheld and 30 to 60
mil doses of calf scour serum are administered and enemas given
until temperature drops below 103. The milk is then resumed
and the amount increased as the calf can assimilate it without
causing another setback. Autogenous bacterins in small doses
beginning a few days after birth apparently give some aid in
overcoming the infection. I personally believe that where our

eae

Earue B. Hopper 753

infections are very severe, where we have the proper man
handling the eases and he does not care how thin his cases get
until they are once started, it is a very good plan.

We have had considerable trouble with this calf question on
some of the farms under our control. We tried to work out a
plan the basie principle of which was suggested by Dr. Frost
previous to a paper he gave on the subject at Ithaca. We finally
outlined a plan as near to Nature’s way as possible and with
the least possible amount of work and routine required by the
caretaker in carrying it out. Our plan is as follows:

1. Prepare the cow for calving.

(a) Clip tail and udder.

(b) Seven days before calving thoroughly wash and scrub
the hindquarters, tail, udder, genitals, etc., with soap, water
and brush. Rinse with clean water and dry.

(c) Sponge hindquarters, tail and genitals daily with a
mild (1 or 2 per cent) disinfectant of lysol, creolin or some
other good product.

(d) When about to calve remove to disinfected stall in
which there is clean, dry straw.

2. Dip the navel and cord in iodine daily for three days.

3. Allow the calf to nurse its dam or a safe “nurse cow” at will for
four to eight weeks.

(a) If the cow is to go on test and the calf is to be weaned
soon, allow it to nurse its dam for three days. When weaned
feed in sterile pail and use the first portion of the dam’s
milk three or four times per day, depending on the number
of times she is milked. Continue this feeding for eight to
ten weeks. After ten weeks, if desired, gradually change to
heated milk, either whole or skimmed. Bring the milk to a
boil and allow to cool in a natural way under cover. Feed
at 96° to 100° F.

4. Provide a temperature card and take and record the temperature
Song times a day (morning, noon and night) for a week to ten

ays.

5. If the calf develops a temperature of 103° F. and appears
sick, remove to adjoining stall and reduce the feed. Inject
15 c.c. of serum every three hours. On the following day in-
ject 30 c.c. of serum morning and night. As soon as the tem-
perature develops and calf appears sick give 1 quart of warm
water containing 1 heaping tablespoonful of soda bicarbonate and
1 teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia morning and
night one hour before feeding. Subnitrate of bismuth in 1-
ounce doses and salol in dram doses (60 grains) or saola in 1-
ounce doses may be given as indicated 3 times daily.

6. As soon as calf shows symptoms of sickness, acid feces and scours,
discontinue milk and substitute 1 pint to 1 quart of warm bar-
ley water 3 times daily. Continue serum and give stimulants
as indicated, and resume milk ration when acidity subsides and
feces become normal, as soon as calf can take it with safety.

7. When feces become normal gradually discontinue soda _ bicarbo-
nate and aromatic spirits of ammonia and resume normal feeding.

Barley water. Take 3 quarts of ground barley; place in a 10 or
12 quart pail, and add boiling water until the pail is nearly full.

754 Herp EFFICIENCY

Stir for a few minutes and allow to settle and cool. Pour off the
clear fluid and use as directed.

From this method of handling we have been and are getting
good results. One point especially where our calves are having
some trouble is to feed a uniform per cent of butterfat in their
daily milk. Frequently even older calves can not utilize all the
butterfat in Guernsey or Jersey milk, especially where there is
digestive disturbance or weakness. As soon as the calves are
weaned from their dams or nurse cows they should be fed for
a few weeks a thoroughly safe, pasteurized milk standardized to
about 2 per cent fat. When they are growing well and get a
good start gradually substitute pasteurized skim milk with
suitable grain and roughage diet.

Hemorrhagic septicemia is more prevalent in some localities
than has been previously recognized. On all calves at farms
under our supervision, if any individual shows a rise in temper-
ature, cough, increased vesicular murmurs, it is immediately
given a dose of hemorrhagic septicemia bacterins plus serum.
Daily doses of serum are given until recovery seems assured.
All calves in the herd not having temperature are given the
bacterin. In this way we have been able to check apparent out-
breaks without the loss of a case, whereas in previous epidemics
at some farms we lost a number. Experience has taught us not
to wait until we have several calves sick with pneumonia, but to
start with our bacterin and serum just as soon as our original
case is found. Symptomatic treatment is given as conditions
warrant.

After our calves reach the age of six weeks, we believe they
are out of most danger, although this is not always the ease.
When the feces mature they are penned according to size and
sex. They are grown with the aid of the calf ration previously
mentioned, with fine leafy hay and skimmed milk, the quantity
depending on size and age. In other words, they are grown
rapidly so that they may. be as large as possible when 15 to
18 months of age. A well-grown animal of this type can be
bred. or used for service much earlier than the animal fed on a
limited ration. This will enable them to fréshen, barring dis-
ease,-at 25 to 28 months of age. In this way we will be getting
an early income from the new generation.

Herd efficiency should go hand in hand with the increased

EarLe B. Hopper 755

value of livestock and better animal husbandry. Herd effi-
ciency is dependent on the control of disease, maximum produc-
tion and reproduction. Dairy sanitation, breeding hygiene,
normal genitalia and the mating of sound individuals are mile-
stones along the road to success. The three most important
points are: Proper attention to all breeding females by way
of cleansing the genitals after parturition; careful manipula-
tion and examination of ovaries, uterus and external genitals
before breeding; with the bull, proper douching, feeding and
exercise.- Only sound, vigorous and prepotent sires should be
maintained in a herd. Strong, healthy, well-grown calves should
result. All of these are conducive to better livestock and better
agriculture.

THE INTERNATIONAL ANTHRAX PROBLEM

At the international labor congress in Geneva, Professor Arm-
strong, Australian employers’ delegate, according to the London
correspondent of the Journal of the American Medical Associa-
tion, submitted a resolution that the committee considers that the
question of the universal and compulsory disinfection of wool
and hair infected with anthrax, in its humanitarian aspects, has
not yet been sufficiently studied to justify the conclusion of an
international convention; that the conference should request
the governing body of the international labor office to appoint
an advisory committee to which the government of France,
Great Britain and Germany, as representing the users, and Aus-
tralia, India and South Africa, the producers, should be invited
to send representatives, and that this committee should be in-
vited to examine the question in all its bearings and present its
report to the conference in 1925; that the chairman of the pro-
posed advisory committee should be appointed by the British
government; that the inquiry should at first be mainly by corre-
spondence; that when meetings of the committee become neces-
sary, they may be summoned by the chairman in London, and
that co-operation of a representative from the United States be
invited. While accepting disinfection as the only effective means
at present of protection of workers, the committee regards the
eradication of the disease among animals as the ultimate solu-
tion, and is of the opinion that the advisory committee should
be instructed te-report on this subject.

TRIBUTE ON BEHALF OF McGILL VETERINARY
GRADUATES TO DEAN McEACHRAN *

By W. Rem Bua
New York, N. Y.

IN ACCEPTING the honor of representing Dean McEach-
ran’s ‘‘boys of the Old School’’ on this oceasion I did so with
feelings of misgivings, since I fully realize my limitations to
express adequately my own feelings, to say nothing of those of
my colleagues. I wish I might have had the training of a
lawyer to aid me in this task. Every man has wondered some
time in his life where his lawyer friends get all their words,
many of them useless and superfluous perhaps. The differ-
ence in speech between the ordinary human being and a legal
luminary is illustrated by the following: If a man were to give
another an orange, he would simply say: ‘‘I give you this
orange.’’ But when the transaction is entrusted to a lawyer to
put into writing he adopts some such form as this: ‘‘I hereby
give and convey to you, all and singular, my estate and inter-
ests, right, title, claim and advantages of and in said orange,
together with its rind, juice, pulp and pits, and all rights and
advantages therein with full power to bite, cut and suck, and
otherwise eat or give the same away, with or without.the rind,
skin, juice, pulp or pits, anything hereinbefore or hereinafter
or in any other deed or deeds, instrument or instruments of
whatever nature or kind whatsoever to the contrary in any wise
notwithstanding.’’ But what I may lack in verbosity I hope to
_make up in expressions of loyalty and good will.

It is indeed a happy augury to note the growing tendency
to honor our men who have distinguished themselves in what-
ever field they may have labored, during their lifetime, rather
than to wait until our friends pass over the silent river before
expressing our appreciation of their services to our profession.
It was with this thought in mind that the gathering tonight
had its chief inspiration.

Dean McEachran, the men gathered here tonight truly rep-
resent that great body of ‘‘your boys,’’ scattered throughout

‘Remarks at a complimentary dinner to Dr. Duncan McBachran at the Ritz-
Carlton Hotel, Montreal. Canada. October 13, 1921.

756

~)

W. Rew Buair

the world, and they come for the express purpose of register-
ing their appreciation and esteem for you, and to testify to
the fact that you, too, had an important part in establishing
McGill’s fair name at home and abroad. While the school
which you founded and presided over for so many years is dead,
still we wish you to know that the work which you and your
colleagues began, more than half a century ago, will continue
to stimulate others to greater effort in extending the principles
for which you ever contended, in the prevention and control of
infectious diseases.

To have that faculty to inspire a body of students for a long
term of years is certainly an achievement which implies the
possession of more gifts than one. These must be personality
supplemented by solid attainments. And then to magnetism
and knowledge must be added that ungrudging eagerness to be
helpful, which renders the teacher capable of maintaining dis-
cipline at all times. It is through the possession of all these
qualities and attainments that Dean McEachran has endeared
himself to his students and communicated to them his own high
sense of that standard which should guide the practitioner of
veterinary medicine. Dean McEachran never looked upon the
work of the classroom as a task, but rather as an opportunity
for imparting his own zeal and wholeheartedness, along with his
rich store of learning.

The institution over which our honored guest of this even-
ing presided for thirty-seven years consistently endeavored to
reach and maintain a high standard of veterinary education,
and it was a matter of deep regret, not only to its many grad-
uates, but to all those interested in veterinary science on this
continent, when, largely through lack of financial support, it
was compelled in 1903 to close its doors.

It would be hard to overestimate Dean McEachran’s influence
for good in the maintenance of the friendly relations between
the members of our profession on both sides of the international
boundary.. Many American graduates can testify that it was
no handicap to have it known that they were graduates of Dean
McEachran’s school of McGill University.

Dean McEachran was able to impress his ideals and aspira-
tions upon the undergraduates from the first moment of his con-
tact with them. The hold which he gained at the outset he has

~~!
Or
D

TRIBUTE TO DEAN McEKACHRAN

preserved unbrokenly, until, with an ever-widening range of
effectiveness, his graduates have carried his honored name and
influence to all parts of the world.

His graduates have distinguished themselves in all human
endeavors, in war as well as in peace, as administrators, teachers
and practitioners. Many have become distinguished practitioners
of human medicine, and in a great measure their success as
diagnosticians can be attributed to their prior study and practice
of veterinary medicine. Many of his graduates in administra-
tive capacities have brought zeal and intelligence to bear in
sanitary affairs, and have over and over again demonstrated
what veterinary science can do to safeguard the health of our
stock and the people alike.

It is generally conceded that the value of scientific discoveries
and deductions is largely dependent upon their authorship.
When new results are brought to our attention the first inquiry
is for the name of the author, and several factors enter into
our judgment of his work; but the primary consideration is
the man. Unripe minds will naturally produce pseudo-science,
and much so-called science is being forced upon our attention
today that is unripe and undigested.

In these days of fortune making and of chasing the almighty
dollar we need a renaissance of the spirit which inspired and
upheld the fathers of our profession in their strenuous labors,
both scientific and practical, that have laid the foundations of
modern veterinary medicine.

We sometimes hear in these days of men who look upon the
present and future veterinarian with gloom; but what must
have been the hardships and discouragements of such men as
Dean McEachran, Liautard, Law and Smith in combating the
influence upon the minds of the people of their day of such
imaginary diseases as ‘‘wolf in the tail’’ and ‘‘hollow horn,’’
when every community was infested with ignorant ‘‘hoss doe-
tors’? with their cure-alls for real and imaginary ills of the
animal kingdom?

One can not contemplate the development of the institutions
that these men founded without a feeling of admiration for
their achievements and a conviction that the phase of education
which they typify is destined to become more and more im-
portant in America.

“Seis

W. Rem Buair 759

It has been my good fortune to have known each of these men,
to have known something of their ambitions and aspirations to
protect and serve the livestock interests of our countries, and
to have been thrilled by the kindly inspiration of their event-
ful lives. Each of these men laid stress upon the thought that
the field of veterinary medicine is not a commercial one, but one
of service in promoting and protecting the livestock interests of
the community. The names of these men by their achievements
are indelibly written in the records of the progress of veterinary
medicine. Time has indorsed their early judgment in regard to
the necessity for rigid inspection and quarantine laws, for the
protection against infectious diseases among horses and cattle,
and particularly the need for dairy laws for the protection and
assurance of a wholesome milk supply for the general public.
While these laws were often bitterly opposed in the beginning,
time has shown the beneficial wisdom of them, and they are now
universally acknowledged.

While the older practitioners had their problems, dealing with
quackery and ignorance, the veterinarian today is frequently
confronted with problems of vital importance to the good name
of our profession. Not infrequently the young veterinary prac-
titioner starts out in practice as a specialist by aping that real
pest of the medical profession who opens spacious and elaborate
offices and waiting rooms with nurses and attendants, and an
all-pervading glitter of white enamel, mechanical novelties and
shining metal work, in an attempt to impress his clientele by
costly stage effects. He seems to forget, and his clients still
oftener fail to realize, that what he really has for sale resides
in his own.cranium, and that mere style, atmosphere and scenery
are poor substitutes for knowledge, experience and technical
proficiency. The really conscientious veterinarian’s regard for
his good name and high personal character should be, and is
usually, quite as dear to him as his professional reputation.

To those who feel pessimistic at the outlook for the veterinarian
of the future, I would recommend the study of the lives and
achievements of that splendid group of pioneers who came
to this continent some 55 or 60 years ago, to become the founders
of veterinary education in America. With what amazing in-
dustry, versatility and keenness of intellect did they unfalter-
ingly cultivate the field of veterinary science! With what devo-

760 TRIBUTE TO DEAN McEACHRAN

tion and beneficial results did they give of their time and abun-
dant knowledge to the service of the public and of the profession !
It is due to the work of such men as Dean McEachran that the
public has been convineed that the veterinarian and the vet-
erinary profession are entitled to a better position in the public
mind. And now we all realize that the public is willing to
accord to the veterinarian and the veterinary profession the
position which they demonstrate their ability to occupy. It lies
within the province of each veterinarian to decide whether he is
to practice veterinary science as a profession or merely as a
trade.

Let us then look with pride upon the achievements of the
past, and face the future with courage and hope that the pro-
fession will yet attain that state of perfection where it is uni-
versally recognized as truly scientific, a benefit to mankind, and
also indispensable in its economic importance to the general
welfare of a progressive citizenship.

DR. ALBERT HASSALL HONORED

Dr. Albert Hassall of the Zoological Division of the Bureau of
Animal Industry has recently been notified that the Steel
Memorial Medal for 1921 has been awarded to him by the Coun-
cil of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons. This medal
is awarded at intervals of 3 years on the recommendation of the
Honors and Prizes Committee as an award for scientific or lit-
erary work of merit in connection with the veterinary profession.

Dr. Hassall has been in the Bureau of Animal Industry for
the last 35 years, and in the course of that time, in addition to
publishing numerous papers on parasitology, has built up an
Index Catalogue of Medical and Veterinary Zoology which is
the most complete work of the sort in existence. The author
catalogue was published as a joint work of Dr. Ch. Wardell
Stiles and Dr. Hassall as Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin
39, and the subject catalogues, covering the cestodes, trematodes
and nematodes, have been published by these authors as bulle-
tins of the Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health Service.
These publications constitute very valuable reference works ~
which are in great demand in this country and abroad by zoolo-

gists, veterinarians and physicians. a

ADDRESS AT McGILL VETERINARY REUNION'

By Duncan McEAcHRAN

Emeritus Dean and Professor, Late Faculty of Comparative
Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

IT IS UNNECESSARY for me to say that I had much pleas-

ure in accepting your kind invitation to be present here tonight
at this great festival of graduates of McGill. It always gives me
pleasure to meet old friends, especially old pupils, under such
happy circumstances as have brought us together tonight. It is
well known that the Maes are all clannish, and it would not
have surprised me a bit if in this gathering of the sons of Old
McGill some one had got up and asked us to drink that very old
but extremely modest toast, ‘‘Here’s to oor ain sel’s—wha’s
like us?’”’ .
I remember on a former occasion I attended a somewhat sim-
ilar gathering, though on a smaller scale, on the 19th of Janu-
ary, 1896, which was reported at the time in the Boston Globe
as follows:

‘‘One of the most enthusiastic and enjoyable occasions and
one of the finest sets of men to meet in Boston was the Massa-
chusetts alumni of the Department of Comparative Medicine of
McGill University which met at the Quincey House last night.
They were all healthy, hearty looking men.’’ Then followed
some personal remarks about myself, so flattering that my
Seotch modesty prevents me from repeating them. You must
imagine them. Then followed a reference to ‘‘the ease and dig-
nity with which he carried his years.’’ (I was a young fellow
then, and I am not an old fellow yet. That reporter should have
known how easy it was to be easy when being entertained in
Boston.) Twenty-five years ago, the report went on to say that
‘‘the respect which his ‘children,’ as he called them, showed him
was pleasant to see.’’

If I mistake not, I believe that association, which had been in

1 This is Dr. McEachran’s response to addresses by Drs. V. A. Moore and W. Reid
Blair at a dinner given in his honor at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel, Montreal, October 13,
1921, by former graduates and the late Faculty of Comparative Medicine of McGill
University, during the McGill centennial celebration. A report of the dinner was
given in THE JourNaL for December, 1921, page 888. Dr. Moore’s address was pub-
lished in THE JouRNAL for February, 1922, page 625, and Dr. Blair’s appears in this

issue.
761

762 Appress aT McGinnt VererRINARY REUNION

existence for several years before that meeting, was the first
society of McGill graduates in Massachusetts. As a matter of
fact such meetings were held by the graduates of the Montreal
Veterinary College years before we became a Faculty of MeGill.

It is very gratifying to meet tonight such a representative
gathering of graduates, many of whom traveled more than 2,000
miles to do honor to their Alma Mater, represented by my hum-
ble self. How true it is that history repeats itself. That re-
porter if present tonight would compliment himself on his true
realization of the quality of the men of whom he wrote twenty-
five years ago.

Institutions of learning may be built, equipped and endowed
by the large-hearted liberality of benefactors, yet if their grad-
uates forget their duties to Alma Mater enduring progress can
not be made. I am not going to presume to lecture in this after-
dinner speech on these duties, yet one can not help taking ad-
vantage of such an opportunity of speaking to such a represen-
tative gathering as this, to say a few words on this subject.
Graduates should feel that they are part of the University, that
they ought to continue to take an active interest in her affairs
and have their views on all important matters properly ex-
pressed by their representatives. Each individual graduate
should ever keep before him the feeling that his professional
standing, his research work and contributions to science reflect
credit on his college. :

I was asked once by a former Chancellor of MeGill, Lord
Strathcona, for my opinion as to what was the stimulating influ-
ence that impelled the young Scotchman to get on in the world.
My reply was: ‘‘ His love for his parents, especially his mother,
the great joy she would feel in his suecess in life, and his desire
to contribute of his earnings to the support and comfort of those
who did so much for him.’’ Such feelings should actuate every
graduate to give Alma Mater joy in his success, and to promote
her progress in some of the numerous ways which circumstances
open to him.

Referring to ‘‘Old MeGill’’—the prefix ‘‘old’’ is in one sense
at least no longer applicable. The visitor to MeGill who has not
been there for ten years will be amazed at the newness of every-
thing. Noble piles of new buildings, thoroughly equipped
laboratories, well-stocked lbraries and other essentials of uni-

Duncan McEAcHRAN 763

versity equipment; the number of professors, lecturers and
demonstrators has been greatly increased, especially in the med-
ical, arts and applied science faculties and agriculture. The
Medical College has been rebuilt and enlarged, and now without
doubt it is one of the most complete medical colleges on this con-
tinent, thanks to the princely liberality of her numérous bene-
factors. Much, however, yet remains to be done to make McGiil
as complete as we hope to see her become. Surely the day is not
far distant when the branch of the medical science which deals
with the prevention of disease in food-producing domestic ani-
mals, on which public health so much depends, and which affects
materially one of Canada’s greatest commercial industries, will
be restored and endowed in such a manner as will enable the
Faculty of Comparative Medicine to carry on its work in a man-
ner proportionate to its importance scientifically and practically.
I can not refrain from remarking that one of the greatest blun-
ders ever committed in the management of McGill University
was allowing that Faculty to close its doors for want of neces-
sary financial support. However, we will ‘‘let the dead past
bury its dead,’’ and hope that some day the blunder will be
remedied to the University’s own advantage.

Think of the good work so well done and so much appreciated
by the whole United States as is done by Cornell University.
It is surely a great honor to us for Cornell to send as her dele-
gate the able head of her veterinary faculty to represent her at
the great McGill Centennial now in progress, and more especially
to deliver the able address to us to which we have just listened.

The importance of comparative medicine and the value of
comparative research work to medical science are well under-
stood today and were well illustrated in 1901 at the British
Congress on Tuberculosis, of which I had the honor of being a
vice-president, when Prof. Robert Koch in the section of animal
diseases, injudiciously and unsupported by sufficient data, an-
nounced that ‘‘tuberculosis could not be transmitted from man to
animals or vice versa,’’ throwing the whole medical world into
consternation in view of the unanimous concurrence in the belief
among medical and veterinary scientists generally that the com-
muication of bovine tuberculosis by means of milk especially, and
also by flesh, was responsible for the prevalence of consumption
in human beings, a belief which constituted the very basis of the

T64 Appress AT McGiut VETERINARY REUNION

congress. Who, let me ask, were called upon to combat his an-
nouncement at that historical assembly of medical scientists,
comprising as it did nearly 3,000 members representing every
civilized country in the world? First that great luminary in
medical science, the chairman, Lord Lister; following him the
late Prof. Noca¥d, the leading veterinarian of France; Prof.
Bang, at the héad of the veterinary profession in Denmark, and
Prof. McFadyean, Dean of the Royal Veterinary College at
London.

I will not detain you further with the subject, but would eall
your attention to a paper containing most advanced ideas and
logical reasoning entitled ‘‘Knowledge and Practice,’’ by the
esteemed Harvard professor, C. 8. Minot, in which he says:
‘‘Medicine is destined to become comparative because it must
advance. The wise action for us is to facilitate that advance.’’
And I would also call your attention to an equally advanced dis-
cussion of the same subject by another illustrious Harvard pro-
fessor, Theobald Smith, entitled ‘‘Comparative Pathology: Its
Relation to Biology and Medicine,’’ in which he says: ‘‘The
economic as well as scientific importance of animal diseases is so
great that the National Government could with profit maintain a
trained expert for every one of the plagues that decimate our
domestic food-producing animals. It could afford to give him all
the facilities for experiment and study and travel necessary to
keep our knowledge of that particular disease in this and other
countries up to the high-water mark of medical science.”’

An admirable address by the late Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamber-
lain, delivered as Chancellor of the Birmingham University,
showed that Mr. Chamberlain was not only able to guide the
affairs of state as he did in connection with the South African
rebellion and to defend himself against the attacks of foreign
politicians, but to formulate university policy on the broadest
lines, and a clear appreciation of what an up-to-date university
ought to be. Mr. Chamberlain knew the high ideals of univer-
sity work, university aims and standards which were suitable for
the state of society a hundred or hundreds of years ago, when
few entered their precincts but the sons of noblemen and men
of wealth and property, and even in Britain today where their
halls are largely filled from the families of wealthy landed pro-
prietors, millionaire capitalists and rich merchants; but he knew

SSRs Martel es be tite | etic ame

tat wigos

i) |

DuNcAN McEAcCHRAN 76

that we are living now in a utility age, an age when the sons even
of millionaires are brought up to some business or profession by
which they can earn their living; an age when it is honorable to
work and dishonorable to eat the bread of idleness; hence Mr.
Chamberlain’s sound common sense suggested to the Senators of
the new University to ‘‘start with the belief that here we are
going to combine theory with practice and to see that in our
University we shall combine both in one course of instruction
with due regard to the needs of our time and district.’’

In visiting several of the universities of Continental Europe [
was particularly impressed with the excellent opportunities
students enjoyed for combining with the higher branches of
learning a thoroughly practical course of instruction to prepare
them for practical life work. For this reason graduates of
British and American universities have flocked thither for post-
graduate work. It is to be hoped that the day will come when
McGill will establish post-graduate courses which will attract not
only her own but graduates of other universities as well.

Gentlemen, in conclusion let me say that your own Faculty of
Alma Mater, as you all know, was based on similar high ideals
as recommended by these noted men, as far as possible for us to
combine scientific instruction with practical work, and to this I
attribute the gratifying. suecess of each one of this large gath-
ering.

When I undertook the organization of a veterinary school,
suggested by McGill’s greatest scientist and Principal, the late
Sir William Dawson, Major Campbell of St. Hilaire, then
President of the Board of Agriculture for the Province of
Quebec, through their influence Dr. George Campbell, Dean of
the Medical Faculty of MeGill University, and member of that
Faculty, became much interested, and arranged for lectures to
commence in their own lecture room in Cote Street. Without
the assistance of the Medical Faculty we could not have even
attempted a beginning. It is needless for me to say how I ap-
preciated their aid, especially from the Professors of Chemistry,
Dr. Girdwood; Physiology, Dr. Fraser; Dr. Craik, Dr. Mills, Dr.
Osler, Dr. Wilkins, Dr. James Bell, Dr. Blackader, Dr. Ruttan,
Dr. Drake, Dr. Stewart, Dr. Morrow, Dr. Adami and others. I
look back with pleasure and satisfaction on my association with
these professors, as well as with Dr. Baker, Dr. Charles Me-

766 AppREss AT McGint VETERINARY REUNION

Eachran, Dr. Lyford, Dr. Bruneau, Dr. Daubigny and other
members of the veterinary profession and of our own staff.

Let me conelude by thanking you for this crowning compli-
ment of my life, for which I ean not find language adequately
to express my feelings of appreciation.

MEXICAN DAIRYMAN BUYING HOLSTEINS IN
CALIFORNIA

A new market for California Holsteins is opening in Mexico,
and buyers are canvassing the San Joaquin Valley, which they
believe has the nearest climate to that below the border, for
purebread and high-grade cattle. Carlos Arizao is at present
in Stanislaus County, dealing with the Holstein Breeders’ Asso-
ciation for a large number of cattle. He is asking for about
40 or 50 heifers a month for six months, and 5 or 6 registered
bulls for each month’s lot of females.

Arizao reports a great shortage of dairy cattle in Mexico, and
says California must be looked to for the supply, as Eastern
cattle do not acclimate well in his country, becoming subject
to the pests peculiar to Mexican cattle. He is taking out a car-
load of heifers and bulls as a trial, and if they do as well as
he expects, he will follow this order with many more. He be-
lieves Mexico will furnish an outlet for all the Holstein cattle
California can produce in the next five or possibly ten years.
—Sacramento Bee.

Statistics of livestock in Germany on December 1, 1920, show
increases in all kinds during the preceding year. There were
16,789,844 cattle, a gain of 472,516, and 3,581,380 horses (not
including cavalry horses), a gain of 116,146. Hogs showed an
increase of 2,631,587, sheep 798,772, and goats 311,862.

The Belgian Ministry of Agriculture has arranged to give a
series of free public courses in horseshoeing in 1922. The courses
are in charge of official veterinarians and will be held in twenty-
four localities. Certificates will be issued to persons who pass a
satisfactory examination in theory and practice. The Govern-
ment has a regular school of horseshoeing at Brussels.

'
i

DEDICATION OF NEW COLORADO VETERINARY
HOSPITAL !

By Georce H. GLOVER
Colorado Agricultural College, Fort Collins, Colorado

‘A consummation devoutly to be wished.’’ It has been con-
summated; the first of the permanent buildings for the veteri-
nary college is completed. The veterinary hospital and anatomy
laboratory, which so long dwelt in the realm of the imagina-
tion, is at last a reality. It has been built for a specific purpose,
and conforming in every detail to the needs of the special work
for which it was designed, it can never appropriately or con-
veniently be used for any other purpose. For this reason the
dedication of this building for the special work for which it
was designed is altogether fitting and proper. It can best be
dedicated to the conservation of the animal wealth and the pub-
lic health.

In making the following abstract statements, I have no fear
of successful contradiction. Real wealth comes primarily from
the soil. Animal husbandry is the major part of agriculture.
We are losing five per cent or more of our animals from dis-
ease. Microbic diseases are every year becoming more formidable.
Eternal vigilance is necessary to guard the animal food supply
of an ever-growing population. Many diseases of the lower ani-
mals are communicable to man. Inspection of foods for human
consumption, more especially meat and milk, is in its incipieney.
Less than one-half of the meants consumed in this country are
subject to any sort of inspection. The public health should be
of first consideration. This is naturally the work of scientifically
trained veterinarians.

Human institutions are more or less transient and the his-
tory of nations ‘‘hath but one page.’’ Things of human artifice
may perchance survive one or many generations. Medicine, as
a science and an art, is based upon the eternal verities. It must
be as enduring as the present order of animal creation. So long
as the life of one species depends for its existence upon the death
of another, must animate creation suffer pestilence and the dan-
ger of extermination. The science of medicine is destined to

1 Address at the dedication of the new veterinary hospital at the Colorado
Agricultural College.
767

768 COLORADO VETERINARY HOoOspIraL

endure so long as there remains a human being to apply the art.
In the realm of science, we have as yet scarcely scratched the
surface of Nature’s hidden secrets. In the practice of medicine
empiricism is still to be reckoned with, and there is evidence on
every hand of a lingering faith in the magic power of the mystic
wand. However, it is doubtful if any similar epoch has wit-
nessed a greater acquisition of accurate knowledge, respecting
any branch of human endeavor, than has the science of veteri-
nary medicine in the last two or three decades.

Veterinary medicine as a branch of one of the three learned
professions had a tardy but auspicious beginning. It was born
of necessity. It had its inception in the absolute need for or-
ganized and intelligent supervision and conservation of the ani-
mal wealth. Its early devotees in this country were remark-
able men in many respects, and this was indeed fortunate, for a
profession, like any other organized unit of society, is known
by the company that it keeps, by the character of those who
espouse its cause. These men gave this embryo profession a
certain caste, an ethical, moral and social standing which has
not been easy at all times to emulate.

The veterinary medical profession will ever honor and will
never fail in its encomiums for Alexander Liautard, Duncan
MecEachran, Andrew Smith, D. E. Salmon, James Law and M.
Stalker, the pioneers who ‘‘blazed the way.’’ It was during the
time of these men that the seeds of the veterinary profession
were sown in America. The first seeds planted germinated in the
environment of the private schools. The first veterinary col-
leges had many of the characteristics of trade schools: With
meager educational requirements for matriculation, and with
courses extending over two terms of six months each, the limited
time must necessarily have been devoted to the art and not the
science of veterinary medicine. Emphasis was placed on the
how and not the why of things. The early colleges were pri-
vately endowed and were made to meet a popular demand. In
the evolution of veterinary medicine, they blazed the way and
filled their their niche ereditably.

The first land-grant college to offer a course in veterinary
medicine was the Iowa State College, under the able leader-
ship of Dr. M. Stalker. There are now only 13 fully recognized
veterinary colleges in the United States, and one of these is a

GeorGE H. GLOVER 769

private school. The State colleges of South Dakota and Wis-
consin have recently taken steps to inaugurate professional
courses in veterinary medicine.

This veterinary college, like all of the others, is subject to
close scrutiny by the United States Department of Agriculture
and the American Veterinary Medical Association. They make
annual inspection of our work and facilities for teaching, and
we must conform to their standards. There is but one veteri-
nary college in the United States that now stands on the ragged
edge of recognition, and it is bending every effort to meet the
requirements. No half-baked veterinary colleges, or veterinary
diploma factories, are tolerated in this country. The educa-
tional standards are now as high as they were in human medi-
eine but a few years back, and the spread between the two is
becoming less conspicuous. Veterinary medicine has followed
the lead of its sister profession and made a commensurate prog-
ress. It has added materially to the economic wealth of the
country. It has courageously met its responsibilities in the
World War as well as in civil life.

The spirit of commercialism seems to dominate everything
these days, and the learned professions have not escaped its
blighting influence. It is manifested in the emphasis which is
placed upon the diploma and so little appreciation of what it
should represent. This places the diploma in the same category
with fiat money, which has no collateral behind it. The get-
wise-quick idea is in harmony with the spirit of the times. To
the unsophisticated youth it looks like a good business propo-
sition to get a diploma in the least possible time, which shall
represent an optimum of vantage in securing a job, with a mini-
mum of time and effort. Education for its own sake does not
appeal, and the get-wise-quick fallacy is twin sister to the get-
rich-quick mania, which appears to be more especially an Amer-
ican characteristic.

The profession of veterinary medicine rests upon a sound
educational basis. Jt has profited by the early mistakes of its
sister profession.

We deem it of the utmost importance that we persistently im-
press upon the minds of our students the fundamental thought
that the moral of this profession will stand or fall before the
bar of public opinion according to the character and citizenship

770 COLORADO VETERINARY HOospPITraL

of its devotees, individually and collectively; that after all, the
standard of public appreciation does not rest entirely upon
specialized training, professional efficiency or aptitude; that
while the client for the time being rates the man according to
the professional services rendered, the banker, the merchant, and
citizens generally are rating him according to other standards.

The first thought of educators should be character and citizen-
ship, then to come the specialized training that will enable the
recipient to occupy a more satisfying and profitable station in
life, where he may render the greatest possible service to his
fellow men.

The new veterinary hospital and anatomy laboratory is in
every respect appropriate to our needs. Its usefulness has al-
ready been reflected in the quality of our work. It is now up
to us to prove that we are worthy of such generosity on the
part of the State.

‘‘About 99 per cent of the more than 10,000 cattle so far

tested for tuberculosis in Oregon are free of the disease, accord-
ing to preliminary announcement of the results of a survey
being made by the agricultural college extension service.’’—
Pacific Homestead.

‘The elixir of long life consists of soured ecow’s milk, cheese
made from sheep’s milk, and white bread, according to Dr.
Sandowein, professor of physical chemistry at the University of
Kiev. He has discovered a village in the mountains near Temir
Khan Shura, the new capital of the Daghestan republic, where
18 men out of a total population of 120 are aged more than 100
vears.’’—Butter, Cheese and Egg Journal.

Breeder’s Gazctte says of the International: ‘‘The Govern-
ment display was probably the best agricultural exhibit ever
sent out from Washington, showing methods of swine feeding,
management and sanitation that caught the eyes of hog men.
The value of a purebred sire was brought out in a forceful way,
and also better methods in feeding by two live steers. An elab-
orate and highly edifying exhibit of materials, specimens, pic-
torialized facts and graphic literature was made.”’

THE FIFTH MEDICAL CONGRESS OF CUBA, WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE VETERINARY
SECTION

By A. EIcHHORN
Pearl River, New York

Delegate of the American Veterinary Medical Association

IN A SPECIAL SESSION of November 10, 1921, the National
Veterinary Association of Cuba decided to request the American
Veterinary Medical Association through its President to appoint
a delegate to the Fifth National Medical Congress of Cuba which
was to meet in Havana from the 11th to the 17th of December.
The Veterinary Association requested the organization of the
Congress to consider the delegate of the American Veterinary
Medical Association as a guest of honor of the Government, with
all the prerogatives and honors extended to the other delegates
from foreign countries who were invited to attend the sessions
of the Congress. Therefore the delegate of the American Vet-
erinary Medical Association was appointed as an official delegate
of the Congress and given not only the usual honors but also
the usual diplomatic courtesies.

President Kinsley delegated the writer to represent the Ameri-
ean Veterinary Medical Association at the Congress, and the
writer desires to take this opportunity of extending his appre-
ciation for this privilege, which afforded a most excellent ocea-
sion to meet the leaders of the Cuban medical organizations,
both professionally and socially.

The veterinary profession was represented by a delegate only
from the United States, whereas other branches of medicine had
representatives from France, Mexico,:the United States and the
Central and South American countries. The presence of these
official delegates tended to make the Congress somewhat inter-
national in character; and in considering the many official fune-
tions which were arranged by the Congress it was apparent that
the Government of Cuba has given not only official recognition
but also financial aid to the Congress.

It would require a very lengthy paper to report the Congress
in full, but I can not refrain from mentioning particularly the

771

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CuBAN MeEpIcAL CONGRESS

splendid social functions given on the occasion to the members
of the Congress and the delegates by the President of the Re-
public in the wonderful new palace; the banquet held at the
Tennis Club, one of the most exclusive clubs in Cuba; the dinner
of the President of the Congress to the delegates from foreign
countries ; the luncheon of the French delegates to the other dele-
gates and specially invited guests of the Congress, and the dinner
of the foreign delegates to the officers of the Congress. Aside
from these functions there were numerous other entertainments.
The writer especially desires to express his sincere appreciation
to the veterinarians of Cuba, who, individually and collectively,
did everything possible to make our stay in Cuba a lasting
memory.

No doubt a large share of the credit is due to Dr. Jose A.
Presno, President of the Fifth Medical Congress, and Dr. Fran-
cisco M. Fernandez, Secretary General, for their untiring efforts.
The Congress was most splendidly organized and the professional
program was carried out with great precision and in minutest
detail.

The Congress was made up of the sections of General Medi-
cine, Surgery, Hygiene, Demography, Legal Medicine, Oph-
thalmology, Pharmacy, and Veterinary Medicine. Each sec-
tion held at regular time the various sessions, two sessions being
provided for Veterinary Medicine. é

The President of the Veterinary Section was Dr. Francisco
Etchegoyen, the Director of the Veterinary School of Havana,
who deservedly has the highest esteem of the representatives
of the veterinary profession, and who, aside from his personal
charm, possesses great learning and comprehensive knowledge
of the various branches of veterinary science.

Dr. Angel Iduate, who has been for many years the Secretary
of the National Veterinary Association, acted also as Secretary
of the Veterinary Section. His amiable personality and great
tact have endeared him to the veterinarians of Cuba.

PrRoGRAM OF VETERINARY SECTION

The papers presented before the Veterinary Section were as

follows:

A Nondefined Disease of Cattle. Dr. Alberto Recio. ‘

The Country that Does Not Modify Periodically Its Sanitary Legis-
lation and Regulations for the Medical Professions Will Find Its
National Wealth Ruined. Dr. Francisco Etchegoyen.

A. EICHHORN 773

Without Proper Legislation There Can Not Exist a Thriving Cat-
tle Industry. Dr. Bernardo J. Crespo.

Avian Spirochetosis in Cuba. Dr. Angel Iduate.

Ten Years’ Experience with Hog-Cholera Serum. Dr. Virgilio
Benedicto.

Frequency of Canine Nephritis and the Possibility of Error in
Diagnosis of Rabies. Dr. Clodomiro Diaz Silvera.

Immunity in Hogs Inoculated for the Production of Virus. Dr.
Anibal Hernandez.

Necessity of Sanitary Police. Dr. Francisco A. M. Valdivieso.

Anthrax in Cuba and Statistics. Drs. Clodoaldo Arias and Angel
Iduate.

Diagnosis of Glanders by the Ophthalmic Mallein Reaction. Dr.
Juan Sanchez Mouso.

Contribution to the Study of Diagnosis of Glanders by the Intra-
dermal Mallein Test. Dr. Jose Valdes Ruiz.

Deficient Legislation for the Control of Glanders and Tuberculosis.
Dr. Jose Tablado Fuentes.

Failures Attributed to Hog-Cholera Serum through Diagnostic
Errors and Possibilities of Avoiding Them. Dr. Clodomiro Diaz
Silvera.

Ticks: Boophilus annulatus and the Australian Tick in Cuba, and
Advantages from their Eradication. Dr. Francisco A. M. Valdivieso.

Statistics on Diseases of our Smaller Domestic Animals. Dr.
Francisco Etchegoyen.

Papers by Drs. Serafin and Antonio Martinez. ,

The importance of the Buzzard in the Propagation of Diseases in
Cattle. Dr. Luis M. Martinez.

The Value of the Veterinarian in the Improvement of Livestock.
Dr. A. Eichhorn.

Sd

The papers were of the highest character, and the discussions
which followed the reading of the papers were very active, serious
and thorough. About forty veterinarians attended the sessions,
and the writer was well impressed with the professional train-
ing and high character of the representatives of our profession
in Cuba. Many of the veterinarians speak or at least understand
the English language, and quite a few have graduated from
American veterinary colleges. The writer met three graduates
of Pennsyivania, two of the New York-American Veterinary
College, two of Kansas City and one from the United States
Veterinary College.

VETERINARY PROGRESS IN CUBA

The development of the veterinary profession in Cuba is of
very recent origin. Prior to the attainment of the Cuban inde-
pendence there were practically no trained veterinarians in Cuba.
Therefore it is a great credit to the country and to the veterinary
profession that in the few years they have succeeded in estab-
lishing a record which deserves the highest commendation. Up

774 CuBAN MEpDICcCAL CONGRESS

to a few years ago the Government had no veterinarians in its
employ. With the appointment of Dr. Bernardo J. Crespo they
took the initial step in organizing a Bureau of Livestock In-
dustry.- With his wonderful organizing ability and untiring
efforts Dr. Crespo has already a good nucleus for an effectively
working Bureau of Animal Industry, and he hopes that in the
near future he will succeed in building up an organization in
Cuba along the line of the activity of the United States Bureau

Dr. Bernardo J, Crespo, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry
of Cuba

TE

ln

A. EICHHORN 775

of Animal Industry. He is striving to obtain laws upon which
rules and regulations might be formulated for the control of the
infectious diseases, and also to provide a meat-inspection service,
which, up to date, is conducted only by the various munici-
palities. He fully realizes that he has a great task on hand,
but with the full support of the veterinary profession and his
personal influence and with his constant efforts in that direction
he ean not help but succeed. Dr. Crespo as Chief of the Bureau
of Animal Industry is ably assisted by Drs. C. A. Arias, Angel
Tduate, Andros Henriquez and Armando Pascual.

The military veterinary service attained recognition in Cuba
for which we have striven in the United States for many years.
It represents an independent corps consisting of 26 veterinary
officers. Two of these are majors, 9 captains, 9 first leutenants
and 6 second lieutenants. The writer had the opportunity of
visiting Camp Columbia, one of the largest military camps in
Cuba. On this occasion he observed the splendid and thorough
organization of the veterinary service with well-equipped vet-
erinary hospitals, school for farriers and the well-equipped
laboratory. Major Luis A. Beltran is commanding the veterinary
organization at the camp and is ably assisted by Captains J. M.
Sanchez Mouso, Rafael Santamaria, Serafin Santamaria, An-
tonio M. Martinez and A. Fernandez Malberti. Captain Rein-
aldo Marquez is in charge of the laboratory, where, aside from
routine diagnostic work, they prepare mallein, tetanus anti-
toxin’ typhoid vaccines, ete., both for the use of the animals
in the Army and for human use. It is indeed gratifying to
know that the veterinary laboratory of the Army service has
impressed the military authorities with its abilities, having
been given charge of the preparation of the biological products
in use for the men of the Army.

Dr. Jesus Vega is stationed at the War Department, ably
representing there the military veterinary service. Dr. Vega
is also one of the crack polo players of Cuba. He has repeatedly
visited the United States with the Army polo team of Cuba,
having had the honor of acting as captain of the team.

In the instruction of the cadets the future officers of the Cu-
ban Army Veterinary Service have also been given due recog-
nition. Captain J. M. Sanchez Mouso has charge of the instrue-

776 CuBAN MEDICAL CONGRESS

tion of the cadets in military hippology and other subjects per-
taining to soundness and horsemanship.

The veterinary service in Cuba, being of recent development,
has not as yet attained the standing it should occupy. This is
no doubt due to the fact that little attention has been paid to the
livestock industry of Cuba. While the country is primarily
agricultural, all efforts have been concentrated on the develop-
ment of sugar-cane and tobacco growing. They now, however,
realize the disadvantages of concentrating upon one or two
products, and there are good indications of efforts to diversify
the agricultural interests. The natural resources of Cuba are
splendidly adapted for livestock industry and there is no reason
why that country should not develop into a producer of high
grade livestock.

INFECTIOUS ANIMAL DISEASES

The infectious diseases of livestock in Cuba are very much the
same as those occurring in the Southern States of our country,
with the exception that tuberculosis is of rare occurrence and
that infectious abortion is practically unknown. Most cases of
tuberculosis which were found occurred in animals imported
from the United States, and the veterinarians of Cuba are at a
loss to explain why shipments of cattle from the United States,
accompanied by certificates of having passed the tuberculin test,
should, on tests there, prove tuberculous. Such occurrences,
which are no different from those which have been repeatedly
observed to occur in interstate shipmens of certified cattle in this
country, will have a tendency to bring into disrepute the value
of the tuberculin test certificate and have a harmful effect upon
the export trade of our livestock to Cuba, which in time, no
doubt, could be developed into an important export trade.

Hog cholera is very widely distributed over the entire island,
and the veterinarians in Cuba have very much the same prob-
lems on hog diseases as we have in the United States. The con-
sensus of opinion, however, prevails there that the principal
disease is the virus cholera, and that the control of this will
eliminate the greatest source of danger to hog raising.

A. V. M. A. Deueaats HONORED

In a special session the writer was honored by being elected an
honorary member of the Cuban National Veterinary Associa-

A. EICHHORN 177
.
tion, which is especially cherished, as this is the first instance in
which a foreigner has been granted this honor. A special meet-
ing of the Veterinary Association was called for December 18,
at the council room of the University, where, aside from the
members of the association, there were present the Rector of the
University, the Dean of the Medical College, the President and

Group of Representatives of the Veterinary and Medical Professions

of Cuba on the occasion of electing Dr. A. Eichhorn an honorary

member of the National Cuban Veterinary Association. (Dr, and Mrs.
Eichhorn seated.)

Group at special meeting in which Dr. A. Eichhorn was elected
honorary member of the Cuban National Veterinary Medical Asso-
ciation. From left to right, Dr, Angel Iduate, Secretary of the Cuban
National Veterinary Medical Association; Dr. Diego Taniayo, Dean
of the Medical Faculty; Dr. A, Eichhorn, delegate of the American
Veterinary Medical Association; Dr. Carlos de la Terre, Rector of the
National University of Cuba; Dr. Jose A. Presno, President of the
Fifth Medical Congress of Cuba; Mrs. A. Eichhorn; Dr. Cosio, dele-
gate from Mexico; Dr. Francisco M. Fernandez, Secretary General
of the Congress

778 CuBAN MepicaL CONGRESS

°
the Secretary General of the Congress, the delegates of the for-
eign countries, and several members of the faculty of the Uni-
versity. At this special meeting the following resolutions were
presented by the Executive Committee of the Veterinary Med-
ical Association :

WHEREAS, Our Association in extraordinary general session held
on the evening of November 10, decided to invite a member of the
American Veterinary Medical Association to act as delegate to the
Fifth National Medica! Congress;

WHEREAS, That institution appointed Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, illus-
trious and prominent member of same, who for several years has
been regarded as an eminent man in the field of research and veter-
inary science and enjoys a high reputation in the United States and
abroad;

WHEREAS, Our Association appointed said Dr. Eichhorn its hon-
orary guest, and as such and as honorary guest of the Fifth Medical
Congress he has attended its sessions and very specially those of the
Eighth Section of Veterinary Medicine, taking active and important
part in its deliberations;

WHEREAS, Dr. Adolph Eichhorn has all the qualifications required
in the Article II of the Rules and Regulations of the National Veteri-
nary Association for the election of honorary member;

The members of the Board of Directors undersigned purpose to
the General Board taking the following actions:

1. Elect Dr. Adolph Eichhorn honorary member of the Association.

2. Grant him a diploma as such.

3. That the appointment and delivery of diploma take place during
extraordinary general session specially called for.

Following the adoption of the resolutions Dr. Bernardo J.
Crespo, President of the Association, delivered the following
address :

The presence among us of Dr. Adolph Eichhorn, eminent North
American pathologist, has been a very great pleasure for the Cuban
veterinarians and an honor for the National Veterinary Association
of Cuba, of which I have the honor to be President.

Dr. Eichhorn, as we all know, came to Cuba as the delegate of the
American Veterinary Medical Association to attend the Fifth Na-
tional Medical Congress, which terminated yesterday, on the accep-
tance by that association, to our great satisfaction and pleasure, of
the invitation which we extended some weeks ago.

The purposes that inspired the motion adopted in the extraordi-
nary general session celebrated by this body on the 10th of No-
vember ultimo, to request that the American Veterinary Medical
Association honor us by sending a delegate to the Fifth Medical
Congress to be celebrated in this city, were crowned with the greatest
success on the designation of Dr. Eichhorn.

It having been our aspiration to initiate the establishment of a
state of close relationship between the elements that constitute the
great American Veterinary Association and that of Cuba, for the
mutual benefit that may be derived, especially on our part, on ac-
count of the reduced number of associates and the short time we
have been organized, it gives me great pleasure to be able to say
that this aspiration has been fully satisfied by the cordial friendship

A. EICHHORN 779

that has been formed between the two associations by the presence
of Dr. Eichhorn, a friendship that the Cuban veterinarians will try
to perpetuate for the greater success of our profession in Cuba.

As a legitimate manifestation of our friendship and appreciation
of the personal merits of Dr. Eichhorn and the official character he
represents among us as delegate of the American Veterinary Med-
ical Association, as well as for his valuable collaboration in the
work of the Veterinary Section of the Fifth Medical Congress, this
institution conferred on him the distinction of guest of honor, and
the Association takes pride in repeating these sentiments by means
of this presidency in the solemn act we are now celebrating espe-
cially for the purpose of electing Dr. Eichhorn an honorary member
of the National Veterinary Association of Cuba.

Permit me, Dr. Eichhorn, to request that on your return to the
United States you will kindly extend to Dr. Kinsley, the President
of the American Veterinary Medical Association, in my name and in
that of the Cuban veterinarians, our sincere and affectionate salu-
tation, telling him that in this little island, very close to the great
North American republic, there exists an association that will en-
deavor in every manner to maintain an exchange of ideas and aspi-
rations with the association which he represents, in order to make
more effective the cordiality that we hope to maintain between the
two associations, to our great satisfaction and benefit.

The National Veterinary Association of Cuba will feel very well
satisfied if during the short time that Dr. Eichhorn and his distin-
guished wife have been among us they have been agreeably im-
pressed, and on return to their country will have pleasant memories
of their visit to Cuba, and at the same time, in my own name and
in that of the Association, I wish to express the most sincere wishes
for a pleasant return voyage to the United States.

Likewise Dr. Carlos de la Terre, Rector of the University, and
Dr. Diego Tamayo, Dean of the Medical Faculty, also made very
fitting remarks on the occasion.

The writer expressed profusely his profound thanks for the
honor conferred upon him, especially emphasizing the fact that
he considered this splendid recognition not particularly for his
own self, but more as an honor to the Association that he repre-
sented. He also expressed the hope that the occasion would
initiate closer relations between the members of the veterinary
profession of the United States and, those of Cuba.

The ceremonies were concluded with a buffet luncheon, as, in
fact, was the case with many of the delightful affairs arranged
for the guests and delegates from foreign countries.

In conclusion I ean not refrain from expressing my deepest
gratitude to all the Cuban confréres who made our sojourn in
Cuba one of the most delightful incidents of our lives. From the
time of our arrival at Havana until our departure they proved
untiring in their profuse hospitality. On our departure from

TSO CuBAN MEDICAL CONGRESS

our short but busy stay in Cuba we feel that we left behind many
dear friends whom we hope to meet again.

I hope that the American Veteinary Medical Association will
foster the pleasant relationship initiated by the Cuban National
Veterinary Association and establish a closer intercourse between
the veterinary profession of Cuba and that of the United States.

TALES OF BUGS
By FRANcEsS McMInpbs

THE halls of state are now resounding with thrilling tales
of bugs abounding; of germs above, below, surrounding, that
must be vanquished ‘‘quick.’’ Once more with its bovine
affiatus, inspiring statesmen to berate us, comes ‘‘margaropus an-
nulatus,’’ known commonly as the ‘‘tick.’’

‘‘The present law is too elastic; no good can come of one so
plastic’’; they say, ‘‘it should be made more drastic if we would
make it stick. Our quarantine must be more rigid; so strict
that none will dare to bridge it; we’ll make all malefactors
fidget who would protect that tick. ’Tis true, we have lime sul-
phuration, a strong commercialized hydration, sulphide arsenic
preparation, in which the bug to flick; but just suppose the
disinfection should meet the insect’s deep objection, and he
should thus escape detection, as might some slippery tick. We’ll
supplement our Texas barriers against all annulatus carriers;
we'll be their omnipresent harriers, from plutocrat to ‘hick.’
We'll take each insect by the gullet; we’ll find its stinger and
we'll pull it; we’ll mould a medicated bullet, but what we’ll
get that tick.’’

And so they talk of antiseptic, while statesmen grow more
apoplectic, with collars moist and faces hectic, as if they’d shy
a brick at any who in moderation would counsel less appropria-
tion than in their own wise estimation would serve to squelch
the tick. But still the species annulatus, unconscious of this dire
hiatus, is sharpening its apparatus for subeutaneous prick; for
pyrotechnics but amuse it, though rhetoricians may abuse it; it
grins the while the State pursues it—that legislative ‘‘tick.’’—
From Houston Post Special.

CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

(Practitioners and others are invited to contribute to this depart-
ment reports of unusual and interesting cases which may be helpful
to others in the profession.)

SWINE ERYSIPELAS +

By J. C. QUINLAN
San Francisco, California

RECENTLY I had an outbreak of a peculiar disease on a hog
ranch containing about 1,000 hogs close to San Francisco. These
hogs had all been vaccinated against hog cholera by me. The
disease at first was a puzzle to me, so I called in several vet-
erinarilans in consultation, some having the reputation of ex-
perts on hog diseases. The latter called it cholera, others called
it swine-plague. I, however, was not satisfied with either of the
diagnoses, and after considerable study, reading, and several
post-mortem examinations, I came to the conclusion that I had
swine erysipelas or red fever of swine (Law’s Veterinary Medi-
eine, Vol. IV).

The disease in many respects resembles cholera or swine
plague. However, you have not the dark bloody diarrhea, with
the terrible odor from it, as in cholera, but you have a yellow
diarrhea with no odor. You get red to purplish blotches on
the belly and sternum, at the roots of the ears and at the point
of the snout. Many of the hogs pass blood through the nose,
have hunched backs, staggering gait, and always want to crawl
under the litter. Some have-temperatures as high as 109° F.,
while others, 24 hours before death, show subnormal tempera-
tures of 96° F. Fat pigs lose control of the hind legs entirely,
drinking plenty of water but with little or no appetite. Many
of them show no red blotches on the belly or sternum, but on
the side of the neck.

Post-mortem shows the blood very dark and thick; liver en.
larged and very dark; spleen enlarged and very dark, almost
pimply on the surface; lungs in most cases are engorged with
dark blood, showing double pneumonia in advanced stages. <A
small portion of the lung in a few cases would still have its
normal color. <All of the glands are very dark brown, although a
few of them are light red in the center of the gland, but dark on
the outside. Inside of the stomach are patches of dark red, and
the same are noted in the intestines. Very few of the kidneys

1Qther articles on swine erysipelas wil] be found on pages 133 and 189 of the
May, 1921, issue of the JouRNAL. ¥
DROd 781

782 CLINICAL AND CASE REPORTS

show any petechial spots, and then only several such points.

What made me investigate this outbreak was the absence of
those lesions which I usually get in cholera, such as bright red
blood, with petechiated bladder, kidneys, imtestines, ileo-cecal
valve, lungs and epiglottis, also the dark bloody diarrhea, with
its specific odor which you never forget.

I took samples of the urine and a spleen to two different lab-
oratories, one of the Letterman General Hospital at Presidio, and
they both found the bacillus of rouget plentiful in the urine. At
the Letterman Hospital they injected white mice with the ba-
eillus, which proved fatal in less than 24 hours, and they then
found the bacillus plentiful in the heart’s blood of the mouse.

CONGENITAL ANKYLOSIS IN A CALF

By Tuomas B. CARTER

Portland, Oregon

I WAS CALLED to see a cow that was straining as if in
labor trying to give birth to a calf. On examination I found a
breech presentation with the hind legs extending forward along
the calf’s abdomen. When an effort was made to flex the hind
legs, it was found that they were stiff and would not flex in any
of the joints. By repelling the rump forward with my arm and

Congenital ankylosis in hind legs of calf

giving traction on the legs with a chain around the fetlocks, I
was able to turn the feet back and deliver the calf. This is
easier said than done, as it took the better part of an hour.

The calf was quite normal from the sacrum forward, but from
the sacro-lumbar articulation back there was no movement in
any joint except those of the fetlocks and digits. The hocks,
stifle and hip joints were ankylosed solid.

ABSTRACTS

CLINICAL STUDIES OF THE ACTION AND USE OF SUPRARENIN IN
THE Horse. Dr. Habersang. Monatshefte f. prakt. Tier-
heilkunde, vol. 32 (1921), p. 127.

The maximal therapeutic dose of suprarenin hydrochloricum
(adrenalin) for the horse is subcutaneously 0.00002 to 0.00004
gram per kilo (9 to 18 ¢.c. of the 1:1000 sol. for 1000 lb. horse) ;
intravenously, 0.00001 gram per kilo. The primary effect is
arterial constriction and blood pressure rise; secondarily and
especially with excessive doses, the reverse takes place. Rise in
blood pressure puts a load on the heart which is directly stimu-
lated to perform more work, but no additional strength is given
the heart. Adrenalin is indicated for local anemia also after
internal hemorrhage and collapse following excessive hemor-
rhage. It is contraindicated in (a) all heart abnormalities or
diseases, (b) all lung conditions that might be adversely affected
by inereased blood cireulation, (¢) in all diseases accompanied by
high blood pressure, (d) in infectious diseases that have weak-
ened the heart and circulatory system. The danger of secondary
collapse must be guarded against. Suprarenin is the best
diaphoretic for the horse when intravenously injected. Local
necrosis is to be guarded against in subcutaneous injection.

W. N. Bera.

PROPERTIES AND EFFECTS OF OESTRIN AND ITS RELATION TO PER-
NiciouSs ANEMIA OF Horses. R. Seyderhelm. Archiv fur
Exper. Pathologie u. Pharmakol., vol. 82 (1918), pp. 253-
326.

Toxie substances were obtained by extracting gastrophilus
larvae with various solvents and fractionating the solutions by
chemical methods. The effects of the various fractions were
tested on horses and laboratory animals. Among the substances
obtained, two are of special importance; (1) a lipoid substance
which hemolyzes red cells in vitro but which is not related to
the anemia, and (2) oestrin, a poisonous substance which is not
hemolytic in vitro, but causes typical anemia when injected into
rabbits and horses in sub-lethal doses. The claims made by

783

784 ABSTRACTS

French investigators (Carré and Vallée) that the anemia is in-
fectious and due to a filtrable virus, is disputed. Oestrin is 4

poison resembling snake venom in its action.
W. N. Bera.

GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN THE HorRSE BY INTRAVENOUS INJECTION
oF CHLORAL Hyprate. M. Moussaron. Rev. Vétérinaire,
vol. 73 (1921), no. 9, p. 538.

A solution of 50 grams of chloral hydrate in a liter of boiled
water was injected into the jugular vein. The apparatus used
consisted of a fine bleeding trocar, attached to one end of a rub-
ber tube 60 to 80 em. long, with a glass funnel fitted to the other
end of the tube. The solution was warmed to 37° C. before in-
troducing into the vein. About a minute or two after the in-
jection and sometimes even before completing the injection, the
animal is taken with sudden symptoms simulating drunkenness;
it staggers and soon falls to the ground. There is profound in-
sensibility and surgical operations or cautery can be undertaken
without further means of restraint.

This method gives quick results, requires the aid of no assist-
ants, and is safe. The dose used by the author is 50 grams
chloral hydrate in 1 liter of water for a horse weighing from 450
to 500 kg. (990-1,100 Ibs.). The duration of anesthesia is about
one and a half hours. L. T. GILTNER.

——_-

TRANSMISSION OF PARATUBERCULOSIS (JOHNE’S DISEASE) TO Ex-
PERIMENTAL ANIMALS. C. W. Andersen. Arch. Wiss. u.
Prakt. Tierheilk., vol. 47 (1921), no. 1, p. 77.

The artificial transmission of Johne’s disease to calves, sheep
and goats is easily accomplished, but aside from a single in-
stance reported by Twort, small laboratory animals (rabbits)
have not been infected. Andersen reports that in a series of
experiments in which 22 rabbits were used, some of which were
injected subcutaneously, others intravenously, and still others
fed emulsions of intestines and mesenteric lymph glands of
cattle affected with Johne’s disease, and also pure cultures,
he was able to reproduce the disease in six cases. The autopsy
findings were almost identical to those found in eattle, viz.,

ABSTRACTS 785

small intestines much thickened and verrucose ; mesenteric glands
swollen. Both the intestine and glands contained many bacilli.
' None of the other organs showed pathologie changes or har-
bored organisms. The affected rabbits remained in good flesh
and showed no diarrheal symptoms at any time. Pure cultures
were obtained from the mesenteric glands of the rabbits.

In a supplementary note the author states that he has suc-
ceeded in cultivating Johne’s bacilli on ordinary glycerine bouil-
lon. The surface of the medium was covered with a thick,
wrinkled membrane. Paratubereulin prepared from such eul-
tures was tested (0.5 gm. subcutaneously) on a herd of 25 cattle
in which there had been some losses from Johne’s disease. Three
reactors were obtained. Forty-eight other cows were injected
intracutaneously; on‘one side with paratuberculin and on the
other with avian tuberculin. Of these 28 reacted to the para-
tubereulin, and only 16 to the avian tubereulin.

L. T. GmTNER.

CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING THE DIAGNOSIS
oF BreoLAR INFECTION IN ANIMALS. W. Pfeiler and A.
Kohlstock. Zeitschr. f. Infekth. ete. der Haustiere, vol. 21
(1921), no. 4, p. 276.

The results of the author’s experiment show that the intra-
peritoneal inoculation of laboratory animals is decidedly superior
to the subeutaneous method for demonstrating bipolar infec-
tions. The rabbit is more susceptible to the infection than the
guinea-pig.. Mice are not as safe animals to use for diagnosing
the disease as the other experimental animals. Mice are highly
susceptible to decomposition bacteria and streptococci, which
kill them within a short time. In some cases mice die a long
time after being inoculated without showing the specific bac-
teria in their tissues, while guinea-pigs and rabbits inoculated
at the same time die of the infection.

If the tissues sent to the laboratory are fresh and contain
numerous bacteria which are also highly virulent, the subeu-
taneous injection of the inner part of the ear of the rabbit is
successful, but in other kinds of specimens this method is not
so certain. Rabbits are resistant to decomposition bacteria, and
such organisms develop less readily in the peritoneal fluid than

786 ABSTRACTS

in the subcutaneous tissues. Finally the resorption from the
peritoneal cavity of any bipolar bacilli that may be present
is so quick that any tendency on the part of the decomposition
organisms to outgrow the bipolar bacilli is not to be feared.
Guinea-pigs are relatively more susceptible to decomposition and
other septic organisms than the rabbit.

L. T. GILTNER.

THe Meat oF HEALTHY ANIMALS IS FREE FROM BAcTERIA. E.
Bruge and W. Kiessig. Allatorvosilapok., 1921, page 99.

The authors conclude from their investigation that the muscle
of healthy animals is contaminated by various bacteria, not as
a consequence of distribution of bacteria from the alimentary
canal during lifetime, as Condrady describes, but from other
causes. Special consideration should be given to the incisions
made on the animals at the time of slaughter. Through these
openings the butchers remove blood clots, ete., with their un-
sterile hands or fingers. The contamination is furthered by
the cutting of the esophagus. In the jugular vein and in the
anterior vena cava negative blood pressure exists. Contami-
nated material around these open blood vessels, from the
butchers’ hands or from the severed esophagus, will be drawn
into the right auricle of the heart, from there into the right
ventricle; thence into the lungs; from there back to the left
side of the heart. Then the blood will be forced into the aorta,
and into the tissues of the entire animals. Blood samples taken
from healthy animals at the time of slaughter were found to
be sterile. But blood and muscle samples taken from the same
animals at various intervals after slaughter showed various de-
grees of contamination with various kinds of bacteria. Ac-
cording to the authors, the contamination of the meat of healthy
animals occurs at the time of slaughter. This conception is
supported also by the finding of various kinds of bacteria in the
slaughtered animals’ organs. In judging contaminated meat,
aside from post-mortem contamination (such as insanitary
handling of meat), the contamination of the meat at the time
of slaughter should receive more consideration.

M. Borsos.

a es

ASSOCIATION NEWS

AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

Proceedings of Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting, Denver, Colo.,
September 5 to 9, 1921

(Continued from the February JouRNAL)

REPORT OF THE EDITOR OF THE JOURNAL TO THE
EXECUTIVE BOARD

THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEpIcAL As-
sociation for the year from October, 1920, to September, 1921,
volumes 11 and 12, new series, has contained an average of 130
pages of reading matter, an increase of 10 pages over the aver-
age for the preceding period. Its contents have included the
proceedings of the fifty-seventh annual meeting of the Associa-
tion, 125 original papers, 37 clinical and case reports, 66 ab-
stracts of research papers (practically all foreign), 8 book re-
views, 92 reports and notices of meetings of veterinary associa-
tions and other gatherings, 42 editorials, and numerous miscel-
laneous articles and items.

A. gratifying increase is apparent in the number of clinical
and case reports and in other material of a practical nature.
Members of the profession are responding better than formerly
to our requests for papers of this character. The co-operation of
our Resident State Secretaries and of secretaries of State and
local associations in sending.in reports and papers is appreciated
and a continuation is solicited. Along with research papers of
good quality and papers dealing with education and public ser-
vice it is our desire to publish a gdod proportion of practical
articles suited to the needs of the most numerous class of our
membership, the practitioners. With the co-operation of all
concerned, and especially of the practitioners themselves in re-
porting interesting and helpful cases, we can make the JouRNAL
of still greater value to the profession.

I remember that the New York Medical Journal used to pub-
lish brief prize essays on subjects previously announced. These

seemed to me to be exceedingly practical and valuable to medical
\

787

SS Proceepines A. V. M. A.

practitioners. The plan, as I recall it, was to announce a sub-
ject, some disease or ailment of general interest, and invite brief
articles (not exceeding, say, 500 words), to be submitted by a
certain date, with cash prizes to the best three. The prize-win-
ning articles were then published. The object was to set forth
effective methods of treatment, not to describe diseases.

It seems to me that this plan, which is submitted for your con-
sideration, might be very good for the JouRNAL, to arouse interest
among practitioners, help them in dealing with difficult cases
and to improve their methods, and bring in a supply of material
of a class different from the longer papers. Subjects should be
announced at least three months ahead, and the Sub-Committee
on Journal should award the prizes of, say, $15, $10 and $5.

A notable increase has also been made in the abstracts of
foreign literature. By this means our readers have been given
the results of the important research work done abroad and have
thus been enabled to keep abreast of developments in the field of
veterinary science throughout the world. Our acknowledgments
and thanks are tendered to our collaborators who have assisted
in translating and abstracting this material. In this connection
I desire to call attention to the increasing number of our original
articles which have been published in their entirety or abstracted
by many foreign periodicals.

The advancement and development of the veterinary profes-
sion and the further elevation of standards of education have
been kept constantly in mind. Among the admirable papers
aimed in this direction was a notable one entitled ‘‘Our Profes-
sion,’’ by President White.

Notwithstanding an increase in our advertising rates, the pat-
ronage of our advertisers has been well maintained in the face
of adverse business conditions. Our advertisers evidently ap-
preciate the advantages of our official organ as a medium for
placing their announcements before a large and select body of
veterinarians.

Likewise our subscribers have increased in number, notwith-
standing that the price for the JouURNAL was raised 33 1/3 per
cent, or from $3 to $4 per annum.

Though comparisons are said to be odious, the following may
be of interest in reference to the relative income from the above
sources: In 1919 the advertisers paid $4,832.53 and the sub-

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 789

seribers $1,297.46 ; total, $6,129.99. In 1920 the advertisers paid
$5,641.91 and the subscribers $1,806.50; total $7,448.41. The
above-mentioned years are comparable because the rates for ad-
vertisements and subscriptions were the same. In 1921, with the
inerease effective, we have collected in eight months $4,183.42
for advertisements and $1,643.56 for subscriptions, which on a
yearly basis would be $6,275.13 for advertisements and $2,465.34
for subscriptions, or a total of $8,740.47.

Dr. Jacob informs me that he has received this year from
Seeretary Mayo and myself for the JouRNAL account $21,372.15,
as against $12,477.30 last year. In addition, mention should be
made of the fact that four of our debtors went into the hands
of receivers, but our losses were less than $100 in all. Further-
more, we hold $900 of bills receivable in the form of notes which
become due during October and November.

During the year further improvement was made in the typo-
graphical appearance of the JoURNAL and in the quality of paper
used. We have also been able to obtain better service in the
prompt printing and mailing of the monthly editions, as well as
a 10 per cent reduction in the cost of publication. The detailed
information concerning this latter subject has been furnished to
Dr. J. A. Kiernan, of the Sub-Committee on Journal, at his
request.

All my records, bank book, check book, letter files, duplicate
deposit slips, monthly statements from the bank, quarterly state-
ments to the Executive Board, ete., were turned over to a qual-
ified accountant for review, and his certificate of examination
and audit-is attached for vour information.

Respectfully submitted. J. R. Monuer, Editor.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER
From Aueust 4, 1920, ro August 4, 1921, INcLUSIVE

RECEIPTS
1920
Aug. 25. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal

Sept. 11. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal

Fund . 6,638.95
Oct. 16. From Dr. N.S. “Mayo, ‘A. V. M. A. and Journal

Bund: su. pb niinatdiatet J eRSORRS
“19. Interest on bonds, Journal ‘Fund... bevels chats cee as, 229.41

Pee OAs interest OFF DONGS, AS Vie Es Ai ccc cscscinisdintncdoctenn 229.41

790 Procreepines A. V. M. A.
1920
Nov. 19. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal
1 yt) «(sR MR Me ee ea AP Lc Wate a Oh by BF $1,048.38
Dec. *11sInterest on-bonds, Journal Mund: 20s. Ses Es 20.00
+ Hid. bniterest on. bonds) JA:. “Vi MAM eee ee 20.00
‘21. Prom Dri. kh. Mohler, Journal fund. 2 2,027.10
205 EromeprieNes: pang A. V. M. A. and Journal
ACNE xen hs PEA IS 388.11
1921
Jan. 22. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal
ONG 2c ad ee ee ea ae eee 2,895.43
Feb. 18. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal
Ba er ee Ee IE 1,602.13
“21. Interest on U. S. bonds, Journal Funid...................... Z 95.50
‘Tol Interest on“ Us (Sa bonds, Ay VV. Ac eee ee 96.25
“21. Interest on certificate of deposit, Relief Fund....... 80.00
Mch. 18. From Dr. J. R. Mohler, Journal Fund..........000000.. 2,771.92
“ 18. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal
PRU er a eee ee ge te ee Se 473.54
Apr. 22. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal
1 ET 0s iv a Soe Bi PSO eRe wb se Roe ene Ns 1,040.20
May 20. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal
a A, Se Reis he SESE Ree Ae 855.50
June 16. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A. and Journal
SAYUINY GD cS es eek sO Pees tt ie Fs AR ed Se Se ee 355.05
6 MAT From Dr: 32 RK. Mohler Journal Mundt 27222 2,251.42
July 19. From Dr. N. S. Mayo, A. V. M. A., Journal and
Relief Mundt *. 22552222 | Sere eee ee, ene 718.88
30, rom Ord. ike Mohler sJournale Mundesse eset 2) PaARGUGbD
Aug. 4. Interest on bonds, Journal Fund eine ccssssssseseeee . 239.96
r A. ‘Interestion bonds, A.) Vi, Mi UAL ee ee 239.97
$30,719.73
EXPENDITURES
ASSOCIATION FUND
Aug. 9. Dr. H. D. Bergman, expenses Committee on In-
telligencesand Wducation... ee $178.25
9.8.38. Newman &'Go., letterifiles. 7.22 1.30
" 9. Commercial Stationery & Loose Leaf Co., Ka
plies, Ae. p SRNR ede SO 25.39
te 9. Dr. N.S. Mayo, ‘salary for July, AS20L. noes 100.00
es 9. Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses for July, 1920........ 73.20
9. The Ravenswo0d Press, printiyg ccssccsccooecccessecoseerrsosenett 62.35
$ 9. The Evanston Letter Service, multigraphing........... 19.92
se 9. The Ravenswood, Press,. printing. cco. sencterincnne 6.25
Sep. 11. Dr. W. G. Chrisman, expenses resident secre-
tary for’ Virginia i ee eee Se ee eee ees eee 5.00
“. 11. G..H. Smith, services preparing, report...-2...2...2 16.75
“11. Kenfield-Leach Co., printing Columbus meeting
PLOSTAM A ey ee ee ee eee ee 162.00
“11. Dr. W. A. Hilliard, expenses resident secretary
for Manitoba: 200...i4 «ka eee Ne oe ee ee eee 6.85
“11. Dr. R. P. Marsteller, expenses resident secretary
% fOPVTEXAS 2f2..ccee A OVA 2h ee i 5.00

. Dr. H. D. Bergman, hotel expenses at Columbus

account meeting Committee on Intelligence and
Hd we ation : isiatsadsadies eee Gee ee eee Ae 12.00

Proceepines A. V. M. A.

1920
Sep. 11. Dr. M. H. Reynolds, expenses Com. on Tuber-
Py Sr a in ee cee ee oe
“ 41. Dr. L. E. Day, expenses Com. on Int. and Edu-
ene in iene eenmeccrcengepna sors
“ 11. Dr. C. A. Cary, expenses of President’s office...........
“11. Horse Association of America, for ten shares of
DL ing LE Saas ne
“ 11. Dr. N. S. Mayo, expenses of Secretary’s office for
wo EL ce I ed Ec ee A
= Sit= The Ravenswood Press, envelopes..._.____._.
“« 11. Dr. N. S. Mayo, salary for August... ee een ee
“ 11. Dr. R. V. Kennon, refund acct. application not
BLED PEG, tee ea as Sane SR Aenean cee
“« 11. Dr. J. G. Slade, refund acct. application not ac-
EU EEG) 2b UE LAE SSS os ec ad eat eee
“ 11. Dr. J. R. Scully, refund acct. application not ac-
REL RED el EE Aes Fa a ae
“11. Dr. W. H. Lynch, refund acct. application not ac-
DET DEL peer nce a eee se ei che tte SO, Se
“ 11. Dr. I. A. Anderson, refund acct. application not
LIED TCi 2 ee ee
“ 11. Dr. R. P. Marsteller, expenses resident secretary
Hpi Labia ea a ee
“11. Dr. J. H. Bias, refund acct. application not ac-
REAR | ae Na a
“ 11. Dr. C. W. Cranford, refund acct. application not
TE LC ee ne ee acccuaeee
“11. Dr. W. G. Saunders, refund acct. application not
SRST PE eee eR ES, a
“ 11. Dr. N. R. Yarborough, refund acct. application
CLE USS cin EO ST ea
“ 11. Dr. J. F. Brown, refund acct. application not ac-
SEE st BU AEE RE a
“11. Dr. J. F. Kagey, refund acct. application not ac-
OED | ee en aria det a
“il. Dr. W. B. Casilear, refund acct. application not
POGGIO a ee
“11. Dr. W. H. Hoskins, expenses to Omaha account
Salmon Memorial Fund, and office expenses for
MICE HMGN Sey eo ee
“11. Dr. G. W. Gillis, expenses resident sec. for Ind......
“« 11. Dr. W. H. Welch, expenses resident sec. for I1l.......
“ 11. N. S. Mayo, expenses self and assistant attending
Tine hit oA S Pl O75] (1061): ) fc
“ 11. Dr. Tait Butler, expenses Com: on Int. and Edu-
eation?)2oc
ete) DF AAA Lambert, expenses ‘resident s sec. . for ‘Ohio
“ 11. Dr. Hadleigh Marsh, expenses resident sec. for
Montana ........... ?
fond. Dr. C..P. Fitch, printing for Com. on Abortion...
im poe, Dr... FM. Cahill, expenses resident sec. for Mo...
eis. Prot. HH. Vallée, contribution to Belgas Relief
Fund . e! fee a
95. Dr. C. A. “Cary, ‘expenses “attending ‘Columbus
go ee Oo
Sipe. S. BE. Newman ca Co., “printing ‘annual report...
“

“ais a Frank Edwards, refund of 1920 dueswi2

791

192

1920

Sep. 265,

Procrepines A. V. M. A.

Dr. M. Jacob, expenses attending Columbus
WBC eee Se ee

“25. H. P. Hoskins, expenses account Section on Sani-
tary Seistica and) Police te eee

“25. Capt. H. S. Williams, refund on duplicate appli-

CATION: (26m ere a dee a ee

A yas WV ENCG At, rae premium on bond of Secretary

ASV, oes: i Rew, Lames

ete.) Drs Aes Pee refund of 1920, ‘dues. gt ees

Oct. 15. The Ravenswood Press, envelopes and postal cards

““ 15. The Ravenswood Press, letter heads...
= Ab. Dr N.S..Mayo, office expenses... se

“ 920
Nov. 1
a il
a A
ii 1

. Dr. Cassius Way, expenses Com. on Ind. and Edu-

CACIONS Fics eee Oe ee ee

. Master Reporting Co., reporting Columbus meet-

15 (geome eee Sens RAUL) Seater RTE TY Sa eee ws

. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, expenses Com. on Legis-

TEETOT oe se Se oe oe ei

. Dr. N. S. Mayo, salary for September...
. E. J. Powers, letter heads and envelopes...........W...

. Champlin Printing Co., printing for Pres. White
. Workman Mfg. Co., printing ledger sheets:0 =. r
. Master Reporting Co., extra copies report Co-

INMNDUS COLIN, oo en de ee

. Dr. H. D. Bergman, stationery for Committee on

Intelligence“ and | Hducation= +5. otitis
Hi 1. The Ravenswood Press, printing faemberenie
ATOR bid. 2855. te aie st des Bh ee 2 ER
invlo: DreNees: Mayo, salary for. ‘October... (an eee
“ 13. Dr. .NS3) Mayo; office expenses 24.22.25. se

“ce 4
‘ec 4
“e 4
“c 11

“ee 24
“ec 9A
“ 24
“ce 24
1921
Jan.: 10

. Dr. C. S. Rockwell, expenses resident sec. for Pa.

. The Ravenswood Press, printing cardsa.2) 2
. Shepard, Toms & Co., premium on bond of Treas.
. Dr. D. S. White, expenses attending assn. meet-

ing’ in: Tennessee ans. Ge 2 ee ae

. Honaker, Florist, floral wreath for Dr. Musselman
. Dr. N. S. Mayo, expenses of office for November...
. Dr. N. S. Mayo, salary for November... Pe i 2 ae
. Dr. D. S. White, expenses attending meetings ee ee
. Bowman Pub. Co., printing constitution and by-

TER WS G8 ch rok tee ee et ee ee =

. City National Bank, Knoxville, certificate of de-

DOSE gat se ee ie ee ee

. Dr. Ward Giltner, expenses Com. on Abortion.........
. Dr. C. P. Fitch, expenses Com. on Abortion...
. Dr. J. F. DeVine, expenses Com. on Abortion............
. Dr. H. D. Bergman, expenses Committee on Int.

and Education. <¢.-224.3205. J 26 sella =

. Dr. N. S. Mayo, salary for December._.________

“ 10. Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses............

“10. Dr. J. N. Frost, expenses shipping A. V. M. A.
Library. ..2232 boon lee ete ee

“ 10. The Ravenswood Press, printing...

“ 29. Dr. Cassius Way, expenses Committee on Int.

and: Niducation ss 2a ak a eee ead 2

. G. H. Smith, stenographic services to Dr. Jacob...

Proceepines A. V. M. A.

1921
Feb. 5. Horse Association of America, annual dues____._..
« .§ Dr. D. S. White, expenses attending meeting in
Wisconsin = ae a SE ee
« 6. The Ravenswood Press, printing..._.__________.
“or. fre tis. Mayo, salary for January—— —___.
“« 5. Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses for January...
« 14. Dr. D. S. White, expenses attending meetings...

= 30
“ce 10
“ 26
Apr. 2

“ 6
“ae 20
June 3
“ce 3

“ 3
ae 3
“a 28
“a 28
“ce 28
#038
“ 28

“ec 28
July 12
“ 12

. Dr. L. W. Goss, expenses Com. on Int. and Edu-

LPEDEID Lanes lep lenis ee Se

. Dr. D. S. White, expenses attending meeting in

ena ay sh en iad

. Evanston Letter Service, ‘multigraphing__ ee:
pire 2). 9. White, office expenses.
. Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses for February...
. Dr. N. S. Mayo, salary for February..______”
. The Ravenswood Press, printing.
. Dr. N. S. Mayo, salary for March...

Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses for March...

. The Ravenswood Press, envelopes.
. Journal of the A. V. M. A., back numbers of

-\TIEEST aU, See eee ee ee ee <5

. The Ravenswood Form Letter Shop, form letters_
. Dr. L. Enos Day, expenses Com. on Int. and Edu-

STURT, “het: <2 Bi ee ee SS Se ee

. Dr. L. W. Goss, expenses Com. on Int. and Edu-

BEEP TIT A pe ee Se SS Se Se

. Dr. H. D. Bergman, expenses investigating south-

ern veteriary colleges JE

. Shepard-McManus Co., premium on bond of Treas.
. The Dartnell Corporation, printing vouchers...
. Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, floral wreath for Dr.

CTO TiSTiT ys. 2a ie Se eee See

en meee TeSS, ringing «nS
. Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses for April.
ase Mayo: Salary for-April- 3)
. Champlin Printing Co., printing.
. Marshall Jackson Co., blank book.2
. Federal Printing Co., envelopes...
. Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses for May...
ee avo. Salary for May
. Dr. S. E. Bennett, expenses account Executive

Board business ................

. Dr. L. W. Goss, expenses ‘Com. on Int. and Edu-

CTLAIGY - een el a ee

. Dr. Thos. E. Smith, expenses collecting Liautard

American Veterinary ewe. Pune. 2

. Dr. M. Barker, expenses as resident sec. for

SSLSPPTLTGR ST | ae ee ee ee

. Artcraft Mfg. Co., buttons for Denver meeting
. Dr. D. S. White, office expenses for three months
. Dr. H. D. Bergman, expenses Com. on Int. and

UN Yooh) 2 See nein ne. Se

. Dr. N. S. Mayo, salary for June___.__
. Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses for June_._____
. Dr. H. D. Bergman, expenses as resident sec. for

Li Re is SS a ee ee Sore Se

$

794 Procreepines A. V. M. A.
1921
July 25, Dr. Cassius Way, expenses Com. on Int. and Edu-
Caton EATS SEs Be IVI AE SPSL TS, Aha Seek ek $ 66.87
“« 30. Dr. E. T. Harrington, expenses resident sec. for
Massachusetts 20 ieie -Aeot 2 UO ae a 10.00
«30. Dr. D. S. White, expenses atttending meetingzg........ 119.10
Aug. 3. Dr. N. S. Mayo, office expenses for July......ecnse 50.45
. 3. Dr. “NS? Mayo,salary for duly. 46 t) ee ee 166.66
$11,781.59
EXPENDITURES
JOURNAL FUND
1920
Aug. 20. Andrew B. Graham Co., printing July edition of
HJCog bag 2 eatin teh heel a all MOL Nae Dat Dal cemlell loan Rope dh ks 2h Sa $1,142.79
Sep. 11. Andrew B. Graham Co., printing August edition
Of Journal eee eee ee ee, Spee ice eee 1,270.48
“11. Dr. J. BR: Mohler, salary for’June and: July... = 350.00
“11. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
ment Ot; POURMaL geek et te ee ee ee eee eee 45.00
“11. Gibson Bros., Inc., envelopes and printing..................... 24.50
“11. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal... 45.00
“25. Gibson Bros., Inc., envelopes and printing.................. 107.50
Oct. 15. Andrew B. Graham Co., printing September edi-
EIOT GOL) OUT cesta eee ee eee es aie ee eee ee 1,344.46
“15. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
MEN. Gl 1s OTHE oe ee aa eee ene 45.00
s. 15, Dred. kh. Mohler, salary forvAapoust....... 175.00
“15. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal........ 45.00
Nov. 1. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal... 45.00
1. Andrew B. Graham, printing Oct. edition of
FOUN a eect herrea tanta Eaae MAME 1,232.56
es 1. Mareus W. K£ng, assisting in busimess manage-
ment.ofisournal, 222590 4e We Oe Te are oe 45.00
“ 13. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
ment of editine Journal a: 20 ae ees 45.00
“« 13: Dr. J. R. Mohlerisalarytor Sept..and Oct 500.00
«20. Andrew B. Graham Co., printing November edi-
TION OL; ve) OUI A ern oe ease an Re epee ome oe ee pala lal
« 20. Gibson Bros., Inc., envelopes and printing.................... 21 00
Dec. 4. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal...... 45.00
“11. Gibson Bros., Inc., envelopes and printing...................... 49.00
“11. Addressograph Co., purchase price of addresso-
Fale 01 ea rcen ane D eat a Rdeanks ac tt ate ibh § ba eae oe, 222.75
«“ 24. Andrew B. Graham Co., printing December edi-
tion OL OULT aly ee ee ee eee See 1,179.03
1921
Jan. 10. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal... 45.00
“ 10. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
WENE OF J Of Isa onc cre tee ce ee eee : 45.00
“10. Gibson Bros., Inc., envelopes and printing................. 231.00
“ 10. Dr. J. R. Mohler, salary for Nov. and Dec................ = 500.00
“ 10. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
ment. of Journal 2.22 ee Re OAs 2 see ae 45.00
« 29. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal... 45.00
« 29. Andrew B. Graham Co., printing January edition

of Journal: 2...njctee ee ee 1,323.03

Proceepines A. V. M. A. 795

1921

Feb. 19. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
THETHMOT OUT lee ete) kk he Se ei $ 45.00

“ 19. Andrew BR. Graham Co., printing February edi-
“SSC EL aI 2 Rr 1,209.07
“ 19. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal....... 45 00
Mch. 21. Dr. J. R. Mohler, salary for Jan. and Feb........... 3 500.00

“ 21. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
EL RIG 1 a et 45.00

“« 28. Andrew B. Graham Co., printing March edition
Gila Uitg it: ee sad ee SU a eR AE Ie. 1,241.17
“ 28. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal... 45.00

Apr. 15. Hayworth Publishing House, printing April edi-
“HVESD, GIR83 (0) 7 errs) ee ar eee 1,102.85

** 15. Hayworth Publishing House, envelopes for for-
BUEN RA OUTIL, © 8 cet cet tn 145.00
« 25. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal...... 45.00

« 25. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
COUEDETES CS UG 0s 9 002 ae 45.00

May 20. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
SUU/SETDSTaE 4 Ca TF | a 45.00

“ 20. Hayworth Publishing House, printing May edition
cP TSS) 2 eae alc ane ee 1,095.55
“« 20. Dr. J. R. Mohler, salary for March and April.......... 500.00
June 3. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal... 90.00

«28. Marcus W. Kling, assisting in business manage-
SEC SERENE E Ast ee 2 45.00
«“ 28. Hayworth Publishing House, printing cards............. 15.50

“ 28. Hayworth Publishing House, printing June edi-
TAUDIAY DHE ICOM eras) Ie SS ee a ee Sr ee 1,115.07
July 12. Dr. J. R. Mohler, salary for May and June............... 500.00

“ 25. Hayworth Publishing House, printing July edi-
CULL, CLES CUT ANS oR Sa Sa era a 1,068.61

«“ 25. Marcus W. Kling. assisting in business manage-
TEST EL GY HOS jie a ibe | CS Sa Ree a ee a 45.00
“ 25. James M. Pickens, assisting in editing Journal... 45.00
$20,459.78

EXPENDITURES

RELIEF FUND

Apr. 15. Mrs. S. F. Musselman, contribution authorized
by the President, Secretary and Executive
Dring eee a Re rE Ot ee $500.00

Knoxville, Tenn., August 4, 1921.
Dr. M. Jacob, Treasurer,
American Veterinary Medical Association,
Knoxville, Tennessee.
Dear Sir:
We enclose herewith cancelled checks and statements of the bal-
ances as of this date in the following accounts:

American Veterinary Medical Association ...ccccccncnnnnnee $ 405.99
BUR ERSESER ALOE TT Cheese eee a ca sanesiclacceeneciensnsedordonbpnnennn 2,€05.99
I LEN AEN CA g arhBea a scenes ccecapecsstrc vonentensncninresemmnons Senecio 712.16
Yours truly,
THE City NATIONAL BANK,
R. E. Mooney, Vice-Pres.

796 PrRoceEEDINGS A. V. M. A.

RECAPITULATION
Bank balances at beginning of period... cece $5,560.29
Plus amount on time deposit (Relief Fund) wo . 2,000.00

$7,560.29

Less checks cashed during period which were issued and
included in previous reporte..2o2 ee I eee 182.07

$7,378.22
Receipts during period covered by this report... 80,719.73
$38,097.95
Less expenditures during periods... 20cm Ody ALOT
$5,356.58
Plus amount placed on time deposit of A. V. M. A. funds
and included in expenditures Above... ccccecccccsecccseesessesennnnnene 3,000.00
Total.cash one havid. (22525 ee ee SE . $8,356.58
Total-bonds: onvhand 02. teen a A EO 18,984.78
Grand total. Se ia er ae eS ee $27,341.36
ASSOCIATION FUND
Bank balance at Degas gy cee eecscsccnsecseneensessnessecrenez . § 8,173.19
ess) old. ‘cheeks cashed yes tc ee ee ee 182.07
$ 2,991.12
Receipts durme period! oe. eee ee 8,828.90
Total . nt pith Dist alloted 82002

Expenditures. ‘during ‘period... Sb. Sale ae): PATS TBS
Bialaviccie ost not ope eee 38.43

Bank) balancew- Se a a eee ee $405.99
Less outstanding Checks W000i 867.56
$ 38.
Plus amount on time Ceposite.ccccccccccsssusssssensnsssseesseseeee $ 3,000.00
$ 3,038.43
JOURNAL FUND
Bank balance at oferta a Se re Mn Ee nek ae . $ 1,693.62
Receipts during period i. ht eine AOD
A Wo 7) eyes ene a re ey ace sme er cay) ene $23,065.77
Expenditures during DELIOd tak eee, ee 20,459.78
Balance 1665...205 2 ee ae 2,605.99
Bank balance seine . $2, 605.9!
RELIEF FUND
Bank balance at begimniMg ou... sccsssesnssonseresrnesecnessnen $ 693.48
Receipts During POrviod csercscemcnctesicmvinnsenrenirnensmaenoe 4 518.68
Total ini Bish ee ee meee: 4% 121236

Expenditures Curing Period -ccnencccernctermrneiaenenennie 500.00
Balance: sien te ee ee 3 TL216

ASSOCIATION NEWS 797
Bank balance .......... $712.16
Plus amount on time ‘deposit... i PO eee we 2,000.00
Total on hand ........ en cern $ 2,712.16
Balance to credit of A. V. M. A. Fund... ot 38.43
Plus amount on time deposit... 2.0. ~~: 000.00
Plus amount of bonds on hand... eee 9,515.00 1
———§— $12,553.43
Balance to credit of Journal Fund... $ 2,605.99
Plus amount of bonds on hand........000002000..-. 9,469.78
SES API TT
Balance to credit of Relief Fund... § 712.16
Plus amount on time deposit... ccs 2,000.00
: ee SES) OD MIIAG
eae erecl ind, bouds.on. hand..2¢- cco fst _.. $27,341.36

BOND RECAPITULATION
Canada bonds, par $3,000.00, purchase price......... $3,023.20
Liberty bonds, par 7,000.00, purchase price....... srl ae
pia fies see it) Fund
$10,000.00 $9,515.00
Canada bonds, par $7,000.00, purchase price....... $6,619.78.

Liberty bonds, par 3,000.00, purchase price... 2,850.00' Journal
a eee = Ss Fund
$10,000.00 $9,469.78:

M. JAcos, Treasurer.

COLORADO VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The nineteenth annual meeting of the Colorado Veterinary
Medical Association was held at Denver on January 19, 1922.

The chief items of business were reception of the report of the
Committee on the American Veterinary Medical Association; the
decision to withhold further publication of proceedings for an-
other year; the adoption of the idea of an animal anesthetic
law in principle, as presented by the‘Blue Cross Society; the
decision to hold a three-day summer session, and the decision
to hold a two-day winter session in future.

The following were elected to membership: Charles L. Davis,
Max C. Grandy, L. P. Leavitt, Harry 8S. Richards, Frank R.
Smythe.

The election of officers resulted in the selection of the follow-
ing: President, J. F. Meinzer; first vice-president, C. C. Stew-
art; second vice-president, W. G. Blake; secretary-treasurer, I.

798 ASSOCIATION NEWS

E. Newsom. Executive Committee: M. J. Warner, William
B. MeGuire, A. G. Wadleigh.

Dr. G. W. Stiles presented a paper on farm sanitation, in
which he called attention to considerable laxity in this respect.
Dr. Stiles spoke particularly of the water and food supply,
illustrating his paper from cases of his own experience and
laboratory examinations made in connection with his work as
pathologist for the Bureau of Animal Industry.

Dr. A. N. Carroll presented a paper in which he outlined a
plan for the coordination and unification of all veterinary so-
cieties. He stated that a committee from the American Vet-
erinary Medical Association was working on the same idea.
Following the reading of the paper, the association adopted the
plan in principle and appointed a committee for furthering the
idea.

Dr. W. E. Howe reported on the tuberculosis conference at
Chicago, and Dr. C. G. Lamb on the meeting of the United
States Livestock Sanitary Association.

Dr. George H. Glover read a paper on posterior paralysis in
swine, in which he brought out that the present knowledge in-
dicated that the disease was due to a food deficiency, possibly
being some vitamin. It was reported that Dr. B. F. Davis of
Cheyenne, Wyoming, had excellent results in feeding carrots to
affected animals. 2

Dr. R. F. Bourne read a paper on vitamins in which he went
into considerable detail in outlining this new addition to our
knowledge. I. E. Newsom, Secretary.

MAINE VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The annual meeting of Maine Veterinary Medical Association
was held in Augusta, Me., on January 11. Election of officers
resulted as follows: President, Dr. C. F. Davis; Vice President,
Dr. E. E. Russell; Secretary and Treasurer, Dr. P. R. Baird.
There was a good attendance and many interesting and profit-
able discussions took place. Hon. H. M. Tucker, Chief of State
Department of Agriculture, gave an interesting talk on the ac-
tivities of his department during the past year. Dr. A. L.
Murch presented a paper on ‘‘Sterility.’’ Dr. M. E. Maddocks
read a paper on ‘‘Drugs from a Financial Angle.’’ A commit-

ASSOCIATION NEWS 799

tee was appointed to confer with the Blue Cross Society in
drafting some form of anesthetic law for animal operations.

Resolutions were passed upon the death of Dr. W. L. West,
of Belfast, whose sudden and untimely end was a shock to his
brother practitioners, as he seemed in the best of health.

Next meeting will be held in Portland, April 12, with a
clinic in the afternoon and meeting in the evening.

P. R. Bairp, Secretary.

CONNECTICUT VETERINARY MEDICAL
ASSOCIATION

The annual meeting of the Connecticut Veterinary Medical
Association was held at the Hotel Guard in Hartford February
1, 1922. At this meeting a cummunication was read from Dr.
John R. Mohler, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, in-
forming the association that the holding of a Tuberculosis Con-
ference under the direction of the Bureau of Animal Indus-
try, in cooperation with the Veterinary Medical Association
and the Live Stock Sanitary Officials of this State, met with
his approval. It was also voted that this conference should not
only include the New England States, but that invitation should
also be extended to New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
inviting them to participate in the proceedings of this meeting,
which will be held at Hartford, Conn., during the first week in
June. Gro. E. Corwin, Secretary.

VETERINARY COURSE IN CALIFORNIA IS WELL
ATTENDED

One of the biggest events of the Short Course Week at the
University Farm, Davis, Calif., was the.Veterinary Practitioners’
Conference. The veterinarians came from all sections of the
State, and some from the East. The program for the week was
arranged by the California State Veterinary Medical <Associa-
tion in cooperation with the Division of Veterinary Science of
the University of California. Dr. J. F. McKenna was Chairman
for the week.

There were special lectures given by D. H. Udall, head of
the Department of Medicine, Obstetrics and Ambulatory Clinic,

SOU ASSOCIATION NEWS

College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell, New York; K. F. Meyer,
Professor of Research Medicine, University of California; and
B. H. Rawl of the Central Creameries, formerly Assistant Chief
of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry.

These lectures were based entirely on diseases of cattle, tuber-
eulosis and the value of accredited herds. Demonstrations were
held almost daily at the clinic.

Officials from the outside cooperating were:

University of Nevada: Edward Records, Stephen Lockett and
Lyman Vawter. State: G. H. Hecke and J. P. Iverson. Fed-
eral: Lieut.-Col. Van Agnews and Robert Jay.

J. Traum in his lecture on accredited herds was strong in
trying to bring to California the value of accredited herds.
There seems to be a feeling, he said, that unless the California
dairymen adopt the movement now on foot all over the United
States the bottom will drop out of the California dairy market.

_WISCONSIN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION

The association held its annual meeting in the Senate Cham-
ber and was called to order by Dr. A. J. Abbott, of Marshfield,
President. The address of weleome was made by C. P. Norgord,
Commissioner of Agriculture, who officiated for the Governor.
This was responded to by Dr. L. A. Wright, of Columbus.

The first afternoon was devoted to routine business and the
election of officers. Dr. H. E. Horel, of Augusta, was elected
president; G. H. Harland, of Pewaukee, vice-president; W. H.
Richards, of Morrisonville, treasurer; R. S. Heer, of Platte-
ville, succeeds himself as director, and O. H. Eliason was elected
secretary.

After the business was disposed of the association listened to
a paper on ‘‘Mastitis,’’ by Dr. W. F. Nolechek, of Throp, Wis-
consin, and ‘‘Control of Roup and Chicken Pox,’’ by Dr. A. B.
Beach, of the College of Agriculture.

The evening session was spent in listening to addresses on
‘““The Study of Feeding of Farm Animals,’’ and ‘‘The Type and
Breeds of Farm Poultry.’’ Profs. J. M. Fargo and J. G. Halpin,
of the College of Agriculture, gave excellent papers on these
subjects.

Thursday morning’s discussion was on the subject of ‘‘ Hog

ASSOCIATION NEWS 801

Cholera and Other Related Swine Diseases,’’ and Dr. T. P. White
of Washington, in the office of Hog Cholera Control, was present
and added his observations on that subject.

The afternoon discussion was on the subject of tuberculosis,
with special reference to the accredited herds, and the general
program was supported by Dr. Enos Day, of Chicago, special
investigator for the Bureau of Animal Industry who added ma-
terially to the day’s program.

At 6:30 p. m. one hundred and fifty attended the banquet in
the State Capitol Café, presided over by Dr. C. A. Deadman, and
a profitable evening was enjoyed by all. The program was open-
ed by the Honorable John J. Blaine, Governor of Wisconsin, who
told of his appreciation of the work of the veterinarians in Wis-
eonsin in the eradication of animal diseases and expressed the
hope that Wisconsin might soon eradicate tuberculosis among
eattle within the borders of Wisconsin. Other speakers were
Wayne Dinsmore, of Chicago, Secretary of the Horse Breeders’
Association of America; Dr. H. D. Pattison, of Beloit, who gave
a toast to the ladies and brought down the house with his humor-
ous stories which he is so capable at telling; Dr. O. H. Eliason,
who told of his experiences as State Veterinarian for the past
ten years, and Commissioners C. P. Norgord, who told of the
State Department of Agriculture.

Friday was devoted to an extensive clinic at Dr. J. P. West’s
hospital on Washington avenue. This was very well attended
and a profitable day was spent.

O. H. Exsason, Secretary.

DATE OF MEETING OF SOUTHEASTERN STATES
ASSOCIATION CHANGED

The executive committee of the association decided it would
be of best interest for the members and all veterinarians to
change the date of the next meeting, which is to be held in Nash-
ville, Tenn., and definitely fixed the convention date for March
13 and 14, 1922.

The change was necessary on account of conflicting dates with
other meetings in which many veterinarians are interested, and
a larger attendance has been assured on the date of March 13
and 14.

802 ASSOCIATION NEWS

Among the speakers appearing on the program who will ad-
dress the association will be found the names of Dr. A. T. Kins-
ley, President of A. V. M. A.; Dr. B. H. Ransom, Chief Zoologi-
eal Division, B. A. I.; Dr. L. A. Klein, University of Pennsyl-
vania, and other prominent veterinarians.

One session of the convention will be given exclusively to
papers and discussions of parasitic diseases of swine and young
cattle, and another session to papers by State Veterinarians
of each of the Southeastern States. A clinic will be held on
the afternoon of the last day, March 14, at the hospital of Dr.
Wm. Bell, Nashville, Tenn.

All the veterinarians of the adjoining states are especially
invited to attend this meeting. Programs will be mailed from
the Secretary’s office on February 20. Any veterinarian not
receiving a copy will be furnished one by notifying the Secretary.

JNO. I. HANDLEY, Secretary.

NEW MEMBER OF EXECUTIVE BOARD

The result of the ballot for a member of the Executive Board
of the A. V. M. A. from the Sixth District is as follows: B. W.
Conrad, Sebetha, Kansas, 124; D. F. Fox, 99; H. Jensen, 99;
J. H. Bux, 15; N. F. Williams, 15; unsigned ballots, 5; seat-
tering, 2. N. 8S. Mayo,. Secretary.

Gov. W. P. G. Harding, of the Federal Reserve Board, in an
analysis of the business situation, told members of the United
States Potters’ Association, in session at Wahington, that con-
ditions throughout the nation are much better than they were a
year ago and that America is on the verge of a great revival.
He said: ‘‘The readjustment is not completed in some lines, as
the farmer is not yet back te normal conditions. Until he gets
his normal purchasing power we will not really have normal
times; but the farmer’s condition has materially improved, being
benefited by the War Finance Corporation.”’

A monument to the late Professor Arloing has been erected
at Cusset, France. Professor Leclainche was designated to rep-
resent the Academy of Sciences at the ceremonies.

NECROLOGY

It is with much regret that the JouRNAL chronicles the death
on February 4, of Dr. R. A. Archibald, practitioner and Presi-
dent and Manager of the Western Laboratories, Oakland, Cali-
fornia.. Dr. Archibald had been in poor health for a period of
three years following an attack of influenza in December, 1918.
Congestion of the brain was the immediate cause of death.

Dr. Archibald was born in Queens County, Ireland, in 1870.
He came to the United States
in 1887, shortly thereafter
entered the Chicago Veteri-
nary College, and graduated
from that institution in 1891.
He had been active in veteri-
nary circles ever since that
date, having been fourth
vice-president of the A. V. M.
A. in 1914 and president in
1916. He was a member of
the Executive Board for the
last five years.

Dr. Archibald had special-
ized in bacteriology, and in
1899 became Assistant Bac-
teriologist of the City of Oak-
land. He was appointed to
the Professorship of Bac-

R. A. ARCHIBALD
President of the American Veterinary

teriology in the Oakland Gol Medical Association 1915-1916

lege of Medicine and Surgery in 1908, and to a similar office

in the San Francisco Veterinary College in 1909. He was in
charge of food inspection and city veterinarian in Oakland for
16 years. He was three times elected President of the Cali-
fornia State Veterinary Medical Association, and was for fifteen
years a member of the California State Board of Veterinary
Examiners, which stamps him as the veterinary leader of the
Pacifie Coast.

Dr. Archibald contributed considerably to veterinary litera-
ture. Among his writings may be mentioned ‘‘ Apparent In-

803

S04 NECROLOGY

consistencies of Biologic Diagnosties,’’ ‘‘Preliminary Report on
the Value of Lenkocytic Extract from a Therapeutic Stand-
point,’’ and ‘‘The Laboratory and Its Relation to Medical
Science.”’

Shortly after his graduation, Dr. Archibald went from Chi-
eago to California to establish a veterinary practice, and as he
was wont to say, ‘‘did not travel in a Pullman.’’ Through the
acquisition of valuable land, he built up considerable revenues
for himself and in connection with his veterinary practice and
the production of biological products, had amassed a very snug
fortune. His death, which is mourned by his widow and a
legion of loyal friends, removes another strong exponent of the
veterinary profession in the United States.

TUMORS IN ETHMOID BONES OF HORSES

In a recent congress of pathologists at Stockholm, Sweden,
Henschen of Stockholm demonstrated specimens of tumors grown
in the ethmoid bones of horses. During the last few years this
disease had assumed an epizootic character in Sweden and was
included with diseases which the veterinarian must report.
Clinically, the disease started as an acute suppurative rhinitis,
which became chronic and assumed a hemorrhagic nature.
Later, several tumors became visible. The histologic examination
of each growth shows a number of tumors of different character ;
side by side occur carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and papilloma.
The multiple appearance of the tumor, its polymorphism, the
clinical history and the presence of lymphoid cell infiltrations
make one believe that the etiology may be an organized virus.
No attempts to demonstrate this, nor any transplantation ex-
periments have, however, succeeded.

Hoard’s Dairyman says: ‘‘Moscow Township (Mich.) has
the distinction of being the first township in the U. S. in which
all breeding cattle have been tested for tuberculosis. The entire
campaign (covering the whole county of Hillside) was very
successful in the opinion of all concerned, and the Bureau of
Animal Industry has demonstrated what can be done to aid
in the eradication of this disease with which 11 per cent of the
swine and nearly 3 per cent of the cattle of the United States
are affected.’’

MISCELLANEOUS

MEMORIAL MEETING TO DEAN HOSKINS

A memorial meeting was held at the New York State Veteri-
nary College, New York University, on Monday evening, De-
eember 12, 1921, in honor of the late Dean W. Horace Hoskins.
A portrait of Dean Hoskins was draped with the American and
College flags. Dr. W. G. Hollingworth, president of the Alumni
Association, presided. The services were opened by prayer by
the Rev. Guthrie Spiers.

The first speaker was Elmer Ellsworth Brown, Chancellor of
New York University. Chancellor Brown’s address was par-
ticularly impressive in its sincerity. There could be no mistake
as to his feeling toward Dean Hoskins, a man of whom he had
become very fond. He had met but few men who had the abil-
ity of Dean Hoskins to earry his high ideals of his profession
so ably to others, peculiarly associating his work always with
the love of his country. Dean Hoskins’ enthusiasm, logie and
ability at once attracted the attention and sympathy of every
department of the University to the Veterinary Department.

The next speaker was the Rev. Guthrie Spiers, who spoke in
the absence of Dr. Hoskins’ very close friend, the Rev. George
Alexander, pastor of the University Presbyterian Chureh. Dr.
Spiers had found Dean Hoskins’ life an unusual blending of a
Christian spirit with his work. He mourned the fact that a
man with such wonderful energy and numberless interests could
not have been spared, but it was plain to even a casual observer
that his boundless energy was fast burning up his life.

Dr. John P. Munn, member of the Council of the New York
University, spoke next. It was, indeed, good to listen to the
inspiration breathed by this good qld friend of the veterinary
profession. He told so beautifully what Dean Hoskins had done
for the ‘‘old school,’’ and what his profession had done for
the country, adding that Dean Hoskins is not dead, but has
simply gone; his spirit will never die. This being so, he pleaded
for the support of all to continue the glorious task that the Dean
had undertaken.

Dr. V. A. Moore, Dean of the Veterinary Department of Cor-
nell University, then recited some of the strong, brave qualities

805

S06 MISCELLANEOUS

of Dean Hoskins. He had always admired the Dean for his
courage and his loyalty to any cause he represented.

Dr. Moore was followed by Dr. John Adams, representing
the Veterinary Department of the University of Pennsylvania.
Dr. Adams had known Dean Hoskins more or less intimately for
thirty years. He was always impressed with the quiet dignity
of the man, his wonderful interest in all things, his sympathetic
nature fitting so beautifully with his work, his clean mind, being
too much absorbed in big things to be interested in unclean
things, and his outstanding natural ability as a leader, always
planning, organizing and improving the upbuilding of his pro-
fession.

Dr. L. D. Ives next spoke as a representative of the United
States Department of Agriculture. Dr. Ives expressed gratitude
for the many things that Dean Hoskins had done to help the
men in the Bureau. of Animal Industry, this emphasizing his
many activities and the influence he had on so many phases of
his profession.

The Veterinary Corps of the United States Army was repre-
sented by Col. Gerald E. Griffin. It is as a member of the Army
Legislative Committee, he said, that Dean Hoskins’ tenacity and
almost superability stand in such bold relief. Col. Griffin told
interestingly of Dean Hoskins’ eighteen years of persistent
laboring in behalf of the Army veterinarians. It is only by
knowing the trials and vicissitudes of this work and the bar-
riers to be overcome that one can realize what this man did for
the Army veterinarians. All this proved so plainly to those
who were in touch with it that Dean Hoskins never had a per-
sonal ambition. His sole thought was the betterment of every
branch of his chosen profession.

Dr. J. F. DeVine next spoke as a representative of the Ameri-
can Veterinary Medical Association, mentioning that Dean Hos-
kins had been a member of this Association for thirty-six years
without ever missing a meeting, that he had served five years
as its Secretary and three years as its President, and that his
continued interest in the service of the American Veterinary
Medical Association was without parallel in our profession.

The next speaker was Prof. William Herbert Lowe, represent-
ing the Veterinary Department of the New York University.
He mentioned that he had already expressed his great admira-

MISCELLANEOUS SOT

tion for Dean Hoskins in an article he had recently furnished
the journals. He wished to emphasize that one of the prominent
things of Dean Hoskins’ life that will keep his memory alive
was service.

Dr. W. Reid Blair represented the New York State Veterinary
Medieal Society. Dr. Blair’s remarks were a splendid testimony
to the loyal qualities of Dean Hoskins.

Dr. Robert McKeller, representing the Veterinary Medical
Association of New York City, spoke of some of the great as-
sistance that had come from Dean Hoskins to this Association,
and that the spirit of his work was sure to leave its influence
upon the Association.

Dr. R. E. Mosedale expressed for the New Jersey State Asso-
ciation the sadness oceasioned by the loss of Dean Hoskins.

The student body of the Veterinary College then presented
the following resolution:

RESOLUTION ADOPTED AT MEETING OF THE VETERINARY STUDENTS’
ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, OCTOBER 2, 1921

WHEREAS, It has pleased Almighty God to remove from our midst
on August 10, 1921, our late Dean, Dr. W. Horace Hoskins, into a
kingdom greater than that on this earth. The unseen hand of an all-
wise Providence has taken one of our staunchest advocates for a
united and brotherly interest among practitioners and students. In
his capacity as Dean, we found him to be a guiding light, true and
sincere friend and fatherly counselor, and largely through his efforts
the noble work of the veterinary profession has been brought before
the entire country.

Therefore Be It Resolved, That the Veterinary Students’ Assaci-
ation, in meeting assembled, takes this means of expressing their
heartfelt sympathy and offer sincere condolence to the bereaved wife
of our benefactor.

Be It Further Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be read
at the memorial meeting and then presented to his beloved wife, Mrs.
W. Horace Hoskins.

Be it Further Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be incor-
porated in the minutes of the Students’ Association of the New York
State Veterinary College at New York University.

T. C. RALSTON, President: JOHN W. WATT, Vice-President: L.
RoTH, Secretary; A. W. MEYER, Treasurer.

NEW HOOKWORM TREATMENT MAY BE USEFUL IN
HUMAN MEDICINE

The toll exacted from the livestock industry by internal para-
_ sites such as worms is enormous, and because of this drain on
the herds and flocks the scientists of the Bureau of Animal In-
dustry keep up an unflagging search for chemicals and treat-

S08 MISCELLANEOUS

ment that may be used to combat these organisms. Recently
they have discovered that a certain chemical once used in medi-
cine as an anesthetic and now used variously as a fire extin-
cuisher, cloth cleaner, insecticide, and solvent for fats and gums,
is very effective as a destroyer and expeller of intestinal worms.
The name of this chemical is carbon tetrachloride.

The effectiveness of this chemical against certain round worms
has been announced by the Department, but what may be the
most beneficial use has just been brought out by tests on animals
infested with hookworms. In the case of sheep the minimum
effective dose has not yet been determined, but all the doses used,
from 12 cubic centimeters to 48, in each case given in 2 ounces
of castor oil, removed all stomach worms and all hookworms.
It has been equally effective for hookworms in dogs and foxes,
and has been used with success against some of the various kinds
of worms that infest the digestive tract of pigs.

The fact that a species of hookworm also affects man makes
this discovery of the efficaey of this chemical against hookworms
in various animals of interest to medical men as well as to vet-
erinarians. Medical men are now trying it out at several places
as a possible cure for hookworm disease in man, and it gives
promise of success. As a result of the work so far completed,
it is believed that this drug will prove of special value in the
removal of the various kinds of blood-sucking worms in domestic
animals.

FEWER VIOLATIONS OF FOOD AND DRUG LAW

The manufacturer who violates the Federal Food and Drug
law today is an artist compared with the violator of a few
years ago. He does not offend so frequently or so flagrantly,
but he is harder to eatch. The gross and crude violations so
frequently found during the early days of the law’s enforcement
by the U. S. Bureau of Chemistry have given place to more
subtle forms that, to be detected, require more careful investiga-
tion. On the whole, violations are much less frequent. Only
a small portion of the food and drugs in interstate or foreign
commerce is either adulterated or misbranded.

In the enforcement of this law during the last year 1,677
shipments were seized and 608 criminal prosecutions ordered.

MISCELLANEOUS . 809

The seizures and prosecutions recommended were based most
frequently upon shipments of patent medicines, including stock
remedies and stock feeds.

The activities of the year on patent medicines included 866
actions directed mainly toward the elimination of false and
fraudulent claims on the labels regarding curative powers for a
great variety of diseases. The stock feed cases, 152 in number,
were based qn products deficient in protein or otherwise fail-
ing to conform to the claims made upon the labels.

So-called lithia waters containing only the merest traces of
lithium, but alleged to be of the greatest therapeutic value be-
cause of their lithium content, have been virtually eliminated
from the market. Interstate commerce in mineral waters and
other drugs alleged to contain radium which were put on the
market following the announcement that radium effected won-
derful cures, threatened to develop to large proportions, but
was stopped before it attained much momentum.

Effective campaigns have been carried on to eliminate from
interstate commerce shipments of milk and cream highly con-
taminated with bacteria. Some contaminated mineral springs
have been closed, while in others the manner of handling the
product and of purifying it have been revolutionized. Methods
have been devised for the detection, by means of the microscope,
of decomposed fruits and vegetables in prepared food products.
Investigations have been made to establish as fully as possible
the character of the practices necessary to protect consumers
from food poisoning, and the information has been disseminated
widely.

USE FOR A HORSE

Our township trustee sent a physician to render service to an
indigent family. The physician noticed an emaciated horse in a
ramshackle shed and asked: ‘‘ What use have you for a horse?’’
‘‘We use him to go out into the country and haul in hay for
‘him,’’ replied the head of the household—H. D. F. in Journal
of the American Medical Association.

Dr. Henry M. Graefe, inspector in charge of the United
States Bureau of Animal Industry, stationed at Topeka, Kansas,

S10 MISCELLANEOUS

had a narrow escape. from asphyxiation on January 9, when
he was overcome by the fumes of a gas stove in his home.

Dr. Graefe’s life was probably saved by his wife, who dragged
him out of the bath room after she had heard him fall.

Dr. D. F. Luckey, for many years State Veterinarian of Mis-
souri, has resigned his position in order to accept the appoint-
ment of Livestock Commissioner with the St. Louis Live Stock
Exchange, where he will concentrate his efforts on the control
cf animal tuberculosis. The JouRNAL wishes to congratulate tke
Exchange in securing the services of such a competent, energetic
and painstaking official.

Dr. F. E. Barnes, resident secretary of the A. V. M. A. for
the State of Texas, has just been reappointed a member of the
State Veterinary Medical Examining Board of that State. Dr.
T. W. Watson, of Corsicana, has also been appointed a member
of the Examining Board.

Dr. J. O. Young, of 626 Clay Street, Topeka, Kansas, has just
moved into his new home, and his new veterinary hospital is
nearly completed. The hospital is built of stone of modest
construction, and will be arranged to care for both large and
small animals.

Dr. C. C. Winegardner, of Goshen, Indiana, has been in In-
dianapolis, Indiana, taking the two weeks’ post-graduate course
at the Indiana Veterinary College. He reports having received
much useful information from the excellent leetures and elinies
given in the course.

Dr. C. W. Bowers, of 1117 Kansas Avenue, Topeka, Kansas,
is completing a new home and has also started work on a new
veterinary hospital. The doctor has faith in the future of his
profession.

Dr. G. W. Browning, who has been in practice at La Grange,
Ga., has moved to Mobile, Ala., with enlarged facilities and
equipment for his professional work.

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